diff --git "a/results_retrieval/emb_bge_base/retrieval_default_chunknorris.json" "b/results_retrieval/emb_bge_base/retrieval_default_chunknorris.json"
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@@ -0,0 +1,22210 @@
+[
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+        "count_empty_strings": 0
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+    [
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf",
+                "query": "What does \"new account\" mean according to the international tax compliance from 2020 ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "“new account” means a financial account maintained by a reporting financial institution opened on or after 13th May 2020",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Amendments to the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015**\n\n**2.**  —(1) The International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015(  **b**  ) are amended as follows.\n(2)  In regulation 1(3)(b)(i), for “16th May 2019” substitute “19th April 2020”(  **c**  ).\n(3)  In regulation 3(4A)(a), at the beginning insert “subject to regulation 24(3)”.\n(4)  In regulation 24—\n(a)  in the table in paragraph (2), in the column headed “the CRS”—\n(i)  at the beginning of the entry for “new account” insert “subject to paragraph (3)”, and\n(ii)  at the beginning of the entry for “pre-existing account” insert “subject to regulation\n3(4A)(a) and paragraph (3)”, and\n(b)  after paragraph (2) insert—\n“(3) In respect of the accounts listed in paragraph (4)—\n\n(  **a**  ) 2013 c. 29; section 222 was amended by section 50 of the Finance (No. 2) Act 2015 (c. 33) but the amendments are not\nrelevant to these Regulations.\n(  **b**  ) S.I. 2015/878 (referred to in these footnotes as “the principal Regulations”); relevant amending instruments are S.I.\n2017/598, 2018/490 and 2019/881.\n(  **c**  ) In accordance with the common reporting standard for automatic exchange of financial account information developed by\nthe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and adopted by the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom\nexchanges information received from financial institutions under the principal Regulations with a territory which is a\n“Reportable Jurisdiction” under the CRS and with which the United Kingdom has entered into international exchange",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Amendments to the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015**\n\narrangements for that year. Reportable Jurisdictions are identified in a published list available at https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-\ninternal-manuals/international-exchange-of-information/ieim402340. A hard copy of this list is available for inspection at\nthe offices of HMRC at 10 South Colonnade, 9th Floor, Canary Wharf, London E14 4PU.\n(a) “new account” means a financial account maintained by a reporting financial\ninstitution(  **a**  ) opened on or after 13th May 2020;\n(b) “pre-existing account” means—\n(i) a financial account maintained by a reporting financial institution as of 12th\nMay 2020, or\n(ii) a financial account within Section VIII(C)(9)(b) of Annex 1 of the DAC(  **b**  ),\nbut in the application of that provision the references to “subparagraph\nC(9)(a)” are to be read as references to paragraph (i) of this sub-paragraph.\n(4) The accounts are—\n(a) non-registered pension arrangements where the annual contributions are limited to\n£50,000 and funds contributed cannot be accessed before the age of 55 except in\ncircumstances of serious ill health;\n(b) Premium Bonds issued by the UK National Savings and Investments;\n(c) Fixed Interest Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and\nInvestments; and\n(d) Index Linked Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and\nInvestments.”.\n(5)  In Schedule 2, omit paragraphs 2, 6, 8 and 9.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThe Regulations amend the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 (“the principal\nRegulations”) which give effect to agreements and arrangements reached between the United\nKingdom and other jurisdictions to improve international tax compliance.\nRegulation 2(2) extends the application of the principal Regulations to arrangements entered into\nby the United Kingdom for the exchange of financial account information with other jurisdictions\nup to 19th April 2020, the date before the Regulations are made.\nRegulation 2(5) omits various accounts from the category of excluded accounts. Regulation\n2(4)(b) amends the definitions of “new account” and “pre-existing account” in relation to those\n\n(  **a**  ) “Financial account” and “reporting financial institution” are defined in the table in regulation 24(2) of the principal\nRegulations.\n(  **b**  ) “The DAC” is defined in regulation 1(3)(a) of the principal Regulations.\naccounts so that these terms are defined by reference to the date that those accounts ceased to be\nexcluded accounts. Regulation 2(3) and (4)(a) make consequential amendments.\nRegulation 3 makes a transitional provision for the calendar year 2020 in relation to accounts\nwhich were previously excluded accounts.\nA Tax Information and Impact Note covering the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015\nwas published on 18th March 2015 and is available on the HMRC website at\nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-administration-regulations-to-implement-the-\nuks-automatic-exchange-of-information-agreements. It remains an accurate summary of the\nimpacts that apply to this instrument.\n\n© Crown copyright 2020\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n£4.90\nUK202004201005   04/2020   19585\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2020/438",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n*Made*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *20th April 2020*\n*Laid before the House of Commons*    *21st April 2020*\n*Coming into force*    *-*    *-*    *13th May 2020*\nThe Treasury make these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by section 222 of the\nFinance Act 2013(  **a**  ):",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\nS T A T U T O R Y  I N S T R U M E N T S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Transitional provision**\n**3.**  —(1) For the purposes of the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015, in relation to an\naccount that by virtue of regulation 2(5) ceases to be an excluded account, the calendar year 2020\nis treated as beginning on 13th May 2020 and ending on 31st December 2020.\n(2)  Where in consequence of paragraph (1) it is necessary to apportion an amount for the\ncalendar year 2020 to the period ending immediately before 13th May 2020 and the period\nbeginning with that date, it is to be apportioned—\n(a)  on a time basis according to the respective length of the periods, or\n(b)  if that method would produce a result that is unjust or unreasonable, on a just and\nreasonable basis.\n\n*David Rutley*\n*Maggie Throup*\n20th April 2020 Two of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Citation and commencement**\n**1.**  These Regulations may be cited as the International Tax Compliance (Amendment)\nRegulations 2020 and come into force on 13th May 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n### **NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\ninterpretations is set out below.\n\n####### **AASB 9/IFRS 9 -**   * **Financial Instruments** *\nAASB 9/IFRS 9 introduces new requirements for the classification, measurement, and derecognition of financial\nassets and financial liabilities.  The final version of IFRS 9 supersedes all previous versions of the standard.  However,\nfor annual periods beginning before 1 January 2018, an entity may elect to apply those earlier versions of IFRS 9 if\nthe entity’s relevant date of initial application is before 1 February 2015.  The effective date of this standard is for\nfiscal years beginning on or after 1 January 2018.  Management is currently assessing the impact of the new standard\nbut it is not expected to have a material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.\n\n**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n####### **NOTE 1 - STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES continued**\n\n####### **AASB 15/IFRS 15 -**   * **Revenue from Contracts with Customers** *\nIn May 2014, AASB 15/IFRS 15 was issued which establishes a single comprehensive model for entities to use in\naccounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. Specifically, the standard introduces a 5-step\napproach to revenue recognition:\n\n-  Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer\n\n-  Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contracts.\n\n-  Step 3: Determine the transaction price.\n\n-  Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract.\n\n-  Step 5: Recognise revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.\n\nUnder AASB 15/IFRS 15, an entity recognizes revenue when (or as) a performance obligation is satisfied, i.e. when\n‘control’ of the goods or services underlying the particular performance obligation is transferred to the customer.\nThe effective date of this standard is for fiscal years beginning on or after 1 January 2017.  Management is currently\nassessing the impact of the new standard and plans to adopt the new standard on the required effective date.\n\n.",
+                    "page_start": 72,
+                    "page_end": 73,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n### **2014 2013**\n####### **Year ended 31 December US$’000 US$’000**\n\nBalance at the beginning of the period 5,074 1,228\nNew provisions 3,677 1,601\nChanges in estimates 1,541 2,021\nDisposals (2,314) (146)\nNew provisions assumed from acquisition 822 397\nReclassified to assets held for sale - (109)\nUnwinding of discount 66 82\n**Balance at end of period**  8,866 5,074\n\n####### **NOTE 24 -  DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES**\n\nDeferred tax assets and liabilities are attributable to the following:",
+                    "page_start": 89,
+                    "page_end": 89,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **90 Years**\n\n#### OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Continued)\n\n8\n\nIncome taxes on undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries\nare not accrued for the portion of such earnings management\nconsiders to be permanently reinvested.  At June 30, 2012,\nundistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries considered\npermanently reinvested totaled approximately $79.8 million for\nwhich no provision for U.S. income tax had been made.  At\nJune 30, 2012, undistributed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries\nnot considered permanently reinvested totaled $13.6 million for\nwhich $2.8 million in U.S. income taxes were accrued and\ncharged to income tax expense during fiscal 2011.\nCAUTIONARY STATEMENT UNDER PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT\nThis Annual Report to Shareholders, including Management’s\nDiscussion and Analysis, contains statements that are forward-\nlooking based on management’s current expectations about the\nfuture.  Forward-looking statements are often identified by\nqualifiers, such as “guidance,” “expect,” “believe,” “plan,”\n“intend,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “anticipate,”\n“estimate,” “forecast,” “may,” and derivative or similar words or\nexpressions.  Similarly, descriptions of objectives, strategies, plans,\nor goals are also forward-looking statements.  These statements\nmay discuss, among other things, expected growth, future sales,\nfuture cash flows, future capital expenditures, future performance,\nand the anticipation and expectations of the Company and its\nmanagement as to future occurrences and trends.  The Company\nintends that the forward-looking statements be subject to the safe\nharbors established in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act\nof 1995 and by the Securities and Exchange Commission in its\nrules, regulations and releases .\nReaders are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any\nforward-looking statements.  All forward-looking statements are\nbased on current expectations regarding important risk factors,\nmany of which are outside the Company’s control.  Accordingly,\nactual results may differ materially from those expressed in the\nforward-looking statements, and the making of those statements\nshould not be regarded as a representation by the Company or\nany other person that the results expressed in the statements will\nbe achieved.  In addition, the Company assumes no obligation\npublicly to update or revise any forward-looking statements,\nwhether because of new information or events, or otherwise,\nexcept as may be required by law.\nImportant risk factors include, but are not limited to, the\nfollowing: risks relating to the operations levels of our customers\nand the economic factors that affect them; changes in the prices\nfor products and services relative to the cost of providing them;\nreduction in supplier inventory purchase incentives; loss of key",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf",
+                "query": "Under which conditions can the funds of a non-registered pension arrengements be obtained before the age of 55 ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "non-registered pension arrangements where the annual contributions are limited to £50,000 and funds contributed cannot be accessed before the age of 55 except in circumstances of serious ill health",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n**116. Power of Commissions in relation to pensions, etc.** (1) Where under any law any person or authority has a discretion- (  *a*  ) to decide whether or not any pensions benefits shall be granted; or (  *b*  ) to withhold, reduce in amount or suspend any such benefits that have been granted, those benefits shall be granted and may not be withheld, reduced in amount or suspended unless the appropriate Commission concurs in the refusal to grant the benefits or, as the case may be, in the decision to withhold them, reduce them in amount or suspend them. (2) Where the amount of any pensions benefits that may be granted to any person is not fixed by law, the amount of the benefits to be granted to him or her shall be the greatest amount for which he or she is eligible unless the appropriate Commission concurs in his or her being granted benefits of a smaller amount. (3) The appropriate Commission shall not concur under subsection (1) or subsection (2) of this section in action taken on the ground that any person who holds or has held the office of a judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court or the Auditor- General or Director of Prosecutions has been guilty of misbehaviour unless he or she has been removed from office by reason of such misbehaviour. (4) In this section \"the appropriate Commission\" means- (  *a*  ) in the case of benefits for which any person may be eligible in respect of the service in the public service of a person who, immediately before he or she ceased to be a public officer, was subject to the disciplinary control of the Judicial Service Commission or that have been granted in respect of such service, the Judicial Service Commission; (  *b*  ) in any other case, the Public Service Commission. (5) In this section \"pensions benefits\" means any pensions, compensation, gratuities or other like allowances for persons in respect of their service as public officers (including service as public officers of the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland) or for the widows, children, dependants or personal representatives of such persons in respect of such service. **CHAPTER VIII** * **Finance** *   **(ss 117-124) 117. Consolidated Fund** All revenues or other moneys raised or received for the purposes of the Government of Botswana (not being revenues or other moneys that are payable by or under any law into some other fund established for a specific purpose or that may by or under any law be retained by the department of Government that received them for the purposes of defraying the expenses of that department) shall be paid into and form one Consolidated Fund. **118. Withdrawals from Consolidated Fund or other public funds** (1) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except- (  *a*  ) to meet expenditure that is charged upon the Fund by this Constitution or by any Act of Parliament; (  *b*  ) where the issue of those moneys has been authorized by an Appropriation Act, by a supplementary estimate approved by resolution of the National Assembly or by a law enacted in pursuance of section 120 of this Constitution. (2) No moneys shall be withdrawn from any public fund of Botswana other than the Consolidated Fund unless the issue of those moneys has been authorized by or under a law. (3) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except in the manner prescribed by Parliament.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(4) The deposit of any moneys forming part of the Consolidated Fund with a bank or with the Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations or the investment of any such moneys in securities in which, under the law for the time being in force in Botswana, trustees are authorized to invest, or the making of advances to such extent and in such circumstances as may be prescribed by Parliament, shall not be regarded as a withdrawal of those moneys from the Fund for the purposes of this section. **119. Authorization of expenditure** (1) The Minister for the time being responsible for finance shall cause to be prepared and laid before the National Assembly, before or not later than 30 days after the commencement of each financial year, estimates of the revenues and expenditure of Botswana for that year. (2) The organisations of expenditure contained in the estimates for a financial year (other than expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund by this Constitution or any other law) shall be included in a Bill to be known as an Appropriation Bill which shall be introduced into the Assembly to provide for the issue from the Consolidated Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums for the purposes specified in the said Bill. (3) If in any financial year it is found- (  *a*  ) that the amount appropriated by the Appropriation Act for the purposes included in any organisation of expenditure is insufficient or that a need has arisen for expenditure for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the Appropriation Act; or (  *b*  ) that any moneys have been expended on any organisation of expenditure in excess of the amount appropriated for the purposes included in that organisation by the Appropriation Act or for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the Appropriation Act, a supplementary estimate showing the sums required or spent shall be laid before the National Assembly and the organisations of expenditure shall be included in a supplementary Appropriation Bill, or in a motion or motions approving such expenditure, which shall be introduced or moved in the Assembly. (4) Where any supplementary expenditure has been approved in a financial year by a resolution of the National Assembly in accordance with the provisions of subsection (3) of this section, a supplementary Appropriation Bill shall be introduced in the National Assembly, not later than the end of the financial year next following, providing for the appropriation of the sums so approved. **120. Authorization of expenditure in advance of appropriation** Parliament may make provision under which, if the Appropriation Act in respect of any financial year has not come into operation by the beginning of that financial year, the President may authorize the withdrawal of moneys from the Consolidated Fund for the purpose of meeting expenditure necessary to carry on the services of the Government until the expiration of four months from the beginning of that financial year or the coming into operation of the Appropriation Act, whichever is the earlier. **121. Contingencies Fund** (1) Parliament may make provision for the establishment of a Contingencies Fund and for authorizing the President, if satisfied that there has arisen an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exists, to make advances from that Fund to meet that need. (2) Where any advance is made from the Contingencies Fund, a supplementary estimate shall be laid before the National Assembly as soon as possible for the purpose of replacing the amount so advanced.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## j. Non-derivative financial assets\n\nClassification and recognition\nThe Group classifies its investments and other\nfinancial assets in the following categories:\nfinancial assets at fair value through profit or\nloss, loans and receivables and available-for-sale\nfinancial assets. The classification depends on\nthe purpose for which the investments were\nacquired. The Group determines the classifica-\ntion of its investments at initial recognition and,\nin the case of assets classified as held-to-matu-\nrity, re-evaluates this designation at each\nreporting date.\nThe Group initially recognises loans and receiva-\nbles and deposits on the date that they are\noriginated. All other financial assets (including\nassets designated at fair value through profit or\nloss) are recognised initially on the trade date at\nNotes to the Financial Statements\n**71**\nNotes to the Financial Statements\ncontinued\nwhich the Group becomes a party to the\ncontractual provisions of the instrument.\nThe Group derecognises a financial asset when\nthe contractual rights to the cash flows from the\nasset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive\nthe contractual cash flows on the financial asset\nin a transaction in which substantially all the\nrisks and rewards of ownership of the financial\nassets are transferred.\nFinancial assets and liabilities are offset and the\nnet amount presented in the statement of\nfinancial position when, and only when, the\nGroup has a legal right to offset the amounts\nand intends either to settle on a net basis or to\nrealise the asset and settle the liability\nsimultaneously.\n(i) \u0007Financial assets at fair value through\nprofit or loss\nFinancial assets at fair value through profit or loss\nare financial assets held for trading if acquired\nprincipally for the purpose of selling in the short\nterm. Derivatives are also categorised as held for\ntrading unless they are designated as hedges.\nAttributable transaction costs are recognised in\nthe profit or loss when incurred. Assets in this\ncategory are classified as current assets if they\nare expected to be settled within 12 months,\notherwise they are classified as non-current.\n(ii) Loans and receivables\nLoans and receivables are non-derivative finan-\ncial assets with fixed or determinable payments\nthat are not quoted in an active market. They\nare included in current assets, except for those\nwith maturities greater than 12 months after\nthe reporting date which are classified as non-",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 72,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n### **2014 2013**\n\n####### **Restricted Share Units**\n\nThe following tables summarise the options issued and awarded and their related grant date, fair value and vesting\nconditions for the year ended 31 December 2013.  No options were issued during the year ended 31 December 2014.\n\nFor options outstanding as at 31 December 2014, the exercise price ranged from A$0.65 to A$0.95 and the weighted\naverage remaining contractual life was 3.5 years.\n\nOptions issued during the year ended 31 December 2013:\n\nGrant Date Number of Options Estimated Fair Value (US$’000) Vesting Conditions\n1 April 2013 350,000 $ 217 20% issuance date, 20% first four anniversaries\n24 September 2013 950,000 $ 475 20% issuance date, 20% first four anniversaries\nTotal 1,300,000 $ 692\n\nShare based payments expense related to options is determined pursuant to AASB 2 - Share Based Payments (“AASB\n2”) / IFRS 2 -  Share Based Payments (“IFRS 2”), and is recognised pursuant to the attached vesting conditions.  The\nfair value of the options awarded ranged from A$0.53 to A$0.59 for the year ended 31 December 2013, which were\ncalculated using a Black-Sholes options pricing model.  Expected volatilities are based upon the historical volatility\nof the ordinary shares.  Historical data is also used to estimate the probability of option exercise and potential\nforfeitures.\n- 95 -\n\n**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n####### **NOTE 31 -  SHARE BASED PAYMENTS continued**\n\nThe following table summarises the key assumptions used to calculate the estimated fair value awarded or granted\nduring the year ended 31 December 2013:\n2013\nShare price:   A$ 1.06 -  A$1.10\nExercise price:   A$1.25 -  1.40\nExpected volatility:  60%\nOption term:   5.75 years\nRisk free interest rate:  2.82 to 3.10%\n\n####### **Restricted Share Units**\nDuring the years ended 31 December 2014 and 2013, the Board of Directors awarded 2,839,626 and 1,237,994 RSUs\nto certain employees.  These awards were made in accordance with the long-term equity component of the\nCompany’s incentive compensation plan, the details of which are described in more detail in the remuneration\nsection of the Directors’ Report. Share based payment expense for RSUs awarded was calculated pursuant to AASB\n2 / IFRS 2.  The fair values of RSUs were estimated at the date they were approved by the Board of Directors (the\nmeasurement dates) based on the Company’s stock price at the date of grant.  The value of the vested portion of\nthese awards has been recognised within the financial statements.  This information is summarised for the Group",
+                    "page_start": 96,
+                    "page_end": 97,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Postretirement Health Care**\n\n*Outstanding at December 28, 2002*   1,403,250   $ 23.03\nGranted   446,500   26.78\nExercised  (362,000)   23.10\nForfeited  (18,500)   23.57\n*Outstanding at January 3, 2004*     **1,469,250 $ 24.15**\nOptions exercisable at:\nJanuary 3, 2004   **202,250 $ 25.47**\nDecember 28, 2002   **156,250 25.02**\nDecember 29, 2001   **105,000 24.86**\nThe following table summarizes information about fixed stock options\noutstanding at January 3, 2004:\nOptions\nOptions Outstanding  Exercisable\nWeighted- Weighted- Number\nAverage Average Exercisable\nRange of Number Remaining Exercise  at January 3,\nExercise Prices Outstanding Contractual Life Price 2004\n$24.50- $28.25 31,000  2.9 years $ 25.71 31,000\n$32.22 20,000  4.1 years $ 32.22 20,000\n$23.47 101,250  5.1 years $ 23.47 101,250\n$18.31- $26.69 411,000  6.6 years $ 20.42 50,000\n$23.32- $25.27 223,500  7.1 years $ 23.41  -\n$25.75- $25.77 261,000  8.1 years $ 25.77  -\n$25.50- $42.98 421,500  9.2 years $ 26.83  -\n####### **Retirement Benefits**\nThe Company has defined contribution profit-sharing plans cover-\ning substantially all employees who are not participants in certain\ndefined benefit plans. The Company’s annual contribution to the de-\nfined contribution plans is based on employee eligible earnings and\nresults of operations and amounted to $26,489,000, $23,524,000,\nand $24,826,000 in 2003, 2002, and 2001, respectively.\nThe Company sponsors defined benefit plans which include\na limited number of salaried and hourly employees at certain subsidiar-\nies. The Company’s funding policy is generally to contribute annually\nthe minimum actuarially computed amount. Net pension costs relating\nto these plans were $176,000; $0; and $0 for 2003, 2002, and 2001,\nrespectively. The actuarial present value of obligations, less related plan\nassets at fair value, is not significant.\nThe Company also participates in a multiemployer plan,\nwhich provides defined benefits to certain of the Company’s union\nemployees. Pension expense for this plan amounted to $309,000,\n$309,000, and $310,000 in 2003, 2002, and 2001, respectively.\n####### **Postretirement Health Care**\nIn accordance with the guidelines of revised SFAS No. 132, “Employers’\nDisclosures about Pensions and other Postretirement Benefits,” the fol-\nlowing table sets forth the funded status of the plan, reconciled to the\naccrued postretirement benefits cost recognized in the Company’s bal-\nance sheet at:\n*(In thousands)*    **2003**   2002 2001\n*Change in benefit obligation*\nBenefit obligation at beginning\nof year $ 17,351 $ 12,229\n|  $ 17,617  249  1,105  (1,206)  566  -  |\n|:---|\n| $ 18,331  |\n| $  -  11,456  (1,206)  |\n| $ 10,250  |\n| $ (8,081)  1,105  5,361  1,122  |\n| $  (493)  |\n| $  (493)  |\nService cost  398  278",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nEmployee Share Purchase Plan as part of the Company’s long term incentive arrangements (and on different terms from the general employee\nparticipation described above). On 27 January 2004 and 1 July 2004, 3,397 and 87,851 (2003: 129,664) shares respectively were allotted to\na trustee to hold for senior executives.\nThe shares allocated pursuant to the Plan were allotted to a trustee at no cost to participants, to be held on their behalf. The allocation price\nis Market Value (as defined above) and the trustee was funded by the Company to subscribe for the shares.\nIn general the shares are restricted for a period of one year from the date of allotment. If an executive allotted such shares ceased employment\nduring this period, the Board in its discretion may determine that a lesser restriction on transfer and dealing applies, having regard to the\ncircumstances of the cessation. The shares can remain on trust for up to four years, during which time the shares are subject to forfeiture if\nparticipants act fraudulently or dishonestly or in breach of their obligations to any Group Company. Participants are entitled to instruct the\ntrustee as to the exercise of voting rights, receive dividends and participate in bonus and rights issues while the shares are restricted.\nThe fair value of the 3,397 and 87,851 shares allotted on 27 January 2004 and 1 July 2004 respectively to a trustee to hold for senior executives\nwas $773,783 at the end of the financial year, being the market price of the ordinary shares of the Company on the Australian Stock Exchange as\nat close of trading on that date.\nSummary of share movements in the Plan:\n**Opening Granted during Closing**\n**balance the year Restriction ceased during the year balance**\n**Number Fair value**\n**Grant dates Number of shares per share Number Date Number**\n**$**\n**2004**\n**7 March 2003 7,800 - - 7,800 7 March 2004 -**\n**8 September 2003 15,400 - - 15,400 8 September 2004 -**\n**22 December 2003 129,664 - - 3,818 3 May 2004 -**\n**3,548 1 June 2004 -**\n**7,273 8 June 2004 -**\n**7,331 2 July 2004 -**\n**4,364 19 July 2004 -**\n**103,330 22 December 2004 -**\n**27 January 2004 - 3,397 6.38 - - 3,397**\n**1 July 2004 - 87,851 6.95 - - 87,851**\n**26 November 2004 - 32,400 7.70 - - 32,400**\n**152,864 123,648 152,864 123,648**\n**2003**",
+                    "page_start": 65,
+                    "page_end": 65,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\ntheir estimated recoverable amount at\nbalance date. If the carrying amount of a\nnon-current asset exceeds the estimated\nrecoverable amount, the asset is written\ndown to the lower value. The write-down\nis expensed in the reporting period in\nwhich it occurs.\nIn assessing recoverable amounts, the\nrelevant cash flows have not been\ndiscounted to their present value.\n**(d) Acquisition of assets**\nAll assets acquired are recorded at their cost\nof acquisition, being the fair value of the\nconsideration provided plus incidental costs\ndirectly attributable to the acquisition.\nOn acquisition of a controlled entity, the\nidentifiable net assets acquired are\nrecorded at their fair values. To the extent\nthat there is excess purchase consideration\nrepresenting goodwill, the goodwill is\namortised using the straight line method\nover a period of 20 years. The unamortised\nbalance of goodwill is reviewed at each\nbalance date and charged against profit to\nthe extent that the balance exceeds the\nvalue of expected future benefits.\nAssets transferred between entities within\nthe Santos Group are recognised by the\nacquiring entity at fair value.\n**(e) Foreign currency**\nForeign currency transactions are\ntranslated to Australian currency at the\nrates of exchange in effect at the dates of\nthe transactions. Amounts receivable and\npayable in foreign currencies at balance\ndate are translated at the rate of exchange\nexisting on that date. Exchange\ndifferences relating to amounts receivable\nor payable in foreign currencies are\nbrought to account in the statements of\nfinancial performance in the period in\nwhich they arise.\nMonetary assets and liabilities of\nintegrated foreign operations are\ntranslated at the exchange rate existing at\nbalance date, while non-monetary items\nand revenue and expense items are\ntranslated at exchange rates current when\nthe transactions occurred. Exchange\ndifferences arising on the translation of\nmonetary assets and liabilities are brought\nto account in the statement of financial\nperformance.\nAssets and liabilities of self-sustaining\nforeign operations are translated at the\nexchange rate existing at balance date.\nEquity items are translated at historical\nrates. The statements of financial\nperformance are translated at a weighted\naverage rate for the year. Exchange\ndifferences arising on translation are\ntaken directly to the foreign currency\ntranslation reserve.\n**(f) Derivative financial instruments**\nThe Santos Group uses derivative financial\ninstruments to hedge its exposure to\nchanges in foreign exchange rates,\ncommodity prices and interest rates arising\nin the normal course of business. The\nprincipal derivatives used are forward",
+                    "page_start": 54,
+                    "page_end": 54,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 3. \u0007Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements\n\n### 24. Employee benefits and share-based payments\n\nProvision for employee benefits -  current 3,797 2,993\nProvision for employee benefits -  non-current 5,416 4,482\nTotal employee provisions 9,213 7,475\nShare-based payments\nThe following share-based payments were made during the year:\n〉 〉 performance and deferred rights issued to employees $917,397 (2012: nil); and\n〉 〉 shares issued as part consideration of a legal dispute $1,512,000 (2012: $3,024,000).\nSuperannuation\nThe Group makes contributions on behalf of employees to externally managed defined contribution superannuation funds. Contributions are based on\npercentages of employee’s wages and salaries and include any salary-sacrifice amounts. Contributions to defined contribution plans for 2013 were $964,000\n(2012: $752,000).\nKingsgate executive option plan\nThe terms of the options issued pursuant to the plan are as follows:\ni. each option will entitle the holder to subscribe for one ordinary share of the Company;\nii. options are granted under the plan for no consideration; and\niii. options granted under the plan carry no dividend or voting rights.\nNotes to the Financial Statements\n**96**\nSet out below are summaries of options under the plans.\nGrant date Expiry date\nExercise\nprice\n$\nBalance\nstart of year\nNumber\nGranted\nduring year\nNumber\nExpired\nduring year\nNumber\nBalance\nend of year\nNumber\nVested and\nexercisable at\nend of year\nNumber\nYear ended 30 June 2013 -  Employees\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $6.00 481,000 - (481,000) - -\nTotal 481,000 - (481,000) - -\nWeighted average exercise price $6.00 - $6.00 - -\nYear ended 30 June 2012 -  Employees\n07 Jul 2006 01 Jul 2011 $6.00 50,000 - (50,000) - -\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $4.68 58,535 - (58,535) - -\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $6.00 566,001 - (85,001) 481,000 481,000\nTotal 674,536 - (193,536) 481,000 481,000\nWeighted average exercise price $5.89 - $5.60 $6.00 $6.00\n\nThe fair value of shares issued on the exercise of options is the weighted average price at which the Company’s shares were traded on the Australian",
+                    "page_start": 96,
+                    "page_end": 97,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\n(d)  Investment securities\nThe Company has classified its investment securities as held-to-maturity or available-for-sale. Held-to-maturity securities are those\nsecurities in which the Company has the ability and intent to hold the security to maturity. All securities not included in held-to-maturity\na re classified as available-for sale.\n2 9\nHeld-to-maturity securities are re c o rded at amortized cost, adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premium and discounts.\nAv a i l a b l e - f o r-sale securities are re c o rded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the related tax effect, on available-for-\nsale securities are excluded from operating results and re p o rted as a separate component of other comprehensive income/loss until\nrealized. Realized gains and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities are determined on a specific identification basis.\nA decline in the market value of any held-to-maturity or available-for-sale security below cost that is deemed other than temporary\nresults in a reduction in the carrying amount to fair value. The impairment is charged to operating results and a new cost basis for the\nsecurity is established. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life or term of the related held-to-maturity security or\na v a i l a b l e - f o r-sale security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method.\nDividend and interest income are recognized when earned.\n(e)  Forw a rd foreign exchange contracts\nF o rw a rd foreign exchange contracts are re c o rded at fair values in the consolidated balance sheet in other current assets or other curre n t\nliabilities with the related gain or loss recognized in the consolidated statement of operations, unless the contracts meet certain hedging\ncriteria. A foreign exchange contract is considered a hedge of an identifiable foreign currency commitment if (i) the contract is designated\nas, and is effective as, a hedge of foreign currency commitment and (ii) the foreign currency commitment is firm.\nIn addition, the significant characteristics of expected terms of the anticipated transaction are identified and it is probable that the\nanticipated transaction will occur. Gains and losses on foreign exchange contracts meeting these hedge accounting criteria are deferre d\nand included in the measurement of the related foreign currency transaction. Losses are not deferred if, however, it is estimated that the",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Debt Derivatives**\n\nmillion at December 31, 2013. We have been making special minimum\nmonthly payments in addition to our regular contributions to eliminate\nthe pension liability. During 2013, our funding deficit was reduced by\n$162 million.\nThe special payments, including contributions associated with benefits\npaid from the plans, were approximately $7 million in 2013. We expect\nour total estimated funding requirements to be $96 million in 2014 and\nto be adjusted annually thereafter, based on various market factors\nsuch as interest rates and expected returns and staffing assumptions.\nChanges in factors such as the discount rate, increase in compensation\nand the expected return on plan assets can affect the accrued benefit\nobligation, pension expense and the deficiency of plan assets over\naccrued obligations in the future. See  *Critical accounting estimates*  for\nmore information.\n*Purchase of Annuities*\nFrom time to time we have made additional lump-sum contributions to\nour pension plans, and the pension plans have purchased annuities\nfrom insurance companies to fund the pension benefit obligations for\ncertain groups of retired employees in the plans. Purchasing the\nannuities relieves us of our primary responsibility for that portion of\nthe accrued benefit obligations for the retired employees and eliminates\nthe significant risk associated with the obligations.\nWe did not make any additional lump-sum contributions to our pension\nplans in 2013 or 2012, and the pension plans did not purchase\nadditional annuities.\nFINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT\nWe normally use three categories of derivative instruments to manage risks related to our business activities:\nCategories The risk it manages Types of derivative instruments\nDebt Derivatives -  Impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on\nprincipal and interest payments for US denominated\nlong-term debt\n-  Cross-currency interest rate exchange agreements\n-  Forward foreign exchange agreements (from time\nto time, as applicable)\nExpenditure Derivatives -  Impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on\nforecasted US dollar denominated expenditures\n-  Forward foreign exchange agreements\nEquity Derivatives -  Impact of fluctuations in share price on stock-based\ncompensation expense\n-  Total return swap agreements\nWe also manage our exposure to fluctuating interest rates and we have\nfixed the interest rate on 95.3% of our debt including short-term\nborrowings at December 31, 2013 (2012 -  100%).\n####### **Debt Derivatives**\nWe use cross currency interest exchange agreements (Debt Derivatives),\nto hedge the foreign exchange risk on all of the principal and interest\nobligations of our US dollar denominated senior notes and debentures.",
+                    "page_start": 65,
+                    "page_end": 65,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf",
+                "query": "What metrics are good indicators of the coverage of gas molecules on carbon nanotubes ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "the bind- ing energy and scattering resistance of the molecules",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nJ. M. Garc ́ıa-Lastra <sup>1,2</sup> ,  *<sup>∗</sup>* D. J. Mowbray <sup>1,2</sup> , K. S. Thygesen <sup>2</sup> , A. Rubio <sup>1,3</sup> , and K. W. Jacobsen <sup>2</sup> *1* *Nano-Bio Spectroscopy group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre,*\n*Dpto. F ́ısica de Materiales, Universidad del Pa ́ıs Vasco,*\n*Centro de F ́ısica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU- MPC and DIPC, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebasti ́an, Spain* *2* *Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design, Department of Physics,*\n*Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark* *3* *Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany*\nWe use computational screening to systematically investigate the use of transition metal doped carbon nan-\notubes for chemical gas sensing. For a set of relevant target molecules (CO, NH 3 , H 2 S) and the main components\nof air (N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O), we calculate the binding energy and change in conductance upon adsorption on a metal\natom occupying a vacancy of a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Based on these descriptors, we identify the most promis-\ning dopant candidates for detection of a given target molecule. From the fractional coverage of the metal sites\nin thermal equilibrium with air, we estimate the change in the nanotube resistance per doping site as a function\nof the target molecule concentration assuming charge transport in the diffusive regime. Our analysis points to\nNi-doped nanotubes as candidates for CO sensors working under typical atmospheric conditions.\nPACS numbers: 73.63.- b, 68.43.- h, 73.50.Lw\nThe ability to detect small concentrations of specific chem-\nical species is fundamental for a variety of industrial and sci-\nentific processes as well as for medical applications and en-\nvironmental monitoring [ 1 ]. In general, nanostructured mate-\nrials should be well suited for sensor applications because of\ntheir large surface to volume ratio which makes them sensi-\ntive to molecular adsorption. Specifically, carbon nanotubes\n(CNT) [ 2 ] have been shown to work remarkably well as de-\ntectors of small gas molecules. This has been demonstrated\nboth for individual CNTs [ 3 - 8 ] as well as for CNT networks\n[ 9 , 10 ].\nPristine CNTs are known to be chemically inert -  a prop-\nerty closely related to their high stability. As a consequence,\nonly radicals bind strong enough to the CNT to notably affect\nits electrical properties [ 2 , 5 , 11 - 13 ]. To make CNTs attrac-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\ntive for sensor applications thus requires some kind of func-\ntionalization, e.g. through doping or decoration of the CNT\nsidewall [ 13 - 21 ]. Ideally, this type of functionalization could\nbe used to control not only the reactivity of the CNT but also\nthe selectivity towards specific chemical species.\nIn this work we consider the possibility of using CNTs\ndoped by 3d transition metal atoms for chemical gas sens-\ning. We use computational screening to systematically iden-\ntify the most promising dopant candidates for detection of\nthree different target molecules (CO, NH 3 , H 2 S) under typi-\ncal atmospheric conditions. The screening procedure is based\non the calculation of two microscopic descriptors: the bind-\ning energy and scattering resistance of the molecules when\nadsorbed on a doped CNT. These two quantities give a good\nindication of the gas coverage and impact on the resistance.\nFor the most promising candidates we then employ a simple\nthermodynamic model of the CNT sensor. In this model, the\nbinding energies are used to obtain the fractional coverage of\nthe metallic sites as a function of the target molecule concen-\ntration under ambient conditions. Under the assumption of\ntransport in the diffusive rather than localization regime, the\nchange in CNT resistivity may then be obtained from the cal-\nculated coverages and single impurity conductances.\nWe find that oxidation of the active metal site passivates\nthe sensor in the case of doping by Ti, V, Cr, and Mn un-\nder standard conditions (room temperature and 1 bar of pres-\nsure). Among the remaining metals, we identify Ni as is the\nmost promising candidate for CO detection. For this system\nthe change in resistance per active site is generally significant\n(  *>*  1 Ω ) for small changes in CO concentration in the relevant\nrange of around 0.1- 10 ppm. Our approach is quite general\nand is directly applicable to other nanostructures than CNTs,\nother functionalizations than metal doping, and other back-\ngrounds than atmospheric air.\nAll total energy calculations and structure optimizations\nhave been performed with the real-space density functional\ntheory (DFT) code GPAW [ 22 ] which is based on the projector augmented wave method. We use a grid spacing of 0.2 <sup> ̊</sup> A for\nrepresenting the density and wave functions and the PBE ex-\nchange correlation functional [ 23 ]. Transport calculations for",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nmodel we have performed a computational screening of tran-\nsition metal doped CNTs, and found that Ni-doped CNTs are\npromising candidates for detecting CO in a background of air.\nThe model may be applied straightforwardly to other nanos-\ntructures than CNTs, other functionalizations than metal dop-\ning and other gas compositions than air.\nThe authors acknowledge financial support from Span-\nish MEC (FIS2007-65702-C02-01), “Grupos Consolidados\nUPV/EHU del Gobierno Vasco” (IT-319-07), e-I3 ETSF\nproject (Contract Number 211956), “Red Espa ̃nola de Super-\ncomputaci ́on”, NABIIT and the Danish Center for Scientific\nComputing. The Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design\n(CAMD) is sponsored by the Lundbeck Foundation. JMG-L\nacknowledges funding from Spanish MICINN through Juan\nde la Cierva and Jos ́e Castillejo programs.\n*∗* Electronic address: [ juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es](mailto:juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es)\n[1]  *Gas Sensing Materials, MRS Bull.*  , vol. 24 (1999).\n[2] J. C. Chalier, X. Blase, and S. Roche, “Electronic and transport\nproperties of nanotubes”, Rev. Mod. Phys.  **79**  (2), 677 (May 2007), doi: [10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677) .\n[3] J. Kong, N. R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng,\nK. Cho, and H. Dai, “Nanotube molecular wires as\nchemical sensors”, Science  **287**  (5453), 622 (Jan. 2000), doi: [10.1126/science.287.5453.622](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5453.622) .\n[4] P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl, “Ex-\ntreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of car-\nbon nanotubes”, Science  **287**  (5459), 1801 (Mar. 2000), doi: [10.1126/science.287.5459.1801](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1801) .\n[5] C. Hierold,  *Carbon Nanotube Devices: Properties, Modeling,*\n*Integration and Applications*  (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008).\n[6] F. Villalpando-P ́aez, A. H. Romero, E. Mu ̃noz-Sandoval,\nL. M. Mart ́ınez, H. Terrones, and M. Terrones, “Fabrica-\ntion of vapor and gas sensors using films of aligned CN *x*\nnanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett.  **386**  (1-3), 137 (Mar. 2004), doi: [10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052) .\n[7] A. R. Rocha, M. Rossi, A. Fazzio, and A. J. R.\nda Silva, “Designing real nanotube-based gas sen-\nsors”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **100**  (17), 176803 (May 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.176803](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.176803) .\n[8] S. Brahim, S. Colbern, R. Gump, and L. Grigorian, “Tailoring\ngas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes”, J. Appl. Phys.\n**104**  (2), 024502 (Jul. 2008), doi: [10.1063/1.2956395](http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2956395) . [9] C. Morgan, Z. Alemipour, and M. Baxendale, “Variable\nrange hopping in oxygen-exposed single-wall carbon nanotube\nnetworks”, Phys. Stat. Solidi A  **205**  (6), 1394 (May 2008), doi: [10.1002/pssa.200778113](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200778113) .\n[10] D. J. Mowbray, C. Morgan, and K. S. Thygesen, “In-\nfluence of O 2 and N 2 on the conductivity of carbon nan- otube networks”, Phys. Rev. B  **79**  (19), 195431 (May 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431) .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nFIG. 3: Fractional coverage Θ in thermal equilibrium of Ni in a (a)\nmonovacancy, (b) divacancy I, (c) divacancy II and (d) change in\nresistance ∆  *R*  per dopant site as a function of CO concentration in\na background of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. The\nreference concentration of CO is taken to be  *C* 0 = 0.1 ppm. Note the\nchange from linear to log scale on the  *y*  -axis at ∆  *R*  = 10 Ω .\nFor a given background composition we may thus estimate\nthe fractional coverages for each available adsorbate for a\ngiven type of doping. As an example, Fig. 3 (a)-(c) shows the\nfractional coverage of a Ni atom occupying a monovacancy,\ndivacancy I, and divacancy II, versus CO concentration in a\nbackground of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure.\nDue to the relatively small binding energy of N 2 and H 2 O as\ncompared to O 2 and CO, all Ni sites will be either empty or occupied by O 2 or CO. In particular, Ni in a monovacancy (top panel of Fig. 3 ) will be completely oxidized for all rel-\nevant CO concentrations. For the Ni occupied divacancy II\nstructures we find the coverage of CO changes significantly\naround toxic concentrations (  *∼*  10 ppm). To estimate the effect of adsorbates on the electrical con-\nductance of doped CNTs, we first consider the change in con-\nductance when a single molecule is adsorbed on a metal site of\nan otherwise pristine CNT. In Fig. 2 (b) we show the calculated\nchange in conductance relative to the metal site with no ad-\nsorbate. In contrast to the binding energies, there are no clear\ntrends in the conductances. The sensitivity of the conductance\nis perhaps most clearly demonstrated by the absence of cor-\nrelation between different types of vacancies, i.e. between the\nthree panels in Fig. 2 (b). Close to the Fermi level, the conduc-\ntance of a perfect armchair CNT equals 2  *G* 0 . The presence\nof the metal dopant leads to several dips in the transmission\nfunction known as Fano antiresonances [ 20 ]. The position\nand shape of these dips depend on the  *d*  -levels of the transi-\ntion metal atom, the character of its bonding to the CNT, and\nis further affected by the presence of the adsorbate molecule.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\ncally and this leads to a significant increase in resistance.\nWe now return to the discussion of the validity of Eq. ( 7 ).\nAs mentioned, the series coupling of individual scatterers\nshould be valid when  *l* *φ*   *< d* . However, even for  *l* *φ*   *> d* and assuming that the Anderson localization length,  *l* loc in the system exceeds  *l* *φ* , Eq. ( 7 ) remains valid if one replaces\nthe actual resistance  *R*  by the sample averaged resistance  *⟨*   *R*   *⟩* [ 29 ]. At room temperature under ambient conditions, interac-\ntions with external degrees of freedom such as internal CNT\nphonons and vibrational modes of the adsorbed molecules\nwould rapidly randomize the phase of the electrons. There-\nfore Eq. ( 7 ) should certainly be valid in the limit of low dop-\ning concentrations. On the other hand, the total number of\ndopants,  *N*  , should be large enough for the statistical treat-\nment of the coverage to hold. Finally, we stress that Eq. ( 7 )\nrepresents a conservative estimate of the change in resistance.\nIn fact, in the regime where  *l* *φ*   *> l*  loc , i.e. in the Anderson\nlocalization regime, the resistance would be highly sensitive\nto changes in the fractional coverage of active sites. Calcula-\ntion of the actual resistance of the CNT in this regime would,\nhowever, involve a full transport calculation in the presence of\nall  *N*  impurities. At this point it suffices to see that the con-\nservative estimates obtained from Eq. ( 7 ) predict measurable\nsignals in response to small changes in concentration of the\ntarget molecules.\nTo our knowledge, controlled doping of CNTs with transi-\ntion metal atoms has so far not been achieved. It has, how-\never, been found that metal atoms incorporated into the CNT\nlattice during catalytic growth are afterwards very difficult to\nremove [ 30 ]. Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan-\ncies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed\nin a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ions [ 31 ]. This sug-\ngests that metallic doping of CNTs should be possible.\nIn summary, we have presented a general model of nanos-\ntructured chemical sensors which takes the adsorption en-\nergies of the relevant chemical species and their individual\nscattering resistances as the only input. On the basis of this",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nnanotube.\nwhere  *E*  [  *X*  @M@VC] is the total energy of molecule  *X*  on\na transition metal atom occupying a vacancy, and  *E*  [  *X*  ] is the\ngas phase energy of the molecule.\nFrom the adsorption energies plotted in Fig. 2 (a), we see\nthat the earlier transition metals tend to bind the adsorbates\nstronger than the late transition metals. The latest metals in\nthe series (Cu and Zn) bind adsorbates rather weakly in the\ndivacancy structures. We also note that O 2 binds significantly stronger than any of the three target molecules on Ti, V, Cr,\nand Mn (except for Cr in divacancy I where H 2 S is found to\ndissociate). Active sites containing these metals are therefore\nexpected to be completely passivated if oxygen is present in\nthe background. Further, we find H 2 O is rather weakly bound\nto most of the active sites. This ensures that these types of\nsensors are robust against changes in humidity.\nIn thermodynamic equilibrium [ 27 ], the coverage of the ac-\ntive sites follows from\nΘ[  *X*  ] = *K*  [  *X*  ]  *C*  [  *X*  ] 1 +  <sup>�</sup> *Y*    *<sup>K</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>Y</sup>*  <sup>]</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>Y</sup>*  <sup>]</sup>  *<sup>,</sup>*  (4)\nwhere  *K*  =  *k* + */k* *−* is the ratio of forward and backward rate\nconstants for the adsorption reaction,\n*K*  [  *X*  ] = exp � *−*   *<sup>E</sup>*  <sup>ads</sup> <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>X</sup>*  <sup>] +</sup>  *<sup>TS</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>X</sup>*  <sup>]</sup> *k* *B* *T* � *.*  (5)\nIn these expressions  *C*  [  *X*  ] is the concentration of species  *X*  ,\n*S*  [  *X*  ] is its gas phase entropy and  *T*  is the temperature. Ex-\nperimental values for the gas phase entropies have been taken\nfrom Ref. [ 28 ].\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\nFractional Coverage Θ of Ni Occupied Vacancies\n0.1 1 10 100 CO Concentration [ppm]\n10 -4\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\n|  O 2 (a) Monovacancy  |\n|:---|\n| CO Clean O 2 (b) Divacancy I  |\n| CO O 2 Clean (c) Divacancy II |\n10 2\n10 3\n0.1 1 10 100 CO Concentration [ppm]\n-10 1\n0\n10 1 Monovacancy Divacancy I Divacancy II\nChange in Resistance\n∆\n*R*\n[\nΩ\n/ Ni Occupied Vacancy]\n(d)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nthe optimized structures have been performed using the non-\nequilibrium Green’s function method [ 24 ] with an electronic\nHamiltonian obtained from the SIESTA code [ 25 ] in a dou-\nble zeta polarized (DZP) basis set. Spin polarization has been\ntaken into account in all calculations.\nMetallic doping of a (6,6) CNT has been modeled in a su-\npercell containing six repeated minimal unit cells along the CNT axis (dimensions: 15 <sup> ̊</sup> A  *×*  15 <sup> ̊</sup> A  *×*  14.622 <sup> ̊</sup> A). For this size\nof supercell a Γ -point sampling of the Brillouin zone was\nfound to be sufficient. The formation energy for creating a\nvacancy (VC) occupied by a transition metal atom (M) was\ncalculated using the relation\n*E* form [ M @ VC ] =  *E*  [ M @ VC ] +  *nE*  [ C ]  *−*   *E*  [ M@NT ] (1) where  *E*  [M@VC] is the total energy of a transition metal\natom occupying a vacancy in the nanotube,  *n*  is the number\nof carbon atoms removed to form the vacancy,  *E*  [C] is the en-\nergy per carbon atom in a pristine nanotube, and  *E*  [M@NT]\narXiv:1001.2538v1  [cond-mat.mes-hall]  14 Jan 2010 Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 0\n2\n4\n6\n8\nFormation Energy *E*\n*form*\n[eV] Empty Monovacancy\nEmpty Divacancy II\nEmpty Divacancy I\nMonovacancy Divacancy I Divacancy II\nCarbon Nanotube Axis\nFIG. 1: Structural schematics and formation energy for a 3d tran-\nsition metal occupied monovacancy (black), divacancy I (gray), or\ndivacancy II (white) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Formation energies\nof the empty vacancies are indicated by dashed lines.\nis the total energy of the pristine nanotube with a physisorbed\ntransition metal atom. We have considered the monovacancy\nand two divacancies shown in Fig. 1 . The energy required to\nform an empty vacancy is obtained from\n*E* form [ VC ] =  *E*  [ VC ] +  *nE*  [ C ]  *−*   *E*  [ NT ]  *,*  (2)\nwhere  *E*  [VC] is the total energy of the nanotube with a va-\ncancy of  *n*  atoms.\nThe calculated formation energies for the 3d transition met-\nals are shown in Fig. 1 . From the horizontal lines we see that\nboth divacancies are more stable than the monovacancy. This\nmay be attributed to the presence of a two-fold coordinated C",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\n[11] L. Valentini, F. Mercuri, I. Armentano, C. Cantalini, S. Picozzi,\nL. Lozzi, S. Santucci, A. Sgamellotti, and J. M. Kenny, “Role of\ndefects on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes thin\nfilms: experiment and theory”, Chem. Phys. Lett.  **387**  (4-6), 356 (Apr. 2004), doi: [10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038) .\n[12] Z. Zanolli and J.-C. Charlier, “Defective carbon nanotubes for\nsingle-molecule sensing”, Phys. Rev. B  **80**  (15), 155447 (Oct. 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447) .\n[13] J. M. Garc ́ıa-Lastra, K. S. Thygesen, M. Strange, and  ́Angel Rubio, “Conductance of sidewall-functionalized\ncarbon nanotubes: Universal dependence on adsorption\nsites”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **101**  (23), 236806 (Dec. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806) .\n[14] S. B. Fagan, R. Mota, A. J. R. da Silva, and A. Fazzio, “  *Ab*\n*initio*  study of an iron atom interacting with single-wall car-\nbon nanotubes”, Phys. Rev. B  **67**  (20), 205414 (May 2003), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414) .\n[15] Y. Yagi, T. M. Briere, M. H. F. Sluiter, V. Kumar, A. A. Farajian,\nand Y. Kawazoe, “Stable geometries and magnetic properties of\nsingle-walled carbon nanotubes doped with 3  *d*  transition met-\nals: A first-principles study”, Phys. Rev. B  **69**  (7), 075414 (Feb 2004), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414) .\n[16] S. H. Yang, W. H. Shin, J. W. Lee, S. Y. Kim, S. I. Woo, and\nJ. K. Kang, “Interaction of a transition metal atom with intrinsic\ndefects in single-walled carbon nanotubes”, J. Phys. Chem. B\n**110**  (28), 13941 (Jun. 2006), doi: [10.1021/jp061895q](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp061895q) . [17] K. T. Chan, J. B. Neaton, and M. L. Cohen, “First-principles\nstudy of metal adatom adsorption on graphene”, Phys. Rev. B\n**77**  , 235430 (Jun. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235430](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235430) . [18] C. S. Yeung, L. V. Liu, and Y. A. Wang, “Adsorption\nof small gas molecules onto Pt-doped single-walled carbon\nnanotubes”, J. Phys. Chem. C  **112**  (19), 7401 (Apr. 2008), doi: [10.1021/jp0753981](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0753981) .\n[19] T. Vo, Y.-D. Wu, R. Car, and M. Robert, “Structures, in-\nteractions, and ferromagnetism of Fe-carbon nanotube sys-\ntems”, J. Phys. Chem. C  **112**  (22), 400 (May 2008), doi: [10.1021/jp0761968](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0761968) .\n[20] J. A. F ̈urst, M. Brandbyge, A.-P. Jauho, and K. Stokbro, “  *Ab*\n*initio*  study of spin-dependent transport in carbon nanotubes\nwith iron and vanadium adatoms”, Phys. Rev. B  **78**  (19), 195405 (Nov. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405) .\n[21] A. V. Krasheninnikov, P. O. Lehtinen, A. S. Foster,\nP. Pyykk ̈o, and R. M. Nieminen, “Embedding transition-\nmetal atoms in graphene: Structure, bonding, and mag-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nThe coupling of all these factors is very complex and makes\nit difficult to estimate or rationalize the value of the conduc-\ntance. For the spin polarized cases, we use the spin-averaged\nconductances, i.e.  *G*  = (  *G* *↑* +  *G* *↓* )  */*  2.\nNext, we estimate the resistance of a CNT containing sev-\neral impurities (a specific metal dopant with different molecu-\nlar adsorbates). Under the assumption that the electron phase-\ncoherence length,  *l* *φ* , is smaller than the average distance be-\ntween the dopants,  *d*  , we may neglect quantum interference\nand obtain the total resistance by adding the scattering resis-\ntances due to each impurity separately. The scattering resis-\ntance due to a single impurity is given by\n*R* *s* (  *X*  ) = 1  */G*  (  *X*  )  *−*  1  */*  ( 2  *G* 0 )  *,*  (6)\nwhere  *G*  (  *X*  ) is the Landauer conductance of the pristine CNT\nwith a single metal dopant occupied by molecule  *X*  and\n1  */*  ( 2  *G* 0 ) is the contact resistance of a (6,6) CNT.\nWe may now obtain the total resistance per dopant site rel-\native to the reference background signal as a function of the\ntarget molecule concentration\n∆  *R*\n*N* *≈* � *X*\n*R* *s* (  *X*  )(Θ[  *X, C*  ]  *−*  Θ[  *X, C* 0 ])  *,*  (7)\nwhere  *N*  is the number of dopants, Θ[  *X, C*  ] is the fractional\ncoverage of species  *X*  at concentration  *C*  of the target and  *C* 0\nis the reference concentration. Notice that the contact resis-\ntance drops out as we evaluate a change in resistance.\nIn Fig. 3 (d) we show the change in resistance calculated\nfrom Eq. ( 7 ) as a function of CO concentration for Ni occu-\npying the three types of vacancies. The background reference\nconcentration of CO is taken to be  *C* 0 = 0 *.*  1 ppm. For the\nmonovacancy there is very little change in resistivity. This is\nbecause most active sites are blocked by O 2 at relevant CO concentrations, as shown in the upper panel of Fig. 3 . For Ni\nin the divacancies there is, however, a change in resistance on\nthe order of 1Ω per site. For concentrations above  *∼*  1 ppm, the CO coverage of Ni in the divacancy II increases dramati-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nnetism”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **102**  (12), 126807 (Mar. 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807) .\n[22] J. J. Mortensen, L. B. Hansen, and K. W. Jacobsen,\n“Real-space grid implementation of the projector augmented\nwave method”, Phys. Rev. B  **71**  (3), 035109 (Jan. 2005), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035109](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035109) .\n[23] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, “Generalized gradi-\nent approximation made simple”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **77**  (18), 3865 (Oct. 1996), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865) .\n[24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Ja-\ncobsen, “Benchmark density functional theory calculations for\nnanoscale conductance”, J. Chem. Phys.  **128**  (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi: [10.1063/1.2839275](http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839275) .\n[25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Or-\ndej ́on, and D. S ́anchez-Portal, “The SIESTA method for  *ab ini-*\n*tio*  order-  *n*  materials simulation”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter\n**14**  (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi: [10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302) . [26] J. S. Griffith,  *The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions*  (Cambridge\nUniversity Press, London, 1961).\n[27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula,  *Physical Chemistry*  , 8th ed. (Oxford\nUniversity Press, London, 2006).\n[28] D. Lide,  *Handbook of Chemistry and Physics*  , 87th ed. (CRC-\nPress, 2006- 2007).\n[29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, “Scal-\ning theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of trans-\nport in doped silicon wires”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **99**  (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803) .\n[30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari,\nW.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, “X-ray absorption fine\nstructure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene\nsheet of carbon nanofibers”, Phys. Rev. B  **73**  (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103) .\n[31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel,\nF. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, “Tuning the con-\nductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation\nin the Anderson localization regime”, Nature Materials  **4**  , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi: [10.1038/nmat1414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1414) .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the source of inaccuracy of the MSA3 model at high ionic concentrations ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "At high concentration (about 1 mol l−1), the MSA3 overestimates the free energy",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\n4\n6\n8\n4 6 8\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n4 6 8\n|  0.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |  1.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 1.5 mol.L -1 g 11 (r)  | 1.5 mol.L -1 g 22 (r)  |\nFIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations\n(diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed)\nat two concentrations.\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with\nthe MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5 . Our BIMSA3\nmodel accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP\nand provides the correct distances of minimal approach;\nwhereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former\nand gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger sep-\narations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the os-\ncillations observed in the MC simulations, but the cor-\nresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials\nare less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the\nreference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The\nperturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully ana-\nlytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters\nand the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy\nand the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA so-\nlutions, as described above. While the procedure we have\nfollowed uses two different approximations for the refer-\nence and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are\nknown to be accurate for the systems under consideration\nand do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with\nLPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions\nwhich account for the molecular nature of the solvent.\nThe final result is fully analytical and it yields the ther-\nmodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in\nagreement with the original molecular description. The\nmethodology can in principle be adapted to any molecu-\nlar description of the system (MD simulations involving\ninteraction potentials accounting for polarization effects\nor Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long\nas the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized\nto study interfaces. The method appears to be a promis-\ning approach toward the description of the specific effects\nof ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nmetric dumbbells. Furthermore, since analytic expres-\nsions for the RDF within BIMSA are not known, we ap-\nproximate the dumbbell as a hard sphere when comput-\ning the perturbation term (this is not necessary for the\nreference term, since an expression for the free energy\nis available). Let � σ c be the diameter of the cation (an-\nion) within the dumbbell, the diameter of the hard sphere\nrepresenting this dumbbell is taken to be � σ 3 = <sup>4</sup> √ 2 π  <sup>�</sup> <sup>σ</sup> <sup>c</sup> <sup>[21].</sup> Using these two reference systems, the three-\ncomponent MSA3 and BIMSA3, we obtain results in\nmuch better agreement with the MC simulations, as\nshown in Fig. 4 . The diameters obtained for species 1,\n2, and 3 are 3.65, 4.79, and 5.76 <sup> ̊</sup> A for MSA3 and 3.69,\n4.75 and 6.19 <sup> ̊</sup> A for BIMSA3. The free ion diameters are\nsimilar for MSA2, MSA3, and BIMSA3. The pair diam-\neter is smaller when modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3)\nthan when modeled as a dumbbell (BIMSA3). At high\nconcentration (about 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ), the MSA3 overestimates\nthe free energy, because the excluded volume repulsion\nbecomes too important for the pairs to be represented as\nhard spheres. The BIMSA3 model is the closest to the\nMC simulation results. It is worth noting that even at\nthe lowest concentration considered, the fraction of pairs\n(shown in the insert of Fig. 4 ), although less then 5%,\nhas a non-negligible effect on the thermodynamics of the\nsystem.\nThis procedure also provides an accurate description of\nthe structure over the whole range of concentrations. A\ndevelopment similar to the one that leads to Eq. ( 2 ) de-\nrives the average unpaired RDF from the corresponding\npaired quantities:\nρ i ρ j g ij ( k ) = � ρ 3 � w ( k ) (1 − δ ij ) + � ρ i � ρ j � g ij ( k )\n+ � ρ 3 � w ( k / 2) � � ρ i � g 3 i + � ρ j � g 3 j � ( k ) (5)\n+ � ρ  <sup>2</sup> 3  <sup>[</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)]</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>33</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>)</sup>\nr  (Å)\n2",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nare therefore restricted to simple geometries [12, 13] (bulk\nsolutions or planar interfaces). The description of com-\nplex systems, such as porous or electrochemical materi-\nals, is still based on continuous solvent models [14].\nIn this letter we present a method aimed at bridging\nthe gap between analytical and numerical approaches. It\nis based on the application of liquid perturbation theory\n(LPT) [15] to effective ion-ion potentials extracted from\n∗ [Electronic address: john.molina@etu.upmc.fr](mailto:john.molina@etu.upmc.fr)\n† [Electronic address: jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr](mailto:jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr)\nmolecular dynamics (MD) results. Different approxima-\ntions of the PM are employed for the case of NaCl elec-\ntrolyte solutions: a two component model (MSA2), that\nonly takes free ions into account, and two different three\ncomponent models (MSA3 and BIMSA3), which include\na third species (the contact ion pair). As we proceed\nto show, LPT allows us to select the best simple model\nwhich accurately accounts for the thermodynamics and\nthe physical-chemistry of the system.\nThe first stage consists in calculating the McMillan-\nMayer effective ion-ion interaction potentials V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), by</sup> inverting the radial distribution functions (RDF) g ij ( r )\nobtained by MD. The simulations were carried out on\na box of 2000 water molecules and 48 NaCl pairs us-\ning the same interaction potentials as in reference [16].\nThis setup corresponds to a concentration of 0 . 64 moll <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> .\nNPT ensemble sampling at standard pressure and tem-\nperature was enforced, with a time step of 1 fs and a\npressure bath coupling constant of 1 ps. An equilibration\nrun of 0.25 ns was followed by a production run of 0.6 ns\nfor five different initial configurations. The averages of\nthe resulting RDF were then used for the potential inver-\nsion via the HNC closure [15]. These effective potentials\nare assumed to be concentration independent and will be\nused for simulations at all concentrations.\nSubtracting the long-range Coulombic potential\nV  <sup>LR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) (which depends on the dielectric constant of the</sup>\nsolvent) from V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), we obtain the short-range contri-</sup>\nbution V  <sup>SR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) to the effective potentials. These are given</sup>\nin Fig. 1 (species 1 and 2 refer to Na <sup>+</sup> and Cl <sup>−</sup> free ions,\nrespectively). All the short-range potentials exhibit os-\ncillations corresponding to the solvent layering between",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nJohn Jairo Molina <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>∗</sup> Jean-Fran ̧cois Dufrˆeche <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>†</sup> Mathieu\nSalanne <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Olivier Bernard <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Marie Jardat <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , and Pierre Turq <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1 UPMC-Universit ́e Paris 06, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 3 Institut de Chimie S ́eparative de Marcoule (ICSM),\nUMR 5257 CEA- CNRS- Universit ́e Montpellier 2, Site de Marcoule,\nBˆatiment 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-C`eze Cedex, France\nWe present a method to derive implicit solvent models of electrolyte solutions from all-atom\ndescriptions; providing analytical expressions of the thermodynamic and structural properties of\nthe ions consistent with the underlying explicit solvent representation. Effective potentials between\nions in solution are calculated to perform perturbation theory calculations, in order to derive the\nbest possible description in terms of charged hard spheres. Applying this method to NaCl solutions\nyields excellent agreement with the all-atom model, provided ion association is taken into account.\nSince the pioneering works of Debye, H ̈uckel, and\nOnsager, electrolyte solutions have been commonly\ndescribed by continuous solvent models, for which\nthe McMillan-Mayer theory [1] provides a rigorous\nstatistical-mechanical foundation. Within that level of\ndescription, simple phenomenological models such as the\nprimitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi-\nlated to charged hard spheres [2], can lead to explicit\nformulas for the thermodynamic and structural proper-\nties (e.g., with the help of the mean spherical approxima-\ntion (MSA) [3] or the binding MSA (BIMSA) [4]). These\nmodels are the most practical to use [5], since they allow\nfor a direct link between the experimental measurements\nand the microscopic parameters of the system. Never-\ntheless, they ignore the molecular structure of the sol-\nvent. Consequently, they cannot properly account for\nthe complex specific effects of the ions, which appear in\nnumerous biological, chemical, and physical interfacial\nphenomena [6, 7], without further developments.\nAn alternative procedure consists in carrying out\nmolecular simulations, where both the solvent and solute\nare treated explicitly. After a rigorous averaging over\nthe solvent configurations, a coarse-grained description\nof the ions, which still includes the effect of the solvent\nstructure, can be obtained [8- 11]. However, this set of\nmethods is purely numeric; they do not provide any an-\nalytical expression for thermodynamic quantities. They",
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+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nthe ions, but this effect is particularly important for the\ncation-anion interaction: a considerable potential barrier\n( ≳ 2 k B T ) separates the first two attractive wells. To\nserve as a reference, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were\nperformed with these effective potentials; a comparison\nbetween MD and MC RDF is also provided in Fig. 1 . The\nexcellent agreement between both sets of RDF validates\nthe HNC inversion procedure [17], and allows us to com-\nr  (Å)\n0\n1\n2\n3 β V 12\nSR (r)\n2\n4\n6\n8\ng 12\nMC (r)\ng 12\nMD (r)\n4 6 8\n0\n1\n2\n3\n\n4 6 8\n0\n1\n2\n3\n(a) (d)\nFIG. 1: Effective McMillan-Mayer short-range pair potentials\nextracted from explicit solvent simulations using the HNC\nclosure. (a) Cation anion, (b) cation cation, (c) anion anion,\n(d) cation anion RDF obtained from explicit solvent MD and\nimplicit solvent MC simulations.\npute all ion thermodynamic properties through implicit\nsolvent MC simulations.\nThe second stage of our coarse-graining procedure con-\nsists in applying LPT, in order to deduce the best ana-\nlytical model of electrolyte solutions which reproduces\nthis molecular description. The principle of LPT is to\ndescribe the properties of a given system in terms of\nthose of a well known reference system, with the differ-\nence between them treated as a perturbation in the ref-\nerence potential. Assuming pairwise additive potentials,\nV ij = V  <sup>(0)</sup> ij + ∆V ij , a first-order truncated expression for\nthe free energy density of the system βf v is obtained,\nβf v ≲ βf  <sup>(0)</sup> v + <sup>1</sup> 2 <sup>β</sup> � i,j\nρ i ρ j � d r g <sup>(0)</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>∆V</sup> <sup>ij</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> (1)\nwhich depends only on the free-energy density f  <sup>(0)</sup> v and RDF g <sup>(0)</sup> of the reference fluid, with β = ( k B T ) <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> and\nρ i the concentration of species i . The Gibbs-Bogoliubov\ninequality [15] ensures that the right-hand side of Eq. ( 1 )\nis actually a strict upper bound. Once a reference system\nhas been chosen, the expression on the right-hand side of\nEq. ( 1 ) must be minimized with respect to the parameters\ndefining the reference. This procedure yields the best",
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+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nis 4 . 2 <sup> ̊</sup> A, which is in the region of the second minimum of\nthe effective potential and corresponds to the situation\nwhere there is a single layer of water molecules between\nthe ions. The first minimum of the potential, which cor-\nresponds to the contact ion pair (CIP) is thus completely\nignored by the MSA2 calculation. If the MSA diameters\nare directly fitted to reproduce the MC osmotic pres-\nsure, much smaller values are obtained. These MSA-fit\nhydrated diameters, which are compared to the MSA2\ndiameters in the bottom part of Fig. 2 , are averages of\nthe CIP and the solvent-separated ion pair.\nTo overcome this difficulty, we have explicitly intro-\nduced the CIP in our model (species 3). Straightforward\ncalculations, based on a characteristic-function formal-\nism, allow us to define an equivalent model in which\nthe free ions and the CIP are explicitly taken into ac-\ncount [19, 20]. We apply this formalism by defining a\npair as an anion and a cation at a distance less than\n4 <sup> ̊</sup> A, which corresponds to the position of the effective\npotential maximum. The interaction between free, like\ncharges in this new system remains unchanged, and the\ncation-anion interactions are easily approximated by ex-\nr  (Å)\n0\n1\n2\n3\n|  β V ~ 12 SR (r) β V 12 SR (r) (a)  |  β V ~ 33 SR (r) (d)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| β V ~ 13 SR (r) (b)  | β V ~ 23 SR (r) (c)  |\n4 6 8 10\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4 6 8 10\nFIG. 3: Effective pair potentials derived for MSA3 and\nBIMSA3. (a) Cation anion (dashed line: without taking the\npair into account), (b) pair cation, (c) pair anion, and (d) pair\npair. The internal potential of the pair β  <sup>�</sup> V int ( r ) is set equal to βV  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) for distances less than 4  ̊A.</sup>\ntrapolating the original potential at the barrier separat-\ning pairs from free ions (as shown in Fig. 3 ). We assume\nthat the interaction potential is averaged over the rota-\ntional degrees of freedom of the CIP and thus pairwise\nadditive. Hereafter, the quantities referring to such a\nthree-component model are written with a tilda symbol.\nThe short-range potentials involving the pair can be de-",
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+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nfirst-order approximation to the free energy of the system\nunder consideration.\nFor a system of charged particles in solution, the nat-\nural reference is the PM, defined in terms of the charge\nand diameter ( σ i ) of each species. In this case, the per-\nturbing potentials are just the short-range effective po-\ntentials computed above (∆ V ij = V  <sup>SR</sup> ij  <sup>).</sup> We use the MSA [3] solution to the PM, since it provides analyti-\ncal expressions for both the free energy and the RDF.\nThe perturbation term is evaluated using an exponential\napproximation to the RDF obtained within the MSA,\ng ( r ) = exp [ g MSA ( r ) − 1], which removes any unphysical\nnegative regions and improves the comparison with HNC\ncalculations.\n0.9\n1\n1.1\n1.2\n1.3\nΦ\n|  MC MSA2 DHLL Exp (a)  |\n|:---|\n| σ 1 (MSA-fit) σ (MSA-fit) (b) |\n| 2 σ 1 (MSA2) σ (MSA2)  |\n| 2  |\n0 0.5 1 1.5\nc 1/2 (mol.L -1 ) 1/2\n3\n4\n5\nσ (Å)\nFIG. 2: (Color online) (a) Osmotic coefficient Φ in the\nMcMillan-Mayer frame of reference. (diamond) MC simula-\ntions, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dot) Debye H ̈uckel Limiting law\n(DHLL), (cross) experiments (Ref. [18] with the McMillan-\nMayer to Lewis Randall conversion). (b) Minimization diam-\neters. (dot dashed) MSA2 and (diamond) MSA-fit.\nWe first used LPT for a two-component system (Na <sup>+</sup>\nand Cl <sup>−</sup> free ions) within the MSA (model MSA2), for\nconcentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 . 0 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The mini-\nmization leads to almost constant diameters on the whole\nrange of concentration: σ 1 = 3 . 67 <sup> ̊</sup> A and σ 2 = 4 . 78 <sup> ̊</sup> A.\nAs shown in Fig. 2 , these parameters yield osmotic co-\nefficients close to MC calculations only at very low con- centration, i.e., c ≤ 0 . 1 moll <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (experimental values are\ngiven for indicative purposes only, since a perfect model\nwill exactly match the MC results). For molar solutions,\nthe LPT results differ considerably from MC calculations.\nThis discrepancy can easily be understood by comparing\nthe diameters found within the MSA2 calculation with\nthe effective potentials given in Fig. 1 . The anion/cation\ncontact distance obtained within the MSA2 calculation",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nrequires an analytic solution.\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz\nfor fruitful discussions.\n[1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 ,\n276 (1945).\n[2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical\nChemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n[3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Per-\nspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Aca-\ndemic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1- 66.\n[4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n[5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n[6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259\n(2006).\n[7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin.\nColloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n[8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett.\n96 , 147801 (2006).\n[9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507\n(2009).\n[10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 ,\n10878 (2006)\n[11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 ,\n3730 (1995).\n[12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104\n(2007).\n[13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev.\nLett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n[14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n[15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liq-\nuids (Academic Press, 1986).\n[16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R.\nSoc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n[17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 ,\n041202 (2002).\n[18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermo-\ndynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Ed-\nitora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n[19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 ,\n333 (1984).\n[20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol.\nPhys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n[21] The average contact distance between a symmetric\ndumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nrived, in the infinite dilution limit, from an average of\nthe contributing ion interactions. In Fourier space,\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 3 i  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> � V  <sup>SR</sup> 1 i + V  <sup>SR</sup> 2 i � ( k ) , i = 1 , 2 (2a)\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 33  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> V  <sup>SR</sup> 11  <sup>+</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 22  <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 12 � ( k ) (2b)\nwhere � w ( r ) is the pair probability distribution � w ( r ) = K <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 0  <sup>e</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> (2c)\n� V int ( r ) is the internal part of the pair potential (see\nFig. 3 ), and K 0 is the association constant, defined as:\nK 0 = � ∞\n0\nd r 4 πr <sup>2</sup> e <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> = 0 . 43 L . mol <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (3)\nThe excess free-energy density of the original system\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v is that of the three component mixture β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v plus a\ncorrection term\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v = β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v  <sup>−</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>ρ</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>ln</sup> <sup>K</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> (4) which is due to the change in standard chemical potential\nbetween the two component and three component mod-\nels. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an\nadditional parameter in the minimization scheme, which\nserves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this rep-\nresentation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere\n(MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since\n0 0.5 1 1.5\nc 1/2 (mol.L -1 ) 1/2\n-1.5\n-1\n-0.5\n0\nβ f v ex (mol.L -1\n)\nMC MSA2 MSA3 BIMSA3 DHLL Exp\n0 0.5 1\n0.1\n0.2\nPair Fraction\nFIG. 4: (Color online) Excess free-energy density βf  <sup>ex</sup> v as\na function of the square root of the concentration  <sup>√</sup> c . (dia-\nmond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dashed) MSA3,\n(solid) BIMSA3, (dot) DHLL, and (cross) experiments. The\ninset gives the fraction of pairs (MSA3, BIMSA3) as a func-\ntion of  <sup>√</sup> c .\nwe have no additional information, we consider only sym-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 −0.4\n0\n0.4\nω c in eV\nW SC ( ω c\n) − W NS ( ω c\n)\nOriginal MFLI−two sign changes\nFIG. 14: The special case of α = 1 . 5,Γ = 5 meV , other pa-\nrameters the same as in Fig. 10. These parameters are chosen\nto illustrate that two sign changes (indicated by arrows in the\nfigure) are also possible within the original MFLI model.\nnot not a generic one. There exists a range of parame-\nters α and Γ where ∆ W K is still positive, but ∆ W ( ω c )\nchanges the sign twice and is negative at intermediate\nfrequencies. We show an example of such behavior in\nFig14. Still, for most of the parameters, the behavior of\n∆ W ( ω c ) is the same as in Fig. 12.\nOn more careful looking we found the problem with the\noriginal MFLI model. We recall that in this model the\nself-energy in the SCS state was obtained by just cutting\nthe NS self energy at ω 1 (see Eq.18). We argue that\nthis phenomenological formalism is not fully consistent,\nat least for small α . Indeed, for α = 0, the MFLI model\nreduces to BCSI model for which the behavior of the self-\nenergy is given by Eq. (12). This self-energy evolves with\nω and Σ ′′ has a square-root singularity at ω = ∆+ ω o\n(with ω o = 0). Meanwhile Σ ′′ in the original MFLI model\nin Eq. (18) simply jumps to zero at ω = ω 1 = ∆, and\nthis happens for all values of α including α = 0 where the\nMFLI and BCSI model should merge. This inconsistency\nis reflected in Fig 13, where we plot the near-BCS limit\nof MFLI model by taking a very small α = 0 . 05. We\nsee that the optical integral W K in the SCS still remains\nlarger than in the NS over a wide range of Γ, in clear\ndifference with the exactly known behavior in the BCSI\n0 0.5 1 0\n0.4\n0.8 Conductivities (Corrected MFLI)\nσ ( ω )\nω in eV\nNS\nSC\n2 ∆\n0 50 100\n100\n120\nW K (meV)\nΓ in meV\nCorrected MFLI\nSC\nNS",
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+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf",
+                "query": "In the health regulation regarding coronavirus, what is considered a \"device\" ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "means an in vitro diagnostic medical device within the meaning given in regulation 2(1) of the Medical Devices Regulations 2002",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 1\n\n##### Introductory\n###### **Citation, commencement, extent and application**\n**1.**  —(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International\nTravel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021.\n(2)  These Regulations come into force at 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021.\n(3)  These Regulations extend to England and Wales and apply in relation to England only.\n###### **Interpretation and introduction of Schedules 1 to 4**\n**2.**  —(1) In these Regulations—\n“category 1 arrival” means person who has arrived in England from a category 1 country or\nterritory, and has not been in a category 2 country or territory or a category 3 country or\nterritory in the period beginning with the 10th day before the date of their arrival in England;\n“category 1 country or territory” means a country or territory, or part of a country or territory,\nspecified in Schedule 1(  **b**  );\n“category 2 country or territory” means a country or territory or part of a country or territory\nspecified in Schedule 2(  **c**  );\n“category 3 country or territory” means a country or territory or part of a country or territory\nspecified in Schedule 3(  **d**  );\n“child” means a person under the age of 18;\n“the common travel area” has the meaning given in section 1(3) of the Immigration Act\n1971(  **e**  );\n“coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n“coronavirus disease” means COVID-19 (the official designation of the disease which can be\ncaused by coronavirus);\n“designated port” means a port designated for the purposes of Schedule 11;\n“device” means an in vitro diagnostic medical device within the meaning given in regulation\n2(1) of the Medical Devices Regulations 2002(  **f**  );\n“disability” has the meaning given in the Equality Act 2010(  **g**  ) (see section 6 of, and Schedule\n1 to, that Act);\n“immigration officer” means a person appointed by the Secretary of State as an immigration\nofficer under paragraph 1 of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971(  **h**  );\n“managed self-isolation package” has the meaning given in paragraph 8 of Schedule 11;\n“operator” except in regulation 18, means an operator of a relevant service;\n\n(  **a**  ) 1984 c. 22. Part 2A was inserted by section 129 of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (c. 14).\n(  **b**  ) Category 1 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Green List” countries and territories.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Optional testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Application of this Schedule**\n**1.**  A person who is required by regulation 9(2) to self-isolate (“P”) may undertake an appropriate\ntest in the circumstances described in paragraph 4 for the purposes of determining whether they\nmay cease self-isolating (as provided for in regulation 9(16)).\n###### **Appropriate tests**\n**2.**  —(1) A test is an “appropriate test” where—\n(a)  it is a test for the detection of coronavirus;\n(b)  the manufacturer of any device used for the purposes of the test states that the device\nhas—\n(i)  a sensitivity greater than 95% (with 95% two-sided confidence interval entirely\nabove 90%),\n(ii)  a specificity greater than 95% (with 95% two-sided confidence interval entirely\nabove 90%),\n(iii)  a limit of detection of less than or equal to 1000 SARS-CoV-2 copies per millilitre,\nand\n(iv)  uses an established molecular detection method;\n(c)  any device used for the purposes of the test—\n(i)  can be put into service in accordance with Part 4 of the Medical Devices Regulations\n2002, other than solely by virtue of regulation 39(2) of those Regulations,\n(ii)  has been validated no more than 18 months before the test is administered or\nprovided to P;\n(d)  it is not a test provided or administered under the National Health Service Act 2006, the\nNational Health Service (Wales) Act 2006(  **a**  ), the National Health Service (Scotland) Act\n1978(  **b**  ), or the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972(  **c**  );\nand\n(e)  the test provider complies with paragraph 3.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), “validated”, in relation to a device, means confirmed\nas having the required sensitivity and specificity using at least 150 positive clinical samples and\n250 negative clinical samples against a laboratory-based RT-PCR test that is itself within the\nperformance specification of the target product profile published by the Medicines and Healthcare\nProducts Regulatory Agency for laboratory based SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests, by—\n(a)  the Secretary of State;\n(b)  a laboratory which is accredited to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025(  **d**  )\nby—\n(i)  the United Kingdom Accreditation Service(  **e**  ) (“UKAS”), or\n(ii)  an accreditation body that is a signatory to the International Laboratory Accreditation\nCooperation (“ILAC”) Mutual Recognition Arrangement(  **f**  ) or the European co-\noperation for Accreditation (“EA”) Multilateral Agreement(  **g**  ),",
+                    "page_start": 67,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 5\n\n##### Offences, proceedings and information\n\n###### **Power to use and disclose information**\n\ninfection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease; or\n(c)  for a purpose connected with, or otherwise incidental to, a purpose described in sub-\nparagraph (a) or (b).\n(4)  Subject to paragraph (7), A may only disclose relevant information to another person (the\n“recipient”) where it is necessary for the recipient to have the information —\n(a)  for the purpose of carrying out a function of the recipient under—\n(i)  these Regulations, or\n(ii)  an enactment which, in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, has the effect of\nrequiring the isolation or quarantine of persons who have been outside the common\ntravel area, for any of the purposes described in sub-paragraph (b);\n(b)  for the purpose of—\n(i)  preventing danger to public health as a result of the spread of infection or\ncontamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease,\n(ii)  monitoring the spread of infection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus\ndisease, or\n(iii)  giving effect to any international agreement or arrangement relating to the spread of\ninfection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease; or\n(c)  for a purpose connected with, or otherwise incidental to, a purpose described in sub-\nparagraph (a) or (b).\n(5)  A constable or a person responsible for arranging or providing services (including security\nservices) in respect of accommodation as part of a managed self-isolation package may, where\nnecessary for the purpose of carrying out a function under these Regulations, request from B the\nfollowing information—\n(a)  confirmation that P possesses a testing package for the purposes of regulation 6 and the\ndetails of that testing package (including the time and date of the tests);\n(b)  confirmation that P has undertaken any test in accordance with a testing package and, if\nnot, an account of the reasons;\n(c)  the result of any test P has undertaken in accordance with a testing package.\n(6)  Subject to paragraph (8), disclosure which is authorised by this regulation does not breach—\n(a)  an obligation of confidence owed by the person making the disclosure; or\n(b)  any other restriction on the disclosure of information (however imposed).\n(7)  This regulation does not limit the circumstances in which information may otherwise\nlawfully be disclosed under any other enactment or rule of law.\n(8)  Nothing in this regulation authorises the use or disclosure of personal data where doing so",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Testing before arrival in England\n\n###### **Compliant tests**\n**1.**  A test complies with this paragraph if—\n(a)  it is a test for the detection of coronavirus undertaken using a device which the\nmanufacturer states has—\n(i)  a sensitivity of at least 80%,\n(ii)  a specificity of at least 97%, and\n(iii)  a limit of detection of less than or equal to 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 copies per\nmillilitre;\n(b)  it is not a test provided or administered under the National Health Service Act 2006, the\nNational Health Services (Wales) Act 2006, the National Health Service (Scotland) Act\n1978, or the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972; and\n(c)  the test sample is taken from the person no more than three days before—\n(i)  in the case of that person travelling to England on a commercial transport service, the\nservice’s scheduled time of departure, or\n(ii)  in any other case, the actual time of departure of the vessel or aircraft on which that\nperson is travelling to England.\n###### **Form of notification of negative result**\n**2.**  Notification of a negative test result must include, in English, French or Spanish, the\nfollowing information—\n(a)  the name of the person from whom the sample was taken;\n(b)  that person’s date of birth or age;\n(c)  the negative result of the test;\n(d)  the date the test sample was collected or received by the test provider;\n(e)  the name of the test provider and information sufficient to contact that provider;\n(f)  a statement—\n(i)  that the test was a polymerase chain reaction test, or\n(ii)  of the name of the device that was used for the test.\n###### **Persons not required to comply with regulation 4**\n**3.**  —(1) The persons referred to in regulation 4(6)(c) (and not required to comply with that\nregulation) are—\n(a)  a person (“P”) described in—\n(i)  paragraph 16(1)(b) of Schedule 4 where, prior to P’s departure to the United\nKingdom, the relevant Department has certified that they meet this description and\nare not required to comply with regulation 4, or",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Transitional provision\n\nthe 2020 Regulations that a person is of the description or is undertaking work of the description\nin those paragraphs, is treated as certification that the person is of the description or is undertaking\nwork of the description in paragraphs 16 or 17 of Schedule 4 to these Regulations where the\nperson concerned arrives in England after 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021 (and accordingly such a\nperson is not required to comply with regulation 4 of these Regulations).\n**17.**  A designation by the Secretary of State under paragraph 12(1) of Schedule 2C to the 2020\nRegulations as a person who may impose a charge under that Schedule has effect as a designation\nunder paragraph 12(1) of Schedule 8 to these Regulations and publication of details of charges\nunder paragraph 12(2)(a) of Schedule 2C to the 2020 Regulations satisfies the requirement under\nparagraph 12(2)(a) of Schedule 8 to these Regulations as to publication.\n**18.**  Guidance issued by the Secretary of State pursuant to paragraph 4(2) of Schedule 2D to the\n2020 Regulations has effect as guidance issued pursuant to paragraph 4(2) of Schedule 9 to these\nRegulations.\n\n###### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThese Regulations replace the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England)\nRegulations 2020 (“the International Travel Regulations”), the Health Protection (Coronavirus,\nPublic Health Information for International Passengers) (England) Regulations 2020 and the\nHealth Protection (Coronavirus, Pre-Departure Testing and Operator Liability) (England)\n(Amendment) Regulations 2021.\nThey impose requirements on certain categories of person to provide information upon arrival in\nEngland, to take coronavirus tests before and after arrival and to self-isolate in order to prevent the\nspread of infection or contamination from coronavirus or coronavirus disease. They also impose\nobligations on operators to ensure that passengers receive information and comply with the\nrequirements.\nAn impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument. An explanatory memorandum\nhas been published alongside this instrument at www.legislation.gov.uk.\n\n© Crown copyright 2021\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2021/582",
+                    "page_start": 89,
+                    "page_end": 91,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 5\n\n##### Offences, proceedings and information\n\n###### **Power to use and disclose information**\n\nisolation,\n(vii)  information relating to P obtained by A in the course of providing any service in\nconnection with a managed self-isolation package;\n(e)  where P is required to obtain a testing package or undertake a test under regulation 6 or\nSchedule 8—\n(i)  information generated where P books, or attempts to book, a testing package for the\npurposes of regulation 6,\n(ii)  a copy of any notice given to P which contains information about the requirement to\nbook a testing package or to undertake a test,\n(iii)  information A obtained under paragraph 10(3) or (4) of Schedule 8,\n(iv)  the results of a test undertaken by P in accordance with Schedule 8 (whether or not\nthat test was provided as part of a testing package),\n(v)  information obtained by A in the course of providing a test that falls within\nparagraph (iv) and is undertaken, or in the course of arranging for such a test to be\nundertaken, by P (including confirmation that the test was undertaken, details of\nwhen and where it was undertaken, any reasons for a test not be being undertaken\nand the details of any replacement test to be undertaken);\n(f)  information provided to an immigration officer pursuant to regulations 3(7), 4(4) or\n6(11);\n(g)  where a sample taken in respect of a day 2 test under regulation 6 has been sequenced, the\nsorted BAM file relating to that sample containing all reads aligning to the SARS-CoV-2\nreference genome with unaligned and human reads removed;\n(h)  information provided by, or on behalf of, A by way of explanation for failing to comply\nwith regulation 3, 4 or 6, or paragraph 3 of Schedule 8; or\n(i)  information about any steps taken in relation to A, including details of any fixed penalty\nnotice issued under these Regulations.\n(3)  A may only use relevant information where it is necessary—\n(a)  for the purpose of carrying out a function under these Regulations;\n(b)  for the purpose of—\n(i)  preventing danger to public health as a result of the spread of infection or\ncontamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease,\n(ii)  monitoring the spread of infection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus\ndisease, or\n(iii)  giving effect to any international agreement or arrangement relating to the spread of",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n**18.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations 2015(  **a**  ) are\namended as follows.\n**19.**  In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**20.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 15(1) and (4) (needs assessments which are not completed);\n(b) regulation 16(2), (3) and (4) (transfer of a kept EHC plan);\n(c) regulation 17(1) and (2) (restriction on disclosure of EHC plans);\n(d) regulation 19 (requirement to consider mediation);\n(e) regulation 20(1) and (2) (where the appropriate person does not wish to or fails to\npursue mediation);\n(f) regulation 21 (mediation);\n(g) regulation 24(1) and (3) (mediation certificate under section 55(5) of the Act);\n(h) regulation 27(3) (steps to be taken by a home authority);\n(i) regulation 29(2) and (6) (compliance with the orders of the First-tier Tribunal); and\n(j) regulation 30(3) and (6) (unopposed appeals).”.\n**21.**  In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 1\n\n##### Introductory\n\n###### **Interpretation and introduction of Schedules 1 to 4**\n\n(  **c**  ) Category 2 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Amber List” countries and territories.\n(  **d**  ) Category 3 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Red List” countries and territories.\n(  **e**  ) 1971 c. 77; section 1(3) provides that the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and the Republic of Ireland\nare collectively referred to in that Act as “the common travel area”.\n(  **f**  ) S.I. 2002/618.\n(  **g**  ) 2010 c. 15.\n(  **h**  ) Paragraph 1 was amended by paragraph 3 of Schedule 3 to the Health Protection Agency Act 2004 (c. 17), and by S.I.\n1993/1813.\n4\n“passenger” means a person travelling on a conveyance who is not a member of the\nconveyance’s crew;\n“passenger information” has the meaning given in regulation 3(1);\n“Passenger Locator Form” means the form published electronically by the Secretary of State\nfor the provision of passenger information(  **a**  );\n“port”, except where the context otherwise requires, means—\n(a)  any port (including a seaport, airport or heliport), or\n(b)  a place which is an authorised terminal control point for international services for the\npurposes of sections 11 and 12 of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987(  **b**  );\n“qualifying test” means a test that is a qualifying test for the purposes of regulation 4;\n“relevant service” means a commercial transport service carrying passengers travelling to\nEngland from outside the common travel area, other than a shuttle service;\n“Schedule 11 passenger” means a passenger to whom Schedule 11 (additional measures\napplicable to arrivals from category 3 countries or territories) applies;\n“self-isolate” has the meaning given in regulation 9(2), and “self-isolation” and “self-\nisolating” are to be construed accordingly;\n“the Self-Isolation Regulations” means the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions)\n(Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020(  **c**  );\n“sensitivity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a positive\nresult;\n“shuttle service” has the meaning given in section 1(9) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987;\n“specificity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a\nnegative result;\n“tunnel system” has the meaning given in section 1(7) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987.\n(2)  For the purposes of these Regulations, an individual has responsibility for a child if the\nindividual—\n(a)  has custody or charge of the child for the time being, or",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\n**37.**  A person who has travelled to the United Kingdom to conduct a “clinical investigation”\nwithin the meaning of the Medical Devices Regulations 2002(  **c**  ), or to undertake such activities as\nare necessary or expedient to prepare for the conduct of a clinical investigation or carry out any\nother necessary compliance activity in relation to a clinical investigation that cannot be conducted\nremotely.\n**38.**  A person who is—\n(a)  a “qualified person” within the meaning of regulation 41(2) of the Human Medicines\nRegulations 2012;\n(b)  a “responsible person” within the meaning of regulation 45(1) of those Regulations;\n(c)  “an appropriately qualified person responsible for pharmacovigilance” within the\nmeaning of regulation 182(2)(a) of those Regulations; or\n(d)  a “qualified person (manufacture)” as referred to in paragraph 8(2) of Schedule 2 to the\nVeterinary Medicines Regulations 2013,\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in order to undertake activities in relation to\ntheir role as such a person.\n**39.**  —(1) A person who has travelled to the United Kingdom for the purposes of their work in\nessential infrastructure industries including—\n(a)  a person involved in essential maintenance and repair of data infrastructure required to\nreduce and resolve outages, or in the provision of goods and services to support these\nactivities; and\n(b)  an information technology or telecommunications professional (including information\ntechnology consultant, quality analyst, software tester, systems tester, and\ntelecommunications planner), whose expertise is required to—\n(i)  provide an essential or emergency response to threats and incidents relating to the\nsecurity of any network and information system, and\n(ii)  ensure the continued operation of any network and information system.\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2013/2033.\n(  **b**  ) S.I. 2004/1031, to which there are amendments not relevant to these Regulations.\n(  **c**  ) S.I. 2002/618.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), “network and information” system has the meaning in\nregulation 1(2) of the Network and Information Systems Regulations 2018(  **a**  ).\n**40.**  A person who is engaged in urgent or essential work—\n(a)  that is necessary for the continued operation of—\n(i)  electronic communications networks and services as defined in section 32 of the\nCommunications Act 2003(  **b**  ), or\n(ii)  the BBC’s broadcasting transmission network and services;\n(b)  in associated supply chain companies that maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and\navailability of the electronic communications networks and services and the BBC",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n### **Recommendations Power) Regulations 2017**\n**28.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal Recommendations Power)\nRegulations 2017(  **a**  ) are amended as follows.\n**29.**  In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**30.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 6(3) and (6) (responding to health care recommendations); and\n(b) regulation 7(1) and (4) (responding to social care recommendations).”.\n\n*Vicky Ford*\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State\n28th April 2020 Department for Education\n\n) S.I. 2017/1306.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf",
+                "query": "Regarding the regulation of Enforcement of requirement to self-isolate concerning travel and coronavirus, who are considered an \"authorised persons\" ?",
+                "target_page": 19,
+                "target_passage": "For the purposes of this regulation, “authorised person” means— (a) a constable; (b) for the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) only, an immigration officer; or (c) a person designated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this regulation.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 3\n\n##### Enforcement\n###### **Enforcement of requirement to self-isolate**\n**11.**  —(1) Where an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that a person (“P”) has\nleft, or is outside of, the place where P is self-isolating in contravention of regulation 9, Schedule\n8 or Schedule 11, the authorised person may—\n(a)  direct P to return to the place where P is self-isolating;\n(b)  where the authorised person is a constable, remove P to the place where P is self-\nisolating;\n(c)  where the authorised person is a constable and it is not practicable or appropriate in the\ncircumstances to take the action in sub-paragraph (a) or (b), remove P to accommodation\nfacilitated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of P’s self-isolation.\n(2)  Where an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that P is a Schedule 11\npassenger, an authorised person may do any of the following for the purpose of ensuring that P\ncomplies with the requirements in Schedule 11—\n(a)  give a direction to P, including a direction—\n(i)  that P remain in a particular area of a port to await transportation to accommodation\ndesignated for the purposes of Schedule 11,\n(ii)  that P move to a particular place to board transportation designated for the purposes\nof Schedule 11,\n(iii)  that P board transportation designated for the purposes of Schedule 11 to travel to\naccommodation designated for the purposes of Schedule 11,\n(iv)  that P remain in the place where P is self-isolating;\n(b)  remove P to accommodation designated for the purposes of Schedule 11.\n(3)  Where an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that P is a Schedule 11\npassenger and that P has committed an offence under regulation 19(1)(a) or (6), the authorised\nperson may—\n(a)  require P to produce their passport or travel document for examination;",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 3\n\n##### Enforcement\n\n###### **Enforcement of requirement to self-isolate**\n\n(b)  detain P for up to three hours;\n(c)  search P and any baggage belonging to P or under P’s control, or any vehicle in which P\nhas travelled, for evidence, other than items subject to legal privilege, that relates to the\npossible commission of an offence under regulation 19(6); and\n(d)  seize and retain any document or article recovered by a search under sub-paragraph (c).\n(4)  Paragraph (3) does not confer a power—\n(a)  to detain or search an unaccompanied child; or\n(b)  to conduct an intimate search.\n(5)  Any search under paragraph (3) must be conducted by an authorised person of the same\ngender as P.\n(6)  Paragraphs (1)(b) and (c), (2) and (3) do not apply where P is a person described in\nparagraph 1 of Schedule 4 (diplomats, members of international organisations etc).\n(7)  An authorised person exercising the power in paragraph (1)(b) or (c), (2)(b) or (3) may use\nreasonable force, if necessary, in the exercise of the power.\n(8)  Where P is a child, and has left or is outside of, the place where they are self-isolating and is\naccompanied by an individual who has responsibility for them—\n(a)  an authorised person may direct that individual to take P to the place where P is self-\nisolating; and\n(b)  that individual must, so far as reasonably practicable, ensure that P complies with any\ndirection given by an authorised person to P.\n(9)  Where P is a child, and an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that P is\nrepeatedly failing to comply with regulation 9 or Schedule 11, the authorised person may direct\nany individual who has responsibility for P to ensure, so far as reasonably practicable, that P so\ncomplies.\n(10)  An authorised person may only exercise a power in paragraph (1), (2), (8) or (9) if the",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 1\n\n##### Introductory\n\n###### **Interpretation and introduction of Schedules 1 to 4**\n\n(  **c**  ) Category 2 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Amber List” countries and territories.\n(  **d**  ) Category 3 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Red List” countries and territories.\n(  **e**  ) 1971 c. 77; section 1(3) provides that the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and the Republic of Ireland\nare collectively referred to in that Act as “the common travel area”.\n(  **f**  ) S.I. 2002/618.\n(  **g**  ) 2010 c. 15.\n(  **h**  ) Paragraph 1 was amended by paragraph 3 of Schedule 3 to the Health Protection Agency Act 2004 (c. 17), and by S.I.\n1993/1813.\n4\n“passenger” means a person travelling on a conveyance who is not a member of the\nconveyance’s crew;\n“passenger information” has the meaning given in regulation 3(1);\n“Passenger Locator Form” means the form published electronically by the Secretary of State\nfor the provision of passenger information(  **a**  );\n“port”, except where the context otherwise requires, means—\n(a)  any port (including a seaport, airport or heliport), or\n(b)  a place which is an authorised terminal control point for international services for the\npurposes of sections 11 and 12 of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987(  **b**  );\n“qualifying test” means a test that is a qualifying test for the purposes of regulation 4;\n“relevant service” means a commercial transport service carrying passengers travelling to\nEngland from outside the common travel area, other than a shuttle service;\n“Schedule 11 passenger” means a passenger to whom Schedule 11 (additional measures\napplicable to arrivals from category 3 countries or territories) applies;\n“self-isolate” has the meaning given in regulation 9(2), and “self-isolation” and “self-\nisolating” are to be construed accordingly;\n“the Self-Isolation Regulations” means the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions)\n(Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020(  **c**  );\n“sensitivity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a positive\nresult;\n“shuttle service” has the meaning given in section 1(9) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987;\n“specificity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a\nnegative result;\n“tunnel system” has the meaning given in section 1(7) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987.\n(2)  For the purposes of these Regulations, an individual has responsibility for a child if the\nindividual—\n(a)  has custody or charge of the child for the time being, or",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 2\n\n##### Requirements on persons arriving in England\n\n###### **Further requirements on arrivals from category 2 countries and territories**\n\naccommodation provided or arranged under that paragraph.\n(5)  More than one address may be specified as the place at which P intends to self-isolate in the\nPassenger Locator Form where—\n(a)  a legal obligation requires P to change addresses; or\n(b)  it is necessary for P to stay overnight at an address on their arrival in England before\ntravelling directly to another address at which they will be self-isolating.\n(6)  In paragraph (3)(a)(ii) “a place at which they intend to self-isolate while in England”\nmeans—\n(a)  where the person has completed a Passenger Locator Form, at an intended place of self-\nisolation specified in that form;\n(b)  where the person has completed a form equivalent to a Passenger Locator Form pursuant\nto an enactment in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, at an intended place of self-\nisolation specified in that form;\n(c)  in any other case at a place described in paragraph (4)(a) to (c).\n(7)  P must, on their arrival in England, travel directly to the place at which they are to self-\nisolate, and must then self-isolate until whichever is the earlier of—\n(a)  the end of the 10th day after the day on which they arrived in England or, if later, the end\nof any period that applies by virtue of paragraph 2 or 3 of Schedule 8;\n(b)  their departure from England; or\n(c)  the beginning of P’s period of self-isolation, where P or R, where P is a child, is notified\nunder regulation 2A or 2B of the Self-Isolation Regulations(  **a**  ).\n(8)  In paragraph (7)(c), “period of self-isolation” and “R” have the meanings given for the\npurposes of Part 1 of the Self-Isolation Regulations (see regulations 3 and 5 of those Regulations).\n(9)  Paragraph (2) does not require P to remain in isolation—\n(a)  from any person with whom they were travelling when they arrived in England and who\nis also self-isolating in the place where P is self-isolating;\n(b)  where P is self-isolating in their home, from any member of their household;\n(c)  where P is self-isolating in the home of a friend or family member, from any member of\nthe household of that friend or family member;\n\n(  **a**  ) A person notified, or a child in respect of whom a notification is given, under regulation 2A or 2B will be required to self-\nisolate in accordance with those Regulations from the moment the notification is given. Regulations 2A and 2B were",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### territories\n\n###### **Exceptions from duty to self-isolate**\n\nmust as soon as practicable obtain a managed self-isolation package and travel directly to the\naccommodation designated in that package, using the means of transport designated in that\npackage.\n**8.**  In this Schedule a “managed self-isolation package” means—\n(a)  a booking for a place in accommodation designated by the Secretary of State for the\npurposes of this Schedule;\n(b)  a booking for transport facilitated by the Secretary of State to the accommodation referred\nto in sub-paragraph (a); and\n(c)  a testing package required by regulation 6 (requirement to book and undertake tests).\n###### **Charge for managed self-isolation package**\n**9.**  The Secretary of State or a person designated by the Secretary of State may impose a charge\nin relation to the accommodation, transport and testing package mentioned in the definition of a\n“managed self-isolation package” and the Secretary of State may recover any sum owed by P\npursuant to such a charge as a debt.\n###### **Duty to self-isolate and period of self-isolation**\n**10.**  Unless P leaves the common travel area where P is permitted to do so under these\nRegulations, P must self-isolate in the place in the accommodation designated in the managed self-\nisolation package until whichever is the later of—\n(a)  the end of the period of 10 days beginning with the day after P’s arrival in England;\n(b)  the end of the period for which P is required to self-isolate under Schedule 8 (mandatory\ntesting after arrival in England).\n###### **Exceptions from duty to self-isolate**\n**11.**  Paragraph 10 does not require P to remain in self-isolation—\n(a)  from any person with whom they were travelling when they arrived in England and who\nis also self-isolating in the place where P is self-isolating;\n(b)  from any person who is staying in the place where P is self-isolating whose assistance P\nreasonably requires by reason of—\n(i)  P being a child, or\n(ii)  any disability of P’s.\n**12.**  Paragraph 10 does not require P to remain in self-isolation from a person (“V”) when V is at\nthe place where P is self-isolating in exceptional circumstances such as—\n(a)  to provide emergency assistance;\n(b)  to provide care or assistance, including relevant personal care within the meaning of",
+                    "page_start": 75,
+                    "page_end": 76,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 2\n\n##### Requirements on persons arriving in England\n\n###### **Requirements relating to tests**\n\n(b)  is required to self-isolate under—\n(i)  regulation 9 (requirement to self-isolate), or\n(ii)  Schedule 11 (additional measures applicable to arrivals from category 3 countries\nand territories);\n(c)  is not required to self-isolate under regulation 9 only by virtue of one or more of the\nfollowing paragraphs of Schedule 4 (exemptions)—\n(i)  paragraph 1(1)(i) (representatives of foreign countries or territories on official\nbusiness),\n(ii)  paragraph 1(1)(j) (representatives of government of British overseas territory),\n(iii)  paragraph 4 (foreign officials or contractors with border security duties),\n(iv)  paragraph 5 (road passenger transport workers),\n(v)  paragraph 14 (civil aviation inspectors),\n(vi)  paragraph 16 (certain Crown Servants, persons certified as returning from essential\nstate business etc.),\n(vii)  paragraph 17 (essential or emergency work outside the United Kingdom), or\n(viii)  paragraph 30 (postal operators);\n(d)  falls within the description in paragraph 44 (elite sportspersons and ancillary\nsportspersons) of Schedule 4; or\n(e)  may temporarily cease to self-isolate by virtue of paragraph (15)(f)(ii) or (15)(i) of\nregulation 9 and the following paragraphs of Schedule 4—\n(i)  paragraph 4 (foreign officials with border security duties),\n(ii)  paragraph 5 (road passenger transport workers),\n(iii)  paragraph 14 (civil aviation inspectors),\n(iv)  paragraph 21 (water and sewerage workers),\n(v)  paragraph 22 (flood and coastal defence workers),\n(vi)  paragraph 23 (electricity workers),\n(vii)  paragraph 24 (nuclear power workers),\n8\n(viii)  paragraph 25 (chemical weapons inspectors),\n(ix)  paragraph 26 (space workers),\n(x)  paragraph 28 (oil workers),\n(xi)  paragraph 29 (offshore oil and gas workers) unless paragraph (4) applies to the\nperson,\n(xii)  paragraph 31 (specialist technical workers),\n(xiii)  paragraph 32 (specialist waste management workers),\n(xiv)  paragraph 35 (medicines inspectors),\n(xv)  paragraph 36 (clinical trial conductors),\n(xvi)  paragraph 37 (clinical investigators),\n(xvii)  paragraph 38 (medical and veterinary specialists),\n(xviii)  paragraph 39 (infrastructure workers), or\n(xix)  paragraph 40 (communications operation workers).\n(2)  In paragraph (1)(b), the reference to persons required to self-isolate under regulation 9 does\nnot include anyone who may temporarily cease to self-isolate by virtue of regulation 9(15)(f)(ii),\n(15)(g)(ii), or (15)(i) (and accordingly regulation 6 does not apply to such persons).\n(3)  Regulation 7 (requirement to undertake workforce tests) applies to a person who is not\nrequired to self-isolate under regulation 9 by virtue of any sub-paragraph of regulation 9(15) and\nthe following paragraphs of Schedule 4, or who may temporarily cease to self-isolate or whose\nobligation to self-isolate under that regulation is otherwise modified by virtue of those",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 2\n\n##### Requirements on persons arriving in England\n\n###### **Further requirements on arrivals from category 2 countries and territories**\n\ninserted by S.I. 2021/364.\n(d)  where P leaves, or is outside of, the place where they are self-isolating in accordance with\nparagraph (11)(j), from any person (other than a person who is required by paragraph (2)\nto self-isolate) whose assistance P reasonably requires in order to undertake the test, by\nreason of —\n(i)  P being a child, or\n(ii)  any disability of P’s.\n(10)  Paragraph (2) does not require P to remain in isolation from a person (“V”) when V is at the\nplace where P is self-isolating—\n(a)  to provide emergency assistance;\n(b)  to provide care or assistance, including relevant personal care within the meaning of\nparagraph 1(1B) or 7(3B) of Schedule 4 to the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act\n2006(  **a**  ), to P or to any other person who is living in the place where P is self-isolating;\n(c)  to provide medical assistance, including to provide any of the services mentioned in\nparagraph (11)(b), to P or to any other person who is living in the place where P is self-\nisolating, where this is required urgently or on the advice of a registered medical\npractitioner;\n(d)  to provide veterinary services, where this is required urgently or on the advice of a\nveterinary surgeon;\n(e)  to provide critical public services, including those mentioned in paragraph (11)(i)(ii);\n(f)  to administer a test to P in accordance with Schedule 9.\n(11)  During the period of their self-isolation, P may not leave, or be outside of, the place where\nP is self-isolating except—\n(a)  to travel in order to leave England, provided that they do so directly (subject to paragraph\n3(1) of Schedule 8);\n(b)  to seek medical assistance, where this is required urgently or on the advice of a registered\nmedical practitioner, including to access services from dentists, opticians, audiologists,\nchiropodists, chiropractors, osteopaths and other medical or health practitioners,\nincluding services relating to mental health;\n(c)  to undertake a workforce test required by regulation 7;\n(d)  to access veterinary services where this is required urgently or on the advice of a\nveterinary surgeon;\n(e)  to fulfil a legal obligation, including attending court or satisfying bail conditions, or to\nparticipate in legal proceedings;\n(f)  to avoid injury or illness or to escape a risk of harm;\n(g)  on compassionate grounds, including to attend a funeral of—\n(i)  a member of P’s household,\n(ii)  a close family member, or",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 3\n\nauthorised person considers that it is a necessary and proportionate means of ensuring compliance\nwith regulation 9 or Schedule 11.\n(11)  For the purposes of this regulation, “authorised person” means—\n(a)  a constable;\n(b)  for the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) only, an immigration officer; or\n(c)  a person designated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this regulation.\n###### **Power of entry**\n**12.**  —(1) A constable may enter premises in order—\n(a)  to search for a person who is suspected of committing an offence of contravening the\nrequirement in paragraph 10 (duty to self-isolate) of Schedule 11;\n(b)  to remove a person of the description in sub-paragraph (a) to accommodation designated\nby the Secretary of State for the purposes of Schedule 11.\n(2)  The power in paragraph (1) is exercisable if the constable—\n(a)  has reasonable grounds to believe that a person of the description in paragraph (1)(a) is in\nor on the premises; and\n(b)  has a reasonable belief that it is necessary and proportionate to enter the premises for the\npurposes specified in paragraph (1)(b).\n(3)  A constable exercising the power in paragraph (1)—\n(a)  may use reasonable force if necessary; and\n(b)  may be accompanied by a police community support officer.\n(4)  A constable exercising the power in paragraph (1)—\n(a)  if asked by a person on the premises, must show evidence of the constable’s identity and\noutline the purpose for which the power is being exercised; and\n(b)  if the premises are unoccupied or the occupier is temporarily absent, must leave the\npremises as effectively secured against unauthorised entry as when the constable found\nthem.\n(5)  In this regulation, “premises” includes any building or structure and any land.",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Transitional provision\n\n**1.**  Passenger information provided before 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021 by a person pursuant to\nregulation 3 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations\n2020 (“the 2020 Regulations”) in advance of arrival in England is treated as passenger information\nprovided for the purposes of these Regulations where the person arrives in England on or after that\ndate.\n**2.**  Confirmation given by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office that a person is\nnot required to comply with regulation 3B of the 2020 Regulations is treated as confirmation that\nthe person is not required to comply with regulation 6 of these Regulations where the person\narrives in England on or after 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021.\n**3.**  A designation by the Secretary of State of a person as an authorised person under regulation\n5(7) of the 2020 Regulations has effect as a designation of that person as an authorised person\nunder of regulation 11(11)(c) of these Regulations.\n**4.**  Regulation 5A of the 2020 Regulations continues to have effect in relation to a constable who\nexercises the powers in that regulation in relation to a person who arrived in England before 4.00\na.m. on 17th May 2021.\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2020/1045. Regulation 2D was inserted by S.I. 2021/364. There are other amendments but none is relevant.\n**5.**  A designation by the Secretary of State of a person as a designated officer under regulation\n7(2) of the 2020 Regulations has effect as a designation of that person as a designated officer\nunder regulation 20(9)(c)(i) of these Regulation.\n**6.**  A designation by the Secretary of State of a person as an authorised person under regulation\n7(10)(c) of the 2020 Regulations has effect as a designation of that person as an authorised person\nunder regulation 20(9)(a)(iii) of these Regulations.\n**7.**  A designation by the Secretary of State under regulation 8 of the 2020 Regulations as a person\nwho may bring proceedings for an offence has effect as a designation under regulation 21(1) of\nthese Regulations.\n**8.**  A confirmation from the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office or other UK\nGovernment Department that a person is not required to comply with Schedule B1A to the 2020\nRegulations is treated as confirmation that a person is not required to comply with Schedule 11 of",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 89,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 2\n\n##### Requirements on persons arriving in England\n\n###### **Further requirements on arrivals from category 2 countries and territories**\n\n(iii)  if no-one within paragraph (i) or (ii) are attending, a friend;\n(h)  to move to a different place for self-isolation specified in the Passenger Locator Form or a\nform equivalent to a Passenger Locator Form pursuant to an enactment in Scotland,\nWales or Northern Ireland;\n(i)  in exceptional circumstances such as—\n(i)  to obtain basic necessities such as food and medical supplies for those in the same\nhousehold (including any pets or animals in the household) where it is not possible to\nobtain these provisions in any other manner,\n\n(  **a**  ) 2006 c. 47. Paragraph 1(1B) of Schedule 4 was inserted by section 64(3) of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (c. 9) and\nparagraph 7(3B) was substituted by section 66(2) of that Act.\n(ii)  to access critical public services, including—\n(aa)  social services,\n(bb)  services provided to victims (such as victims of crime),\n(iii)  to move to a different place for self-isolation where it becomes impracticable to\nremain at the address at which they are self-isolating;\n(j)  for the purposes of, or connected with, undertaking a test in accordance with Schedule 8\nor Schedule 10;\n(k)  if self-isolating in a goods vehicle by virtue of paragraph (3)(d)—\n(i)  for sanitary reasons,\n(ii)  to take exercise outside,\n(iii)  where required or permitted by that paragraph, to move to a different place for self-\nisolation,\n(iv)  to inspect the vehicle or its load or to carry out any other task required for the safe\nand continued operation of the vehicle, including refuelling, and\n(v)  for any other reason or purpose specified in this paragraph.\n(12)  For the purposes of this regulation, the place referred to in paragraph (3) includes the\npremises where P is self-isolating together with any garden, yard, passage, stair, garage, outhouse,\nor other appurtenance of such premises.\n(13)  If P is a child, any person who has custody or charge of P during P’s period of self-isolation\nmust ensure, so far as reasonably practicable, that P self-isolates in accordance with this\nregulation.\n(14)  If P has arrived from Wales or Scotland and is in England, temporarily, for a reason which\nwould constitute an exception under paragraph (11), P is not required to comply with this\nregulation.\n(15)  If P is a person described—\n(a)  in paragraph 1(1) of Schedule 4—\n(i)  where P is a person described in paragraph 1(1)(a) to (k) of, and meets the conditions",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the expiracy date of the regulation regarding travel during the coronavirus pandemic made in 2021 ?",
+                "target_page": 31,
+                "target_passage": "These Regulations expire at the end of 16th May 2022.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 6\n\n##### Final provisions\n###### **Review of need for requirements**\n**24.**  The Secretary of State must review the need for the requirements imposed by these\nRegulations by 14th June 2021 and at least once every 28 days thereafter.\n###### **Expiry of Regulations**\n**25.**  These Regulations expire at the end of 16th May 2022.\n###### **Revocations, transitional provision consequential amendments and savings**\n**26.**  —(1) The following Regulations are revoked—\n(a)  the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Public Health Information for International\nPassengers) (England) Regulations 2020(  **a**  );\n(b)  the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020\n(“the International Travel Regulations”)(  **b**  ); and\n(c)  the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Pre-Departure Testing and Operator Liability)\n(England) (Amendment) Regulations 2021(  **c**  ).\n(2)  Schedule 15 makes consequential amendments to other instruments specified in that\nSchedule.\n(3)  Schedule 16 makes transitional provisions.\n(4)  Nothing in these Regulations applies in relation to a person who arrived in England before\n4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021 (and accordingly, the regulations mentioned in paragraph (1)\ncontinue to have effect in relation to such a person).\n\nSigned by authority of the Secretary of State\n\n*Robert Courts*\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State\nAt 10.32 a.m. on 14th May 2021 Department for Transport\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2020/567.\n(  **b**  ) S.I. 2020/568.\n(  **c**  ) S.I. 2021/38.",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Transitional provision\n\nthe 2020 Regulations that a person is of the description or is undertaking work of the description\nin those paragraphs, is treated as certification that the person is of the description or is undertaking\nwork of the description in paragraphs 16 or 17 of Schedule 4 to these Regulations where the\nperson concerned arrives in England after 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021 (and accordingly such a\nperson is not required to comply with regulation 4 of these Regulations).\n**17.**  A designation by the Secretary of State under paragraph 12(1) of Schedule 2C to the 2020\nRegulations as a person who may impose a charge under that Schedule has effect as a designation\nunder paragraph 12(1) of Schedule 8 to these Regulations and publication of details of charges\nunder paragraph 12(2)(a) of Schedule 2C to the 2020 Regulations satisfies the requirement under\nparagraph 12(2)(a) of Schedule 8 to these Regulations as to publication.\n**18.**  Guidance issued by the Secretary of State pursuant to paragraph 4(2) of Schedule 2D to the\n2020 Regulations has effect as guidance issued pursuant to paragraph 4(2) of Schedule 9 to these\nRegulations.\n\n###### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThese Regulations replace the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England)\nRegulations 2020 (“the International Travel Regulations”), the Health Protection (Coronavirus,\nPublic Health Information for International Passengers) (England) Regulations 2020 and the\nHealth Protection (Coronavirus, Pre-Departure Testing and Operator Liability) (England)\n(Amendment) Regulations 2021.\nThey impose requirements on certain categories of person to provide information upon arrival in\nEngland, to take coronavirus tests before and after arrival and to self-isolate in order to prevent the\nspread of infection or contamination from coronavirus or coronavirus disease. They also impose\nobligations on operators to ensure that passengers receive information and comply with the\nrequirements.\nAn impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument. An explanatory memorandum\nhas been published alongside this instrument at www.legislation.gov.uk.\n\n© Crown copyright 2021\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2021/582",
+                    "page_start": 89,
+                    "page_end": 91,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Consequential Amendments\n\n**1.**  —(1) The Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010(  **a**  ) are amended as follows.\n(2)  In regulation 4(3D)(b), for “regulation 3B of the Health Protection (Coronavirus,\nInternational Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 6 of the Health\nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations\n2021”.\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2010/659. Regulations 4(3D) and 4ZA were inserted by S.I. 2021/150. There are other amendments but none is\nrelevant.\n(3)  In regulation 4ZA—\n(a)  in the heading, for “the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England)\nRegulations 2020” substitute “the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel\nand Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”;\n(b)  in paragraph (1)(a), for “regulation 3B of the Health Protection (Coronavirus,\nInternational Travel) (England) Regulations 2020 (“the 2020 Regulations”)” substitute\n“regulation 6 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator\nLiability) (England) Regulations 2021 (“the International Travel and Operator Liability\nRegulations”)”;\n(c)  in paragraph (1)(c), for “paragraph 7(1)(f) of Schedule 2C to the 2020 Regulations”\nsubstitute “paragraph 7(1)(g) of Schedule 11 to the International Travel and Operator\nLiability Regulations”;\n(d)  in paragraph (3), for “paragraph 7(1)(f) of Schedule 2C to the Health Protection\n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “paragraph\n7(1)(g) of Schedule 11 to the International Travel and Operator Liability Regulations”.\n**2.**  —(1) The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations\n2020(  **a**  ) are amended as follows.\n(2)  In regulation 2D(1)(c), for “regulation 4 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International\nTravel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 9 of the Health Protection\n(Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”.\n(3)  In regulation 6(1)—\n(a)  in the definitions of “designated place”, “isolation requirements” and “self-isolating\nworker”, for “regulation 4” substitute “regulation 9”;\n(b)  in the definition of “International Travel Regulations”, for “the Health Protection\n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “the Health\nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England)\nRegulations 2021”.\nSCHEDULE 16 Regulation 26(3)",
+                    "page_start": 87,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### PART 3\n##### Relevant websites\n**1.**  The following are “the relevant websites” for the purposes of regulation 14—\nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-travellers-exempt-from-uk-\nborder-rules/coronavirus-covid-19-travellers-exempt-from-uk-border-rules\nhttps://www.gov.uk/guidance/booking-and-staying-in-a-quarantine-hotel-when-you-arrive-in-\nengland\nhttps://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-testing-for-people-travelling-to-england\nhttp://www.gov.uk/travel-quarantine-and-testing\nhttps://www.gov.uk/guidance/red-amber-and-green-list-rules-for-entering-england\nhttps://www.gov.uk/provide-journey-contact-details-before-travel-uk\nhttps://www.gov.uk/uk-border-control\nhttps://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/coronavirus-covid-19-international-travel-advice\nhttps://www.gov.scot/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-international-travel-quarantine/\nhttps://gov.wales/arriving-wales-overseas\nSCHEDULE 13 Regulation 18(3)",
+                    "page_start": 82,
+                    "page_end": 83,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Transitional provision\n\n**1.**  Passenger information provided before 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021 by a person pursuant to\nregulation 3 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations\n2020 (“the 2020 Regulations”) in advance of arrival in England is treated as passenger information\nprovided for the purposes of these Regulations where the person arrives in England on or after that\ndate.\n**2.**  Confirmation given by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office that a person is\nnot required to comply with regulation 3B of the 2020 Regulations is treated as confirmation that\nthe person is not required to comply with regulation 6 of these Regulations where the person\narrives in England on or after 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021.\n**3.**  A designation by the Secretary of State of a person as an authorised person under regulation\n5(7) of the 2020 Regulations has effect as a designation of that person as an authorised person\nunder of regulation 11(11)(c) of these Regulations.\n**4.**  Regulation 5A of the 2020 Regulations continues to have effect in relation to a constable who\nexercises the powers in that regulation in relation to a person who arrived in England before 4.00\na.m. on 17th May 2021.\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2020/1045. Regulation 2D was inserted by S.I. 2021/364. There are other amendments but none is relevant.\n**5.**  A designation by the Secretary of State of a person as a designated officer under regulation\n7(2) of the 2020 Regulations has effect as a designation of that person as a designated officer\nunder regulation 20(9)(c)(i) of these Regulation.\n**6.**  A designation by the Secretary of State of a person as an authorised person under regulation\n7(10)(c) of the 2020 Regulations has effect as a designation of that person as an authorised person\nunder regulation 20(9)(a)(iii) of these Regulations.\n**7.**  A designation by the Secretary of State under regulation 8 of the 2020 Regulations as a person\nwho may bring proceedings for an offence has effect as a designation under regulation 21(1) of\nthese Regulations.\n**8.**  A confirmation from the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office or other UK\nGovernment Department that a person is not required to comply with Schedule B1A to the 2020\nRegulations is treated as confirmation that a person is not required to comply with Schedule 11 of",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 89,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n*Made*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *at 10.32 a.m. on 14th May 2021*\n*Laid before Parliament*    *at 2.30 p.m. on 14th May 2021*\n*Coming into force*    *-*    *-*    *at 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021*",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Passenger information\n\n**1.**  Personal details of the passenger—\n(a)  their full name;\n(b)  their sex;\n(c)  their date of birth;\n(d)  their passport number, or travel document reference number (as appropriate), issue and\nexpiry dates and issuing authority;\n(e)  their telephone number;\n(f)  their home address;\n(g)  their email address.\n**2.**  Journey details of the passenger—\n(a)  the address or addresses in the United Kingdom at which—\n(i)  in the case of a person who is required to comply with regulation 9 (requirement to\nself-isolate), they intend to self-isolate and including, where regulation 9(1)(c)\napplies, the booking reference number for the managed self-isolation package\nbooked by or on behalf of P, or\n(ii)  in the case of any other person, they intend to stay during the period of 10 days\nbeginning on the day after the date of their arrival in the United Kingdom;\n(b)  the date, or planned date, as appropriate of their arrival at an address specified in\nsubparagraph (a);\n(c)  the operator they are travelling with or through which their booking was made;\n(d)  their seat number;\n(e)  their coach number;\n(f)  the flight number or vessel name;\n(g)  the location at which they will arrive in the United Kingdom;\n(h)  the country or territory they are travelling from;\n(i)  the part of that country or territory they are travelling from, if that part—\n(i)  is specified in Schedule 1 (category 1 countries and territories), or\n(ii)  is, where the country or territory itself is specified in that Schedule, expressly\nexcluded in relation to that country or territory;\n(j)  any other country or territory they have departed from or transited through in the period\nbeginning with the 10th day before the date of their arrival in England, and in any such\ncase, the dates of departing from or transiting through any such country or territory;",
+                    "page_start": 54,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 1\n\n##### Introductory\n\n###### **Interpretation and introduction of Schedules 1 to 4**\n\n(  **c**  ) Category 2 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Amber List” countries and territories.\n(  **d**  ) Category 3 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Red List” countries and territories.\n(  **e**  ) 1971 c. 77; section 1(3) provides that the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and the Republic of Ireland\nare collectively referred to in that Act as “the common travel area”.\n(  **f**  ) S.I. 2002/618.\n(  **g**  ) 2010 c. 15.\n(  **h**  ) Paragraph 1 was amended by paragraph 3 of Schedule 3 to the Health Protection Agency Act 2004 (c. 17), and by S.I.\n1993/1813.\n4\n“passenger” means a person travelling on a conveyance who is not a member of the\nconveyance’s crew;\n“passenger information” has the meaning given in regulation 3(1);\n“Passenger Locator Form” means the form published electronically by the Secretary of State\nfor the provision of passenger information(  **a**  );\n“port”, except where the context otherwise requires, means—\n(a)  any port (including a seaport, airport or heliport), or\n(b)  a place which is an authorised terminal control point for international services for the\npurposes of sections 11 and 12 of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987(  **b**  );\n“qualifying test” means a test that is a qualifying test for the purposes of regulation 4;\n“relevant service” means a commercial transport service carrying passengers travelling to\nEngland from outside the common travel area, other than a shuttle service;\n“Schedule 11 passenger” means a passenger to whom Schedule 11 (additional measures\napplicable to arrivals from category 3 countries or territories) applies;\n“self-isolate” has the meaning given in regulation 9(2), and “self-isolation” and “self-\nisolating” are to be construed accordingly;\n“the Self-Isolation Regulations” means the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions)\n(Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020(  **c**  );\n“sensitivity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a positive\nresult;\n“shuttle service” has the meaning given in section 1(9) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987;\n“specificity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a\nnegative result;\n“tunnel system” has the meaning given in section 1(7) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987.\n(2)  For the purposes of these Regulations, an individual has responsibility for a child if the\nindividual—\n(a)  has custody or charge of the child for the time being, or",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Category 2 countries and territories\nAny country or territory outside the common travel area not listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 3.\nSCHEDULE 3 Regulation 2(1)",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 5\n\n##### Offences, proceedings and information\n\n###### **Power to use and disclose information**\n\ninfection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease; or\n(c)  for a purpose connected with, or otherwise incidental to, a purpose described in sub-\nparagraph (a) or (b).\n(4)  Subject to paragraph (7), A may only disclose relevant information to another person (the\n“recipient”) where it is necessary for the recipient to have the information —\n(a)  for the purpose of carrying out a function of the recipient under—\n(i)  these Regulations, or\n(ii)  an enactment which, in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, has the effect of\nrequiring the isolation or quarantine of persons who have been outside the common\ntravel area, for any of the purposes described in sub-paragraph (b);\n(b)  for the purpose of—\n(i)  preventing danger to public health as a result of the spread of infection or\ncontamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease,\n(ii)  monitoring the spread of infection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus\ndisease, or\n(iii)  giving effect to any international agreement or arrangement relating to the spread of\ninfection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease; or\n(c)  for a purpose connected with, or otherwise incidental to, a purpose described in sub-\nparagraph (a) or (b).\n(5)  A constable or a person responsible for arranging or providing services (including security\nservices) in respect of accommodation as part of a managed self-isolation package may, where\nnecessary for the purpose of carrying out a function under these Regulations, request from B the\nfollowing information—\n(a)  confirmation that P possesses a testing package for the purposes of regulation 6 and the\ndetails of that testing package (including the time and date of the tests);\n(b)  confirmation that P has undertaken any test in accordance with a testing package and, if\nnot, an account of the reasons;\n(c)  the result of any test P has undertaken in accordance with a testing package.\n(6)  Subject to paragraph (8), disclosure which is authorised by this regulation does not breach—\n(a)  an obligation of confidence owed by the person making the disclosure; or\n(b)  any other restriction on the disclosure of information (however imposed).\n(7)  This regulation does not limit the circumstances in which information may otherwise\nlawfully be disclosed under any other enactment or rule of law.\n(8)  Nothing in this regulation authorises the use or disclosure of personal data where doing so",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf",
+                "query": "Who first suggested the notions of \"hard\" and \"easy\" problems regarding consciousness ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "The terms \"hard problem\" and \"easy problems\" were coined by the philosopher David Chalmers",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n[his core arguments and responded to counterarguments. His](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterarguments)\nuse of the word  *easy*  is \"tongue-in-cheek\". <sup>[8]</sup> As the\n[cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker puts it, they are about as easy as going to Mars or curing cancer.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars)\n\"That is, scientists more or less know what to look for, and with enough brainpower and funding, they\nwould probably crack it in this century.\" <sup>[9]</sup>\n[The existence of the hard problem is disputed. It has been accepted by some philosophers of mind such as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind)\n[Joseph Levine,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)) <sup>[10]</sup> [ Colin McGinn,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McGinn) <sup>[11]</sup> [ and Ned Block](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Block) <sup>[12]</sup> [ and cognitive neuroscientists such as Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela)\n[Varela,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela) <sup>[13]</sup> [ Giulio Tononi,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tononi) <sup>[14][15]</sup> [ and Christof Koch.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch) <sup>[14][15]</sup> On the other hand, its existence is denied by\n[other philosophers of mind, such as Daniel Dennett,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett) <sup>[16]</sup> [ Massimo Pigliucci,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci) <sup>[17]</sup> [ Thomas Metzinger,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger)\n[Patricia Churchland,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland) <sup>[18]</sup> [ and Keith Frankish,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Frankish) <sup>[19]</sup> [ and by cognitive neuroscientists such as Stanislas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene)\n[Dehaene,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene) <sup>[20]</sup> [ Bernard Baars,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Baars) <sup>[21]</sup> [ Anil Seth,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Seth) <sup>[22]</sup> [ and Antonio Damasio.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Damasio) <sup>[23]</sup> Clinical neurologist and skeptic\n[Steven Novella has dismissed it as \"the hard non-problem\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Novella) <sup>[24]</sup> [ According to a 2020 PhilPapers survey, a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilPapers)\nmajority (62.42%) of the philosophers surveyed said they believed that the hard problem is a genuine\nproblem, while 29.72% said that it does not exist. <sup>[25]</sup>\n[There are a number of other potential philosophical problems that are related to the Hard Problem. Ned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems)\nBlock believes that there exists a \"Harder Problem of Consciousness\", due to the possibility of different\nphysical and functional neurological systems potentially having phenomenal overlap. <sup>[12]</sup> Another\n[potential philosophical problem which is closely related to Benj Hellie's vertiginous question, dubbed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertiginous_question)\n\"The Even Harder Problem of Consciousness\", refers to why a given individual has their own particular\n[personal identity, as opposed to existing as someone else.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity) <sup>[26]</sup>\n[Cognitive scientist David Chalmers first formulated the hard problem in his paper \"Facing up to the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers)\nproblem of consciousness\" (1995) <sup>[1]</sup> and expanded upon it in *[The Conscious Mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscious_Mind)* (1996). His works\n[provoked comment. Some, such as philosopher David Lewis and Steven Pinker, have praised Chalmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher))",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Overview**\n\n#### **Related concepts**\n\n##### **The mind- body problem**\nThe mind- body problem is the problem of how the mind and the body relate. The mind-body problem is\nmore general than the hard problem of consciousness, since it is the problem of discovering how the mind\nand body relate in general, thereby implicating any theoretical framework that broaches the topic. The\nhard problem, in contrast, is often construed as a problem uniquely faced by physicalist or materialist\ntheories of mind.\nThe philosopher Thomas Nagel posited in his 1974 paper \"What Is It Like to Be a Bat?\" that experiences\nare essentially subjective (accessible only to the individual undergoing them—i.e., felt only by the one\nfeeling them), while physical states are essentially objective (accessible to multiple individuals). So he\nargued we have no idea what it could mean to claim that an essentially subjective state just  *is*  an\nessentially non-subjective state (i.e., that a felt state is nothing but a functional state). In other words, we\nhave no idea of what reductivism amounts to. <sup>[31]</sup> He believes \"every subjective phenomenon is\nessentially connected with a single point of view, and it seems inevitable that an objective, physical\ntheory will abandon that point of view.\" <sup>[31]</sup>\n[In 1983, the philosopher Joseph Levine proposed that there is an ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher))  *explanatory gap*  between our\nunderstanding of the physical world and our understanding of consciousness. <sup>[42]</sup>\nLevine's disputes that conscious states are reducible to neuronal or brain states. He uses the example of\n[pain (as an example of a conscious state) and its reduction to the firing of c-fibers (a kind of nerve cell).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber)\nThe difficulty is as follows: even if consciousness is physical, it is not clear which physical states\ncorrespond to which conscious states. The bridges between the two levels of description will be\n[contingent, rather than necessary. This is significant because in most contexts, relating two scientific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency)\nlevels of descriptions (such as physics and chemistry) is done with the assurance of necessary\nconnections between the two theories (for example, chemistry follows with necessity from physics). <sup>[43]</sup>\nLevine illustrates this with a thought experiment: Suppose that humanity were to encounter an alien\nspecies, and suppose it is known that the aliens do not have any c-fibers. Even if one knows this, it is not",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\nfor his argumentative rigour and \"impeccable clarity\". <sup>[27]</sup> Pinker later said, in 2018, \"In the end I still\nthink that the hard problem is a meaningful conceptual problem, but agree with Dennett that it is not a\nmeaningful scientific problem. No one will ever get a grant to study whether you are a zombie or whether\nthe same Captain Kirk walks on the deck of the Enterprise and the surface of Zakdorn. And I agree with\nseveral other philosophers that it may be futile to hope for a solution at all, precisely because it is a\nconceptual problem, or, more accurately, a problem with our concepts.\" <sup>[28]</sup> [ Daniel Dennett and Patricia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland)\n[Churchland, among others, believe that the hard problem is best seen as a collection of easy problems that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland)\nwill be solved through further analysis of the brain and behaviour. <sup>[29][30]</sup>\nConsciousness is an ambiguous term. It can be used to mean self consciousness, awareness, the state of\n[being awake, and so on. Chalmers uses Thomas Nagel's definition of consciousness: \"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel)  *the feeling of what*\n*it is like to be something.\"*  Consciousness, in this sense, is synonymous with  *experience.*  <sup>[31][27]</sup>\n. . .even when we have explained the performance of all the cognitive and behavioral functions\nin the vicinity of experience—perceptual discrimination, categorization, internal access, verbal\nreport—there may still remain a further unanswered question:  *Why is the performance of these*\n*functions accompanied by experience?*\n— David Chalmers, Facing up to the problem of consciousness\nThe problems of consciousness, Chalmers argues, are of two kinds: the  *easy problems*  and the  *hard*\n*problem*  .\n[The easy problems are amenable to reductive inquiry. They are a logical consequence of lower-level facts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence)\nabout the world, similar to how a clock's ability to tell time is a logical consequence of its clockwork and\nstructure, or a hurricane being a logical consequence of the structures and functions of certain weather",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Relationship to scientific frameworks**\n\n#### **Global workspace theory**\n\nof qualia and argued that Chalmers' \"easy problems\" of consciousness are actually the hard problems. <sup>[20]</sup>\nHe further stated that the \"hard problem\" is based only upon ill-defined intuitions that are continually\nshifting as understanding evolves: <sup>[20]</sup>\nOnce our intuitions are educated by cognitive neuroscience and computer simulations,\nChalmers' hard problem will evaporate. The hypothetical concept of qualia, pure mental\nexperience, detached from any information-processing role, will be viewed as a peculiar idea\n[of the prescientific era, much like vitalism... [Just as science dispatched vitalism] the science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism)\nof consciousness will keep eating away at the hard problem of consciousness until it\nvanishes.\nIn 2018, Chalmers highlighted what he calls the \"  **meta-problem of consciousness**  \", another problem\nrelated to the hard problem of consciousness: <sup>[76]</sup>\nThe meta-problem of consciousness is (to a first approximation) the problem of explaining\nwhy we think that there is a [hard] problem of consciousness.\n[In his \"second approximation\", he says it is the problem of explaining the behavior of \"phenomenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness#Types_of_consciousness)\nreports\", and the behavior of expressing a belief that there is a hard problem of consciousness. <sup>[76]</sup>\nExplaining its significance, he says: <sup>[76]</sup>\nAlthough the meta-problem is strictly speaking an easy problem, it is deeply connected to the\nhard problem. We can reasonably hope that a solution to the meta-problem will shed\nsignificant light on the hard problem. A particularly strong line holds that a solution to the",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Philosophical responses**\n\n#### **Type-A Materialism**\n\n##### **Eliminative materialism / Illusionism**\n\narises and why it is so powerful.\" <sup>[19]</sup>\n[The philosopher Daniel Dennett is another prominent figure associated with illusionism. After Frankish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett)\n[published a paper in the Journal of Consciousness Studies titled ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)  *Illusionism as a Theory of*\n*Consciousness,*  <sup>[60]</sup> Dennett responded with his own paper with the spin-off title  *Illusionism as the*\n*Obvious Default Theory of Consciousness.*  <sup>[61]</sup> Dennett has been arguing for the illusory status of\nconsciousness since early on in his career. For example, in 1979 he published a paper titled  *On the*\n*[Absence of Phenomenology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy))*  (where he argues for the nonexistence of phenomenal consciousness). <sup>[70]</sup>\n[Similar ideas have been explicated in his 1991 book Consciousness Explained.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained) <sup>[71]</sup> Dennett argues that the\nso-called \"hard problem\" will be solved in the process of solving what Chalmers terms the \"easy\nproblems\". <sup>[16]</sup> He compares consciousness to stage magic and its capability to create extraordinary\nillusions out of ordinary things. <sup>[72]</sup> To show how people might be commonly fooled into overstating the\n[accuracy of their introspective abilities, he describes a phenomenon called change blindness, a visual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_blindness)\nprocess that involves failure to detect scenery changes in a series of alternating images. <sup>[73]</sup> He\naccordingly argues that consciousness need not be what it seems to be based on introspection. To address\nthe question of the hard problem, or how and why physical processes give rise to experience, Dennett\nstates that the phenomenon of having experience is nothing more than the performance of functions or the\nproduction of behavior, which can also be referred to as the easy problems of consciousness. <sup>[16]</sup> Thus,\nDennett argues that the hard problem of experience is included among—not separate from—the easy\nproblems, and therefore they can only be explained together as a cohesive unit. <sup>[72]</sup>\n[Eliminativists differ on the role they believe intuitive judgement plays in creating the apparent reality of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition)\n[consciousness. The philosopher Jacy Reese Anthis is of the position that this issue is born of an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacy_Reese_Anthis)\noverreliance on intuition, calling philosophical discussions on the topic of consciousness a form of\n\"intuition jousting\". <sup>[74]</sup> But when the issue is tackled with \"formal argumentation\" and \"precise\nsemantics\" then the hard problem will dissolve. <sup>[74]</sup> The philosopher Elizabeth Irvine, in contrast, can be",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n[In the philosophy of mind, the ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind)  **hard problem of consciousness**  is to explain why and how humans and\n[other organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness, or subjective experience.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_character_of_experience) <sup>[1][2]</sup> It is contrasted\nwith the \"easy problems\" of explaining why and how physical systems give a (healthy) human being the\nability to discriminate, to integrate information, and to perform behavioral functions such as watching,\nlistening, speaking (including generating an utterance that appears to refer to personal behaviour or\nbelief), and so forth. <sup>[1]</sup> The easy problems are amenable to functional explanation—that is, explanations\nthat are mechanistic or behavioral—since each physical system can be explained (at least in principle)\npurely by reference to the \"structure and dynamics\" that underpin the phenomenon. <sup>[1][3]</sup>\nProponents of the hard problem argue that it is categorically different from the easy problems since no\nmechanistic or behavioral explanation could explain the character of an experience, not even in principle.\nEven after all the relevant functional facts are explicated, they argue, there will still remain a further\nquestion: \"why is the performance of these functions accompanied by experience?\" <sup>[1]</sup> To bolster their\ncase, proponents of the hard problem frequently turn to various philosophical thought experiments,\n[involving philosophical zombies (which, they claim, are conceivable) or inverted qualia, or the claimed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_spectrum)\n[ineffability of colour experiences, or the claimed unknowability of foreign states of consciousness, such](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Argument)\n[as the experience of being a bat.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_is_it_like_to_be_a_bat%3F)\nThe terms \"hard problem\" and \"easy problems\" were\n[coined by the philosopher David Chalmers in a 1994 talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers)\n[given at The Science of Consciousness conference held in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Science_of_Consciousness)\nTucson, Arizona. <sup>[4]</sup> The following year, the main talking\npoints of Chalmers' talk were published in  *[The Journal of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)*\n*[Consciousness ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)*   *Studies* . <sup>[1]</sup> The publication gained\nsignificant attention from consciousness researchers and\nbecame the subject of a special volume of the journal, <sup>[5][6]</sup>\nwhich was later published into a book. <sup>[7]</sup> In 1996,\nChalmers published  *[The Conscious Mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscious_Mind)*  , a book-length\ntreatment of the hard problem, in which he elaborated on",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Overview**\n\n#### **Chalmers' formulation**\n\n##### **Easy problems**\npatterns. A clock, a hurricane, and the easy problems, are all the sum of their parts (as are most\nthings). <sup>[27]</sup>\nThe easy problems relevant to consciousness concern mechanistic analysis of the neural processes that\naccompany behaviour. Examples of these include how sensory systems work, how sensory data is\nprocessed in the brain, how that data influences behaviour or verbal reports, the neural basis of thought\nand emotion, and so on. They are problems that can be analyzed through \"structures and functions\". <sup>[27]</sup>\nThe hard problem, in contrast, is the problem of  *why*  and  *how*  those processes are accompanied by\nexperience. <sup>[1]</sup> It may further include the question of why these processes are accompanied by this or that\nparticular experience, rather than some other kind of experience. In other words, the hard problem is the\nproblem of explaining why certain mechanisms are accompanied by conscious experience. <sup>[27]</sup> For\nexample, why should neural processing in the brain lead to the felt sensations of, say, feelings of hunger?\nAnd why should those neural firings lead to feelings of hunger rather than some other feeling (such as,\nfor example, feelings of thirst)?\nChalmers argues that it is conceivable that the relevant behaviours associated with hunger, or any other\n[feeling, could occur even in the absence of that feeling. This suggests that experience is irreducible to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducibility)\nphysical systems such as the brain. This is the topic of the next section.\nChalmers believes that the hard problem is irreducible to the easy problems: solving the easy problems\nwill not lead to a solution to the hard problems. This is because the easy problems pertain to the causal\nstructure of the world while the hard problem pertains to consciousness, and facts about consciousness\ninclude facts that go beyond mere causal or structural description. <sup>[32]</sup>\nFor example, suppose someone were to stub their foot and yelp. In this scenario, the easy problems are\nmechanistic explanations that involve the activity of the nervous system and brain and its relation to the",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Philosophical responses**\n\n#### **Commentary on the problem's explanatory targets**\n\nToday there is a strong tendency to simply  *equate*  consciousness with the qualia. Yet there is\nclearly something not quite right about this. The \"itchiness of itches\" and the \"hurtfulness of\npain\" are qualities we are conscious  *of*  . So philosophy of mind tends to treat consciousness as\nif it consisted simply of the contents of consciousness (the phenomenal qualities), while it\nreally is precisely  *consciousness*  of contents, the very givenness of whatever is subjectively\ngiven. And therefore the problem of consciousness does not pertain so much to some alleged\n\"mysterious, nonpublic objects\", i.e. objects that seem to be only \"visible\" to the respective\nsubject, but rather to the nature of \"seeing\" itself (and in today’s philosophy of mind\nastonishingly little is said about the latter). <sup>[129]</sup>\nMost neuroscientists and cognitive scientists believe that Chalmers' alleged \"hard problem\" will be\nsolved, or be shown to not be a real problem, in the course of the solution of the so-called \"easy\nproblems\", although a significant minority disagrees. <sup>[9][130]</sup>\n[Since 1990, researchers including the molecular biologist Francis Crick and the neuroscientist Christof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch)\n[Koch have made significant progress toward identifying which neurobiological events occur concurrently](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch)\nto the experience of subjective consciousness. <sup>[131]</sup> These postulated events are referred to as  *neural*\n*correlates of consciousness*  or NCCs. However, this research arguably addresses the question of  *which*\nneurobiological mechanisms are linked to consciousness but not the question of  *why*  they should give rise\nto consciousness at all, the latter being the hard problem of consciousness as Chalmers formulated it. In\n\"On the Search for the Neural Correlate of Consciousness\", Chalmers said he is confident that, granting",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Philosophical responses**\n\n#### **Type-A Materialism**\n\n##### **Strong reductionism**\nThe philosophers Glenn Carruthers and Elizabeth Schier said in 2012 that the main arguments for the\n[existence of a hard problem—philosophical zombies, Mary's room, and Nagel's bats—are only persuasive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Is_it_Like_to_Be_a_Bat%3F)\nif one already assumes that \"consciousness must be independent of the structure and function of mental\n[states, i.e. that there is a hard problem.\" Hence, the arguments beg the question. The authors suggest that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beg_the_question)\n\"instead of letting our conclusions on the thought experiments guide our theories of consciousness, we\nshould let our theories of consciousness guide our conclusions from the thought experiments.\" <sup>[64]</sup>\n[The philosopher Massimo Pigliucci argued in 2013 that the hard problem is misguided, resulting from a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci)\n\"category mistake\". <sup>[17]</sup> He said: \"Of course an explanation isn't the same as an experience, but that's\nbecause the two are completely independent categories, like colors and triangles. It is obvious that I\ncannot experience what it is like to be you, but I can potentially have a complete explanation of how and\nwhy it is possible to be you.\" <sup>[17]</sup>\n[In 2017, the philosopher Marco Stango, in a paper on John Dewey's approach to the problem of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey)\nconsciousness (which preceded Chalmers' formulation of the hard problem by over half a century), noted\nthat Dewey's approach would see the hard problem as the consequence of an unjustified assumption that\nfeelings and functional behaviors are not the same physical process: \"For the Deweyan philosopher, the\n'hard problem' of consciousness is a 'conceptual fact' only in the sense that it is a  *philosophical mistake*  :\nthe mistake of failing to see that the physical can be had as an episode of immediate sentiency.\" <sup>[65]</sup>\n[The philosopher Thomas Metzinger likens the hard problem of consciousness to vitalism, a formerly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism)\nwidespread view in biology which was not so much solved as abandoned. <sup>[66]</sup> Brian Jonathan Garrett has\nalso argued that the hard problem suffers from flaws analogous to those of vitalism. <sup>[67]</sup>\n[The philosopher Peter Hacker argues that the hard problem is misguided in that it asks how consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hacker)\ncan emerge from matter, whereas in fact sentience emerges from the evolution of living organisms. <sup>[68]</sup> He\nstates: \"The hard problem isn’t a hard problem at all. The really hard problems are the problems the",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Philosophical responses**\n\n#### **Type-A Materialism**\n\nconsciousness is more certain than any theoretical commitments (to, for example, physicalism) that may\nbe motivating the illusionist to deny the existence of consciousness. The reason for this is because we\nhave direct \"acquaintance\" with consciousness, but we do not have direct acquaintance with anything else\n(including anything that could inform our beliefs in consciousness being an illusion). In other words:\nconsciousness can be known directly, so the reality of consciousness is more certain than any\nphilosophical or scientific theory that says otherwise. <sup>[83]</sup> Chalmers concludes that \"there is little doubt\nthat something like the Moorean argument is the reason that most people reject illusionism and many find\nit crazy.\" <sup>[84]</sup>\nEliminative materialism and illusionism have been the subject of criticism within the popular press. One\n[highly cited example comes from the philosopher Galen Strawson who wrote an article in the New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books)\n[Review of Books titled \"The Consciousness Deniers\". In it, Strawson describes illusionism as the \"silliest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books)\nclaim ever made\", next to which \"every known religious belief is only a little less sensible than the belief\nthat the grass is green.\" <sup>[85]</sup> [ Another notable example comes from Christof Koch (a neuroscientist and one](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch)\n[of the leading proponents of Integrated Information Theory) in his popular science book ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Information_Theory)  *The Feeling of*\n*Life Itself*  . In the early pages of the book, Koch describes eliminativism as the \"metaphysical counterpart\nto Cotard's syndrome, a psychiatric condition in which patients deny being alive.\" <sup>[86]</sup> Koch takes the\nprevalence of eliminativism as evidence that \"much of twentieth-century analytic philosophy has gone to\nthe dogs\". <sup>[87]</sup>\nType-B Materialism, also known as  *Weak Reductionism*  or  *[A Posteriori Physicalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori)*  , is the view that the\n[hard problem stems from human psychology, and is therefore not indicative of a genuine ontological gap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology)\nbetween consciousness and the physical world. <sup>[43]</sup> Like Type-A Materialists, Type-B Materialists are\n##### **Criticisms**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf",
+                "query": "What is David Chalmer's definition of \"consciousness\" ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Chalmers uses Thomas Nagel's definition of consciousness: \"the feeling of what it is like to be something.\"",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 5
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **References**\n\n[48. David Chalmers (1996) ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers)  *The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory*  , pp. 153-\n[56. Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-511789-1 (Pbk.)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511789-1)\n[49. Dennett, Daniel (1999), \"The Zombie Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition?\" (https://www.nyu.ed](https://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/courses/consciousness/papers/DD-zombie.html)\n[u/gsas/dept/philo/courses/consciousness/papers/DD-zombie.html), ](https://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/courses/consciousness/papers/DD-zombie.html)  *Royal Institute of*\n*Philosophy Millennial Lecture*\n[50. Martine Nida-Rümelin; Donnchadh O Conaill (2019). \"Qualia: The Knowledge Argument\" (htt](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qualia-knowledge/)\n[ps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qualia-knowledge/). In Edward N. Zalta](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qualia-knowledge/)\n(ed.).  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  (Winter 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research\nLab, Stanford University. Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n[51. Bourget, David; Chalmers, David J. (2014). \"What Do Philosophers Believe?\" (https://philpa](https://philpapers.org/rec/BOUWDP)\n[pers.org/rec/BOUWDP). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/BOUWDP)  *Philosophical Studies*  .  **170**  [ (3): 465- 500. doi:10.1007/s11098-013-](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-013-0259-7)\n[0259-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-013-0259-7). S2CID 254936498 (https://api.sem](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254936498)\n[anticscholar.org/CorpusID:254936498).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254936498)\n[52. Chalmers, David (2003). \"Consciousness and its Place in Nature\". In Stich, Stephen P.;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers)\nWarfield, Ted A. (eds.).  *Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Mind*  . Malden, MA: Blackwell.\n[pp. 102- 142. doi:10.1002/9780470998762.ch5 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F978047099876](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470998762.ch5)\n[2.ch5). ISBN 9780470998762.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470998762)\n[53. Boutel, Adrian (2013). \"How to be a Type-C Physicalist\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/BOUHT](https://philpapers.org/rec/BOUHTB)\n[B). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/BOUHTB)  *Philosophical Studies*  .  **164**  [ (2): 301- 320. doi:10.1007/s11098-012-9854-2 (https://doi.or](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-012-9854-2)\n[g/10.1007%2Fs11098-012-9854-2). S2CID 254941872 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Cor](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254941872)\n[pusID:254941872).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254941872)\n54. Majeed, Raamy (September 2016). \"The hard problem & its explanatory targets\".  *[Ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_(journal))*  .  **29**\n[(3): 298- 311. doi:10.1111/rati.12103 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frati.12103).](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frati.12103)\n[55. Levin, Janet (2008). \"Taking Type-B Materialism Seriously\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/LEVT](https://philpapers.org/rec/LEVTTM)\n[TM). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/LEVTTM)  *Mind and Language*  .  **23**  [ (4): 402- 425. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2008.00349.x (https://d](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.2008.00349.x)\n[oi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.2008.00349.x).](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0017.2008.00349.x)\n56. Mandik, Pete; Weisberg, Josh (2008). Wrenn, Chase (ed.).  *Type-Q Materialism*  [ (https://philp](https://philpapers.org/rec/MANTM)\n[apers.org/rec/MANTM). Peter Lang Publishing Group.](https://philpapers.org/rec/MANTM)\n[57. Pereira, Roberto Horácio Sá (2016). \"In Defence of Type-A Materialism\" (https://philpapers.o](https://philpapers.org/rec/PERIDO-3)\n[rg/rec/PERIDO-3). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/PERIDO-3)  *Diametros*  .  **49**  [ (49): 68- 83. doi:10.13153/diam.49.2016.921 (https://doi.or](https://doi.org/10.13153%2Fdiam.49.2016.921)\n[g/10.13153%2Fdiam.49.2016.921).](https://doi.org/10.13153%2Fdiam.49.2016.921)\n[58. Yetter-Chappell, Helen (2017). \"Dissolving Type-B Physicalism\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/Y](https://philpapers.org/rec/YETDTP-2)\n[ETDTP-2). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/YETDTP-2)  *Philosophical Perspectives*  .  **31**  [ (1): 469- 498. doi:10.1111/phpe.12099 (https://do](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphpe.12099)\n[i.org/10.1111%2Fphpe.12099).](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphpe.12099)\n[59. Ramsey, William (2019). \"Eliminative Materialism\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/material](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/)\n[ism-eliminative/). In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta)  *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  . Retrieved\n1 April 2019.\n60. Frankish, K. (2016). \"Illusionism as a theory of consciousness\".  *Journal of Consciousness*\n*Studies*  .  **23**  (11- 12): 11- 39.\n[61. Dennett, Daniel (2016). \"Illusionism as the Obvious Default Theory of Consciousness\" (http](https://philpapers.org/rec/DENIAT-3)\n[s://philpapers.org/rec/DENIAT-3). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/DENIAT-3)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **23**  (11- 12): 65- 72.\n[62. Carruthers, Peter (2016). \"Higher-order theories of consciousness\" (http://plato.stanford.ed](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/)\n[u/entries/consciousness-higher/). ](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/)  *[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy)*  . Metaphysics\nResearch Lab, Stanford University.\n[63. Carruthers, Peter (2005). \"Phenomenal concepts and higher-order experiments\" (https://boo](https://books.google.com/books?id=FKI4flNaGjUC&pg=PA79)\n[ks.google.com/books?id=FKI4flNaGjUC&pg=PA79). ](https://books.google.com/books?id=FKI4flNaGjUC&pg=PA79)  *Consciousness: essays from a higher-*",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **References**\n\n[hilpapers.org/rec/BALSIV). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/BALSIV)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **27**  (5- 6): 26- 37.\n89. Chalmers, David (2020). \"Is the Hard Problem of Consciousness Universal?\".  *Journal of*\n*Consciousness Studies*  .  **27**  (5- 6): 227- 257.\n[90. Papineau, D. (2019). \"Response to Chalmers' 'The Meta-Problem of Consciousness' \" (http](https://philpapers.org/rec/PAPRTC-6)\n[s://philpapers.org/rec/PAPRTC-6). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/PAPRTC-6)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **26**  (9- 10): 173- 181.\n91. J. Levine, \"Conceivability, Identity, and the Explanatory Gap\" in Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred\nW. Kaszniak and David Chalmers (eds.),  *Towards a Science of Consciousness III: The Third*\n*Tucson Discussions and Debates*  , The MIT Press, 1999,. pp 3- 12.\n[92. Gennaro, Rocco J. \"Consciousness\" (https://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou). ](https://www.iep.utm.edu/consciou)  *Internet*\n*Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  .\n[93. Block, Ned; Stalnaker, Robert (1999). \"Conceptual Analysis, Dualism, and the Explanatory](http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/ExplanatoryGap.pdf)\n[Gap\" (http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/ExplanatoryGap.pdf) (PDF).](http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/ExplanatoryGap.pdf)\n*The Philosophical Review*  .  **108**  [ (1): 1- 46. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.2421 (https://citeseerx.ist.ps](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.693.2421)\n[u.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.693.2421). doi:10.2307/2998259 (https://doi.org/10.230](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2998259)\n[7%2F2998259). JSTOR 2998259 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2998259).](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2998259)\n94. Stoljar, Daniel (2005). \"Physicalism and Phenomenal Concepts\".  *Mind & Language*  .  **20**  (5):\n[469- 494. doi:10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00296.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0268-1064.2](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0268-1064.2005.00296.x)\n[005.00296.x).](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0268-1064.2005.00296.x)\n[95. Chalmers, David (2006). \"Phenomenal Concepts and the Explanatory Gap\" (http://consc.ne](http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf)\n[t/papers/pceg.pdf) (PDF). In Alter, Torin; Walter, Sven (eds.). ](http://consc.net/papers/pceg.pdf)  *Phenomenal Concepts and*\n*Phenomenal Knowledge: New Essays on Consciousness and Physicalism*  . Oxford\n[University Press. ISBN 9780195171655. Retrieved 27 March 2019.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195171655)\n96. Wierzbicka, A. (2019). \"From 'Consciousness' to 'I Think, I Feel, I Know': A Commentary on\nDavid Chalmers\".  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **26**  (9- 10): 257- 269.\n97. Lau, Hakwan; Michel, Matthias (2019). \"A Socio-Historical Take on the Meta-Problem of\nConsciousness\".  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **26**  (9- 10): 136- 147.\n[98. \"Is the hard problem of consciousness really that hard? | Brian Greene and Pat Churchland](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hru5d_wsu7g)\n[lock horns\" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hru5d_wsu7g). ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hru5d_wsu7g)  *[YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube)*  . 9 July 2022.\n[99. \"Abiogenesis\" (https://www.allaboutscience.org/abiogenesis.htm).](https://www.allaboutscience.org/abiogenesis.htm)\n100.  *Ignorance and Imagination: The Epistemic Origin of the Problem of Consciousness.*  Daniel\nStoljar. Oxford University Press.\n[101. \"Notes on consciousness. (X) Why I am not a panpsychist - Reading notes on Philip Goff's](http://romainbrette.fr/notes-on-consciousness-x-why-i-am-not-a-panpsychist-reading-notes-on-philip-goffs-galileos-error/)\n[\"Galileo's error\" \" (http://romainbrette.fr/notes-on-consciousness-x-why-i-am-not-a-panpsychi](http://romainbrette.fr/notes-on-consciousness-x-why-i-am-not-a-panpsychist-reading-notes-on-philip-goffs-galileos-error/)\n[st-reading-notes-on-philip-goffs-galileos-error/). 25 January 2022.](http://romainbrette.fr/notes-on-consciousness-x-why-i-am-not-a-panpsychist-reading-notes-on-philip-goffs-galileos-error/)\n102. Jan 14, 2014. \"Consciousness\". Sections 2.1 and 3.  *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.*\n[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness/](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness/)\n103. May 13, 2022. \"Panpsychism\". Section 4.4.2.  *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.*\n[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/)\n[104. \"The problems with philosophical zombies\" (https://selfawarepatterns.com/2016/10/03/the-pr](https://selfawarepatterns.com/2016/10/03/the-problems-with-philosophical-zombies/)\n[oblems-with-philosophical-zombies/). 3 October 2016.](https://selfawarepatterns.com/2016/10/03/the-problems-with-philosophical-zombies/)\n105.  *Thinking about Consciousness.*  Chapter 3. \"The Impossibility of Zombies\". David Papineau.\nOxford Academic.\n[106. \"Quantum Approaches to Consciousness\" (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousnes](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/)",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n[his core arguments and responded to counterarguments. His](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterarguments)\nuse of the word  *easy*  is \"tongue-in-cheek\". <sup>[8]</sup> As the\n[cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker puts it, they are about as easy as going to Mars or curing cancer.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars)\n\"That is, scientists more or less know what to look for, and with enough brainpower and funding, they\nwould probably crack it in this century.\" <sup>[9]</sup>\n[The existence of the hard problem is disputed. It has been accepted by some philosophers of mind such as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind)\n[Joseph Levine,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher)) <sup>[10]</sup> [ Colin McGinn,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McGinn) <sup>[11]</sup> [ and Ned Block](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Block) <sup>[12]</sup> [ and cognitive neuroscientists such as Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela)\n[Varela,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Varela) <sup>[13]</sup> [ Giulio Tononi,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tononi) <sup>[14][15]</sup> [ and Christof Koch.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch) <sup>[14][15]</sup> On the other hand, its existence is denied by\n[other philosophers of mind, such as Daniel Dennett,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett) <sup>[16]</sup> [ Massimo Pigliucci,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci) <sup>[17]</sup> [ Thomas Metzinger,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger)\n[Patricia Churchland,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland) <sup>[18]</sup> [ and Keith Frankish,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Frankish) <sup>[19]</sup> [ and by cognitive neuroscientists such as Stanislas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene)\n[Dehaene,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene) <sup>[20]</sup> [ Bernard Baars,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Baars) <sup>[21]</sup> [ Anil Seth,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Seth) <sup>[22]</sup> [ and Antonio Damasio.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Damasio) <sup>[23]</sup> Clinical neurologist and skeptic\n[Steven Novella has dismissed it as \"the hard non-problem\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Novella) <sup>[24]</sup> [ According to a 2020 PhilPapers survey, a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilPapers)\nmajority (62.42%) of the philosophers surveyed said they believed that the hard problem is a genuine\nproblem, while 29.72% said that it does not exist. <sup>[25]</sup>\n[There are a number of other potential philosophical problems that are related to the Hard Problem. Ned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_problems)\nBlock believes that there exists a \"Harder Problem of Consciousness\", due to the possibility of different\nphysical and functional neurological systems potentially having phenomenal overlap. <sup>[12]</sup> Another\n[potential philosophical problem which is closely related to Benj Hellie's vertiginous question, dubbed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertiginous_question)\n\"The Even Harder Problem of Consciousness\", refers to why a given individual has their own particular\n[personal identity, as opposed to existing as someone else.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_identity) <sup>[26]</sup>\n[Cognitive scientist David Chalmers first formulated the hard problem in his paper \"Facing up to the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers)\nproblem of consciousness\" (1995) <sup>[1]</sup> and expanded upon it in *[The Conscious Mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscious_Mind)* (1996). His works\n[provoked comment. Some, such as philosopher David Lewis and Steven Pinker, have praised Chalmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher))",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Philosophical responses**\n\n#### **Commentary on the problem's explanatory targets**\n\nthe principle that something such as what he terms \"global availability\" can be used as an indicator of\nconsciousness, the neural correlates will be discovered \"in a century or two\". <sup>[132]</sup> Nevertheless, he stated\nregarding their relationship to the hard problem of consciousness:\nOne can always ask why these processes of availability should give rise to consciousness in\nthe first place. As yet we cannot explain why they do so, and it may well be that full details\nabout the processes of availability will still fail to answer this question. Certainly, nothing in\nthe standard methodology I have outlined answers the question; that methodology assumes a\nrelation between availability and consciousness, and therefore does nothing to explain it. [...]\nSo the hard problem remains. But who knows: Somewhere along the line we may be led to\nthe relevant insights that show why the link is there, and the hard problem may then be\nsolved. <sup>[132]</sup>\n[The neuroscientist and Nobel laureate Eric Kandel wrote that locating the NCCs would not solve the hard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kandel)\nproblem, but rather one of the so-called easy problems to which the hard problem is contrasted. <sup>[133]</sup>\n[Kandel went on to note Crick and Koch's suggestion that once the binding problem—understanding what](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem)\naccounts for the unity of experience—is solved, it will be possible to solve the hard problem\nempirically. <sup>[133]</sup> [ However, neuroscientist Anil Seth argued that emphasis on the so-called hard problem is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Seth)\na distraction from what he calls the \"real problem\": understanding the neurobiology underlying",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **References**\n\n[h.gov/16226591).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16226591)\n[31. Nagel, Thomas (October 1974). \"What is it like to be a bat?\". ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel)  *[The Philosophical Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philosophical_Review)*  .  **83**\n[(4): 435- 450. doi:10.2307/2183914 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2183914). JSTOR 2183914](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183914)\n[(https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183914). S2CID 49125889 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Co](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49125889)\n[rpusID:49125889).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49125889)\n[32. \"Hard Problem of Consciousness\" (https://iep.utm.edu/hard-problem-of-conciousness/).](https://iep.utm.edu/hard-problem-of-conciousness/)\n*Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  . Retrieved 2024-10-09.\n[33. Chalmers, David (January 1997). \"Moving forward on the problem of consciousness\" (http](https://philpapers.org/rec/CHAMFO)\n[s://philpapers.org/rec/CHAMFO). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/CHAMFO)  *[Journal of Consciousness Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)*  .  **4**  (1): 3- 46.\n[34. Chalmers, David (2020). \"Is the hard problem of consciousness universal?\" (http://consc.ne](http://consc.net/papers/universal.pdf)\n[t/papers/universal.pdf) (PDF). ](http://consc.net/papers/universal.pdf)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **27**  (5- 6): 227- 257.\nRetrieved 22 February 2022.\n[35. Locke, John (1722). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke)  *The works of John Locke: in three volumes*  . Vol. 1. London: Printed for\n[A. Churchill, and A. Manship, and sold by W. Taylor in Pater-noster-Row. p. 293 (https://book](https://books.google.com/books?id=0BfmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA293)\n[s.google.com/books?id=0BfmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA293).](https://books.google.com/books?id=0BfmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA293)\n36. Leibniz,  *Monadology,*  [ 17, as quoted by Aranyosi, Istvan (2004). \"Chalmers's zombie](http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/Istvan_Aranyosi/Chapter%20IV.pdf)\n[arguments\" (http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/Istvan_Aranyosi/Chapter%20IV.pdf)](http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/Istvan_Aranyosi/Chapter%20IV.pdf)\n(PDF) (draft ed.). Central European University Personal Pages.\n37. Mill, John Stuart.  *A System of Logic*  (1843), Book V, Chapter V, section 3\n[38. Huxley, Thomas Henry; Youmans, William Jay (1868). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jay_Youmans)  *The elements of physiology and*\n*hygiene: a text-book for educational institutions*  . New York: D. Appleton and company.\n[p. 178 (https://books.google.com/books?id=aVUAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA178).](https://books.google.com/books?id=aVUAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA178)\n39. Arnold, Dan (2021). \"Philosophy of Mind's \"Hard Problem\" in Light of Buddhist Idealism\". In\nEmmanuel, Steven M. (ed.).  *Philosophy's Big Questions: Comparing Buddhist and Western*\n*Approaches*  [. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 97- 128. ISBN 978-0231174879.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231174879)\n40. Bryan Van Norden,  *[Buddhism Comes to China](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1xv3HmUddY)*  (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1xv3H\n[mUddY), 17 March 2021, retrieved 2021-12-29](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1xv3HmUddY)\n41. Tiwald, Justin; Van Norden, Bryan W. eds. (2005),  *Readings in Later Chinese Philosophy,*  p.\n101. Hackett Publishing.\n42. Levine, J. 1983. “Materialism and qualia: the explanatory gap”.  *Pacific Philosophical*\n*Quarterly*  , 64: 354- 361.\n[43. Weisberg, Josh. \"The Hard Problem of Consciousness\" (https://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con/).](https://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con/)\n*Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  .\n[44. Seager, William. \"Are Zombies Logically Possible?\" (https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~seager/z](https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~seager/zombie.html)\n[ombie.html). ](https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~seager/zombie.html)  *www.utsc.utoronto.ca*  . Retrieved 2020-09-03.\n45. Kaszniak, Alfred W.; Scott, Andrew C. (2007). \"Zombie Killer\".  *Association of Scientific*\n*Studies of Consciousness*  [. S2CID 14891432 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14891432)\n[91432).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14891432)\n[46. Polger, Tom. \"Zombies: Entry\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155145/http://host.unir](https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155145/http://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm)\n[oma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm). ](https://web.archive.org/web/20200615155145/http://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm)  *host.uniroma3.it*  [. Archived from the original (https://](https://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm)\n[host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm) on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-09-03.](https://host.uniroma3.it/progetti/kant/field/zombies.htm)\n[47. Kirk, Robert (2019), \"Zombies\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/zombie](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/zombies/)\n[s/), in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), ](https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/zombies/)  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  (Spring 2019 ed.),\nMetaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2020-09-03",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\nfor his argumentative rigour and \"impeccable clarity\". <sup>[27]</sup> Pinker later said, in 2018, \"In the end I still\nthink that the hard problem is a meaningful conceptual problem, but agree with Dennett that it is not a\nmeaningful scientific problem. No one will ever get a grant to study whether you are a zombie or whether\nthe same Captain Kirk walks on the deck of the Enterprise and the surface of Zakdorn. And I agree with\nseveral other philosophers that it may be futile to hope for a solution at all, precisely because it is a\nconceptual problem, or, more accurately, a problem with our concepts.\" <sup>[28]</sup> [ Daniel Dennett and Patricia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland)\n[Churchland, among others, believe that the hard problem is best seen as a collection of easy problems that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland)\nwill be solved through further analysis of the brain and behaviour. <sup>[29][30]</sup>\nConsciousness is an ambiguous term. It can be used to mean self consciousness, awareness, the state of\n[being awake, and so on. Chalmers uses Thomas Nagel's definition of consciousness: \"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nagel)  *the feeling of what*\n*it is like to be something.\"*  Consciousness, in this sense, is synonymous with  *experience.*  <sup>[31][27]</sup>\n. . .even when we have explained the performance of all the cognitive and behavioral functions\nin the vicinity of experience—perceptual discrimination, categorization, internal access, verbal\nreport—there may still remain a further unanswered question:  *Why is the performance of these*\n*functions accompanied by experience?*\n— David Chalmers, Facing up to the problem of consciousness\nThe problems of consciousness, Chalmers argues, are of two kinds: the  *easy problems*  and the  *hard*\n*problem*  .\n[The easy problems are amenable to reductive inquiry. They are a logical consequence of lower-level facts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence)\nabout the world, similar to how a clock's ability to tell time is a logical consequence of its clockwork and\nstructure, or a hurricane being a logical consequence of the structures and functions of certain weather",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **References**\n\n70. Dennett, Daniel C. (1979). \"On the Absence of Phenomenology\". In Gustafson, Donald F.;\nTapscott, Bangs L. (eds.).  *Body, Mind, and Method*  . Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 93-\n113.\n71. Dennett, Daniel C. (1991).  *Consciousness Explained*  . Penguin Books.\n[72. Dennett, Daniel C. (2003). \"Explaining the 'magic' of consciousness\". ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Dennett)  *Journal of Cultural and*\n*Evolutionary Psychology*  .  **1**  [ (1): 7- 19. doi:10.1556/jcep.1.2003.1.2 (https://doi.org/10.1556%](https://doi.org/10.1556%2Fjcep.1.2003.1.2)\n[2Fjcep.1.2003.1.2). S2CID 144560246 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14456024](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144560246)\n[6).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144560246)\n[73. Dennett, Daniel C. (1991). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Dennett)  *[Consciousness explained](https://archive.org/details/consciousnessexp00denn)*  (https://archive.org/details/consciousne\n[ssexp00denn). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316180658.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316180658)\n[74. Anthis, Jacy (2022). \"Consciousness Semanticism: A Precise Eliminativist Theory of](https://philarchive.org/rec/ANTCSA)\n[Consciousness\" (https://philarchive.org/rec/ANTCSA). ](https://philarchive.org/rec/ANTCSA)  *Biologically Inspired Cognitive*\n*Architectures 2021*  . Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. 1032. pp. 20- 41.\n[doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96993-6_3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-96993-6_3).](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-96993-6_3)\n[ISBN 978-3-030-96992-9. Retrieved 7 August 2022.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-96992-9)\n75. Irvine, Elizabeth (2013).  *Consciousness as a scientific concept: a philosophy of science*\n*perspective*  [. Studies in brain and mind. Vol. 5. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 167](https://books.google.com/books?id=jO4HNB7OoUgC&pg=PA167)\n[(https://books.google.com/books?id=jO4HNB7OoUgC&pg=PA167). ISBN 9789400751729.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400751729)\n[76. Chalmers, David (2018). \"The Meta-Problem of Consciousness\" (http://consc.net/papers/me](http://consc.net/papers/metaproblem.pdf)\n[taproblem.pdf) (PDF). ](http://consc.net/papers/metaproblem.pdf)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **25**  (9- 10): 6- 61. Retrieved\n6 February 2019.\n77. Graziano, Michael (2013).  *Consciousness and the social brain*  [. Oxford; New York: Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press)\n[University Press. ISBN 978-0190263195.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190263195)\n[78. Michael Graziano (10 July 2015). \"Build-a-brain\" (https://aeon.co/essays/can-we-make-cons](https://aeon.co/essays/can-we-make-consciousness-into-an-engineering-problem)\n[ciousness-into-an-engineering-problem). ](https://aeon.co/essays/can-we-make-consciousness-into-an-engineering-problem)  *aeon.co*  . Retrieved 19 April 2018.\n[79. Scarfone, Matthew (2022). \"Using and Abusing Moorean Arguments\" (https://philpapers.org/](https://philpapers.org/rec/SCAUAA-2)\n[rec/SCAUAA-2). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/SCAUAA-2)  *Journal of the American Philosophical Association*  .  **8**  (1): 52- 71.\n[doi:10.1017/apa.2020.47 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fapa.2020.47). S2CID 239672728 (http](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239672728)\n[s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239672728).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239672728)\n80. Augustine of Hippo. \"Book 11, Chapter 26\".  *City of God*  .\n81. Descartes, René (1637). \"4\".  *Discourse on the Method*  .\n82. Descartes, René (1641). \"Second Meditation\".  *Meditations on First Philosophy*  .\n[83. Chalmers, David (2020). \"Debunking Arguments for Illusionism\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/C](https://philpapers.org/rec/CHADAF-2)\n[HADAF-2). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/CHADAF-2)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **27**  (5- 6): 258- 281.\n[84. Chalmers, David (2002). \"Debunking Arguments for Illusionism\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/C](https://philpapers.org/rec/CHADAF-2)\n[HADAF-2). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/CHADAF-2)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **27**  (5- 6): 258- 281.\n[85. Strawson, G. (2018). \"The Consciousness Deniers\" (https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/0](https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/03/13/the-consciousness-deniers/)\n[3/13/the-consciousness-deniers/). ](https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/03/13/the-consciousness-deniers/)  *The New York Review of Books*  .\n86. Koch, Christof (2019).  *The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness is Everywhere But*\n*Can't be Computed*  . MIT Press. p. 2.\n87. Koch, Christof (2019).  *The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness is Everywhere But*\n*Can't be Computed*  . MIT Press. p. 3.\n[88. Balmer, A. (2020). \"Soft-Wired Illusionism vs. the Meta-Problem of Consciousness\" (https://p](https://philpapers.org/rec/BALSIV)",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **References**\n\n[1. Chalmers, David (1995). \"Facing up to the problem of consciousness\" (http://consc.net/pape](http://consc.net/papers/facing.pdf)\n[rs/facing.pdf) (PDF). ](http://consc.net/papers/facing.pdf)  *[Journal of Consciousness Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)*  .  **2**  (3): 200- 219.\n[2. Harnad, Stevan (1995). \"Why and how we are not zombies\" (http://cogprints.org/1601/6/har](http://cogprints.org/1601/6/harnad95.zombies.html)\n[nad95.zombies.html). ](http://cogprints.org/1601/6/harnad95.zombies.html)  *[Journal of Consciousness Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)*  .  **1**  [: 164- 167. See also Harnad,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevan_Harnad)\n[Stevan (April 2000). \"How/why the mind- body problem is hard\" (http://cogprints.org/1617/1/](http://cogprints.org/1617/1/harnad00.mind.humphrey.html)\n[harnad00.mind.humphrey.html). ](http://cogprints.org/1617/1/harnad00.mind.humphrey.html)  *[Journal of Consciousness Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)*  .  **7**  (4): 54- 61.\n3. See Cooney's foreword to the reprint of Chalmers' paper: Brian Cooney, ed. (1999).\n\"Chapter 27: Facing up to the problem of consciousness\".  *The place of mind*  . Cengage\nLearning. pp. 382  *ff*  [. ISBN 978-0534528256.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0534528256)\n[4. Problem of Consciousness (Tuscan 1994) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lWp-6hH_6](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lWp-6hH_6g%7CHard)\n[g%7CHard)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lWp-6hH_6g%7CHard)\n5. JCS vol. 4, pp. 3-46, 1997\n6. Chalmers, David (1997). \"Moving forward on the problem of consciousness\".  *Journal of*\n*Consciousness Studies*  .  **4**  (1): 3- 46.\n7. Shear, Jonathan (1997).  *Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem*  . MIT Press.\n[ISBN 978-0262692212.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262692212)\n[8. \"Episode 83, The David Chalmers Interview (Part I - Consciousness)\" (https://thepanpsycas](https://thepanpsycast.com/panpsycast2/episode83-1)\n[t.com/panpsycast2/episode83-1). ](https://thepanpsycast.com/panpsycast2/episode83-1)  *The Panpsycast Philosophy Podcast*  . 19 July 2020.\nRetrieved 2020-09-05.\n[9. Pinker, Steven (29 January 2007). \"The Brain: The Mystery of Consciousness\" (http://conten](http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580394-1,00.html)\n[t.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580394-1,00.html). ](http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580394-1,00.html)  *Time*  . Retrieved 19 December\n2018.\n[10. Levine, Joseph (2009-01-15). \"The Explanatory Gap\" (https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/vi](https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199262618-e-17)\n[ew/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199262618-e-17). ](https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199262618-e-17)  *The*\n*Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind*  : 281- 291.\n[doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.003.0017 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199262618.003.0017)\n[780199262618.003.0017). ISBN 978-0199262618.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199262618)\n[11. McGinn, Colin (20 February 2012). \"All machine and no ghost?\" (http://www.newstatesman.](http://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2012/02/consciousness-mind-brain)\n[com/ideas/2012/02/consciousness-mind-brain). ](http://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2012/02/consciousness-mind-brain)  *[New Statesman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman)*  . Retrieved 27 March 2012.\n[12. Block, Ned (2002). \"The Harder Problem of Consciousness\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/BLO](https://philpapers.org/rec/BLOTHP)\n[THP). ](https://philpapers.org/rec/BLOTHP)  *The Journal of Philosophy*  .  **99**  [ (8): 391- 425. doi:10.2307/3655621 (https://doi.org/10.](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3655621)\n[2307%2F3655621). JSTOR 3655621 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3655621).](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3655621)\n[S2CID 111383062 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111383062).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111383062)\n[13. Varela, F.J. (1 April 1996). \"Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard](https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/1996/00000003/00000004/718)\n[problem\" (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/1996/00000003/00000004/718).](https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/1996/00000003/00000004/718)\n*Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **3**  (4): 330- 349.\n14. Tononi, Giulio; Boly, Melanie; Massimini, Marcello; Koch, Christof (July 2016). \"Integrated\ninformation theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate\".  *Nature Reviews*\n*Neuroscience*  .  **17**  [ (7): 450- 461. doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.44 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn.20](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn.2016.44)\n[16.44). PMID 27225071 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27225071). S2CID 21347087 (htt](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21347087)\n[ps://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21347087).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21347087)\n[15. Tononi, Giulio; Koch, Christof (March 2015). \"Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?\"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387509)\n[(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387509). ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387509)  *Philosophical Transactions of the*\n*Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*  .  **370**  [ (1668): 20140167. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0167 (ht](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2014.0167)\n[tps://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2014.0167). PMC 4387509 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387509)\n[articles/PMC4387509). PMID 25823865 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25823865).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25823865)\n[16. Dennett, Daniel C. (2013). \"The tuned deck\" (https://books.google.com/books?id=sicVcPjfPx](https://books.google.com/books?id=sicVcPjfPxUC&pg=RA3-PA59)",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **Philosophical responses**\n\n#### **Type-F Monism**\n\n##### **Idealism and cosmopsychism**\nDavid Chalmers calls this form of idealism one of \"the handful of promising approaches to the mind-\nbody problem.\" <sup>[127]</sup>\n[New mysterianism, most significantly associated with the philosopher Colin McGinn, proposes that the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McGinn)\nhuman mind, in its current form, will not be able to explain consciousness. <sup>[128][11]</sup> McGinn draws on\n[Noam Chomsky's distinction between problems, which are in principle solvable, and mysteries, which](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky)\n[human cognitive faculties are unequipped to ever understand, and places the mind- body problem in the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem)\nlatter category. <sup>[128]</sup> [ His position is that a naturalistic explanation does exist but that the human mind is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism)\n[cognitively closed to it due to its limited range of intellectual abilities.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)) <sup>[128]</sup> [ He cites Jerry Fodor's concept](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fodor)\n[of the modularity of mind in support of cognitive closure.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity_of_mind) <sup>[128]</sup>\nWhile in McGinn's strong form, new mysterianism states that the relationship between consciousness and\nthe material world can  *never*  be understood by the human mind, there are also weaker forms that argue it\ncannot be understood within existing paradigms but that advances in science or philosophy may open the\nway to other solutions (see above). <sup>[43]</sup> [ The ideas of Thomas Nagel and Joseph Levine fall into the second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levine_(philosopher))\ncategory. <sup>[43]</sup> Steven Pinker has also endorsed this weaker version of the view, summarizing it as\nfollows: <sup>[9]</sup>\nAnd then there is the theory put forward by philosopher Colin McGinn that our vertigo when",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hard problem of consciousness\n\n## **Hard problem of consciousness**\n\n### **References**\n\n[UC&pg=RA3-PA59). ](https://books.google.com/books?id=sicVcPjfPxUC&pg=RA3-PA59)  *Intuition pumps and other tools for thinking*  . W. W. Norton & Company.\npp. 310  *ff*  [. ISBN 978-0393240689. and also \"Commentary on Chalmers\": Dennett, Daniel C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Dennett)\n[(1996). \"Facing backwards on the problem of consciousness\" (http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/d](http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/papers/chalmers.htm)\n[ennett/papers/chalmers.htm). ](http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/papers/chalmers.htm)  *[Journal of Consciousness Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies)*  .  **3**  (1): 4- 6.\n[17. Massimo Pigliucci (2013). \"What hard problem?\" (http://philpapers.org/archive/PIGWHP.pdf)](http://philpapers.org/archive/PIGWHP.pdf)\n(PDF).  *Philosophy Now*  (99).\n[18. Churchland, Patricia (1996). \"The Hornswoggle Problem\" (http://joelvelasco.net/teaching/23](http://joelvelasco.net/teaching/2300/hornswoggleprob.pdf)\n[00/hornswoggleprob.pdf) (PDF). ](http://joelvelasco.net/teaching/2300/hornswoggleprob.pdf)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **3**  (5- 6): 402- 408.\nRetrieved 10 January 2021.\n[19. Frankish, Keith (2016). \"Illusionism as a Theory of Consciousness\" (https://nbviewer.jupyter.](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/k0711/kf_articles/blob/master/Frankish_Illusionism%20as%20a%20theory%20of%20consciousness_eprint.pdf)\n[org/github/k0711/kf_articles/blob/master/Frankish_Illusionism%20as%20a%20theory%20o](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/k0711/kf_articles/blob/master/Frankish_Illusionism%20as%20a%20theory%20of%20consciousness_eprint.pdf)\n[f%20consciousness_eprint.pdf) (PDF). ](https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/k0711/kf_articles/blob/master/Frankish_Illusionism%20as%20a%20theory%20of%20consciousness_eprint.pdf)  *Journal of Consciousness Studies*  .  **23**  (11- 12): 11-\n39. Retrieved 20 December 2018.\n[20. Dehaene, Stanislas (2014). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene)  *Consciousness and the brain: deciphering how the brain codes*\n*our thoughts*  [. Viking Adult. pp. 259- 266 (https://books.google.com/books?id=CWw2AAAAQ](https://books.google.com/books?id=CWw2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT197)\n[BAJ&pg=PT197). ISBN 978-0670025435.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670025435)\n[21. Edelman, Gerald; Gally, Joseph; Baars, Bernard (2011). \"Biology of Consciousness\" (https://](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111444)\n[www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111444). ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111444)  *Frontiers in Psychology*  .  **2**  (4): 4.\n[doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00004 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2011.00004).](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2011.00004)\n[PMC 3111444 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3111444). PMID 21713129](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21713129)\n[(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21713129).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21713129)\n[22. Seth, Anil (November 2016). \"The real problem\" (https://aeon.co/essays/the-hard-problem-of](https://aeon.co/essays/the-hard-problem-of-consciousness-is-a-distraction-from-the-real-one)\n[-consciousness-is-a-distraction-from-the-real-one). ](https://aeon.co/essays/the-hard-problem-of-consciousness-is-a-distraction-from-the-real-one)  *Aeon*  . Retrieved 22 April 2018.\n[23. Sean Carroll (29 April 2019). \"Sean Carroll's Mindscape\" (https://www.preposterousunivers](https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/04/29/episode-44-antonio-damasio-on-feelings-thoughts-and-the-evolution-of-humanity/)\n[e.com/podcast/2019/04/29/episode-44-antonio-damasio-on-feelings-thoughts-and-the-evolu](https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/04/29/episode-44-antonio-damasio-on-feelings-thoughts-and-the-evolution-of-humanity/)\n[tion-of-humanity/). ](https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/04/29/episode-44-antonio-damasio-on-feelings-thoughts-and-the-evolution-of-humanity/)  *Preposterousuniverse.com*  (Podcast). Sean Carroll. Event occurs at\n1:04.46. \"I'm just saying that the idea of a hard problem that you cannot transpose, I think is\nwrong.\"\n[24. \"Psychological Scales. The Hard Problem of Consciousness\" (https://scales.arabpsycholog](https://scales.arabpsychology.com/2022/11/19/hard-problem-of-consciousness-2/)\n[y.com/2022/11/19/hard-problem-of-consciousness-2/). ](https://scales.arabpsychology.com/2022/11/19/hard-problem-of-consciousness-2/)  *arabpsychology.com*  . Retrieved\n2023-10-29.\n[25. Bourget, David; Chalmers, David J. (2020). \"Philosophers on Philosophy: The 2020](https://survey2020.philpeople.org/)\n[PhilPapers Survey\" (https://survey2020.philpeople.org). ](https://survey2020.philpeople.org/)  *Philosophers' Imprint*  .\n26. Roberts, Tim S. (September 2007). \"  *[The Even Harder Problem of Consciousness](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228618472)*  by\n[Roberts. Tim S.\" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228618472) ](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228618472)  *NeuroQuantology*  .  **5**\n[(2): 214- 221. doi:10.14704/nq.2007.5.2.129 (https://doi.org/10.14704%2Fnq.2007.5.2.129).](https://doi.org/10.14704%2Fnq.2007.5.2.129)\n27. Chalmers, David (1996).  *The Conscious Mind*  . New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xii-\nxiii, 95- 106, backcover.\n28. Pinker, Steven (2018).  *Enlightenment Now*  [. Viking. p. 481. ISBN 9780525427575.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525427575)\n[29. Dennett, Daniel; commentary on T. Moody, O. Flanagan and T. Polger. \"The Unimagined](https://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/papers/unzombie.htm)\n[Preposterous of Zombies (https://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/papers/unzombie.htm)\",](https://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/papers/unzombie.htm)\n*Journal of Consciousness Studies*  vol. 2, no. 4, 1995, pp. 322- 326.\n30. Churchland, Patricia Smith (2005). \"A neurophilosophical slant on consciousness research\".\n*Cortical Function: A View from the Thalamus*  . Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 149.\n[pp. 285- 293. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(05)49020-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-612](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2805%2949020-2)\n[3%2805%2949020-2). ISBN 9780444516794. PMID 16226591 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16226591)",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the role of the PhilPapers organization ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": " PhilPapers is an organization that archives academic philosophy papers and periodically surveys professional philosophers about their views.",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "## SANTOS GROUP INTERESTS\n\ndescribed in Note 18 to the financial statements.\nDetails of the qualifications, experience and special responsibilities of each Director are set out on page 41 of this Annual Report.\n**Directors’ Meetings**\nThe number of Directors’ Meetings and meetings of committees of Directors held during the financial year and the number of meetings attended by\neach Director are as follows:\n**Surname Other Names Directors’ Audit Environmental & Remuneration Finance Nomination**\n**Meetings Committee Safety Committee    **Committee Committee Committee**\n**No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of**\n**Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs Mtgs**\n**Held* Attended Held* Attended Held* Attended Held* Attended Held* Attended Held* Attended**\nBarnett Peter Charles 12 12 - - 4 4 6 5 - - 1 1\nConroy*** Francis John 12 11 4 4 - - - - 6 6 1 1\nEllice-Flint John Charles 12 12 - - 4 4 - - - - - -\nGerlach Stephen 12 12 - - 4 4 6 6 6 5 1 1\nHarding Richard Michael 11 11 1 1 - - - - - - - -\nMcGregor Graeme William 12 12 4 4 - - - - 6 5 - -\nO’Leary Michael Anthony 12 12 - - 4 4 - - - - - -\nSloan Judith 12 12 4 4 - - 6 6 - - - -\n* Reflects the number of meetings held during the time the Director held office, or was a member of the Committee, during the year.\n** In addition to formal meetings, the Committee participated in a site visit to Moomba.\n*** Retired as a Director of the Company on 14 December 2004.\nAs at the date of this report, the Company had an audit committee of the Board of Directors.\nParticulars of the Company’s corporate governance practices appear on pages 29 to 40 of this Annual Report.",
+                    "page_start": 48,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\nas well. as well.\nThere is trust in the strength of Japanese There is trust in the strength of Japanese\ntechnology and the humanity of the technology and the humanity of the\nJapanese people. The question is who will Japanese people. The question is who will\ntake the leading role in harnessing these take the leading role in harnessing these\nassets, in all their aspects? assets, in all their aspects?\n**M i y a t a**  :  T h e  g r o u p  h a s  b e e n :  T h e  g r o u p  h a s  b e e n\nimplementing systems such as allowing implementing systems such as allowing\nemployees to take time off for volunteer employees to take time off for volunteer\nactivities, or take care of a family member activities, or take care of a family member\nwhile working. while working.\nOne more thing, how can you contribute One more thing, how can you contribute\nby bringing together the power of a by bringing together the power of a\ncomprehensive financial services group comprehensive financial services group\nand making it work on behalf of the and making it work on behalf of the\ncommunity? How do you harness that community? How do you harness that\npower? In that regard, I would like our power? In that regard, I would like our\ngroup to be one in which employees group to be one in which employees\nbelieve that they have their own distinct believe that they have their own distinct\nrole in such endeavors and through that role in such endeavors and through that\nfind their work rewarding. find their work rewarding.\n**Kunibe**  : I wish the same for SMBC. I want : I wish the same for SMBC. I want\nour bank to be a vibrant place where our bank to be a vibrant place where\nemployees work with a light in their eyes. employees work with a light in their eyes.\nI would be grateful for any guidance in I would be grateful for any guidance in\nthis respect from Mr. Ando and experts this respect from Mr. Ando and experts\nfrom other fields. from other fields.\nPresiding over the discussion was Presiding over the discussion was\nMr. Eiichiro Adachi, Research Chief, Mr. Eiichiro Adachi, Research Chief,\nThe Japan Research Institute, Limited The Japan Research Institute, Limited",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\nconsciously. Even in Western Countries, the high-level  *motivations*  , for the transparency and\ngovernance models that inspire Open Data, from positions different than those from which the\nmovement started, are increasing. In 1931 Pope Pio XI wrote, in the Encyclical [Quadragesimo anno ](http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno_en.html)\nthat:\n*80. The supreme authority of the State ought, therefore, to let subordinate groups*\n*handle matters and concerns of lesser importance, which would otherwise dissipate its*\n*efforts greatly. Thereby the State will more freely, powerfully, and effectively do all*\n*those things that belong to it alone because it alone can do them: directing, watching,*\n*urging, restraining, as occasion requires and necessity demands. Therefore, those in*\n*power should be sure that the more perfectly a graduated order is kept among the*\n*various associations, in observance of the principle of \"subsidiary function,\" the*\n*stronger social authority and effectiveness will be the happier and more prosperous the*\n*condition of the State.*\nThis is the principle of subsidiarity, often summarized in a way that may sound familiar to many\nOpen Data advocates:  *\"What men can do by themselves with their own resources can't be taken*\n*away from them and assigned as a task to society\"*  . In March 2011, journalist Guido Gentili made\n[just this connection](http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/commenti-e-idee/2011-03-01/society-farebbe-bene-anche-064014.shtml) . After noting that the principle was also introduced in the Italian Constitution by\nthe 2001 reform of article 118, he concluded that subsidiarity as a strategy for development  *isn't an*\n*English invention and the \"Big Society\" vision (a proposal in which Open data is key) would do*\n*good to Italy too\"*  .\nAt a more practical and economical level, digital information continues to increase. In spite of\nmounting cost pressures, large public and private organizations have to maintain massive amounts\nof structured and unstructured data, that keep growing, both for their own internal needs and to\nsimply  *comply with government regulations*  . At the same time, signals that traditional public",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CORPORATE GOVERNANCE**\n\ndetermine whether they are\nappropriate and in accordance\nwith generally accepted\npractices;\n-  ensuring that truth and\nfairness is reflected in the\npreparation and publication\nof the Company’s financial\nreports;\n-  meeting regularly with the\ninternal and external auditors\nto reinforce their respective\nindependence and to\ndetermine the appropriateness\nof internal and external audit\nprocedures;\n-  reviewing the performance\nof the internal and external\nauditors and providing them\nwith confidential access to\nthe Board;\n-  receiving from the external\nauditors a formal written\nstatement delineating all\nAnnual Report 2004 32\nrelationships between the\nauditors and the Company and\nconfirming compliance with all\nprofessional and regulatory\nrequirements relating to\nauditor independence; and\n-  referring matters of concern to\nthe Board, as appropriate, and\nconsidering issues which may\nimpact on the financial reports\nof the Company.\nIn order to ensure that truth\nand fairness is reflected in the\npreparation and publication of\nthe Company’s financial reports,\nthe Audit Committee reviews the\nwritten statement of the CEO and\nCFO to the Board that the\nConsolidated Financial Report\npresents a true and fair view,\nin all material respects, of the\nfinancial condition and\noperational results of the Santos\nGroup and is in accordance with\nAccounting Standards. This\nStatement also confirms that:\n-  the Consolidated Financial\nReport is founded on a sound\nsystem of risk management\nand internal compliance and\ncontrol, which implements the\npolicies adopted by the Board;\nand\n-  the Company’s risk\nmanagement and internal\ncontrol systems, to the extent\nthey relate to financial\nreporting, are operating\neffectively in all material\nrespects.\nThe Chairman of the Audit\nCommittee provides, and\naddresses, a written report\ntogether with the minutes and\nrecommendations of the Audit\nCommittee at the next Board\nMeeting. Similar procedures\napply to all other Committees\nof the Board.\n**6.3 Audit Committee Charter**\n**and Independence of Auditors**\nThe Board has adopted a policy\nin relation to the provision of\nnon-audit services by the\nCompany’s external auditor that\nis based on the principle that\nwork that may detract from the\nexternal auditor’s independence\nand impartiality, or be perceived\nas doing so, should not be\ncarried out by the external\nauditor. The Audit Committee\nCharter clearly identifies those\nservices that the external auditor\nmay not provide, those that may\nbe supplied and those that\nrequire specific approval of the\nChairman of the Audit\nCommittee, in consultation with",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.2. Roles and responsibilities in the event of a joint tender**\nIn the event of a joint tender submitted by a group of economic operators and where the\ngroup does not have legal personality or legal capacity, one member of the group is\nappointed as leader of the group.",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Corporate Governance Statement\n\nprocesses.\nThe Managing Director undertakes an annual\nreview of the performance of each Senior\nExecutive against individual tasks and\nobjectives.\nIndependent Professional Advice\nDirectors are able to access members of the\nmanagement team at any time to request rele-\nvant information.\nIt is also Board policy that Directors may seek\nindependent advice at the Company’s expense.\nBoard Committees\nTo assist the Board in fulfilling its responsibili-\nties, the Board has established three commit-\ntees to consider certain issues and functions.\nThese committees are as follows:\n〉 〉 Audit Committee;\n〉 〉 Remuneration Committee; and\n〉 〉 Nomination Committee.\nEach committee operates under its own charter.\nAudit Committee\nThe members of the Audit Committee as at the\ndate of this Report are:\n〉 〉 Mr Craig Carracher (Chairman of Audit\nCommittee);\n〉 〉 Mr Ross Smyth-Kirk; and\n〉 〉 Mr Peter McAleer.\nThe Committee has appropriate financial exper-\ntise. All members of the Committee are financially\nliterate and have an appropriate under­standing of\nthe industry in which the Company operates.\nThe Audit Committee’s role is to assist the Board\nto fulfil its responsibilities associated with the\nCompany’s accounts, its external financial\nreporting, its internal control structure, risk\nmanagement systems and audit function. The\nprimary functions of the Audit Committee are to:\n〉 〉 review the financial information provided by\nthe Board to shareholders and other parties\nensuring that it is true and fair and complies\nwith relevant accounting standards;\n〉 〉 ensure that corporate risk management\npolicies and internal controls are in place and\nare maintained in accordance with appro-\npriate standards and statutory\nrequirements;\n〉 〉 oversee and evaluate the quality of the\naudits conducted by the external auditors;\n〉 〉 provide for open communication between\nthe external auditors and the Board for the\nexchange of views and information; and\n〉 〉 recommend to the Board the nomination and\nremuneration of the external auditors and\nensure their independence and integrity.\nIn fulfilling its responsibilities, the Audit\nCommittee has rights of access to management\nand to auditors (external and internal) without\nmanagement present and may seek explanations\nand additional information.\nThe Audit Committee met twice during the 2013\nfinancial year.\nThe Audit Committee operates in accordance\nwith a charter published in the ‘Corporate\nGovernance’ section of the Company’s website.\nAuditor Independence and Engagement\nThe charter adopted by the Audit Committee\nconfirms its role in assisting the Board in respect\nof the appointment, compensation, retention",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nthe following initiatives and organizations: the following initiatives and organizations:\n**CSR activities and the PDCA cycle**\nThe 10 principles advocated by\nthe United Nations in the areas of\nhuman rights, labor standards, the\nenvironment, and anti-corruption\nmeasures\nUnited Nations\nGlobal Compact\nThe global partnership between the UNEP and\nfinancial institutions who are signatories to the\nUNEP FI Statements seeks to identify, promote, and\nensure best environmental and sustainability prac-\ntice at all operational levels of financial institutions\nThe United Nations Environment\nProgramme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)\nAn initiative to measure, manage\nand alleviate climate change by\nencouraging sustained dialog\nwith institutional investors and\nbusiness leaders on this issue\nCarbon Disclosure Project\n(CDP)\nA set of guiding principles for man-\naging social and environmental\nissues in project finance, based on\nthe guidelines of the International\nFinance Corporation (IFC)\nEquator Principles\nThe Minato Bank has created a position The Minato Bank has created a position\ntitled “Service Care Manager” at each of titled “Service Care Manager” at each of\nits branches, filled by at least one branch its branches, filled by at least one branch\nmanagerial staffer, as part of measures to managerial staffer, as part of measures to\nmake branch visits more pleasant for make branch visits more pleasant for\ncustomers, following earlier nuts-and-bolts customers, following earlier nuts-and-bolts\nimprovements. improvements.\nService Care Managers are dedicated to Service Care Managers are dedicated to\nimproving support and services for the improving support and services for the\ncustomer at each branch. Their training customer at each branch. Their training\nincludes simulations of the problems faced includes simulations of the problems faced\nby persons with disabilities, awareness by persons with disabilities, awareness\nraising and support methods for the elderly raising and support methods for the elderly\nand persons with disabilities. and persons with disabilities.\nFor many years, food supply networks in For many years, food supply networks in\nJapan were premised on mass production and Japan were premised on mass production and\nmass consumption, enabling the country to mass consumption, enabling the country to\nmeet soaring food demand at a time of rapid meet soaring food demand at a time of rapid\ngrowth in the population and economy. growth in the population and economy.\nBut in recent years, consumers have come to But in recent years, consumers have come to\nplace more priority on factors other than place more priority on factors other than",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Basis for Opinion*\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of\nAmerica (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’\nResponsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to\nbe independent of the Foundation and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant\nethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient\nand appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Corporate Governance Statement\n\n〉 〉 Mr Craig Carracher; and\n〉 〉 Mr Peter Alexander.\nThe Remuneration Committee’s role is to oversee\nthe Company’s remuneration and compensation\nplans.\nTo ensure that the review of remuneration\npractices and strategies on which decision\nmaking is based is objective and well founded,\nthe Remuneration Committee engages external\nremuneration consultants.\nThe Remuneration Committee supports and\nadvises the Board in fulfilling its responsibilities\nto shareholders by:\n〉 〉 ensuring shareholder and employee interests\nare aligned;\n〉 〉 ensuring the Company is able to attract,\ndevelop and retain talented employees;\n〉 〉 recommending to the Board, with the\nManaging Director, an appropriate executive\nremuneration policy;\n〉 〉 determining the remuneration of Directors;\n〉 〉 having regard to the Company’s Diversity\nPolicy, including issues relating to remunera-\ntion by gender;\n〉 〉 reviewing and approving the remuneration of\nthose reporting directly to the Managing\nDirector and other senior executives, as\nappropriate; and\n〉 〉 reviewing all equity based plans for approval\nby the Board.\nThe Remuneration Committee operates in\naccordance with the Company’s Remuneration\nPolicy. The policy is designed so that it moti-\nvates senior executives to pursue the long-term\ngrowth and success of the Company and demon-\nstrates a clear relationship between senior\nexecutives’ performance and remuneration.\nThe Remuneration Committee met one time\nduring the 2013 financial year.\nThe Remuneration Committee operates in\naccordance with a charter published in the\n‘Corporate Governance’ section of the\nCompany’s website.\nNomination Committee\nThe members of the Nomination Committee as\nat the date of this Report are:\n〉 〉 Mr Ross Smyth-Kirk (Chairman of\nNomination Committee);\n〉 〉 Mr Peter McAleer; and\n〉 〉 Mr Craig Carracher.\nThe role of the Nomination Committee supports\nand advises the Board in fulfilling its responsi-\nbility to ensure that it comprises individuals who\nare best able to discharge the responsibilities of\nthe Directors, having regard to the law and the\nhighest standards of governance, by:\n〉 〉 assessing the skills required on the Board;\n〉 〉 reviewing the structure, size and composi-\ntion of the Board;\n〉 〉 from time to time assessing the extent to\nwhich the required skills are represented on\nthe Board and ensuring an appropriate\nsuccession planning is in place;\n〉 〉 establishing processes for the review of the\nperformance of individual Directors and the\nBoard as a whole, its committees and key\nexecutives; and\n〉 〉 establishing processes for the identification\nof suitable candidates for appointment to",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **4 Syntacti**\n\n### **3.2 Semantic knowledge**\n\nTo date, more studies have been devoted to BERT’s\nknowledge of syntactic rather than semantic phe-\nnomena. However, we do have evidence from an\nMLM probing study that  **BERT has some knowl-**\n**edge of semantic roles**  ( Ettinger , 2019 ). BERT\neven displays some preference for the incorrect\nfillers for semantic roles that are semantically re-\nlated to the correct ones, as opposed to those that\nare unrelated (e.g. \"to tip a chef\" is better than \"to\ntip a robin\", but worse than \"to tip a waiter\").\nTenney et al. ( 2019b ) showed that  **BERT en-**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf",
+                "query": "What explains mostly the physical behavior that occurs in region iii of thin films ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "The observed behaviour in region iii) can be reason- ably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con- tribution to the total energy of the system coming from the competitive interactions among NNN planes as the film thickness decreases",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nfan stabilization is observed when the temperature de-\ncreases, while in Fig. 6b, i.e. for n = 5, ∆ φ l keeps an\nalmost temperature independent very small value; what’s\nmore, ∆ φ l seems to loose any temperature dependence\nas T = 0 is approached. We attribute the absence of fan\narrangement for n ≤ 5 as simply due to the lack of “bulk\nplanes” inside the film, so that we are left with only a 2d\ntrend at T C ( n ), i.e. at the temperature where the order\nparameters defined in Eqs. (2) and (3) show a critical\nbehaviour.\nIV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION\nA possible framework to analyze the results presented\nin the previous Section is suggested by Fig. 5, where we\ncan easily distinguish three significant regions: i ) high\nthickness, n ⩾ 16, where the films substantially display a\nbulk behaviour, with the single planes ordering tempera-\nture coinciding with the helical phase transition one; ii )\nintermediate thickness, 6 ≤ n ≲ 15, where the tempera-\nture corresponding to the onset of in-plane order, T C ( n ),\nis still ≃ T  <sup>Ho</sup> N  <sup>, but where the helical/fan arrangement sta-</sup> bilizes only below a finite temperature T N ( n ) < T C ( n );\niii ) low thickness,1 ≤ n ≤ 5, where T C ( n ) ≲ T  <sup>Ho</sup> N but no\nfan phase is present at any temperature.\nThe observed behaviour in region iii ) can be reason-\nably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con-\ntribution to the total energy of the system coming from\nthe competitive interactions among NNN planes as the\nfilm thickness decreases; moreover, the thinness of the\n0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140\n*T*  (K)\n0\n10\n20\n30\n∆φ *l,l+1*\n(\n*T* )   (deg.)\n*T* *N* *(16)* *T* *N* *(8)*\nFIG. 7: (color online) ∆ φ l ( T ) vs. temperature for the surface\nplanes, l = 1 (triangles), l = 2 (squares), l = 3 (diamonds),\nl = 4 (circles). Straight lines and full symbols: n = 8. Dashed\nlines and open symbols: n = 16.\nfilm leads to an effective 2d-like trend. Region ii ) looks\nhowever more intriguing, and requires a more accurate\ndiscussion, which can benefit from a careful comparison\nof the behaviour of a given quantity in regions i ) and ii ).",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n### ultrathin films.\n\nF. Cinti <sup>(1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3)</sup> , A. Rettori <sup>(2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3)</sup> , and A. Cuccoli <sup>(2)</sup> (1) Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J1\n(2) CNISM and Department of Physics, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy. and\n(3) CNR-INFM S 3 National Research Center, I-41100 Modena, Italy\n(Dated: June 8, 2022)\nThe properties of helical thin films have been thoroughly investigated by classical Monte Carlo\nsimulations. The employed model assumes classical planar spins in a body-centered tetragonal\nlattice, where the helical arrangement along the film growth direction has been modeled by nearest\nneighbor and next-nearest neighbor competing interactions, the minimal requirement to get helical\norder. We obtain that, while the in-plane transition temperatures remain essentially unchanged with\nrespect to the bulk ones, the helical/fan arrangement is stabilized at more and more low temperature\nwhen the film thickness, n , decreases; in the ordered phase, increasing the temperature, a softening\nof the helix pitch wave-vector is also observed. Moreover, we show also that the simulation data\naround both transition temperatures lead us to exclude the presence of a first order transition for all\nanalyzed sizes. Finally, by comparing the results of the present work with those obtained for other\nmodels previously adopted in literature, we can get a deeper insight about the entwined role played\nby the number (range) of interlayer interactions and surface effects in non-collinear thin films.\nPACS numbers: 64.60.an,64.60.De,75.10.Hk,75.40.Cx,75.70.Ak.\nI. INTRODUCTION\nThe study of low dimensional frustrated magnetic systems <sup>1</sup> still raises great interest, both in consequence\nof theoretical aspects, related to their peculiar criti-\ncal properties <sup>2</sup> , and in view of possible technological\napplications <sup>3</sup> . Indeed, beside conventional ferromagnetic\nor antiferromagnetic phase transitions, in many new ma-\nterials other nontrivial and unconventional forms of or-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nand T = 140 K (lower), with 1 K temperature step.\nIII. RESULTS\nThe results obtained by MC simulations of the model\nintroduced in Sec. II will be presented starting from\nn = 16, i.e. the highest investigated film thickness which\nstill displays a bulk-like behaviour. In Fig. 2 the spe-\ncific heat for samples with n = 16 and lateral dimension\nL = 24 , 32 , 48 , 64 is shown. The location of the specific\nheat maximum shows a quite definite evolution toward\nthe bulk transition temperature, T  <sup>Ho</sup> N ≃ 132 K <sup>10</sup> (it is\nworthwhile to note that for this XY model the mean field\ntheory predicts a critical temperature T  <sup>Ho</sup> N,MF  <sup>≃</sup> <sup>198 K).</sup> The intensity of the maximum of c v has been analyzed\nby the MH technique for the same lateral dimensions (see\ninset of Fig. 2): it clearly appears as it increases with L\nin a smooth way.\nThe Binder cumulant for the average order parameter\ndefined in Eq. (3) was obtained close to the c v peak and is\nreported in Fig. 3a; its analysis leads to an estimate of the\ncritical temperature of the sample (given by the location\nof the common crossing point of the different curves re-\nported in the figure) of T C (16) = 133 . 2(5) This value can\nbe considered in a rather good agreement with the exper-\nimental ordering temperature of Holmium T  <sup>Ho</sup> N  <sup>, the rel-</sup> ative difference being about 1%. Even such a mismatch\nbetween T  <sup>Ho</sup> N and T C (16) could be completely eliminated\nby slightly adjusting the in-plane coupling constant J 0 ,\nbut, as discussed in Sec. II, we shall preserve the value\nreported in Refs. 13, and 12 in order to allow for a correct\ncomparison with the results reported in those papers.\nThe development of the helical arrangement of magne-\ntization along the film growth direction was investigated\nby looking at the integral of the structure factor S ( ⃗q )\nalong the z -direction, i.e. by taking ⃗q = (0 , 0 , q z ), and\nmaking again use of the cumulant analysis in order to\nlocate the helical transition temperature at T N (16) =\n20 40 60 80 100 120 140 *T*  (K)\nχ κ\n(a.u.)\n0\n0.2\n0.4\n0.6\nκ",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\ndecreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions,\nfor thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the in-\ntermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order\nof the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respec-\ntively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thick-\nness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant,\ni.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of\nthis Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability dis-\ntribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8)\n(Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both\ntemperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so\nthat we have no direct indication for a first order tran-\nsition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison\nand Diep <sup>17,18</sup> , the presence of a first-order transition at\nT N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal\nitself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger\nthan the largest correlation length. The same conclusion\nabout the order of transition is reached for any other in-\nvestigated film thickness, as the energy probability distri-\nbution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings\nagree with the results we got in previous MC simulations\ndiscussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the\norder of the observed transitions is not affected by the\nrange of interactions.\n1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Sci-\nentific, 2004). 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998). 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003). 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008). 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys.\nRev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein. 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (Lon-\ndon) 6 , 13 (2007). 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P.\nOng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009) 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007). 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\naction range only.\nWe now move to describe and discuss MC simulation\ndata for thinner samples. A graphical synthesis of the\nresults obtained for n = 8 in reported in Fig. 4a-d. The\nspecific heat c v , shown in Figs. 4a, reveals very small\nfinite-size effects, which, however, cannot be unambigu-\nously detected for the largest lattice size ( L = 64), as\nthey fall comfortably within the error range. Surpris-\ningly, the specific heat maximum is located close to the\nbulk transition temperature as found for n = 16, and\n0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 *n*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\n140\n*T* *N*\n*(n) , T* *C*\n*(n)*\n(K)\n*T* *N* *(n)*\n*T* *C* *(n)*\n*T* *N*\n*bulk*\nFIG. 5: Transition temperatures T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. film\nthickness n .\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu-\nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in\nfigure), which is located at T C (8) = 133 . 3(3)K. These\ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all\nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the\nsame temperature; such property has been observed for\nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that T C ( n )\nresults quite n -independent (see also Fig. 5) .\nAlthough the layer subtraction does not seem to mod-\nify T C ( n ), the onset of helical arrangement is observed to\nshift at lower temperatures as n decreases. The chirality\nκ defined in Eq. (4) is reported in Fig 4b for n = 8. As the\ntemperature decreases, around T ∼ 80 K we can identify\na finite-size behaviour of κ which, at variance with the\nprevious one, can be easily recognized as typical of an\neffective phase transition. Such conclusion is confirmed\nby the analysis of the chiral susceptibility χ κ (Fig. 4c),\nwhich for the largest L has a maximum at T = 85 K. As-\nsuming that the order parameter (4) is the relevant one\nto single out the onset of the fan arrangement, we can\nget a more accurate estimate of T N (8) by looking at the\nBinder cumulant u 4 ( κ ), reported in Fig. 4d. By making",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **II. EXPERIMENT WITH NANOPARTICLE SOLUTIONS**\n\nThe macroscopic front can be transversely unstable resulting in large-scale (  *>*  100  *μ*  m) strongly\nanisotropic fingered structures. For fronts that move relatively quickly these macroscopic struc-\ntures cover all the available substrate. However, when at a later stage the macroscopic front be-\ncomes slower, those fingers become scarce and ‘macroscopic fingering’ finally ceases. At this\nstage it is possible to appreciate that the seemingly dry region left behind by the front is not at all\ndry, but covered by an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that is itself unstable. The thickness of this film\n6\nis similar to the size of the nanoparticles. At a certain distance from the macroscopic front, the\nultrathin film starts to evolve a locally isotropic pattern of holes. The holes themselves grow in an\nunstable manner resulting in an array of isotropically branched structures as shown, e.g., above in\nFig. 1. This indicates that at least some of the patterns described in the literature may have arisen\nfrom processes in similar ultrathin ‘postcursor’ films.\nThe existence of the ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film is an experimental finding that can be drawn on\nwhen choosing a theoretical approach to account for the pattern formation (see below). Note how-\never, that at the moment there exists no explanation for its existence. A possible hypothesis is\nthat the substrate strongly attracts the nanoparticles. As a result they form a dense suspension\nlayer having a thickness roughly equal to the diameter of the nanoparticles. The observed meso-\nscopic dewetting front then actually correspond to an autophobic dewetting of a low concentration\nsuspension from the higher concentration suspension on the surface of the substrate.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nto unambiguously relate the evolution of S ( ⃗q ) with the\nonset of helical order. However, for the specific case of\nthe model under investigation such integrated quantity\ncan still be considered a fairly significant order parame-\nter, as no block structures emerge from the simulations\n(see below).\nIn order to get a clear picture of the critical region and\nto give an accurate estimate of the critical temperature,\nwe look also at the following quantities\nc v = nL <sup>2</sup> β <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> ⟨ e <sup>2</sup> ⟩−⟨ e ⟩ <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> , (6)\nχ o = nL <sup>2</sup> β � ⟨ o <sup>2</sup> ⟩−⟨ o ⟩ <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> , (7)\n∂ β o = nL <sup>2</sup> ( ⟨ oe ⟩−⟨ o ⟩⟨ e ⟩ ) , (8)\nu 4 ( o ) = 1 − ⟨ o <sup>4</sup> ⟩\n3 ⟨ o <sup>2</sup> ⟩ <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> (9)\nwhere β = 1 /k B T , and o is one of the relevant observ-\nables, i.e. m l , M, κ, M HM . In this paper, we shall mainly\nlocate the critical temperature by looking at the intersec-\ntion of the graphs of the Binder cumulant <sup>25</sup> , Eq. (9), as a\nfunction of T obtained at different L . For clarity reasons,\nwe introduce also the following symbols: by T N ( n ) we\nwill denote the helical/fan phase transition temperature\nfor thickness n , T C ( n ) will instead indicate the order-\ning temperature of the sample as deduced by looking at\nthe behaviour of the average order parameter (3), while\nT  <sup>l</sup> C <sup>(</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>) will be the</sup> <sup>l</sup> <sup>-th plane transition temperature re-</sup>\nlated to the order parameter defined in Eq. (2).\n*u* *4* *(M)*\n0.62\n0.64\n0.66\n130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138\n*T*  (K)\n0.5\n0.55\n0.6\n0.65\n*u* *4* *(M* *HM*\n*)*\n|  (a)  |\n|:---|\n| 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 q z S(q z  )  (a.u.) (b) |\n0.66\n0.64\n0.62\nFIG. 3: (color online) Binder cumulants at thickness n =\n16, colors as in Fig. 2. (a) : Binder cumulant for the order\nparameter defined in Eq. (3). (b) : Binder cumulant extracted\nfrom the integral of the structure factor (see Sec. II). Inset:\nstructure factor for L = 64 between T = 131 K (upper curve)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\n(2001). 10 P. J. Jensen, and A. R. Mackintosh, Rere Earth Mag-\nnetism (Structure and Excitations) , Clarendon Press, Ox-\nford (1991). 11 S. Konings, C. Schuessler-Langeheine, H. Ott, E. Weschke,\nE. Schierle, J. B. Goedkoop, arXiv 0707.2765v2 12 P.J. Jensen, and K.H. Bennemann, Surface Science Re-\nports 61 , 129 (2006). 13 E. Weschke, et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 157204 (2004). 14 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 78 ,\n020402(R) (2008). 15 F. Cinti, A. Cuccoli, and A. Rettori, Phys. Rev. B 79 ,\n134420 (2009). 16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L.\nD’Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien,\nand J. Jensen, Physica B 159 , 93 (1989). 17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39 , 397 (1989). 18 D. Loison, Physica A 275 , 207 (2000). 19 N. Metropolis, et al. , J. Chem. Phys. 21 , 1087 (1953). 20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 , 2394\n(1987). 21 D. P. Landau, and K. Binder, A Guide to Monte Carlo\nSimulation in Statistical Physics , Cambridge University\nPress, Cambridge (2000). 22 M. E.J. Newman, and G. T. Barkema, Monte Carlo Meth-\nods in Statistical Physics , Clarendon Press, Oxford (1999). 23 B. Efron, The Annals of Statistics 7 , 1 (1979). 24 P. M. Chaikin, T. C. Lubensky Principles of condensed\nmatter physics , Cambridge University Press, New York\n(1995). 25 K. Binder, Z. Phys. B 43 , 119 (1981). K. Binder, Phys.\nRev. Lett. 47 , 693 (1981). 26 Such observable has been obtained from instantaneous\nevaluation of the structure factor during the stochastic\nprocess, and subsequently statistically analyzed as all the\nother macroscopic quantities.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\n0\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n2\n*c*\n*v*\n*/ k*\n*B*\n20 40 60 80 100 120 140 *T*  (K)\n0.1\n0.2\n0.3\n0.4\n0.5\n0.6\n*u* *4*\n(κ)\n|  132 134 136 T (K) ∂ β κ  (a.u.) (b)  |\n|:---|\n| (d)  |\n**(a)**\n**(c)**\nFIG. 4: (color online) Thermodynamic quantities obtained for\nthickness n = 8 in the temperature range 0-150 K. Colors and\nsymbols as in Fig. 2. (a) : specific heat; (b) : chirality order\nparameter. (c) : susceptibility χ κ . (d) : Binder cumulant for\nκ .\n133 . 1(3)K (see Fig. 3b). The crossing points of the\nBinder’s cumulants of the helical order parameter imme-\ndiately appear to be located, within the error bars, at the\nsame temperature of those for the average magnetization\npreviously discussed. In addition, it is worthwhile to ob-\nserve that the peak evolution of S (0 , 0 , q z ), in particular\nclose to T N (16) (inset of Fig. 3b), displays the typical\nbehaviour expected for an helical structure. We can thus\nconclude that for n = 16, as it is commonly observed\nin bulk samples, the establishment of the in-plane order\ncoincides with onset of the perpendicular helical arrange-\nment at T N (16). However, due to helix distortion in the\nsurface regions, the maximum of S (0 , 0 , q z ) stabilizes at\nvalues of q z sensibly smaller (e.g. Q z ( T N (16)) ≈ 16 <sup>◦</sup> ,\nand Q z ( T = 10 K ) ≈ 28 <sup>◦</sup> ) with respect to the bulk one\n( Q <sup>Ho</sup> z = 30 . 5 <sup>◦</sup> ).\nThe MC simulations outcomes for n = 16 we just pre-\nsented appear quite different with respect to those ob-\ntained at the same thickness for the model with six cou-\npling constants along the z direction <sup>14,15</sup> . Indeed, for\nthe J 1 - J 2 model here investigated, we observe that all\nlayers order at the same temperature, and we do not find\nany hint of the block-phase, with inner disordered planes\nintercalated to antiparallel quasi -FM four-layer blocks,\npreviously observed; sample MC runs we made using the\nsame hcp lattice employed in Refs. 14,15 shows that the\npresence or absence of the block phase is not related to\nthe lattice geometry, but it is a consequence of the inter-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n### ultrathin films.\n\nalso as x − y planes, while z will be taken parallel to c .\nFor n > 16, n being the number of spin layers in the film,\na correct bulk limit is reached, while for lower n the film\nproperties are clearly affected by the strong competition\namong the helical pitch and the surface effects, which in-\nvolve the majority of the spin layers. In the thickness\nrange n = 9 − 16, i.e. right for thickness values com-\nparable with the helical pitch, three different magnetic\nphases emerged, with the high-temperature, disordered,\nparamagnetic phase and the low-temperature, long-range\nordered one separated by an intriguing, intermediate-\ntemperature block phase, where outer ordered layers co-\nexist with some inner disordered ones, the phase tran-\nsition of the latter eventually displaying the signatures\nof a Kosterlitz-Thouless one. Finally, for n ≤ 7 the film\ncollapses once and for all to a quasi-collinear order.\nThe complex phase diagram unveiled by such MC sim-\nulations awaken however a further intriguing question:\nto what extent the observed behavior may be considered\na simple consequence of the competition between helical\norder and surface effects? I.e., is it just a matter of hav-\ning such a competition or does the range of interactions\nalso play a relevant role? Indeed, when the range of the\ninteractions is large enough we have a greater number of\nplanes which can be thought of as ”surface planes”, i.e.\nfor which the number of interacting neighbors are sig-\nnificantly reduced with respect to the bulk layers; there-\nfore, we expect that the larger the interaction range, the\nstronger should be the surface effects. But, at the same\ntime, the same modulation of the magnetic order can\n*x*\n*z*\n*y*",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf",
+                "query": "Where are located the magnetic ions in the lattice of the studied layers ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "the magnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) lattice",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nmagnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered\ntetragonal (BCT) lattice; the first sum appearing in the\nHamiltonian describes the in-plane ( xy ) nearest neigh-\nbor (NN) interaction, which is taken ferromagnetic (FM),\nwith exchange strength J 0 > 0; the second sum rep-\nresents the coupling, of exchange strength J 1 , between\nspins belonging to nearest neighbor (NN) planes along\nthe z -direction (which we will assume to coincide with\nthe film growth direction); finally, the third sum takes\ninto account the interaction, of exchange strength J 2 , be-\ntween spins lying on next-nearest neighbor (NNN) planes\nalong z . In order to have frustration, giving rise to non-\ncollinear order along z in the bulk, NN interaction J 1\ncan be taken both ferro- or antiferromagnetic, but NNN\ncoupling J 2 has necessarily to be antiferromagnetic, and\nthe condition | J 2 | > | J 1 | / 4 must be fulfilled. Such simpli-\nfied Hamiltonian was already employed to simulate he- lical ordering in bulk systems by Diep <sup>1,17</sup> and Loison <sup>18</sup> .\nIn the bulk limit, the state of minimal energy of a sys-\ntem described by Eq.(1) corresponds to a helical arrange-\nment of spins. The ground state energy per spin is equal\nto e g ( Q z ) = [ − 4 J 0 − 2 J 1 (4 cos ( Q z c <sup>′</sup> ) + δ cos (2 Q z c <sup>′</sup> ))] where c <sup>′</sup> is the distance between NN layers, δ = J 2\nJ 1  <sup>,</sup>\nand Q z c <sup>′</sup> = arccos � − <sup>1</sup> δ � is the angle between spins ly-\ning on adjacent planes along the z -direction. The ob-\nserved helical arrangement in bulk holmium corresponds\nto Q z c <sup>′</sup> ≃ 30 . 5 <sup>◦</sup> <sup>10</sup> : such value can be obtained from\nthe formula above with the set of coupling constants\nJ 0 =67.2 K, J 1 =20.9 K, and J 2 = − 24.2 K, that we have\nemployed in our simulations. The given values for the ex-\nchange constants are the same already used by Weschke\net al. in Ref. 13 to interpret experimental data on\nHolmium films on the basis of a J 1 − J 2 model, after\na proper scaling by the numbers of NN and NNN on",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nvs. temperature for thickness n = 8. Inset: magnetic vector\n( m <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>, m</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>) profile for some temperatures for</sup> <sup>L</sup> <sup>= 64. Colors</sup> and symbols as in Fig. 2.\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12\n*l*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n∆φ\n*l*\n(deg)\n*T*  =100K\n130K\n135K\n140K\n145K\nFIG. 9: ∆ φ l for a BCT lattice and n = 12, when the six\ncoupling constants set employed in Ref. 14,15 (see text) is\nused. The temperature range has been chosen around T C ( n )\n(error bars lye within point size).\ngled out, with the high-temperature, paramagnetic phase\nseparated from the low-temperature, long-range ordered\none, by an intermediate-temperature block phase where\nouter ordered 4-layers blocks coexist with some inner dis-\nordered ones. Moreover, it was observed that the phase\ntransition of such inner layers turns out to have the sig-\nnatures of a Kosterlitz-Thouless one.\nThe absence of the block phase in the J 1 − J 2 model\nhere investigated has to be attributed to the different\nrange of interactions, rather than to the different lattice\nstructure. We came to this conclusion by doing some\nsimulations using the same set of interaction constants\nemployed in Refs. 14,15, but using a BCT lattice: the\nresults we obtained for ∆ φ l with n = 12 are reported in\nFig. 9. The latter is absolutely similar to Fig.7 of Ref. 15\nand clearly displays the footmarks of the block phase (see\ndown-triangle), with two external blocks of ordered layers\n( l =1. . . 5 and 8. . . 12 ), where ∆ φ l is roughly 10 <sup>◦</sup> , sep-\narated by a block of disordered layers, and with almost\n-140 -139 -138 -137 -136 -135 -134 -133 -132 -131 *e*\n0\n0.5\n1\n*P*\n*e*\n90K 91K 92K 93K 94K 95K\n-94 -92 -90 -88 -86 -84 -82 -80 -78 *e*\n0\n0.2\n0.4\n*P* *e*\n129K 130K 131K 132K 133K 134K\n*T* *C* (8) = 133.3(3)K\n*T* *N* (8) = 92(2)K\n**(a)**\n**(b)**\nFIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution\nof the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures\naround T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert\nthat, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\n*1*\n*0*\n*2*\nFIG. 1: (colors online) (a) : body-centered tetragonal (BCT)\nlattice with J 0 in-plane coupling constant, and out-of-plane\nJ 1 , and J 2 competing interactions.\nbe achieved with different number of interacting layers:\nnotably, nearest and next-nearest layers competitive in-\nteractions are enough to get a helical structure with a\nwhatever pitch wavevector. Such observation gives us a\npossible way to solve the conundrum previously emerged,\nas we have the possibility of varying the range of inter-\nactions without modifying the helical pitch, thus decou-\npling the two relevant length scales along the film growth\ndirection, and making accessible a range of n of the or-\nder of, or smaller than, the helical pitch, but still large\nenough that a substantial number of layers can behave\nas “bulk” layers. Therefore, while in the previous papers\nwe have studied the properties of ultrathin magnetic films\nof Ho assuming a model with six interlayer exchange in-\nteractions, here we investigate by MC simulations the\nproperties of the same system by making use of the sim-\nplest model Hamiltonian able to describe the onset of a\nhelical magnetic order in Holmium, i.e. we consider only\ntwo inter-layer coupling constants, as previously done in\nRef. 11.\nThe paper is organized as follows: In Sec. II the model\nHamiltonian will be defined, and the MC techniques, and\nall the thermodynamic quantities relevant for this study,\nwill be introduced. In Sec. III the results obtained for\ndifferent thicknesses will be presented, both in the matter\nof the critical properties of the model and of the magnetic\nordered structures observed. Finally, in Sec. IV we shall\ndiscuss such results, drawing also some conclusions.\nII. MODEL HAMILTONIAN AND MONTE\nCARLO OBSERVABLES\nThe model Hamiltonian we use in our simulations is the\nminimal one able to describe helimagnetic structures:\nH = −   J 0 � ⟨ ij ⟩\n⃗S i · ⃗S j + J 1 � ⟨ ik ⟩\n⃗S i · ⃗S k + J 2 � ⟨ il ⟩\n⃗S i · ⃗S l   .\n(1)\n⃗S i are classical planar unit vectors representing the di-\nrection of the total angular momentum of the magnetic\nions, whose magnitude � j ( j + 1) ( j = 8 for Holmium\nions) is already encompassed within the definition of the\ninteraction constants J 0 , 1 , 2 . As sketched in Fig. 1, the",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nneighboring layers of a BCT lattice.\nIn the following we will denote with n the film thick-\nness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction,\nand with L × L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L\nis the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In\nour simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were con-\nsidered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to\n64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x\nand y , while free boundaries were obviously taken along\nthe film growth direction z .\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual\nMetropolis algorithm <sup>19</sup> , supplemented by the over- relaxed technique <sup>20</sup> in order to speed-up the sampling\nof the spin configuration space: a typical “Monte Carlo\nstep” was composed by four Metropolis and four-five\nover-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of\nmoves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium\nand to minimize the correlation “time” between succes-\nsive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in-\ndependence of different samples during the measurement\nstage. For each temperature we have usually performed\nthree independent simulations, each one containing at least 2 × 10 <sup>5</sup> measurements, taken after discarding up to 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> Monte Carlo steps in order to assure thermal equi-\nlibration.\nIn the proximity of the critical region the multiple his-\ntogram (MH) technique was also employed <sup>21</sup> , as it allows\nus to estimate the physical observables of interest over a\nwhole temperature range in a substantially continuous\nway by interpolating results obtained from sets of simu-\nlations performed at some different temperatures.\nFor all the quantities of interest, the average value and\nthe error estimate were obtained by the bootstrap re- sampling method <sup>22</sup> given that, as pointed out in Ref. 23,\nfor a large enough number of measurements, this method\nturns out to be more accurate than the usual blocking\ntechnique. In our implementation, we pick out randomly\na sizable number of measurements (typically, between 1 and 1 × 10 <sup>3</sup> for the single simulation, and between 1 and 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> for the MH technique), and iterate the re-sampling\nat least one hundred times.\nThe thermodynamic observables we have investigated\ninclude the FM order parameter for each plane l :\nm l = � ( m <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+ (</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> (2)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nFor this purpose, we look at the temperature depen-\ndence of the rotation angle of the magnetization between\nNN planes. In Fig. 7, ∆ φ l ( T ) for n = 8 and n = 16\n(continuous and dashed lines, respectively), is plotted for\nthe outermost planes, l = 1 . . . 4. For both thicknesses, a\nmonotonic trend is observed for all l , but at variance with\nwhat happens for the highest thickness, for n = 8 we see,\nstarting from a temperature T ≲ T N (8), an abrupt drop\nof ∆ φ 3 and ∆ φ 4 , which rapidly reach an almost con-\nstant value, only slightly larger than ∆ φ 1 . In the tem-\nperature range T N (8) ≲ T < T C (8) we thus substantially\nobserve the same small magnetic phase shifts between all\nNN layers, testifying an energetically stable quasi -FM\nconfiguration giving no contribution to the helical order\nparameters. The latter point can be made clearer by\nlooking at the the peak position Q z,max of the structure\nfactor S (0 , 0 , q z ). In Fig. 8 the average of Q z,max vs T is\nreported, again for n = 8 and for different lateral dimen-\nsions L <sup>26</sup> . As expected from the previous argument, we\nsee that Q z,max = 0 for T N (8) < T < T C (8), while it be-\ngins to shift to higher values as soon as the temperature\ndecreases below T N (8), making apparent a progressive\nfan stabilization with Q z,max ̸ = 0 and reaching a value\nof about 21 <sup>◦</sup> for T = 10 K.\nIn a previous study, where the magnetic properties of\nHo thin films were investigated by MC simulations of a\nHeisenberg model with easy-plane single-ion anisotropy\nand six out-of-plane coupling constants (as obtained by\nexperimental neutron scattering measurements <sup>16</sup> ) on a\nHCP lattice <sup>14,15</sup> , it was found that for thicknesses compa-\nrable with the helical pitch the phase diagram landscape\nis quite different from what we find here. Indeed, for\nn = 9 − 16, three different magnetic phases could be sin-\n0 20 40 60 80 100 *T*  (K)\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\n30\n*Q* *z, max*\n(deg.)\nFIG. 8: (color online) Q z , position of the maximum of S ( ⃗q ),",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\naction range only.\nWe now move to describe and discuss MC simulation\ndata for thinner samples. A graphical synthesis of the\nresults obtained for n = 8 in reported in Fig. 4a-d. The\nspecific heat c v , shown in Figs. 4a, reveals very small\nfinite-size effects, which, however, cannot be unambigu-\nously detected for the largest lattice size ( L = 64), as\nthey fall comfortably within the error range. Surpris-\ningly, the specific heat maximum is located close to the\nbulk transition temperature as found for n = 16, and\n0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 *n*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\n140\n*T* *N*\n*(n) , T* *C*\n*(n)*\n(K)\n*T* *N* *(n)*\n*T* *C* *(n)*\n*T* *N*\n*bulk*\nFIG. 5: Transition temperatures T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. film\nthickness n .\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu-\nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in\nfigure), which is located at T C (8) = 133 . 3(3)K. These\ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all\nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the\nsame temperature; such property has been observed for\nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that T C ( n )\nresults quite n -independent (see also Fig. 5) .\nAlthough the layer subtraction does not seem to mod-\nify T C ( n ), the onset of helical arrangement is observed to\nshift at lower temperatures as n decreases. The chirality\nκ defined in Eq. (4) is reported in Fig 4b for n = 8. As the\ntemperature decreases, around T ∼ 80 K we can identify\na finite-size behaviour of κ which, at variance with the\nprevious one, can be easily recognized as typical of an\neffective phase transition. Such conclusion is confirmed\nby the analysis of the chiral susceptibility χ κ (Fig. 4c),\nwhich for the largest L has a maximum at T = 85 K. As-\nsuming that the order parameter (4) is the relevant one\nto single out the onset of the fan arrangement, we can\nget a more accurate estimate of T N (8) by looking at the\nBinder cumulant u 4 ( κ ), reported in Fig. 4d. By making",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nuse of the MH technique, we locate the crossing point at\nT N (8) = 92(2) K. Finally, it is worthwhile to observe as\nthe specific heat does not show any anomaly at T N (8),\nbeing the entropy substantially removed at T C (8).\nThe scenario just outlined for n = 8 results to be cor-\nrect in the thickness range 6 ≤ n ≲ 15, where a clear\nseparation between T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) can be easily fig-\nured out. In such temperature window, the strong sur-\nface effects produce a quasi -FM set-up of the magnetic\nfilm structure along the z -direction. While leaving to the\nnext Section a more detailed discussion of this regime, we\nreport in Fig. 5 a plot of T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. n for all\nthe simulated thicknesses. The separation between the\ntwo critical temperatures is maximum for n = 6, where\nT N (6) = 38(4), that is T N (6) ∼ <sup>1</sup> 3 <sup>T</sup> <sup>C</sup> <sup>(6). For films with</sup> less than six layers no fan order is observed, i.e. for n = 5\nand below the chirality does not display any typical fea-\nture of fan ordering at any temperature below T C ( n ). As\na representative quantity we finally look at the rotation\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n∆φ *l*\n(deg.)\n*T*  =10K\n*T*  =20K\n*T*  =30K\n*T*  =40K\n*T=*  50K\n0 1 2 3 4 5 *l*\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n**(a)**   *n =*  6\n**(b)**   *n =*  5\nFIG. 6: Rotation angle ∆ φ l between magnetic moments on\nNN layers ( l + 1 , l ) at some low temperatures, for thickness\nn = 5 and n = 6, and lateral dimension L = 64.\nangle of the magnetization between nearest planes:\n∆ φ l = φ l +1 − φ l = arccos � M  <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>M</sup> <sup>x</sup> l +1  <sup>+</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l +1 � (10)\nwhere ( M  <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>, M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>) is the magnetic vector profile for each</sup> plane l . ∆ φ l is displayed in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b, for\nn = 6 and n = 5, respectively. In Fig. 6a, a quite clear",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nreduced to ∼ 0 <sup>◦</sup> C, before depositing a 2 nm Fe layer,\nplus a 2 nm Al capping layer. In-situ reflection high\nenergy electron diffraction and ex-situ x-ray reflectivity\nand diffraction measurements confirmed that the layers\nare single-crystalline with sub-nm interface roughness.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were performed us-\ning a Quantum Design Magnetic Property Measurement\nSystem. Mn and Fe L 2 , 3 x-ray absorption and XMCD\nmeasurements were performed on beamline I06 at the\nDiamond Light Source, and on beamline 4.0.2 at the Ad-\nvanced Light Source. Total-electron yield (TEY) and\nfluorescence yield (FY) were monitored simultaneously\nusing the sample drain current and the photocurrent of a\ndiode mounted at 90 <sup>◦</sup> to the incident beam, respectively.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were\nfirst performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and\n(Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples, grown under the\nsame conditions as the bilayers, to determine the\nmagnetic anisotropies of the individual layers and the\nCurie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The Fe film\nhas a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along\nthe [110] orientation, similar to previous studies <sup>6</sup> . For\nthe (Ga,Mn)As control sample, there is a competition\nbetween cubic and uniaxial magnetic anisotropies, with\nthe former dominant at low temperatures and favoring\neasy axes along the in-plane ⟨ 100 ⟩ orientations, and the\nlatter dominant close to T C ( ∼ 35 K) giving an easy axis\nalong the [1 <sup> ̄</sup> 10] orientation. Figure 1 shows [110] magne-\ntization versus temperature curves and low temperature\nhysteresis loops for a bilayer film containing a 20 nm\nthick (Ga,Mn)As layer. The total remnant moment of\nthe bilayer film decreases on cooling under zero magnetic\nfield below the T C of the (Ga,Mn)As, indicating that\nthis layer aligns antiparallel to the Fe magnetization\nat zero field. The hysteresis curve shows a two-step\nmagnetization reversal, indicating different behavior of\nthe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers, with the smaller loop\nattributed to the dilute moment (Ga,Mn)As film. The\nminor hysteresis loop shown in Fig. 1 clearly shows a\nshift from zero field by a bias field H E , indicating that\nthe Fe layer induces an exchange bias in the magnetic\nsemiconductor. The shape and size of the minor loop\nis in agreement with the hysteresis loop for the control\n(Ga,Mn)As sample, also shown in Fig. 1. This strongly",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nfilm and the near-interface layers, respectively.\nFigure 2(a)-(c) shows the magnetic field dependence of\nXMCD asymmetry, defined as ( I l − I r ) / ( I l + I r ) where\nI l ( r ) is the absorption for left- (right-) circularly polarized\nx-rays. This is measured at the Fe and Mn L 3 absorption\npeaks for a Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(10 nm) sample at 2 K.\nThe external field is applied along the photon incidence\ndirection, which is at 70 <sup>◦</sup> to the surface normal with\nan in-plane projection along the [110] axis. The XMCD\ndata show that the Fe film displays a square hysteresis\nloop with a single magnetization switch, as expected for\na monocrystalline Fe film with strong uniaxial magnetic\nanisotropy. The Mn XMCD shows a more complicated\nloop due to the effect of the interlayer coupling. The pro-\njected Mn moment aligns antiparallel to the Fe moment\nat remanence, and undergoes a magnetization reversal of\nopposite sign to the Fe. With further increase of the ex-\nternal magnetic field, the Mn moment gradually rotates\naway from antiparallel alignment with the Fe layer, and\ninto the field direction. Qualitatively similar behavior\nis observed for the Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(20 nm) sam-\nple: the (Ga,Mn)As layer is aligned antiparallel to the\nFe layer at zero field, although the bias field is lower by\napproximately a factor of two.\nClear differences are observed between the Mn XMCD\nhysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection\nmodes. For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar\n(but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag-\nnetic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx-\nimately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe. The\nMn L 2 , 3 XMCD spectra recorded at remanence and at\n1000 Oe, shown in Fig. 3, confirm this result. At re-\nmanence the FY and TEY detected XMCD have similar\nmagnitudes. However, under a large external field the\nXMCD is substantially smaller in TEY than in FY, con-\nfirming that the net magnetization of the Mn ions near\nthe interface is significantly less than in the bulk of the\n(Ga,Mn)As film. This is the case even up to the high-\nest field applied (20 kOe). By applying the XMCD sum rules <sup>14</sup> to the TEY data, and by comparing the spectra to",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nprevious measurements on well-characterized (Ga,Mn)As\nsamples <sup>15</sup> , the projected Mn 3 d magnetic moments are\nobtained as − 1.4 μ B and +0.8 μ B per ion at remanence\nand 1000 Oe, respectively.\nThe difference between these values can be understood\nas being due to an interface layer which is strongly anti-\nferromagnetically coupled to the Fe layer. At zero field,\nboth the interfacial and bulk Mn are aligned antiparallel\nto the Fe layer. At high fields, the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As\nlayer away from the interface is re-oriented into the exter-\nnal field direction. However, the interfacial Mn remains\nantiparallel to the Fe layer and thus partially compen-\nsates the XMCD signal from the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As.\nFrom the size of the remanent and 1000 Oe magnetic\nmoments, it can be estimated that around 25-30% of the\nTEY XMCD signal can be ascribed to the interfacial Mn\nwhich is strongly coupled to the Fe moments.\nThe interfacial Mn moments are ascribed to the prox-\nimity polarization of the (Ga,Mn)As interface by the Fe\nlayer, such as was shown previously by XMCD as well as ab initio theory <sup>7</sup> . Evidence for this can be observed from\nmeasurement of the Mn L 2 , 3 XMCD signal at tempera-\ntures above the (Ga,Mn)As T C . Similar to the previous\nstudy <sup>7</sup> , we observe a small but not negligible signal at\nroom temperature (Fig. 3), with opposite sign to the Fe\nL 2 , 3 XMCD. Its spectral shape is characteristic of a local- ized electronic configuration close to d <sup>5</sup> , similar to bulk (Ga,Mn)As <sup>7,9,15</sup> but in contrast to Mn in more metallic\nenvironments such as Mn x Fe 1 − x <sup>7</sup> or MnAs <sup>16</sup> . A slight\nbroadening is observed on the low energy side of the Mn\nL 3 peak, which may be due to the different screening in-\nduced by proximity to the Fe layer. Since the measured\nintensity is attenuated with distance z from the surface\nas I = I 0 exp( − z/λ T EY ), the thickness of the strongly\ncoupled interface layer is estimated to be ∼ 0.7 nm or 2-3\nmonolayers, assuming a uniform distribution of Mn ions\nand magnetic moments throughout the (Ga,Mn)As film.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the minimum number of spin layers in a film before a correct bulk is reached ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "For n > 16, n being the number of spin layers in the film, a correct bulk limit is reached",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nneighboring layers of a BCT lattice.\nIn the following we will denote with n the film thick-\nness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction,\nand with L × L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L\nis the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In\nour simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were con-\nsidered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to\n64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x\nand y , while free boundaries were obviously taken along\nthe film growth direction z .\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual\nMetropolis algorithm <sup>19</sup> , supplemented by the over- relaxed technique <sup>20</sup> in order to speed-up the sampling\nof the spin configuration space: a typical “Monte Carlo\nstep” was composed by four Metropolis and four-five\nover-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of\nmoves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium\nand to minimize the correlation “time” between succes-\nsive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in-\ndependence of different samples during the measurement\nstage. For each temperature we have usually performed\nthree independent simulations, each one containing at least 2 × 10 <sup>5</sup> measurements, taken after discarding up to 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> Monte Carlo steps in order to assure thermal equi-\nlibration.\nIn the proximity of the critical region the multiple his-\ntogram (MH) technique was also employed <sup>21</sup> , as it allows\nus to estimate the physical observables of interest over a\nwhole temperature range in a substantially continuous\nway by interpolating results obtained from sets of simu-\nlations performed at some different temperatures.\nFor all the quantities of interest, the average value and\nthe error estimate were obtained by the bootstrap re- sampling method <sup>22</sup> given that, as pointed out in Ref. 23,\nfor a large enough number of measurements, this method\nturns out to be more accurate than the usual blocking\ntechnique. In our implementation, we pick out randomly\na sizable number of measurements (typically, between 1 and 1 × 10 <sup>3</sup> for the single simulation, and between 1 and 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> for the MH technique), and iterate the re-sampling\nat least one hundred times.\nThe thermodynamic observables we have investigated\ninclude the FM order parameter for each plane l :\nm l = � ( m <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+ (</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> (2)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\naction range only.\nWe now move to describe and discuss MC simulation\ndata for thinner samples. A graphical synthesis of the\nresults obtained for n = 8 in reported in Fig. 4a-d. The\nspecific heat c v , shown in Figs. 4a, reveals very small\nfinite-size effects, which, however, cannot be unambigu-\nously detected for the largest lattice size ( L = 64), as\nthey fall comfortably within the error range. Surpris-\ningly, the specific heat maximum is located close to the\nbulk transition temperature as found for n = 16, and\n0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 *n*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\n140\n*T* *N*\n*(n) , T* *C*\n*(n)*\n(K)\n*T* *N* *(n)*\n*T* *C* *(n)*\n*T* *N*\n*bulk*\nFIG. 5: Transition temperatures T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. film\nthickness n .\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu-\nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in\nfigure), which is located at T C (8) = 133 . 3(3)K. These\ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all\nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the\nsame temperature; such property has been observed for\nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that T C ( n )\nresults quite n -independent (see also Fig. 5) .\nAlthough the layer subtraction does not seem to mod-\nify T C ( n ), the onset of helical arrangement is observed to\nshift at lower temperatures as n decreases. The chirality\nκ defined in Eq. (4) is reported in Fig 4b for n = 8. As the\ntemperature decreases, around T ∼ 80 K we can identify\na finite-size behaviour of κ which, at variance with the\nprevious one, can be easily recognized as typical of an\neffective phase transition. Such conclusion is confirmed\nby the analysis of the chiral susceptibility χ κ (Fig. 4c),\nwhich for the largest L has a maximum at T = 85 K. As-\nsuming that the order parameter (4) is the relevant one\nto single out the onset of the fan arrangement, we can\nget a more accurate estimate of T N (8) by looking at the\nBinder cumulant u 4 ( κ ), reported in Fig. 4d. By making",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n### ultrathin films.\n\nalso as x − y planes, while z will be taken parallel to c .\nFor n > 16, n being the number of spin layers in the film,\na correct bulk limit is reached, while for lower n the film\nproperties are clearly affected by the strong competition\namong the helical pitch and the surface effects, which in-\nvolve the majority of the spin layers. In the thickness\nrange n = 9 − 16, i.e. right for thickness values com-\nparable with the helical pitch, three different magnetic\nphases emerged, with the high-temperature, disordered,\nparamagnetic phase and the low-temperature, long-range\nordered one separated by an intriguing, intermediate-\ntemperature block phase, where outer ordered layers co-\nexist with some inner disordered ones, the phase tran-\nsition of the latter eventually displaying the signatures\nof a Kosterlitz-Thouless one. Finally, for n ≤ 7 the film\ncollapses once and for all to a quasi-collinear order.\nThe complex phase diagram unveiled by such MC sim-\nulations awaken however a further intriguing question:\nto what extent the observed behavior may be considered\na simple consequence of the competition between helical\norder and surface effects? I.e., is it just a matter of hav-\ning such a competition or does the range of interactions\nalso play a relevant role? Indeed, when the range of the\ninteractions is large enough we have a greater number of\nplanes which can be thought of as ”surface planes”, i.e.\nfor which the number of interacting neighbors are sig-\nnificantly reduced with respect to the bulk layers; there-\nfore, we expect that the larger the interaction range, the\nstronger should be the surface effects. But, at the same\ntime, the same modulation of the magnetic order can\n*x*\n*z*\n*y*",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nwhich is related to the SO (2) symmetry breaking. At the\nsame time, it turns out to be significant also the average\norder parameter of the film, defined as\nM = <sup>1</sup> n\nn\n� l =1\nm l . (3)\nTurning to the helical order, which is the relevant\nquantity for the Z 2 × SO (2) symmetry, we can explore\nit along two different directions. The first one is by the\nintroduction of the chirality order parameter <sup>1,2</sup>\nκ = 1\n4( n − 1) L <sup>2</sup> sin Q z � ⟨ ij ⟩ � S <sup>x</sup> i  <sup>S</sup> <sup>y</sup> j  <sup>−</sup> <sup>S</sup> <sup>y</sup> i  <sup>S</sup> <sup>x</sup> j � , (4)\nwhere the sum refers to spins belonging to NN layers\ni and j , respectively, while Q z is the bulk helical pitch\nvector along the z direction. The second possibility is\nthat of looking at the integral of the structure factor:\nM HM = <sup>1</sup> K � π\n0\ndq z S ( ⃗q ) (5)\nwhere S ( ⃗q ), with ⃗q = (0 , 0 , q z ), is the structure factor <sup>24</sup>\n(i.e. the Fourier transform of the spin correlation func-\ntion) along the z-direction of the film, while the normal-\nization factor K is the structure factor integral at T = 0.\nAlthough the use of the last observable can be seen as a\nsuitable and elegant way to overcome the intrinsic diffi-\nculties met in defining a correct helical order parameter,\nfree of any undue external bias (as the wave-vector Q z\n0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140\n*T*  (K)\n0\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n2\n2.5\n*c* *v*\n*/ k*\n*B*\n*L*  = 24\n*L*  = 32\n*L*  = 48\n*L*  = 64\n20 30 40 50 60 70 2.1\n2.2\n2.3\n2.4\n2.5\n2.6 *c* *v,*  max\n*L*\nFIG. 2: (color online) Specific heat c v per spin vs. temper-\nature for thickness n = 16 (for lateral dimension, see the\nlegend inside the figure). Inset: Maximum of c v vs. L ob-\ntained through MH technique. The continuum red line is a\npower law fit.\nentering the definition of κ in Eq. (4)), we remind that\nsuch quantity has generally to be managed with particu-\nlar care, as discussed in details in Refs. <sup>14,15</sup> , where it was\nshown that the presence of block structures prevents us",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nand T = 140 K (lower), with 1 K temperature step.\nIII. RESULTS\nThe results obtained by MC simulations of the model\nintroduced in Sec. II will be presented starting from\nn = 16, i.e. the highest investigated film thickness which\nstill displays a bulk-like behaviour. In Fig. 2 the spe-\ncific heat for samples with n = 16 and lateral dimension\nL = 24 , 32 , 48 , 64 is shown. The location of the specific\nheat maximum shows a quite definite evolution toward\nthe bulk transition temperature, T  <sup>Ho</sup> N ≃ 132 K <sup>10</sup> (it is\nworthwhile to note that for this XY model the mean field\ntheory predicts a critical temperature T  <sup>Ho</sup> N,MF  <sup>≃</sup> <sup>198 K).</sup> The intensity of the maximum of c v has been analyzed\nby the MH technique for the same lateral dimensions (see\ninset of Fig. 2): it clearly appears as it increases with L\nin a smooth way.\nThe Binder cumulant for the average order parameter\ndefined in Eq. (3) was obtained close to the c v peak and is\nreported in Fig. 3a; its analysis leads to an estimate of the\ncritical temperature of the sample (given by the location\nof the common crossing point of the different curves re-\nported in the figure) of T C (16) = 133 . 2(5) This value can\nbe considered in a rather good agreement with the exper-\nimental ordering temperature of Holmium T  <sup>Ho</sup> N  <sup>, the rel-</sup> ative difference being about 1%. Even such a mismatch\nbetween T  <sup>Ho</sup> N and T C (16) could be completely eliminated\nby slightly adjusting the in-plane coupling constant J 0 ,\nbut, as discussed in Sec. II, we shall preserve the value\nreported in Refs. 13, and 12 in order to allow for a correct\ncomparison with the results reported in those papers.\nThe development of the helical arrangement of magne-\ntization along the film growth direction was investigated\nby looking at the integral of the structure factor S ( ⃗q )\nalong the z -direction, i.e. by taking ⃗q = (0 , 0 , q z ), and\nmaking again use of the cumulant analysis in order to\nlocate the helical transition temperature at T N (16) =\n20 40 60 80 100 120 140 *T*  (K)\nχ κ\n(a.u.)\n0\n0.2\n0.4\n0.6\nκ",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\ndecreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions,\nfor thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block\nphase is replaced by a quasi -FM configuration in the in-\ntermediate temperature range T N ( n ) < T < T C ( n ) .\nAs a final issue we address the problem of the order\nof the transitions observed at T N ( n ) and T C ( n ), respec-\ntively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thick-\nness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant,\ni.e. regions i ) and ii ) as defined at the beginning of\nthis Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability dis-\ntribution of the energy for temperatures around T N (8)\n(Fig. 10a) and T C (8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: for both\ntemperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so\nthat we have no direct indication for a first order tran-\nsition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison\nand Diep <sup>17,18</sup> , the presence of a first-order transition at\nT N ( n ), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal\nitself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger\nthan the largest correlation length. The same conclusion\nabout the order of transition is reached for any other in-\nvestigated film thickness, as the energy probability distri-\nbution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings\nagree with the results we got in previous MC simulations\ndiscussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the\norder of the observed transitions is not affected by the\nrange of interactions.\n1 Frustrated spin Systems , edited by H. T. Diep (World Sci-\nentific, 2004). 2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10 , 4707 (1998). 3 T. Kimura et al. , Nature (London) 426 , 55 (2003). 4 F. Cinti et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 , 057203 (2008). 5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys.\nRev. Lett. 101 , 167202 (2008), and references therein. 6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (Lon-\ndon) 6 , 13 (2007). 7 Minhyea Lee, W. Kang, Y. Onose, Y. Tokura, and N. P.\nOng, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 , 186601 (2009) 8 P. Pedrazzini et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 , 047204 (2007). 9 H. Kawamura and M. S. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 187204",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nuse of the MH technique, we locate the crossing point at\nT N (8) = 92(2) K. Finally, it is worthwhile to observe as\nthe specific heat does not show any anomaly at T N (8),\nbeing the entropy substantially removed at T C (8).\nThe scenario just outlined for n = 8 results to be cor-\nrect in the thickness range 6 ≤ n ≲ 15, where a clear\nseparation between T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) can be easily fig-\nured out. In such temperature window, the strong sur-\nface effects produce a quasi -FM set-up of the magnetic\nfilm structure along the z -direction. While leaving to the\nnext Section a more detailed discussion of this regime, we\nreport in Fig. 5 a plot of T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. n for all\nthe simulated thicknesses. The separation between the\ntwo critical temperatures is maximum for n = 6, where\nT N (6) = 38(4), that is T N (6) ∼ <sup>1</sup> 3 <sup>T</sup> <sup>C</sup> <sup>(6). For films with</sup> less than six layers no fan order is observed, i.e. for n = 5\nand below the chirality does not display any typical fea-\nture of fan ordering at any temperature below T C ( n ). As\na representative quantity we finally look at the rotation\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n∆φ *l*\n(deg.)\n*T*  =10K\n*T*  =20K\n*T*  =30K\n*T*  =40K\n*T=*  50K\n0 1 2 3 4 5 *l*\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n**(a)**   *n =*  6\n**(b)**   *n =*  5\nFIG. 6: Rotation angle ∆ φ l between magnetic moments on\nNN layers ( l + 1 , l ) at some low temperatures, for thickness\nn = 5 and n = 6, and lateral dimension L = 64.\nangle of the magnetization between nearest planes:\n∆ φ l = φ l +1 − φ l = arccos � M  <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>M</sup> <sup>x</sup> l +1  <sup>+</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l +1 � (10)\nwhere ( M  <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>, M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>) is the magnetic vector profile for each</sup> plane l . ∆ φ l is displayed in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b, for\nn = 6 and n = 5, respectively. In Fig. 6a, a quite clear",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nFor this purpose, we look at the temperature depen-\ndence of the rotation angle of the magnetization between\nNN planes. In Fig. 7, ∆ φ l ( T ) for n = 8 and n = 16\n(continuous and dashed lines, respectively), is plotted for\nthe outermost planes, l = 1 . . . 4. For both thicknesses, a\nmonotonic trend is observed for all l , but at variance with\nwhat happens for the highest thickness, for n = 8 we see,\nstarting from a temperature T ≲ T N (8), an abrupt drop\nof ∆ φ 3 and ∆ φ 4 , which rapidly reach an almost con-\nstant value, only slightly larger than ∆ φ 1 . In the tem-\nperature range T N (8) ≲ T < T C (8) we thus substantially\nobserve the same small magnetic phase shifts between all\nNN layers, testifying an energetically stable quasi -FM\nconfiguration giving no contribution to the helical order\nparameters. The latter point can be made clearer by\nlooking at the the peak position Q z,max of the structure\nfactor S (0 , 0 , q z ). In Fig. 8 the average of Q z,max vs T is\nreported, again for n = 8 and for different lateral dimen-\nsions L <sup>26</sup> . As expected from the previous argument, we\nsee that Q z,max = 0 for T N (8) < T < T C (8), while it be-\ngins to shift to higher values as soon as the temperature\ndecreases below T N (8), making apparent a progressive\nfan stabilization with Q z,max ̸ = 0 and reaching a value\nof about 21 <sup>◦</sup> for T = 10 K.\nIn a previous study, where the magnetic properties of\nHo thin films were investigated by MC simulations of a\nHeisenberg model with easy-plane single-ion anisotropy\nand six out-of-plane coupling constants (as obtained by\nexperimental neutron scattering measurements <sup>16</sup> ) on a\nHCP lattice <sup>14,15</sup> , it was found that for thicknesses compa-\nrable with the helical pitch the phase diagram landscape\nis quite different from what we find here. Indeed, for\nn = 9 − 16, three different magnetic phases could be sin-\n0 20 40 60 80 100 *T*  (K)\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\n30\n*Q* *z, max*\n(deg.)\nFIG. 8: (color online) Q z , position of the maximum of S ( ⃗q ),",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nmagnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered\ntetragonal (BCT) lattice; the first sum appearing in the\nHamiltonian describes the in-plane ( xy ) nearest neigh-\nbor (NN) interaction, which is taken ferromagnetic (FM),\nwith exchange strength J 0 > 0; the second sum rep-\nresents the coupling, of exchange strength J 1 , between\nspins belonging to nearest neighbor (NN) planes along\nthe z -direction (which we will assume to coincide with\nthe film growth direction); finally, the third sum takes\ninto account the interaction, of exchange strength J 2 , be-\ntween spins lying on next-nearest neighbor (NNN) planes\nalong z . In order to have frustration, giving rise to non-\ncollinear order along z in the bulk, NN interaction J 1\ncan be taken both ferro- or antiferromagnetic, but NNN\ncoupling J 2 has necessarily to be antiferromagnetic, and\nthe condition | J 2 | > | J 1 | / 4 must be fulfilled. Such simpli-\nfied Hamiltonian was already employed to simulate he- lical ordering in bulk systems by Diep <sup>1,17</sup> and Loison <sup>18</sup> .\nIn the bulk limit, the state of minimal energy of a sys-\ntem described by Eq.(1) corresponds to a helical arrange-\nment of spins. The ground state energy per spin is equal\nto e g ( Q z ) = [ − 4 J 0 − 2 J 1 (4 cos ( Q z c <sup>′</sup> ) + δ cos (2 Q z c <sup>′</sup> ))] where c <sup>′</sup> is the distance between NN layers, δ = J 2\nJ 1  <sup>,</sup>\nand Q z c <sup>′</sup> = arccos � − <sup>1</sup> δ � is the angle between spins ly-\ning on adjacent planes along the z -direction. The ob-\nserved helical arrangement in bulk holmium corresponds\nto Q z c <sup>′</sup> ≃ 30 . 5 <sup>◦</sup> <sup>10</sup> : such value can be obtained from\nthe formula above with the set of coupling constants\nJ 0 =67.2 K, J 1 =20.9 K, and J 2 = − 24.2 K, that we have\nemployed in our simulations. The given values for the ex-\nchange constants are the same already used by Weschke\net al. in Ref. 13 to interpret experimental data on\nHolmium films on the basis of a J 1 − J 2 model, after\na proper scaling by the numbers of NN and NNN on",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n### ultrathin films.\n\nF. Cinti <sup>(1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3)</sup> , A. Rettori <sup>(2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3)</sup> , and A. Cuccoli <sup>(2)</sup> (1) Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J1\n(2) CNISM and Department of Physics, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy. and\n(3) CNR-INFM S 3 National Research Center, I-41100 Modena, Italy\n(Dated: June 8, 2022)\nThe properties of helical thin films have been thoroughly investigated by classical Monte Carlo\nsimulations. The employed model assumes classical planar spins in a body-centered tetragonal\nlattice, where the helical arrangement along the film growth direction has been modeled by nearest\nneighbor and next-nearest neighbor competing interactions, the minimal requirement to get helical\norder. We obtain that, while the in-plane transition temperatures remain essentially unchanged with\nrespect to the bulk ones, the helical/fan arrangement is stabilized at more and more low temperature\nwhen the film thickness, n , decreases; in the ordered phase, increasing the temperature, a softening\nof the helix pitch wave-vector is also observed. Moreover, we show also that the simulation data\naround both transition temperatures lead us to exclude the presence of a first order transition for all\nanalyzed sizes. Finally, by comparing the results of the present work with those obtained for other\nmodels previously adopted in literature, we can get a deeper insight about the entwined role played\nby the number (range) of interlayer interactions and surface effects in non-collinear thin films.\nPACS numbers: 64.60.an,64.60.De,75.10.Hk,75.40.Cx,75.70.Ak.\nI. INTRODUCTION\nThe study of low dimensional frustrated magnetic systems <sup>1</sup> still raises great interest, both in consequence\nof theoretical aspects, related to their peculiar criti-\ncal properties <sup>2</sup> , and in view of possible technological\napplications <sup>3</sup> . Indeed, beside conventional ferromagnetic\nor antiferromagnetic phase transitions, in many new ma-\nterials other nontrivial and unconventional forms of or-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf",
+                "query": "What the rough sales amount of the nordstrom.com website ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "$2 billion in nordstrom.com sales",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## **4 million**\n\n**OFF-PRICE: NORDSTROM RACK,**\n**NORDSTROMRACK.COM AND HAUTELOOK**\nWe opened a record 27 new Nordstrom Rack\nstores, ending 2014 with 167 stores and on\ntrack to meet our long-term growth plans\nof 300 stores by 2020. Customers continue\nto respond favorably to the treasure-hunt\nexperience that defines Nordstrom Rack\nstores. As we expand in many markets for the\nfirst time, we hope to continue delivering a\ngreat experience, as this business represents\na terrific opportunity for us to attract new\ncustomers. Last year, Nordstrom Rack\nwas our biggest source of new customers,\nattracting nearly 4 million. Also, a year ago,\nwe began accepting returns of HauteLook\nand Nordstromrack.com merchandise at any\nNordstrom Rack store. This drove nearly\n1 million trips to Nordstrom Rack stores in\n2014. The Nordstrom Rack customer also\ntends to be younger than our full-line customer,\nand there is a meaningful opportunity for these\ncustomers to begin shopping our full-price\nchannels as well. We plan to open 27 more\nNordstrom Racks in 2015 across the U.S.\n7\n**OUR NEW LOOK**  FROM WINDOWS THAT BRING THE OUTSIDE IN TO DEPARTMENTS THAT SEAMLESSLY FLOW TOGETHER—\nOUR NEW STORE DESIGN CREATES AN EXCITING SPACE THAT CAN CHANGE WITH HOW OUR CUSTOMERS SHOP.\n**“** * **I love how you used models with** *\n* **physical challenges in your** *\n* **Anniversary catalog. Nice work!** *\n**”** OUR CUSTOMER, DONNA A.\nIn addition to our new stores, we improved\nour online/of-price capabilities with the\nlaunch of Nordstromrack.com. Combined\nwith HauteLook, the integrated ecommerce\nsite ofers a consistent merchandise selection\nas well as flash sales in a single web or mobile\nexperience, providing customers a wide\nrange of merchandise with one easy-to-use,\nshared checkout. Since the launch last spring,\nwe’ve more than doubled the selection at\nNordstromrack.com. We will continue to work\non ways to further integrate our business to\nimprove our customer experience.\n**INCREASING RELEVANCE**\nWe know ultimately customers come to\nNordstrom for great merchandise. They\ncontinue to respond to fresh, relevant\nbrands. Last year, we were the exclusive\nretail partner for the global launch of\nSarah Jessica Parker’s SJP line of shoes and\nlaunched Charlotte Tilbury in Beauty. We\nincreased the number of full-line stores with\nTopshop to 53 and launched Kate Moss for\nTopshop, which helped us rapidly grow the\nnumber of Topshop customers, including a\nyounger customer who in many cases is new\nto Nordstrom. By the end of 2015, we plan to",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Net Sales**\n\n2 Comparable sales include sales from stores that have been open at least one full year at the beginning of the year. We also include sales from our online channels\n(Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook) in comparable sales because of the integration with our stores. Fiscal year 2012 includes an extra week (the 53 <sup>rd</sup> week)\nas a result of our 4-5-4 retail reporting calendar. The 53 <sup>rd</sup> week is not included in comparable sales calculations.\n3 Sales per square foot is calculated as net sales divided by weighted-average square footage. Weighted-average square footage includes a percentage of year-end square\nfootage for new stores equal to the percentage of the year during which they were open. 4-wall sales per square foot is calculated as sales for Nordstrom U.S. full-line stores,\nNordstrom Rack stores, Jeffrey boutiques, our Canada full-line store, Last Chance and Trunk Club showrooms divided by their weighted-average square footage.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  19\nNet Sales (2014 vs. 2013)\nIn 2014, total company net sales increased 7.8%, which was attributable to the comparable sales increase of 4.0%. During the year, we\nopened three Nordstrom full-line stores, including our first store in Canada, and 27 Nordstrom Rack stores. Additionally, as a result of the\nacquisition of Trunk Club, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom in 2014. These\nadditions increased our square footage by 5.5% and represented 2.8% of our total net sales for 2014.\nNordstrom net sales, which consist of the U.S. full-line and Nordstrom.com businesses, were $9,678 in 2014, an increase of 3.8% compared\nwith 2013, with comparable sales up 3.6%. These increases reflected continued momentum in our Nordstrom.com channel. Both the number\nof items sold and the average selling price increased on a comparable basis in 2014. Category highlights included Accessories, Cosmetics\nand Men’s Apparel.\nU.S. full-line net sales for 2014 were $7,682, a decrease of 0.3% compared with 2013 and comparable sales decreased by 0.5%. The top-\nperforming geographic regions for full-line stores were the Southeast and Southwest.\nOur Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook channels continued to experience outsized growth. Nordstrom.com net sales\nincreased 23% and Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook net sales increased 22%, both driven by expanded merchandise selection and\nongoing technology investments to enhance the customer experience.\nNordstrom Rack net sales increased $477, or 17%, compared with 2013, reflecting incremental volume from existing stores and the impact of",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## **$13.1**\n#### **billion**\n**IN TOTAL COMPANY SALES.**\nWITH SALES GROWTH OF 7.8% AND\nCOMPARABLE SALES INCREASE OF 4%,\nWE BEAT OUR OWN EXPECTATIONS.\nA RECORD\n**IN NORDSTROM.COM SALES.**\nTHAT’S MORE THAN DOUBLE OUR SALES\nFROM JUST THREE YEARS AGO.\n#### **$2 billion** ALMOST",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Net Sales**\n\n$0.04 to earnings per diluted share.\nRETAIL BUSINESS\n####### **Summary**\nThe following table summarizes the results of our Retail Business for the past three years:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\n**Amount % of net sales <sup>1</sup> Amount % of net sales <sup>1</sup> Amount % of net sales <sup>1</sup>**\nNet sales  **$13,110 100.0%**  $12,166 100.0% $11,762 100.0%\nCost of sales and related buying and occupancy costs  **(8,401) (64.1%)**  (7,732) (63.6%) (7,427) (63.1%)\nGross profit  **4,709 35.9%**  4,434 36.4% 4,335 36.9%\nSelling, general and administrative expenses  **(3,588) (27.4%)**  (3,272) (26.9%) (3,172) (27.0%)\n**Earnings before interest and income taxes $1,121 8.6%**  $1,162 9.6% $1,163 9.9%\n1 Subtotals and totals may not foot due to rounding.\n18\n####### **Retail Business Net Sales**\nIn our ongoing effort to enhance the customer experience, we are focused on providing customers with a seamless experience across our\nchannels. While our customers may engage with us through multiple channels, we know they value the overall Nordstrom brand experience\nand view us simply as Nordstrom, which is ultimately how we view our business. To provide additional transparency into our net sales by\nchannel, we present the following summary of our Retail Business:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\n**Net sales by channel:**\nNordstrom full-line stores - U.S.  **$7,682**  $7,705 $7,964\nNordstrom.com  **1,996**  1,622 1,269\nNordstrom  **9,678**  9,327 9,233\nNordstrom Rack  **3,215**  2,738 2,445\nNordstromrack.com and HauteLook  **360**  295 236\nOther retail <sup>1</sup> **116**  35 35\nTotal Retail segment  **13,369**  12,395 11,949\nCorporate/Other  **(259)**  (229) (187)\n**Total net sales $13,110**  $12,166 $11,762\nNet sales increase  **7.8%**  3.4% 12.1%\n**Comparable sales increase (decrease) by channel <sup>2</sup> :**\nNordstrom full-line stores - U.S.  **(0.5%)**  (2.1%) 3.9%\nNordstrom.com  **23.1%**  29.5% 37.1%\nNordstrom  **3.6%**  2.3% 7.5%\nNordstrom Rack  **3.8%**  2.7% 7.4%\nNordstromrack.com and HauteLook  **22.1%**  27.3% —\n**Total company 4.0%**  2.5% 7.3%\n**Sales per square foot <sup>3</sup> :**\nTotal sales per square foot  **$493**  $474 $470\n4-wall sales per square foot  **413**  408 417\nFull-line sales per square foot - U.S.  **371**  372 385\nNordstrom Rack sales per square foot  **552**  553 568\n**Percentage of net sales by merchandise category:**\nWomen’s Apparel  **30%**  31% 31%\nShoes  **23%**  23% 23%\nMen’s Apparel  **16%**  16% 16%\nWomen’s Accessories  **14%**  14% 13%\nCosmetics  **11%**  11% 11%\nKids’ Apparel  **4%**  3% 3%\nOther  **2%**  2% 3%\n**Total 100%**  100% 100%\n1 Other retail includes our Jeffrey boutiques, Trunk Club and our Nordstrom Canada full-line store.",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## **4 million**\n\n* **received better news today.** *\n* **Nordstrom Rack has now** *\n* **launched online!** *\n**”** OUR CUSTOMER, JOANNA D.\nOur top priority at Nordstrom is to improve\nour customers’ experience, continuously.\nThis priority challenges us each day and is the\nbasis for our long-term strategy to provide\nall Nordstrom customers with a best-in-class\nexperience centered on service, product and\ncapabilities, whenever and wherever they want.\nThis commitment to Nordstrom customers is,\nin itself, the foundation of the deep and shared\ncommitment of the Board of Directors and\nmanagement to our shareholders—to enhance\nshareholder value over the long run through\ncapital allocation discipline and to hold\nourselves accountable for financial results.\nAbout a decade ago, we began investing\nstrategically in the company’s multi-channel\ncapabilities across stores and online to meet\nthe changing expectations of our customers.\nInvesting early in technology, merchandising\nand stores, as well as integrating the in-store and\nonline experience, helped position the company\nto achieve exceptional growth and superior\nreturns. For the last several years, we further\naccelerated our level of investment to fuel\ngrowth across all our businesses—full-price,\nof-price, stores and online—to help Nordstrom\ndeliver strong results this year and support\nprofitable growth for years to come. We expect\nthese investments to drive long-term\nshareholder value.\nAs the Board of Directors looks back on the\nmany accomplishments of 2014 and ahead to the\nfuture, we support our executive management\nteam led by Blake, Pete and Erik Nordstrom.\nWe view 2014 to be a watershed moment in our\nhistory, with the successful entry into Canada,\nthe expansion of the Rack business through store\ngrowth, the launch of Nordstromrack.com and\nthe acquisition of Trunk Club. These milestones\nare the outcome of our strategy, which is squarely\nfocused on serving customers on their terms and\ndelivering the Nordstrom experience they expect\nfrom us. More importantly, our forward-thinking\nstrategy puts us on track to achieve our goal of\ntop-quartile shareholder return, driven by high\nsingle-digit sales growth and mid-teens return\non invested capital. We believe this will lead us to\nbe a $20 billion business by 2020, with superior\nreturns, creating significant shareholder value.\nThe hard work and performance of the team have\nnot gone unnoticed.  *Fortune*  magazine recently\npublished their annual ranking of the World’s\nMost Admired Companies, listing Nordstrom at",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Gross Profit**\n\n27 new stores since fiscal 2013. Comparable sales increased 3.8% for the year. Shoes and Accessories were the top-performing categories\nfor the year. On a comparable basis, the average selling price of Nordstrom Rack merchandise increased while the number of items sold was\nflat.\nNet Sales (2013 vs. 2012)\nNet sales for 2013 increased 3.4% compared with 2012, driven by a comparable sales increase of 2.5%, attributable to growth at\nNordstrom.com and Nordstrom Rack’s accelerated store expansion. During 2013, we opened 22 Nordstrom Rack stores and relocated one\nNordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack stores. These additions represented 1.6% of our total net sales for 2013 and increased our\nsquare footage by 2.9%. The 53 <sup>rd</sup> week in 2012 contributed approximately $162 in additional net sales.\nNordstrom net sales for 2013 were $9,327, an increase of 1.0% compared with 2012, with comparable sales up 2.3%. Strong growth at\nNordstrom.com was partially offset by sales decreases at our full-line stores. Both the average selling price and the number of items sold\nincreased on a comparable basis in 2013 compared with 2012. Category highlights included Cosmetics, Men’s Shoes and Women’s Apparel.\nFull-line net sales for 2013 were $7,705, a decrease of 3.3% compared with 2012, which was primarily driven by a comparable sales\ndecrease of 2.1% for the year. The top-performing geographic regions for full-line stores for 2013 were the Southwest and Southeast.\nNordstrom.com showed strong sales growth with net sales of $1,622, an increase of 28% compared with 2012, with comparable sales up\n30% on a comparable 52-week basis. These increases were driven by expanded merchandise selection and ongoing technology\ninvestments to enhance the customer experience.\nNordstrom Rack net sales were $2,738, up 12.0% compared with 2012, primarily due to 37 new store openings in 2012 and 2013.\nComparable sales increased 2.7% for the year. Cosmetics and Shoes were the strongest-performing categories for the year. Both the\naverage selling price and the number of items sold increased on a comparable basis in 2013 compared with 2012.\n####### **Retail Business Gross Profit**\nThe following table summarizes the Retail Business gross profit:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nRetail gross profit <sup>1</sup> **$4,709**  $4,434 $4,335\nRetail gross profit as a % of net sales  **35.9%**  36.4% 36.9%\nEnding inventory per square foot <sup>2</sup> **$64.05**  $58.84 $53.77\nInventory turnover rate <sup>3</sup> **4.67**  5.07 5.37\n1 Retailers do not uniformly record the costs of buying and occupancy and supply chain operations (freight, purchasing, receiving, distribution, etc.) between gross profit and",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## **4 million**\n\n**“** * **Love the order online,** *\n* **pick up in store option at** *\n* **Nordstrom. It’s like takeout** *\n* **for cocktail frocks.** *\n**”** OUR CUSTOMER, JAYMIE G.\ncustomer experience that will allow us to\nevolve with our customers in the years to come.\nIn January 2015, the Retail Design Institute\nrecognized Nordstrom The Woodlands\nwith First Place for a New or Remodeled\nDepartment Store and Innovation in Store\nPlanning. We appreciate their recognition, but\nthe true measure of success will come from our\ncustomers’ experiences in our new stores.\nIn addition to our two new stores in Canada\nthis year, we’ll also open stores in Puerto Rico,\nMilwaukee and a second store in Minneapolis,\nwhich has long been a terrific market for us.\nWe are also mindful of serving customers\nbetter through product, speed and\nconvenience. Expanded merchandise selection\nand growing customer adoption of mobile\nshopping are two factors contributing to the\ncontinued growth of Nordstrom.com. First,\nwe’ve expanded Nordstrom.com selection by\nthree times from three years ago, so customers\nhave greater choice of their favorite brands.\nSecond, a great mobile experience is a vital\nlink to many customers, and we are working\nhard behind the scenes to improve this\nexperience. We have enhanced our mobile\napp with localized inventory and personalized\nhomepage features, and more features are\ncoming this year.\n\nWe are also opening a fulfillment center\nin Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, in 2015\nthat, when combined with our fulfillment\ncenter in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and our\nNordstromrack.com/HauteLook fulfillment\ncenter in San Bernardino, California,\nwill greatly increase our capabilities.\nThese fulfillment centers will allow us\n6\n**“** * **Just visited the** *\n* **first Nordstrom in** *\n* **Canada. Well done.** *\n* **It’s a fantastic store.** *\n**”** OUR CUSTOMER, ROB\n**THE WOODLANDS, TEXAS**\n**OH, CANADA!**  BY 2017, WE’LL HAVE\nSIX STORES IN CANADA—\nFROM VANCOUVER TO OTTAWA.\nto be within two-day ground delivery of\napproximately half the population of the\nUnited States, which will help improve\ndelivery times for customers and help us\nmeet their rising expectations.\nFinally, in 2014, we acquired Trunk Club,\na high-growth personalized men’s clothing\nbusiness based on a service model that is highly\ncomplementary to our own. We believe Trunk\nClub is a natural extension of our business,\nand together we will continue to evolve and\nbring together the online and ofine worlds\nto deliver a great shopping experience.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\nANNUAL REPORT 2014\n\n1,350  **1,323** 1,249\n1,118\n1,345\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**EARNINGS**\n**BEFORE INTEREST AND**\n**INCOME TAXES (EBIT) ($)**\n**493**\n**413**\n372 394 417\n470 431\n397\n474\n408\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**COMPARABLE SALES PERCENTAGE INCREASE**\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n8.1 7.2 7.3 2.5 4.0\n**SALES PER SQUARE FOOT**\n**AND 4-WALL SALES**\n**PER SQUARE FOOT ($)***\n4-Wall Sales Per Square Foot\nSales Per Square Foot\n**1,220** 1,320\n1,177 1,177 1,110\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**CASH FLOW**\n**FROM OPERATIONS ($)**\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**12.6**\n**8.1**\n13.6\n8.7\n13.3 13.6\n8.6 8.7\n13.9\n8.9\n**RETURN ON ASSETS**\n**AND RETURN ON INVESTED**\n**CAPITAL (ROIC) (%) *\nReturn on Assets\nReturn on Invested Capital\n**FISCAL YEAR 2014 2013 % CHANGE**\nNet sales $13,110  $12,166 7.8\nEarnings before interest and income taxes (EBIT) 1,323  1,350 (2.0)\nNet earnings 720  734 (1.9)\nEarnings per diluted share 3.72  3.71 0.3\nCash dividends paid per share 1.32  1.20 10.0\n**SCORECARD** A LOOK AT THE NUMBERS\n**13,110**\n11,762\n10,497\n9,310\n12,166\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**NET SALES ($)**\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**NET SALES PERCENTAGE INCREASE**\n12.7 12.7 12.1 3.4 7.8\n**4.67**\n5.07\n5.56 5.56 5.37\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**INVENTORY TURN\n*4-wall sales per square foot is calculated as sales for Nordstrom U.S. full-line stores, Nordstrom Rack stores, Jefrey boutiques,",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Gross Profit**\n\nselling, general and administrative expense. As such, our gross profit and selling, general and administrative expenses and rates may not be comparable to other retailers’\nexpenses and rates.\n2 Ending inventory includes pack and hold inventory of $222, $173 and $125 in 2014, 2013 and 2012, which represents strategic purchases of merchandise for upcoming selling\nseasons.\n3 Inventory turnover rate is calculated as annual cost of sales and related buying and occupancy costs (for all segments) divided by 4-quarter average inventory. Retailers do not\nuniformly calculate inventory turnover as buying and occupancy costs may be included in selling, general and administrative expenses. As such, our inventory turnover rates\nmay not be comparable to other retailers.\n20\nGross Profit (2014 vs. 2013)\nOur Retail gross profit rate decreased 52 basis points compared with 2013 due to increased markdowns and Nordstrom Rack’s accelerated\nstore expansion. The growth in Nordstrom Rack stores resulted in a higher occupancy expense as sales volume at new stores typically take\nseveral years to reach the average of our mature stores and also have substantial pre-opening costs. Retail gross profit increased $275 in\n2014 due to an increase in net sales, partially offset by increased markdowns.\nOur inventory turnover rate decreased to 4.67 times in 2014, from 5.07 times in 2013. Ending inventory per square foot increased 8.8%\ncompared with the same period in 2013, which outpaced the total sales per square foot increase of 3.9% primarily due to planned inventory\ngrowth related to Nordstrom Rack and Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook.\nGross Profit (2013 vs. 2012)\nOur Retail gross profit rate decreased 41 basis points compared with 2012 primarily due to higher expenses associated with the growth in the\nNordstrom Rewards customer loyalty program and higher occupancy costs related to Nordstrom Rack’s accelerated store expansion. Retail\ngross profit increased $99 in 2013 compared with 2012 due to an increase in net sales at Nordstrom.com and Nordstrom Rack, which was\npartially offset by a decrease in full-line net sales and increased occupancy costs related to Nordstrom Rack’s accelerated store expansion.\nOur inventory turnover rate decreased to 5.07 times in 2013, from 5.37 times in 2012. This was primarily due to our increased investment in\npack and hold inventory at Nordstrom Rack, which helped fuel the growth in that channel. On a per square foot basis, we ended the year with\na 9.4% increase in our ending inventory on a 0.8% increase in sales compared with 2012. The increase in ending inventory per square foot",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **INVENTORY**\n\n####### **FISCAL YEAR**\nWe operate on a 52/53-week fiscal year ending on the Saturday closest to January 31 <sup>st</sup> . References to 2014 and all years within this\ndocument are based on a 52-week fiscal year, except 2012, which is based on a 53-week fiscal year.\n####### **TRADEMARKS**\nWe have 156 trademarks, each of which is the subject of one or more trademark registrations and/or trademark applications. Our most\nnotable trademarks include Nordstrom, Nordstrom Rack, HauteLook, Halogen, BP., Zella, Caslon and Trunk Club. Each of our trademarks is\nrenewable indefinitely, provided that it is still used in commerce at the time of the renewal.\n####### **RETURN POLICY**\nWe have a fair and liberal approach to returns as part of our objective to provide high-quality customer service. We do not have a formal\nreturn policy at our Nordstrom full-line stores or online at Nordstrom.com. Our goal is to take care of our customers, which includes making\nreturns and exchanges easy, whether in stores or online, where we offer free shipping and free returns. Our Nordstrom Rack stores generally\naccept returns up to 90 days from the date of purchase with the original price tag and sales receipt, and also accept returns of\nNordstromrack.com and HauteLook merchandise. Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook generally accept returns of apparel, footwear and\naccessories within 90 days from the date of shipment.\n####### **SEASONALITY**\nDue to our Anniversary Sale in July and the holidays in December, our sales are typically higher in the second and fourth quarters than in the\nfirst and third quarters of the fiscal year.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  5\n####### **COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS**\nWe operate in a highly competitive business environment. We compete with other national, regional, local and online retailers that may carry\nsimilar lines of merchandise, including department stores, specialty stores, off-price stores, boutiques and Internet businesses. Our specific\ncompetitors vary from market to market. We believe the keys to competing in our industry are providing great customer service and customer\nexperiences in stores and online, which includes compelling price and value, fashion newness, quality of products, selection, convenience,\ntechnology, product fulfillment, personalization and appealing, relevant store environments in top locations.\n####### **INVENTORY**\nWe plan our merchandise purchases and receipts to coincide with expected sales trends. For instance, our merchandise purchases and\nreceipts increase prior to our Anniversary Sale, which has historically extended over the last two weeks of July. We also purchase and",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf",
+                "query": "How many employees did Nordstrom count in 2014 ?",
+                "target_page": 17,
+                "target_passage": "During 2014, we employed approximately 67,000 employees on a full- or part-time basis.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 3
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\nANNUAL REPORT 2014\n\n1,350  **1,323** 1,249\n1,118\n1,345\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**EARNINGS**\n**BEFORE INTEREST AND**\n**INCOME TAXES (EBIT) ($)**\n**493**\n**413**\n372 394 417\n470 431\n397\n474\n408\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**COMPARABLE SALES PERCENTAGE INCREASE**\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n8.1 7.2 7.3 2.5 4.0\n**SALES PER SQUARE FOOT**\n**AND 4-WALL SALES**\n**PER SQUARE FOOT ($)***\n4-Wall Sales Per Square Foot\nSales Per Square Foot\n**1,220** 1,320\n1,177 1,177 1,110\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**CASH FLOW**\n**FROM OPERATIONS ($)**\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**12.6**\n**8.1**\n13.6\n8.7\n13.3 13.6\n8.6 8.7\n13.9\n8.9\n**RETURN ON ASSETS**\n**AND RETURN ON INVESTED**\n**CAPITAL (ROIC) (%) *\nReturn on Assets\nReturn on Invested Capital\n**FISCAL YEAR 2014 2013 % CHANGE**\nNet sales $13,110  $12,166 7.8\nEarnings before interest and income taxes (EBIT) 1,323  1,350 (2.0)\nNet earnings 720  734 (1.9)\nEarnings per diluted share 3.72  3.71 0.3\nCash dividends paid per share 1.32  1.20 10.0\n**SCORECARD** A LOOK AT THE NUMBERS\n**13,110**\n11,762\n10,497\n9,310\n12,166\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**NET SALES ($)**\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**NET SALES PERCENTAGE INCREASE**\n12.7 12.7 12.1 3.4 7.8\n**4.67**\n5.07\n5.56 5.56 5.37\n’10 ’11 ’12 ’13 ’14\n**INVENTORY TURN\n*4-wall sales per square foot is calculated as sales for Nordstrom U.S. full-line stores, Nordstrom Rack stores, Jefrey boutiques,",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\nappeared in the Top 50. Additionally, Nordstrom\nwas ranked number one among all companies\nfor quality of product/services. Within our peer\ngroup of general merchandisers, we ranked\nnumber one overall as well as for innovation,\npeople management, use of corporate assets,\nquality of management, long-term investment\nvalue and quality of products/services. These\naccolades reflect the vision, high achievement\nand values we believe the company stands for,\nand the dedication and hard work of more than\n67,000 Nordstrom employees.\nThis past February, we were fortunate to add\nShellye Archambeau to the Board of Directors.\nAs the chief executive ofcer of MetricStream,\nInc., we believe Shellye enhances an already\nstrong Board that is deeply committed to the\nhighest standards of ethics, accountability\nand governance.\nAs we look to the future, we know that change\nwill be a constant and that the Nordstrom strategy\nmust evolve with customers’ expectations,\nas must the means by which we enhance\nshareholder value. However, most importantly,\nthe core principles upon which Nordstrom was\nbuilt will not change. Your Board of Directors\nand your management team are committed\nto maintaining the company’s unmatched\ncompetitive spirit and unyielding commitment\nto serve and value our customers, employees and\nshareholders. Be assured that Nordstrom and\nits wonderful employees are well positioned to\ndeliver the best customer experience possible\nin ever-innovative ways, creating value for our\nshareholders in the years to come.\nOn behalf of the entire Board of Directors, thank\nyou for your continued support of Nordstrom.\n**Enrique Hernandez, Jr.**\nChairman\n10\n**“** * **I’ve found that Nordstrom** *\n* **employees go to great lengths** *\n* **to please the customer.** *\n* **That’s hard to find in most** *\n* **stores these days.** *\n**”** OUR CUSTOMER, SUSAN F.\n**A NOTE FROM OUR**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **OVERVIEW**\n\nRack business through store growth, the launch of Nordstromrack.com and the acquisition of Trunk Club. Our performance in 2014 reflected\ncontinued progress in executing our customer strategy through investments to drive growth across channels. We achieved total net sales\ngrowth of 7.8%, adding nearly $1 billion to our top-line and delivering record sales and earnings per diluted share. Our financial position\nremains strong and this marked the sixth consecutive year we generated over $1 billion in cash flow from operations.\nOur partnership with vendors and brands enhances our product offering. We offer Topshop merchandise at 53 full-line stores and online, with\nplans to reach over 80 stores in 2015. Our new partnership with Madewell in 2015, initially available at 15 of our stores and online, is another\nway to provide sought-after brands that appeal to new and existing customers.\nIn 2014, we opened our first full-line store in Canada in Calgary, Alberta, reflecting a multi-year effort from our team to address the unique\nchallenges of crossing the border. With our store outperforming our expectations, we are encouraged with our customers’ response in this\nmarket. We are looking forward to opening stores in 2015 in Ottawa, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia. In the U.S. we increased our\npresence with two full-line stores in The Woodlands, Texas and Jacksonville, Florida. In 2015, we plan to open three full-line stores in Puerto\nRico, Minneapolis, Minnesota and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\nAt Nordstrom Rack, we offer customers great brands at great prices, with 48 of the top 50 full-line brands represented. We opened 27\nNordstrom Rack stores in 2014, a record number of openings, contributing to Nordstrom Rack’s total sales growth of 17%.\nOur online businesses continue to be our fastest-growing channels. In the spring of 2014, we expanded our capabilities through the launch of\nNordstromrack.com, providing a seamless integration with HauteLook. We more than doubled our merchandise selection, which accelerated\ngrowth in this channel in the second half of 2014. Demonstrating synergies across our businesses, we enabled customers to return\npurchases from HauteLook and Nordstromrack.com to any of our Nordstrom Rack stores, which drove nearly one million incremental trips to\nNordstrom Rack stores.\nNordstrom.com finished its fifth consecutive year of approximately 20% or more comparable sales growth, with a key driver being increased\nmerchandise selection. In 2015, we plan to open our third fulfillment center, located in Pennsylvania, which will enhance the customer",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **CAUTIONARY STATEMENT**\n\nreceive a larger amount of merchandise in the fall as we prepare for the holiday shopping season (from late November through December).\nBeginning in 2012, we increased our investment in pack and hold inventory at Nordstrom Rack, which involves the strategic purchase of\nmerchandise from some of our full-line stores’ top brands in advance of the upcoming selling seasons to take advantage of favorable buying\nopportunities. This inventory is typically held for six months on average and has contributed to the growth in our Nordstrom Rack business.\nWe pay for our merchandise purchases under the terms established with our vendors.\nIn order to offer merchandise that our customers want, we purchase from a wide variety of high-quality suppliers, including domestic and\nforeign businesses. We also have arrangements with agents and contract manufacturers to produce our private label merchandise. We\nexpect our suppliers to meet our “Nordstrom Partnership Guidelines,” which address our corporate social responsibility standards for matters\nsuch as legal and regulatory compliance, labor, health and safety and the environment, and are available on our website at Nordstrom.com.\n####### **EMPLOYEES**\nDuring 2014, we employed approximately 67,000 employees on a full- or part-time basis. Due to the seasonal nature of our business,\nemployment increased to approximately 68,000 employees in July 2014 and 73,500 in December 2014. All of our employees are non-union.\nWe believe our relationship with our employees is good.\n####### **CAUTIONARY STATEMENT**\nCertain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain or may suggest “forward-looking” information (as defined in the Private\nSecurities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) that involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, anticipated financial outlook for the\nfiscal year ending January 30, 2016, anticipated annual total and comparable sales rates, anticipated new store openings in existing, new\nand international markets, anticipated Return on Invested Capital and trends in our operations. Such statements are based upon the current\nbeliefs and expectations of the company’s management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual future results may differ\nmaterially from historical results or current expectations depending upon factors including, but not limited to:\n-  successful execution of our customer strategy, including expansion into new markets, acquisitions, investments in our stores and\nonline, our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from growth initiatives, our ability to provide a seamless experience across all\nchannels, and the timely completion of construction associated with newly planned stores, relocations and remodels, all of which may",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **Investing Activities**\n\nThe following table summarizes our store count and square footage activity:\n**Store count Square footage**\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 2012**\nTotal, beginning of year  **260**  240 225  **26.0**  25.3 24.7\nStore openings:\nNordstrom full-line stores - U.S.  **2**  — 1  **0.3**  — 0.1\nNordstrom Rack and other stores <sup>1</sup> **29**  22 15  **1.2**  0.7 0.6\nStores acquired **4**  — —  **—**  —\nStores closed  **(3)**  (2) (1)  **(0.4)**  — (0.1)\n**Total, end of year 292**  260 240  **27.1**  26.0 25.3\n1 Other stores include Jeffrey boutiques, Trunk Club showrooms, our Nordstrom Canada full-line store and Last Chance.\nWe had no store relocations in 2014, compared with one Nordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack relocations in 2013 and three\nNordstrom Rack relocations in 2012. Our 2014 new store openings increased our square footage by 5.5%.\nTo date in 2015, we have opened our second full-line store in Canada. We plan to open 27 Nordstrom Rack stores, three additional\nNordstrom full-line stores in the U.S. and another full-line store in Canada during 2015. Planned net store openings are expected to increase\nour retail square footage by approximately 6.1%.\n28\nWe received property incentives from our developers of $110 in 2014, $89 in 2013 and $58 in 2012. These incentives are included in our\ncash provided by operations in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.\nHowever, operationally we view these as an offset to our capital expenditures. Our capital expenditure percentages, net of property\nincentives, by category are summarized as follows:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nCategory and expenditure percentage:\nNew store openings, relocations and remodels  **62%**  62% 54%\nInformation technology  **35%**  27% 27%\nOther  **3%**  11% 19%\n**Total 100%**  100% 100%\nOther capital expenditures consist of ongoing improvements to our stores in the ordinary course of business and expenditures related to\nvarious growth initiatives.\nWe expect to significantly increase our capital expenditures, net of property incentives, over the next five years to approximately $4,300,\ncompared with $2,700 over the previous five years. We plan to spend approximately $1,200 in 2015 compared with $751 in 2014. Both of\nthese increases are primarily due to our continued expansion into new markets such as Canada, Puerto Rico and Manhattan, investment in\nnew Nordstrom Rack and full-line stores and remodels of existing stores. Over these next five years, we expect that 62% of our net capital",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Net Sales**\n\n2 Comparable sales include sales from stores that have been open at least one full year at the beginning of the year. We also include sales from our online channels\n(Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook) in comparable sales because of the integration with our stores. Fiscal year 2012 includes an extra week (the 53 <sup>rd</sup> week)\nas a result of our 4-5-4 retail reporting calendar. The 53 <sup>rd</sup> week is not included in comparable sales calculations.\n3 Sales per square foot is calculated as net sales divided by weighted-average square footage. Weighted-average square footage includes a percentage of year-end square\nfootage for new stores equal to the percentage of the year during which they were open. 4-wall sales per square foot is calculated as sales for Nordstrom U.S. full-line stores,\nNordstrom Rack stores, Jeffrey boutiques, our Canada full-line store, Last Chance and Trunk Club showrooms divided by their weighted-average square footage.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  19\nNet Sales (2014 vs. 2013)\nIn 2014, total company net sales increased 7.8%, which was attributable to the comparable sales increase of 4.0%. During the year, we\nopened three Nordstrom full-line stores, including our first store in Canada, and 27 Nordstrom Rack stores. Additionally, as a result of the\nacquisition of Trunk Club, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom in 2014. These\nadditions increased our square footage by 5.5% and represented 2.8% of our total net sales for 2014.\nNordstrom net sales, which consist of the U.S. full-line and Nordstrom.com businesses, were $9,678 in 2014, an increase of 3.8% compared\nwith 2013, with comparable sales up 3.6%. These increases reflected continued momentum in our Nordstrom.com channel. Both the number\nof items sold and the average selling price increased on a comparable basis in 2014. Category highlights included Accessories, Cosmetics\nand Men’s Apparel.\nU.S. full-line net sales for 2014 were $7,682, a decrease of 0.3% compared with 2013 and comparable sales decreased by 0.5%. The top-\nperforming geographic regions for full-line stores were the Southeast and Southwest.\nOur Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook channels continued to experience outsized growth. Nordstrom.com net sales\nincreased 23% and Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook net sales increased 22%, both driven by expanded merchandise selection and\nongoing technology investments to enhance the customer experience.\nNordstrom Rack net sales increased $477, or 17%, compared with 2013, reflecting incremental volume from existing stores and the impact of",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Gross Profit**\n\n27 new stores since fiscal 2013. Comparable sales increased 3.8% for the year. Shoes and Accessories were the top-performing categories\nfor the year. On a comparable basis, the average selling price of Nordstrom Rack merchandise increased while the number of items sold was\nflat.\nNet Sales (2013 vs. 2012)\nNet sales for 2013 increased 3.4% compared with 2012, driven by a comparable sales increase of 2.5%, attributable to growth at\nNordstrom.com and Nordstrom Rack’s accelerated store expansion. During 2013, we opened 22 Nordstrom Rack stores and relocated one\nNordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack stores. These additions represented 1.6% of our total net sales for 2013 and increased our\nsquare footage by 2.9%. The 53 <sup>rd</sup> week in 2012 contributed approximately $162 in additional net sales.\nNordstrom net sales for 2013 were $9,327, an increase of 1.0% compared with 2012, with comparable sales up 2.3%. Strong growth at\nNordstrom.com was partially offset by sales decreases at our full-line stores. Both the average selling price and the number of items sold\nincreased on a comparable basis in 2013 compared with 2012. Category highlights included Cosmetics, Men’s Shoes and Women’s Apparel.\nFull-line net sales for 2013 were $7,705, a decrease of 3.3% compared with 2012, which was primarily driven by a comparable sales\ndecrease of 2.1% for the year. The top-performing geographic regions for full-line stores for 2013 were the Southwest and Southeast.\nNordstrom.com showed strong sales growth with net sales of $1,622, an increase of 28% compared with 2012, with comparable sales up\n30% on a comparable 52-week basis. These increases were driven by expanded merchandise selection and ongoing technology\ninvestments to enhance the customer experience.\nNordstrom Rack net sales were $2,738, up 12.0% compared with 2012, primarily due to 37 new store openings in 2012 and 2013.\nComparable sales increased 2.7% for the year. Cosmetics and Shoes were the strongest-performing categories for the year. Both the\naverage selling price and the number of items sold increased on a comparable basis in 2013 compared with 2012.\n####### **Retail Business Gross Profit**\nThe following table summarizes the Retail Business gross profit:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nRetail gross profit <sup>1</sup> **$4,709**  $4,434 $4,335\nRetail gross profit as a % of net sales  **35.9%**  36.4% 36.9%\nEnding inventory per square foot <sup>2</sup> **$64.05**  $58.84 $53.77\nInventory turnover rate <sup>3</sup> **4.67**  5.07 5.37\n1 Retailers do not uniformly record the costs of buying and occupancy and supply chain operations (freight, purchasing, receiving, distribution, etc.) between gross profit and",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\n\nexperience through faster delivery. Furthermore, we have extended our full-price offering with our acquisition of Trunk Club, a high-growth\nbusiness offering a new approach to personalized service.\nOur credit business, through our Nordstrom Rewards program, continues to play an important role in attracting new customers and\ndeepening our engagement with existing customers. The program contributes to our overall results, with members shopping more frequently\nand spending more on average than non-members. For the third consecutive year, we opened over one million new accounts. With over four\nmillion active members, 2014 sales from members represented approximately 40% of our sales.\nWe are confident in our ability to execute our customer strategy as we evolve with customers and continue to leverage capabilities across all\nchannels to serve customers on their terms. To enhance the customer experience, we continue to make investments in our stores in new\nmarkets such as Canada, Puerto Rico and Manhattan, in our ecommerce and fulfillment capabilities and in technology to support growth\nacross all channels. We believe these investments in our customer strategy will help us achieve long-term top-quartile shareholder returns\nthrough high single-digit total sales growth and mid-teens Return on Invested Capital.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  17\n####### **RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nOur reportable segments are Retail and Credit. Our Retail segment includes our U.S. Nordstrom branded full-line stores and online store,\nNordstrom Rack stores, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook and other retail channels, including Trunk Club, Jeffrey, our Canada store and\nour Last Chance clearance store. For purposes of discussion and analysis of our results of operations of our Retail Business, we combine\nour Retail segment results with revenues and expenses in the “Corporate/Other” column of Note 16: Segment Reporting in the Notes to\nConsolidated Financial Statements of Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. We analyze our results of operations through\nearnings before interest and income taxes for our Retail Business and Credit, while interest expense and income taxes are discussed on a\ntotal company basis.\nSimilar to many other retailers, Nordstrom follows the retail 4-5-4 reporting calendar, which included an extra week in the fourth quarter of\n2012 (the “53 <sup>rd</sup> week”). The analysis of our results of operations, liquidity and capital resources compares the 52 weeks in 2013 to the 53\nweeks in 2012. However, the 53 <sup>rd</sup> week is not included in comparable sales calculations. In 2012, the 53 <sup>rd</sup> week contributed approximately",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Fourth Quarter Results**\n\n**Quarter ended January 31, 2015 February 1, 2014**\nNet sales  **$3,938** $3,614\nCredit card revenues  **105**  97\nGross profit <sup>1</sup> **1,444**  1,345\nGross profit (% of net sales) <sup>1</sup> **36.7%**  37.2%\nRetail SG&A expenses  **(1,032)**  (918)\nRetail SG&A (% of net sales)  **(26.2%)** (25.4%)\nCredit expenses  **(54)**  (38)\nNet earnings  **255** 268\nEarnings per diluted share  **$1.32**  $1.37\n1 Gross profit is calculated as net sales less cost of sales and related buying and occupancy costs (for all segments).\nOur fourth quarter sales trends were consistent with trends the company experienced throughout 2014. We continued to make progress\nexecuting our customer strategy through investments to drive growth across channels. Net earnings for the fourth quarter of 2014 were $255,\nor $1.32 per diluted share, compared with $268, or $1.37 per diluted share, in 2013. The Trunk Club acquisition reduced earnings before\ninterest and taxes in the fourth quarter by $11.\nNet Sales\nTotal net sales increased in the fourth quarter by 9.0%, driven by a comparable sales increase of 4.7% and 35 new stores in 2014.\nNordstrom net sales, which consist of the full-line stores in the U.S. and Nordstrom.com businesses, increased $141, or 5.0%, compared with\nthe same period in 2013, while comparable sales increased 4.5%. Both the number of items sold and the average selling price of our\nmerchandise increased on a comparable basis. Category highlights for the quarter were Cosmetics, Accessories and Men’s Apparel.\nU.S. full-line net sales for the quarter increased $26, or 1.2%, compared with the same period in 2013, with an increase in comparable sales\nof 0.5%. The Southwest and Southeast were the top-performing geographic regions.\nNordstrom.com net sales increased $115, or 19%, on top of last year’s 30% increase for the same period. Nordstromrack.com and\nHauteLook net sales increased $24, or 28%, compared with the same period in 2013. Both were primarily driven by expanded merchandise\nselection and ongoing technology investments to enhance the customer experience.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  25\nNordstrom Rack net sales for the quarter increased $130, or 17%, reflecting 27 new Nordstrom Rack store openings since the fourth quarter\nof 2013, while comparable sales increased 3.2%. On a comparable basis, the average selling price of Nordstrom Rack merchandise\nincreased while the number of items sold was flat. Shoes and Accessories were the category highlights for Nordstrom Rack.\nGross Profit\nOur total company gross profit rate decreased 53 basis points compared with the same period in the prior year, primarily due to increased",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Selling, General and Administrative Expenses**\n\nrelative to the increase in sales per square foot was primarily due to the impact of the 53 <sup>rd</sup> week in 2012, which decreased inventory levels in\nour full-line stores and included an additional week of sales in 2012. In 2013, we also planned inventory increases in full-line stores to fuel\ngrowth in well-performing merchandise categories and increased our pack and hold inventory at Nordstrom Rack.\n####### **Retail Business Selling, General and Administrative Expenses**\nRetail Business selling, general and administrative expenses (“Retail SG&A”) are summarized in the following table:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nSelling, general and administrative expenses  **$3,588**  $3,272 $3,172\nSelling, general and administrative expenses as a % of net sales  **27.4%**  26.9% 27.0%\nSelling, General and Administrative Expenses (2014 vs. 2013)\nOur Retail SG&A rate increased 48 basis points in 2014 compared with 2013 primarily due to expenses related to the acquisition of Trunk\nClub and ongoing fulfillment and technology investments. Our Retail SG&A increased $316 in 2014 due primarily to growth-related\ninvestments in fulfillment and technology.\nSelling, General and Administrative Expenses (2013 vs. 2012)\nOur Retail SG&A rate decreased 8 basis points in 2013 compared with 2012 due to expense leverage from increased sales volume. Our\nRetail SG&A expenses increased $100 in 2013 compared with 2012 due primarily to growth-related investments in our ecommerce business,\nNordstrom Rack’s accelerated store expansion and Canada pre-opening expenses. The increase also reflected expenses associated with\nhigher sales volume and the opening of 22 Nordstrom Rack stores in 2013.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  21\nCREDIT SEGMENT\nThe Nordstrom credit and debit card products are designed to strengthen customer relationships and grow retail sales by providing loyalty\nbenefits, valuable services and payment products. We believe our credit business allows us to build deeper relationships with our customers\nby fully integrating the Nordstrom Rewards program with our retail stores and providing better service, which in turn fosters greater customer\nloyalty. Our cardholders tend to visit our stores more frequently and spend more with us than non-cardholders. Our Nordstrom private label\ncredit and debit cards can be used only at our Nordstrom full-line stores in the U.S., Nordstrom Rack stores and online at Nordstrom.com,\nNordstromrack.com and HauteLook (“inside volume”), while our Nordstrom Visa credit cards also may be used for purchases outside of\nNordstrom (“outside volume”). Cardholders participate in the Nordstrom Rewards program through which cardholders accumulate points for",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf",
+                "query": "How many stores did Nordstrom posses at the end of 2014 ?",
+                "target_page": 22,
+                "target_passage": "Number of stores, end of year : 292",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **OVERVIEW**\n\nRack business through store growth, the launch of Nordstromrack.com and the acquisition of Trunk Club. Our performance in 2014 reflected\ncontinued progress in executing our customer strategy through investments to drive growth across channels. We achieved total net sales\ngrowth of 7.8%, adding nearly $1 billion to our top-line and delivering record sales and earnings per diluted share. Our financial position\nremains strong and this marked the sixth consecutive year we generated over $1 billion in cash flow from operations.\nOur partnership with vendors and brands enhances our product offering. We offer Topshop merchandise at 53 full-line stores and online, with\nplans to reach over 80 stores in 2015. Our new partnership with Madewell in 2015, initially available at 15 of our stores and online, is another\nway to provide sought-after brands that appeal to new and existing customers.\nIn 2014, we opened our first full-line store in Canada in Calgary, Alberta, reflecting a multi-year effort from our team to address the unique\nchallenges of crossing the border. With our store outperforming our expectations, we are encouraged with our customers’ response in this\nmarket. We are looking forward to opening stores in 2015 in Ottawa, Ontario and Vancouver, British Columbia. In the U.S. we increased our\npresence with two full-line stores in The Woodlands, Texas and Jacksonville, Florida. In 2015, we plan to open three full-line stores in Puerto\nRico, Minneapolis, Minnesota and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.\nAt Nordstrom Rack, we offer customers great brands at great prices, with 48 of the top 50 full-line brands represented. We opened 27\nNordstrom Rack stores in 2014, a record number of openings, contributing to Nordstrom Rack’s total sales growth of 17%.\nOur online businesses continue to be our fastest-growing channels. In the spring of 2014, we expanded our capabilities through the launch of\nNordstromrack.com, providing a seamless integration with HauteLook. We more than doubled our merchandise selection, which accelerated\ngrowth in this channel in the second half of 2014. Demonstrating synergies across our businesses, we enabled customers to return\npurchases from HauteLook and Nordstromrack.com to any of our Nordstrom Rack stores, which drove nearly one million incremental trips to\nNordstrom Rack stores.\nNordstrom.com finished its fifth consecutive year of approximately 20% or more comparable sales growth, with a key driver being increased\nmerchandise selection. In 2015, we plan to open our third fulfillment center, located in Pennsylvania, which will enhance the customer",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS**\n\nthese multiple retail channels, we strive to deliver the best customer experience possible. We offer an extensive selection of high-quality\nbrand-name and private label merchandise focused on apparel, shoes, cosmetics and accessories. Our integrated Nordstrom full-line stores\nand online store allow us to provide our customers with a seamless shopping experience. In-store purchases are primarily fulfilled from that\nstore’s inventory, but when inventory is unavailable at that store it may also be shipped to our customers from our fulfillment center in Cedar\nRapids, Iowa, or from other Nordstrom full-line stores. Online purchases are primarily shipped to our customers from our Cedar Rapids\nfulfillment center, but may also be shipped from our Nordstrom full-line stores. Our customers can also pick up online orders in our Nordstrom\nfull-line stores if inventory is available at one of our locations. These capabilities allow us to better serve customers across various channels\nand improve sales. Nordstrom Rack stores purchase high-quality brand-name merchandise primarily from the same vendors carried in\nNordstrom full-line stores and also serve as outlets for clearance merchandise from our Nordstrom stores and other retail channels. During\nthe year, we launched Nordstromrack.com and the associated mobile app. Nordstromrack.com combines the technology expertise of\nHauteLook with the merchant expertise of Nordstrom Rack. Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook offer limited-time sale events on fashion and\nlifestyle brands as well as a persistent selection of off-price, high-quality brand-name merchandise and are integrated with a single customer\nlog-in, shared shopping cart and streamlined checkout process. Furthermore, we can accommodate returns from these sites by mail or at\nany Nordstrom Rack location.\nOur  **Credit**  segment includes our wholly owned federal savings bank, Nordstrom fsb, through which we provide a private label credit card,\ntwo Nordstrom Visa credit cards and a debit card. The credit and debit cards feature a loyalty program designed to increase customer visits\nand spending. Although the primary purposes of our Credit segment are to foster greater customer loyalty and drive more sales, we also\ngenerate revenues from finance charges and other fees on these cards. In addition, we save on interchange fees that the Retail segment\nwould incur if our customers used third-party cards.\nFor more information about our business and our reportable segments, see Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial\nCondition and Results of Operations and Note 16: Segment Reporting in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **on our operations.**\n\nHouston, Texas; Queens, New York; Brentwood, Tennessee; Greenville, South Carolina; Madison, Wisconsin; Tempe, Arizona; Brooklyn,\nNew York; Livingston, New Jersey; West Palm Beach, Florida; Brandon, Florida; Columbia, South Carolina; Des Moines, Iowa; Philadelphia,\nPennsylvania; and Summerlin, Nevada). As part of our purchase of Trunk Club in August 2014, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms (Los\nAngeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; and Washington D.C.) and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom (New York City,\nNew York) in December 2014. Additionally, in 2014, we closed three Nordstrom full-line stores (Orlando, Florida; Vancouver, Washington; and\nPortland, Oregon).\nTo date in 2015, we have opened one Nordstrom full-line store in Ottawa, Ontario. During the remainder of 2015, we have announced the\nopening of four additional Nordstrom full-line stores (San Juan, Puerto Rico; Vancouver, British Columbia; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and\nWauwatosa, Wisconsin) and the opening of 27 additional Nordstrom Rack stores (Bakersfield, California; Redlands, California; Reno,\nNevada; Princeton, New Jersey; Westwood, Massachusetts; Webster, Texas; Laguna Niguel, California; Miami, Florida; Springfield, Virginia;\nSt. Louis Park, Minnesota; Dublin, California; Albany, New York; Anchorage, Alaska; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Buffalo, New York; Cerritos,\nCalifornia; Clearwater, Florida; Eatontown, New Jersey; Emeryville, California; Fort Collins, Colorado; Long Beach, California; Mount\nPleasant, South Carolina; Newark, Delaware; Rockaway, New Jersey; Syracuse, New York; Thousand Oaks, California; and Wayne, New\nJersey).\nWe also own six merchandise distribution centers (Portland, Oregon; Dubuque, Iowa; Ontario, California; Newark, California; Upper\nMarlboro, Maryland; and Gainesville, Florida) and we own one fulfillment center on leased land (Cedar Rapids, Iowa), all of which are utilized\nby our Retail segment. Trunk Club and HauteLook, which are included in our Retail segment, lease three administrative offices (Chicago,\nIllinois; Los Angeles, California and New York City, New York) and one fulfillment center (San Bernardino, California). We plan to open a third,\nowned fulfillment center (Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania) in the second half of 2015. We lease office buildings in Centennial, Colorado and\nScottsdale, Arizona, both for use by our Credit segment. Our administrative offices in Seattle, Washington are a combination of leased and\nowned space. We also lease a data center in Centennial, Colorado.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  11\nThe following table lists our U.S. and Canada retail store count and facility square footage by state/province as of January 31, 2015:\n**Retail stores by channel Nordstrom Full-Line Stores - U.S. Nordstrom Rack and Other <sup>1</sup> Total**\n**State/Province Count Square Footage (000’s) Count Square Footage (000’s) Count Square Footage (000’s)**",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **Retail Business Net Sales**\n\n2 Comparable sales include sales from stores that have been open at least one full year at the beginning of the year. We also include sales from our online channels\n(Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook) in comparable sales because of the integration with our stores. Fiscal year 2012 includes an extra week (the 53 <sup>rd</sup> week)\nas a result of our 4-5-4 retail reporting calendar. The 53 <sup>rd</sup> week is not included in comparable sales calculations.\n3 Sales per square foot is calculated as net sales divided by weighted-average square footage. Weighted-average square footage includes a percentage of year-end square\nfootage for new stores equal to the percentage of the year during which they were open. 4-wall sales per square foot is calculated as sales for Nordstrom U.S. full-line stores,\nNordstrom Rack stores, Jeffrey boutiques, our Canada full-line store, Last Chance and Trunk Club showrooms divided by their weighted-average square footage.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  19\nNet Sales (2014 vs. 2013)\nIn 2014, total company net sales increased 7.8%, which was attributable to the comparable sales increase of 4.0%. During the year, we\nopened three Nordstrom full-line stores, including our first store in Canada, and 27 Nordstrom Rack stores. Additionally, as a result of the\nacquisition of Trunk Club, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom in 2014. These\nadditions increased our square footage by 5.5% and represented 2.8% of our total net sales for 2014.\nNordstrom net sales, which consist of the U.S. full-line and Nordstrom.com businesses, were $9,678 in 2014, an increase of 3.8% compared\nwith 2013, with comparable sales up 3.6%. These increases reflected continued momentum in our Nordstrom.com channel. Both the number\nof items sold and the average selling price increased on a comparable basis in 2014. Category highlights included Accessories, Cosmetics\nand Men’s Apparel.\nU.S. full-line net sales for 2014 were $7,682, a decrease of 0.3% compared with 2013 and comparable sales decreased by 0.5%. The top-\nperforming geographic regions for full-line stores were the Southeast and Southwest.\nOur Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook channels continued to experience outsized growth. Nordstrom.com net sales\nincreased 23% and Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook net sales increased 22%, both driven by expanded merchandise selection and\nongoing technology investments to enhance the customer experience.\nNordstrom Rack net sales increased $477, or 17%, compared with 2013, reflecting incremental volume from existing stores and the impact of",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **INVENTORY**\n\n####### **FISCAL YEAR**\nWe operate on a 52/53-week fiscal year ending on the Saturday closest to January 31 <sup>st</sup> . References to 2014 and all years within this\ndocument are based on a 52-week fiscal year, except 2012, which is based on a 53-week fiscal year.\n####### **TRADEMARKS**\nWe have 156 trademarks, each of which is the subject of one or more trademark registrations and/or trademark applications. Our most\nnotable trademarks include Nordstrom, Nordstrom Rack, HauteLook, Halogen, BP., Zella, Caslon and Trunk Club. Each of our trademarks is\nrenewable indefinitely, provided that it is still used in commerce at the time of the renewal.\n####### **RETURN POLICY**\nWe have a fair and liberal approach to returns as part of our objective to provide high-quality customer service. We do not have a formal\nreturn policy at our Nordstrom full-line stores or online at Nordstrom.com. Our goal is to take care of our customers, which includes making\nreturns and exchanges easy, whether in stores or online, where we offer free shipping and free returns. Our Nordstrom Rack stores generally\naccept returns up to 90 days from the date of purchase with the original price tag and sales receipt, and also accept returns of\nNordstromrack.com and HauteLook merchandise. Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook generally accept returns of apparel, footwear and\naccessories within 90 days from the date of shipment.\n####### **SEASONALITY**\nDue to our Anniversary Sale in July and the holidays in December, our sales are typically higher in the second and fourth quarters than in the\nfirst and third quarters of the fiscal year.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  5\n####### **COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS**\nWe operate in a highly competitive business environment. We compete with other national, regional, local and online retailers that may carry\nsimilar lines of merchandise, including department stores, specialty stores, off-price stores, boutiques and Internet businesses. Our specific\ncompetitors vary from market to market. We believe the keys to competing in our industry are providing great customer service and customer\nexperiences in stores and online, which includes compelling price and value, fashion newness, quality of products, selection, convenience,\ntechnology, product fulfillment, personalization and appealing, relevant store environments in top locations.\n####### **INVENTORY**\nWe plan our merchandise purchases and receipts to coincide with expected sales trends. For instance, our merchandise purchases and\nreceipts increase prior to our Anniversary Sale, which has historically extended over the last two weeks of July. We also purchase and",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## **4 million**\n\n**OFF-PRICE: NORDSTROM RACK,**\n**NORDSTROMRACK.COM AND HAUTELOOK**\nWe opened a record 27 new Nordstrom Rack\nstores, ending 2014 with 167 stores and on\ntrack to meet our long-term growth plans\nof 300 stores by 2020. Customers continue\nto respond favorably to the treasure-hunt\nexperience that defines Nordstrom Rack\nstores. As we expand in many markets for the\nfirst time, we hope to continue delivering a\ngreat experience, as this business represents\na terrific opportunity for us to attract new\ncustomers. Last year, Nordstrom Rack\nwas our biggest source of new customers,\nattracting nearly 4 million. Also, a year ago,\nwe began accepting returns of HauteLook\nand Nordstromrack.com merchandise at any\nNordstrom Rack store. This drove nearly\n1 million trips to Nordstrom Rack stores in\n2014. The Nordstrom Rack customer also\ntends to be younger than our full-line customer,\nand there is a meaningful opportunity for these\ncustomers to begin shopping our full-price\nchannels as well. We plan to open 27 more\nNordstrom Racks in 2015 across the U.S.\n7\n**OUR NEW LOOK**  FROM WINDOWS THAT BRING THE OUTSIDE IN TO DEPARTMENTS THAT SEAMLESSLY FLOW TOGETHER—\nOUR NEW STORE DESIGN CREATES AN EXCITING SPACE THAT CAN CHANGE WITH HOW OUR CUSTOMERS SHOP.\n**“** * **I love how you used models with** *\n* **physical challenges in your** *\n* **Anniversary catalog. Nice work!** *\n**”** OUR CUSTOMER, DONNA A.\nIn addition to our new stores, we improved\nour online/of-price capabilities with the\nlaunch of Nordstromrack.com. Combined\nwith HauteLook, the integrated ecommerce\nsite ofers a consistent merchandise selection\nas well as flash sales in a single web or mobile\nexperience, providing customers a wide\nrange of merchandise with one easy-to-use,\nshared checkout. Since the launch last spring,\nwe’ve more than doubled the selection at\nNordstromrack.com. We will continue to work\non ways to further integrate our business to\nimprove our customer experience.\n**INCREASING RELEVANCE**\nWe know ultimately customers come to\nNordstrom for great merchandise. They\ncontinue to respond to fresh, relevant\nbrands. Last year, we were the exclusive\nretail partner for the global launch of\nSarah Jessica Parker’s SJP line of shoes and\nlaunched Charlotte Tilbury in Beauty. We\nincreased the number of full-line stores with\nTopshop to 53 and launched Kate Moss for\nTopshop, which helped us rapidly grow the\nnumber of Topshop customers, including a\nyounger customer who in many cases is new\nto Nordstrom. By the end of 2015, we plan to",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **CAUTIONARY STATEMENT**\n\nreceive a larger amount of merchandise in the fall as we prepare for the holiday shopping season (from late November through December).\nBeginning in 2012, we increased our investment in pack and hold inventory at Nordstrom Rack, which involves the strategic purchase of\nmerchandise from some of our full-line stores’ top brands in advance of the upcoming selling seasons to take advantage of favorable buying\nopportunities. This inventory is typically held for six months on average and has contributed to the growth in our Nordstrom Rack business.\nWe pay for our merchandise purchases under the terms established with our vendors.\nIn order to offer merchandise that our customers want, we purchase from a wide variety of high-quality suppliers, including domestic and\nforeign businesses. We also have arrangements with agents and contract manufacturers to produce our private label merchandise. We\nexpect our suppliers to meet our “Nordstrom Partnership Guidelines,” which address our corporate social responsibility standards for matters\nsuch as legal and regulatory compliance, labor, health and safety and the environment, and are available on our website at Nordstrom.com.\n####### **EMPLOYEES**\nDuring 2014, we employed approximately 67,000 employees on a full- or part-time basis. Due to the seasonal nature of our business,\nemployment increased to approximately 68,000 employees in July 2014 and 73,500 in December 2014. All of our employees are non-union.\nWe believe our relationship with our employees is good.\n####### **CAUTIONARY STATEMENT**\nCertain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain or may suggest “forward-looking” information (as defined in the Private\nSecurities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) that involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, anticipated financial outlook for the\nfiscal year ending January 30, 2016, anticipated annual total and comparable sales rates, anticipated new store openings in existing, new\nand international markets, anticipated Return on Invested Capital and trends in our operations. Such statements are based upon the current\nbeliefs and expectations of the company’s management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual future results may differ\nmaterially from historical results or current expectations depending upon factors including, but not limited to:\n-  successful execution of our customer strategy, including expansion into new markets, acquisitions, investments in our stores and\nonline, our ability to realize the anticipated benefits from growth initiatives, our ability to provide a seamless experience across all\nchannels, and the timely completion of construction associated with newly planned stores, relocations and remodels, all of which may",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **NOTE 17:  SELECTED QUARTERLY DATA <sup>1</sup> (UNAUDITED)**\n\nNordstrom Rack  **3,215**  2,738 2,445\nNordstromrack.com and HauteLook  **360**  295 236\nOther retail <sup>1</sup> **116**  35 35\nTotal Retail segment  **13,369**  12,395 11,949\nCorporate/Other  **(259)**  (229) (187)\n**Total net sales $13,110**  $12,166 $11,762\n1 Other retail includes our Jeffrey boutiques, Trunk Club and our Nordstrom Canada full-line store.\nThe following table summarizes net sales by merchandise category:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\n**Net sales % of total Net sales % of total Net sales % of total**\nWomen’s Apparel  **$3,950 30%**  $3,733 31% $3,684 31%\nShoes  **3,038 23%**  2,828 23% 2,716 23%\nMen’s Apparel  **2,129 16%**  1,943 16% 1,866 16%\nWomen’s Accessories  **1,801 14%**  1,644 14% 1,574 13%\nCosmetics  **1,400 11%**  1,312 11% 1,255 11%\nKids’ Apparel  **483 4%**  413 3% 381 3%\nOther  **309 2%**  293 2% 286 3%\n**Total net sales $13,110 100%** $12,166 100% $11,762 100%\n**Nordstrom, Inc.**\n**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\nDollar and share amounts in millions except per share, per option and per unit amounts\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  65\n####### **NOTE 17:  SELECTED QUARTERLY DATA <sup>1</sup> (UNAUDITED)**\n**1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter Total**\n**Fiscal year 2014**\nNet sales  **$2,837 $3,296 $3,040 $3,938 $13,110**\nComparable sales increase <sup>2</sup> **3.9% 3.3% 3.9% 4.7% 4.0%**\nCredit card revenues  **94 96 100 105 396**\nGross profit <sup>3</sup> **1,015 1,166 1,079 1,444 4,704**\nSelling, general and administrative expenses **(844) (931) (917) (1,084) (3,777)**\nEarnings before income taxes  **230 296 228 431 1,185**\nNet earnings  **140 183 142 255 720**\nEarnings per basic share  **$0.74 $0.97 $0.74 $1.35 $3.79**\nEarnings per diluted share  **$0.72 $0.95 $0.73 $1.32 $3.72**\n**Fiscal year 2013**\nNet sales $2,657 $3,104 $2,791 $3,614 $12,166\nComparable sales increase <sup>2</sup> 2.7% 4.4% 0.1% 2.6% 2.5%\nCredit card revenues 92 92 93 97 374\nGross profit <sup>3</sup> 984 1,100 1,000 1,345 4,429\nSelling, general and administrative expenses (801) (857) (840) (955) (3,453)\nEarnings before income taxes 236 298 218 437 1,189\nNet earnings 145 184 137 268 734\nEarnings per basic share $0.74 $0.94 $0.70 $1.39 $3.77\nEarnings per diluted share $0.73 $0.93 $0.69 $1.37 $3.71\n1 Quarterly totals may not foot across due to rounding.\n2 Comparable sales include sales from stores that have been open at least one full year at the beginning of the year. We also include sales from our online channels\n(Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook) in comparable sales because of the integration with our stores.\n3 Gross profit is calculated as net sales less cost of sales and related buying and occupancy costs (for all segments).",
+                    "page_start": 75,
+                    "page_end": 76,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **OVERVIEW**\n\nNordstrom Rack stores, Jeffrey boutiques, our Canada full-line store, Last Chance and Trunk Club showrooms divided by their weighted-average square footage.\n5 Ending inventory includes pack and hold inventory of $222, $173, $125, $34 and $0 in 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010, which represents strategic purchases of\nmerchandise for upcoming selling seasons.\n6 Inventory turnover rate is calculated as annual cost of sales and related buying and occupancy costs (for all segments) divided by 4-quarter average inventory. Retailers do not\nuniformly calculate inventory turnover as buying and occupancy costs may be included in selling, general and administrative expenses. As such, our inventory turnover rates\nmay not be comparable to other retailers.\n7 Other stores include Jeffrey boutiques, Trunk Club showrooms, our Nordstrom Canada full-line store and Last Chance.\n16\n**Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.**\nDollar, share and square footage amounts in millions except percentages, per share and per square foot amounts\n####### **OVERVIEW**\nNordstrom is a leading fashion specialty retailer offering apparel, shoes, cosmetics and accessories for women, men and children. We offer\nan extensive selection of high-quality brand-name and private label merchandise through our various channels: “Nordstrom” branded full-line\nstores and online store at Nordstrom.com, Nordstrom Rack stores, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook and other retail channels, including\nTrunk Club showrooms and TrunkClub.com, our Jeffrey boutiques and our clearance store that operates under the name “Last Chance.” As\nof January 31, 2015, our stores are located in 38 states throughout the United States and in one province in Canada. In addition, we offer our\ncustomers a Nordstrom Rewards <sup>TM</sup> loyalty program along with a variety of payment products and services, including credit and debit cards.\nWe continue to see the ongoing evolution of retail, with increasing customer interaction between our stores and ecommerce. We are making\nprogress to meet customer expectations of a personalized experience that merges the richness of stores with the convenience of online.\nBecause the customer views us simply as Nordstrom, we believe there is tremendous value in strengthening our platform for the customer\nexperience that encompasses full-price, off-price, in-store and online. While each channel represents a substantial growth opportunity, there\nare significant synergies across channels to create a unique customer experience to gain market share.\nWe considered 2014 a watershed year in our company history, with our successful entry into Canada, continued expansion of our Nordstrom",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **Investing Activities**\n\nThe following table summarizes our store count and square footage activity:\n**Store count Square footage**\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 2012**\nTotal, beginning of year  **260**  240 225  **26.0**  25.3 24.7\nStore openings:\nNordstrom full-line stores - U.S.  **2**  — 1  **0.3**  — 0.1\nNordstrom Rack and other stores <sup>1</sup> **29**  22 15  **1.2**  0.7 0.6\nStores acquired **4**  — —  **—**  —\nStores closed  **(3)**  (2) (1)  **(0.4)**  — (0.1)\n**Total, end of year 292**  260 240  **27.1**  26.0 25.3\n1 Other stores include Jeffrey boutiques, Trunk Club showrooms, our Nordstrom Canada full-line store and Last Chance.\nWe had no store relocations in 2014, compared with one Nordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack relocations in 2013 and three\nNordstrom Rack relocations in 2012. Our 2014 new store openings increased our square footage by 5.5%.\nTo date in 2015, we have opened our second full-line store in Canada. We plan to open 27 Nordstrom Rack stores, three additional\nNordstrom full-line stores in the U.S. and another full-line store in Canada during 2015. Planned net store openings are expected to increase\nour retail square footage by approximately 6.1%.\n28\nWe received property incentives from our developers of $110 in 2014, $89 in 2013 and $58 in 2012. These incentives are included in our\ncash provided by operations in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.\nHowever, operationally we view these as an offset to our capital expenditures. Our capital expenditure percentages, net of property\nincentives, by category are summarized as follows:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nCategory and expenditure percentage:\nNew store openings, relocations and remodels  **62%**  62% 54%\nInformation technology  **35%**  27% 27%\nOther  **3%**  11% 19%\n**Total 100%**  100% 100%\nOther capital expenditures consist of ongoing improvements to our stores in the ordinary course of business and expenditures related to\nvarious growth initiatives.\nWe expect to significantly increase our capital expenditures, net of property incentives, over the next five years to approximately $4,300,\ncompared with $2,700 over the previous five years. We plan to spend approximately $1,200 in 2015 compared with $751 in 2014. Both of\nthese increases are primarily due to our continued expansion into new markets such as Canada, Puerto Rico and Manhattan, investment in\nnew Nordstrom Rack and full-line stores and remodels of existing stores. Over these next five years, we expect that 62% of our net capital",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf",
+                "query": "What type of nanostructured material works notably well to build gas nanosensors ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "carbon nanotubes (CNT) [2] have been shown to work remarkably well as de- tectors of small gas molecules",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nmodel we have performed a computational screening of tran-\nsition metal doped CNTs, and found that Ni-doped CNTs are\npromising candidates for detecting CO in a background of air.\nThe model may be applied straightforwardly to other nanos-\ntructures than CNTs, other functionalizations than metal dop-\ning and other gas compositions than air.\nThe authors acknowledge financial support from Span-\nish MEC (FIS2007-65702-C02-01), “Grupos Consolidados\nUPV/EHU del Gobierno Vasco” (IT-319-07), e-I3 ETSF\nproject (Contract Number 211956), “Red Espa ̃nola de Super-\ncomputaci ́on”, NABIIT and the Danish Center for Scientific\nComputing. The Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design\n(CAMD) is sponsored by the Lundbeck Foundation. JMG-L\nacknowledges funding from Spanish MICINN through Juan\nde la Cierva and Jos ́e Castillejo programs.\n*∗* Electronic address: [ juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es](mailto:juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es)\n[1]  *Gas Sensing Materials, MRS Bull.*  , vol. 24 (1999).\n[2] J. C. Chalier, X. Blase, and S. Roche, “Electronic and transport\nproperties of nanotubes”, Rev. Mod. Phys.  **79**  (2), 677 (May 2007), doi: [10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677) .\n[3] J. Kong, N. R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng,\nK. Cho, and H. Dai, “Nanotube molecular wires as\nchemical sensors”, Science  **287**  (5453), 622 (Jan. 2000), doi: [10.1126/science.287.5453.622](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5453.622) .\n[4] P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl, “Ex-\ntreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of car-\nbon nanotubes”, Science  **287**  (5459), 1801 (Mar. 2000), doi: [10.1126/science.287.5459.1801](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1801) .\n[5] C. Hierold,  *Carbon Nanotube Devices: Properties, Modeling,*\n*Integration and Applications*  (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008).\n[6] F. Villalpando-P ́aez, A. H. Romero, E. Mu ̃noz-Sandoval,\nL. M. Mart ́ınez, H. Terrones, and M. Terrones, “Fabrica-\ntion of vapor and gas sensors using films of aligned CN *x*\nnanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett.  **386**  (1-3), 137 (Mar. 2004), doi: [10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052) .\n[7] A. R. Rocha, M. Rossi, A. Fazzio, and A. J. R.\nda Silva, “Designing real nanotube-based gas sen-\nsors”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **100**  (17), 176803 (May 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.176803](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.176803) .\n[8] S. Brahim, S. Colbern, R. Gump, and L. Grigorian, “Tailoring\ngas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes”, J. Appl. Phys.\n**104**  (2), 024502 (Jul. 2008), doi: [10.1063/1.2956395](http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2956395) . [9] C. Morgan, Z. Alemipour, and M. Baxendale, “Variable\nrange hopping in oxygen-exposed single-wall carbon nanotube\nnetworks”, Phys. Stat. Solidi A  **205**  (6), 1394 (May 2008), doi: [10.1002/pssa.200778113](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200778113) .\n[10] D. J. Mowbray, C. Morgan, and K. S. Thygesen, “In-\nfluence of O 2 and N 2 on the conductivity of carbon nan- otube networks”, Phys. Rev. B  **79**  (19), 195431 (May 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431) .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nJ. M. Garc ́ıa-Lastra <sup>1,2</sup> ,  *<sup>∗</sup>* D. J. Mowbray <sup>1,2</sup> , K. S. Thygesen <sup>2</sup> , A. Rubio <sup>1,3</sup> , and K. W. Jacobsen <sup>2</sup> *1* *Nano-Bio Spectroscopy group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre,*\n*Dpto. F ́ısica de Materiales, Universidad del Pa ́ıs Vasco,*\n*Centro de F ́ısica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU- MPC and DIPC, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebasti ́an, Spain* *2* *Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design, Department of Physics,*\n*Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark* *3* *Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany*\nWe use computational screening to systematically investigate the use of transition metal doped carbon nan-\notubes for chemical gas sensing. For a set of relevant target molecules (CO, NH 3 , H 2 S) and the main components\nof air (N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O), we calculate the binding energy and change in conductance upon adsorption on a metal\natom occupying a vacancy of a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Based on these descriptors, we identify the most promis-\ning dopant candidates for detection of a given target molecule. From the fractional coverage of the metal sites\nin thermal equilibrium with air, we estimate the change in the nanotube resistance per doping site as a function\nof the target molecule concentration assuming charge transport in the diffusive regime. Our analysis points to\nNi-doped nanotubes as candidates for CO sensors working under typical atmospheric conditions.\nPACS numbers: 73.63.- b, 68.43.- h, 73.50.Lw\nThe ability to detect small concentrations of specific chem-\nical species is fundamental for a variety of industrial and sci-\nentific processes as well as for medical applications and en-\nvironmental monitoring [ 1 ]. In general, nanostructured mate-\nrials should be well suited for sensor applications because of\ntheir large surface to volume ratio which makes them sensi-\ntive to molecular adsorption. Specifically, carbon nanotubes\n(CNT) [ 2 ] have been shown to work remarkably well as de-\ntectors of small gas molecules. This has been demonstrated\nboth for individual CNTs [ 3 - 8 ] as well as for CNT networks\n[ 9 , 10 ].\nPristine CNTs are known to be chemically inert -  a prop-\nerty closely related to their high stability. As a consequence,\nonly radicals bind strong enough to the CNT to notably affect\nits electrical properties [ 2 , 5 , 11 - 13 ]. To make CNTs attrac-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nnanotube.\nwhere  *E*  [  *X*  @M@VC] is the total energy of molecule  *X*  on\na transition metal atom occupying a vacancy, and  *E*  [  *X*  ] is the\ngas phase energy of the molecule.\nFrom the adsorption energies plotted in Fig. 2 (a), we see\nthat the earlier transition metals tend to bind the adsorbates\nstronger than the late transition metals. The latest metals in\nthe series (Cu and Zn) bind adsorbates rather weakly in the\ndivacancy structures. We also note that O 2 binds significantly stronger than any of the three target molecules on Ti, V, Cr,\nand Mn (except for Cr in divacancy I where H 2 S is found to\ndissociate). Active sites containing these metals are therefore\nexpected to be completely passivated if oxygen is present in\nthe background. Further, we find H 2 O is rather weakly bound\nto most of the active sites. This ensures that these types of\nsensors are robust against changes in humidity.\nIn thermodynamic equilibrium [ 27 ], the coverage of the ac-\ntive sites follows from\nΘ[  *X*  ] = *K*  [  *X*  ]  *C*  [  *X*  ] 1 +  <sup>�</sup> *Y*    *<sup>K</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>Y</sup>*  <sup>]</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>Y</sup>*  <sup>]</sup>  *<sup>,</sup>*  (4)\nwhere  *K*  =  *k* + */k* *−* is the ratio of forward and backward rate\nconstants for the adsorption reaction,\n*K*  [  *X*  ] = exp � *−*   *<sup>E</sup>*  <sup>ads</sup> <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>X</sup>*  <sup>] +</sup>  *<sup>TS</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>X</sup>*  <sup>]</sup> *k* *B* *T* � *.*  (5)\nIn these expressions  *C*  [  *X*  ] is the concentration of species  *X*  ,\n*S*  [  *X*  ] is its gas phase entropy and  *T*  is the temperature. Ex-\nperimental values for the gas phase entropies have been taken\nfrom Ref. [ 28 ].\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\nFractional Coverage Θ of Ni Occupied Vacancies\n0.1 1 10 100 CO Concentration [ppm]\n10 -4\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\n|  O 2 (a) Monovacancy  |\n|:---|\n| CO Clean O 2 (b) Divacancy I  |\n| CO O 2 Clean (c) Divacancy II |\n10 2\n10 3\n0.1 1 10 100 CO Concentration [ppm]\n-10 1\n0\n10 1 Monovacancy Divacancy I Divacancy II\nChange in Resistance\n∆\n*R*\n[\nΩ\n/ Ni Occupied Vacancy]\n(d)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\ntive for sensor applications thus requires some kind of func-\ntionalization, e.g. through doping or decoration of the CNT\nsidewall [ 13 - 21 ]. Ideally, this type of functionalization could\nbe used to control not only the reactivity of the CNT but also\nthe selectivity towards specific chemical species.\nIn this work we consider the possibility of using CNTs\ndoped by 3d transition metal atoms for chemical gas sens-\ning. We use computational screening to systematically iden-\ntify the most promising dopant candidates for detection of\nthree different target molecules (CO, NH 3 , H 2 S) under typi-\ncal atmospheric conditions. The screening procedure is based\non the calculation of two microscopic descriptors: the bind-\ning energy and scattering resistance of the molecules when\nadsorbed on a doped CNT. These two quantities give a good\nindication of the gas coverage and impact on the resistance.\nFor the most promising candidates we then employ a simple\nthermodynamic model of the CNT sensor. In this model, the\nbinding energies are used to obtain the fractional coverage of\nthe metallic sites as a function of the target molecule concen-\ntration under ambient conditions. Under the assumption of\ntransport in the diffusive rather than localization regime, the\nchange in CNT resistivity may then be obtained from the cal-\nculated coverages and single impurity conductances.\nWe find that oxidation of the active metal site passivates\nthe sensor in the case of doping by Ti, V, Cr, and Mn un-\nder standard conditions (room temperature and 1 bar of pres-\nsure). Among the remaining metals, we identify Ni as is the\nmost promising candidate for CO detection. For this system\nthe change in resistance per active site is generally significant\n(  *>*  1 Ω ) for small changes in CO concentration in the relevant\nrange of around 0.1- 10 ppm. Our approach is quite general\nand is directly applicable to other nanostructures than CNTs,\nother functionalizations than metal doping, and other back-\ngrounds than atmospheric air.\nAll total energy calculations and structure optimizations\nhave been performed with the real-space density functional\ntheory (DFT) code GPAW [ 22 ] which is based on the projector augmented wave method. We use a grid spacing of 0.2 <sup> ̊</sup> A for\nrepresenting the density and wave functions and the PBE ex-\nchange correlation functional [ 23 ]. Transport calculations for",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\ncally and this leads to a significant increase in resistance.\nWe now return to the discussion of the validity of Eq. ( 7 ).\nAs mentioned, the series coupling of individual scatterers\nshould be valid when  *l* *φ*   *< d* . However, even for  *l* *φ*   *> d* and assuming that the Anderson localization length,  *l* loc in the system exceeds  *l* *φ* , Eq. ( 7 ) remains valid if one replaces\nthe actual resistance  *R*  by the sample averaged resistance  *⟨*   *R*   *⟩* [ 29 ]. At room temperature under ambient conditions, interac-\ntions with external degrees of freedom such as internal CNT\nphonons and vibrational modes of the adsorbed molecules\nwould rapidly randomize the phase of the electrons. There-\nfore Eq. ( 7 ) should certainly be valid in the limit of low dop-\ning concentrations. On the other hand, the total number of\ndopants,  *N*  , should be large enough for the statistical treat-\nment of the coverage to hold. Finally, we stress that Eq. ( 7 )\nrepresents a conservative estimate of the change in resistance.\nIn fact, in the regime where  *l* *φ*   *> l*  loc , i.e. in the Anderson\nlocalization regime, the resistance would be highly sensitive\nto changes in the fractional coverage of active sites. Calcula-\ntion of the actual resistance of the CNT in this regime would,\nhowever, involve a full transport calculation in the presence of\nall  *N*  impurities. At this point it suffices to see that the con-\nservative estimates obtained from Eq. ( 7 ) predict measurable\nsignals in response to small changes in concentration of the\ntarget molecules.\nTo our knowledge, controlled doping of CNTs with transi-\ntion metal atoms has so far not been achieved. It has, how-\never, been found that metal atoms incorporated into the CNT\nlattice during catalytic growth are afterwards very difficult to\nremove [ 30 ]. Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan-\ncies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed\nin a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ions [ 31 ]. This sug-\ngests that metallic doping of CNTs should be possible.\nIn summary, we have presented a general model of nanos-\ntructured chemical sensors which takes the adsorption en-\nergies of the relevant chemical species and their individual\nscattering resistances as the only input. On the basis of this",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nFIG. 3: Fractional coverage Θ in thermal equilibrium of Ni in a (a)\nmonovacancy, (b) divacancy I, (c) divacancy II and (d) change in\nresistance ∆  *R*  per dopant site as a function of CO concentration in\na background of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. The\nreference concentration of CO is taken to be  *C* 0 = 0.1 ppm. Note the\nchange from linear to log scale on the  *y*  -axis at ∆  *R*  = 10 Ω .\nFor a given background composition we may thus estimate\nthe fractional coverages for each available adsorbate for a\ngiven type of doping. As an example, Fig. 3 (a)-(c) shows the\nfractional coverage of a Ni atom occupying a monovacancy,\ndivacancy I, and divacancy II, versus CO concentration in a\nbackground of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure.\nDue to the relatively small binding energy of N 2 and H 2 O as\ncompared to O 2 and CO, all Ni sites will be either empty or occupied by O 2 or CO. In particular, Ni in a monovacancy (top panel of Fig. 3 ) will be completely oxidized for all rel-\nevant CO concentrations. For the Ni occupied divacancy II\nstructures we find the coverage of CO changes significantly\naround toxic concentrations (  *∼*  10 ppm). To estimate the effect of adsorbates on the electrical con-\nductance of doped CNTs, we first consider the change in con-\nductance when a single molecule is adsorbed on a metal site of\nan otherwise pristine CNT. In Fig. 2 (b) we show the calculated\nchange in conductance relative to the metal site with no ad-\nsorbate. In contrast to the binding energies, there are no clear\ntrends in the conductances. The sensitivity of the conductance\nis perhaps most clearly demonstrated by the absence of cor-\nrelation between different types of vacancies, i.e. between the\nthree panels in Fig. 2 (b). Close to the Fermi level, the conduc-\ntance of a perfect armchair CNT equals 2  *G* 0 . The presence\nof the metal dopant leads to several dips in the transmission\nfunction known as Fano antiresonances [ 20 ]. The position\nand shape of these dips depend on the  *d*  -levels of the transi-\ntion metal atom, the character of its bonding to the CNT, and\nis further affected by the presence of the adsorbate molecule.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\natom in the monovacancy, while all C atoms remain three-fold\ncoordinated in the divacancies. When a transition metal atom\noccupies a vacancy, the strongest bonding to the C atoms is\nthrough its  *d*  orbitals [ 26 ]. For this reason, Cu and Zn, which\nboth have filled d-bands, are rather unstable in the CNT. For\nthe remaining metals, adsorption in the monovacancies leads\nto quite stable structures. This is because the three-fold coor-\ndination of the C atoms and the CNT’s hexagonal structure are\nrecovered when the metal atom is inserted. On the other hand,\nmetal adsorption in divacancies is slightly less stable because\nof the resulting pentagon defects, see upper panel in Fig. 1 . A\nsimilar behaviour has been reported by Krasheninnikov  *et al.*\nfor transition metal atoms in graphene [ 21 ].\nThe adsorption energies for N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, CO, NH 3 , and\nH 2 S on the metallic site of the doped (6,6) CNTs are shown in\nFig. 2 (a). The adsorption energy of a molecule  *X*  is defined\nby\n*E* ads [  *X*  @M@VC ] =  *E*  [  *X*  @M@VC ]  *−*   *E*  [  *X*  ]  *−*   *E*  [ M@VC ]  *,* (3)\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nCO 2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nCO\nCO\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nCO 2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nCO\nCO\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nMonovacancy\nDivacancy II\nDivacancy I\nDivacancy II\nDivacancy I\nMonovacancy\nCr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mn Ti V\n0.0 (a) Adsorption Energy [eV] −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5\nCr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mn Ti V\n0.0 +0.5 +1.0 0 (b) Conductance Change [G  ] −1.0 −0.5\nFIG. 2: Calculated (a) adsorption energy  *E* ads in eV and (b) change in conductance ∆  *G*  in units of  *G* 0 = 2  *e*  <sup>2</sup> */h*  for N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, CO, NH 3 ,\nand H 2 S on 3d transition metals occupying a monovacancy (top),\ndivacancy I (middle), and divacancy II (bottom) in a (6,6) carbon",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nthe optimized structures have been performed using the non-\nequilibrium Green’s function method [ 24 ] with an electronic\nHamiltonian obtained from the SIESTA code [ 25 ] in a dou-\nble zeta polarized (DZP) basis set. Spin polarization has been\ntaken into account in all calculations.\nMetallic doping of a (6,6) CNT has been modeled in a su-\npercell containing six repeated minimal unit cells along the CNT axis (dimensions: 15 <sup> ̊</sup> A  *×*  15 <sup> ̊</sup> A  *×*  14.622 <sup> ̊</sup> A). For this size\nof supercell a Γ -point sampling of the Brillouin zone was\nfound to be sufficient. The formation energy for creating a\nvacancy (VC) occupied by a transition metal atom (M) was\ncalculated using the relation\n*E* form [ M @ VC ] =  *E*  [ M @ VC ] +  *nE*  [ C ]  *−*   *E*  [ M@NT ] (1) where  *E*  [M@VC] is the total energy of a transition metal\natom occupying a vacancy in the nanotube,  *n*  is the number\nof carbon atoms removed to form the vacancy,  *E*  [C] is the en-\nergy per carbon atom in a pristine nanotube, and  *E*  [M@NT]\narXiv:1001.2538v1  [cond-mat.mes-hall]  14 Jan 2010 Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 0\n2\n4\n6\n8\nFormation Energy *E*\n*form*\n[eV] Empty Monovacancy\nEmpty Divacancy II\nEmpty Divacancy I\nMonovacancy Divacancy I Divacancy II\nCarbon Nanotube Axis\nFIG. 1: Structural schematics and formation energy for a 3d tran-\nsition metal occupied monovacancy (black), divacancy I (gray), or\ndivacancy II (white) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Formation energies\nof the empty vacancies are indicated by dashed lines.\nis the total energy of the pristine nanotube with a physisorbed\ntransition metal atom. We have considered the monovacancy\nand two divacancies shown in Fig. 1 . The energy required to\nform an empty vacancy is obtained from\n*E* form [ VC ] =  *E*  [ VC ] +  *nE*  [ C ]  *−*   *E*  [ NT ]  *,*  (2)\nwhere  *E*  [VC] is the total energy of the nanotube with a va-\ncancy of  *n*  atoms.\nThe calculated formation energies for the 3d transition met-\nals are shown in Fig. 1 . From the horizontal lines we see that\nboth divacancies are more stable than the monovacancy. This\nmay be attributed to the presence of a two-fold coordinated C",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\n[11] L. Valentini, F. Mercuri, I. Armentano, C. Cantalini, S. Picozzi,\nL. Lozzi, S. Santucci, A. Sgamellotti, and J. M. Kenny, “Role of\ndefects on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes thin\nfilms: experiment and theory”, Chem. Phys. Lett.  **387**  (4-6), 356 (Apr. 2004), doi: [10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038) .\n[12] Z. Zanolli and J.-C. Charlier, “Defective carbon nanotubes for\nsingle-molecule sensing”, Phys. Rev. B  **80**  (15), 155447 (Oct. 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447) .\n[13] J. M. Garc ́ıa-Lastra, K. S. Thygesen, M. Strange, and  ́Angel Rubio, “Conductance of sidewall-functionalized\ncarbon nanotubes: Universal dependence on adsorption\nsites”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **101**  (23), 236806 (Dec. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806) .\n[14] S. B. Fagan, R. Mota, A. J. R. da Silva, and A. Fazzio, “  *Ab*\n*initio*  study of an iron atom interacting with single-wall car-\nbon nanotubes”, Phys. Rev. B  **67**  (20), 205414 (May 2003), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414) .\n[15] Y. Yagi, T. M. Briere, M. H. F. Sluiter, V. Kumar, A. A. Farajian,\nand Y. Kawazoe, “Stable geometries and magnetic properties of\nsingle-walled carbon nanotubes doped with 3  *d*  transition met-\nals: A first-principles study”, Phys. Rev. B  **69**  (7), 075414 (Feb 2004), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414) .\n[16] S. H. Yang, W. H. Shin, J. W. Lee, S. Y. Kim, S. I. Woo, and\nJ. K. Kang, “Interaction of a transition metal atom with intrinsic\ndefects in single-walled carbon nanotubes”, J. Phys. Chem. B\n**110**  (28), 13941 (Jun. 2006), doi: [10.1021/jp061895q](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp061895q) . [17] K. T. Chan, J. B. Neaton, and M. L. Cohen, “First-principles\nstudy of metal adatom adsorption on graphene”, Phys. Rev. B\n**77**  , 235430 (Jun. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235430](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235430) . [18] C. S. Yeung, L. V. Liu, and Y. A. Wang, “Adsorption\nof small gas molecules onto Pt-doped single-walled carbon\nnanotubes”, J. Phys. Chem. C  **112**  (19), 7401 (Apr. 2008), doi: [10.1021/jp0753981](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0753981) .\n[19] T. Vo, Y.-D. Wu, R. Car, and M. Robert, “Structures, in-\nteractions, and ferromagnetism of Fe-carbon nanotube sys-\ntems”, J. Phys. Chem. C  **112**  (22), 400 (May 2008), doi: [10.1021/jp0761968](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0761968) .\n[20] J. A. F ̈urst, M. Brandbyge, A.-P. Jauho, and K. Stokbro, “  *Ab*\n*initio*  study of spin-dependent transport in carbon nanotubes\nwith iron and vanadium adatoms”, Phys. Rev. B  **78**  (19), 195405 (Nov. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405) .\n[21] A. V. Krasheninnikov, P. O. Lehtinen, A. S. Foster,\nP. Pyykk ̈o, and R. M. Nieminen, “Embedding transition-\nmetal atoms in graphene: Structure, bonding, and mag-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nnetism”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **102**  (12), 126807 (Mar. 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807) .\n[22] J. J. Mortensen, L. B. Hansen, and K. W. Jacobsen,\n“Real-space grid implementation of the projector augmented\nwave method”, Phys. Rev. B  **71**  (3), 035109 (Jan. 2005), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035109](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035109) .\n[23] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, “Generalized gradi-\nent approximation made simple”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **77**  (18), 3865 (Oct. 1996), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865) .\n[24] M. Strange, I. S. Kristensen, K. S. Thygesen, and K. W. Ja-\ncobsen, “Benchmark density functional theory calculations for\nnanoscale conductance”, J. Chem. Phys.  **128**  (11), 114714 (Mar. 2008), doi: [10.1063/1.2839275](http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2839275) .\n[25] J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, J. D. Gale, A. Garcia, J. Junquera, P. Or-\ndej ́on, and D. S ́anchez-Portal, “The SIESTA method for  *ab ini-*\n*tio*  order-  *n*  materials simulation”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter\n**14**  (11), 2745 (Mar. 2002), doi: [10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/14/11/302) . [26] J. S. Griffith,  *The Theory of Transition-Metal Ions*  (Cambridge\nUniversity Press, London, 1961).\n[27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula,  *Physical Chemistry*  , 8th ed. (Oxford\nUniversity Press, London, 2006).\n[28] D. Lide,  *Handbook of Chemistry and Physics*  , 87th ed. (CRC-\nPress, 2006- 2007).\n[29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, “Scal-\ning theory put into practice: First-principles modeling of trans-\nport in doped silicon wires”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **99**  (7), 076803 (Aug. 2007), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.076803) .\n[30] M. Ushiro, K. Uno, T. Fujikawa, Y. Sato, K. Tohji, F. Watari,\nW.-J. Chun, Y. Koike, and K. Asakura, “X-ray absorption fine\nstructure (XAFS) analyses of Ni species trapped in graphene\nsheet of carbon nanofibers”, Phys. Rev. B  **73**  (14), 144103 (Apr. 2006), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144103) .\n[31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel,\nF. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, “Tuning the con-\nductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation\nin the Anderson localization regime”, Nature Materials  **4**  , 534 (Jun. 2005), doi: [10.1038/nmat1414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1414) .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf",
+                "query": "What seems to be a great technique to ensure vacancies are formed in carbon nanotubes (CNT) ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan- cies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed in a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ion",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nthe optimized structures have been performed using the non-\nequilibrium Green’s function method [ 24 ] with an electronic\nHamiltonian obtained from the SIESTA code [ 25 ] in a dou-\nble zeta polarized (DZP) basis set. Spin polarization has been\ntaken into account in all calculations.\nMetallic doping of a (6,6) CNT has been modeled in a su-\npercell containing six repeated minimal unit cells along the CNT axis (dimensions: 15 <sup> ̊</sup> A  *×*  15 <sup> ̊</sup> A  *×*  14.622 <sup> ̊</sup> A). For this size\nof supercell a Γ -point sampling of the Brillouin zone was\nfound to be sufficient. The formation energy for creating a\nvacancy (VC) occupied by a transition metal atom (M) was\ncalculated using the relation\n*E* form [ M @ VC ] =  *E*  [ M @ VC ] +  *nE*  [ C ]  *−*   *E*  [ M@NT ] (1) where  *E*  [M@VC] is the total energy of a transition metal\natom occupying a vacancy in the nanotube,  *n*  is the number\nof carbon atoms removed to form the vacancy,  *E*  [C] is the en-\nergy per carbon atom in a pristine nanotube, and  *E*  [M@NT]\narXiv:1001.2538v1  [cond-mat.mes-hall]  14 Jan 2010 Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 0\n2\n4\n6\n8\nFormation Energy *E*\n*form*\n[eV] Empty Monovacancy\nEmpty Divacancy II\nEmpty Divacancy I\nMonovacancy Divacancy I Divacancy II\nCarbon Nanotube Axis\nFIG. 1: Structural schematics and formation energy for a 3d tran-\nsition metal occupied monovacancy (black), divacancy I (gray), or\ndivacancy II (white) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Formation energies\nof the empty vacancies are indicated by dashed lines.\nis the total energy of the pristine nanotube with a physisorbed\ntransition metal atom. We have considered the monovacancy\nand two divacancies shown in Fig. 1 . The energy required to\nform an empty vacancy is obtained from\n*E* form [ VC ] =  *E*  [ VC ] +  *nE*  [ C ]  *−*   *E*  [ NT ]  *,*  (2)\nwhere  *E*  [VC] is the total energy of the nanotube with a va-\ncancy of  *n*  atoms.\nThe calculated formation energies for the 3d transition met-\nals are shown in Fig. 1 . From the horizontal lines we see that\nboth divacancies are more stable than the monovacancy. This\nmay be attributed to the presence of a two-fold coordinated C",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\ncally and this leads to a significant increase in resistance.\nWe now return to the discussion of the validity of Eq. ( 7 ).\nAs mentioned, the series coupling of individual scatterers\nshould be valid when  *l* *φ*   *< d* . However, even for  *l* *φ*   *> d* and assuming that the Anderson localization length,  *l* loc in the system exceeds  *l* *φ* , Eq. ( 7 ) remains valid if one replaces\nthe actual resistance  *R*  by the sample averaged resistance  *⟨*   *R*   *⟩* [ 29 ]. At room temperature under ambient conditions, interac-\ntions with external degrees of freedom such as internal CNT\nphonons and vibrational modes of the adsorbed molecules\nwould rapidly randomize the phase of the electrons. There-\nfore Eq. ( 7 ) should certainly be valid in the limit of low dop-\ning concentrations. On the other hand, the total number of\ndopants,  *N*  , should be large enough for the statistical treat-\nment of the coverage to hold. Finally, we stress that Eq. ( 7 )\nrepresents a conservative estimate of the change in resistance.\nIn fact, in the regime where  *l* *φ*   *> l*  loc , i.e. in the Anderson\nlocalization regime, the resistance would be highly sensitive\nto changes in the fractional coverage of active sites. Calcula-\ntion of the actual resistance of the CNT in this regime would,\nhowever, involve a full transport calculation in the presence of\nall  *N*  impurities. At this point it suffices to see that the con-\nservative estimates obtained from Eq. ( 7 ) predict measurable\nsignals in response to small changes in concentration of the\ntarget molecules.\nTo our knowledge, controlled doping of CNTs with transi-\ntion metal atoms has so far not been achieved. It has, how-\never, been found that metal atoms incorporated into the CNT\nlattice during catalytic growth are afterwards very difficult to\nremove [ 30 ]. Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan-\ncies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed\nin a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ions [ 31 ]. This sug-\ngests that metallic doping of CNTs should be possible.\nIn summary, we have presented a general model of nanos-\ntructured chemical sensors which takes the adsorption en-\nergies of the relevant chemical species and their individual\nscattering resistances as the only input. On the basis of this",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\natom in the monovacancy, while all C atoms remain three-fold\ncoordinated in the divacancies. When a transition metal atom\noccupies a vacancy, the strongest bonding to the C atoms is\nthrough its  *d*  orbitals [ 26 ]. For this reason, Cu and Zn, which\nboth have filled d-bands, are rather unstable in the CNT. For\nthe remaining metals, adsorption in the monovacancies leads\nto quite stable structures. This is because the three-fold coor-\ndination of the C atoms and the CNT’s hexagonal structure are\nrecovered when the metal atom is inserted. On the other hand,\nmetal adsorption in divacancies is slightly less stable because\nof the resulting pentagon defects, see upper panel in Fig. 1 . A\nsimilar behaviour has been reported by Krasheninnikov  *et al.*\nfor transition metal atoms in graphene [ 21 ].\nThe adsorption energies for N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, CO, NH 3 , and\nH 2 S on the metallic site of the doped (6,6) CNTs are shown in\nFig. 2 (a). The adsorption energy of a molecule  *X*  is defined\nby\n*E* ads [  *X*  @M@VC ] =  *E*  [  *X*  @M@VC ]  *−*   *E*  [  *X*  ]  *−*   *E*  [ M@VC ]  *,* (3)\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nCO 2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nCO\nCO\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nN 2\nO 2\nCO 2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nCO\nCO\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\n2 H O\n3 NH\n2 H S\nMonovacancy\nDivacancy II\nDivacancy I\nDivacancy II\nDivacancy I\nMonovacancy\nCr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mn Ti V\n0.0 (a) Adsorption Energy [eV] −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5\nCr Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Mn Ti V\n0.0 +0.5 +1.0 0 (b) Conductance Change [G  ] −1.0 −0.5\nFIG. 2: Calculated (a) adsorption energy  *E* ads in eV and (b) change in conductance ∆  *G*  in units of  *G* 0 = 2  *e*  <sup>2</sup> */h*  for N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, CO, NH 3 ,\nand H 2 S on 3d transition metals occupying a monovacancy (top),\ndivacancy I (middle), and divacancy II (bottom) in a (6,6) carbon",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\ntive for sensor applications thus requires some kind of func-\ntionalization, e.g. through doping or decoration of the CNT\nsidewall [ 13 - 21 ]. Ideally, this type of functionalization could\nbe used to control not only the reactivity of the CNT but also\nthe selectivity towards specific chemical species.\nIn this work we consider the possibility of using CNTs\ndoped by 3d transition metal atoms for chemical gas sens-\ning. We use computational screening to systematically iden-\ntify the most promising dopant candidates for detection of\nthree different target molecules (CO, NH 3 , H 2 S) under typi-\ncal atmospheric conditions. The screening procedure is based\non the calculation of two microscopic descriptors: the bind-\ning energy and scattering resistance of the molecules when\nadsorbed on a doped CNT. These two quantities give a good\nindication of the gas coverage and impact on the resistance.\nFor the most promising candidates we then employ a simple\nthermodynamic model of the CNT sensor. In this model, the\nbinding energies are used to obtain the fractional coverage of\nthe metallic sites as a function of the target molecule concen-\ntration under ambient conditions. Under the assumption of\ntransport in the diffusive rather than localization regime, the\nchange in CNT resistivity may then be obtained from the cal-\nculated coverages and single impurity conductances.\nWe find that oxidation of the active metal site passivates\nthe sensor in the case of doping by Ti, V, Cr, and Mn un-\nder standard conditions (room temperature and 1 bar of pres-\nsure). Among the remaining metals, we identify Ni as is the\nmost promising candidate for CO detection. For this system\nthe change in resistance per active site is generally significant\n(  *>*  1 Ω ) for small changes in CO concentration in the relevant\nrange of around 0.1- 10 ppm. Our approach is quite general\nand is directly applicable to other nanostructures than CNTs,\nother functionalizations than metal doping, and other back-\ngrounds than atmospheric air.\nAll total energy calculations and structure optimizations\nhave been performed with the real-space density functional\ntheory (DFT) code GPAW [ 22 ] which is based on the projector augmented wave method. We use a grid spacing of 0.2 <sup> ̊</sup> A for\nrepresenting the density and wave functions and the PBE ex-\nchange correlation functional [ 23 ]. Transport calculations for",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nmodel we have performed a computational screening of tran-\nsition metal doped CNTs, and found that Ni-doped CNTs are\npromising candidates for detecting CO in a background of air.\nThe model may be applied straightforwardly to other nanos-\ntructures than CNTs, other functionalizations than metal dop-\ning and other gas compositions than air.\nThe authors acknowledge financial support from Span-\nish MEC (FIS2007-65702-C02-01), “Grupos Consolidados\nUPV/EHU del Gobierno Vasco” (IT-319-07), e-I3 ETSF\nproject (Contract Number 211956), “Red Espa ̃nola de Super-\ncomputaci ́on”, NABIIT and the Danish Center for Scientific\nComputing. The Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design\n(CAMD) is sponsored by the Lundbeck Foundation. JMG-L\nacknowledges funding from Spanish MICINN through Juan\nde la Cierva and Jos ́e Castillejo programs.\n*∗* Electronic address: [ juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es](mailto:juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es)\n[1]  *Gas Sensing Materials, MRS Bull.*  , vol. 24 (1999).\n[2] J. C. Chalier, X. Blase, and S. Roche, “Electronic and transport\nproperties of nanotubes”, Rev. Mod. Phys.  **79**  (2), 677 (May 2007), doi: [10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677) .\n[3] J. Kong, N. R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng,\nK. Cho, and H. Dai, “Nanotube molecular wires as\nchemical sensors”, Science  **287**  (5453), 622 (Jan. 2000), doi: [10.1126/science.287.5453.622](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5453.622) .\n[4] P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl, “Ex-\ntreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of car-\nbon nanotubes”, Science  **287**  (5459), 1801 (Mar. 2000), doi: [10.1126/science.287.5459.1801](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1801) .\n[5] C. Hierold,  *Carbon Nanotube Devices: Properties, Modeling,*\n*Integration and Applications*  (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008).\n[6] F. Villalpando-P ́aez, A. H. Romero, E. Mu ̃noz-Sandoval,\nL. M. Mart ́ınez, H. Terrones, and M. Terrones, “Fabrica-\ntion of vapor and gas sensors using films of aligned CN *x*\nnanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett.  **386**  (1-3), 137 (Mar. 2004), doi: [10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052) .\n[7] A. R. Rocha, M. Rossi, A. Fazzio, and A. J. R.\nda Silva, “Designing real nanotube-based gas sen-\nsors”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **100**  (17), 176803 (May 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.176803](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.176803) .\n[8] S. Brahim, S. Colbern, R. Gump, and L. Grigorian, “Tailoring\ngas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes”, J. Appl. Phys.\n**104**  (2), 024502 (Jul. 2008), doi: [10.1063/1.2956395](http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2956395) . [9] C. Morgan, Z. Alemipour, and M. Baxendale, “Variable\nrange hopping in oxygen-exposed single-wall carbon nanotube\nnetworks”, Phys. Stat. Solidi A  **205**  (6), 1394 (May 2008), doi: [10.1002/pssa.200778113](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200778113) .\n[10] D. J. Mowbray, C. Morgan, and K. S. Thygesen, “In-\nfluence of O 2 and N 2 on the conductivity of carbon nan- otube networks”, Phys. Rev. B  **79**  (19), 195431 (May 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431) .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nJ. M. Garc ́ıa-Lastra <sup>1,2</sup> ,  *<sup>∗</sup>* D. J. Mowbray <sup>1,2</sup> , K. S. Thygesen <sup>2</sup> , A. Rubio <sup>1,3</sup> , and K. W. Jacobsen <sup>2</sup> *1* *Nano-Bio Spectroscopy group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre,*\n*Dpto. F ́ısica de Materiales, Universidad del Pa ́ıs Vasco,*\n*Centro de F ́ısica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU- MPC and DIPC, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebasti ́an, Spain* *2* *Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design, Department of Physics,*\n*Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark* *3* *Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany*\nWe use computational screening to systematically investigate the use of transition metal doped carbon nan-\notubes for chemical gas sensing. For a set of relevant target molecules (CO, NH 3 , H 2 S) and the main components\nof air (N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O), we calculate the binding energy and change in conductance upon adsorption on a metal\natom occupying a vacancy of a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Based on these descriptors, we identify the most promis-\ning dopant candidates for detection of a given target molecule. From the fractional coverage of the metal sites\nin thermal equilibrium with air, we estimate the change in the nanotube resistance per doping site as a function\nof the target molecule concentration assuming charge transport in the diffusive regime. Our analysis points to\nNi-doped nanotubes as candidates for CO sensors working under typical atmospheric conditions.\nPACS numbers: 73.63.- b, 68.43.- h, 73.50.Lw\nThe ability to detect small concentrations of specific chem-\nical species is fundamental for a variety of industrial and sci-\nentific processes as well as for medical applications and en-\nvironmental monitoring [ 1 ]. In general, nanostructured mate-\nrials should be well suited for sensor applications because of\ntheir large surface to volume ratio which makes them sensi-\ntive to molecular adsorption. Specifically, carbon nanotubes\n(CNT) [ 2 ] have been shown to work remarkably well as de-\ntectors of small gas molecules. This has been demonstrated\nboth for individual CNTs [ 3 - 8 ] as well as for CNT networks\n[ 9 , 10 ].\nPristine CNTs are known to be chemically inert -  a prop-\nerty closely related to their high stability. As a consequence,\nonly radicals bind strong enough to the CNT to notably affect\nits electrical properties [ 2 , 5 , 11 - 13 ]. To make CNTs attrac-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nnanotube.\nwhere  *E*  [  *X*  @M@VC] is the total energy of molecule  *X*  on\na transition metal atom occupying a vacancy, and  *E*  [  *X*  ] is the\ngas phase energy of the molecule.\nFrom the adsorption energies plotted in Fig. 2 (a), we see\nthat the earlier transition metals tend to bind the adsorbates\nstronger than the late transition metals. The latest metals in\nthe series (Cu and Zn) bind adsorbates rather weakly in the\ndivacancy structures. We also note that O 2 binds significantly stronger than any of the three target molecules on Ti, V, Cr,\nand Mn (except for Cr in divacancy I where H 2 S is found to\ndissociate). Active sites containing these metals are therefore\nexpected to be completely passivated if oxygen is present in\nthe background. Further, we find H 2 O is rather weakly bound\nto most of the active sites. This ensures that these types of\nsensors are robust against changes in humidity.\nIn thermodynamic equilibrium [ 27 ], the coverage of the ac-\ntive sites follows from\nΘ[  *X*  ] = *K*  [  *X*  ]  *C*  [  *X*  ] 1 +  <sup>�</sup> *Y*    *<sup>K</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>Y</sup>*  <sup>]</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>Y</sup>*  <sup>]</sup>  *<sup>,</sup>*  (4)\nwhere  *K*  =  *k* + */k* *−* is the ratio of forward and backward rate\nconstants for the adsorption reaction,\n*K*  [  *X*  ] = exp � *−*   *<sup>E</sup>*  <sup>ads</sup> <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>X</sup>*  <sup>] +</sup>  *<sup>TS</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>X</sup>*  <sup>]</sup> *k* *B* *T* � *.*  (5)\nIn these expressions  *C*  [  *X*  ] is the concentration of species  *X*  ,\n*S*  [  *X*  ] is its gas phase entropy and  *T*  is the temperature. Ex-\nperimental values for the gas phase entropies have been taken\nfrom Ref. [ 28 ].\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\nFractional Coverage Θ of Ni Occupied Vacancies\n0.1 1 10 100 CO Concentration [ppm]\n10 -4\n10 -3\n10 -2\n10 -1\n10 0\n|  O 2 (a) Monovacancy  |\n|:---|\n| CO Clean O 2 (b) Divacancy I  |\n| CO O 2 Clean (c) Divacancy II |\n10 2\n10 3\n0.1 1 10 100 CO Concentration [ppm]\n-10 1\n0\n10 1 Monovacancy Divacancy I Divacancy II\nChange in Resistance\n∆\n*R*\n[\nΩ\n/ Ni Occupied Vacancy]\n(d)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nFIG. 3: Fractional coverage Θ in thermal equilibrium of Ni in a (a)\nmonovacancy, (b) divacancy I, (c) divacancy II and (d) change in\nresistance ∆  *R*  per dopant site as a function of CO concentration in\na background of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure. The\nreference concentration of CO is taken to be  *C* 0 = 0.1 ppm. Note the\nchange from linear to log scale on the  *y*  -axis at ∆  *R*  = 10 Ω .\nFor a given background composition we may thus estimate\nthe fractional coverages for each available adsorbate for a\ngiven type of doping. As an example, Fig. 3 (a)-(c) shows the\nfractional coverage of a Ni atom occupying a monovacancy,\ndivacancy I, and divacancy II, versus CO concentration in a\nbackground of air at room temperature and 1 bar of pressure.\nDue to the relatively small binding energy of N 2 and H 2 O as\ncompared to O 2 and CO, all Ni sites will be either empty or occupied by O 2 or CO. In particular, Ni in a monovacancy (top panel of Fig. 3 ) will be completely oxidized for all rel-\nevant CO concentrations. For the Ni occupied divacancy II\nstructures we find the coverage of CO changes significantly\naround toxic concentrations (  *∼*  10 ppm). To estimate the effect of adsorbates on the electrical con-\nductance of doped CNTs, we first consider the change in con-\nductance when a single molecule is adsorbed on a metal site of\nan otherwise pristine CNT. In Fig. 2 (b) we show the calculated\nchange in conductance relative to the metal site with no ad-\nsorbate. In contrast to the binding energies, there are no clear\ntrends in the conductances. The sensitivity of the conductance\nis perhaps most clearly demonstrated by the absence of cor-\nrelation between different types of vacancies, i.e. between the\nthree panels in Fig. 2 (b). Close to the Fermi level, the conduc-\ntance of a perfect armchair CNT equals 2  *G* 0 . The presence\nof the metal dopant leads to several dips in the transmission\nfunction known as Fano antiresonances [ 20 ]. The position\nand shape of these dips depend on the  *d*  -levels of the transi-\ntion metal atom, the character of its bonding to the CNT, and\nis further affected by the presence of the adsorbate molecule.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\n[11] L. Valentini, F. Mercuri, I. Armentano, C. Cantalini, S. Picozzi,\nL. Lozzi, S. Santucci, A. Sgamellotti, and J. M. Kenny, “Role of\ndefects on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes thin\nfilms: experiment and theory”, Chem. Phys. Lett.  **387**  (4-6), 356 (Apr. 2004), doi: [10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038) .\n[12] Z. Zanolli and J.-C. Charlier, “Defective carbon nanotubes for\nsingle-molecule sensing”, Phys. Rev. B  **80**  (15), 155447 (Oct. 2009), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447) .\n[13] J. M. Garc ́ıa-Lastra, K. S. Thygesen, M. Strange, and  ́Angel Rubio, “Conductance of sidewall-functionalized\ncarbon nanotubes: Universal dependence on adsorption\nsites”, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **101**  (23), 236806 (Dec. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806) .\n[14] S. B. Fagan, R. Mota, A. J. R. da Silva, and A. Fazzio, “  *Ab*\n*initio*  study of an iron atom interacting with single-wall car-\nbon nanotubes”, Phys. Rev. B  **67**  (20), 205414 (May 2003), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414) .\n[15] Y. Yagi, T. M. Briere, M. H. F. Sluiter, V. Kumar, A. A. Farajian,\nand Y. Kawazoe, “Stable geometries and magnetic properties of\nsingle-walled carbon nanotubes doped with 3  *d*  transition met-\nals: A first-principles study”, Phys. Rev. B  **69**  (7), 075414 (Feb 2004), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414) .\n[16] S. H. Yang, W. H. Shin, J. W. Lee, S. Y. Kim, S. I. Woo, and\nJ. K. Kang, “Interaction of a transition metal atom with intrinsic\ndefects in single-walled carbon nanotubes”, J. Phys. Chem. B\n**110**  (28), 13941 (Jun. 2006), doi: [10.1021/jp061895q](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp061895q) . [17] K. T. Chan, J. B. Neaton, and M. L. Cohen, “First-principles\nstudy of metal adatom adsorption on graphene”, Phys. Rev. B\n**77**  , 235430 (Jun. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235430](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235430) . [18] C. S. Yeung, L. V. Liu, and Y. A. Wang, “Adsorption\nof small gas molecules onto Pt-doped single-walled carbon\nnanotubes”, J. Phys. Chem. C  **112**  (19), 7401 (Apr. 2008), doi: [10.1021/jp0753981](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0753981) .\n[19] T. Vo, Y.-D. Wu, R. Car, and M. Robert, “Structures, in-\nteractions, and ferromagnetism of Fe-carbon nanotube sys-\ntems”, J. Phys. Chem. C  **112**  (22), 400 (May 2008), doi: [10.1021/jp0761968](http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0761968) .\n[20] J. A. F ̈urst, M. Brandbyge, A.-P. Jauho, and K. Stokbro, “  *Ab*\n*initio*  study of spin-dependent transport in carbon nanotubes\nwith iron and vanadium adatoms”, Phys. Rev. B  **78**  (19), 195405 (Nov. 2008), doi: [10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405](http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405) .\n[21] A. V. Krasheninnikov, P. O. Lehtinen, A. S. Foster,\nP. Pyykk ̈o, and R. M. Nieminen, “Embedding transition-\nmetal atoms in graphene: Structure, bonding, and mag-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes\n\n## **Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes**\n\nThe coupling of all these factors is very complex and makes\nit difficult to estimate or rationalize the value of the conduc-\ntance. For the spin polarized cases, we use the spin-averaged\nconductances, i.e.  *G*  = (  *G* *↑* +  *G* *↓* )  */*  2.\nNext, we estimate the resistance of a CNT containing sev-\neral impurities (a specific metal dopant with different molecu-\nlar adsorbates). Under the assumption that the electron phase-\ncoherence length,  *l* *φ* , is smaller than the average distance be-\ntween the dopants,  *d*  , we may neglect quantum interference\nand obtain the total resistance by adding the scattering resis-\ntances due to each impurity separately. The scattering resis-\ntance due to a single impurity is given by\n*R* *s* (  *X*  ) = 1  */G*  (  *X*  )  *−*  1  */*  ( 2  *G* 0 )  *,*  (6)\nwhere  *G*  (  *X*  ) is the Landauer conductance of the pristine CNT\nwith a single metal dopant occupied by molecule  *X*  and\n1  */*  ( 2  *G* 0 ) is the contact resistance of a (6,6) CNT.\nWe may now obtain the total resistance per dopant site rel-\native to the reference background signal as a function of the\ntarget molecule concentration\n∆  *R*\n*N* *≈* � *X*\n*R* *s* (  *X*  )(Θ[  *X, C*  ]  *−*  Θ[  *X, C* 0 ])  *,*  (7)\nwhere  *N*  is the number of dopants, Θ[  *X, C*  ] is the fractional\ncoverage of species  *X*  at concentration  *C*  of the target and  *C* 0\nis the reference concentration. Notice that the contact resis-\ntance drops out as we evaluate a change in resistance.\nIn Fig. 3 (d) we show the change in resistance calculated\nfrom Eq. ( 7 ) as a function of CO concentration for Ni occu-\npying the three types of vacancies. The background reference\nconcentration of CO is taken to be  *C* 0 = 0 *.*  1 ppm. For the\nmonovacancy there is very little change in resistivity. This is\nbecause most active sites are blocked by O 2 at relevant CO concentrations, as shown in the upper panel of Fig. 3 . For Ni\nin the divacancies there is, however, a change in resistance on\nthe order of 1Ω per site. For concentrations above  *∼*  1 ppm, the CO coverage of Ni in the divacancy II increases dramati-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "How many employees did HON Industries count in 2003 ?",
+                "target_page": 15,
+                "target_passage": "Members (employees) at year-end : 8,926",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\nJoin us in the dynamic, aggressive, profitable\ngrowth of HON INDUSTRIES.\nT H E B EST  I S YET  T O COME!\nManagement’s Discussion and Analysis ... 32\nConsolidated Financial Statements and Notes ... 39\nEleven-Year Summary ... 56\nReports of Independent Auditors ... 58\nA Message from the Board of Directors ... 61\nBoard of Directors and Officers ... 62\n32\nThe following discussion of the Company’s historical results of opera-\ntions and of its liquidity and capital resources should be read in\nconjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the\nCompany and related notes.\n####### **Overview**\nThe Company has two reportable core operating segments: office furni-\nture and hearth products. The Company is the second largest office\nfurniture manufacturer in the United States and the nation’s leading\nmanufacturer and marketer of gas- and wood-burning fireplaces.\nFrom 2000 to 2003, the office furniture industry experi-\nenced an unprecedented three-year decline due to the challenging\neconomic environment. In 2003, this decline negatively impacted the\nCompany’s office furniture segment. In contrast, the housing market\nwas at record high levels during 2003, which positively impacted the\nCompany’s hearth segment. The Company outperformed its peers in\nboth segments in which it competes. The Company gained market\nshare by providing strong brands, innovative products and services,\nand greater value to its end-users. Fiscal 2003 also included an extra\nweek of activity due to the Company’s 52/53-week fiscal year.\nNet sales were $1.8 billion in 2003, as compared to $1.7 bil-\nlion in 2002. The increase in net sales reflects the 9% increase in the\nhearth segment and the additional week of business activity. In 2003\nand 2002, the Company recorded restructuring charges and accelerated\ndepreciation related to the closure and consolidation of office furniture\nfacilities totaling $15.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Gross\nmargins increased to 36.4% in 2003 from 35.4% in 2002 due to benefits\nfrom restructuring initiatives and its rapid continuous improvement\nprogram, new products, and increased price realization. The Company\nalso invested aggressively in brand building and selling initiatives in\n2003. Net income was $98.1 million or $1.68 per diluted share in 2003,\nas compared to $91.4 million or $1.55 per diluted share in 2002.\nThe Company generated $141.3 million in cash flow from\noperating activities and increased its cash position, including short-\nterm investments, by $48.6 million to $204.2 million. The Company\npaid dividends of $30.3 million and repurchased $21.5 million of its",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\nfocused on distinct markets.\nImportant to our company’s success, is a strong Board\nof Directors who bring their individual skills, knowledge, and\nexperience to our company. Their involvement, independence,\nand integrity provide the ongoing foundation for effective gov-\nernance and corporate oversight for you, our shareholders.\nThis year we recognize retiring directors Lorne R.\nWaxlax, Robert W. Cox, and M. Farooq Kathwari. We thank\nthem for their dedication. We are also pleased to welcome\nJoseph Scalzo, President, Personal Care Products, The Gillette\nCompany, to our board.\nOur CEO succession process is progressing smoothly.\nThe appointment of Stan Askren as President of HON\nINDUSTRIES and as a member of the Board of Directors,\nannounced in February 2003, was an important part of\nthis process.\nOur office furniture and hearth businesses are healthy\nand well-positioned for growth; still we continue to face a com-\npetitive business environment. We are confident of our financial\nsecurity, and certain that our transition to becoming a market-\ndriven, operationally excellent company will continue to en-\nhance shareholder value. The transformation continues. We will\nbe seeking shareholder approval, in early May 2004, to change\nthe name of HON INDUSTRIES to HNI Corporation, drawing\non our heritage while remaining true to our culture and values.\nThe new name will serve to better align the corporate identity\nwith the direction of the company, as a strategic manager of\nmultiple, distinct, and independent brands.\nWe thank our member-owners for their continued\ndedication, and look forward to the challenges and opportuni-\nties of 2004.\nJack D. Michaels\nCH A I R MA N A ND CH I EF EXECUT I VE OFFI CER\nStan A. Askren\nP R ESI DENT\n15\nH ON I NDUST R I ES 2 0 0 3\n*(In thousands, except for per share data)*    **2003**  2002                             Change\nI NCOME ST A T EMENT  DA T A\n|  $ 1,755,728  639,215  36.4%  480,744  8,510  149,961  98,105  5.6%  14.5%  $  1.69  1.68  12.19  0.52  |\n|:---|\n| $  462,122  1,021,826  245,816  1.88  $  4,126  0.6%  $  709,889  678,391  216,306  |\n| $  34,842  141,274  58,178,739  26  6,416  8,926  |\nNet sales $ 1,692,622  3.7%\nGross profit 599,879  6.6%\nGross profit as a % of:\nNet sales  35.4%  —\nSelling and administrative expenses  454,189  5.8%",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.:**\n\n7.64% 9.97% 10.21% 10.55% 7.34% 10.21% 9.08%\n$ 50,215 $ 63,796 $ 52,173 $ 37,173 $ 24,419 $ 31,945 $ 26,216\n36.5% 37.50% 37.50% 35.31% 37.27% 37.00% 37.00%\n$ 87,360 $ 106,313 $ 86,955 $ 68,094 $ 41,098 $ 54,393 $ 44,638\n87,360 106,313 86,955 68,094 41,098 54,156 45,127\n4.85% 6.23% 6.38% 6.82% 4.60% 6.43% 5.78%\n$ 23,112 $ 19,730 $ 16,736 $ 14,970 $ 14,536 $ 13,601 $ 12,587\n64,248 86,583 37,838 33,860 18,863 13,563 17,338\n87,360 106,313 86,955 68,094 41,098 54,156 45,127\n18.14% 25.20% 27.43% 29.06% 20.00% 28.95% 26.35%\n$ 65,453 $ 52,999 $ 35,610 $ 25,252 $ 21,416 $ 19,042 $ 16,631\n26.46% 18.56% 19.25% 21.98% 35.37% 25.11% 27.89%\n73.54% 81.44% 80.75% 78.02% 64.63% 74.89% 72.11%\n$ 316,556 $ 290,329 $ 295,150 $ 205,527 $ 194,183 $ 188,810 $ 188,419\n225,123 217,438 200,759 152,553 128,915 111,093 110,759\n91,433 72,891 94,391 52,974 65,268 77,717 77,660\n455,591 444,177 341,030 234,616 210,033 177,844 157,770\n906,723 864,469 754,673 513,514 409,518 372,568 352,405\n16.94% 23.74% 28.27% 25.93% 17.91% 24.72% 22.14%\n$ 124,173 $ 135,563 $ 134,511 $ 77,605 $ 42,581 $ 45,877 $ 45,916\n501,271 462,022 381,662 252,397 216,235 194,640 179,553\n416,034 351,786 265,203 227,365 193,505 174,642 161,079\n1.41 1.34 1.47 1.35 1.51 1.70 1.70\n60,171,753 61,289,618 61,659,316 59,426,530 60,788,674 61,349,206 63,351,692\n60,854,579 61,649,531 59,779,508 60,228,590 60,991,284 62,435,450 64,181,088\n6,737 5,877 5,399 5,319 5,479 5,556 4,653\n$ 71,474 $ 149,717 $ 85,491 $ 44,684 $ 53,879 $ 35,005 $ 27,541\n10,095 9,824 <sup>(b)</sup> 9,390 <sup>(b)</sup> 6,502 <sup>(b)</sup> 5,933 6,131 6,257\n*(a)* *Per SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” the Company has ceased recoding of goodwill and indefinite-lived Intangible amortization.*\n*(b)* *Includes acquisitions completed during year.*\n58\nR EP OR T OF I NDEP ENDENT  A UDI T OR S\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.:**\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity, and cash\nflows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and its subsidiaries at January 3, 2004, and\nDecember 28, 2002, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the fiscal years ended January 3, 2004, and December 28, 2002,\nin conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of\nthe Company’s management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our",
+                    "page_start": 56,
+                    "page_end": 57,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n\nPurchase of HON INDUSTRIES common stock (15,736) (35,059)\nProceeds from long-term debt  825 36,218\nPayments of note and long-term debt (35,967) (87,365)\nProceeds from sale of HON INDUSTRIES common stock 2,096  9,449\nDividends paid (29,386) (28,373)\nNet cash flows from (to) financing activities (78,168) (105,130)\nNet increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 60,327 75,657\nCash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 78,838  3,181\nCash and cash equivalents at end of year 139,165 78,838\nSUP P LEMENT A L DI SCLOSUR ES OF CA SH  FLOW  I NFOR MA T I ON:\nCash paid during the year for:\nInterest $ 5,062 $ 8,646\nIncome taxes $  48,598 $  40,916\n*The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.*\nCONSOLI DA T ED ST A T EMENT S OF CA SH  FLOWS\n43\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n####### **Nature of Operations**\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc., with its subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a\nprovider of office furniture and hearth products. Both industries are\nreportable segments; however, the Company’s office furniture business\nis its principal line of business. Refer to the Operating Segment\nInformation note for further information. Office furniture products are\nsold through a national system of dealers, wholesalers, mass merchan-\ndisers, warehouse clubs, retail superstores, end-user customers, and to\nfederal and state governments. Dealer, wholesaler, and retail super-\nstores are the major channels based on sales. Hearth products include\nelectric, wood-, pellet-, and gas-burning factory-built fireplaces, fire-\nplace inserts, stoves, and gas logs. These products are sold through a\nnational system of dealers, wholesalers, large regional contractors, and\nCompany-owned retail outlets. The Company’s products are marketed\npredominantly in the United States and Canada. The Company exports\nselect products to a limited number of markets outside North America,\nprincipally Latin America and the Caribbean, through its export subsid-\niary; however, based on sales, these activities are not significant.\n####### **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n* **PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION AND FISCAL YEAR-END** *\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts and trans-\nactions of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts\nand transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.\nThe Company follows a 52/53-week fiscal year which ends\non the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal year 2003 ended on\nJanuary 3, 2004; 2002 ended on December 28, 2002; and 2001 ended",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\nINDUSTRIES’ sales and business develop-\nment outside the United States and Canada.\nOur members in local countries market the\nHON INDUSTRIES’ brands through a global\ndistribution network. With an extensive prod-\nuct selection, HON International is able to\nprovide dealers and customers with the widest\ncollection of “compelling value” office furni-\nture in the world. The international team is\ndedicated to providing customers with world-\nclass service, from initial inquiry to com-\nplete-and-on-time installation. Extensive\ninternational experience helps to ensure cus-\ntomers are provided with solutions for even\ntheir most challenging international needs\nand opportunities.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  A lead exhibitor in the first-ever Office\nFurniture Expo in Mexico City.\n**-**  Successfully completed projects for key\nmultinational accounts in Ireland, Barbados,\nJamaica, Egypt, and Hong Kong, among others.\n**-**  Opened the first HON INDUSTRIES’ show-\nroom outside the United States in Monterrey,\nMexico.\n**W W W . H O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L . C O M**\nMaxon Furniture Inc. targets small to mid-\nsized businesses seeking “planned” offices fea-\nturing workstations and compatible storage\nand seating. Maxon’s customers appreciate\noffice furniture that efficiently organizes space\nand creates a positive working environment.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  Gave the Empower <sup>®</sup> product line a com-\nplete makeover; including a new trim design,\nsegmented panels, and redesigned storage\ncabinets.\n**W W W . M A X O N F U R N I T U R E . C O M**\nPaoli Inc. is a leading provider of wood case\ngoods, modular desking, conference pro-\nducts, and seating through its well-known\nbrands Paoli <sup>®</sup> and Whitehall <sup>®</sup> . Founded in\n1926, it is the newest member of the HON\nINDUSTRIES family, acquired in January\n2004. Outstanding product design at a great\nvalue makes Paoli a highly sought after solu-\ntion in the market for wood private offices.\nPaoli’s production capability and resources\nallow the company to respond quickly to\nchanging market needs. Paoli’s strong, inde-\npendent representative sales and dealer net-\nworks support its broad product offering in the\nmid-market and contract furniture segments.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  Introduced the Reflect <sup>TM</sup> product line of",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Ronald V. Waters, III**\n\nCompensation; Public Policy and Corporate Governance — have consisted entirely of non-management directors for many years.\nDuring 2003, we have given significant attention to the newly released rules emanating from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the\nNew York Stock Exchange listing requirements — rules intended to improve corporate governance across the country. It is gratifying  to report that\nHON INDUSTRIES governance practices were already in accord with the spirit of the rules.\nIt is an honor to serve as directors of HON INDUSTRIES. We are very proud to represent you, the shareholder, as we oversee the man-\nagement of this great company. Please be assured that we intend to remain vigilant and focused on good corporate governance.\nSincerely,\nThe HON INDUSTRIES Board of Directors\nA  MESSA GE FR OM T H E B OA R D OF DI R ECT OR S\nStan A. Askren\nGary M. Christensen\nCheryl A. Francis\nRobert L. Katz\nDennis J. Martin\nJack D. Michaels\nJoseph Scalzo\nAbbie J. Smith\nRichard H. Stanley\nBrian E. Stern\nRonald V. Waters, III\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n62\n**BO ARD  O F D I RECTO RS**\n####### **Stan A. Askren**\nPresident, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.\n####### **Gary M. Christensen**\nRetired President and\nChief Executive Officer,\nPella Corporation\n####### **Cheryl A. Francis**\nAdvisor/Consultant\nFormer Executive Vice President and\nChief Financial Officer,\nRR Donnelley & Sons\n####### **Robert L. Katz**\nPresident,\nRobert L. Katz and Associates\n####### **Dennis J. Martin**\nChairman, President and\nChief Executive Officer,\nGeneral Binding Corporation\n####### **Jack D. Michaels**\nChairman and Chief Executive Officer,\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc.\n####### **Joseph Scalzo**\nVice President and President,\nPersonal Care Products,\nThe Gillette Company\n####### **Abbie J. Smith**\nChaired Professor,\nThe University of Chicago\nGraduate School of Business\n####### **Richard H. Stanley**\nVice Chairman, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.\nChairman, SC Companies, Inc.\nChairman, Stanley Consultants, Inc.\n####### **Brian E. Stern**\nPresident,\nXerox Supplies Technology Enterprises\nXerox Corporation\n####### **Ronald V. Waters, III**\nChief Operating Officer,\nWm. Wrigley Jr. Company\n**CO MMI TTEES  O F THE BO ARD**\n* **AUD I T** *\nCheryl A. Francis, Chairperson\nDennis J. Martin\nRonald V. Waters, III\n* **HUMAN  RES O URCES  AN D** *\n* **CO MPEN S ATI O N** *\nGary M. Christensen, Chairperson\nRobert L. Katz\nAbbie J. Smith\n* **PUBL I C PO LI CY  AN D** *",
+                    "page_start": 60,
+                    "page_end": 61,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Thomas A. Tolone**\n\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc.\n414 East Third Street\nP.O. Box 1109\nMuscatine, IA 52761-0071\nTelephone: 563.264.7400\nFax: 563.264.7217\nWebsite: www.honi.com\n**I ND EPEND ENT PUBLI C**\n**ACCO UNTANTS**\nPricewaterhouseCoopers LLP\nOne North Wacker Drive\nChicago, IL 60606\n**CO MMO N S TO CK**\nHON INDUSTRIES common stock trades\non the New York Stock Exchange under the\nsymbol: HNI. Stock price quotations can be\nfound in major daily newspapers and  *The*\n*Wall Street Journal*  .\n**TRANS FER AGENT**\nShareholders may report a change of address\nor make inquiries by writing or calling:\nComputershare Investor Services, LLC\n2 North LaSalle Street\nChicago, IL 60602\nTelephone: 312.588.4991\nI NVEST OR  I NFOR MA T I ON\nStatements in this report that are not strictly historical, including statements as to\nplans, objectives, and future financial performance, are “forward-looking” state-\nments that are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities\nLitigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve known and\nunknown risks, which may cause the Company’s actual results in the future to dif-\nfer materially from expected results. These risks include, among others:\n**-**  competition within the office furniture and fireplace industries, including\ncompetition from imported products and competitive pricing;\n**-**  increases in the cost of raw materials, including steel, which is the Company’s\nlargest raw material category;\n**-**  increases in the cost of health care benefits provided by the Company;\n**-**  reduced demand for the Company’s storage products caused by changes in\noffice technology; including the change from paper record storage to electronic\nrecord storage;\n**-**  the effects of economic conditions, on demand for office furniture, customer\ninsolvencies and related bad debts and claims against the Company that it\nreceived preferential payments;\n**-**  changes in demand and order patterns from the Company’s customers, par-\nticularly its top ten customers, which represented approximately 36% of net sales\nin 2003;\n**-**  issues associated with acquisitions and integration of acquisitions;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize cost savings and productivity improve-\nments from its cost containment and business simplification initiatives;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize financial benefits from investments in new\nproducts;\n**-**  the ability of the Company’s distributors and dealers to successfully market\nand sell the Company’s products;\n**-**  the availability and cost of capital to finance planned growth; and\n**-**  other risks, uncertainties, and factors described from time to time in the",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 62,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **7,577**\n\n*(in thousands, except per share amounts)*\n7,522\n7,549\n##### **$ 9,761**\n23 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\n\nthe corporation adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (SFAS\nNo. 142). As discussed in the Goodwill and Intangible Assets note, the Company has presented the transitional disclosures for 2001 required by\nSFAS No. 142. The Arthur Andersen LLP report does not extend to these changes to the 2001 consolidated financial statements. The adjustments\nto the 2001 consolidated financial statements were reported on by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as stated in their report appearing herein.\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001,\nDecember 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders equity, and cash flows for each of\nthe fiscal years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an\nopinion on these financial statements based on our audits.\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that\nwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit\nincludes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing\nthe accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.\nWe believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.\nIn our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001, December 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the results of its operations\nand its cash flows for each of the three fiscal years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.\nArthur Andersen LLP\nChicago, Illinois\nFebruary 1, 2002\n**The December 30, 2000, and January 1, 2000, consolidated financial statements are not required to be presented in the 2003 annual report.*\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n60\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the consolidated financial statements and other financial information presented\nin this report. That responsibility is accomplished using internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the integrity and accuracy",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## WHO WE ARE\n\n### INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY AND MARINE BUSINESS\n\n“We are the only forklift manufacturer directly owned by an automotive company, and\nthat has created a number of synergies for our division. There’s a natural link with the\ncore business, for instance, given the powertrain of a forklift. However, we also benefit\nfrom other assets within Nissan, such as brand, quality, cost management, and\nmarketing activities.\nThe bottom line is that we contribute to the Company’s total profitability. We had our\nhighest sales and profit in fiscal 2004. We now lead the industry in profitability, in fact,\nwhich I believe reflects the market’s awareness of our superior quality. In this business,\nquality is everything, because our customers are investing in tools for their business.\nAs we upgrade our customer service, I think we will be in a position to become the\nmarket leader.\nProducing forklifts is the heart of our business, although we also build marine products, mostly\nfiberglass boats and outboard motors. During the year a major issue for our forklift division was\nthe rising price of steel, which seriously affects forklift production. We increased our selling price\nin response, as did the rest of the industry. Fortunately, we met or surpassed our targets in\nJapan and in Europe, where we have a plant in Spain. We were slightly below our target for the\nU.S., however, the result of a slight delay in the start of production on a new model, which\nreduced volume for the year. We have since recovered our strength in that market, which we see\nas key to our continued growth.\nA major contributor to our expansion was the release of a new forklift in Japan two years\nago. At the time we had not released a new model in over seven years. Over the coming years\nwe plan to introduce a new battery-powered model in major markets and enhance our service\nnetwork. Since forklifts are production equipment, their sales are highly influenced by business",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf",
+                "query": "Did automating the writing of EM-to-IP handoffs notes using LLM lead to life-threatening outputs ?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "none of the incorrect output text elements reached life-threatening risk",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Discussion**\n\nThe study demonstrated success in generating EM-to-IP handoff notes using both a fine tuned,\npretrained LLM and rule-based approaches within an end user- developed note template. It is\nimportant to note that (largely due to time constraints within the EM care delivery model) the\nperformance of EM-to-IP handoff notes was not the current standard of care in EM. The study site’s\nunique electronic handoff process enabled a comparison between physician-written and\nLLM-generated handoff notes. Traditional automated evaluations of the model output suggested\nTable 3. Mean Clinical Quality Evaluation, Large Language Model (LLM)- Generated and Physician-Written\nCriteria\nLLM-generated Physician-written\nMean score (SD)\nLikert rating 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\nMean score (SD)\nLikert rating 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\n1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5\nCompleteness 4.00 (0.88) 0 12 (8) 31 (20.7) 69 (46) 38 (25.3) 4.16 (0.84) 0 3 (2) 31 (20.7) 48 (32) 68 (45.3)\nCuration 4.24 (0.58) 0 1 (0.7) 13 (8.7) 85 (56.7) 51 (34) 4.76 (0.48) 0 0 6 (4) 39 (26) 105 (70)\nReadability 4.00 (0.64) 0 8 (5.3) 17 (11.3) 87 (58) 38 (25.3) 4.64 (0.49) 0 0 5 (3.3) 38 (25.3) 107 (71.3)\nCorrectness 4.52 (0.64) 0 0 13 (8.7) 39 (26) 98 (65.3) 4.90 (0.39) 0 0 2 (1.3) 12 (8) 136 (90.7)\nUsefulness 4.04 (0.86) 0 12 (8) 30 (20) 59 (39.3) 49 (32.7) 4.36 (0.71) 0 5 (3.3) 13 (8.7) 53 (35.3) 79 (52.7)\na Likert scores and score distributions over 50 notes for 3 annotators. There are no 1 ratings for either physician or LLM summaries in the 150 evaluation results.\nTable 4. Mean Clinical Safety Evaluation, Large Language Model (LLM)- Generated and Physician-Written\nCriteria\nLLM-generated Physician-written\nMean (SD)\nLikert score 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\nMean (SD)\nLikert score 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\n1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5\nCompleteness 4.20 (0.93) 0 13 (8.7) 19 (12.7) 58 (38.7) 60 (40) 4.50 (0.65) 0 0 17 (11.3) 43 (28.7) 90 (60)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Abstract**\n\n**IMPORTANCE**  An emergency medicine (EM) handoff note generated by a large language model\n(LLM) has the potential to reduce physician documentation burden without compromising the safety\nof EM-to-inpatient (IP) handoffs.\n**OBJECTIVE**  To develop LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes and evaluate their accuracy and\nsafety compared with physician-written notes.\n**DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS**  This cohort study used EM patient medical records with\nacute hospital admissions that occurred in 2023 at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical\nCenter. A customized clinical LLM pipeline was trained, tested, and evaluated to generate templated\nEM-to-IP handoff notes. Using both conventional automated methods (ie, recall-oriented\nunderstudy for gisting evaluation [ROUGE], bidirectional encoder representations from transformers\nscore [BERTScore], and source chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation [SCALE])\nand a novel patient safety-focused framework, LLM-generated handoff notes vs physician-written\nnotes were compared. Data were analyzed from October 2023 to March 2024.\n**EXPOSURE**  LLM-generated EM handoff notes.\n**MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES**  LLM-generated handoff notes were evaluated for (1) lexical\nsimilarity with respect to physician-written notes using ROUGE and BERTScore; (2) fidelity with\nrespect to source notes using SCALE; and (3) readability, completeness, curation, correctness,\nusefulness, and implications for patient safety using a novel framework.\n**RESULTS**  In this study of 1600 EM patient records (832 [52%] female and mean [SD] age of 59.9\n[18.9] years), LLM-generated handoff notes, compared with physician-written ones, had higher\nROUGE (0.322 vs 0.088), BERTScore (0.859 vs 0.796), and SCALE scores (0.691 vs 0.456),\nindicating the LLM-generated summaries exhibited greater similarity and more detail. As reviewed by\n3 board-certified EM physicians, a subsample of 50 LLM-generated summaries had a mean (SD)\nusefulness score of 4.04 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.36 [0.71] for physician-written) and mean\n(SD) patient safety scores of 4.06 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.50 [0.56] for physician-written).\nNone of the LLM-generated summaries were classified as a critical patient safety risk.\n**CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE**  In this cohort study of 1600 EM patient medical records,\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written\nsummaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness\n*(continued)*",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Abstract**\n\n#### **Key Points**\n\n**Question**  Can a large language model\n(LLM) generate emergency medicine\n(EM)-to-inpatient (IP) handoff notes\nthat are useful and safe for EM care?\n**Findings**  In this cohort study of 1600\nEM patient medical records using a\nnovel evaluation framework, the\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes\nhad a mean usefulness of 4.04 out of 5\n(compared with 4.36 for\nphysician-written) and a mean patient\nsafety of 4.06 out of 5 (compared with\n4.50 for physician-written) with no\ncritical patient safety risks.\n**Meaning**  These findings suggest the\nvalue of a manual, patient safety-\nfocused clinical evaluation of LLM\nmodels and the potential of\nLLM-generated handoff notes to create\na new standard of care in EM.\n**+ <sup>[Invited Commentary](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48729&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)</sup> + <sup>[Supplemental content](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)</sup>**\nAuthor affiliations and article information are\nlisted at the end of this article.\n**Open Access.**  This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.\n*JAMA Network Open.*  2024;7(12):e2448723. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723 (Reprinted) December 3, 2024 1/12\n*Abstract (continued)*\nand safety via a novel evaluation framework. This study suggests the importance of a physician-in-\nloop implementation design for this model and demonstrates an effective strategy to measure\npreimplementation patient safety of LLM models.\n*JAMA Network Open.*  2024;7(12):e2448723. doi: [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **9 Related Work**\n\n**Evasion attacks against ML systems.**  A large body of work has investigated evasion attacks against ML systems [25, 43, 60], also referred to as adversarial examples [32, 48, 49], and these attacks are now being explored in the context of multi-modal LLMs [28] as well as text-only LLMs (for just one example, see [22]). We discussed in Section 3 how our results compare: LLM control plane integrity is a distinct AI safety issue, but related in that: (1) control plane integrity attacks may use evasion-style techniques, and (2) control plane integrity attacks might be useful for performing evasion.\n**Prompt injection against LLMs.**  Prompt injection is a class of attacks against LLMs in which the adversary manipulates the prompt, i.e., the textual input fed directly to the LLM, causing the LLM to generate outputs that satisfy some adver- sarial objective [50, 64]. Evasion attacks as discussed above can use prompt injection, jailbreaking attacks being a widely explored example in which the adversary aims to bypass some safety guardrail included in the LLM system, such as “do not output expletives” [23, 42, 54, 66, 72, 73].\nPrompt injection is also used for extraction attacks that aim to infer some information from or about the model, for example, the system prompt [50, 54, 70], training data samples [46], or model parameters [18]. In indirect prompt injection attacks [33], the adversaries do not directly interact with the target LLM, and instead inject adversarial inputs into third- party data, which is then added to the LLM prompt (intentionally or unintentionally) by the victim application and/or its users. This relates to another category of attacks that target LLM-based applications, such as RAG systems, and invalidate their integrity by exploiting the weaknesses of the underlying LLM [19, 55].",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Introduction**\n\nthe handoff notes.\nIn recent years there has been an accelerated interest in using LLMs to automate clinical tasks in an effort to unburden physicians and reduce burnout. <sup>22</sup> Computer-generated text within clinical\nnotes using natural language processing (NLP) have been overall shown to improve note completion rates, physician satisfaction, and patient outcomes. <sup>23</sup> Since 2018, NLP has made rapid advancements\nin health care with the discovery of the transformer model architecture, the building block of large language models (LLMs). LLMs can automate workflows such as discharge summaries, <sup>24</sup> radiology reports, <sup>25</sup> patient messaging, <sup>26</sup> after-visit summaries, <sup>27</sup> and ambient dictation <sup>28</sup> with various levels of perceived quality in each workflow. <sup>29</sup> LLMs are particularly effective at summarizing large unstructured clinical datasets, such as ED patient medical records. <sup>30</sup> A common concern of LLMs is\ntheir ability to hallucinate data, or LLMs generating output text that is not factually consistent with the original source content. <sup>31</sup> Much work has been done in health care to reduce hallucinations\nthrough building larger-parameter models trained on trillions of datasets, and then instruction fine- tuning the LLM on smaller, well-curated datasets. <sup>32,33</sup> LLMs can also be designed with explainability by citing inferred content back to the reference source notes. <sup>34</sup> For short-context length notes, using\nfew-shot prompt engineering approaches with large language models like GPT-4 can produce\nsummaries that outperform standard physician documentation in completeness and error frequency. <sup>35</sup> However, factual inconsistencies in the summaries produced by LLMs increase as the context length increases, <sup>36</sup> and for medium- to long-context tasks, fine-tuning an open-source model has been shown to perform better than a prompt-learning approach. <sup>37</sup> In prior work,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Conclusions**\n\nThis study’s results suggest promise for future thoughtful integration of LLM-generated EM-to-IP\nhandoff notes into clinical admission workflows, as well as the associated potential downstream\nquality and efficiency gains. Our novel clinical evaluation framework demonstrates an effective\npreimplementation strategy to measure potential patient safety implications of incorrectness\nidentified in LLM-generated clinical care summaries, which will guide future model refinement and\nimplementation strategies. In the absence of a current written standard of care in EM, this innovation\ncould represent a transformative advancement in the quality of EM-to-IP transitions of care.\n**ARTICLE INFORMATION**\n**Accepted for Publication:**  October 7, 2024.\n**Published:**  December 3, 2024. doi: [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)\n**Open Access:**  This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the [ CC-BY License](https://jamanetwork.com/pages/cc-by-license-permissions/?utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723) . © 2024 Hartman V\net al.  *JAMA Network Open*  .\n**Corresponding Author:**  Vince Hartman, MS, Abstractive Health, 333 E 56 St, Apt 7N, New York, NY 10022 ( [vince](mailto:vince@abstractivehealth.com)\n[@abstractivehealth.com](mailto:vince@abstractivehealth.com) ).\n**Author Affiliations:**  Abstractive Health, New York, New York (Hartman, Zhang, Poddar); Department of\nEmergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (McCarty, Fortenko, Sharma,\nSteel); Department of Population Health, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (Sholle,\nCampion); Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (Campion).\n**Author Contributions:**  Mr Hartman and Dr Zhang had full access to all of the data in the study and take\nresponsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.\n*Concept and design:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, McCarty, Fortenko, Campion, Steel.\n*Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data:*  All authors.\n*Drafting of the manuscript:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, McCarty, Campion, Steel.\n*Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content:*  All authors.\n*Statistical analysis:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, Sholle.\n*Obtained funding:*  Hartman, Campion.\n*Administrative, technical, or material support:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, Sholle, Sharma, Campion, Steel.\n*Supervision:*  Zhang, Poddar, McCarty, Sharma, Campion, Steel.\n**Conflict of Interest Disclosures:**  Dr Hartman reported holding equity in Abstractive Health during the conduct of\nthe study and holding a patent for automated summarization of a hospital stay using machine learning issued to\nAbstractive Health. No other disclosures were reported.\n**Funding/Support:**  Our research received support from NewYork-Presbyterian and Weill Cornell Medicine,\nincluding the Joint Clinical Trials Office and Clinical and Translational Science Center (grant No. UL1TR002384).\n**Role of the Funder/Sponsor:**  The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection,",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Methods**\n\n#### **EM-to-IP Handoff Note Template**\nThe EM-to-IP handoff note template used in the study is a replication of the current manual handoff\nnote structure used at the study site. The generated EM handoff note consists of components\ngenerated by a rule-based pattern-matching approach (laboratory tests, vitals, medications, consult\norders, and radiology impressions) and components generated by the trained abstractive\nsummarization model (history of present illness [HPI], differential diagnoses, immediate care plans,\nin-ED events, and disposition). Each summary also included a header with the timestamp of ED triage\nand discharge, patient’s birth date, patient’s unique identifier, patient’s encounter number, and the\ntotal time of patient’s stay in the ED.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\n*-*  GSM8K: similar to MMLU except questions are math rather than multiple choice, thus we parse the answers accord- ing to the expected format.\nTable 3 shows that, according to these metrics, in most cases responses to the confounded queries are no worse, and in some cases even better, than responses to the original queries. We attribute the improvement on the GSM8K benchmark to the fact that the strong model performs significantly better than the weak model on this benchmark ( 57% vs. 33% ). On the MT-bench and MMLU benchmarks, strong and weak models have comparable performance ( 8  *.*  5 vs. 7  *.*  6 for MT-bench and 66% vs. 64% for MMLU), thus routing does not degrade quality of responses and, consequently, the attack cannot improve it.\nTo further demonstrate that the attack improves the quality of responses when there is a significant gap between the weak and strong LLMs, we perform an additional evaluation with Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3 [38] and Llama-2-7B-chat-hf [63] as the weak LLMs (LLM pairs 2 and 3). Mistral-7B achieves 7  *.*  4 , 57% , and 25% on MT-bench, MMLU, and GSM8K, respectively. Llama-2-7B achieves 6  *.*  4 , 44% , and 21% . Table 4 shows that the rerouting attack improves quality of responses when either of these LLMs is the weak model, and in particular for the weaker Llama-2-7B model.\nLLM responses are sometimes affected by the confounder gadget. In some cases, the LLM responded with, for example, “I can’t answer that question as it appears to be a jumbled mix of characters”. Still, the response continued with “However, I can help you with the actual question you’re asking,” followed by the actual answer. We observed very few cases where an LLM refused to answer due to the presence of the gadget. In most cases, the response did not mention anything\n1 Some responses had abnormally high perplexity values (  *>*  100 ), which we found do not correlate with quality, but these variations disproportionately contribute to the average. We thus filter out such high-perplexity responses as outliers in both benign and attack settings. We provide examples of filtered responses in Appendix D.\n10\n*R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM* Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **C Optimization-Free Gadget Generation**\n\nWe evaluate optimization-free alternatives to our black-box optimization method for generating confounder gadgets.\n**Fixed gadget.**  A simple way to create a gadget without resorting to optimization is to repeat  *n*  tokens. We use ! as the initialization token, so the gadget in this case is !!!!!!!!!! . Another possibility is to select  *n*  tokens uniformly at random. Table 14 shows the upgrade rates for both options, were in the latter setting we repeat the process 10 times and report the average result and the standard error. While they are non-negligible, especially for the randomly sampled gadgets, they significantly underperform the upgrade rates reported in Table 1 for optimized gadgets.\n**Instruction injection.**  Prompt injection is a known attack on LLMs [50, 64], thus we consider a gadget consisting of a direct instruction to the router to treat the query as a complex one and obtain a high-quality response.\nWe evaluated 4 differently phrased instructions: two created manually and two generated by, respectively, Gemini [61] and GPT-4o [2], denoted as “ours-1”, “ours-2”, “Gemini”, and “GPT”.\nTable 15 reports the results. This method works well in a few cases but poorly in most. This highlights the difference between attacking LLMs and attacking LLM routers.",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\nMT-Bench 0  *.*  8  *−*  0  *.*  6 0  *.*  0 MMLU 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  2 0  *.*  9\n\nGSM8K 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  7\nTable 6: Differences between average perplexity of responses to the original and confounded queries, in the black-box setting, when the confounder gadget was generated for a different surrogate router than the target, for LLM pair 1. Positive values indicate a lower average perplexity (more natural) of responses to the confounded queries; higher values are better for the attacker. Standard errors were omitted for readability but are 0  *.*  2 on average. As in the white-box setting, the attack does not increase the average response perplexity.\nSurrogate ˆ *R* *LLM* Target  *R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS*\n\nLLM pair 1\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  1  *−*  0  *.*  2 MMLU 2  *.*  6  *−*  0  *.*  9 0  *.*  3 GSM8K 13  *.*  6 11  *.*  3 10  *.*  4\n\nLLM pair 2\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  2 MMLU 5  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  9 3  *.*  8 GSM8K 11  *.*  3 8  *.*  4 10  *.*  8\n\nLLM pair 3\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  1 0  *.*  1  *−*  0  *.*  1 MMLU 7  *.*  8 0  *.*  1 7  *.*  2 GSM8K 16  *.*  7 15  *.*  2 14  *.*  2\n\nTable 7: Differences between average benchmark specific scores of responses to the original and confounded queries, when the confounder gadget was generated for a different surrogate router than the target (black-box setting) for three LLM pairs. Positive values indicate a higher average score for responses to the confounded queries; higher values are better for the attacker. Results are averaged across gadgets. Standard errors were omitted for readability and are on average 0  *.*  1  *,*  0  *.*  8 , and 1  *.*  8 for MT-bench, MMLU and GSM8K, respectively. Aligned with the white-box setting, results show almost no decrease in performance, and improvement when there is a performance gap for the LLM pair.\n**Results for LLM pair 4.**  As discussed in Section 5, we replace the strong model that was used by Ong et al. [47], GPT-4- 1106-preview (rank 28 in the Chatbot Arena leaderboard [1, 21]), with the open-sourced Llama-3.1-8B (rank 58) to reduce the costs of our extensive set of evaluations. In this section we perform a smaller-scale evaluation of the quality-enhancing attack performance when using GPT as the strong model, i.e., LLM pair 4. We evaluate this setting using three of the *n*  = 10 confounder gadgets for each router.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf",
+                "query": "How did automating the writing of EM-to-IP handoffs notes using LLM affect the usefulness of these notes ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written summaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Discussion**\n\nThe study demonstrated success in generating EM-to-IP handoff notes using both a fine tuned,\npretrained LLM and rule-based approaches within an end user- developed note template. It is\nimportant to note that (largely due to time constraints within the EM care delivery model) the\nperformance of EM-to-IP handoff notes was not the current standard of care in EM. The study site’s\nunique electronic handoff process enabled a comparison between physician-written and\nLLM-generated handoff notes. Traditional automated evaluations of the model output suggested\nTable 3. Mean Clinical Quality Evaluation, Large Language Model (LLM)- Generated and Physician-Written\nCriteria\nLLM-generated Physician-written\nMean score (SD)\nLikert rating 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\nMean score (SD)\nLikert rating 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\n1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5\nCompleteness 4.00 (0.88) 0 12 (8) 31 (20.7) 69 (46) 38 (25.3) 4.16 (0.84) 0 3 (2) 31 (20.7) 48 (32) 68 (45.3)\nCuration 4.24 (0.58) 0 1 (0.7) 13 (8.7) 85 (56.7) 51 (34) 4.76 (0.48) 0 0 6 (4) 39 (26) 105 (70)\nReadability 4.00 (0.64) 0 8 (5.3) 17 (11.3) 87 (58) 38 (25.3) 4.64 (0.49) 0 0 5 (3.3) 38 (25.3) 107 (71.3)\nCorrectness 4.52 (0.64) 0 0 13 (8.7) 39 (26) 98 (65.3) 4.90 (0.39) 0 0 2 (1.3) 12 (8) 136 (90.7)\nUsefulness 4.04 (0.86) 0 12 (8) 30 (20) 59 (39.3) 49 (32.7) 4.36 (0.71) 0 5 (3.3) 13 (8.7) 53 (35.3) 79 (52.7)\na Likert scores and score distributions over 50 notes for 3 annotators. There are no 1 ratings for either physician or LLM summaries in the 150 evaluation results.\nTable 4. Mean Clinical Safety Evaluation, Large Language Model (LLM)- Generated and Physician-Written\nCriteria\nLLM-generated Physician-written\nMean (SD)\nLikert score 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\nMean (SD)\nLikert score 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\n1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5\nCompleteness 4.20 (0.93) 0 13 (8.7) 19 (12.7) 58 (38.7) 60 (40) 4.50 (0.65) 0 0 17 (11.3) 43 (28.7) 90 (60)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Abstract**\n\n**IMPORTANCE**  An emergency medicine (EM) handoff note generated by a large language model\n(LLM) has the potential to reduce physician documentation burden without compromising the safety\nof EM-to-inpatient (IP) handoffs.\n**OBJECTIVE**  To develop LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes and evaluate their accuracy and\nsafety compared with physician-written notes.\n**DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS**  This cohort study used EM patient medical records with\nacute hospital admissions that occurred in 2023 at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical\nCenter. A customized clinical LLM pipeline was trained, tested, and evaluated to generate templated\nEM-to-IP handoff notes. Using both conventional automated methods (ie, recall-oriented\nunderstudy for gisting evaluation [ROUGE], bidirectional encoder representations from transformers\nscore [BERTScore], and source chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation [SCALE])\nand a novel patient safety-focused framework, LLM-generated handoff notes vs physician-written\nnotes were compared. Data were analyzed from October 2023 to March 2024.\n**EXPOSURE**  LLM-generated EM handoff notes.\n**MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES**  LLM-generated handoff notes were evaluated for (1) lexical\nsimilarity with respect to physician-written notes using ROUGE and BERTScore; (2) fidelity with\nrespect to source notes using SCALE; and (3) readability, completeness, curation, correctness,\nusefulness, and implications for patient safety using a novel framework.\n**RESULTS**  In this study of 1600 EM patient records (832 [52%] female and mean [SD] age of 59.9\n[18.9] years), LLM-generated handoff notes, compared with physician-written ones, had higher\nROUGE (0.322 vs 0.088), BERTScore (0.859 vs 0.796), and SCALE scores (0.691 vs 0.456),\nindicating the LLM-generated summaries exhibited greater similarity and more detail. As reviewed by\n3 board-certified EM physicians, a subsample of 50 LLM-generated summaries had a mean (SD)\nusefulness score of 4.04 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.36 [0.71] for physician-written) and mean\n(SD) patient safety scores of 4.06 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.50 [0.56] for physician-written).\nNone of the LLM-generated summaries were classified as a critical patient safety risk.\n**CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE**  In this cohort study of 1600 EM patient medical records,\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written\nsummaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness\n*(continued)*",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\n*-*  GSM8K: similar to MMLU except questions are math rather than multiple choice, thus we parse the answers accord- ing to the expected format.\nTable 3 shows that, according to these metrics, in most cases responses to the confounded queries are no worse, and in some cases even better, than responses to the original queries. We attribute the improvement on the GSM8K benchmark to the fact that the strong model performs significantly better than the weak model on this benchmark ( 57% vs. 33% ). On the MT-bench and MMLU benchmarks, strong and weak models have comparable performance ( 8  *.*  5 vs. 7  *.*  6 for MT-bench and 66% vs. 64% for MMLU), thus routing does not degrade quality of responses and, consequently, the attack cannot improve it.\nTo further demonstrate that the attack improves the quality of responses when there is a significant gap between the weak and strong LLMs, we perform an additional evaluation with Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3 [38] and Llama-2-7B-chat-hf [63] as the weak LLMs (LLM pairs 2 and 3). Mistral-7B achieves 7  *.*  4 , 57% , and 25% on MT-bench, MMLU, and GSM8K, respectively. Llama-2-7B achieves 6  *.*  4 , 44% , and 21% . Table 4 shows that the rerouting attack improves quality of responses when either of these LLMs is the weak model, and in particular for the weaker Llama-2-7B model.\nLLM responses are sometimes affected by the confounder gadget. In some cases, the LLM responded with, for example, “I can’t answer that question as it appears to be a jumbled mix of characters”. Still, the response continued with “However, I can help you with the actual question you’re asking,” followed by the actual answer. We observed very few cases where an LLM refused to answer due to the presence of the gadget. In most cases, the response did not mention anything\n1 Some responses had abnormally high perplexity values (  *>*  100 ), which we found do not correlate with quality, but these variations disproportionately contribute to the average. We thus filter out such high-perplexity responses as outliers in both benign and attack settings. We provide examples of filtered responses in Appendix D.\n10\n*R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM* Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **B Ablation Study**\n\nAn alternative to insert the instruction after the gadget but before the query, however we observed this to slighly underper- form its counterpart. In the white-box setting we observe a slight decrease in the average (across all four routers) upgrade rate from 91% to 89% for the MMLU benchmark, and from 98% to 91% for the GSM8K benchmark. In the black-box setting, the average upgrade rate on MMLU reduces from 57% to 49% and on GSM8K from 73% to 64% .\n**Token sampling method.**  When generating the confounder gadget (see Section 4), we iteratively replace tokens with the goal of maximizing the routing algorithm’s score for the gadget. Candidate replacement tokens are chosen uniformly at random. An alternative is to choose candidates based on their probability of appearing in natural text. To evaluate this method, we compute token probabilities by parsing and tokenizing the wikitext-103-raw-v1 dataset [44].\nTable 13 shows that in most cases uniform sampling of replacement tokens yields better upgrade rates. We conjecture that uniform sampling produces more unnatural text, confusing the router. For example, for the  *R* *SW*  routing algorithm, uni- form sampling produces the following gadget: “  *legationbelongs967reglo’hui(DictionaryizedNameantal bidi.numberOf*  ”, whereas sampling according to natural probabilities produces “  *total occurred According number Letar final Bab named* *remainder*  ”.\n**Number of tokens in the gadget.**  In our main evaluation, the gadgets are composed of  *n*  = 10 tokens. We evaluate the effect of using less (  *n*  = 5 ) or more (  *n*  = 20 or  *n*  = 50 ) tokens. We observed that 5 tokens were insufficient to make changes to the routing algorithm’s score and thus we were not able to optimize the gadget in this setting. As for 20 tokens, we observe a a small improvement in the white-box setting, increase the average upgrade rate from 93  *.*  9% to 95  *.*  8% , and a bigger improvement in the black-box setting, increase the average upgrade rate from 70  *.*  2% to 81  *.*  3% . Using 50 tokens further increases the upgrade rates, to 98  *.*  2% in the white-box setting and 84  *.*  2% in the black box setting. The average convergence rate increases as well, from 60 iterations for 10 tokens, to 70 for 20 tokens, and 100 for 50 tokens. Overall this evaluation suggests that our rerouting attack can be even further improved by using longer gadgets, however it is important to be careful not to make them too long to the point that they might degrade the performance of the underlying LLM.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Abstract**\n\n#### **Key Points**\n\n**Question**  Can a large language model\n(LLM) generate emergency medicine\n(EM)-to-inpatient (IP) handoff notes\nthat are useful and safe for EM care?\n**Findings**  In this cohort study of 1600\nEM patient medical records using a\nnovel evaluation framework, the\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes\nhad a mean usefulness of 4.04 out of 5\n(compared with 4.36 for\nphysician-written) and a mean patient\nsafety of 4.06 out of 5 (compared with\n4.50 for physician-written) with no\ncritical patient safety risks.\n**Meaning**  These findings suggest the\nvalue of a manual, patient safety-\nfocused clinical evaluation of LLM\nmodels and the potential of\nLLM-generated handoff notes to create\na new standard of care in EM.\n**+ <sup>[Invited Commentary](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48729&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)</sup> + <sup>[Supplemental content](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)</sup>**\nAuthor affiliations and article information are\nlisted at the end of this article.\n**Open Access.**  This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.\n*JAMA Network Open.*  2024;7(12):e2448723. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723 (Reprinted) December 3, 2024 1/12\n*Abstract (continued)*\nand safety via a novel evaluation framework. This study suggests the importance of a physician-in-\nloop implementation design for this model and demonstrates an effective strategy to measure\npreimplementation patient safety of LLM models.\n*JAMA Network Open.*  2024;7(12):e2448723. doi: [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Methods**\n\n#### **EM-to-IP Handoff Note Template**\nThe EM-to-IP handoff note template used in the study is a replication of the current manual handoff\nnote structure used at the study site. The generated EM handoff note consists of components\ngenerated by a rule-based pattern-matching approach (laboratory tests, vitals, medications, consult\norders, and radiology impressions) and components generated by the trained abstractive\nsummarization model (history of present illness [HPI], differential diagnoses, immediate care plans,\nin-ED events, and disposition). Each summary also included a header with the timestamp of ED triage\nand discharge, patient’s birth date, patient’s unique identifier, patient’s encounter number, and the\ntotal time of patient’s stay in the ED.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Conclusions**\n\nThis study’s results suggest promise for future thoughtful integration of LLM-generated EM-to-IP\nhandoff notes into clinical admission workflows, as well as the associated potential downstream\nquality and efficiency gains. Our novel clinical evaluation framework demonstrates an effective\npreimplementation strategy to measure potential patient safety implications of incorrectness\nidentified in LLM-generated clinical care summaries, which will guide future model refinement and\nimplementation strategies. In the absence of a current written standard of care in EM, this innovation\ncould represent a transformative advancement in the quality of EM-to-IP transitions of care.\n**ARTICLE INFORMATION**\n**Accepted for Publication:**  October 7, 2024.\n**Published:**  December 3, 2024. doi: [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)\n**Open Access:**  This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the [ CC-BY License](https://jamanetwork.com/pages/cc-by-license-permissions/?utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723) . © 2024 Hartman V\net al.  *JAMA Network Open*  .\n**Corresponding Author:**  Vince Hartman, MS, Abstractive Health, 333 E 56 St, Apt 7N, New York, NY 10022 ( [vince](mailto:vince@abstractivehealth.com)\n[@abstractivehealth.com](mailto:vince@abstractivehealth.com) ).\n**Author Affiliations:**  Abstractive Health, New York, New York (Hartman, Zhang, Poddar); Department of\nEmergency Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (McCarty, Fortenko, Sharma,\nSteel); Department of Population Health, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (Sholle,\nCampion); Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (Campion).\n**Author Contributions:**  Mr Hartman and Dr Zhang had full access to all of the data in the study and take\nresponsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.\n*Concept and design:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, McCarty, Fortenko, Campion, Steel.\n*Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data:*  All authors.\n*Drafting of the manuscript:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, McCarty, Campion, Steel.\n*Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content:*  All authors.\n*Statistical analysis:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, Sholle.\n*Obtained funding:*  Hartman, Campion.\n*Administrative, technical, or material support:*  Hartman, Zhang, Poddar, Sholle, Sharma, Campion, Steel.\n*Supervision:*  Zhang, Poddar, McCarty, Sharma, Campion, Steel.\n**Conflict of Interest Disclosures:**  Dr Hartman reported holding equity in Abstractive Health during the conduct of\nthe study and holding a patent for automated summarization of a hospital stay using machine learning issued to\nAbstractive Health. No other disclosures were reported.\n**Funding/Support:**  Our research received support from NewYork-Presbyterian and Weill Cornell Medicine,\nincluding the Joint Clinical Trials Office and Clinical and Translational Science Center (grant No. UL1TR002384).\n**Role of the Funder/Sponsor:**  The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection,",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **C Optimization-Free Gadget Generation**\n\nWe evaluate optimization-free alternatives to our black-box optimization method for generating confounder gadgets.\n**Fixed gadget.**  A simple way to create a gadget without resorting to optimization is to repeat  *n*  tokens. We use ! as the initialization token, so the gadget in this case is !!!!!!!!!! . Another possibility is to select  *n*  tokens uniformly at random. Table 14 shows the upgrade rates for both options, were in the latter setting we repeat the process 10 times and report the average result and the standard error. While they are non-negligible, especially for the randomly sampled gadgets, they significantly underperform the upgrade rates reported in Table 1 for optimized gadgets.\n**Instruction injection.**  Prompt injection is a known attack on LLMs [50, 64], thus we consider a gadget consisting of a direct instruction to the router to treat the query as a complex one and obtain a high-quality response.\nWe evaluated 4 differently phrased instructions: two created manually and two generated by, respectively, Gemini [61] and GPT-4o [2], denoted as “ours-1”, “ours-2”, “Gemini”, and “GPT”.\nTable 15 reports the results. This method works well in a few cases but poorly in most. This highlights the difference between attacking LLMs and attacking LLM routers.",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Introduction**\n\nthe handoff notes.\nIn recent years there has been an accelerated interest in using LLMs to automate clinical tasks in an effort to unburden physicians and reduce burnout. <sup>22</sup> Computer-generated text within clinical\nnotes using natural language processing (NLP) have been overall shown to improve note completion rates, physician satisfaction, and patient outcomes. <sup>23</sup> Since 2018, NLP has made rapid advancements\nin health care with the discovery of the transformer model architecture, the building block of large language models (LLMs). LLMs can automate workflows such as discharge summaries, <sup>24</sup> radiology reports, <sup>25</sup> patient messaging, <sup>26</sup> after-visit summaries, <sup>27</sup> and ambient dictation <sup>28</sup> with various levels of perceived quality in each workflow. <sup>29</sup> LLMs are particularly effective at summarizing large unstructured clinical datasets, such as ED patient medical records. <sup>30</sup> A common concern of LLMs is\ntheir ability to hallucinate data, or LLMs generating output text that is not factually consistent with the original source content. <sup>31</sup> Much work has been done in health care to reduce hallucinations\nthrough building larger-parameter models trained on trillions of datasets, and then instruction fine- tuning the LLM on smaller, well-curated datasets. <sup>32,33</sup> LLMs can also be designed with explainability by citing inferred content back to the reference source notes. <sup>34</sup> For short-context length notes, using\nfew-shot prompt engineering approaches with large language models like GPT-4 can produce\nsummaries that outperform standard physician documentation in completeness and error frequency. <sup>35</sup> However, factual inconsistencies in the summaries produced by LLMs increase as the context length increases, <sup>36</sup> and for medium- to long-context tasks, fine-tuning an open-source model has been shown to perform better than a prompt-learning approach. <sup>37</sup> In prior work,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\nMT-Bench 0  *.*  8  *−*  0  *.*  6 0  *.*  0 MMLU 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  2 0  *.*  9\n\nGSM8K 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  7\nTable 6: Differences between average perplexity of responses to the original and confounded queries, in the black-box setting, when the confounder gadget was generated for a different surrogate router than the target, for LLM pair 1. Positive values indicate a lower average perplexity (more natural) of responses to the confounded queries; higher values are better for the attacker. Standard errors were omitted for readability but are 0  *.*  2 on average. As in the white-box setting, the attack does not increase the average response perplexity.\nSurrogate ˆ *R* *LLM* Target  *R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS*\n\nLLM pair 1\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  1  *−*  0  *.*  2 MMLU 2  *.*  6  *−*  0  *.*  9 0  *.*  3 GSM8K 13  *.*  6 11  *.*  3 10  *.*  4\n\nLLM pair 2\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  2 MMLU 5  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  9 3  *.*  8 GSM8K 11  *.*  3 8  *.*  4 10  *.*  8\n\nLLM pair 3\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  1 0  *.*  1  *−*  0  *.*  1 MMLU 7  *.*  8 0  *.*  1 7  *.*  2 GSM8K 16  *.*  7 15  *.*  2 14  *.*  2\n\nTable 7: Differences between average benchmark specific scores of responses to the original and confounded queries, when the confounder gadget was generated for a different surrogate router than the target (black-box setting) for three LLM pairs. Positive values indicate a higher average score for responses to the confounded queries; higher values are better for the attacker. Results are averaged across gadgets. Standard errors were omitted for readability and are on average 0  *.*  1  *,*  0  *.*  8 , and 1  *.*  8 for MT-bench, MMLU and GSM8K, respectively. Aligned with the white-box setting, results show almost no decrease in performance, and improvement when there is a performance gap for the LLM pair.\n**Results for LLM pair 4.**  As discussed in Section 5, we replace the strong model that was used by Ong et al. [47], GPT-4- 1106-preview (rank 28 in the Chatbot Arena leaderboard [1, 21]), with the open-sourced Llama-3.1-8B (rank 58) to reduce the costs of our extensive set of evaluations. In this section we perform a smaller-scale evaluation of the quality-enhancing attack performance when using GPT as the strong model, i.e., LLM pair 4. We evaluate this setting using three of the *n*  = 10 confounder gadgets for each router.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf",
+                "query": "What company released MegatronLM ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "NVIDIA released the MegatronLM",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Item 7.**   * **MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS** *\n\nAustin, Minnesota 59,000 Owned\n\n*Corporate Offices*\n\nAustin, Minnesota 203,000 Owned\n##### * **Dan's Prize, Inc.** *\n\nBrowerville, Minnesota—Plant 52,000 Owned\n\nLong Prairie, Minnesota—Plant  80,000 Owned\n##### * **Jennie-O Turkey Store, Inc.** *\n\n*Plants*\n\nBarron, Wisconsin  372,000 Owned\n\nFaribault, Minnesota  169,000 Owned\n\nMarshall, Minnesota  142,000 Owned\n\nMelrose, Minnesota  124,000 Owned\n\nMontevideo, Minnesota  85,000 Owned\n\nPelican Rapids, Minnesota  242,000 Owned\n\nWillmar, Minnesota  419,000 Owned\n\n* Acres\nMany of these properties are not exclusive to any one of the Company's segments and a few of the properties are utilized in all five segments of the\nCompany. The Company has renovation or building projects in progress at Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; Rochelle, Illinois; Osceola, Iowa; Los\nAnimas, Colorado; and at various JOTS locations. The Company believes its operating facilities are well maintained and suitable for current production\nvolumes and all volumes anticipated in the foreseeable future.\n\n##### **Item 3.**   * **LEGAL PROCEEDINGS** *\nThe Company knows of no pending material legal proceedings.\n\n##### **Item 4.**   * **SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS** *\nNo matters were submitted to shareholders during the fourth quarter of the 2003 fiscal year.\n\n##### **PART II**\n##### **Item 5.**   * **MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS** *\nThe high and low closing price of the Company's Common Stock and the dividends per share declared for each fiscal quarter of 2003 and 2002,\nrespectively, are shown below:\n\nFirst Quarter  $ 24.30 $ 21.76 $ .1050\nSecond Quarter   22.60  20.18  .1050\nThird Quarter   24.98  22.41  .1050\nFourth Quarter   24.15  21.25  .1050\n\nFirst Quarter  $ 27.14 $ 23.12 $ .0975\nSecond Quarter   28.03  24.99  .0975\nThird Quarter   24.99  20.50  .0975\nFourth Quarter   24.95  20.95  .0975\nAdditional information about dividends, principal market of trade and number of stockholders on page 45 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year\nended October 25, 2003, is incorporated herein by reference. The Company's Common Stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since\nJanuary 16, 1990.\n\n##### **Item 6.**   * **SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA** *\nSelected Financial Data for the five years ended October 25, 2003, on page 16 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year ended October 25, 2003,\nis incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 7.**   * **MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS** *\nManagement's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations on pages 17 through 27 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **7 Rerouting Commercial Routers**\n\n**Martian.**  This router is supposed to let the user provide a list of models and to specify the maximum amount the user is willing to pay for a query or for 1M tokens. Unfortunately, as of November 14, 2024, the router appears to ignore the list models provided by the user, and forwards the input to the same LLM regardless of it. We tested this in settings including one, two, or multiple models. While responses do not specify which LLM was used, they were identical across settings, so we excluded Martian from our evaluation. We notified Martian about the seemingly buggy behavior.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\n**to build luxury condo/hotels ignited**\n**a flurry of development in Las Vegas.**\n**MGM GRAND MACAU Our joint venture has secured a prime location to develop and construct an exciting**\n**addition to this dynamic gaming destination.**\n**ATLANTIC CITY LAND/BORGATA EXPANSION Our prime real estate in Atlantic City, in a location we defined as Renaissance**\n**Pointe, holds spectacular promise to expand MGM MIRAGE’s market**\n**presence on the East Coast.**\nOur growth strategy calls\nfor prudent and strategic\ndevelopment of our real\nestate assets to maximize\nshareholder value.\n*KÀ* TM by Cirque du Soleil ®\nve <sup>-</sup> lo <sup>-</sup> city (n) 1. -ties:  quickness of motion: speed <the velocity of light. ve l c ty ess of . -ties: locity speed <the .\n**RETAIL We will create a**\n**neighborhood where shopping**\n**and living become one, like**\n**the great cities of San**\n**Francisco and Paris.**\nProject CityCenter has\nalready captured the\nimagination of architects\nand designers around\nthe world as the concept\nhas been widely praised\nfor its vision.\nB U I L D I N G  C O N T I N U O U S  V E L O C I T Y\n**NY/NY** Spring Mountain **TI**\n**BELLAGIO**\n**MONTE**\n**CARLO**\n**THE RESIDENCES**\n**AT MGM GRAND**\n**PROJECT CITYCENTER**\n**N**\nFlamingo\nInterstate 15\nLas Vegas Blvd.\nTropicana\n**MGM GRAND**\n**THE**\n**MIRAGE**\n**RESIDENTIAL In lofts, brown-**\n**stones and high-rise buildings,**\n**residential options abound to**\n**populate the new city and ener-**\n**gize the surrounding areas.**\n**ENTERTAINMENT**\n**From street performers**\n**to Broadway shows,**\n**our entertainment will**\n**evoke the best of New**\n**York or London.**\n**THE SITE Located in the heart of the Las Vegas Strip, Project**\n**CityCenter will dwarf every development that preceded it. Its 66 acres**\n**will include a 4,000-room hotel-casino and three boutique hotels.**\n**e have been working for some time on con-**\n**ceiving the best use of the 66 acres between**\n**Monte Carlo and Bellagio, the most signifi-**\n**cant piece of undeveloped land remaining on the Las**\n**Vegas Strip. We certainly could have come up with a**\n**spectacular casino-hotel. But, the truth is, Las Vegas is**\n**ready for so much more.**\n**As the city eclipses two million residents on its way**\n**to passing three million by the end of the decade, and**\n**with land prices on the Strip soaring, it has become**\n**clear that there is a much better and higher use**\n**for this location. As Las Vegas marks its Centennial,**",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## **$13.1**\n#### **billion**\n**IN TOTAL COMPANY SALES.**\nWITH SALES GROWTH OF 7.8% AND\nCOMPARABLE SALES INCREASE OF 4%,\nWE BEAT OUR OWN EXPECTATIONS.\nA RECORD\n**IN NORDSTROM.COM SALES.**\nTHAT’S MORE THAN DOUBLE OUR SALES\nFROM JUST THREE YEARS AGO.\n#### **$2 billion** ALMOST",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Notices**\n\nThis information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A.\nIBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.\nIBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to: *IBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, Armonk, NY 10504-1785 U.S.A.*\n**The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any other country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law:**  INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION \"AS IS\" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you.\nThis information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice.\nAny references in this information to non-IBM websites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those websites. The materials at those websites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those websites is at your own risk.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\nand set in motion plans for future growth. These initiatives\nwill provide unmatched returns. We have also created unri-\nvaled opportunities for our employees and will continue\nour rich history of strengthening the communities in which\nwe do business.\nAs exciting as 2004 was, our momentum will carry us\nto even greater achievements in 2005 and beyond.\n**J. TERRENCE LANNI**\nChairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer\nMarch 31, 2005\n**SENSI**  BELLAGIO An\neclectic menu features\ndiverse cuisines in an\nearthy arena replete with\nwaterfalls and chrome. A\nbold wine list complements\nChef Martin Heierling’s\nsumptuous work.\n**JEAN-PHILIPPE PATISSERIE**\nBELLAGIO A mesmerizing\nfountain of cascading liquid\nchocolate showcases a splen-\ndid selection of chocolates,\ncakes, crêpes, salads and\nsandwiches.\n**ISLA**  TI Designed by\nJeffrey Beers, Isla bright-\nens all the senses. Chef\nRichard Sandoval gives\nan innovative and modern\ninterpretation of traditional\nMexican cuisine.\n(from left to right)  **KENNETH ROSEVEAR**  President, MGM MIRAGE Development;  **JOHN T. REDMOND**  President & CEO, MGM Grand Resorts, LLC;\n**J. TERRENCE LANNI**  Chairman & CEO, MGM MIRAGE;  **ROBERT H. BALDWIN**  President & CEO, Mirage Resorts, Incorporated & President, Project CityCenter;\n**GARY N. JACOBS**  Executive Vice President, General Counsel & Secretary, MGM MIRAGE;  **JAMES J. MURREN**  President, CFO & Treasurer, MGM MIRAGE\n05\nstrength (n) [ME < OE  *strengou.*  ] 5. Firm will or character: moral courage or power. engt (n) [ME < O  *ou.*  ] 5. Firm will or c mora\nThe announcement of\nthe merger between\nMGM MIRAGE and\nMandalay Resort Group\nwas one of the seminal\nmoments of 2004.\nU S I N G  O U R  S T R E N G T H...\n**he Mandalay merger will create a powerful**\n**combination of assets and people positioned**\n**to compete far more strongly than either**\n**company individually.**\n**With ever-increasing competition from tribal**\n**gaming in California as well as the continuing growth**\n**of gaming across the country and abroad, we are**\n**positioned to grow through improved performance at**\n**existing properties and development of strategic real**\n**estate obtained in the merger.**\n**MGM MIRAGE and Mandalay combined will**\n**create an unmatched collection of the world’s most**\n**famous resorts in the gaming, entertainment and travel**\n**markets. Customers will benefit from choices in all**\n**market segments. Lastly, of significance in determin-**\n**ing the value of this transaction for shareholders, the**\n**merger with Mandalay will be immediately accretive.**",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **2000 1999 2000 1999**\n\n### F O R  T H E  F I N A N C I A L  Y E A R  E N D E D  3 0  J U N E  2 0 0 0\n##### **Note Consolidated Company**",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 46\n\nLong-term debt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **4,607,118 851,730 — — 5,458,848**  4,640,365 878,651 2,874 — 5,521,890\nOther non-current liabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **1,760 102,595 50,137 — 154,492**  — 71,702 51,845 — 123,547\nStockholders’ equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **2,771,704 9,069,669 307,680 (9,377,349) 2,771,704**  2,533,788 8,311,318 252,460 (8,563,778) 2,533,788\n**$ 9,083,239 $10,957,273 $ 451,866 $(9,377,349) $ 11,115,029**  $ 8,272,482 $10,703,383 $ 399,182 $ (8,563,778) $10,811,269\n**Statement of Operations**\nNet revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ — $ 3,816,162 $ 421,942 $ — $ 4,238,104**  $ — $ 3,466,394 $ 396,349 $ — $ 3,862,743\nEquity in subsidiaries earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **955,995 117,686 (1,073,681) —**  646,997 110,528 — (757,525) —\nExpenses:\nCasino and hotel operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **— 2,081,435 211,460 — 2,292,895**  — 1,945,203 196,025 — 2,141,228\nProvision for doubtful accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **— (3,555) (74) — (3,629)**  — 13,188 (618) — 12,570\nGeneral and administrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **— 552,890 59,725 — 612,615**  — 532,591 51,008 — 583,599\nCorporate expense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **11,988 65,922 — — 77,910**  5,892 55,649 — — 61,541\nPreopening and start-up expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . **129 10,147 — — 10,276**  105 28,711 450 — 29,266\nRestructuring costs (credit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **— 4,118 1,507 — 5,625**  248 6,349 — — 6,597",
+                    "page_start": 75,
+                    "page_end": 75,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Preface**\n\n### **Comments welcome**\nYour comments are important to us!\nWe want our books to be as helpful as possible. Send us your comments about this book or\nother IBM Redbooks publications in one of the following ways:\n� Use the online  **Contact us**  review Redbooks form found at:\n**[ibm.com](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/)**  [/redbooks](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/)\n� Send your comments in an email to:\n[redbooks@us.ibm.com](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/contacts.html)\n� Mail your comments to:\nIBM Corporation, International Technical Support Organization\nDept. HYTD Mail Station P099\n2455 South Road\nPoughkeepsie, NY 12601-5400",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## Connecting aWorld in Motion\n\n**Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000**\nS ECURE F INANCIAL T RANSACTIONS A NY T IME , A NY P LACE\n**Corporate Profile**\n**Page   1...To Our Shareholders**\n**A letter to Euronet's shareholders outlining**\n**the company's 2000 achievements**\n**3... Mike Brown:  Building Digital Bridges**\n**An informal Q&A with Euronet's Chairman and**\n**CEO on the company's strategic direction**\n**6... Euronet At-A-Glance**\n**A high-level overview of Euronet Worldwide's**\n**solutions**\n**8...I ndustry Trends Spotlight**\n**A look at five industry trends that benefit Euronet:**\nI  **Outsourcing**\nI  **Prepaid mobile airtime**\nI  **Emerging markets**\nI  **Mobile banking**\nI  **ATMs in retail locations**\n**Financials**\n**Page 13...Selected Consolidated Financial Data**\n**15...Management’s Discussion and Analysis of**\n**Financial Condition and Results of Operations**\n**22...Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About**\n**Market Risk**\n**23...Independent Auditors’ Report**\n**24...Consolidated Balance Sheets**\n**25...Consolidated Statements of Operations and**\n**Comprehensive Loss**\n**26...Consolidated Statements of Changes in**\n**Stockholders’ Equity**\n**28...Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n**28...Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\n**45...Directors and Officers**\n**45...Corporate Information**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the average emission of a human being per year in terms of CO2eq ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "the average human is responsible for an estimated 5t CO2e per year",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming pollution, earth us, energy, science, environment\n\nsignificantly higher than that in the climate change discourse according to the comparison between\nFigure 5 a,b. From 2009 to 2018, the number of associations with political hashtags (blue nodes) faded,\nas shown in Figure 4 , and its importance in the semantic network gradually decreased, as shown in\nFigure 5 , except for variation in 2014. The yellow nodes describe the hesitation about climate facts\nand actions, where words describing global efforts, such as “ipcc”, “cop15”, and “un”, and words\nquestioning global warming, such as “hoax” and “fraud”, were both included. The associations\nbetween the yellow nodes were most salient in 2010 and 2011 but were less dominant in the following\nyears. The green nodes occupied 50.7% of all the nodes representing talk about the scientific hashtags of\nclimate issue, including words such as “ecology”, “ocean”, and “cleanenergy”. Associations between\nscientific hashtags (green nodes) exploded and the centrality sum of this cluster also showed an\nobvious rising trend in dominating the theme of the global warming discourse, according to Figure 5 .\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018. **Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 12 of 22\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 5.**  The sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the climate change discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **a**  ); (the sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the global warming discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **b**  ).\nAs the climate change and global warming discourses evolved over the past years, their relative\nstatuses in public discourse also changed. Although from 2009 to 2018, increasing numbers of people\nstarted to use Twitter, resulting in an overall rise in the number of tweets and hashtags, the ratio of",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Simulation of climate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.**  In this study, climate data of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are determined according to the results of global climate models driven by typical concentration paths (RCPs) of greenhouse gas emissions. Eligible data are selected from a total of 20 sets of data under four RCP scenarios of five ESMs (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL- CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M), which estimate the temperature, precipitation and sun- shine hours (Fig. 1 ).\n**Table 1.**  Basic information of 5 ESMs in CMIP5. Horizontal resolution means the number of longitudinal grids × the number of latitudinal grids.\n|  Model  |  Research institute  |  Country  |  Horizontal resolution  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| GFDL-ESM2M  | Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory  | The United States  | 144 × 90  |\n| HadGEM2-ES  | Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research  | The United Kingdom | 192 × 145  |\n| IPSL-CM5A-LR | L’ Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace  | France  | 96 × 96  |\n| NorESM1-M  | Norway Climate Center  | Norway  | 144 × 96  |\n| MIROC-ESM  | Center for Climate System Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Frontier Research  Center for Global Change | Japan  | 128 × 64  |\n**Figure 1.**  Changes of global temperature of 20 years moving average from 2020 to 2099 simulated by 5 ESMs under 4 RCP scenarios. Note: The black horizontal dashed lines: global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; the black vertical solid line: the years when global warming reaches 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C simulated by the selected models and scenarios.\nVol.:(0123456789)\nFirstly, the period of 1986- 2005 is defined as the baseline, of which the simulated average value is recog- nized as 0.61 °C above pre-industrial (the period of 1850- 1900) levels; the baseline is selected according to the accessibility and operability of data, which is used for the determination of the periods with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C and the comparison of maize yield between different periods. Secondly, the simulated values of global mean temperature in the future years are subtracted from the simulated average value of 1986- 2005; then the values should be plus with 0.61 °C, which are the global warming results above pre-industrial levels; then 20 years moving average of the above results are calculated. Thirdly, the climate data of global warming by 1.5 °C is defined according to the principles provided in the fifth IPCC Assessment Report, for which it should be within 1.5- 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels at the end of the twenty-first century; the climate data of global warming by 2.0 °C is defined according to the principles provided in the fifth IPCC Assessment Report, for which it should be within 2.0- 2.5 °C above pre-industrial levels at the end of the twenty-first century and the period of global warming by 2.0 °C should not be earlier than 2050. Finally, the climate models, scenarios and periods of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are separately confirmed; the data of global warming by 1.5 °C, simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR under RCP2.6 scenario during 2020- 2039 and simulated by GFDL-ESM2M under RCP4.5 scenario during 2041- 2060; the data of global warming by 2.0 °C, simulated by NorESM1-M under RCP4.5 scenario during 2060- 2079 and simulated by GFDL-ESM2M under RCP6.0 scenario during 2065- 2084.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange users to address all three communities together [ 91 ], consolidating climate change as\n\n## **6. Conclusions**\n\nTwitter users do not disclose their age, education, income, and gender in users’ profile, demographics\nwere not introduced as moderator factors in this study. Previous studies noted that in 1970s, global\ncooling was a prominent climate concern amongst the public [ 105 ]. While in the 1980s, ozone layer\ndepletion, species extinction and rainforest destruction became salient on the mass media agenda [ 106 ].\nConsidering the historical background of climate issues, age might influence how individuals perceive\nclimate issues. According to the statistics in 2017 [ 107 ], only 16 % of older people (older than 60)\nin America use Twitter, while the proportion is 39% for people between 30- 59 years old and 47%\nfor people younger than 30 years old (Stastista, 2017). Our results reflect the climate perception of\nolder people who use Twitter, as well as younger people amongst whom Twitter is more popular.\nAlthough some scholars reported that it is statistically reliable to take data on Twitter as a substitute\nand supplement for polling [ 108 ], we thought our results should be further examined before being\ngeneralized to the whole population.\nIn this study, we characterized the di ff erences between two popular climate discourses and\nexamined how two discourses evolved over a 10-year period. We did not focus on the interactions\nbetween public climate discourse and external factors. However, the evolution of climate discourse\nmight be driven by several external forces such as scientific e ff orts, natural events, politics and\nonline information (or misinformation) campaigns. The prevalence of certain climate concepts may\ninverse be weaponized to cause rhetorical shifts in politics and science popularization. For instance,\nprevious studies noted that in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, state-supported misinformation",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame\n\npreference. Figure 1 a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times\nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02\nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into\ndiscussions, according to Figure 1 b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were\n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018.\nThe rank- order correlation coe ffi cient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable\nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6 a, except for 2010 and\n2011, when the  *p*  -values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP\nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period\n(the  *p*  -value for 2015 was 0.011;  *p*  -values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6 b reveals\nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did\nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 12 of 22\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 5.**  The sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the climate change discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **a**  ); (the sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the global warming discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **b**  ).\nAs the climate change and global warming discourses evolved over the past years, their relative\nstatuses in public discourse also changed. Although from 2009 to 2018, increasing numbers of people\nstarted to use Twitter, resulting in an overall rise in the number of tweets and hashtags, the ratio of",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **List of figures**\n\nFigure 22: Share of people reporting any accident and accidents resulting in time off work by country,\n2020 ....................................................................................................................................................... 70\nFigure 23: Comparison of the average incidence rate of fatal accidents in two periods: 2010-2014 and\n2015-2020 ............................................................................................................................................. 71\nFigure 24: Main causes of mortality 2019, EU27 .................................................................................. 79\nFigure 25: Work-related deaths -  estimates by WHO/ILO and ICOH for EU27 ................................... 83\nFigure 26: Work-related DALYs -  estimates by WHO/ILO and ICOH for the EU27 ............................. 84\nFigure 27: Prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases -  EWCS 2015 ..................................................... 88\nFigure 28: Satisfaction with working conditions in the main paid job -  EWCS 2015 ............................ 89\nFigure 29: Flash Eurobarometer 2014 -  Satisfaction with health and safety at work ........................... 90\nFigure 30: ‘Health at risk’, sectoral responses for EU and three countries -  EWCS 2015 ................... 91\nFigure 31: ‘Health at risk’, responses in groups of EU Member States -  EWCS .................................. 92\nFigure 32: Age classes and work-related health problems in 2007, 2013, 2020 -  LFS ad hoc module93\nFigure 33: People reporting a work-related health problem and People reporting a work-related health\nproblem causing daily limitations 2020 -  LFS Ad hoc module 2020 ..................................................... 94\n6\nFigure 34: People reporting a work-related health problem by occupational category 2020 -  LFS Ad hoc\nmodule 2020 .......................................................................................................................................... 95\nFigure 35: Opinion on work until the age of 60 -  EWCS 2015.............................................................. 96\nFigure 36: Comparison of responses to self-rated work satisfaction, health risks and working life\nperspectives -  Flash Eurobarometer, LFS and EWCS ......................................................................... 98\nFigure 37: Share of 10 main economic activities in EU total employment 1996 and 2019 (%), EU28 -\nEurostat ............................................................................................................................................... 102\nFigure 38: Workforce structure, demography -  Eurostat .................................................................... 109\nFigure 39: Workforce structure, skill levels -  Eurostat ........................................................................ 111\nFigure 40: Workforce structure, mobility and migration -  European Commission .............................. 112\nFigure 41: Posted workers, receiving and sending countries in the EU .............................................. 114\n\n7",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **List of tables**\n\nTable 19: People reporting an accident by group of occupations (ISCO) -  LFS Ad hoc 2020 ............. 69\nTable 20: Incidence rates of fatal accidents per sector in 2010 and 2019 (EU27) ............................... 71\nTable 21: Severity of accidents in the EU27 in 2019 (sectors A and C-N) ........................................... 72\nTable 22: Development of recognised occupational diseases in the EU 2013-2019 ............................ 74\nTable 23: Life expectancy by age and sex - in years at the age of 65 .................................................. 78\nTable 24: People reporting work-related health problems by group of occupations (ISCO) -  LFS Ad hoc\n2020 ....................................................................................................................................................... 80\nTable 25: Examples of fractions of diseases attributable to work (AF) -  WHO/ILO ............................. 82\nTable 26: Summary Burden of diseases EU27, Global deaths -  WHO/ILO 2016 <sup>,</sup>\n\n............................... 85\nTable 27: Summary Burden of diseases table DALYs WHO/ILO ......................................................... 85\nTable 28: Opportunities and risks of ICT-based mobile work -  Eurofound ......................................... 105\nTable 29: Digitalisation and OSH discussed -  ESENER 2019 ........................................................... 106\nTable 30: Production and consumption of chemicals by hazard class in the EU in 2019 -  Eurostat . 107\nTable 31: Development of male and female workforce in the EU27 between 2005 and 2019 ........... 110\nTable 32: Average age of the EU27 workforce ................................................................................... 110\nTable 33: Non-EU Migrants -  over-represented in certain sectors and occupations in 2019 ............. 113\nTable 34: EU Directives on Occupational Safety and Health .............................................................. 120\n\n8",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nwarming, therefore, varied between ensemble members. The CMIP5 SSTs were not bias-corrected,\nwhich means that the results here may be sensitive to systematic errors arising from biases in the\npresent-day SST patterns.\nAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed from the standard RCP8.5\nconcentration scenario. Aerosol concentrations were calculated within the model, with aerosol\nemissions prescribed again from the standard RCP8.5 scenario. This means that the greenhouse\ngas and aerosol concentrations, and hence radiative forcing, were the same in all ensemble\n**5 Table 1.**  ClimPACT weather extremes indices.\nID definition units sector of relevance\nTXx annual maximum daily maximum temperature ° C health, agriculture and food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nTX90p percentage of days above the 90th percentile\nof daily maximum temperature in the\n1981- 2010 average\n% health, agriculture and food security,\nwater resources and hydrology\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame\n\npreference. Figure 1 a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times\nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02\nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into\ndiscussions, according to Figure 1 b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were\n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018.\nThe rank- order correlation coefficient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable\nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6 a, except for 2010 and\n2011, when the  *p*  -values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP\nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period\n(the  *p*  -value for 2015 was 0.011;  *p*  -values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6 b reveals\nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did\nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order .\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n13\n9. Dong, W. H., Liu, Z., Liao, H., Tang, Q. H. & Li, X. E. New climate and socio-economic scenarios for assessing global human health challenges due to heat risk.  *Clim. Change*    **130**  (4), 505- 518 (2015). 10. Brown, S. C., Wigley, T. M. L., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Rahbek, C. & Fordham, D. A. Persistent Quaternary climate refugia are hospices for biodiversity in the Anthropocene.  *Nat. Clim. Change*    **10**  , 244- 248 (2020). 11. Fischer, H., Amelung, D. & Said, N. The accuracy of German citizens’ confidence in their climate change knowledge.  *Nat. Clim.* *Change*    **9**  , 776- 780 (2020). 12. Hasegawa, T.  *et al.*  Risk of increased food insecurity under stringent global climate change mitigation policy.  *Nat. Clim. Change* **8**  , 699- 703 (2018). 13. Lobell, D. B., Schlenker, W. & Costa-Roberts, J. Climate trends and global crop production since 1980.  *Science*    **333**  , 616- 620 (2011). 14. UNFCCC. The Paris Agreement. 2015, [https://​unfccc.​int/​proce​ss-​and-​meeti​ngs/​the-​paris-​agree​ment/​the-​paris-​agree​ment](https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement) . 15. Roche, K. R., Müller-Itten, M., Dralle, D. N., Bolster, D. & Müller, M. F. Climate change and the opportunity cost of conflict.  *PNAS* **117**  (4), 1935- 1940 (2020). 16. Challinor, A. J.  *et al.*  A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation.  *Nat. Clim. Change*    **4**  , 287- 291 (2014). 17. Lobell, D. B.  *et al.*  Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030.  *Science*    **319**  , 607- 610 (2017). 18. Lv, S.  *et al.*  Yield gap simulations using ten maize cultivars commonly planted in Northeast China during the past five decades. *Agric. For. Meteorol.*    **205**  , 1- 10 (2015). 19. Chao, W., Kehui, C. & Shah, F. Heat stress decreases rice grain weight: Evidence and physiological mechanisms of heat effects prior to flowering.  *Int. J. Mol. Sci.*    **23**  (18), 10922 (2022). 20. Chao, W.  *et al.*  Estimating the yield stability of heat-tolerant rice genotypes under various heat conditions across reproductive stages: A 5-year case study.  *Sci. Rep.*    **11**  , 13604 (2021). 21. IPCC. Food security and food production systems. In  *Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global* *and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate* *Change*  485- 533 (Cambridge University Press, 2014). 22. Tigchelaar, M., Battisti, D. S., Naylor, R. L. & Ray, D. K. Future warming increases probability of globally synchronized maize production shocks.  *PNAS*    **115**  (26), 6644- 6649 (2018). 23. Zhao, C.  *et al.*  Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates.  *PNAS*    **114**  , 9326- 9331 (2017). 24. Diffenbaugh, N. S., Hertel, T. W., Scherer, M. & Verma, M. Response of corn markets to climate volatility under alternative energy futures.  *Nat. Clim. Change*    **2**  , 514- 518 (2012). 25. Jensen, H. G. & Anderson, K. Grain price spikes and beggar-thy-neighbor policy responses: A global economywide analysis.  *World* *Bank Econ. Rev.*    **31**  , 158- 175 (2017). 26. Fraser, E. D. G., Simelton, E., Termansen, M., Gosling, S. N. & South, A. “Vulnerability hotspots”: Integrating socio-economic and hydrological models to identify where cereal production may decline in the future due to climate change induced drought.  *Agric.* *For. Meteorol.*    **170**  , 195- 205 (2013). 27. Puma, M. J., Bose, S., Chon, S. Y. & Cook, B. I. Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system.  *Environ. Res. Lett.*    **10**  , 024007 (2015). 28. Wheeler, T. & Braun, J. V. Climate change impacts on global food security.  *Science*    **341**  (6145), 508- 513 (2013). 29. Lunt, T., Jones, A. W., Mulhern, W. S., Lezaks, D. P. M. & Jahn, M. M. Vulnerabilities to agricultural production shocks: An extreme, plausible scenario for assessment of risk for the insurance sector.  *Clim. Risk Manag.*    **13**  , 1- 9 (2016). 30. Jägermeyr, J. & Frieler, K. Spatial variations in crop growing seasons pivotal to reproduce global fluctuations in maize and wheat yields.  *Sci. Adv.*    **4**  (11), eaat4517 (2018). 31. Elliott, J.  *et al.*  Characterizing agricultural impacts of recent large-scale US droughts and changing technology and management. *Agric. Syst.*    **159**  , 275- 281 (2017). 32. Tack, J., Barkley, A. & Nalley, L. L. Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields.  *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.*    **112**  , 6931- 6936 (2015). 33. Tao, F., Zhang, Z., Liu, J. & Yokozawa, M. Modelling the impacts of weather and climate variability on crop productivity over a large area: A new super-ensemblebased probabilistic projection.  *Agric. For. Meteorol.*    **149**  , 1266- 1278 (2009). 34. Parent, B.  *et al.*  Maize yields over Europe may increase in spite of climate change, with an appropriate use of the genetic variability of flowering time.  *PNAS*    **115**  (42), 10642- 10647 (2018). 35. Yang, C. Y., Fraga, H., Ieperen, W. V. & Santos, J. A. Assessment of irrigated maize yield response to climate change scenarios in Portugal.  *Agric. Water Manag.*    **184**  , 178- 190 (2017). 36. Miller, S. A. & Moore, F. C. Climate and health damages from global concrete production.  *Nat. Clim. Change*   [https://​doi.​org/​10.​](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0733-0) [1038/​s41558-​020-​0733-0](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0733-0) (2020). 37. Kassie, B. T.  *et al.*  Exploring climate change impacts and adaptation options for maize production in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia using different climate change scenarios and crop models.  *Clim. Change*    **129**  , 145- 158 (2015). 38. Tao, F. & Zhang, Z. Climate change, high-temperature stress, rice productivity, and water use in Eastern China: A new superensem- ble-based probabilistic projection.  *J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol.*    **52**  , 531- 551 (2013). 39. Glotter, M. & Elliott, J. Simulating US agriculture in a modern Dust Bowl drought.  *Nat. Plants*    **3**  , 16193 (2016). 40. Challinor, A. J., Koehler, A. K., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Whitfield, S. & Das, B. Current warming will reduce yields unless maize breeding and seed systems adapt immediately.  *Nat. Clim. Change*    **6**  , 954- 958 (2016). 41. Cammarano, D.  *et al.*  Using historical climate observations to understand future climate change crop yield impacts in the South- eastern US.  *Clim. 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Climate forcing datasets for agricultural modeling: Merged products for gap-filling and historical climate series estimation.  *Agr. For. Meteorol.*    **200**  , 233- 248 (2015). 46. Hempel, S., Frieler, K., Warszawski, L., Schewe, J. & Piontek, F. A trendpreserving bias correction-the ISI-MIP approach.  *Earth* *Syst. Dyn.*    **4**  , 219- 236 (2013). 47. Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N. & Foley, J. A. Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000.  *Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles*    **22**  , 1022 (2008). 48. You, L.Z.,  *et al*  .  *Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) 2000 Version 3.2*  . [http://​mapsp​am.​info](http://mapspam.info) (2015). 49. Hoogenboom, G.,  *et al*  .  *Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) Version 4.6*  (DSSAT Foundation, 2015). [http://​dssat.​net](http://dssat.net) (2015). 50. Sacks, W. J., Deryng, D., Foley, J. A. & Ramankutty, N. Crop planting dates: An analysis of global patterns.  *Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.*    **19**  , 607- 620 (2010). 51. Batjes, H.N.  *A Homogenized Soil Data File for Global Environmental Research: A Subset of FAO. ISRIC and NRCS Profiles (Version* *1.0)*  . Working Paper and Preprint 95/10b (International Soil Reference and Information Centre, 1995).",
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+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.2 Trends in health outcomes**\n\n#### * **4.2.2 Attributable fractions, risk pairs and burden of disease** *\n\n**16 years**  . <sup>217</sup>\nThe second reference estimate was provided by the  **International Commission on Occupational**\n**Health (ICOH)**  . The size of the two major health consequences (‘Outcomes’) was calculated, that is,\n**work-related deaths**  , and  **work-related diseases**  . ICOH estimates  in total  **179,000 deaths**  ; moreover,\nthey  refer to the much smaller  **labour force**  population (209 million) and calculate  **89 work-related**\n**deaths per 100,000 labour force**  . The main reason for these different estimates is the general\napproach: WHO/ILO restricts their analysis to selected risk-outcome pairs, for example, long working\nhours as risk and stroke as outcome, whereas ICOH aspired to cover all work-related diseases.\n\n**Figure 25: Work-related deaths -  estimates by WHO/ILO <sup>218</sup> and ICOH <sup>219</sup> for EU27**\n\nThe figure below displays the relation between  **major risks**  and the  **health outcome in DALYs**  . The\nestimates of DALYS that are attributable to work vary between 6.8 million years (ICOH) and 4.4 million\nyears (WHO/ILO), both for the EU27.\n\n**Figure 26: Work-related DALYs -  estimates by WHO/ILO and ICOH for the EU27**\n\nPutting the absolute numbers of WHO/ILO in relation to the EU27 population above 16 years this results\nin approximately  **1,172 lost life years per 100,000 working-age population**  (WHO/ILO). ICOH\ncalculates in absolute numbers 6.8 million lost life years for the labour force population, resulting  **in**\n**3,364 DALYs per 100,000 labour force**  .\nIt can be concluded that despite methodological differences the estimates  **do not vary that much if the**\n**same reference population**  is used in the calculation. Future research will contribute to a better\nattribution of the impact of work on these diseases.  **In the future, relevant disease groups will be**\n**incorporated in these estimates**  , that is,  the impact of work on the prevalence of  **mental diseases**\nand of communicable diseases caused by biological agents needs to be incorporated.\nThe next table shows the  **difference between major occupational risk factors and deaths**  at the\nEU27 level and the global level. At EU27 level asbestos-related cancers are clearly the most frequent",
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+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf",
+                "query": "How did the Black Lives Matter movement influence the writing of Wikipedia articles ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": " the Black Lives Matter movement (BLM) influenced Wikipedia article generation and editing such that, as the BLM movement grew, articles covering shootings of Black people in- creased in coverage and were generated with reduced latency",
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+                    "text": "# On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? Emily M. Bender ∗ Timnit Gebru[...]\n\n## **4 UNFATHOMABLE TRAINING DATA**\n\n### **4.2 Static Data/Changing Social Views**\n\nA central aspect of social movement formation involves using lan- guage strategically to destabilize dominant narratives and call at- tention to underrepresented social perspectives. Social movements produce new norms, language, and ways of communicating. This adds challenges to the deployment of LMs, as methodologies re- liant on LMs run the risk of ‘value-lock’, where the LM-reliant technology reifies older, less-inclusive understandings. For instance, the Black Lives Matter movement (BLM) influenced Wikipedia article generation and editing such that, as the BLM movement grew, articles covering shootings of Black people in- creased in coverage and were generated with reduced latency [ 135 ]. Importantly, articles describing past shootings and incidents of po- lice brutality were created and updated as articles for new events were created, reflecting how social movements make connections between events in time to form cohesive narratives [ 102 ]. More generally, Twyman et al. [ 135 ] highlight how social movements actively influence framings and reframings of minority narratives\n14 [Available at https://github.com/LDNOOBW/List-of-Dirty-Naughty-Obscene-and-](https://github.com/LDNOOBW/List-of-Dirty-Naughty-Obscene-and-Otherwise-Bad-Words/blob/master/en) [Otherwise-Bad-Words/blob/master/en, accessed Jan 18, 2021](https://github.com/LDNOOBW/List-of-Dirty-Naughty-Obscene-and-Otherwise-Bad-Words/blob/master/en) 15 This observation is due to William Agnew.\nin the type of online discourse that potentially forms the data that underpins LMs. An important caveat is that social movements which are poorly documented and which do not receive significant media attention will not be captured at all. Media coverage can fail to cover protest events and social movements [ 41 , 96 ] and can distort events that challenge state power [ 36 ]. This is exemplified by media outlets that tend to ignore peaceful protest activity and instead focus on dramatic or violent events that make for good television but nearly always result in critical coverage [ 81 ]. As a result, the data under- pinning LMs stands to misrepresent social movements and dispro- portionately align with existing regimes of power. Developing and shifting frames stand to be learned in incomplete ways or lost in the big-ness of data used to train large LMs — particu- larly if the training data isn’t continually updated. Given the com- pute costs alone of training large LMs, it likely isn’t feasible for even large corporations to fully retrain them frequently enough to keep up with the kind of language change discussed here. Perhaps fine-tuning approaches could be used to retrain LMs, but here again, what would be required is thoughtful curation practices to find ap- propriate data to capture reframings and techniques for evaluating whether such fine-tuning appropriately captures the ways in which new framings contest hegemonic representations.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\n2010, Shanghai, China, 7- 11 November 2010; pp. 470- 485.\n65. Gonz á lez-Ib á nez, R.; Muresan, S.; Wacholder, N. Identifying sarcasm in Twitter: A closer look. In Proceedings\nof the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies:\nShort Papers—Volume 2, Portland, OR, USA, 19- 24 June 2011; pp. 581- 586.\n66. Conover, M.D.; Ratkiewicz, J.; Francisco, M.; Gonçalves, B.; Menczer, F.; Flammini, A. Political polarization on\ntwitter. In Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Barcelona,\nSpain, 17- 21 July 2011.\n67. Kitzie, V.; Ghosh, D. # Criming and# Alive: Network and content analysis of two sides of a story on twitter.\nIn Proceedings of the 78th ASIS&T Annual Meeting: Information Science with Impact: Research in and for\nthe Community, St. Louis, MO, USA, 6- 10 October; 2015; p. 41.\n68. Burgess, J.; Galloway, A.; Sauter, T. Hashtag as hybrid forum: The case of# agchatoz. In  *Hashtag Publics.*\n*The Power and Politics of Discursive Networks*  ; Peter Lang: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 61- 76.\n69. Rushko ff , D. 17. Permanent revolution: Occupying democracy. In  *The Playful Citizen*  ; Amsterdam University\nPress: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013; p. 335.\n70. Grundberg, M.D.; Lindgren, S. Translocal frame extensions in a networked protest: Situating the# IdleNoMore\nhashtag.  *IC Rev. Cient*   *í*   *fica De Inf. Y Comun.*   **2015**  ,  *11*  , 49- 57.\n71. Bruns, A.; Burgess, J.E. # ausvotes: How Twitter covered the 2010 Australian federal election.  *Commun.*\n*Politics Cult.*   **2011**  ,  *44*  , 37- 56.\n72. Pearce, W.; Holmberg, K.; Hellsten, I.; Nerlich, B. Climate change on Twitter: Topics, communities and\nconversations about the 2013 IPCC Working Group 1 report.  *PLoS ONE*   **2014**  ,  *9*  , e94785. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094785) ]\n73. Zhao, W.X.; Jiang, J.; Weng, J.; He, J.; Lim, E.P.; Yan, H.; Li, X. Comparing twitter and traditional media using\ntopic models. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval, Dublin, Ireland, 18- 21\nApril 2011; pp. 338- 349.\n74. Doctor, V. Hashtag History: When and What Started It? Available online: https: // [www.hashtags.org](https://www.hashtags.org/featured/hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it/) / featured /\n[hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it](https://www.hashtags.org/featured/hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it/) / (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n75. Newman, T.P. Tracking the release of IPCC AR5 on Twitter: Users, comments, and sources following the\nrelease of the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers.  *Public Underst. Sci.*   **2017**  ,  *26*  , 815- 825. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662516628477) ]",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\n872- 895. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572) ]\n53. Bruns, A.; Stieglitz, S. Quantitative approaches to comparing communication patterns on Twitter.  *J. Technol.*\n*Hum. Serv.*   **2012**  ,  *30*  , 160- 185. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.744249) ]\n54. Yang, G. Narrative agency in hashtag activism: The case of# BlackLivesMatter.  *Media Commun.*   **2016**  ,  *4*  , 13.\n55. Bruns, A.; Burgess, J.E. The use of Twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc publics. In Proceedings of the\n6th European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) General Conference 2011, Reykjav í k, Iceland, 25- 27\nAugust 2011.\n56. Rzeszotarski, J.M.; Spiro, E.S.; Matias, J.N.; Monroy-Hern á ndez, A.; Morris, M.R. Is anyone out there?:\nUnpacking Q&A hashtags on twitter. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in\nComputing Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada, 26 April- 1 May 2014; pp. 2755- 2758.\n57. Tsur, O.; Rappoport, A. What’s in a hashtag?: Content based prediction of the spread of ideas in microblogging\ncommunities. In Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining,\nSeattle, WA, USA, 8- 12 February 2012; pp. 643- 652.\n58. Yang, L.; Sun, T.; Zhang, M.; Mei, Q. We know what@ you# tag: Does the dual role a ff ect hashtag adoption?\nIn Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web, Lyon, France, 16- 20 April 2012;\npp. 261- 270.\n59. Weller, K.; Dröge, E.; Puschmann, C. Citation Analysis in Twitter: Approaches for Defining and Measuring\nInformation Flows within Tweets during Scientific Conferences. In Proceedings of the Making Sense of\nMicroposts 2011, Heraklion, Greece, 30 May 2011; pp. 1- 12.\n60. Meraz, S. Hashtag wars and networked framing: The private / public networked protest repertoires of occupy\non twitter. In  *Between the Public and Private in Mobile Communication*  ; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2017;\npp. 303- 323.\n61. Meraz, S.; Papacharissi, Z. Networked gatekeeping and networked framing on# Egypt.  *Int. J. Press.*   **2013**  ,  *18*  ,\n138- 166.\n62. Papacharissi, Z.; de Fatima Oliveira, M. A ff ective news and networked publics: The rhythms of news\nstorytelling on# Egypt.  *J. Commun.*   **2012**  ,  *62*  , 266- 282.\n63. Wang, X.; Wei, F.; Liu, X.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, M. Topic sentiment analysis in twitter: A graph-based hashtag\nsentiment classification approach. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Information\nand Knowledge Management, Scotland, UK, 24- 28 October 2011; pp. 1031- 1040.\n64. Laniado, D.; Mika, P. Making sense of twitter. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference",
+                    "page_start": 18,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\n1. Nisbet, M.C. Communicating climate change: Why frames matter for public engagement.  *Environ. Sci.*\n*Policy Sustain. Dev.*   **2009**  ,  *51*  , 12- 23. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.51.2.12-23) ]\n2. Roxburgh, N.; Guan, D.; Shin, K.J.; Rand, W.; Managi, S.; Lovelace, R.; Meng, J. Characterising climate change\ndiscourse on social media during extreme weather events.  *Glob. Environ. Chang.*   **2019**  ,  *54*  , 50- 60. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.004) ]\n3. Schuldt, J.P.; Konrath, S.H.; Schwarz, N. “Global warming” or “climate change”? Whether the planet is\nwarming depends on question wording.  *Public Opin. Q.*   **2011**  ,  *75*  , 115- 124. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq073) ]\n4. Villar, A.; Krosnick, J.A. Global warming vs. climate change, taxes vs. prices: Does word choice matter?\n*Clim. Chang.*   **2011**  ,  *105*  , 1- 12. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9882-x) ]\n5. Jang, S.M.; Hart, P.S. Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and\nstates: Evidence from Twitter big data.  *Glob. Environ. Chang.*   **2015**  ,  *32*  , 11- 17. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.010) ]\n6. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change: Basic Information. Available online:\nhttps: // [19january2017snapshot.epa.gov](https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/climate-change-basic-information_.html) / climatechange / climate-change-basic-information_.html (accessed on\n10 October 2019).\n7. Caitlyn Kennedy, R.L. What’s the Di ff erence between Global Warming and Climate Change? 2015. Available\nonline: https: // www.climate.gov / news-features / climate-qa / whats-di ff [erence-between-global-warming-and-](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-difference-between-global-warming-and-climate-change)\n[climate-change](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-difference-between-global-warming-and-climate-change) (accessed on 10 October 2019).\n8. Pachauri, R.K.; Allen, M.R.; Barros, V.R.; Broome, J.; Cramer, W.; Christ, R.; Church, J.A.; Clarke, L.; Dahe, Q.;\nDasgupta, P.; et al.  *Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth*\n*Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*  ; IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.\n9. Whitmarsh, L. What’s in a name? Commonalities and di ff erences in public understanding of “climate\nchange” and “global warming”.  *Public Underst. Sci.*   **2009**  ,  *18*  , 401- 420. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662506073088) ]\n10. Shehata, A.; Hopmann, D.N. Framing climate change: A study of US and Swedish press coverage of global\nwarming.  *Journal. Stud.*   **2012**  ,  *13*  , 175- 192. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2011.646396) ]\n11. Schuldt, J.P.; Roh, S. Of accessibility and applicability: How heat-related cues a ff ect belief in “global warming”\nversus “climate change”.  *Soc. Cogn.*   **2014**  ,  *32*  , 217- 238. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2014.32.3.217) ]\n12. McCright, A.M.; Dunlap, R.E. Challenging global warming as a social problem: An analysis of the conservative\nmovement’s counter-claims.  *Soc. Probl.*   **2000**  ,  *47*  , 499- 522. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097132) ]",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **2. Background**\n\n### *2.3. Hashtags as Frame Vehicles on Social Media*\n\nLarge amounts of unprompted user-generated data on social media serve as distributed sensors\nthat better reflect public opinion [ 50 ] and o ff er researchers more accurate insight into the associations\nof concepts in people’s minds [ 51 ]. In particular, hashtags, a unique mechanism of social media,\nprovide researchers with an unprecedented chance to accurately extract the public cognitive framework\ncontained in texts. To inform or comment [ 52 ], social media users attach user-generated tagging with\na hash character “#” to anchor the keywords of their tweet and classify the tweet to a unifying topic,\nand other users can view hashtags as beacons to follow specific topics and join collective discussions.\nAs a communicative marker, hashtags have been used in a wide range of cases [ 53 ] and have contributed\nconsiderably to conversations and social participation [ 54 , 55 ]. In addition to the function as a topical\nsignifier [ 56 ], social scientists noted that hashtags can also represent the context of a tweet [ 57 ], flag\nan individual’s community membership [ 58 ], or indicate shared interests [ 59 ]. Several studies adopted\nhashtags as frame markers for both content and sentiment analysis [ 60 - 65 ] to eliminate researchers’\nsubjectivity in frame detection.\nIn some cases, social media users have long struggled to define the most appropriate hashtag for\ncertain events [ 60 , 66 ]. By observing the usage pattern of trending hashtags “#CrimingWhileWhite” and\n“#AliveWhileBlack” in a struggle against racism, [ 67 ] discovered that two related hashtags generated\nin a single event will draw public attention to di ff erent sides of a story and cause noticeable structural\nand linguistic di ff erences in public discourse.\nWhen hashtags are used in combination with each other, their co-occurrence pattern in big data",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\n76. Segerberg, A.; Bennett, W.L. Social media and the organization of collective action: Using Twitter to explore\nthe ecologies of two climate change protests.  *Commun. Rev.*   **2011**  ,  *14*  , 197- 215. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2011.597250) ]\n77. Statista. Number of Monthly Active Twitter Users Worldwide from 1st Quarter 2010 to 1st Quarter 2019 (in\nMillions). 2019. Available online: https: // [www.statista.com](https://www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/) / statistics / 282087 / number-of-monthly-active-\n[twitter-users](https://www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/) / (accessed on 10 October 2019).\n78. Liu, Y.; Kliman-Silver, C.; Mislove, A. The tweets they are a-changin’: Evolution of Twitter users and behavior.\nIn Proceedings of the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Ann Arbor, MI,\nUSA, 1- 4 June 2014.\n79. Williams, H.T.; McMurray, J.R.; Kurz, T.; Lambert, F.H. Network analysis reveals open forums and echo\nchambers in social media discussions of climate change.  *Glob. Environ. Chang.*   **2015**  ,  *32*  , 126- 138. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.006) ]\n80. Guo, L.; Rohde, J.A.; Wu, H.D. Who is responsible for Twitter’s echo chamber problem? Evidence from 2016\nUS election networks.  *Inf. Commun. Soc.*   **2020**  ,  *23*  , 234- 251. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1499793) ]\n81. Gephi. Websites of Gephi. Available online: [ https:](https://gephi.org) // gephi.org (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n82. Calabrese, C.; Anderton, B.N.; Barnett, G.A. Online Representations of “Genome Editing” Uncover\nOpportunities for Encouraging Engagement: A Semantic Network Analysis.  *Sci. Commun.*   **2019**  ,  *41*  ,\n222- 242. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547018824709) ]\n83. Fruchterman, T.M.; Reingold, E.M. Graph drawing by force-directed placement.  *Softw. Pract. Exp.*   **1991**  ,  *21*  ,\n1129- 1164. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102) ]\n84. Myers, J.L.; Well, A.D.; Lorch, R.F., Jr.  *Research Design and Statistical Analysis*  ; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2013.\n85. Krackhardt, D. Predicting with networks: Nonparametric multiple regression analysis of dyadic data.  *Soc.*\n*Netw.*   **1988**  ,  *10*  , 359- 381. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(88)90004-4) ]\n86. Borgatti, S.P.; Everett, M.G.; Freeman, L.C.  *Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis*  ; Analytic\nTechnologies: Harvard, MA, USA, 2002; Volume 6.\n87. Zaval, L.; Keenan, E.A.; Johnson, E.J.; Weber, E.U. How warm days increase belief in global warming.  *Nat.*\n*Clim. Chang.*   **2014**  ,  *4*  , 143. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2093) ]\n88. Marx, S.M.; Weber, E.U.; Orlove, B.S.; Leiserowitz, A.; Krantz, D.H.; Roncoli, C.; Phillips, J. Communication\nand mental processes: Experiential and analytic processing of uncertain climate information.  *Glob. Environ.*\n*Chang.*   **2007**  ,  *17*  , 47- 58. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.10.004) ]\n89. Bostrom, A.; Morgan, M.G.; Fischho ff , B.; Read, D. What do people know about global climate change? 1.",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407) ]\n41. Guo, L.; Vu, H.T.; McCombs, M. An expanded perspective on agenda-setting e ff ects: Exploring the third\nlevel of agenda setting.  *Rev. De Comun.*   **2012**  ,  *11*  , 51- 68.\n42. Cheng, Y.; Chan, C.M. The third level of agenda setting in contemporary China: Tracking descriptions of\nmoral and national education (MNE) in media coverage and people’s minds.  *Int. J. Commun.*   **2015**  ,  *9*  , 18.\n43. Wettler, M.; Rapp, R. Computation of Word Associations Based on Co-occurrences of Words in Large Corpora.\nIn Proceedings of the VLC@ACL 1993, Columbus, OH, USA, 22 June 1993.\n44. Collins, A.M.; Quillian, M.R. How to make a language user. In  *Organization of Memory*  ; Academic Press:\nNew York, NY, USA, 1972; p. 309.\n45. Danowski, J.A. Inferences from word networks in messages. In  *The Content Analysis Reader*  ; SAGE: Thousand\nOaks, CA, USA, 2009; pp. 421- 429.\n46. Hamed, A.A.; Ayer, A.A.; Clark, E.M.; Irons, E.A.; Taylor, G.T.; Zia, A. Measuring climate change on Twitter\nusing Google’s algorithm: Perception and events.  *Int. J. Web Inf. Syst.*   **2015**  ,  *11*  , 527- 544. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-08-2015-0025) ]\n47. Haunschild, R.; Leydesdor ff , L.; Bornmann, L.; Hellsten, I.; Marx, W. Does the public discuss other topics on\nclimate change than researchers? A comparison of explorative networks based on author keywords and\nhashtags.  *J. Inf.*   **2019**  ,  *13*  , 695- 707. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.03.008) ]\n48. Veltri, G.A.; Atanasova, D. Climate change on Twitter: Content, media ecology and information sharing\nbehaviour.  *Public Underst. Sci.*   **2017**  ,  *26*  , 721- 737. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662515613702) ]\n49. Abbar, S.; Zanouda, T.; Berti-Equille, L.; Borge-Holthoefer, J. Using twitter to understand public interest in\nclimate change: The case of qatar. In Proceedings of the Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and\nSocial Media, Cologne, Germany, 17- 20 May 2016.\n50. Olteanu, A.; Castillo, C.; Diakopoulos, N.; Aberer, K. Comparing events coverage in online news and social\nmedia: The case of climate change. In Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and\nSocial Media, Oxford, UK, 26- 29 May 2015.\n51. Hermida, A.; Fletcher, F.; Korell, D.; Logan, D. Share, like, recommend: Decoding the social media news\nconsumer.  *J. Stud.*   **2012**  ,  *13*  , 815- 824. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.664430) ]\n52. Small, T.A. What the hashtag? A content analysis of Canadian politics on Twitter.  *Inf. Commun. Soc.*   **2011**  ,  *14*  ,",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\n*Mass Commun. Q.*   **2016**  ,  *93*  , 99- 117. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699015606670) ]\n27. Schuldt, J.P.; Roh, S. Media frames and cognitive accessibility: What do “global warming” and “climate\nchange” evoke in partisan minds?  *Environ. Commun.*   **2014**  ,  *8*  , 529- 548. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.909510) ]\n28. Sonnett, J. Climates of risk: A field analysis of global climate change in US media discourse, 1997- 2004.\n*Public Underst. Sci.*   **2010**  ,  *19*  , 698- 716. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662509346368) ]\n29. Jaspal, R.; Nerlich, B.; Van Vuuren, K. Embracing and resisting climate identities in the Australian press:\nSceptics, scientists and politics.  *Public Underst. Sci.*   **2016**  ,  *25*  , 807- 824. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662515584287) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25957297) ]\n30. Shi, W.; Chen, C.; Xiong, J.; Fu, H. What Framework Promotes Saliency of Climate Change Issues on Online\nPublic Agenda: A Quantitative Study of Online Knowledge Community Quora.  *Sustainability*   **2019**  ,  *11*  , 1619.\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061619) ]\n31. Gi ff ord, R.; Comeau, L.A. Message framing influences perceived climate change competence, engagement,\nand behavioral intentions.  *Glob. Environ. Chang.*   **2011**  ,  *21*  , 1301- 1307. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.004) ]\n32. Jiang, H.; Qiang, M.; Zhang, D.; Wen, Q.; Xia, B.; An, N. Climate Change Communication in an Online Q&A\nCommunity: A Case Study of Quora.  *Sustainability*   **2018**  ,  *10*  , 1509.\n33. Kaplan, S. Cognitive maps in perception and thought. In  *Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and*\n*Spatial Behavior*  ; Transaction Publishers: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1973; pp. 63- 78.\n34. James, W.; Burkhardt, F.; Bowers, F.; Skrupskelis, I.K.  *The Principles of Psychology*  ; Macmillan London: London,\nUK, 1890.\n35. Alonso, E.; Mondrag ó n, E. Associative Learning and Behaviour: An Algebraic Search for Psychological\nSymmetries. In  *Language, Representation and Reasoning: Memorial Volume to Isabel G*   *ó*   *mez Txurruka*  ; Universidad\ndel Pa í s Vasco: Bilbao, Spain, 2007; p. 35.\n36. Lang, A. The limited capacity model of mediated message processing.  *J. Commun.*   **2000**  ,  *50*  , 46- 70. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x) ]\n37. Tulving, E. Episodic and semantic memory.  *Organ. Mem.*   **1972**  ,  *1*  , 381- 403.\n38. Rosch, E. Cognitive representations of semantic categories.  *J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.*   **1975**  ,  *104*  , 192. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.192) ]\n39. Klimesch, W.  *The Structure of Long-Term Memory: A Connectivity Model of Semantic Processing*  ; Psychology\nPress: London, UK, 2013.\n40. Collins, A.M.; Loftus, E.F. A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.  *Psychol. Rev.*   **1975**  ,  *82*  , 407.",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming pollution, earth us, energy, science, environment\n\nsignificantly higher than that in the climate change discourse according to the comparison between\nFigure 5 a,b. From 2009 to 2018, the number of associations with political hashtags (blue nodes) faded,\nas shown in Figure 4 , and its importance in the semantic network gradually decreased, as shown in\nFigure 5 , except for variation in 2014. The yellow nodes describe the hesitation about climate facts\nand actions, where words describing global efforts, such as “ipcc”, “cop15”, and “un”, and words\nquestioning global warming, such as “hoax” and “fraud”, were both included. The associations\nbetween the yellow nodes were most salient in 2010 and 2011 but were less dominant in the following\nyears. The green nodes occupied 50.7% of all the nodes representing talk about the scientific hashtags of\nclimate issue, including words such as “ecology”, “ocean”, and “cleanenergy”. Associations between\nscientific hashtags (green nodes) exploded and the centrality sum of this cluster also showed an\nobvious rising trend in dominating the theme of the global warming discourse, according to Figure 5 .\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018. **Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 12 of 22\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 5.**  The sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the climate change discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **a**  ); (the sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the global warming discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **b**  ).\nAs the climate change and global warming discourses evolved over the past years, their relative\nstatuses in public discourse also changed. Although from 2009 to 2018, increasing numbers of people\nstarted to use Twitter, resulting in an overall rise in the number of tweets and hashtags, the ratio of",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\nof science.  *Nat. Clim. Chang.*   **2013**  ,  *3*  , 399. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1720) ]\n102. Houghton, J.  *Global Warming: The Complete Briefing*  ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2009.\n103. Pew. The Science People See on Social Media. Available online: http: // [www.pewinternet.org](http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/21/the-science-people-see-on-social-media/) / 2018 / 03 / 21 / the-\n[science-people-see-on-social-media](http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/21/the-science-people-see-on-social-media/) / (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n104. Walter, S.; De Silva-Schmidt, F.; Brüggemann, M. From “knowledge brokers” to opinion makers: How\nphysical presence a ff ected scientists’ Twitter use during the COP21 climate change conference.  *Int. J. Commun.*\n**2017**  ,  *11*  , 570- 591.\n105. Peterson, T.C.; Connolley, W.M.; Fleck, J. The myth of the 1970s global cooling scientific consensus.  *Bull. Am.*\n*Meteorol. Soc.*   **2008**  ,  *89*  , 1325- 1338. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1) ]\n106. Mazur, A. Global environmental change in the news: 1987- 1990 vs. 1992- 1996.  *Int. Sociol.*   **1998**  ,  *13*  , 457- 472.\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026858098013004003) ]\n107. Statista. Reach of Selected Social Networks in the United States as of February 2017, by Age Group. Available\nonline: https: // www.statista.com / statistics / 305245 / [us-social-network-penetration-age-group](https://www.statista.com/statistics/305245/us-social-network-penetration-age-group/) / (accessed on 16\nJanuary 2020).\n108. O’Connor, B.; Balasubramanyan, R.; Routledge, B.R.; Smith, N.A. From tweets to polls: Linking text sentiment\nto public opinion time series. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and\nSocial Media, Washington, DC, USA, 23- 26 May 2010.\n109. Zannettou, S.; Caulfield, T.; De Cristofaro, E.; Sirivianos, M.; Stringhini, G.; Blackburn, J. Disinformation\nwarfare: Understanding state-sponsored trolls on Twitter and their influence on the web. In Proceedings\nof the Companion of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13- 17 May 2019;\npp. 218- 226.\n110. Shao, C.; Ciampaglia, G.L.; Varol, O.; Yang, K.C.; Flammini, A.; Menczer, F. The spread of low-credibility\ncontent by social bots.  *Nat. Commun.*   **2018**  ,  *9*  , 4787. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7) ]\n© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access\narticle distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution\n(CC BY) license (http: // [creativecommons.org](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.) / licenses / by / 4.0 / ).",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf",
+                "query": "Concerning electrolyte solutions, what assumption makes the primitive model  (PM) regarding ions?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "simple phenomenological models such as the primitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi- lated to charged hard spheres",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nfirst-order approximation to the free energy of the system\nunder consideration.\nFor a system of charged particles in solution, the nat-\nural reference is the PM, defined in terms of the charge\nand diameter ( σ i ) of each species. In this case, the per-\nturbing potentials are just the short-range effective po-\ntentials computed above (∆ V ij = V  <sup>SR</sup> ij  <sup>).</sup> We use the MSA [3] solution to the PM, since it provides analyti-\ncal expressions for both the free energy and the RDF.\nThe perturbation term is evaluated using an exponential\napproximation to the RDF obtained within the MSA,\ng ( r ) = exp [ g MSA ( r ) − 1], which removes any unphysical\nnegative regions and improves the comparison with HNC\ncalculations.\n0.9\n1\n1.1\n1.2\n1.3\nΦ\n|  MC MSA2 DHLL Exp (a)  |\n|:---|\n| σ 1 (MSA-fit) σ (MSA-fit) (b) |\n| 2 σ 1 (MSA2) σ (MSA2)  |\n| 2  |\n0 0.5 1 1.5\nc 1/2 (mol.L -1 ) 1/2\n3\n4\n5\nσ (Å)\nFIG. 2: (Color online) (a) Osmotic coefficient Φ in the\nMcMillan-Mayer frame of reference. (diamond) MC simula-\ntions, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dot) Debye H ̈uckel Limiting law\n(DHLL), (cross) experiments (Ref. [18] with the McMillan-\nMayer to Lewis Randall conversion). (b) Minimization diam-\neters. (dot dashed) MSA2 and (diamond) MSA-fit.\nWe first used LPT for a two-component system (Na <sup>+</sup>\nand Cl <sup>−</sup> free ions) within the MSA (model MSA2), for\nconcentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 . 0 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The mini-\nmization leads to almost constant diameters on the whole\nrange of concentration: σ 1 = 3 . 67 <sup> ̊</sup> A and σ 2 = 4 . 78 <sup> ̊</sup> A.\nAs shown in Fig. 2 , these parameters yield osmotic co-\nefficients close to MC calculations only at very low con- centration, i.e., c ≤ 0 . 1 moll <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (experimental values are\ngiven for indicative purposes only, since a perfect model\nwill exactly match the MC results). For molar solutions,\nthe LPT results differ considerably from MC calculations.\nThis discrepancy can easily be understood by comparing\nthe diameters found within the MSA2 calculation with\nthe effective potentials given in Fig. 1 . The anion/cation\ncontact distance obtained within the MSA2 calculation",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nare therefore restricted to simple geometries [12, 13] (bulk\nsolutions or planar interfaces). The description of com-\nplex systems, such as porous or electrochemical materi-\nals, is still based on continuous solvent models [14].\nIn this letter we present a method aimed at bridging\nthe gap between analytical and numerical approaches. It\nis based on the application of liquid perturbation theory\n(LPT) [15] to effective ion-ion potentials extracted from\n∗ [Electronic address: john.molina@etu.upmc.fr](mailto:john.molina@etu.upmc.fr)\n† [Electronic address: jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr](mailto:jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr)\nmolecular dynamics (MD) results. Different approxima-\ntions of the PM are employed for the case of NaCl elec-\ntrolyte solutions: a two component model (MSA2), that\nonly takes free ions into account, and two different three\ncomponent models (MSA3 and BIMSA3), which include\na third species (the contact ion pair). As we proceed\nto show, LPT allows us to select the best simple model\nwhich accurately accounts for the thermodynamics and\nthe physical-chemistry of the system.\nThe first stage consists in calculating the McMillan-\nMayer effective ion-ion interaction potentials V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), by</sup> inverting the radial distribution functions (RDF) g ij ( r )\nobtained by MD. The simulations were carried out on\na box of 2000 water molecules and 48 NaCl pairs us-\ning the same interaction potentials as in reference [16].\nThis setup corresponds to a concentration of 0 . 64 moll <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> .\nNPT ensemble sampling at standard pressure and tem-\nperature was enforced, with a time step of 1 fs and a\npressure bath coupling constant of 1 ps. An equilibration\nrun of 0.25 ns was followed by a production run of 0.6 ns\nfor five different initial configurations. The averages of\nthe resulting RDF were then used for the potential inver-\nsion via the HNC closure [15]. These effective potentials\nare assumed to be concentration independent and will be\nused for simulations at all concentrations.\nSubtracting the long-range Coulombic potential\nV  <sup>LR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) (which depends on the dielectric constant of the</sup>\nsolvent) from V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), we obtain the short-range contri-</sup>\nbution V  <sup>SR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) to the effective potentials. These are given</sup>\nin Fig. 1 (species 1 and 2 refer to Na <sup>+</sup> and Cl <sup>−</sup> free ions,\nrespectively). All the short-range potentials exhibit os-\ncillations corresponding to the solvent layering between",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nJohn Jairo Molina <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>∗</sup> Jean-Fran ̧cois Dufrˆeche <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>†</sup> Mathieu\nSalanne <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Olivier Bernard <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Marie Jardat <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , and Pierre Turq <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1 UPMC-Universit ́e Paris 06, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 3 Institut de Chimie S ́eparative de Marcoule (ICSM),\nUMR 5257 CEA- CNRS- Universit ́e Montpellier 2, Site de Marcoule,\nBˆatiment 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-C`eze Cedex, France\nWe present a method to derive implicit solvent models of electrolyte solutions from all-atom\ndescriptions; providing analytical expressions of the thermodynamic and structural properties of\nthe ions consistent with the underlying explicit solvent representation. Effective potentials between\nions in solution are calculated to perform perturbation theory calculations, in order to derive the\nbest possible description in terms of charged hard spheres. Applying this method to NaCl solutions\nyields excellent agreement with the all-atom model, provided ion association is taken into account.\nSince the pioneering works of Debye, H ̈uckel, and\nOnsager, electrolyte solutions have been commonly\ndescribed by continuous solvent models, for which\nthe McMillan-Mayer theory [1] provides a rigorous\nstatistical-mechanical foundation. Within that level of\ndescription, simple phenomenological models such as the\nprimitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi-\nlated to charged hard spheres [2], can lead to explicit\nformulas for the thermodynamic and structural proper-\nties (e.g., with the help of the mean spherical approxima-\ntion (MSA) [3] or the binding MSA (BIMSA) [4]). These\nmodels are the most practical to use [5], since they allow\nfor a direct link between the experimental measurements\nand the microscopic parameters of the system. Never-\ntheless, they ignore the molecular structure of the sol-\nvent. Consequently, they cannot properly account for\nthe complex specific effects of the ions, which appear in\nnumerous biological, chemical, and physical interfacial\nphenomena [6, 7], without further developments.\nAn alternative procedure consists in carrying out\nmolecular simulations, where both the solvent and solute\nare treated explicitly. After a rigorous averaging over\nthe solvent configurations, a coarse-grained description\nof the ions, which still includes the effect of the solvent\nstructure, can be obtained [8- 11]. However, this set of\nmethods is purely numeric; they do not provide any an-\nalytical expression for thermodynamic quantities. They",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nrived, in the infinite dilution limit, from an average of\nthe contributing ion interactions. In Fourier space,\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 3 i  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> � V  <sup>SR</sup> 1 i + V  <sup>SR</sup> 2 i � ( k ) , i = 1 , 2 (2a)\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 33  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> V  <sup>SR</sup> 11  <sup>+</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 22  <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 12 � ( k ) (2b)\nwhere � w ( r ) is the pair probability distribution � w ( r ) = K <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 0  <sup>e</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> (2c)\n� V int ( r ) is the internal part of the pair potential (see\nFig. 3 ), and K 0 is the association constant, defined as:\nK 0 = � ∞\n0\nd r 4 πr <sup>2</sup> e <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> = 0 . 43 L . mol <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (3)\nThe excess free-energy density of the original system\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v is that of the three component mixture β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v plus a\ncorrection term\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v = β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v  <sup>−</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>ρ</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>ln</sup> <sup>K</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> (4) which is due to the change in standard chemical potential\nbetween the two component and three component mod-\nels. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an\nadditional parameter in the minimization scheme, which\nserves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this rep-\nresentation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere\n(MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since\n0 0.5 1 1.5\nc 1/2 (mol.L -1 ) 1/2\n-1.5\n-1\n-0.5\n0\nβ f v ex (mol.L -1\n)\nMC MSA2 MSA3 BIMSA3 DHLL Exp\n0 0.5 1\n0.1\n0.2\nPair Fraction\nFIG. 4: (Color online) Excess free-energy density βf  <sup>ex</sup> v as\na function of the square root of the concentration  <sup>√</sup> c . (dia-\nmond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dashed) MSA3,\n(solid) BIMSA3, (dot) DHLL, and (cross) experiments. The\ninset gives the fraction of pairs (MSA3, BIMSA3) as a func-\ntion of  <sup>√</sup> c .\nwe have no additional information, we consider only sym-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nrequires an analytic solution.\nThe authors are particularly grateful to Werner Kunz\nfor fruitful discussions.\n[1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13 ,\n276 (1945).\n[2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical\nChemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998).\n[3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Per-\nspectives , edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Aca-\ndemic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1- 66.\n[4] L. Blum and O. Bernard, J. Stat. Phys. 79 , 569 (1995).\n[5] J.-F. Dufrˆeche et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 9873 (2005).\n[6] P. Jungwirth and D. J. Tobias, Chem. Rev. 106 , 1259\n(2006).\n[7] W. Kunz, P. LoNostro, and B. W. Ninham, Curr. Opin.\nColloid Interface Sci. 9 , 1 (2004).\n[8] B. Hess, C. Holm, and N. van der Vegt, Phys. Rev. Lett.\n96 , 147801 (2006).\n[9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130 , 134507\n(2009).\n[10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 ,\n10878 (2006)\n[11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52 ,\n3730 (1995).\n[12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 226104\n(2007).\n[13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev.\nLett. 100 , 258105 (2008).\n[14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 , 3105 (2009).\n[15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liq-\nuids (Academic Press, 1986).\n[16] J. C. Rasaiah and R. M. Lynden-Bell, Philos. Trans. R.\nSoc. London, Ser. A 359 , 1545 (2001).\n[17] A. P. Lyubartsev and S. Marcelja, Phys. Rev. E 65 ,\n041202 (2002).\n[18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermo-\ndynamic and Transport Properties , vol. I-II (Coimbra Ed-\nitora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984).\n[19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88 ,\n333 (1984).\n[20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol.\nPhys. 101 , 1741 (2003).\n[21] The average contact distance between a symmetric\ndumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nis 4 . 2 <sup> ̊</sup> A, which is in the region of the second minimum of\nthe effective potential and corresponds to the situation\nwhere there is a single layer of water molecules between\nthe ions. The first minimum of the potential, which cor-\nresponds to the contact ion pair (CIP) is thus completely\nignored by the MSA2 calculation. If the MSA diameters\nare directly fitted to reproduce the MC osmotic pres-\nsure, much smaller values are obtained. These MSA-fit\nhydrated diameters, which are compared to the MSA2\ndiameters in the bottom part of Fig. 2 , are averages of\nthe CIP and the solvent-separated ion pair.\nTo overcome this difficulty, we have explicitly intro-\nduced the CIP in our model (species 3). Straightforward\ncalculations, based on a characteristic-function formal-\nism, allow us to define an equivalent model in which\nthe free ions and the CIP are explicitly taken into ac-\ncount [19, 20]. We apply this formalism by defining a\npair as an anion and a cation at a distance less than\n4 <sup> ̊</sup> A, which corresponds to the position of the effective\npotential maximum. The interaction between free, like\ncharges in this new system remains unchanged, and the\ncation-anion interactions are easily approximated by ex-\nr  (Å)\n0\n1\n2\n3\n|  β V ~ 12 SR (r) β V 12 SR (r) (a)  |  β V ~ 33 SR (r) (d)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| β V ~ 13 SR (r) (b)  | β V ~ 23 SR (r) (c)  |\n4 6 8 10\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4 6 8 10\nFIG. 3: Effective pair potentials derived for MSA3 and\nBIMSA3. (a) Cation anion (dashed line: without taking the\npair into account), (b) pair cation, (c) pair anion, and (d) pair\npair. The internal potential of the pair β  <sup>�</sup> V int ( r ) is set equal to βV  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) for distances less than 4  ̊A.</sup>\ntrapolating the original potential at the barrier separat-\ning pairs from free ions (as shown in Fig. 3 ). We assume\nthat the interaction potential is averaged over the rota-\ntional degrees of freedom of the CIP and thus pairwise\nadditive. Hereafter, the quantities referring to such a\nthree-component model are written with a tilda symbol.\nThe short-range potentials involving the pair can be de-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nmetric dumbbells. Furthermore, since analytic expres-\nsions for the RDF within BIMSA are not known, we ap-\nproximate the dumbbell as a hard sphere when comput-\ning the perturbation term (this is not necessary for the\nreference term, since an expression for the free energy\nis available). Let � σ c be the diameter of the cation (an-\nion) within the dumbbell, the diameter of the hard sphere\nrepresenting this dumbbell is taken to be � σ 3 = <sup>4</sup> √ 2 π  <sup>�</sup> <sup>σ</sup> <sup>c</sup> <sup>[21].</sup> Using these two reference systems, the three-\ncomponent MSA3 and BIMSA3, we obtain results in\nmuch better agreement with the MC simulations, as\nshown in Fig. 4 . The diameters obtained for species 1,\n2, and 3 are 3.65, 4.79, and 5.76 <sup> ̊</sup> A for MSA3 and 3.69,\n4.75 and 6.19 <sup> ̊</sup> A for BIMSA3. The free ion diameters are\nsimilar for MSA2, MSA3, and BIMSA3. The pair diam-\neter is smaller when modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3)\nthan when modeled as a dumbbell (BIMSA3). At high\nconcentration (about 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ), the MSA3 overestimates\nthe free energy, because the excluded volume repulsion\nbecomes too important for the pairs to be represented as\nhard spheres. The BIMSA3 model is the closest to the\nMC simulation results. It is worth noting that even at\nthe lowest concentration considered, the fraction of pairs\n(shown in the insert of Fig. 4 ), although less then 5%,\nhas a non-negligible effect on the thermodynamics of the\nsystem.\nThis procedure also provides an accurate description of\nthe structure over the whole range of concentrations. A\ndevelopment similar to the one that leads to Eq. ( 2 ) de-\nrives the average unpaired RDF from the corresponding\npaired quantities:\nρ i ρ j g ij ( k ) = � ρ 3 � w ( k ) (1 − δ ij ) + � ρ i � ρ j � g ij ( k )\n+ � ρ 3 � w ( k / 2) � � ρ i � g 3 i + � ρ j � g 3 j � ( k ) (5)\n+ � ρ  <sup>2</sup> 3  <sup>[</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)]</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>33</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>)</sup>\nr  (Å)\n2",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\n4\n6\n8\n4 6 8\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n4 6 8\n|  0.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |  1.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 1.5 mol.L -1 g 11 (r)  | 1.5 mol.L -1 g 22 (r)  |\nFIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations\n(diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed)\nat two concentrations.\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with\nthe MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5 . Our BIMSA3\nmodel accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP\nand provides the correct distances of minimal approach;\nwhereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former\nand gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger sep-\narations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the os-\ncillations observed in the MC simulations, but the cor-\nresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials\nare less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the\nreference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The\nperturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully ana-\nlytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters\nand the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy\nand the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA so-\nlutions, as described above. While the procedure we have\nfollowed uses two different approximations for the refer-\nence and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are\nknown to be accurate for the systems under consideration\nand do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with\nLPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions\nwhich account for the molecular nature of the solvent.\nThe final result is fully analytical and it yields the ther-\nmodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in\nagreement with the original molecular description. The\nmethodology can in principle be adapted to any molecu-\nlar description of the system (MD simulations involving\ninteraction potentials accounting for polarization effects\nor Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long\nas the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized\nto study interfaces. The method appears to be a promis-\ning approach toward the description of the specific effects\nof ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nthe ions, but this effect is particularly important for the\ncation-anion interaction: a considerable potential barrier\n( ≳ 2 k B T ) separates the first two attractive wells. To\nserve as a reference, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were\nperformed with these effective potentials; a comparison\nbetween MD and MC RDF is also provided in Fig. 1 . The\nexcellent agreement between both sets of RDF validates\nthe HNC inversion procedure [17], and allows us to com-\nr  (Å)\n0\n1\n2\n3 β V 12\nSR (r)\n2\n4\n6\n8\ng 12\nMC (r)\ng 12\nMD (r)\n4 6 8\n0\n1\n2\n3\n\n4 6 8\n0\n1\n2\n3\n(a) (d)\nFIG. 1: Effective McMillan-Mayer short-range pair potentials\nextracted from explicit solvent simulations using the HNC\nclosure. (a) Cation anion, (b) cation cation, (c) anion anion,\n(d) cation anion RDF obtained from explicit solvent MD and\nimplicit solvent MC simulations.\npute all ion thermodynamic properties through implicit\nsolvent MC simulations.\nThe second stage of our coarse-graining procedure con-\nsists in applying LPT, in order to deduce the best ana-\nlytical model of electrolyte solutions which reproduces\nthis molecular description. The principle of LPT is to\ndescribe the properties of a given system in terms of\nthose of a well known reference system, with the differ-\nence between them treated as a perturbation in the ref-\nerence potential. Assuming pairwise additive potentials,\nV ij = V  <sup>(0)</sup> ij + ∆V ij , a first-order truncated expression for\nthe free energy density of the system βf v is obtained,\nβf v ≲ βf  <sup>(0)</sup> v + <sup>1</sup> 2 <sup>β</sup> � i,j\nρ i ρ j � d r g <sup>(0)</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>∆V</sup> <sup>ij</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> (1)\nwhich depends only on the free-energy density f  <sup>(0)</sup> v and RDF g <sup>(0)</sup> of the reference fluid, with β = ( k B T ) <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> and\nρ i the concentration of species i . The Gibbs-Bogoliubov\ninequality [15] ensures that the right-hand side of Eq. ( 1 )\nis actually a strict upper bound. Once a reference system\nhas been chosen, the expression on the right-hand side of\nEq. ( 1 ) must be minimized with respect to the parameters\ndefining the reference. This procedure yields the best",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n12 the conductivities and the optical integrals for the\noriginal MFLI model.\n0.2 0.6 1\n0\n0.1\n0.2\nω in eV\nσ ( ω )\nConductivities (Original MFLI)\nNS\nSC\n∆ + ω 1\n0 50 100 120\n130\n140\nΓ (meV)\nOriginal MFLI\nW K (meV)\nSC\nNS\nα =0.75\nFIG. 10: Top - the conductivities in the NS and SCS in the\noriginal MFLI model of Ref.30. We set Γ = 70 meV , α = 0 . 75,\n∆= 32 meV , ω 1 = 71 meV . Note that σ <sup>′</sup> ( ω ) in the SCS\nbegins at Ω= ∆+ ω 1 . Bottom -  the behavior of W K with Γ.\nIn Fig 10 we plot the conductivities in the NS and the\nSCS and Kubo sums W K vs Γ at α = 0 . 75 showing that\nthe spectral weight in the SCS is indeed larger than in the\nNS. In Fig 11 we show the behavior of the optical sums\nW ( ω c ) in NS and SCS. The observation here is that only\n∼ 75 − 80% of the Kubo sum is recovered up to the scale of\nthe bandwidth implying that there is indeed a significant\nspectral weight well beyond the bandwidth. And in Fig\n12 we show the behavior of ∆ W ( w c ). We see that it does\nnot change sign and remain positive at all ω c , very much\nunlike the BCS case. Comparing the behavior of W ( w c )\nwith and without a lattice (solid and dashed lines in Fig.\n12) we see that the ‘finite bandwidth effect’ just shifts the\ncurve in the positive direction. We also see that the solid\nline flattens above roughly half of the bandwidth, i.e., at\nthese frequencies ∆ W ( ω c ) ≈ ∆ W K . Still, we found that\n∆ W continues going down even above the bandwidth\nand truly saturates only at about 2 eV (not shown in the\nfigure) supporting the idea that there is ‘more’ left to\nrecover from higher frequencies.\nThe rationale for ∆ W K > 0 in the original MFLI\nmodel has been provided in Ref. 30. They argued that\nthis is closely linked to the absence of quasiparticle peaks",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the principle of the liquid perturbation theory (LPT) ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The principle of LPT is to describe the properties of a given system in terms of those of a well known reference system, with the differ- ence between them treated as a perturbation in the ref- erence potential",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **B. Dynamical Density Functional theory**\n\nThe limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related\nto its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle.\nThis implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid,\ni.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to\ndistinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the\nsubstrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential.\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78- 83] one can develop a model\nfor the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit\nourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to\nincorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes\nthe coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid  *ρ* *l*  and the nanoparticles *ρ* *n* . The densities\n*ρ* *l*  and *ρ* *n*  are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied\nby a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond\nto number densities as we use the lattice spacing  *σ*  = 1 as our unit of length.\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional  *F*  [  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ] , and\nsecondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the\nnon-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively.\nFor a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams)\napproximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution\nand contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid).\nThe free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is\ncoupled to a reservoir with chemical potential  *μ*  ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **B. Dynamical Density Functional theory**\n\n14\ncanonical ensemble. The free energy functional is first defined on the original KMC lattice. How-\never, after re-writing the interaction terms employing gradient operators [78] one finally obtains\nthe free energy functional for a continuous system\n*F*  [  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ] = � d  **r** � *f*  (  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ) +   *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>ll</sup>* 2 <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nn</sup>* 2 <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nl</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>·</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*   *<sup>μρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>* � *,*  (4)\nwhere\n*f*  (  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ) =  *kT*  [  *ρ* *l*  ln *ρ* *l*  + (1 *−*   *ρ* *l* ) ln(1  *−*   *ρ* *l* )]\n+  *kT*  [  *ρ* *n*  ln *ρ* *n*  + (1 *−*   *ρ* *n* ) ln(1  *−*   *ρ* *n* )]\n*−*  2  *ε* *ll* *ρ*  <sup>2</sup> *l*    *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nn</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *n*    *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>4</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nl</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*   *<sup>.</sup>*  (5)\nSince the liquid may evaporate from the surface into the vapour above the surface,  *μ*  is the (true)\nchemical potential of this reservoir and determines the rate of evaporation [condensation] from\n[to] the surface. Note that normally a free energy of the form in Eq. (4) is obtained by making a\ngradient expansion of the free energy functional of a continuous system [84]. However, here we\nhave made the mapping from the free energy of the lattice KMC system.\nThe chemical potential for the nanoparticles may be determined from the functional derivative\n*μ* *n*  = *δF*  [  *ρ* *n* *, ρ* *l* ]  */δρ* *n* (  **r**  ) . In equilibrium it is constant throughout the system, but it may vary\nspatially in a non-equilibrium system, i.e.,  *μ* *n*  = *μ* *n* (  **r**   *, t*  ) . We assume that the dynamics of the\nnanoparticles is governed by the thermodynamic force  *∇*   *μ* *n*  -  i.e. that the nanoparticle current\nis  **j**  =  *−*   *M* *n* *ρ* *n* *∇*   *μ* *n* , where  *M* *n* (  *ρ* *l* ) is a mobility coefficient that depends on the local density of",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **B. Dynamical Density Functional theory**\n\n[85], i.e., the change in time of  *ρ* *l*  is proportional to *−*  (  *μ* surf (  **r**   *, t*  )  *−*   *μ*  ) =  *−*   *δF*  [  *ρ* *n* *, ρ* *l* ]  */δρ* *l* (  **r**  )\nwhere  *μ* surf (  **r**   *, t*  ) is the local chemical potential of the liquid at the point  **r**  on the surface at time  *t*  .\nThis gives the evolution equation for the liquid density\n*∂ρ* *l* *∂t*   <sup>=</sup>  *<sup>∇·</sup>* � *M*   <sup>c</sup> *l*    *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*   *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>δF</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*   *<sup>, ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>]</sup> *δρ* *l* � *−*   *M*   <sup>nc</sup> *l*\n*δF*  [  *ρ* *n* *, ρ* *l* ]\n*δρ* *l*\n*,*  (7)\nwhere we assume that the coefficients  *M*   <sup>c</sup> *l*   <sup>and</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>nc</sup> *l* are constants.\n16\nFIG. 5: (Colour online) Density profiles for the situation where the substrate is covered by nanoparticles\nwith average density  *ρ*   *<sup>av</sup>* *n*   <sup>= 0</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>*  <sup>3</sup> <sup>and with the liquid excluded from the region</sup>  *<sup>y <</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>. The top row shows</sup>\nthe nanoparticle density profiles and bottom row the corresponding liquid density profiles at the times\n*t/t* *l*  = 1000 (left), 10000 (middle) and 30000 (right), where  *t* *l*  = 1 */kTM*  <sup>nc</sup> *l*    *<sup>σ</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>. The parameters are</sup>\n*kT/ε* *ll*  = 0 *.*  8 ,  *ε* *nl* */ε* *ll*  = 0 *.*  6 ,  *ε* *nn*  = 0 ,  *α*  = 0  *.*  2  *M*  <sup>nc</sup> *l*    *<sup>σ</sup>*  <sup>4</sup> <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>c</sup> *l*   <sup>= 0</sup> <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>= 0) = 0</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>*  <sup>9</sup>  *<sup>±</sup>*   *<sup>ξ</sup>*  <sup>(where</sup>  *<sup>ξ</sup>*  <sup>represents</sup>\nwhite noise of amplitude 0.05) and (  *μ*   *−*   *μ* coex )  */kT*  =  *−*  0  *.*  78 .\nThis theory allows us to study the time evolution of the evaporating film of nanoparticle suspension\nwithout some of the restrictions of the kinetic Monte Carlo model. Here, however, we illustrate its\napplication in similar parameter regimes as used above for the KMC. We focus on two examples:\n(i) the spinodal dewetting of a initially flat film of nanoparticle suspension characterised by con-\nstant  *ρ* *l*  and *ρ* *n*  (Fig. 4); and (ii) the retraction of a dewetting front that is unstable with respect to",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **B. Dynamical Density Functional theory**\n\nthe liquid. Combining this expression for the current with the continuity equation, we obtain the\nfollowing evolution equation for the nanoparticle density profile\n*∂ρ* *n* *∂t*   <sup>=</sup>  *<sup>∇·</sup>* � *M* *n* *ρ* *n* *∇*   *<sup>δF</sup>*  <sup>[</sup>  *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*   *<sup>, ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>]</sup> *δρ* *n* � *.*  (6)\nNote that this equation of motion may also be obtained by assuming that the nanoparticles have\nover-damped stochastic equations of motion [80- 83]. Here, we assume that  *M* *n* (  *ρ* *l* ) =  *α*  Θ *s* (  *ρ* *l*   *−* 0  *.*  5) , where Θ *s* (  *x*  ) is a continuous function that switches smoothly from the value 0 to the value\n1 at  *x*  = 0 (i.e. it is essentially a smooth analogue of the Heaviside function). This ensures that\nthe nanoparticles are immobile when the local liquid density is small (dry substrate) and have a\nmobility coefficient  *α*  when  *ρ* *l*  is high (wet substrate).\nFor the evolution of the liquid density distribution we assume that the liquid is able to evaporate\nfrom the surface into the vapour (reservoir) above the surface (non-conserved dynamics) and may\n15\nFIG. 4: (Colour online) Density profiles for the situation where the substrate is covered by nanoparticles\nwith average density  *ρ*   *<sup>av</sup>* *n*   <sup>= 0</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>*  <sup>3</sup> <sup>. The top row are the nanoparticle density profiles and the bottom row are</sup>\nthe corresponding liquid density profiles at the times  *t/t* *l*  = 8 (left) and 80 (right), where  *t* *l*  = 1 */kTM*  <sup>nc</sup> *l*    *<sup>σ</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>.</sup>\nThe parameters are  *kT/ε* *ll*  = 0 *.*  8 ,  *ε* *nl* */ε* *ll*  = 0 *.*  6 ,  *ε* *nn*  = 0 ,  *α*  = 0  *.*  4  *M*  <sup>nc</sup> *l*    *<sup>σ</sup>*  <sup>4</sup> <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>c</sup> *l*   <sup>= 0</sup> <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>= 0) = 0</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>*  <sup>9</sup>  *<sup>±</sup>*   *<sup>ξ</sup>*\n(where  *ξ*  represents white noise of amplitude 0.05) and (  *μ*   *−*   *μ* coex )  */kT*  =  *−*  0  *.*  88 , where the liquid exhibits\nspinodal decomposition-evaporation.\nalso diffuse over the substrate (conserved dynamics). The conserved part is treated along the lines\ndeveloped above for the nanoparticles. For the non-conserved part we assume a standard form",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nare therefore restricted to simple geometries [12, 13] (bulk\nsolutions or planar interfaces). The description of com-\nplex systems, such as porous or electrochemical materi-\nals, is still based on continuous solvent models [14].\nIn this letter we present a method aimed at bridging\nthe gap between analytical and numerical approaches. It\nis based on the application of liquid perturbation theory\n(LPT) [15] to effective ion-ion potentials extracted from\n∗ [Electronic address: john.molina@etu.upmc.fr](mailto:john.molina@etu.upmc.fr)\n† [Electronic address: jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr](mailto:jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr)\nmolecular dynamics (MD) results. Different approxima-\ntions of the PM are employed for the case of NaCl elec-\ntrolyte solutions: a two component model (MSA2), that\nonly takes free ions into account, and two different three\ncomponent models (MSA3 and BIMSA3), which include\na third species (the contact ion pair). As we proceed\nto show, LPT allows us to select the best simple model\nwhich accurately accounts for the thermodynamics and\nthe physical-chemistry of the system.\nThe first stage consists in calculating the McMillan-\nMayer effective ion-ion interaction potentials V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), by</sup> inverting the radial distribution functions (RDF) g ij ( r )\nobtained by MD. The simulations were carried out on\na box of 2000 water molecules and 48 NaCl pairs us-\ning the same interaction potentials as in reference [16].\nThis setup corresponds to a concentration of 0 . 64 moll <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> .\nNPT ensemble sampling at standard pressure and tem-\nperature was enforced, with a time step of 1 fs and a\npressure bath coupling constant of 1 ps. An equilibration\nrun of 0.25 ns was followed by a production run of 0.6 ns\nfor five different initial configurations. The averages of\nthe resulting RDF were then used for the potential inver-\nsion via the HNC closure [15]. These effective potentials\nare assumed to be concentration independent and will be\nused for simulations at all concentrations.\nSubtracting the long-range Coulombic potential\nV  <sup>LR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) (which depends on the dielectric constant of the</sup>\nsolvent) from V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), we obtain the short-range contri-</sup>\nbution V  <sup>SR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) to the effective potentials. These are given</sup>\nin Fig. 1 (species 1 and 2 refer to Na <sup>+</sup> and Cl <sup>−</sup> free ions,\nrespectively). All the short-range potentials exhibit os-\ncillations corresponding to the solvent layering between",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **IV. CONCLUSION**\n\nWe have discussed recent work on pattern formation processes in films and drops of evaporating\nsuspensions/solutions of polymers and particles. After reviewing experiments on suspensions of\nthiol-coated gold nanoparticles in toluene we have focused on the modelling of the transport and\nphase change processes involved. A theoretical approach to the modelling of the hydrodynamics\non the mesoscale has been described as well as more microscopic models for the dynamics in the\nobserved nanoscopic ‘postcursor’ film. In particular, we have introduced (i) a microscopic kinetic\nMonte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film\nmodel.\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory can both be used to\ninvestigate and understand the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched structures\nresulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that remains behind the mesoscopic\ndewetting front. They are, however, not capable of describing the dynamical processes in a meso-\n23\nscopic film. We have seen that the KMC model is able to describe the interplay of solute diffusion\nwithin the solvent and solvent evaporation/condensation. It also takes the liquid-liquid, liquid-\nparticle and particle-particle interactions into account and therefore allows us to distinguish differ-\nent regimes of the transverse (fingering) instability of the evaporative dewetting front: a transport\nregime where the instability is almost completely independent of the interaction strengths and\na demixing regime where particles and liquid demix at the receding front thereby increasing its\ntransverse instability.\nThe dynamical density functional theory describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of\nthe liquid and the nanoparticles. In the form described above (i.e. based on the two-dimensional\nhamiltonian (3)) we obtain a simple theory that allows us to study the time evolution of the evapo-",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nJohn Jairo Molina <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>∗</sup> Jean-Fran ̧cois Dufrˆeche <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>†</sup> Mathieu\nSalanne <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Olivier Bernard <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Marie Jardat <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , and Pierre Turq <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1 UPMC-Universit ́e Paris 06, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 3 Institut de Chimie S ́eparative de Marcoule (ICSM),\nUMR 5257 CEA- CNRS- Universit ́e Montpellier 2, Site de Marcoule,\nBˆatiment 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-C`eze Cedex, France\nWe present a method to derive implicit solvent models of electrolyte solutions from all-atom\ndescriptions; providing analytical expressions of the thermodynamic and structural properties of\nthe ions consistent with the underlying explicit solvent representation. Effective potentials between\nions in solution are calculated to perform perturbation theory calculations, in order to derive the\nbest possible description in terms of charged hard spheres. Applying this method to NaCl solutions\nyields excellent agreement with the all-atom model, provided ion association is taken into account.\nSince the pioneering works of Debye, H ̈uckel, and\nOnsager, electrolyte solutions have been commonly\ndescribed by continuous solvent models, for which\nthe McMillan-Mayer theory [1] provides a rigorous\nstatistical-mechanical foundation. Within that level of\ndescription, simple phenomenological models such as the\nprimitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi-\nlated to charged hard spheres [2], can lead to explicit\nformulas for the thermodynamic and structural proper-\nties (e.g., with the help of the mean spherical approxima-\ntion (MSA) [3] or the binding MSA (BIMSA) [4]). These\nmodels are the most practical to use [5], since they allow\nfor a direct link between the experimental measurements\nand the microscopic parameters of the system. Never-\ntheless, they ignore the molecular structure of the sol-\nvent. Consequently, they cannot properly account for\nthe complex specific effects of the ions, which appear in\nnumerous biological, chemical, and physical interfacial\nphenomena [6, 7], without further developments.\nAn alternative procedure consists in carrying out\nmolecular simulations, where both the solvent and solute\nare treated explicitly. After a rigorous averaging over\nthe solvent configurations, a coarse-grained description\nof the ions, which still includes the effect of the solvent\nstructure, can be obtained [8- 11]. However, this set of\nmethods is purely numeric; they do not provide any an-\nalytical expression for thermodynamic quantities. They",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **C. Thin film hydrodynamics**\n\nthe Einstein relation  *D*  (  *φ*  ) =  *kT/*  6  *πRη*  (  *φ*  ) , where  *R*  is the radius of the nanoparticles [96].\nWe illustrate results obtained employing this thin film theory using the single example of a re-\nceding dewetting front for a partially wetting film. We use the disjoining pressure and material\nconstants for the liquid considered in Ref. [57], where the evaporative and convective dewetting\nof a film of volatile liquid is studied. We add, however, the nanoparticles to the system. The\nexpression that we employ for the local free energy term in Eq. (2) is:\n*f*  (  *h*  ) =   *<sup>S</sup>*   *<sup>LW</sup>*   *<sup>d</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> 0\n*h*  <sup>2</sup> +  *S* *P*  exp � *d* 0  *−* *h*\n*l* 0 � *,*  (10)\nwhere the parameters characterising the interaction between the liquid film and the surface are\nthe apolar and polar spreading coefficients  *S* *LW*  and *S* *P* , respectively, the Debye length  *l* 0 and the\nBorn repulsion length  *d* 0 [57]. The resulting disjoining pressure Π =  *−*   *∂* *h* *f*  (  *h*  ) allows for a stable\nprecursor film (thickness  *h* precursor ) and also has a second (larger) thickness (  *h* 0 ) that corresponds\nto a secondary minimum of the underlying energy functional. See Refs. [11, 97] for studies of\nfilm and drop states for similar disjoining pressures. Our results are calculated for a system where\nthe profiles only vary in one Cartesian direction (  *x*  ), corresponding to a straight dewetting front.\nHowever, our results may also be interpreted as applying to a circular flat drop whose front remains\n19\n0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5\nh p\n0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x/L\n0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5\n0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 a\nb\nc\nFIG. 6: Profiles of the final dried-in nanoparticle layer for the dewetting of a suspension of nanoparticles\nin a volatile solvent that partially wets the substrate for (a) high ( Ω= 10  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>3</sup> ), (b) medium ( Ω= 2  *×*  10  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>6</sup> )\nand (c) low ( Ω= 0  *.*  78  *×*  10  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>8</sup> ) evaporation rates, for the case when  *χ*  =  *H/l* 0 = 1 *.*  09 , the lateral length\nscale is  *l*  = � *γ/κH*  with  *κ*  = (  *S* *p* */l* 0 ) exp(  *d* 0 */l* 0 )  *H*  being an energy scale related to wettability and the",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\n4\n6\n8\n4 6 8\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n4 6 8\n|  0.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |  1.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 1.5 mol.L -1 g 11 (r)  | 1.5 mol.L -1 g 22 (r)  |\nFIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations\n(diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed)\nat two concentrations.\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with\nthe MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5 . Our BIMSA3\nmodel accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP\nand provides the correct distances of minimal approach;\nwhereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former\nand gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger sep-\narations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the os-\ncillations observed in the MC simulations, but the cor-\nresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials\nare less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the\nreference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The\nperturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully ana-\nlytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters\nand the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy\nand the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA so-\nlutions, as described above. While the procedure we have\nfollowed uses two different approximations for the refer-\nence and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are\nknown to be accurate for the systems under consideration\nand do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with\nLPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions\nwhich account for the molecular nature of the solvent.\nThe final result is fully analytical and it yields the ther-\nmodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in\nagreement with the original molecular description. The\nmethodology can in principle be adapted to any molecu-\nlar description of the system (MD simulations involving\ninteraction potentials accounting for polarization effects\nor Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long\nas the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized\nto study interfaces. The method appears to be a promis-\ning approach toward the description of the specific effects\nof ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nof the lattice (the dashed line in Fig. 9).\nC. Marginal Fermi liquid model\nFor their analysis of the optical integral, Norman and P ́epin <sup>30</sup> introduced a phenomenological model for the self\nenergy which fits normal state scattering rate measure-\nments by ARPES <sup>41</sup> . It constructs the NS Σ ′′ ( ω ) out\nof two contributions - impurity scattering and electron-\nelectron scattering which they approximated phenomeno-\nlogically by the marginal Fermi liquid form of αω at small frequencies <sup>6</sup> (MFLI model). The total Σ ′′ is\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = Γ + α | ω | f � ω\nω sat � (17)\nwhere ω sat is about ∼ <sup>1</sup> 2  <sup>of the bandwidth, and</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>x</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>≈</sup> <sup>1</sup> for x < 1 and decreases for x > 1. In Ref 30 f ( x ) was assumed to scale as 1 /x at large x such that Σ <sup>′′</sup> is flat at\nlarge ω . The real part of Σ( ω ) is obtained from Kramers-\nKr ̈onig relations. For the superconducting state, they\nobtained Σ ′′ by cutting off the NS expression on the lower\nend at some frequency ω 1 (the analog of ω 0 + ∆that we\nhad for EB model):\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = (Γ + α | ω | )Θ( | ω | − ω 1 ) (18)\nwhere Θ( x ) is the step function. In reality, Σ ′′ which fits\nARPES in the NS has some angular dependence along the\nFermi surface <sup>42</sup> , but this was ignored for simplicity. This\nmodel had gained a lot of attention as it predicted the\noptical sum in the SCS to be larger than in the NS, i.e.,\n∆ W > 0 at large frequencies. This would be consistent\nwith the experimental findings in Refs. 8,9 if, indeed, one\nidentifies ∆ W measured up to 1eV with ∆ W K .\nWe will show below that the sign of ∆ W in the MFLI\nmodel actually depends on how the normal state results\nare extended to the superconducting state and, moreover,\nwill argue that ∆ W K is actually negative if the extension\nis done such that at α = 0 the results are consistent with\nBCSI model. However, before that, we show in Figs 10-",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf",
+                "query": "By how much did the Hartford group's link to AARP website account concerning buisness made over the internet ?",
+                "target_page": 16,
+                "target_passage": "In 2001 the company’s link to AARP’s Web site accounted for much of the $55 million worth of auto business The Hartford generated over the Internet",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\nexpense ratio for AARP business is 30 percent below\nthat of the industry in general. And the customer\nrenewal rate is 96 percent, versus the industry’s 88 per-\ncent, making the AARP program yield some of the most\nprofitable auto business The Hartford writes.\nThe relationship also has The Hartford thinking\nahead toward new business and an even stronger rela-\ntionship with AARP members. The Hartford can cross-\nmarket auto insurance to homeowner’s customers and\nhomeowner’s insurance to auto customers, which\npresents a tremendous growth opportunity. In addition,\nThe Hartford is committed to providing value to AARP\nmembers in many ways. An example: The Hartford and\nAARP work with the MIT Age Lab to produce informa-\ntion—available in print and on both partners’ Web\nsites—advising AARP members about Alzheimer’s dis-\nease and other forms of dementia as they affect driving\nability. The information guides caregivers struggling\nwith difficult decisions about family members’ safety\nbehind the wheel. The resource—a customer solution\nlike no other—helps enhance the superior value The\nHartford provides to AARP members.\nAlthough it’s the most comprehensive, the AARP\nrelationship isn’t The Hartford’s only affinity program.\nThe company also has affinity arrangements with\nUSAA and other companies. Regardless of the pro-\ngram’s size, the affinity partners share the right quali-\nties: strong name-brand recognition, first-class\nmarketing and a broad and loyal customer base.\nIn other words, they share some of The Hartford’s\ncore attributes.\n15\n� * **T** *   * **he Campbell Agency in Byron** *\n* **Center, Mich., found that by align-** *\n* **ing its organization to mirror that** *\n* **of The Hartford, the two partners** *\n* **could work more closely—and** *\n* **grow more—together.  For exam-** *\n* **ple, The Campbell Agency emulat-** *\n* **ed The Hartford by dedicating a** *\n* **team to the small-business market.** *\n* **That made the agency more profi-** *\n* **cient at identifying potential cus-** *\n* **tomers and setting sales targets,** *\n* **according to Mary Lou Barna, vice** *\n* **president, sales and marketing.** *\n* **In other words, she says, the part-** *\n* **nership with The Hartford has** *\n* **made Barna and her colleagues** *",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n**“P**  artnering” is a popular business buzzword that may\nvanish as quickly as it appeared. The Hartford’s partner-\nships, on the other hand, are built for the long term and\nhave played a major role in the company’s growth and\nsuccess.\nThe company enjoys outstanding partnerships\nwith several of the world’s top asset managers. It also\nvalues its thousands of relationships with financial\nintermediaries such as large broker-dealers, banks and\nindependent financial planners—and with affinity part-\nners who extend The Hartford’s reach into large, grow-\ning markets.\n“A lot of people talk about having the right part-\nners, but The Hartford views it differently from most,”\nsays Gary Trippe, CEO of Fort Myers, Fla., property-\ncasualty agency Oswald, Trippe and Company, Inc.\n“They look for partners who share their core values,\nand the relationship is based on trust and respect. It’s\nall about compatibility.” Trippe should know. His\nagency writes three times as much business with\nThe Hartford, in both personal and commercial lines, as\nit writes with any other insurer.\nMutually beneficial partnerships with successful\nbusinesses of all sizes are the foundation of The\nHartford’s business model.\nPerhaps no relationship represents shared values\nand shared success better than the one with AARP,\nwhich signed a new eight-year contract with The\nHartford that began Jan. 1, 2002. The AARP insurance\nprogram with The Hartford is a model of affinity mar-\nketing and distribution savvy. AARP’s membership—\nthose age 50 and over—is the fastest-growing segment\nof the U.S. population. Computer use among this group\nis growing by an estimated 20 percent per year, and the\npopulation segment respects established brands and\nseeks value, convenience and extraordinary service.\nThat right combination of factors helps make\nAARP’s World Wide Web site one of The Hartford’s\n14\nmost dynamic sources of business growth. In 2001 the\ncompany’s link to AARP’s Web site accounted for much\nof the $55 million worth of auto business The Hartford\ngenerated over the Internet.\nBecause The Hartford quotes and issues this busi-\nness online (and added online billing in 2001), acquisi-\ntion and processing costs are 15 to 20 percent lower\nthan those of traditional direct-marketing or face-to-\nface sales. Because of this and other factors, the",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *attitude*\n\n36\n**Corporate Information**\n####### **Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\n690 Asylum Avenue\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\n860-547-5000\n####### **Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com\n####### **Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s\nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on\nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00a.m. in the Wallace Stevens\nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s\nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut.\nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled\nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting.\n####### **Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of\nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the\nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended\nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms\n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications\nare also available through this toll-free number.\n####### **Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records,\ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact\nThe Hartford’s transfer agent:\nThe Bank of New York\nShareholder Relations Department- 11E\nP.O. Box 11258\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\n800-254-2823\nTo send certificates for transfer and address changes:\nThe Bank of New York\nReceive and Deliver Department- 11W\nP.O. Box 11002\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\nAddress inquiries about The Hartford’s Dividend\nReinvestment and Cash Payment Plan to:\nThe Bank of New York\nDividend Reinvestment Department\nP.O. Box 1958\nNewark, NJ 07101-9774\nE-mail: shareowner-svcs@bankofny.com\nInternet address: www.stockbny.com\n####### **Investor Relations**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nHartford Plaza, HO-1-01\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\nAttn: Investor Relations\n860-547-2537\n####### **Media Inquiries**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nMedia Relations\nHartford Plaza, T-12-56\nHartford, CT 06115\n860-547-5200\n####### **Common Stock and Dividend Information**\nThe Hartford’s common stock is traded on the New York\nStock Exchange (NYSE) under the trading symbol “HIG.”\nThe following table presents the high and low closing prices\nfor the common stock of The Hartford on the NYSE for\nthe periods indicated, and the quarterly dividends declared\nper share.\nCommon Stock Price Dividends\nHigh Low Declared",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n##### *the*\n\n###### Dear Fellow Shareholders,\n\nrequirements. As a result, intermediaries can concentrate on what they do best: selling.\nWe’re also making inroads into international markets. We have a highly successful\nventure in Brazil to sell personal savings, pension and life insurance products. In addition,\nour new venture in Japan, Hartford Life Insurance K.K., reported more than $500 million in\nvariable annuity sales in 2001. We are also exploring the possibility of establishing opera-\ntions in a few select markets with favorable demographics.\nThe relentless pursuit of excellence also applies to our property-casualty operations.\nExcluding the effect of Sept. 11, our Business Insurance segment saw a 20 percent jump in\npremiums in 2001. Our combined ratio in this segment was 97.8—a 2.8-point improvement\nover the prior year. Our affinity personal lines premiums rose 11 percent, reflecting our grow-\ning business with AARP members. And our specialty professional liability business saw a 56\npercent premium gain.\nWe merged our personal and business insurance sales and agency management\norganizations in 2001 to give agents a single point of contact. This makes it easier for them\nto do business with us and enhances their ability to cross-sell these lines. We also gave\nagents a wealth of new technological tools. They include continuously updated small-busi-\nness underwriting guidelines available online, customized direct-bill status reports, online\naccess to commission statements, and online quoting capabilities, to name just a few.\n* **Dave Zwiener,** *\n* **President and Chief  Operating** *\n* **Officer, Property & Casualty** *\n* **Operations** *\n7\nRecognizing that technology can only supplement—not supplant—personal relation-\nships, we created an organization of business technology solutions managers in our field\noffices. These specialists provide hands-on support to property-casualty agents who use The\nHartford’s online tools.\nThis successful high-tech, high-touch mix is one reason why we estimate our small-\nbusiness insurance growth rate is five to six times the industry average. Another reason is\nthat we strategically target these businesses’ unmet needs. Our new CyberFlex <sup>TM</sup> business\ninsurance coverage, for example, is geared to traditional brick-and-mortar businesses that\nhave some exposure for cyber-risk in their normal course of doing business—such as using\ne-mail or operating a Web site.\nOur focus on growth never distracts us from the bottom line. When markets or busi-\nnesses prove unprofitable, we’re nimble enough to take quick action. We exited the\nEuropean property-casualty business in 2001, focusing instead on financial services in Asia.\nWe also repositioned our reinsurance business to concentrate on the U.S. market, where",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *technology*\n\n22\n� * **T** *   * **he Hartford’s acquisition of Fortis** *\n* **Financial Group in 2001 enhanced** *\n* **the company’s market share and** *\n* **distribution advantage. Most impor-** *\n* **tantly, the acquisition brought into** *\n* **The Hartford’s family powerful sales** *\n* **professionals like Allen Chinoy of** *\n* **Darien, Ill., left, the nation’s fifth-** *\n* **leading producer of The Hartford’s** *\n* **variable universal life insurance.** *\n* **Chinoy is a vocal supporter of** *\n* **Hartford Investor, which makes it** *\n* **easier for him to show customers** *\n* **such as Dr. Dilip Patel how his** *\n* **portfolio is performing.** *\n� * **J** *   * **oe Smith, right, and Kim Connolly,** *\n* **left, are a brother-sister team** *\n* **heading Smith Brothers Insurance,** *\n* **Inc. of Glastonbury, Conn. These** *\n* **VIP agents are enthusiastic users** *\n* **of The Hartford’s Electronic** *\n* **Business Center (EBC) and other** *\n* **technological tools for property-** *\n* **casualty agents. They piloted** *\n* **the EBC and have given valuable** *\n* **feedback to Senior Commercial** *\n* **Underwriter Tracey Kamenash** *\n* **and others at The Hartford to help** *\n* **develop the EBC standards and** *\n* **navigational model.** *\nmore incentive to look to The Hartford for the right\nproducts to offer their clients.\nThe Hartford’s Group Benefits Division’s (GBD)\nProducer View Web portal enables group benefits bro-\nkers to manage their books of business and track com-\nmissions and premium payments online. It’s also a\nresource for product brochures and other marketing\nmaterial. GBD’s Employer View portal meets benefits\nmanagers’ increasing demands for self-service. In 2001\nGBD added online billing capability to the portal, which\nalso features access to forms and status reports on pre-\nmium payments and claims, among other functions.\nThe property-casualty operation’s Electronic\nBusiness Center (EBC) has transformed the way agents\ndo business. They can obtain quotes almost instantly,",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n#### *products*   *&* *services*\n\n* **Bonnie Piazza, commercial select** *\n* **accounts manager at Webster** *\n* **Insurance in Hartford, Conn., inte-** *\n* **grate The Hartford’s technological** *\n* **tools into their sales strategies.** *\n* **BTSMs work out of 14 regional** *\n* **offices throughout the country,** *\n* **advising agents on the best way** *\n* **to use tools such as the Electronic** *\n* **Business Center and InterComm** *\n* **On the Net (ICON), a Web-based** *\n* **automated quoting system.** *\n21\n**N**  ew technology tools made The Hartford Experience—\ncustomer solutions, ease of doing business and\nextraordinary service—more real than ever for our cus-\ntomers in 2001.\nIt was a year that saw the debut of life operations’\nHartford Investor Web portal, expanded Web portals for\ngroup benefits administrators, and enhancements to\ntechnology for The Hartford’s property-casualty agents\nand customers.\nHartford Investor is both a versatile personal\nassistant and an aid in wholesaling, especially for the\nindependent financial planner channel. Broker-dealers\nand financial advisors can use it to research The\nHartford’s full complement of individual life and invest-\nment products, update their books of business in\nseconds, track daily fund performance, run financial-\nplanning models, receive online product training,\nproduce customized presentations and even submit\nbusiness electronically.\nIn short, the portal allows The Hartford to bring\nproducts and functions from a variety of sources into\none convenient online environment.\nHartford Investor has two strategic objectives:\nOne, deepen current intermediaries’ loyalty to The\nHartford by extending The Hartford Experience right to\ntheir desktops. Two, expand the network of intermedi-\naries by giving them the technological support they\nneed to grow their businesses.\nMore than 153,000 licensed intermediaries—from\nsolo advisors to members of large financial institu-\ntions—are appointed to sell The Hartford’s products.\nYet fewer than 60,000 actively write business for the\ncompany. The untapped potential is vast, especially\namong independents, the fastest-growing distribution\nchannel and the only one in which The Hartford doesn’t\nhold the largest market share.\nThat’s bound to change. With Hartford Investor\navailable on their desktops, intermediaries will have far",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *attitude*\n\n####### **Operating Data**\n\n*2- chair, 3, 5*\n**David K. Zwiener**\nExecutive Vice President,\nThe Hartford; President\nand Chief Operating Officer,\nProperty & Casualty\nOperations\n*1*   *Audit Committee*\n*2*   *Compensation and Personnel Committee*\n*3*   *Finance Committee*\n*4*   *Legal and Public Affairs Committee*\n*5*   *Nominating Committee*\n###### Financial Information\n31\n**Selected Financial Data**\n(In millions, except for per share data and combined ratios)  **2001**  2000 1999 1998 1997\n####### **Income Statement Data**\nTotal revenues [1] [2]  **$ 15,147**  $ 14,703 $ 13,528 $ 15,022 $ 13,461\nIncome before extraordinary item and\ncumulative effect of accounting changes [3]  **549**  974 862 1,015 1,332\nNet income [3] [4]  **507**  974 862 1,015 1,332\n####### **Balance Sheet Data**\nTotal assets **$ 181,238**  $ 171,532 $ 167,051 $ 150,632 $ 131,743\nLong-term debt **1,965**  1,862 1,548 1,548 1,482\nCompany obligated mandatorily redeemable\npreferred securities of subsidiary trusts holding\nsolely junior subordinated debentures **1,412**  1,243 1,250 1,250 1,000\nTotal stockholders’ equity  **9,013**  7,464 5,466 6,423 6,085\n####### **Earnings Per Share Data**\n*Basic earnings per share* *[3]*\nIncome before extraordinary item and\ncumulative effect of accounting changes [3]  **$ 2.31**  $ 4.42 $ 3.83 $ 4.36 $ 5.64\nNet income [3] [4]  **2.13**  4.42 3.83 4.36 5.64\n*Diluted earnings per share* *[3]*\nIncome before extraordinary item and\ncumulative effect of accounting changes [3]  **2.27**  4.34 3.79 4.30 5.58\nNet income [3] [4]  **2.10**  4.34 3.79 4.30 5.58\nDividends declared per common share  **1.01**  0.97 0.92 0.85 0.80\n####### **Operating Data**\n*Life Operations*\nFee income **$ 2,633**  $ 2,484 $ 2,105 $ 2,100 $ 1,532\nEarned premiums **2,142**  1,886 1,764 1,607 1,505\nAssets under management [5]  **168,421**  155,053 145,407 124,528 101,952\nMutual fund assets [6]  **16,809**  11,432 6,374 2,506 972\n*Property & Casualty Operations* *[7]*\nWritten premiums [1]  **7,569**  6,958 6,354 6,119 5,771\nCombined ratios\nNorth American Property & Casualty [8]  **112.4**  102.4 103.3 102.9 102.3\nU.S. Industry combined ratios [9]  **117.0**  110.1 107.8 105.6 101.6\n[1] 2001 includes a $91 reduction in premiums from reinsurance cessions related to the September 11 terrorist attack (“September 11”).\n[2] 1998 includes $541 related to the recapture of an in force block of Corporate Owned Life Insurance (“COLI”) business from MBL Life Assurance Co. of",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n##### *the*\n\n###### Dear Fellow Shareholders,\n\nWe’re also in a leading position to take advantage of demographic shifts and to provide\nestate planning and investment and insurance products to baby boomers. We are very excited,\ntoo, about our new SMART 529 <sup>TM</sup> college savings program, which offers flexible features and\nnumerous tax advantages. And the growing small-business market segment is a key target for\nour 401(k) and group-benefits businesses. In fact, with $2 billion in fully insured premiums and\n$106 million in net income, the Group Benefits Division (GBD) had its best year ever.\nAs our markets continue to grow and evolve, we stay intensely focused on the key\nstrategies in all our businesses.\n* **Soon after the Sept. 11 attack,** *\n* **The Hartford Chairman, President** *\n* **and CEO Ramani Ayer, left fore-** *\n* **ground, joined other industry** *\n* **CEOs in meeting with President** *\n* **Bush at the White House. During** *\n* **the meeting, the executives** *\n* **assured the president of industry** *\n* **support as the nation recovers.** *\n6\nIn our life operations, aided by the Fortis Financial Group acquisition, we’re enhanc-\ning our market share and our distribution advantage. Individual life sales rose 14 percent\nover 2000. Retail mutual fund sales increased 11 percent—despite a 19 percent drop in total\nindustry retail sales for the year. Performance in our Investment Products Division was\nstrong across all lines of business. Sales of 401(k) plans and institutional investment prod-\nucts rose 58 and 46 percent, respectively, in 2001, and our variable annuity market share\nincreased to 8.6 percent.\nWe believe we are uniquely positioned to reap the benefits of a recovering and, ulti-\nmately, rising stock market because we’ve enhanced our industry-leading market share for\nindividual retail variable annuities in a down market. This is especially encouraging since\nindustry-wide variable annuity sales declined by more than 17 percent last year. We’re lever-\naging our wholesaling capabilities to sell more mutual funds and retirement plans, and\nwe’re pursuing long-term growth opportunities driven by consumers’ financial needs,\ndemographic shifts and our strengths as an organization.\nAs we add scale, we’re reinventing the life insurance sales process. Our SimplifyLife\nprogram makes it easier for financial intermediaries to sell life insurance to clients in the\n“emerging affluent” market. We’re relieving financial professionals of time spent filling out\napplications or asking their clients personal medical questions. Our in-house interviewers\ncall the client, fill out the application and order any necessary medical tests or underwriting",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *attitude*\n\n####### **Corporate Officers**\n\nProperty & Casualty **$ 16,678**  $ 15,874\nLife **8,819**  7,105\nOther policyholder funds and benefits payable **19,355**  15,848\nUnearned premiums **3,436**  3,093\nShort-term debt **599**  235\nLong-term debt **1,965**  1,862\nCompany obligated mandatorily redeemable preferred securities of\nsubsidiary trusts holding solely junior subordinated debentures **1,412**  1,243\nOther liabilities **5,241**  4,754\nSeparate account liabilities  **114,720**  114,054\nTotal liabilities **172,225**  164,068\n####### **Stockholders’ Equity**\nCommon stock—authorized 400,000,000, issued 248,477,367 and\n238,645,675 shares, par value $0.01 **2**  2\nAdditional paid-in capital **2,362**  1,686\nRetained earnings **6,152**  5,887\nTreasury stock, at cost — 2,941,340 and 12,355,414 shares  **(37)**  (480)\nAccumulated other comprehensive income  **534**  369\nTotal stockholders’ equity  **9,013**  7,464\nTotal liabilities and stockholders’ equity  **$ 181,238**  $ 171,532\nFor additional information, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.\n34\n(in millions)\n####### **Cash Flows**\n**2001**  2000 1999\nOperating cash flows  **$ 2,303**  $ 2,435 $ 954\nInvesting cash flows **$ (5,536)**  $ (2,164) $ 2,216\nFinancing cash flows **$ 3,365**  $ (208) $ (3,104)\nCash—beginning of year **$ 227**  $ 182 $ 123\nCash—end of year  **$ 353**  $ 227 $ 182\n####### **Investments**\n**2001**  2000\n**Amount Percent**  Amount Percent\nUnited States Government/Government agencies  **$ 2,545 6.4%**  $ 1,988 5.8%\nAAA **10,087 25.2%**  10,098 29.3%\nAA **5,769 14.4%**  5,946 17.2%\nA **11,112 27.7%**  8,754 25.4%\nBBB **6,853 17.1%**  4,570 13.2%\nBB & below **1,573 3.9%**  1,040 3.0%\nShort-term  **2,107 5.3%**  2,096 6.1%\nTotal fixed maturities **40,046 100.0%**  34,492 100.0%\nEquities **1,349**  1,056\nOther investments  **5,294**  5,121\nTotal investments  **$ 46,689**  $ 40,669\n####### **Insurance Financial Strength Ratings**\nStandard\nA.M. Best Fitch & Poor’s Moody’s\nHartford Fire A+ AA AA Aa3\nHartford Life Insurance Company A+ AA+ AA Aa3\nHartford Life & Accident A+ AA+ AA Aa3\nHartford Life & Annuity A+ AA+ AA Aa3\nFor additional information, see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.\n35\n**Senior Management**\n####### **Executive and**\n####### **Corporate Officers**\n**Ramani Ayer**\nChairman, President and\nChief Executive Officer\n**Thomas M. Marra**\nExecutive Vice President\n**David K. Zwiener**\nExecutive Vice President\n**David M. Johnson**\nExecutive Vice President\nand Chief Financial Officer\n**Neal S. Wolin**\nExecutive Vice President\nand General Counsel\n**David M. Znamierowski**\nGroup Senior Vice President and",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n#### *products*   *&* *services*\n\n18\nIntermediary Service Award and the first-ever Life\nInsurance Service Award. The triple win reflected the\noverall excellence of The Hartford’s service, a natural\ncomplement to the company’s quality products. DAL-\nBAR also recognized The Hartford’s mutual funds as the\nindustry leader in several categories, including invest-\nment management.\nIn managing its product portfolio, The Hartford fol-\nlows its own advice: think ahead and diversify. The com-\npany’s earnings base derives from a variety of\nbusinesses. Diversification is a key element in managing\nrisk and ensuring profitability—a time-tested philosophy\nthat held especially true in 2001, as the company’s other\nbusinesses evolved to anticipate changing market\ndemands and to offer protection from new risks.\nThe property-casualty Business Insurance group,\nfor example, extended its coverage to include common\nrisks associated with e-commerce. Hartford Financial\nProducts’ (HFP) coverage continued to meet emerging\nrisks in an extremely volatile business environment.\nThe Hartford helped customers manage risk by\ndeveloping a new category of commercial coverage\ncalled CyberFlex. TM This targets the previously unmet\nneeds of small and mid-sized businesses that are inte-\ngrating the Internet and other communications tools\ninto their regular operations.\nA 2001 survey by The Hartford revealed that 80\npercent of small and mid-sized businesses weren’t sure\nif their current insurance policies covered specific—and\nincreasingly common—risks such as e-mail viruses,\nWeb site business interruption and online copyright\ninfringement. CyberFlex coverage protects middle-mar-\nket and small-business policyholders against the risk of\nthose potentially debilitating conditions.\nCyberFlex is part of a broad array of industry-\nspecific coverages in The Hartford’s SPECTRUM ® busi-\nness-owner’s policy, including protection against\nemployment practices liability, equipment breakdown\nand business interruption. As the economic environ-\nment changes rapidly, The Hartford thinks ahead by\nproviding those flexible coverages. And the company’s\n19\nstreamlined product-development process maximizes\nspeed-to-market so agents have the right products to\nsell at the right time. That’s one reason why we esti-\nmate The Hartford’s small-business insurance growth\nis five to six times the industry average.\nDeveloping products for a changing business\nenvironment is also a proven skill of HFP. The unit com-\npleted its first full year as part of The Hartford after our",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf",
+                "query": "How many licensed intermediaries did Hartford group have in 2001 ?",
+                "target_page": 23,
+                "target_passage": "More than 153,000 licensed intermediaries",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 4
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n## **2000**\nFirst quarter $ 52.75 $ 29.38 $0.24\nSecond quarter 64.00 44.25 0.24\nThird quarter 73.75 56.38 0.24\nFourth quarter 79.31 65.44 0.25\nAs of February 28, 2002 there were approximately 120,000\nshareholders of The Hartford. Design: Gene Mayer Associates, Inc.  www.shareholderfocus.com        Text: Daniel D. Elman\nPhotography: Ted Kawalerski;  page 8, Amy Etra\n**The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.**\n**Hartford Plaza, 690 Asylum Avenue**\n**Hartford, Connecticut 06115**\nFORM 100025[2001]",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n#### *products*   *&* *services*\n\n18\nIntermediary Service Award and the first-ever Life\nInsurance Service Award. The triple win reflected the\noverall excellence of The Hartford’s service, a natural\ncomplement to the company’s quality products. DAL-\nBAR also recognized The Hartford’s mutual funds as the\nindustry leader in several categories, including invest-\nment management.\nIn managing its product portfolio, The Hartford fol-\nlows its own advice: think ahead and diversify. The com-\npany’s earnings base derives from a variety of\nbusinesses. Diversification is a key element in managing\nrisk and ensuring profitability—a time-tested philosophy\nthat held especially true in 2001, as the company’s other\nbusinesses evolved to anticipate changing market\ndemands and to offer protection from new risks.\nThe property-casualty Business Insurance group,\nfor example, extended its coverage to include common\nrisks associated with e-commerce. Hartford Financial\nProducts’ (HFP) coverage continued to meet emerging\nrisks in an extremely volatile business environment.\nThe Hartford helped customers manage risk by\ndeveloping a new category of commercial coverage\ncalled CyberFlex. TM This targets the previously unmet\nneeds of small and mid-sized businesses that are inte-\ngrating the Internet and other communications tools\ninto their regular operations.\nA 2001 survey by The Hartford revealed that 80\npercent of small and mid-sized businesses weren’t sure\nif their current insurance policies covered specific—and\nincreasingly common—risks such as e-mail viruses,\nWeb site business interruption and online copyright\ninfringement. CyberFlex coverage protects middle-mar-\nket and small-business policyholders against the risk of\nthose potentially debilitating conditions.\nCyberFlex is part of a broad array of industry-\nspecific coverages in The Hartford’s SPECTRUM ® busi-\nness-owner’s policy, including protection against\nemployment practices liability, equipment breakdown\nand business interruption. As the economic environ-\nment changes rapidly, The Hartford thinks ahead by\nproviding those flexible coverages. And the company’s\n19\nstreamlined product-development process maximizes\nspeed-to-market so agents have the right products to\nsell at the right time. That’s one reason why we esti-\nmate The Hartford’s small-business insurance growth\nis five to six times the industry average.\nDeveloping products for a changing business\nenvironment is also a proven skill of HFP. The unit com-\npleted its first full year as part of The Hartford after our",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n## **2001**\nFirst quarter $ 67.75 $ 55.15 $0.25\nSecond quarter 70.46 56.88 0.25\nThird quarter 69.28 50.10 0.25\nFourth quarter 62.83 53.91 0.26",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n##### *the*\n\n###### Dear Fellow Shareholders,\n\nrequirements. As a result, intermediaries can concentrate on what they do best: selling.\nWe’re also making inroads into international markets. We have a highly successful\nventure in Brazil to sell personal savings, pension and life insurance products. In addition,\nour new venture in Japan, Hartford Life Insurance K.K., reported more than $500 million in\nvariable annuity sales in 2001. We are also exploring the possibility of establishing opera-\ntions in a few select markets with favorable demographics.\nThe relentless pursuit of excellence also applies to our property-casualty operations.\nExcluding the effect of Sept. 11, our Business Insurance segment saw a 20 percent jump in\npremiums in 2001. Our combined ratio in this segment was 97.8—a 2.8-point improvement\nover the prior year. Our affinity personal lines premiums rose 11 percent, reflecting our grow-\ning business with AARP members. And our specialty professional liability business saw a 56\npercent premium gain.\nWe merged our personal and business insurance sales and agency management\norganizations in 2001 to give agents a single point of contact. This makes it easier for them\nto do business with us and enhances their ability to cross-sell these lines. We also gave\nagents a wealth of new technological tools. They include continuously updated small-busi-\nness underwriting guidelines available online, customized direct-bill status reports, online\naccess to commission statements, and online quoting capabilities, to name just a few.\n* **Dave Zwiener,** *\n* **President and Chief  Operating** *\n* **Officer, Property & Casualty** *\n* **Operations** *\n7\nRecognizing that technology can only supplement—not supplant—personal relation-\nships, we created an organization of business technology solutions managers in our field\noffices. These specialists provide hands-on support to property-casualty agents who use The\nHartford’s online tools.\nThis successful high-tech, high-touch mix is one reason why we estimate our small-\nbusiness insurance growth rate is five to six times the industry average. Another reason is\nthat we strategically target these businesses’ unmet needs. Our new CyberFlex <sup>TM</sup> business\ninsurance coverage, for example, is geared to traditional brick-and-mortar businesses that\nhave some exposure for cyber-risk in their normal course of doing business—such as using\ne-mail or operating a Web site.\nOur focus on growth never distracts us from the bottom line. When markets or busi-\nnesses prove unprofitable, we’re nimble enough to take quick action. We exited the\nEuropean property-casualty business in 2001, focusing instead on financial services in Asia.\nWe also repositioned our reinsurance business to concentrate on the U.S. market, where",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n#### *products*   *&* *services*\n\n* **Bonnie Piazza, commercial select** *\n* **accounts manager at Webster** *\n* **Insurance in Hartford, Conn., inte-** *\n* **grate The Hartford’s technological** *\n* **tools into their sales strategies.** *\n* **BTSMs work out of 14 regional** *\n* **offices throughout the country,** *\n* **advising agents on the best way** *\n* **to use tools such as the Electronic** *\n* **Business Center and InterComm** *\n* **On the Net (ICON), a Web-based** *\n* **automated quoting system.** *\n21\n**N**  ew technology tools made The Hartford Experience—\ncustomer solutions, ease of doing business and\nextraordinary service—more real than ever for our cus-\ntomers in 2001.\nIt was a year that saw the debut of life operations’\nHartford Investor Web portal, expanded Web portals for\ngroup benefits administrators, and enhancements to\ntechnology for The Hartford’s property-casualty agents\nand customers.\nHartford Investor is both a versatile personal\nassistant and an aid in wholesaling, especially for the\nindependent financial planner channel. Broker-dealers\nand financial advisors can use it to research The\nHartford’s full complement of individual life and invest-\nment products, update their books of business in\nseconds, track daily fund performance, run financial-\nplanning models, receive online product training,\nproduce customized presentations and even submit\nbusiness electronically.\nIn short, the portal allows The Hartford to bring\nproducts and functions from a variety of sources into\none convenient online environment.\nHartford Investor has two strategic objectives:\nOne, deepen current intermediaries’ loyalty to The\nHartford by extending The Hartford Experience right to\ntheir desktops. Two, expand the network of intermedi-\naries by giving them the technological support they\nneed to grow their businesses.\nMore than 153,000 licensed intermediaries—from\nsolo advisors to members of large financial institu-\ntions—are appointed to sell The Hartford’s products.\nYet fewer than 60,000 actively write business for the\ncompany. The untapped potential is vast, especially\namong independents, the fastest-growing distribution\nchannel and the only one in which The Hartford doesn’t\nhold the largest market share.\nThat’s bound to change. With Hartford Investor\navailable on their desktops, intermediaries will have far",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n**“P**  artnering” is a popular business buzzword that may\nvanish as quickly as it appeared. The Hartford’s partner-\nships, on the other hand, are built for the long term and\nhave played a major role in the company’s growth and\nsuccess.\nThe company enjoys outstanding partnerships\nwith several of the world’s top asset managers. It also\nvalues its thousands of relationships with financial\nintermediaries such as large broker-dealers, banks and\nindependent financial planners—and with affinity part-\nners who extend The Hartford’s reach into large, grow-\ning markets.\n“A lot of people talk about having the right part-\nners, but The Hartford views it differently from most,”\nsays Gary Trippe, CEO of Fort Myers, Fla., property-\ncasualty agency Oswald, Trippe and Company, Inc.\n“They look for partners who share their core values,\nand the relationship is based on trust and respect. It’s\nall about compatibility.” Trippe should know. His\nagency writes three times as much business with\nThe Hartford, in both personal and commercial lines, as\nit writes with any other insurer.\nMutually beneficial partnerships with successful\nbusinesses of all sizes are the foundation of The\nHartford’s business model.\nPerhaps no relationship represents shared values\nand shared success better than the one with AARP,\nwhich signed a new eight-year contract with The\nHartford that began Jan. 1, 2002. The AARP insurance\nprogram with The Hartford is a model of affinity mar-\nketing and distribution savvy. AARP’s membership—\nthose age 50 and over—is the fastest-growing segment\nof the U.S. population. Computer use among this group\nis growing by an estimated 20 percent per year, and the\npopulation segment respects established brands and\nseeks value, convenience and extraordinary service.\nThat right combination of factors helps make\nAARP’s World Wide Web site one of The Hartford’s\n14\nmost dynamic sources of business growth. In 2001 the\ncompany’s link to AARP’s Web site accounted for much\nof the $55 million worth of auto business The Hartford\ngenerated over the Internet.\nBecause The Hartford quotes and issues this busi-\nness online (and added online billing in 2001), acquisi-\ntion and processing costs are 15 to 20 percent lower\nthan those of traditional direct-marketing or face-to-\nface sales. Because of this and other factors, the",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *technology*\n\n22\n� * **T** *   * **he Hartford’s acquisition of Fortis** *\n* **Financial Group in 2001 enhanced** *\n* **the company’s market share and** *\n* **distribution advantage. Most impor-** *\n* **tantly, the acquisition brought into** *\n* **The Hartford’s family powerful sales** *\n* **professionals like Allen Chinoy of** *\n* **Darien, Ill., left, the nation’s fifth-** *\n* **leading producer of The Hartford’s** *\n* **variable universal life insurance.** *\n* **Chinoy is a vocal supporter of** *\n* **Hartford Investor, which makes it** *\n* **easier for him to show customers** *\n* **such as Dr. Dilip Patel how his** *\n* **portfolio is performing.** *\n� * **J** *   * **oe Smith, right, and Kim Connolly,** *\n* **left, are a brother-sister team** *\n* **heading Smith Brothers Insurance,** *\n* **Inc. of Glastonbury, Conn. These** *\n* **VIP agents are enthusiastic users** *\n* **of The Hartford’s Electronic** *\n* **Business Center (EBC) and other** *\n* **technological tools for property-** *\n* **casualty agents. They piloted** *\n* **the EBC and have given valuable** *\n* **feedback to Senior Commercial** *\n* **Underwriter Tracey Kamenash** *\n* **and others at The Hartford to help** *\n* **develop the EBC standards and** *\n* **navigational model.** *\nmore incentive to look to The Hartford for the right\nproducts to offer their clients.\nThe Hartford’s Group Benefits Division’s (GBD)\nProducer View Web portal enables group benefits bro-\nkers to manage their books of business and track com-\nmissions and premium payments online. It’s also a\nresource for product brochures and other marketing\nmaterial. GBD’s Employer View portal meets benefits\nmanagers’ increasing demands for self-service. In 2001\nGBD added online billing capability to the portal, which\nalso features access to forms and status reports on pre-\nmium payments and claims, among other functions.\nThe property-casualty operation’s Electronic\nBusiness Center (EBC) has transformed the way agents\ndo business. They can obtain quotes almost instantly,",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n##### *the*\n\n###### Dear Fellow Shareholders,\n\nThe results attest to the resilience of our enterprise. With our strong and balanced\nportfolio of businesses, we consistently demonstrate superior financial performance. Since\n1995, we’ve produced 13 percent annualized operating earnings-per-share growth, excluding\nthe effects of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit in 2001, and 13 percent annualized growth in assets\nunder management. Excluding the effect of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit, operating return on\nequity has met or exceeded our 13 to 15 percent target every year for the past five years.\n* **The Hartford Chairman, President and CEO Ramani Ayer speaking at the opening of New York employees’ new** *\n* **permanent offices in early November. Despite the destruction of their offices at 7 World Trade Center on Sept. 11,** *\n* **The Hartford’s New York employees had their businesses back in operation by Sept. 17. Employees moved into their** *\n* **new permanent offices less than 60 days after the attack.** *\nAll this translates into increased shareholder value. Since 1995, our market cap has\nincreased from $5.7 billion to $15.4 billion—an 18 percent compound annual growth rate.\nOur share price has increased nearly 160 percent since The Hartford became a public com-\npany. During the same period, the S&P 500 increased 89 percent, and the Dow Jones\nIndustrial Average 97 percent.\nIt’s no surprise that our management team is highly regarded within the financial\nservices industry and on Wall Street. We’ve built a strong leadership team, complemented\nby more than 27,000 dedicated employees who are nurtured and energized by a culture of\nsuccess. Consequently, we had a smooth leadership transition over the past year. Tom Marra\nsucceeded Lon Smith as president of our life operations and joined our board of directors.\nLon retired after a 33-year career with The Hartford, and we owe him a tremendous amount\nof gratitude for building a strong and successful operation.\nDuring 2001 we also welcomed two new members to our board of directors. Edward J.\nKelly III, president and CEO of Mercantile Bankshares Corp., joined us in May, and we welcomed\nCharles B. Strauss, president and CEO of Unilever United States, Inc., in November.\nWe’re well-positioned for growth in 2002. On Jan. 1 we renewed our relationship with\nAARP by signing a new eight-year contract to market auto and homeowner’s insurance to\nits 35 million members. Our small-business property-casualty operation continues to\ngrow—premiums surpassed $1.2 billion in annual sales in 2001.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *attitude*\n\n36\n**Corporate Information**\n####### **Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\n690 Asylum Avenue\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\n860-547-5000\n####### **Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com\n####### **Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s\nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on\nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00a.m. in the Wallace Stevens\nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s\nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut.\nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled\nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting.\n####### **Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of\nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the\nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended\nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms\n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications\nare also available through this toll-free number.\n####### **Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records,\ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact\nThe Hartford’s transfer agent:\nThe Bank of New York\nShareholder Relations Department- 11E\nP.O. Box 11258\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\n800-254-2823\nTo send certificates for transfer and address changes:\nThe Bank of New York\nReceive and Deliver Department- 11W\nP.O. Box 11002\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\nAddress inquiries about The Hartford’s Dividend\nReinvestment and Cash Payment Plan to:\nThe Bank of New York\nDividend Reinvestment Department\nP.O. Box 1958\nNewark, NJ 07101-9774\nE-mail: shareowner-svcs@bankofny.com\nInternet address: www.stockbny.com\n####### **Investor Relations**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nHartford Plaza, HO-1-01\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\nAttn: Investor Relations\n860-547-2537\n####### **Media Inquiries**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nMedia Relations\nHartford Plaza, T-12-56\nHartford, CT 06115\n860-547-5200\n####### **Common Stock and Dividend Information**\nThe Hartford’s common stock is traded on the New York\nStock Exchange (NYSE) under the trading symbol “HIG.”\nThe following table presents the high and low closing prices\nfor the common stock of The Hartford on the NYSE for\nthe periods indicated, and the quarterly dividends declared\nper share.\nCommon Stock Price Dividends\nHigh Low Declared",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n* **Mansfield, CEO of Crosland, a** *\n* **Charlotte property developer** *\n* **and a 13-year customer of** *\n* **The Hartford. Product innova-** *\n* **tions such as CyberFlex allow** *\n* **The Hartford to provide risk-** *\n* **management solutions for cus-** *\n* **tomers as their businesses evolve.** *\n17\n**H**  ow do you secure the future when the present is\npuzzling enough? It’s a big challenge, and The Hartford’s\nprimary objective. Everything we do is designed to help\nour customers deal with the uncertainties that lie ahead.\nThe Hartford believes the best way to secure the\nfuture is to provide customers with the right products,\nand then back those products with outstanding per-\nformance and great service. Staying focused on this\nobjective was never more important—or more chal-\nlenging—than in 2001.\nTrue to form, The Hartford’s life operations’ annu-\nities and mutual funds delivered high-quality perform-\nance in a time of market turmoil. Despite an anemic stock\nmarket, 87 percent of the funds in The Hartford’s Director\nvariable annuity remained in the first or second quartile\nof three-year returns within the Lipper Peer Group in\n2001. Sixty-four percent of the funds in the Leaders suite\nof annuities and 91 percent of The Hartford’s mutual\nfunds remained in the first or second quartile over the\nthree-year period.\nThe ability to deliver that kind of performance\ncan be traced to our money managers—Wellington\nManagement Co., American Funds, Franklin Templeton\nInvestments, MFS Investment Management, AIM\nFunds Management, Inc., Putnam Investment\nManagement and The Hartford’s own Hartford\nInvestment Management Co.\nAll of The Hartford’s money managers have years\nof experience and are among the most respected firms\nin the industry. Their experience and expertise were\nespecially important during the market volatility we\nsaw in 2001. They always stay focused on long-term\nperformance, which is the true measuring stick of The\nHartford’s value to its customers.\nBesides outstanding products and excellent man-\nagement, great service is a critical component in deliv-\nering the right solutions to our customers. In 2001,\nThe Hartford won an unprecedented sixth consecutive\nDALBAR Annuity Service Award, as well as the",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf",
+                "query": "When did the annual sherholder meeting of Hartford happen in 2002 ?",
+                "target_page": 38,
+                "target_passage": "Shareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on Thursday, April 18, 2002 ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *attitude*\n\n36\n**Corporate Information**\n####### **Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\n690 Asylum Avenue\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\n860-547-5000\n####### **Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com\n####### **Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s\nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on\nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00a.m. in the Wallace Stevens\nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s\nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut.\nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled\nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting.\n####### **Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of\nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the\nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended\nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms\n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications\nare also available through this toll-free number.\n####### **Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records,\ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact\nThe Hartford’s transfer agent:\nThe Bank of New York\nShareholder Relations Department- 11E\nP.O. Box 11258\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\n800-254-2823\nTo send certificates for transfer and address changes:\nThe Bank of New York\nReceive and Deliver Department- 11W\nP.O. Box 11002\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\nAddress inquiries about The Hartford’s Dividend\nReinvestment and Cash Payment Plan to:\nThe Bank of New York\nDividend Reinvestment Department\nP.O. Box 1958\nNewark, NJ 07101-9774\nE-mail: shareowner-svcs@bankofny.com\nInternet address: www.stockbny.com\n####### **Investor Relations**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nHartford Plaza, HO-1-01\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\nAttn: Investor Relations\n860-547-2537\n####### **Media Inquiries**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nMedia Relations\nHartford Plaza, T-12-56\nHartford, CT 06115\n860-547-5200\n####### **Common Stock and Dividend Information**\nThe Hartford’s common stock is traded on the New York\nStock Exchange (NYSE) under the trading symbol “HIG.”\nThe following table presents the high and low closing prices\nfor the common stock of The Hartford on the NYSE for\nthe periods indicated, and the quarterly dividends declared\nper share.\nCommon Stock Price Dividends\nHigh Low Declared",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n#### *products*   *&* *services*\n\n##### *the*\n\n2000 acquisition of Reliance Group Holdings, Inc.’s\nfinancial products and excess and surplus lines.\nIt was quite a year after quite a decade. Demand\nfor HFP’s mainstay directors and officers liability\ninsurance was high during the 1990s as the number of\nU.S. public corporations tripled. Amid the past year’s\ncorporate retrenchment, loss activity led to industry-\nwide premium price increases of up to 30 percent. A\nflight to quality was inevitable under such conditions,\nand a strong brand and superior ratings helped HFP dis-\ntance itself from lesser competitors. Even the horrific\ncollapse of its World Trade Center headquarters couldn’t\nhold HFP back in 2001. It renewed $43 million worth of\nbusiness in September alone, fulfilling its commitment\nto protecting customers against uncertainty.\n� * **H** *   * **artford Investment Management** *\n* **Co., which specializes in fixed-** *\n* **income asset management, has** *\n* **nearly $75 billion under manage-** *\n* **ment. Marcie Hayden, money** *\n* **market trader, and Peter Perrotti,** *\n* **government portfolio manager, are** *\n* **two members of a professional** *\n* **organization whose annual trading** *\n* **volume exceeds $50 billion.** *\n� * **A** *   * **strong brand and superior** *\n* **ratings help Hartford Financial** *\n* **Products (HFP) differentiate its** *\n* **directors and officers liability** *\n* **insurance from those of competi-** *\n* **tors. HFP’s Boston Regional** *\n* **Manager Doreen Lukowski-Rizza** *\n* **works with HFP Underwriting** *\n* **Manager David Garrison, far** *\n* **right, and financial professionals** *\n* **such as William Gallagher** *\n* **Associates President and CEO** *\n* **Philip Edmundson, second from** *\n* **left, and Principal Richard Leavitt.** *\n##### *the*\n� * **K** *   * **wadwo Dankyi-Ampadu, service** *\n* **representative, personal lines,** *\n* **takes customer phone calls in** *\n* **The Hartford’s Southington, Conn.,** *\n* **customer call center. It’s one of** *\n* **three AARP call centers throughout** *\n* **the United States.** *\n� * **B** *   * **usiness Technology Solutions** *\n* **Manager Mike Conery and** *\n* **Automation Trainer Brenda** *\n* **Fischer, left, help agents such as** *",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *attitude*\n\n####### **Property & Casualty**\n\nChief Investment Officer\n**David H. Annis**\nGroup Senior Vice President,\nInformation Technology\n**Randall I. Kiviat**\nGroup Senior Vice President,\nHuman Resources\n**Edward L. Morgan, Jr.**\nGroup Senior Vice President,\nCorporate Relations\n**Joel Freedman**\nSenior Vice President,\nGovernment Affairs\n**John N. Giamalis**\nSenior Vice President and\nController\n####### **Hartford Investment**\n####### **Management Company (HIMCO)**\n**David M. Znamierowski**\nPresident\n####### **Life**\n**Thomas M. Marra**\nPresident and Chief Operating Officer\n**Robert A. Kerzner**\nExecutive Vice President, Individual\nLife Division, and President,\nWoodbury Financial Services\n**John C. Walters**\nExecutive Vice President,\nInvestment Products Division\n**Stephen T. Joyce**\nSenior Vice President,\nInvestment Products\n**David M. Levenson**\nSenior Vice President,\nInvestment Products\n**Lizabeth H. Zlatkus**\nExecutive Vice President,\nGroup Benefits Division\n**Gregory A. Boyko**\nSenior Vice President, International\n**Ann M. de Raismes**\nSenior Vice President,\nHuman Resources\n**David T. Foy**\nSenior Vice President and\nChief Financial Officer\n**Lois W. Grady**\nSenior Vice President, Fortis\nIntegration/Operations\n**Craig R. Raymond**\nSenior Vice President and\nChief Actuary\n**Christine H. Repasy**\nSenior Vice President and\nGeneral Counsel\n**Vittorio M. Severino**\nSenior Vice President,\nInformation Technology\n**Walter C. Welsh**\nSenior Vice President,\nGovernment Affairs\n####### **PLANCO Financial Services, Inc.**\n**Kevin M. Connor**\nManaging Director\n**Sean E. O’Hara**\nManaging Director\n**Timothy J. Seifert**\nManaging Director\n####### **International Corporate**\n####### **Marketing Group (ICMG)**\n**Joseph F. Mahoney**\nPresident\n####### **Property & Casualty**\n**David K. Zwiener**\nPresident and Chief Operating Officer\n**Judith A. Blades**\nSenior Executive Vice President,\nProperty & Casualty\n**J. Paul Kennedy**\nExecutive Vice President,\nPersonal Lines\n**David H. McElroy**\nSenior Vice President,\nHartford Financial Products\n**Ralph J. Palmieri**\nSenior Vice President,\nSpecialty Property\n**James M. Ruel**\nSenior Vice President,\nSelect Customer\n**Gary J. Thompson**\nSenior Vice President,\nMiddle Market\n**Fred H. Eppinger**\nExecutive Vice President,\nField and Service Operations\n**Richard J. Law**\nSenior Vice President,\nField Operations\n**Sharon A. Ritchey**\nSenior Vice President,\nContact Center Operations\n**Joseph Z. Gauches**\nExecutive Vice President,\nE-Commerce and Technology\n**Calvin Hudson**\nExecutive Vice President, Claims\n**David R. Robb**\nExecutive Vice President\n**Raymond J. Sprague**\nExecutive Vice President,\nReinsurance Operations\n**Michael J. Dury**\nSenior Vice President and\nChief Financial Officer\n**Robert A. Ferreira**\nSenior Vice President,\nHuman Resources\n**Richard W. Palczynski**\nSenior Vice President and\nChief Actuary",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n* **Leslie Cyrulik, automation project** *\n* **manager, corporate real estate;** *\n* **Sarah Blount, director, client** *\n* **services, enterprise technologies** *\n* **services; Mark Gauvain, assistant** *\n* **vice president, property-casualty** *\n* **e-business; Tony Abate, vice presi-** *\n* **dent, IT acquisitions; Franca Lewis,** *\n* **assistant director, information** *\n* **technology; and Patrice Chandler,** *\n* **assistant procurement administra-** *\n* **tive manager, procurement.** *\n9\n**T**  he worst of 2001 brought out the best in The\nHartford’s people.\nAs the world watched the horrors of Sept. 11,\nsome 330 of our New York employees fled their offices\nin 7 World Trade Center. Though many were caught in\nthe debris and dust from the nearby Twin Towers, all\nescaped safely.\nBy the time the 47-story 7 World Trade Center\nbuilding collapsed at about 5:20 p.m., The Hartford had\nalready arranged for temporary space in several of the\ncompany’s other offices. Employees and suppliers\nimmediately began working around the clock to get\nthe business up and running again. Despite the\ndestruction, back-up systems kept distributors’ and\ncustomers’ data secure.\nA hundred miles from Ground Zero, home office\nemployees in Hartford, Conn., began shuttling equip-\nment and supplies to our temporary offices. Some\nbooked Long Island Sound ferries from Connecticut to\nLong Island within 48 hours of the attack. Others spent\nthe weekend driving supplies to the new locations so\nemployees could concentrate on customers instead of\non finding pens and paper. Employees and suppliers\nwere determined to get the company, its distributors\nand its customers through the crisis.\nBy Monday, Sept. 17, all of The Hartford’s business\nunits in New York were serving customers again.\nEmployees had new furniture, phones, servers and PCs.\nDistributors’ and customers’ access to company e-mail\nwas never interrupted. Calls to old phone numbers were\nrerouted to cell phones or new office phones. Print and\nradio ads—along with The Hartford’s Web site—\ngave customers instructions for filing claims quickly.\nCustomer relationships were stronger than ever. The\nHartford Experience—customer solutions, ease of doing\nbusiness and extraordinary service—was never better\ndemonstrated.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *people*\n\nwas back in business.\nThe Hartford assigned extra resources to expedite\nservice requests, and customers received premium\npayment extensions as needed. One adjuster wrote a\n$250,000 check on the spot to help a lower Manhattan\nsoftware-development company begin its recovery.\nCAT team members and call center customer service\nrepresentatives received special training to help them\ncope with traumatized customers, and the company\ndistributed disaster-recovery literature and forms to\nhelp customers get back to business.\nThe Hartford’s Group Benefits Division (GBD)\noffered crisis-counseling services to policyholders in\n11\nthe New York metropolitan area. In order to speed the\npayment of claims, GBD employees immediately con-\ntacted customers with offices in the towers and worked\nwith industry organizations to expedite the issuing of\ndeath certificates.\nThe Hartford’s individual life operations scoured\nairline manifests and missing-persons lists, looking for\nnames of customers. When they spotted a potential\nmatch, they called agents to alert them to a possible\nclaim and provided tips on how to proceed.\nFuture generations will measure the full impact of\nSept. 11. But at The Hartford, one thing is known\nalready. As they did after disasters such as the New\nYork fire of 1835, the Chicago fire of 1871 and the 1906\nSan Francisco earthquake, The Hartford’s people in\n2001 ran their business the only way they know how—\nthe right way. They put customers first and kept prom-\nises. In so doing, they helped lay the foundation for a\nmore confident future.\n� * **N** *   * **ew York employees admire a** *\n* **painting depicting the courage and** *\n* **resilience of The Hartford employ-** *\n* **ees and the New York rescue** *\n* **teams. The montage, which now** *\n* **hangs in the lobby of The Hartford’s** *\n* **New York offices, was painted by** *\n* **Andy Yelenak of The Hartford’s** *\n* **Information Technology department.** *\n� * **T** *   * **he Hartford’s New York staff** *",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n##### *the*\n\n* **better managers.** *\n� * **D** *   * **alal Maria Salomon, right, is** *\n* **managing director, investment** *\n* **officer of Salomon Group, part of** *\n* **First Union Securities in Richmond,** *\n* **Va. She strives to maintain high** *\n* **service levels for clients such as** *\n* **Daniel Austin, whose life insur-** *\n* **ance from The Hartford is part of** *\n* **a diversified investment portfolio** *\n* **Salomon helps him manage.** *\n* **Salomon relies on The Hartford** *\n* **for outstanding service, versatile** *\n* **online tools and consistently strong** *\n* **returns. The Hartford’s mutual** *\n* **funds are some of her first choices** *\n* **when designing a portfolio.** *\n16\n##### *the*\n� * **Marsh, Inc. is a major distributor** *\n* **of The Hartford’s group benefits** *\n* **plans for mid-sized businesses—** *\n* **a key growth area for The Hartford.** *\n* **Joe Axelrod, senior account exec-** *\n* **utive, third from right, and Kevin** *\n* **Szott, group sales representative,** *\n* **far right, work in partnership** *\n* **with senior executives from** *\n* **Marsh’s employee benefits prac-** *\n* **tice. The team includes, left** *\n* **to right, Senior Vice Presidents** *\n* **Kerry King, Robert Lustberg, Maria** *\n* **McHugh and, second from right,** *\n* **Eric Jacobson. Szott, who is** *\n* **legally blind, also works with** *\n* **The Hartford’s Team Ability, a** *\n* **group of company-sponsored** *\n* **athletes with disabilities.** *\n� * **I** *   * **n 2001, The Hartford introduced** *\n* **a new category of commercial** *\n* **coverage called CyberFlex,** * * **TM** *\n* **designed to protect small and** *\n* **mid-sized businesses against** *\n* **e-business risks such as e-mail** *\n* **viruses and Web site business** *\n* **interruption. Deirdre Barbee,** *\n* **The Hartford’s middle market** *\n* **manager in Charlotte, N.C., Mike** *\n* **Lesniak, Charlotte regional vice** *\n* **president, far left, and VIP agent** *\n* **Cameron Harris, president of** *\n* **Cameron M. Harris & Company,** *\n* **second from right, explain** *\n* **CyberFlex’s benefits to Todd W.** *",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *people*\n\n* **got their businesses back up and** *\n* **running in less than a week after** *\n* **the Sept. 11 attack, despite the** *\n* **destruction of their offices. Among** *\n* **those who were instrumental in** *\n* **getting 330 employees situated** *\n* **in temporary office space were,** *\n* **left to right, Lucille T. Sgaglione,** *\n* **vice president, Hartford Financial** *\n* **Products; Linda Banks, adminis-** *\n* **trative assistant, office support** *\n* **services, Business Insurance;** *\n* **Holly McCalmont, human** *\n* **resources manager, Business** *\n* **Insurance; Jim Norris, business** *\n* **technology solutions manager,** *\n* **Business Insurance; Craig** *\n* **Lowenthal, first vice president** *\n* **and chief information officer,** *\n* **Hartford Financial Products; and** *\n* **Susan Miranda, support services** *\n* **manager, Hartford Specialty Co.** *\n##### *the*\n� * **J** *   * **ohn Belisle, right, is senior vice** *\n* **president of Oswald, Trippe and** *\n* **Company, Inc. in Fort Myers, Fla.,** *\n* **one of The Hartford’s largest sellers** *\n* **of Select Customer commercial** *\n* **insurance. David van der Merwe,** *\n* **president of electronics manufactur-** *\n* **er Saftronics, Inc., depends on him** *\n* **for reliable counsel, as well as prod-** *\n* **ucts tailored to Saftronics’ business.** *\n� * **T** *   * **he Hartford signed a new eight-** *\n* **year contract, beginning Jan.1,** *\n* **2002, to continue its highly suc-** *\n* **cessful relationship with AARP.** *\n* **Property & Casualty Operations** *\n* **President and CEO Dave Zwiener,** *\n* **second from left, works closely** *\n* **with, left to right, Bill Farris,** *\n* **director, financial products, AARP** *\n* **Services, Inc.; Leisha Spaulding,** *\n* **manager, financial products, AARP** *\n* **Services, Inc.; and Steve Zaleznick,** *\n* **CEO, AARP Services, Inc.** *\n13",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n## **2000**\nFirst quarter $ 52.75 $ 29.38 $0.24\nSecond quarter 64.00 44.25 0.24\nThird quarter 73.75 56.38 0.24\nFourth quarter 79.31 65.44 0.25\nAs of February 28, 2002 there were approximately 120,000\nshareholders of The Hartford. Design: Gene Mayer Associates, Inc.  www.shareholderfocus.com        Text: Daniel D. Elman\nPhotography: Ted Kawalerski;  page 8, Amy Etra\n**The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.**\n**Hartford Plaza, 690 Asylum Avenue**\n**Hartford, Connecticut 06115**\nFORM 100025[2001]",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n##### *the*\n\n###### Dear Fellow Shareholders,\n\nThe results attest to the resilience of our enterprise. With our strong and balanced\nportfolio of businesses, we consistently demonstrate superior financial performance. Since\n1995, we’ve produced 13 percent annualized operating earnings-per-share growth, excluding\nthe effects of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit in 2001, and 13 percent annualized growth in assets\nunder management. Excluding the effect of Sept. 11 and the tax benefit, operating return on\nequity has met or exceeded our 13 to 15 percent target every year for the past five years.\n* **The Hartford Chairman, President and CEO Ramani Ayer speaking at the opening of New York employees’ new** *\n* **permanent offices in early November. Despite the destruction of their offices at 7 World Trade Center on Sept. 11,** *\n* **The Hartford’s New York employees had their businesses back in operation by Sept. 17. Employees moved into their** *\n* **new permanent offices less than 60 days after the attack.** *\nAll this translates into increased shareholder value. Since 1995, our market cap has\nincreased from $5.7 billion to $15.4 billion—an 18 percent compound annual growth rate.\nOur share price has increased nearly 160 percent since The Hartford became a public com-\npany. During the same period, the S&P 500 increased 89 percent, and the Dow Jones\nIndustrial Average 97 percent.\nIt’s no surprise that our management team is highly regarded within the financial\nservices industry and on Wall Street. We’ve built a strong leadership team, complemented\nby more than 27,000 dedicated employees who are nurtured and energized by a culture of\nsuccess. Consequently, we had a smooth leadership transition over the past year. Tom Marra\nsucceeded Lon Smith as president of our life operations and joined our board of directors.\nLon retired after a 33-year career with The Hartford, and we owe him a tremendous amount\nof gratitude for building a strong and successful operation.\nDuring 2001 we also welcomed two new members to our board of directors. Edward J.\nKelly III, president and CEO of Mercantile Bankshares Corp., joined us in May, and we welcomed\nCharles B. Strauss, president and CEO of Unilever United States, Inc., in November.\nWe’re well-positioned for growth in 2002. On Jan. 1 we renewed our relationship with\nAARP by signing a new eight-year contract to market auto and homeowner’s insurance to\nits 35 million members. Our small-business property-casualty operation continues to\ngrow—premiums surpassed $1.2 billion in annual sales in 2001.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *partners*\n\n#### *products*   *&* *services*\n\n* **Bonnie Piazza, commercial select** *\n* **accounts manager at Webster** *\n* **Insurance in Hartford, Conn., inte-** *\n* **grate The Hartford’s technological** *\n* **tools into their sales strategies.** *\n* **BTSMs work out of 14 regional** *\n* **offices throughout the country,** *\n* **advising agents on the best way** *\n* **to use tools such as the Electronic** *\n* **Business Center and InterComm** *\n* **On the Net (ICON), a Web-based** *\n* **automated quoting system.** *\n21\n**N**  ew technology tools made The Hartford Experience—\ncustomer solutions, ease of doing business and\nextraordinary service—more real than ever for our cus-\ntomers in 2001.\nIt was a year that saw the debut of life operations’\nHartford Investor Web portal, expanded Web portals for\ngroup benefits administrators, and enhancements to\ntechnology for The Hartford’s property-casualty agents\nand customers.\nHartford Investor is both a versatile personal\nassistant and an aid in wholesaling, especially for the\nindependent financial planner channel. Broker-dealers\nand financial advisors can use it to research The\nHartford’s full complement of individual life and invest-\nment products, update their books of business in\nseconds, track daily fund performance, run financial-\nplanning models, receive online product training,\nproduce customized presentations and even submit\nbusiness electronically.\nIn short, the portal allows The Hartford to bring\nproducts and functions from a variety of sources into\none convenient online environment.\nHartford Investor has two strategic objectives:\nOne, deepen current intermediaries’ loyalty to The\nHartford by extending The Hartford Experience right to\ntheir desktops. Two, expand the network of intermedi-\naries by giving them the technological support they\nneed to grow their businesses.\nMore than 153,000 licensed intermediaries—from\nsolo advisors to members of large financial institu-\ntions—are appointed to sell The Hartford’s products.\nYet fewer than 60,000 actively write business for the\ncompany. The untapped potential is vast, especially\namong independents, the fastest-growing distribution\nchannel and the only one in which The Hartford doesn’t\nhold the largest market share.\nThat’s bound to change. With Hartford Investor\navailable on their desktops, intermediaries will have far",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf",
+                "query": "Regarding climate change, to what corresponds the \"average length of flood events ?",
+                "target_page": 11,
+                "target_passage": "The average length of flood events (number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall excess is positive, compared to the 95th percentile of the baseline",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\n2°C, although the geographical variation is still dominated by the non-climatic factors ( figure 7 ).\nTherefore, the ensemble-mean change is a reasonable guide to the results.\nThe ensemble mean is higher in nearly all assessed countries relative to the baseline ( figure 8 ).\nThe greatest increase was in Oman, followed by India, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia, then Brazil\nand a number of its neighbouring countries. Smaller increases in HCVI were seen across Africa.\nSoutheastern Africa showed larger increases than Central Africa. The HCVI decreased in three\ncountries: Mali, Burkino Faso and Sudan.\nThe ensemble members showed broadly consistent changes in HCVI at 2°C global warming,\nwith increases in most assessed countries and generally similar sets of countries experiencing the\nlargest and smallest changes. Southeastern Africa consistently showed larger increases in HCVI\nthan Central Africa, due to increased length of drought events projected in all ensemble members\n(not shown). The length of flood events was not projected to increase in this region. The Sahel\nregion consistently showed one or more countries with a small decrease in the HCVI, although\nthe precise country or countries varied between ensemble members. The decrease in HCVI here\nwas due to projected decreases in length of drought, with length of flood events projected to\nchange little.\nIndia is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase\nin length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased\nlength of drought which is again projected in all members.\nBrazil is projected to see increased HCVI, but for reasons which vary between ensemble\nmembers. Although the location of projected longer flood events varies across the country in\ndifferent members, the aggregation of the HCVI to the country level renders this geographical\nvariability irrelevant for such a large country because only the median value across the country\nis used in the HCVI. Some ensemble members project longer drought for Brazil, which again\ncontributed to increased HCVI.\n**13** ensemble mean\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M\n- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3\nchange in length of average flood event (days)\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure6.**  Simulatedchangesintheaveragelengthoffloodevents(numberofdaysinwhichthecumulativedailyrainfallexcess\nis positive, compared with the 95th percentile in 1981- 2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven\nbySSTsandSICsfromdifferentmembersoftheCMIP5ensemble,andtheensemblemean.Thelabelsaboveeachpanelidentify\nthe driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\nACCESS1-0\n- 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4\nIPSL-CM5A-LR",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nin flows—increasing the level of global warming magnifies the pattern of river flow changes,\nalthough not in all cases.\nThe range of projected mean run-off changes is larger for 2°C than 1.5°C in many basins,\nbut this was not always the case, with many basins showing similar or smaller ranges at\n2°C compared with 1.5°. Moreover, the ranges overlap substantially, so in terms of the set of\n**20**\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 2 - 1 0 1 2\n°C\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 14.**  Difference in annual maximum daily maximum temperature between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming, for individual\nensemble members and ensemble mean.\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\n% days\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 15.**  Difference between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming for percentage of days with maximum temperature above 90th\npercentile of baseline, for individual ensemble members and ensemble mean.\npossible outcomes projected here, the differences between 2°C and 1.5°C are not always clear. The\ndifferences between 2°C and 1.5°C are not always in the same direction as the changes at 2°C; in\nthe Amazon, for example, the difference in flow between 2°C and 1.5°C varies from positive to\nnegative between ensemble members.\n**21** ensemble mean\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\ndays\n**Figure 16.**  Difference in consecutive dry days between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming, for individual ensemble members and\nensemble mean.\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\nmm\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 17.**  Difference in annual maximum 5 day rainfall between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming, for individual ensemble\nmembers and ensemble mean.\n**22**\n0 - 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6\nvulnerability to food insecurity\n0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4\n**Figure 18.**  Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index at 1.5 ° C global warming (ensemble mean).\nACCESS1-0\n- 5.0 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5\nIPSL-CM5A-LR\nensemble mean\nchange in vulnerability to food insecurity\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM\nGFDL-ESM2M\n**Figure19.**  DifferenceinHungerandClimateVulnerabilityIndexbetween2 ° Cand1.5 ° Cglobalwarming,forindividualensemble\nmembers and ensemble mean.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nthe regions seeing an increase in mean run-off seeing a larger percentage increase in low\nrun-off—over 75% increases over much of North America, Eastern Europe and Asia. Note that\nthis does not necessarily imply a larger increase in absolute low flow compared to absolute mean\nflow, because the baseline is (by definition) smaller for low flows. In western Europe, where the\nchanges in mean flows were less than 5%, the ensemble-mean low flow decreases by between 5\n**15**\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 75 - 50 - 10 - 1 0 1 10 50 75\n%\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure9.**  Changesinrun-offformeanflowssimulatedbytheJULESecosystem- hydrologymodelundersixclimatesimulations\nat 2 ° C global warming. (  *a*  ) Ensemble mean and (  *b*  ) percentage of models agreeing on increased flow.\nand 75%, especially in the Iberian Peninsula. Southern Africa also sees a decrease in low flows\nwhere changes in mean flows were small. Changes in high run-off show similar patterns and\nmagnitudes to those in mean run-off.\nThe simulated changes in both mean and low run-off flows show substantial differences\namong the six simulations (figures 10 and 11 ). In most basins examined here, the range of\noutcomes include both increases and decreases in mean and low flows for any particular basin,\nbut generally with the largest proportion simulating increases in both mean and low flows. In a\nfew cases, notably the Lena in northeast Asia and Ganges in southeast Asia, the ensemble agreed\nentirely or almost entirely on increased flows. Even here, the range of outcomes is large, with the\nprojected flow increases in the Ganges for 2°C global warming ranging from approximately 30%\nto more than 110%.\nExceptions to the general picture of consensus on increasing flows are seen in the Amazon,\nOrange, Danube and Guadiana basins where the range of projected extends more towards\ndecreased mean flows. Mean flows in the Amazon are projected to decline by up to 25% for 2°C\nglobal warming. For low flows, the ensemble of projections entirely gives decreased flows at 2°C\nglobal warming for these basins.\nThe signal of decreased flows was stronger for low flows than mean flows, and indeed in the\nNiger, the range of mean flow changes extended more towards increases whereas the range of\nlow flow changes extended more towards decreases.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 5. Conclusion\n\nThe higher-resolution HadGEM3 simulations project consistent increases in temperature-related\nextremes, with larger changes at 2°C compared to 1.5°C and local changes being larger than the\nglobal annual mean. There is a higher degree of spatial variation in our projections compared\nwith CMIP5-based studies.\nIn the model projections examined here, changes relating to the water cycle are complex, both\nin their geographical pattern and in the variation between different models. The length of flooding\nevents generally increases across world in all models, but maximum rainfall can either increase or\ndecrease depending on locations. Global patterns of increase and decrease show some consistency\nbetween the different GWLs, but also some local differences. Worldwide, most impacts broadly\ntend to increase with global warming in most areas. For global mean changes, even when the sign\nof change is uncertain, individual realizations generally show reduced impact at 1.5°C compared\nwith 2°C. However, this does not always hold even at the scale of major global river basins.\nVulnerability to food insecurity increases more at 2°C global warming than 1.5°C in\napproximately three-quarters of countries assessed. The vulnerability increase can arise from\nincreases in either flooding or drought. Reduced drought leads to decreased vulnerability in a\nlimited number of cases.\nMost simulations here project a general increase in mean streamflow in most of the basins\nexamined, but with a number of notable exceptions in the tropics. While flows in the Ganges are\nconsistently projected to increase by 30- 110% at 2°C, Amazon flows could either increase by 3%",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nFor almost all quantities and simulations examined here, global-scale changes in extremes and\nrun-off at 1.5°C global warming ( table 6 ) are smaller than those compared to 2°C ( table 5 ;\nfigures 12 and 13 ). The exceptions to these are mean and low run-off which each show one\ninstance of a smaller change at 2°C than 1.5°C, but still with a majority of simulations showing\nlarger changes at 2°C ( figure 13 ). For temperature-related indices, the ranges of change at the two\nGWLs do not overlap—the change at 2°C in all members is larger than the change at 1.5°C in\n**16**\n**Figure 10.**  Distributions of changes in run-off for mean flows simulated by the JULES ecosystem- hydrology model under the\nensemble of six climate projections at 1.5 ° C (blue) and 2 ° C (orange) global warming. Boxes show the 25th and 75th percentile\nchanges, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not define the ends of the range, and crosses\nshow the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean flow in the baseline, in millimetres of rain\nequivalent.\nall members ( figure 12 ). This is not the case for the precipitation and run-off results; for those\nquantities, there is substantial overlap in the ranges of changes at 2°C and 1.5°C, so there is not a\nconsistent picture of how much wetter or drier the world is projected to be in this ensemble, even\nthough it involves a single atmosphere model.\nFor TXx, the difference between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming is larger than the 0.5°C\ndifference in global mean temperature across most of the land surface in all ensemble members\n( figure 14 ). Although some ensemble members simulate local temperatures to be higher at 1.5°C\nglobal warming than 2°C in some small regions, these are relatively localized and most regions\nare cooler at 1.5°C global warming than 2°C. In many regions, the difference is between 0.5°C and\n1.0°C, but many other regions see larger differences. In several ensemble members, the difference\nis 1.5°C, 2°C or larger in large parts of North America, South America, Europe and China.\nFor example, over parts of Europe, where annual maximum daily temperature was projected",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nRlow (%) − 2.0 3.8 11.2 8.0 9.4 5.1 5.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nareas are projected to see an increase in flood event lengths of 4 days or more, particularly India\nand Bangladesh, for which such increases are projected in all ensemble members to some extent.\nIncreases of 2- 4 days are also projected in parts of Brazil by all ensemble members, although\nthe magnitude and location within the country varied between members. Similar increases are\nprojected in the region of the Horn of Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula in several members.\nThe HCVI calculated for 2°C global warming showed very large geographical variability\n( figure 7 ) which relates largely to differences in socio-economic factors [ 22 ]. Differences in the\nclimate change simulated in different ensemble members leads to some variation in the HCVI at\n**12** ensemble mean\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\nmm\nHadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 5.**  Simulated changes in the annual maximum rainfall over 5 days relative to 1981- 2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for\nindividual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from different members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble\nmean. The labels above each panel identify the driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 4. Discussion\n\nIn most cases, global mean changes at 2°C are larger than those at 1.5°C, not only for individual\nmembers but also for the ensemble as a whole. All ensemble members show increases in TXx at\n2°C which are larger than all changes at 1.5°C, and same true for most other variables.\n**23**\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n0\n%\n5 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 20 10 15 20\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\nHadGEM2-ES\n**Figure20.**  Differencebetween2 ° Cand1.5 ° Cglobalwarminginpercentagechangesinmean(top)run-offinJULESsimulations\ndrivenbytheensembleofHadGEM3simulations.Notethattheuseofpercentagechangesemphasizeschangesinregionswhere\nthe baseline streamflow is small.\nThe largest regional differences between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming tend to be in the\nregions where the local impact is largest relative to the baseline. For TXx this is generally the mid-\nlatitudes, whereas for TX90p it is generally the tropics. So, broadly, the impacts at 1.5°C global\nwarming could be estimated by scaling-back the impacts at 2°C.\nThese results show some similarities with those from the CMIP5 models [ 9 , 38 ], but also some\nnotable differences. The CMIP5 models were at lower spatial resolution than the models used\nhere. Although the general patterns of change in TXx are broadly similar in our study and\nCMIP5, with greater warming in many continental interiors, is notable that our results show more\nmarked geographical variation than those from CMIP5 projections ([ 9 ], among others), with the\ncontinental interior warming being more intense in our projections. In particular, our results with\nHadGEM3 show more intense increases in maximum temperature in North America and Europe.\nOur projections of changes in consecutive dry days (CDD) broadly consistent with those found\nin a subset of the CMIP5 ensemble [ 9 ], although there are some differences. Our ensemble mean\nsuggests shorter dry spells in the central Amazon, whereas ISIMIP-indicated longer dry spells.\nAlso, as with the temperature indices, our results show greater geographical differentiation in the\nintensity of changes.\nThe decrease in Rx5day in some regions in our simulations contrasts with the subset of",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (c) Food security: the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index\n\nUN Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Development Programme and UN Population\nFund [ 22 ]. The exposure component comprised proxies for the average length of flood and\ndrought events calculated with daily precipitation data [ 23 ] ( table 2 ). These proxies were chosen\nabove other possible metrics as they were required to replace self-reported instances of flood\nand drought events used in the original HCVI, which correlate with undernutrition data at the\ncountry-level [ 23 ]. The proxies were therefore masked to only include data where a significant\nproportion of people live and grow crops before aggregating to country level and combining to\ncomprise a measure of exposure [ 23 ]; nevertheless, it is recognized that precipitation data alone\nmay not always be adequate for representing flood and drought events, so the current method is\nregarded as preliminary.\nThe impacts of projected climate change, therefore, act through changes in these quantities. In\nthe current version of the HCVI, climate-change impacts on other quantities such as crop yield\nare not considered. Socio-economic factors affecting sensitivity and adaptive capacity are fixed at\npresent-day conditions.\nThe ensemble-mean baseline HCVI calculated with the high-resolution bias-corrected\nHadGEM3 ensemble is shown in figure 1 . The spatial pattern is compatible with HCVI values\ncalculated using reanalysis data at the CMIP5 grid-scale resolution [ 23 ]; the most vulnerable\nregions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This higher-resolution climate data enables\ninclusion of additional countries which were not resolved in the lower-resolution CMIP5 data.\n**7** In the present study, processing errors in the input data for one ensemble member, the\nHadGEM2-ES-driven member, caused the results to be invalid. Results for this member for the\nHCVI are, therefore, not presented here.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nto increase by over 5°C for a 2°C global warming, the local increase is limited to 3- 4°C for\n1.5°C global warming. Limiting global warming by half a degree Celsius would, therefore, limit\nmaximum temperatures by three or four times as much in those areas ( figure 14 ).\nAt 1.5°C global warming, although the increases in TXx are smaller than at 2°C, these increases\nshow similar geographical patterns as for 2°C in all ensemble members, with larger changes in\ncontinental interiors especially in the mid-latitudes (not shown).\nThe percentage of days exceeding the 90th percentile of daily temperature (Tx90p) also\nincreases less at 1.5°C global warming than at 2°C ( figure 15 ). The largest reductions are in the\ntropics, where the largest increase was seen at 2°C; whereas at 2°C global warming, 50% or more\n**17**\n**Figure 11.**  Distributions of changes in run-off for low flows (flows for lowest 10% of time) simulated by the JULES ecosystem-\nhydrology model under the ensemble of six climate projections at 1.5 ° C (blue) and 2 ° C (orange) global warming. Boxes show\nthe 25th and 75th percentile changes, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not define the ends of\nthe range, and crosses show the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean flow in the baseline,\nin millimetres of rain equivalent.\n**Table 6.**  Global mean changes at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the\nClimPACT indices, the flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean\nprecipitation (Pmean), mean run-off (Rmean) and low run-off (Rlow).\nIPSL-\nCM5A-LR\nGFDL-\nESM2M\nHadGEM2-\nES\nIPSL-\nCM5A-MR\nMIROC-\nESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\nensemble\nmean\nTXx ( ° C) 1.2 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\ndays were projected to exceed the baseline 10th percentile, at 1.5°C this reduces by 15- 20% or\nmore. Again, the patterns of change at 1.5°C retain a similar geographical pattern of greater\nincreases in the tropics than mid-latitudes (electronic supplementary material).\n**18** (  *b*  )\n(  *d*  )\n(  *a*  ) TXx (°C)\nCDD (days)\n1.5°C 2°C\nTX90p (% time)\nRX5day (mm)\n3.5 3.0\n2.5 2.0\n1.5 1.0\n0.5 0\n2.0\n0.0\n- 2.0\n- 4.0\n- 6.0 IPSL-CM5A-LR IPSL-CM5A-MR GFDL-ESM2M MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0 ensemble mean HadGEM2-ES IPSL-CM5A-LR IPSL-CM5A-MR GFDL-ESM2M MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0 ensemble mean HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-LR IPSL-CM5A-MR GFDL-ESM2M MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0 ensemble mean HadGEM2-ES IPSL-CM5A-LR IPSL-CM5A-MR GFDL-ESM2M MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0 ensemble mean HadGEM2-ES\n8.0\n6.0\n4.0\n2.0\n0\n35\n30\n25\n20\n15 10\n5 0\n(  *c*  )\n**Figure 12.**  Comparison of global mean changes in climate extremes indices relative to 1981- 2010 at 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global\nwarming for individual ensemble members and ensemble mean. (  *a*  ) Change in annual daily maximum temperature;\n(  *b*  ) percentage of days with maximum temperature above 90th percentile for 1981- 2010; (  *c*  ) change in consecutive dry days;\n(  *d*  ) change in annual maximum 5-day rainfall.\nFor precipitation, generally similar changes are seen at 1.5°C global warming as at 2°C, but\nsmaller in magnitude (compare figures 16 and 4 ), suggesting that most of these changes are a\nresponse to radiatively forced climate change as opposed to internal climate variability. However,\nsome localized changes do vary in sign between the GWLs, such as in South Australia, suggesting\na possible dominance of internal variability over the global warming signal in these places.\nWhere Rx5day increases, the increases are projected to be larger—in some cases approximately\ndouble—at 2°C global warming than 1.5°C. Where Rx5day decreases, again the decreases are\nprojected to be larger at 2°C global warming than 1.5°C ( figure 17 ).\nOf the 122 countries assessed, 93 have smaller ensemble-mean HCVI calculated at 1.5°C global\nwarming than at 2°C, indicating an ensemble consensus that 76% of assessed countries would\nsee a smaller increase in vulnerability to food insecurity if global warming were limited to 1.5°C\n(figures 18 and 19 ). Conversely, 24% of countries would, by this metric, see the same or higher",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the projected situation of India regarding HCVI (Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index)?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": "India is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase in length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased length of drought which is again projected in all members",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
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+                }
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (c) Food security: the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index\n\nTo assess implications of climate change for vulnerability to food insecurity, we used an\nadaptation of the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index (HCVI) [ 22 ]. The HCVI was developed\nby the United Nations World Food Programme to provide a country-level assessment of\nvulnerability to food insecurity as a result of climate-related events. We used a new iteration of the\nHCVI which makes use of gridded climate model projections to understand the impact of climate\nchange on vulnerability to food insecurity, and the benefits that adaptation can bring via scenarios\nof adaptation investment [ 23 ]. This iteration of the HCVI only considers in-country production\nof food and does not account for food trade. For this reason, the HCVI is only calculated for\n122 developing and least-developed countries (defined here as countries not in the OECD or EU\nwhich can be resolved by the scale of the climate model; i.e. larger than 500 km <sup>2</sup> ).\nThe index provides quantification at the national level across the globe of the scale and\ndirection of impact of climate change on food insecurity. As such, it aims to provide the following:\n(i) information to help policy-makers understand the level of challenge to global food security that\nclimate change presents; (ii) information on the geography of the impacts and help to evaluate the\nrelative benefits of mitigation and adaptation responses.\nThe index is not intended to be a detailed planning tool, but aims to help planners evaluate the\nnature of the top-level threat to food insecurity that climate change presents, thereby supporting\nprioritization of effort.\nThe HCVI consists of three equally weighted components: exposure to climate-related hazards,\nsensitivity of national agricultural production to climate-related hazards, and adaptive capacity—\na measure of a country’s ability to cope with climate-related food shocks. The sensitivity and\nadaptive capacity components are based on data from the World Bank, World Resources Institute,\n**6**\n0 - 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6\nvulnerability to food insecurity\n0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4\n**Figure 1.**  Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index for 1981- 2010 climate (ensemble mean across the bias-corrected HadGEM3\nensemble).\n**Table 2.**  Proxies for flood and drought events used in the HCVI.\nextreme weather event description of proxy\naverage length of flood events number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall excess is positive,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nvulnerability to food insecurity at 1.5°C than 2°C. Of these, some are countries where HCVI\nis projected to be lower at 2°C global warming than in the baseline. For example, in Mali the\nensemble-mean baseline HCVI of 0.83 increased slightly to 0.85 at 1.5°C then reduced to 0.81\nat 2°C. In some countries, the ensemble-mean HCVI happened to be identical at both warming\nlevels. In Chad, for example, the baseline HCVI of 0.89 increased to 0.91 at both 1.5°C and 2°C.\nAs noted above, four countries saw ensemble-mean HCVI values at 2°C above any seen\nin the baseline, and this number increased to seven at 1.5°C. The same four countries with\n‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at 2°C also saw ‘unprecedented’ values at 1.5°C; these were Oman,\nBangladesh, Mauritania and Yemen. These were joined by Myanmar, India and Cambodia as\nhaving ‘unprecedented’ values at 1.5°C. The role of internal climate variability in the HCVI\nresults needs to be assessed, as does the effect of potential nonlinear interactions between the\nflood and drought metric. Until the reasons behind these country-specific results are understood,\n**19**\n(  *b*  )\n(  *a*  )\n(  *c*  )\nPmean (%)\n6.0\n5.0\n4.0\n3.0\n2.0\n1.0\n0\n10.0\n8.0\n6.0\n4.0\n2.0\n0\n12.0\n8.0\n4.0\n0.0\n- 4.0\nRmean (%)\nRlow (%)\nIPSL-CM5A-LR IPSL-CM5A-MR GFDL-ESM2M MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0 HadGEM2-ES\n1.5°C 2°C\n**Figure13.**  Globalmeanpercentagechangesrelativeto1981- 2010in(  *a*  )precipitationoverland,(  *b*  )meanrun-offflows,(  *c*  )low\nrun-off lows (10th percentile), at 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming.\nthis comparison of the number of ‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at 1.5°C and 2°C should be\ntreated with caution. Nevertheless, the finding that some countries see HCVI values higher at\neither or both 1.5°C and 2°C compared to the baseline may indicate that climate change has the\npotential to lead to unprecedented levels of vulnerability to food insecurity in some countries.\nMore robustly, it can be concluded that by this metric, overall worldwide vulnerability to food\ninsecurity generally increases with global warming, and for approximately three-quarters of\ncountries assessed, this increase is larger at 2°C than 1.5°C.\nIn the ensemble mean, changes in mean, low and high flows are generally larger at 2°C global\nwarming compared to 1.5°C ( figure 20 ). This is often the case for both increases and decreases",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nensemble mean\nvulnerability to food insecurity\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM\nGFDL-ESM2M\n**Figure 7.**  Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index calculated for simulated climate states at 2 ° C global warming for five\nindividual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from different members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble\nmean.\n**14**\nACCESS1-0\n- 1.00 - 0.75 - 0.50 - 0.25 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00\nIPSL-CM5A-LR\nensemble mean\nchange in vulnerability to food insecurity\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM\nGFDL-ESM2M\n**Figure 8.**  Change in Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index relative to baseline calculated for simulated climate states at 2 ° C\nglobalwarming,forfiveindividualHadGEM3simulationsdrivenbySSTsandSICsfromdifferentmembersoftheCMIP5ensemble,\nand the ensemble mean.\nFour countries show ensemble-mean HCVI values at 2°C global warming that are higher\nthan any seen in the baseline climate; these are Oman, Bangladesh, Mauritania and Yemen.\nThe implication of such HCVI values is that climate change at 2°C is projected to cause levels\nof vulnerability to food insecurity that are greater than any seen in the present day. For\nindividual ensemble members, the number of countries with ‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at\n2°C varies from three to seven. Conversely, many countries in the baseline climate have levels\nof vulnerability to food insecurity that are greater than those expected in other countries under\n2°C global warming. This suggests that other factors are already posing greater risk for food\ninsecurity than 2°C climate change is expected to cause in other countries, so the increased risk\nfrom climate change should not overshadow the need to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity\narising from non-climatic factors. There is scope to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity by\naddressing various socio-economic issues in such counties.\nThe JULES simulations show a general tendency towards increased run-off over\napproximately half of the land surface ( figure 9 ) and the majority of the major river basins\nassessed ( figure 10 ), but with large regional uncertainties including the possibility of decreased\nflows in many basins. The ensemble-mean change in mean streamflow shows an increase of\nbetween 5 and 25% over most of the Northern Hemisphere land surface, with some regions seeing\nan increase of over 50% at 2°C global warming. Notable exceptions to this are western Europe and\nsouthcentral USA, which see less than a 5% change in run-off, and the already very dry region of\nthe Sahara Desert where the existing very small run-off become even smaller.\nEnsemble-mean projected changes in low run-off flows are generally larger ( figure 11 ), with",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (c) Food security: the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index\n\nUN Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Development Programme and UN Population\nFund [ 22 ]. The exposure component comprised proxies for the average length of flood and\ndrought events calculated with daily precipitation data [ 23 ] ( table 2 ). These proxies were chosen\nabove other possible metrics as they were required to replace self-reported instances of flood\nand drought events used in the original HCVI, which correlate with undernutrition data at the\ncountry-level [ 23 ]. The proxies were therefore masked to only include data where a significant\nproportion of people live and grow crops before aggregating to country level and combining to\ncomprise a measure of exposure [ 23 ]; nevertheless, it is recognized that precipitation data alone\nmay not always be adequate for representing flood and drought events, so the current method is\nregarded as preliminary.\nThe impacts of projected climate change, therefore, act through changes in these quantities. In\nthe current version of the HCVI, climate-change impacts on other quantities such as crop yield\nare not considered. Socio-economic factors affecting sensitivity and adaptive capacity are fixed at\npresent-day conditions.\nThe ensemble-mean baseline HCVI calculated with the high-resolution bias-corrected\nHadGEM3 ensemble is shown in figure 1 . The spatial pattern is compatible with HCVI values\ncalculated using reanalysis data at the CMIP5 grid-scale resolution [ 23 ]; the most vulnerable\nregions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This higher-resolution climate data enables\ninclusion of additional countries which were not resolved in the lower-resolution CMIP5 data.\n**7** In the present study, processing errors in the input data for one ensemble member, the\nHadGEM2-ES-driven member, caused the results to be invalid. Results for this member for the\nHCVI are, therefore, not presented here.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\n2°C, although the geographical variation is still dominated by the non-climatic factors ( figure 7 ).\nTherefore, the ensemble-mean change is a reasonable guide to the results.\nThe ensemble mean is higher in nearly all assessed countries relative to the baseline ( figure 8 ).\nThe greatest increase was in Oman, followed by India, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia, then Brazil\nand a number of its neighbouring countries. Smaller increases in HCVI were seen across Africa.\nSoutheastern Africa showed larger increases than Central Africa. The HCVI decreased in three\ncountries: Mali, Burkino Faso and Sudan.\nThe ensemble members showed broadly consistent changes in HCVI at 2°C global warming,\nwith increases in most assessed countries and generally similar sets of countries experiencing the\nlargest and smallest changes. Southeastern Africa consistently showed larger increases in HCVI\nthan Central Africa, due to increased length of drought events projected in all ensemble members\n(not shown). The length of flood events was not projected to increase in this region. The Sahel\nregion consistently showed one or more countries with a small decrease in the HCVI, although\nthe precise country or countries varied between ensemble members. The decrease in HCVI here\nwas due to projected decreases in length of drought, with length of flood events projected to\nchange little.\nIndia is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase\nin length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased\nlength of drought which is again projected in all members.\nBrazil is projected to see increased HCVI, but for reasons which vary between ensemble\nmembers. Although the location of projected longer flood events varies across the country in\ndifferent members, the aggregation of the HCVI to the country level renders this geographical\nvariability irrelevant for such a large country because only the median value across the country\nis used in the HCVI. Some ensemble members project longer drought for Brazil, which again\ncontributed to increased HCVI.\n**13** ensemble mean\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M\n- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3\nchange in length of average flood event (days)\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure6.**  Simulatedchangesintheaveragelengthoffloodevents(numberofdaysinwhichthecumulativedailyrainfallexcess\nis positive, compared with the 95th percentile in 1981- 2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven\nbySSTsandSICsfromdifferentmembersoftheCMIP5ensemble,andtheensemblemean.Thelabelsaboveeachpanelidentify\nthe driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\nACCESS1-0\n- 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4\nIPSL-CM5A-LR",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR 2023 2036 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM 2020 2032 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 1. Introduction\n\nused indices of climate extremes, and a further index quantifying relative vulnerability to food\ninsecurity which combines climate extremes indices with information on a range of factors\nrepresenting sensitivity and adaptability of food systems to climate hazards. We also use the\nclimate projections to drive a global land surface model to simulate changes in run-off as\nan indicator of freshwater availability. We assess whether regional extremes are projected to\nincrease or decrease at 2°C global warming, and whether the consequent impact on drought and\nvulnerability to food insecurity become greater or smaller. We also assess whether these changes\nare reduced by limiting global warming to 1.5°C. We explore some of the uncertainties in these\nprojections, and, in particular, examine whether the use of ensemble-mean projections is a useful\nsimple guide to impacts projections or whether this can lead to a misleading impression for some\nimpacts. Regarding vulnerability to food insecurity, we consider the impacts of global warming\nat 1.5°C and 2°C alongside socio-economic influences that affect the sensitivity to climate change.\nWe also consider our climate-change impacts results in comparison with other studies using older,\nlower-resolution climate projections.\nA large number of previous studies have assessed potential impacts of future climate change\nusing the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensemble or subsets of this [ 7 ],\nand some have framed this in terms of impacts at global warming of 1.5°C and/or 2°C [ 8 , 9 ]. We\nalso base our study on a subset of CMIP5 projections, but use a new, higher-resolution atmosphere\nmodel to provide greater spatial detail and improved representation of atmospheric processes.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nGFDL-ESM2M 2036 2051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nHadGEM2-ES 2019 2033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nRlow (%) − 2.0 3.8 11.2 8.0 9.4 5.1 5.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nareas are projected to see an increase in flood event lengths of 4 days or more, particularly India\nand Bangladesh, for which such increases are projected in all ensemble members to some extent.\nIncreases of 2- 4 days are also projected in parts of Brazil by all ensemble members, although\nthe magnitude and location within the country varied between members. Similar increases are\nprojected in the region of the Horn of Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula in several members.\nThe HCVI calculated for 2°C global warming showed very large geographical variability\n( figure 7 ) which relates largely to differences in socio-economic factors [ 22 ]. Differences in the\nclimate change simulated in different ensemble members leads to some variation in the HCVI at\n**12** ensemble mean\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\nmm\nHadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 5.**  Simulated changes in the annual maximum rainfall over 5 days relative to 1981- 2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for\nindividual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from different members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble\nmean. The labels above each panel identify the driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (c) Food security: the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index\n\ncompared with the 95th percentile in the 1981- 2010 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\naverage length of drought events number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall deficit is positive,\ncompared with the 20th percentile in the 1981- 2010 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf",
+                "query": "Regarding climate change simulation, what is JULES ?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "Impacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [24,25], a coupled ecosystem–hydrology–surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (d) Freshwater resources: run-off\n\nImpacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [ 24 , 25 ], a\ncoupled ecosystem- hydrology- surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes\nof water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way, typically applied at global scales.\nVariants of JULES form the land surface scheme of Met Office Hadley Centre Earth System\nModels [ 26 , 27 ] and have been used to assess impacts of climate change on global terrestrial\necosystems and hydrology [ 28 - 30 ] within such models. JULES can also be used outside of the\nEarth System Model (ESM), driven by meteorological outputs of other ESMs to assess impacts of\na wider range of climate projections [ 6 , 8 ]. Here we use a new, higher-resolution configuration of\nJULES on a global grid of 0.5° resolution [ 31 ].\nIt has been noted that hydrological impacts models driven by climate-change projections\nfrom climate models tend to give more severe drying than simulated in the climate models\nthemselves [ 32 - 34 ]. This is largely attributed to the inclusion of plant stomatal closure in\nresponse to elevated CO 2 in the climate model land surface schemes, which generally reduces\nevapotranspiration relative to climate projections without this process and hence further increases\nrun-off/streamflow or ameliorates decreases [ 34 ]. This process is often omitted from standard\nhydrological models. Plant physiological responses to CO 2 are included in the JULES model, so\nour projections of changes in run-off here do account for this process.\nWe used each HadGEM3 simulation to drive JULES to simulate changes in run-off due to\nthe effects of climate change and CO 2 rise on precipitation, evaporation and transpiration. We\nanalysed 30 year periods centred around the year of crossing GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to\npre-industrial. We examined changes in both mean flows and low flows (defined as the flows for\nthe lowest 10% of time).",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (e) Correctingbiasesinclimatemodeloutputandimplicationsfordefininglevelsofglobal\n\nwarming\nThe ClimPACT extreme weather indices, HCVI and JULES run-off simulations were all performed\nusing outputs from the higher-resolution HadGEM3 projections described in §2a. However, there\nwere some differences in how these data were applied, with different approaches to the treatment\nof systematic biases in the climate model output. For the ClimPACT analysis, it was considered\nimportant to assess changes in the raw climate model output, because this directly represents\nthe behaviour of the model itself. The main focus was on the changes relative to the present-\nday baseline climate, defined as 1981- 2010, with absolute values in either the baseline or the\nGWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C being only of secondary interest. For the HCVI and JULES run-off\nanalyses, however, it was considered important to correct for systematic biases in the climate\nmodel output, because these can lead to unrealistic representations of the key quantities in the\npresent-day simulation [ 35 ]. A bias-correction methodology was, therefore, applied for these two\nparts of the analysis, whereby the model output was adjusted to make it consistent with an\nobserved climatology [ 36 ]. We used a multi-segment statistical bias-correction methodology for\nprecipitation [ 37 ], and a modification of this for other variables [ 37 ].\nThis difference in approach led to inconsistencies in the definitions of the dates of GWLs\nin the two parts of the study. In the extremes analysis using raw model output, the dates of\npassing GWLs were defined on the basis of the global mean temperatures in the driving CMIP5\nmodels relative to those models’ simulations of global mean temperature in 1870- 1899 ( table 3 ).\nHowever, in the HCVI and JULES analyses which used bias-corrected data, it was considered\nmore appropriate for the GWLs to be defined using the warming in the observational dataset\n**8 Table 3.**  Time of reaching GWLs of 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C in the raw output from the HadGEM3 climate simulations, driven by different\nsetsofCMIP5sea-surfacetemperatures.Thedatesarethecentreyearofa20-yearperiodforwhichtheclimatedataareapplied\nto the calculation of the ClimPACT indices.\ndriving SSTs 1.5 ° C 2.0 ° C\nIPSL-CM5A-LR 2015 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nThere are a number of ways in which 1.5°C or 2°C global warming can be defined—one could\nbe the long-term climate state following a stabilization of warming at that level, another could\nbe the state over a shorter period around the time of first reaching that level. Here we choose the\nsecond definition, which is what is seen first and hence needs to be adapted to. There are also\na number of methods with which such changes can be assessed [ 10 ]. We take the opportunity\nof availability of a new set of higher-resolutions transient climate and impacts simulations, and\nuse a time-sampling methodology [ 10 ] to assess global-scale impacts at these resolutions for the\nfirst time.\n**4** Rather than using the original CMIP5 ensemble as in previous studies, the aim is to allow for\nan improved representation of atmospheric and land surface processes including extremes by\nusing higher spatial resolution [ 11 ].\nHadGEM3 (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3) is a configuration of the UK\nMet Office Unified Model (MetUM) which has been developed for use for both climate research\nand weather prediction applications. It is the result of converging the development of the Met\nOffice’s weather and climate global atmospheric model components so that, where possible,\natmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and\ntimescales.\nThe high-resolution simulations were performed using the HadGEM3A Global Atmosphere\n(GA) 3.0 model [ 12 - 14 ] at a resolution of N216 (0.556° of latitude by 0.833° of longitude with\ngridboxes of approx. 60 km length in mid-latitudes). This is the atmospheric component of\nthe HadGEM3-GC2 coupled climate model [ 15 , 16 ], which is part of the HadGEM3 family of\nclimate models [ 12 ]. This represents the third generation of HadGEM configurations, leading\non from the HadGEM2 family of climate model configurations [ 13 ] which was used for CMIP5.\nKey improvements over the previous model, HadGEM2, include increased vertical levels in the\natmosphere (85 compared to 38) and substantial changes to the model dynamics (ENDGame) [ 17 ].\nThis version of the HadGEM3 model lies in the transition from CMIP5 to CMIP6 versions. The Met\nOffice is currently operationally running the coupled HadGEM3-GC2 model at N216 resolution",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nfor seasonal and decadal forecasting and clear benefits are emerging from this use at higher\nresolution [ 18 , 19 ].\nWe ran the model using only its atmosphere and land components, with time-varying sea-\nsurface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-ice concentrations (SICs) prescribed as input quantities. This\napproach was taken for two reasons: (i) to provide a rapid first analysis of the implications\nof the higher resolution for projections of climate extremes and impacts—an atmosphere-\nonly simulation requires considerably less computing time than a coupled ocean- atmosphere\ngeneral circulation model (GCM); (ii) to allow us to explore, to some degree, uncertainties in\nregional climate changes by using SSTs and SICs from different climate models. To explore these\nuncertainties in the regional impacts of climate change, we carried out six HadGEM3 atmospheric\nsimulations driven by time-varying SSTs and SICs from a subset of projections from the CMIP5\nwith the RCP8.5 scenario. The assumption here is that SSTs and SICs provide a substantial\ninfluence on regional patterns of climate change over land, so using a range of SST and SIC\npatterns in a single atmosphere model goes some way towards representing the range of regional\nclimate changes that would arise in a set of different coupled ocean- atmosphere GCMs. This\napproach will not capture the full range of uncertainty affecting regional climate changes over\nland, because it still relies on one atmosphere model and one land surface scheme, so responses\nto radiative forcing that depend mainly on atmospheric process or land-atmosphere interactions\nwill still be constrained by the behaviour of that single model. Nevertheless, we consider that\nour experimental design avoids the reliance on one single realization of climate and hence allows\nsome of the uncertainties in regional climate-change impacts to be illustrated and explored.\nThe SSTs and SICs were taken from a subset of the CMIP5 transient projections performed with\nthe RCP8.5 scenario from 1979 to 2100—the CMIP5 members were selected as representative of a\nrange of outcomes for future climate change, including high and low climate sensitivity, different\nbiases in baseline precipitation climatology, and different global patterns of precipitation change.\nSpecific levels of global warming such as 1.5°C or 2°C were defined on the basis of the global\nmean temperature in the original CMIP5 projections. The time of reaching a specific level of global",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (e) Correctingbiasesinclimatemodeloutputandimplicationsfordefininglevelsofglobal\n\nlead to some degree of inconsistency between the analysis of the ClimPACT extremes and the\nHCVI and JULES impacts projections.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nFor almost all quantities and simulations examined here, global-scale changes in extremes and\nrun-off at 1.5°C global warming ( table 6 ) are smaller than those compared to 2°C ( table 5 ;\nfigures 12 and 13 ). The exceptions to these are mean and low run-off which each show one\ninstance of a smaller change at 2°C than 1.5°C, but still with a majority of simulations showing\nlarger changes at 2°C ( figure 13 ). For temperature-related indices, the ranges of change at the two\nGWLs do not overlap—the change at 2°C in all members is larger than the change at 1.5°C in\n**16**\n**Figure 10.**  Distributions of changes in run-off for mean flows simulated by the JULES ecosystem- hydrology model under the\nensemble of six climate projections at 1.5 ° C (blue) and 2 ° C (orange) global warming. Boxes show the 25th and 75th percentile\nchanges, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not define the ends of the range, and crosses\nshow the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean flow in the baseline, in millimetres of rain\nequivalent.\nall members ( figure 12 ). This is not the case for the precipitation and run-off results; for those\nquantities, there is substantial overlap in the ranges of changes at 2°C and 1.5°C, so there is not a\nconsistent picture of how much wetter or drier the world is projected to be in this ensemble, even\nthough it involves a single atmosphere model.\nFor TXx, the difference between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming is larger than the 0.5°C\ndifference in global mean temperature across most of the land surface in all ensemble members\n( figure 14 ). Although some ensemble members simulate local temperatures to be higher at 1.5°C\nglobal warming than 2°C in some small regions, these are relatively localized and most regions\nare cooler at 1.5°C global warming than 2°C. In many regions, the difference is between 0.5°C and\n1.0°C, but many other regions see larger differences. In several ensemble members, the difference\nis 1.5°C, 2°C or larger in large parts of North America, South America, Europe and China.\nFor example, over parts of Europe, where annual maximum daily temperature was projected",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nwarming, therefore, varied between ensemble members. The CMIP5 SSTs were not bias-corrected,\nwhich means that the results here may be sensitive to systematic errors arising from biases in the\npresent-day SST patterns.\nAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed from the standard RCP8.5\nconcentration scenario. Aerosol concentrations were calculated within the model, with aerosol\nemissions prescribed again from the standard RCP8.5 scenario. This means that the greenhouse\ngas and aerosol concentrations, and hence radiative forcing, were the same in all ensemble\n**5 Table 1.**  ClimPACT weather extremes indices.\nID definition units sector of relevance\nTXx annual maximum daily maximum temperature ° C health, agriculture and food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nTX90p percentage of days above the 90th percentile\nof daily maximum temperature in the\n1981- 2010 average\n% health, agriculture and food security,\nwater resources and hydrology\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (e) Correctingbiasesinclimatemodeloutputandimplicationsfordefininglevelsofglobal\n\nGFDL-ESM2M 2040 2055 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nHadGEM2-ES 2027 2039 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nmembers at any given date. Since specific levels of global warming such as 1.5°C or 2°C were\nreached at different times in the different ensemble members, according to the SST forcings used,\nany given level of global warming could be associated with different radiative forcings in different\nensemble members. In any given ensemble member at any specific level of global warming, the\nCO 2 concentration and SSTs were the same as in the driving CMIP5 model at that GWL. Land\ncover was fixed in this simulation—there was no dynamic vegetation nor any time-dependent\nanthropogenic land use change.\nSome comparison of the higher-resolution atmospheric simulations with the original CMIP5\nsimulations, is provided by Wyser  *et al.*  [ 20 ].",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## References\n\ndegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global\nwarming targets.  *WIREs Clim Change*   **8**  , e457. ( [doi:10.1002/wcc.457](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.457) )\n11. Haarsma RJ  *et al.*  2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for\nCMIP6.  *Geosci. Model Dev.*   **9**  , 4185- 4208. ( [doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016](http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016) )\n12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke\nEC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation\nMet Office climate modelling system.  *Geosci. Model Dev.*   **4**  , 223- 253. ( [doi:10.5194/gmd-4-](http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-223-2011)\n[223-2011](http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-223-2011) ).\n13. Martin GM  *et al.*  2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate\nconfigurations.  *Geosci. Model Dev.*   **4**  , 723- 757. ( [doi:10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011](http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-723-2011) )\n14. Walters DN  *et al.*  2011 The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 3.0/3.1 and\nJULES global land 3.0/3.1 configurations.  *Geosci. Model Dev.*   **4**  , 919- 941. ( [doi:10.5194/gmd-](http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-919-2011)\n[4-919-2011](http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-919-2011) )\n15. Williams KD  *et al.*  2015 The Met Office Global Coupled Model 2.0 (GC2) configuration.  *Geosci.*\n*Model Dev.*   **8**  , 1509- 1524. ( [doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015](http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015) )\n16. Senior CA  *et al.*  2016 Idealized climate change simulations with a high-resolution physical\nmodel: HadGEM3-GC2.  *J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.*   **8**  , 813- 830. ( [doi:10.1002/2015MS000614](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000614) )\n17. Wood N  *et*   *al.*  2014 An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian\ndiscretization of the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations.  *Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.*\n**140**  , 1505- 1520. ( [doi:10.1002/qj.2235](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.2235) )\n18. MacLachlan C  *et al.*  2014 Global seasonal forecast system version 5 (GloSea5): a high-\nresolution seasonal forecast system.  *Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.*   **141**  , 1072- 1084. ( [doi:10.1002/qj.2396](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.2396) )\n19. Knight J  *et al.*  2014 Predictions of climate several years ahead using an improved decadal\nprediction system.  *J. Clim.*   **27**  , 7550- 7567. ( [doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00069.1](http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00069.1) )\n20. Wyser K  *et al.*  2016 Documentation of changes in climate variability and extremes simulated\nby the HELIX AGCMs at the 3 SWLs and comparison to changes in equivalent SST/SIC low-\nresolution CMIP5 projections. HELIX project deliverable 3.1.\n21. Alexander L, Yang H, Perkins S. 2018 ClimPACT—Indices and Software. User Manual.\nSee [http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/](http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/ETCRSCI_software_documentation_v2a.doc)\n[ETCRSCI_software_documentation_v2a.doc](http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/opace/opace4/meetings/documents/ETCRSCI_software_documentation_v2a.doc) (accessed on 5 February 2018).\n**27** 22. Krishnamurthy PK, Lewis K, Choularton RJ. 2014 A methodological framework for rapidly",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf",
+                "query": "Which of #climatechange and #globalwarming is the most used ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained #climatechange, and 887,731 contained #globalwarming",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the\n\ntop five nodes, whereas they were ranked 14th and 24th in the #climatechange network, respectively.\n**Table 1.**  The top 50 central hashtags on Twitter surrounding #climatechange and #globalwarming from\n2009 to 2018. The hashtag with * is explained in Appendix A in ascending alphabetical order.\n**No. #Climatechange #Globalwarming**\n**Hashtag Centrality Hashtag Centrality**\n1 climate 0.466 climate 0.530\n2 environment 0.465 environment 0.446\n3 climateaction 0.391 science 0.319\n4 sustainability 0.316 earth 0.296\n5 science 0.314 weather 0.280\n6 energy 0.283 us * 0.280\n7 trump 0.257 trump 0.263\n8 us * 0.247 pollution 0.256\n9 cop21 * 0.232 co2 0.244\n10 parisagreement * 0.232 green 0.239\n11 actonclimate * 0.225 tcot * 0.229\n12 water 0.221 nature 0.213\n13 pollution 0.210 news 0.198\n14 earth 0.207 energy 0.192\n15 green 0.200 climatechangeisreal 0.187\n16 climatechangeisreal 0.195 obama 0.181\n17 renewableenergy * 0.194 climateaction 0.175\n18 health 0.193 algore * 0.174\n19 nature 0.187 water 0.171\n20 renewables 0.186 agw * 0.164\n21 cleanenergy 0.176 carbon 0.164\n22 carbon 0.175 sustainability 0.163\n**Table 1.**   *Cont.*\n**No. #Climatechange #Globalwarming**\n**Hashtag Centrality Hashtag Centrality**\n23 co2 0.174 snow 0.161\n24 weather 0.169 world 0.157\n25 solar 0.165 gop * 0.156\n26 economy 0.164 arctic 0.150\n27 auspol 0.163 * winter 0.145\n28 education 0.155 p2 * 0.144\n29 news 0.152 drought 0.142\n30 drought 0.150 epa * 0.141\n31 coal 0.147 global 0.137\n32 sustainable 0.147 eco 0.137\n33 cdnpoli 0.144 * actonclimate 0.136\n34 sdgs 0.143 * health 0.134\n35 china 0.143 un * 0.133\n36 gop 0.143 * solar 0.132\n37 food 0.141 economy 0.131\n38 un 0.141 * hoax 0.131\n39 cop24 * 0.140 california 0.130\n40 agriculture 0.138 politics 0.129\n41 environmental 0.136 india 0.128\n42 fossilfuels 0.134 china 0.127\n43 arctic 0.134 planet 0.127\n44 epa * 0.133 parisagreement * 0.126\n45 biodiversity 0.132 heatwave 0.125\n46 future 0.131 summer 0.121\n47 canada 0.128 nyc * 0.118\n48 emissions 0.128 nasa 0.118\n49 obama 0.127 future 0.118\n50 politics 0.125 oil 0.117",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming hashtag, we did not document these two hashtags when processing data. The number\n\n## **4. Results**\n### *4.1. General Descriptions*\nAssociation networks surrounding #climatechange and #globalwarming showed di ff erent\nproperties. The climate change discourse included 38,821 hashtags, whereas the global warming\ndiscourse only contained 8788 hashtags. Table 1 displays the 50 most significant hashtags in the\ntwo discourses based on centrality. As some hashtags were used in the form of an abbreviation or\nphrase, explanations are provided in the table. Two networks shared 32 out of the 50 most significant\nwords. Hashtags “canada”, “cdnpoli”, “sdgs”, “biodiversity”, “education”, “environmental”, “cop24”,\n“sustainable”, “auspol”, “food”, “agriculture”, “cleanenergy”, “renewableenergy”, “renewables”,\n“emissions”, “coal”, “fossilfuels”, and “cop21” only showed up on the top 50 list of the “climate change”\nnetwork. Hashtags “tcot”, “california”, “p2”, “nyc”, “snow”, “agw”, “summer”, “global”, “winter”,\n“india”, “planet”, “heatwave”, “hoax”, “nasa”, “algore”, “world”, “oil”, and “eco” were unique on the\ntop 50 list of the global warming network. The two lists only shared three out of the top five hashtags.\nIn the #climatechange network, “climateaction” was ranked third place and “sustainability” was\nranked fourth place, whereas they were ranked significantly lower, 17th and 22nd, respectxively, in the",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **3. Methods**\n\n### *3.1. Data Source*\n\norder. By parsing the json file, we obtained a string for the crawler to build the next request and obtain\nthe next 20 tweets. Thus, a loop was written to keep the crawler sending requests and the crawler\nwas automatically terminated when all the qualified tweets publicly available were collected. Our\ncrawler respected Twitter’s robot.txt and we did not collect, analyze or display any user information in\nour study.\nGiven our goal of exploring the di ff erence between the two discourses, the 615,816 tweets\ncontaining both hashtags simultaneously were excluded to di ff erentiate between the two datasets\nfollowing [ 67 , 80 ]. A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained #climatechange,\nand 887,731 contained “#globalwarming”. The number of qualified tweets containing #climatechange\nand #globalwarming in each year is displayed in Figure 1 a.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 5 of 22\n**3. Methods**\n*3.1. Data Source*\nAs Twitter has been recognized as a popular discussion forum [ 75 ] and a social activity\nplatform [ 76 ] for climate issues, we followed the literature [ 5 , 8 , 18 ] and used tweets to investigate\ndistinct perceptions of climate issues and evolution on social media. Although Twitter’s ecosystem\nhas been changing in terms of the number of active users, user demographics, and tweeting\nconventions in the past years [ 77 , 78 ], the problem is unavoidable for all the information ecosystems\non the Internet. As Twitter is one of the most popular social websites, we defined our study as\ncharacterizing the perception of climate issues among social media users rather than all the netizens or\nthe whole population.\n*3.2. Data*\nIn this research, we were interested in tweets containing either #climatechange or #globalwarming,\nas these two hashtags exactly correspond to climate change and global warming, respectively, the two",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n[International  Journal  of](http://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph)\n* **Environmental Research** *\n* **and Public Health** *\n*Article*\n**#Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with Semantic Network and Temporal Analyses**\n**Wen Shi <sup>1</sup> , Haohuan Fu <sup>1,2</sup> , Peinan Wang <sup>3</sup> , Changfeng Chen <sup>3</sup> and Jie Xiong <sup>4,</sup> [*](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7126-0884)**\n1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science,\nTsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; shi-w18@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (W.S.);\nhaohuan@tsinghua.edu.cn (H.F.)\n2 National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, Wuxi 214000, China\n3 School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;\nwpn17@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (P.W.); chencf@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (C.C.)\n4 Strategy and Innovation Department, Rennes School of Business, 35065 Rennes, France\n*  Correspondence: jie.xiong@rennes-sb.com; Tel.: + 33-(0)-2-99-54-46-79\nReceived: 5 December 2019; Accepted: 3 February 2020; Published: 7 February 2020 ��������� � **[�������](https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/3/1062?type=check_update&version=3)**\n**Abstract:**  Distinct perceptions of the global climate is one of the factors preventing society from\nachieving consensus or taking collaborative actions on this issue. The public has not even reached\nan agreement on the naming of the global concern, showing preference for either “climate change”\nor “global warming”, and few previous studies have addressed these two competing discourses\nresulting from distinct climate concerns by di ff erently linking numerous climate concepts. Based on\nthe 6,662,478 tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming generated between 1 January 2009\nand 31 December 2018, we constructed the semantic networks of the two discourses and examined\ntheir evolution over the decade. The findings indicate that climate change demonstrated a more\nscientific perspective and showed an attempt to condense climate discussions rather than di ff use the\ntopic by frequently addressing sub-topics simultaneously. Global warming triggered more political\nresponses and showed a greater connection with phenomena. Temporal analysis suggests that\ntraditional political discussions were gradually fading in both discourses but more recently started to\nrevive in the form of discourse alliance in the climate change discourse. The associations between\nglobal warming and weather abnormalitiessuddenly strengthened around 2012. Climate change is\nbecoming more dominant than global warming in public discussions. Although two discourses have\nshown more similarities in the rank order of important climate concepts, apparent disagreements\ncontinue about how these concepts are associated. These findings lay the groundwork for researchers\nand communicators to narrow the discrepancy between diverse climate perceptions.\n**Keywords:**  climate change; global warming; semantic network analysis; temporal analysis; public\ndiscourse; Twitter",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **3. Methods**\n\n### *3.1. Data Source*\n\nAs Twitter has been recognized as a popular discussion forum [ 75 ] and a social activity platform [ 76 ]\nfor climate issues, we followed the literature [ 5 , 8 , 18 ] and used tweets to investigate distinct perceptions\nof climate issues and evolution on social media. Although Twitter’s ecosystem has been changing\nin terms of the number of active users, user demographics, and tweeting conventions in the past\nyears [ 77 , 78 ], the problem is unavoidable for all the information ecosystems on the Internet. As Twitter\nis one of the most popular social websites, we defined our study as characterizing the perception of\nclimate issues among social media users rather than all the netizens or the whole population.\n*3.2. Data*\nIn this research, we were interested in tweets containing either #climatechange or #globalwarming,\nas these two hashtags exactly correspond to climate change and global warming, respectively, the two\ncompeting definitions of climate issues. We did not follow [ 79 ] to include #AGW (anthropogenic global\nwarming) as query hashtags in our research because we think that this refers to global warming in\na defined category so cannot be regarded in parallel with the two considered hashtags. We limited the\nscope of the search to English-language tweets generated between 1 January 2009 and 31 December\n2018. We only collected tweets containing either of the two hashtags in the body of the tweets rather\nthan those containing these hashtags in the retweeted or quoted text, as we think that retweeted text or\nquoted texts cannot directly represent the tweeter’s usage pattern of the two terminologies.\nTo collect these tweets, we used a Python-based crawler to send requests to the Twitter server to\nselect hashtags, language, start date, and end date as inputs. Once the first request was completed,\nthe server responded with a file in json format and the first 20 qualified tweets in a time-descending",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the\n\n### *4.2. Association Network Analysis*\n\nThe association networks of #climatechange and #globalwarming are shown in Figure 2 . Nodes\nare labelled with the hashtags and the undirected edges are weighted to reflect the frequency of\nco-occurrence. The modularity analysis identified four clusters in the #climatechange network and\nfive in the #globalwarming network, where clusters are di ff erentiated by color (resolution is 0.75 for\nclimate change and 0.85 for global warming). The theme, top hashtags, and the proportion of each\ncluster are also summarized and represented in the network depicted in Figure 2 .\nThe largest cluster (green nodes) of both #climatechange and #globalwarming network refer\nto general facts about global climate issues, sharing words about the causes or e ff ects concerning\nsustainability. The di ff erence is that the largest cluster of #globalwarming (46% of the network) includes\nmore slogan words, such as “world”, “planet”, “global”, and “climatechangeisreal”, whereas the\nlargest cluster of #climatechange (40% of the network) tends to discuss some specific problems, such as\nagriculture, biodiversity, education, and politics.\nFor the climate change discourse, the second-largest cluster (34%) is indicated in red and focuses\non the responsibility to tackle climate change, where several global action hashtags are included, such\nas “un”, “parisagreement”, “cop21”, and “cop24”. The theme of the third largest cluster (20%) in\nthe climate change discourse was energy (in blue). The smallest cluster (6%) in yellow sits in the",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **3. Methods**\n\n### *3.1. Data Source*\n\ncompeting definitions of climate issues. We did not follow [ 79 ] to include #AGW (anthropogenic\nglobal warming) as query hashtags in our research because we think that this refers to global\nwarming in a defined category so cannot be regarded in parallel with the two considered hashtags.\nWe limited the scope of the search to English-language tweets generated between 1 January 2009\nand 31 December 2018. We only collected tweets containing either of the two hashtags in the body\nof the tweets rather than those containing these hashtags in the retweeted or quoted text, as we\nthink that retweeted text or quoted texts cannot directly represent the tweeter’s usage pattern of the\ntwo terminologies.\nTo collect these tweets, we used a Python-based crawler to send requests to the Twitter server to\nselect hashtags, language, start date, and end date as inputs. Once the first request was completed,\nthe server responded with a file in json format and the first 20 qualified tweets in a time-descending\norder. By parsing the json file, we obtained a string for the crawler to build the next request and obtain\nthe next 20 tweets. Thus, a loop was written to keep the crawler sending requests and the crawler was\nautomatically terminated when all the qualified tweets publicly available were collected. Our crawler\nrespected Twitter’s robot.txt and we did not collect, analyze or display any user information in\nour study.\nGiven our goal of exploring the difference between the two discourses, the 615,816 tweets\ncontaining both hashtags simultaneously were excluded to differentiate between the two datasets\nfollowing [ 67 , 80 ]. A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the\n\n### *4.3. Temporal Analysis of the Associations in the Two Discourses*\nThe online presentations of the climate change and global warming discourses are dynamic.\nAs shown in Table 2 , for the global warming discourse, 11 key concepts remained in the top 50 central\nhashtags each year for all 10 years, with 16 for the climate change”discourse. By comparing the 11\nnodes of the global warming discourse and the 16 nodes of the climate change discourse, we found that\nthe two lists shared nine concepts. We found “pollution” and “earth” were unique to the keyword list\nof the global warming discourse, and “economy”, “water”, “china”, “coal”, “solar”, “sustainability”,\nand “food” only occurred on the critical list for the climate change discourse.\n**Table 2.**  Hashtags that remained on the top 50 list for the climate change or the global warming\ndiscourse from 2009 to 2018.\n**Unique Shared**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the\n\n### *4.2. Association Network Analysis*\n\ncentral part of the network with a mixed theme composed of three highly ranked hashtags, including\n“environment” (No. 2), “climateaction” (No. 3), and “energy” (No. 6).\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 9 of 22\n(  **a**  )\n(  **b**  )\n**Figure 2.**  Association network of climate change discourse  **(a)**  , and (  **b**  ) association network of global\nwarming discourse  **(b)**  . **Figure 2.**  Association network of climate change discourse (  **a**  ), and (  **b**  ) association network of global\nwarming discourse (  **b**  ).\nIn the global warming network, politics was the second-largest discourse cluster (20% of the\nnetwork), where “tcot”, short for “Top Conservatives on Twitter”, was the node ranked highest,\nand “p2”, short for “Progressives 2.0”, is also included. Several political figures, such as Obama and Al\nGore, are frequently mentioned. Action toward the global climate issue was the third-largest cluster\n(16%), including both domestic e ff orts, such as “us”, “trump”, “climatechangeisreal”, “climateaction”,\nand “epa”, and two international items, like “china” and “india”. The fourth cluster (in blue) referred\nto emissions, including hashtags like “co2”, “green”, and “carbon”. The smallest cluster (8%) was\ncomposed of “snow”, “winter”, “heatwave”, and “summer”, referring to the temperature abnormalities\non the earth.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame\n\npreference. Figure 1 a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times\nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02\nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into\ndiscussions, according to Figure 1 b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were\n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018.\nThe rank- order correlation coefficient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable\nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6 a, except for 2010 and\n2011, when the  *p*  -values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP\nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period\n(the  *p*  -value for 2015 was 0.011;  *p*  -values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6 b reveals\nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did\nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order .\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\n**5. Discussion**\n*5.1. Themes and Structure of the Two Discourses*\n5.1.1. Phenomenon vs. Mechanism of Action\nClimate change and global warming have long been two competing frameworks shaping the\npublic’s perceptions, memory, and interpretations of climate issue by highlighting different aspects of\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\n**5. Discussion**\n*5.1. Themes and Structure of the Two Discourses*\n5.1.1. Phenomenon vs. Mechanism of Action\nClimate change and global warming have long been two competing frameworks shaping the\npublic’s perceptions, memory, and interpretations of climate issue by highlighting di ff erent aspects of",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf",
+                "query": "Is the #climateaction hashtag more bound the #globalwarming of #climatechange ?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "In the #climatechange network, “climateaction” was ranked third place and “sustainability” was ranked fourth place, whereas they were ranked significantly lower, 17th and 22nd, respectxively, in the #globalwarming network",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming hashtag, we did not document these two hashtags when processing data. The number\n\n## **4. Results**\n### *4.1. General Descriptions*\nAssociation networks surrounding #climatechange and #globalwarming showed di ff erent\nproperties. The climate change discourse included 38,821 hashtags, whereas the global warming\ndiscourse only contained 8788 hashtags. Table 1 displays the 50 most significant hashtags in the\ntwo discourses based on centrality. As some hashtags were used in the form of an abbreviation or\nphrase, explanations are provided in the table. Two networks shared 32 out of the 50 most significant\nwords. Hashtags “canada”, “cdnpoli”, “sdgs”, “biodiversity”, “education”, “environmental”, “cop24”,\n“sustainable”, “auspol”, “food”, “agriculture”, “cleanenergy”, “renewableenergy”, “renewables”,\n“emissions”, “coal”, “fossilfuels”, and “cop21” only showed up on the top 50 list of the “climate change”\nnetwork. Hashtags “tcot”, “california”, “p2”, “nyc”, “snow”, “agw”, “summer”, “global”, “winter”,\n“india”, “planet”, “heatwave”, “hoax”, “nasa”, “algore”, “world”, “oil”, and “eco” were unique on the\ntop 50 list of the global warming network. The two lists only shared three out of the top five hashtags.\nIn the #climatechange network, “climateaction” was ranked third place and “sustainability” was\nranked fourth place, whereas they were ranked significantly lower, 17th and 22nd, respectxively, in the",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming pollution, earth us, energy, science, environment\n\nFigures 3 and 4 show the overall evolution of critical hashtags’ associations in the 10-year period,\nwhere the nodes in the 10 graphs are located in the same position but the strength of associations varies\nacross longitudinal time. Vector graphics with the label of nodes are provided in the Supplementary\nMaterials. Four themes were identified in each discourse according to the nodes’ associations. To more\nexplicitly demonstrate the relative importance of each cluster in each year, we calculated the sum of\nthe degree centrality of all the nodes belonging to each cluster and their change in centrality over the\n10 years, as shown in Figure 5 .\nFigure 3 depicts the associations of hashtags in the climate change discourse for each year\nfrom 2009 to 2018. The scientific hashtags cluster (in green) was the most important theme in the\nclimate change discourse, especially more recently. However, some scientific hashtags, such as “ghg”\n(greenhouse gas), “co2”, and “forests”, were not identified in the scientific cluster but in the global\nactions cluster (in yellow) because these hashtags were frequently used in the global action context and\nidentified with a closer semantic association to global action by Gephi. In addition to these hashtags,\nthe global action cluster included a series of international activities, such as “ipcc” (Intergovernmental\nPanel on Climate Change), “unfccc” (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change),\nand “cop” (Conferences of the Parties) for almost every year. The blue cluster includes to political\nhashtags, such as “uniteblue”, “sgp”, “p2”, and “tcot”. In 2017 and 2018, the associations with political\nhashtags disappeared among the top 50 hashtags. The small red cluster had a mixed theme, combining\n“technology”, “innovation”, “education”, “africa”, “healthcare”, and “politics”. The centrality sum of\nthe nodes in the red cluster remained rather low throughout the 10-year period but obviously increased\nin the last two years of the period according to Figure 5 a.\nFigure 4 describes the evolution of concepts’ associations in the global warming discourse during\nthe 10 years. The red cluster included concepts such as “2012”, “hot”, “summer”, “elnino”, and “snow”,\ndescribing the weather abnormalities related to global warming. A notable finding is that before 2012,",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the\n\n### *4.2. Association Network Analysis*\n\ncentral part of the network with a mixed theme composed of three highly ranked hashtags, including\n“environment” (No. 2), “climateaction” (No. 3), and “energy” (No. 6).\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 9 of 22\n(  **a**  )\n(  **b**  )\n**Figure 2.**  Association network of climate change discourse  **(a)**  , and (  **b**  ) association network of global\nwarming discourse  **(b)**  . **Figure 2.**  Association network of climate change discourse (  **a**  ), and (  **b**  ) association network of global\nwarming discourse (  **b**  ).\nIn the global warming network, politics was the second-largest discourse cluster (20% of the\nnetwork), where “tcot”, short for “Top Conservatives on Twitter”, was the node ranked highest,\nand “p2”, short for “Progressives 2.0”, is also included. Several political figures, such as Obama and Al\nGore, are frequently mentioned. Action toward the global climate issue was the third-largest cluster\n(16%), including both domestic e ff orts, such as “us”, “trump”, “climatechangeisreal”, “climateaction”,\nand “epa”, and two international items, like “china” and “india”. The fourth cluster (in blue) referred\nto emissions, including hashtags like “co2”, “green”, and “carbon”. The smallest cluster (8%) was\ncomposed of “snow”, “winter”, “heatwave”, and “summer”, referring to the temperature abnormalities\non the earth.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **3. Methods**\n\n### *3.1. Data Source*\n\nAs Twitter has been recognized as a popular discussion forum [ 75 ] and a social activity platform [ 76 ]\nfor climate issues, we followed the literature [ 5 , 8 , 18 ] and used tweets to investigate distinct perceptions\nof climate issues and evolution on social media. Although Twitter’s ecosystem has been changing\nin terms of the number of active users, user demographics, and tweeting conventions in the past\nyears [ 77 , 78 ], the problem is unavoidable for all the information ecosystems on the Internet. As Twitter\nis one of the most popular social websites, we defined our study as characterizing the perception of\nclimate issues among social media users rather than all the netizens or the whole population.\n*3.2. Data*\nIn this research, we were interested in tweets containing either #climatechange or #globalwarming,\nas these two hashtags exactly correspond to climate change and global warming, respectively, the two\ncompeting definitions of climate issues. We did not follow [ 79 ] to include #AGW (anthropogenic global\nwarming) as query hashtags in our research because we think that this refers to global warming in\na defined category so cannot be regarded in parallel with the two considered hashtags. We limited the\nscope of the search to English-language tweets generated between 1 January 2009 and 31 December\n2018. We only collected tweets containing either of the two hashtags in the body of the tweets rather\nthan those containing these hashtags in the retweeted or quoted text, as we think that retweeted text or\nquoted texts cannot directly represent the tweeter’s usage pattern of the two terminologies.\nTo collect these tweets, we used a Python-based crawler to send requests to the Twitter server to\nselect hashtags, language, start date, and end date as inputs. Once the first request was completed,\nthe server responded with a file in json format and the first 20 qualified tweets in a time-descending",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the\n\ntop five nodes, whereas they were ranked 14th and 24th in the #climatechange network, respectively.\n**Table 1.**  The top 50 central hashtags on Twitter surrounding #climatechange and #globalwarming from\n2009 to 2018. The hashtag with * is explained in Appendix A in ascending alphabetical order.\n**No. #Climatechange #Globalwarming**\n**Hashtag Centrality Hashtag Centrality**\n1 climate 0.466 climate 0.530\n2 environment 0.465 environment 0.446\n3 climateaction 0.391 science 0.319\n4 sustainability 0.316 earth 0.296\n5 science 0.314 weather 0.280\n6 energy 0.283 us * 0.280\n7 trump 0.257 trump 0.263\n8 us * 0.247 pollution 0.256\n9 cop21 * 0.232 co2 0.244\n10 parisagreement * 0.232 green 0.239\n11 actonclimate * 0.225 tcot * 0.229\n12 water 0.221 nature 0.213\n13 pollution 0.210 news 0.198\n14 earth 0.207 energy 0.192\n15 green 0.200 climatechangeisreal 0.187\n16 climatechangeisreal 0.195 obama 0.181\n17 renewableenergy * 0.194 climateaction 0.175\n18 health 0.193 algore * 0.174\n19 nature 0.187 water 0.171\n20 renewables 0.186 agw * 0.164\n21 cleanenergy 0.176 carbon 0.164\n22 carbon 0.175 sustainability 0.163\n**Table 1.**   *Cont.*\n**No. #Climatechange #Globalwarming**\n**Hashtag Centrality Hashtag Centrality**\n23 co2 0.174 snow 0.161\n24 weather 0.169 world 0.157\n25 solar 0.165 gop * 0.156\n26 economy 0.164 arctic 0.150\n27 auspol 0.163 * winter 0.145\n28 education 0.155 p2 * 0.144\n29 news 0.152 drought 0.142\n30 drought 0.150 epa * 0.141\n31 coal 0.147 global 0.137\n32 sustainable 0.147 eco 0.137\n33 cdnpoli 0.144 * actonclimate 0.136\n34 sdgs 0.143 * health 0.134\n35 china 0.143 un * 0.133\n36 gop 0.143 * solar 0.132\n37 food 0.141 economy 0.131\n38 un 0.141 * hoax 0.131\n39 cop24 * 0.140 california 0.130\n40 agriculture 0.138 politics 0.129\n41 environmental 0.136 india 0.128\n42 fossilfuels 0.134 china 0.127\n43 arctic 0.134 planet 0.127\n44 epa * 0.133 parisagreement * 0.126\n45 biodiversity 0.132 heatwave 0.125\n46 future 0.131 summer 0.121\n47 canada 0.128 nyc * 0.118\n48 emissions 0.128 nasa 0.118\n49 obama 0.127 future 0.118\n50 politics 0.125 oil 0.117",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming pollution, earth us, energy, science, environment\n\nsignificantly higher than that in the climate change discourse according to the comparison between\nFigure 5 a,b. From 2009 to 2018, the number of associations with political hashtags (blue nodes) faded,\nas shown in Figure 4 , and its importance in the semantic network gradually decreased, as shown in\nFigure 5 , except for variation in 2014. The yellow nodes describe the hesitation about climate facts\nand actions, where words describing global efforts, such as “ipcc”, “cop15”, and “un”, and words\nquestioning global warming, such as “hoax” and “fraud”, were both included. The associations\nbetween the yellow nodes were most salient in 2010 and 2011 but were less dominant in the following\nyears. The green nodes occupied 50.7% of all the nodes representing talk about the scientific hashtags of\nclimate issue, including words such as “ecology”, “ocean”, and “cleanenergy”. Associations between\nscientific hashtags (green nodes) exploded and the centrality sum of this cluster also showed an\nobvious rising trend in dominating the theme of the global warming discourse, according to Figure 5 .\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018. **Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 12 of 22\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 5.**  The sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the climate change discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **a**  ); (the sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the global warming discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **b**  ).\nAs the climate change and global warming discourses evolved over the past years, their relative\nstatuses in public discourse also changed. Although from 2009 to 2018, increasing numbers of people\nstarted to use Twitter, resulting in an overall rise in the number of tweets and hashtags, the ratio of",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **3. Methods**\n\n### *3.1. Data Source*\n\ncompeting definitions of climate issues. We did not follow [ 79 ] to include #AGW (anthropogenic\nglobal warming) as query hashtags in our research because we think that this refers to global\nwarming in a defined category so cannot be regarded in parallel with the two considered hashtags.\nWe limited the scope of the search to English-language tweets generated between 1 January 2009\nand 31 December 2018. We only collected tweets containing either of the two hashtags in the body\nof the tweets rather than those containing these hashtags in the retweeted or quoted text, as we\nthink that retweeted text or quoted texts cannot directly represent the tweeter’s usage pattern of the\ntwo terminologies.\nTo collect these tweets, we used a Python-based crawler to send requests to the Twitter server to\nselect hashtags, language, start date, and end date as inputs. Once the first request was completed,\nthe server responded with a file in json format and the first 20 qualified tweets in a time-descending\norder. By parsing the json file, we obtained a string for the crawler to build the next request and obtain\nthe next 20 tweets. Thus, a loop was written to keep the crawler sending requests and the crawler was\nautomatically terminated when all the qualified tweets publicly available were collected. Our crawler\nrespected Twitter’s robot.txt and we did not collect, analyze or display any user information in\nour study.\nGiven our goal of exploring the difference between the two discourses, the 615,816 tweets\ncontaining both hashtags simultaneously were excluded to differentiate between the two datasets\nfollowing [ 67 , 80 ]. A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming pollution, earth us, energy, science, environment\n\nin the graph exactly in 2012. The blue nodes included the political hashtags, such as “maga”, “ows”,\n“p2”, “tcot”, and “obama”. The involvement of political hashtags in the global warming discourse was\nsignificantly higher than that in the climate change discourse according to the comparison between\nFigure 5 a,b. From 2009 to 2018, the number of associations with political hashtags (blue nodes) faded,\nas shown in Figure 4 , and its importance in the semantic network gradually decreased, as shown in\nFigure 5 , except for variation in 2014. The yellow nodes describe the hesitation about climate facts\nand actions, where words describing global efforts, such as “ipcc”, “cop15”, and “un”, and words\nquestioning global warming, such as “hoax” and “fraud”, were both included. The associations\nbetween the yellow nodes were most salient in 2010 and 2011 but were less dominant in the following\nyears. The green nodes occupied 50.7% of all the nodes representing talk about the scientific hashtags of\nclimate issue, including words such as “ecology”, “ocean”, and “cleanenergy”. Associations between\nscientific hashtags (green nodes) exploded and the centrality sum of this cluster also showed an\nobvious rising trend in dominating the theme of the global warming discourse, according to Figure 5 .\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 11 of 22\nthen the associations suddenly strengthened in 2012 when numerous hashtags about phenomena were\nincluded in the discourse. Notably, the red node in the top right-hand corner named “2012” refers\nto the Maya prediction that the year 2012 would be the end of the world and that the world would\nbe destroyed by extreme natural events, and was linked to other climate hashtags for the first time\nin the graph exactly in 2012. The blue nodes included the political hashtags, such as “maga”, “ows”,\n“p2”, “tcot”, and “obama”. The involvement of political hashtags in the global warming discourse was",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame\n\npreference. Figure 1 a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times\nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02\nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into\ndiscussions, according to Figure 1 b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were\n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018.\nThe rank- order correlation coefficient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable\nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6 a, except for 2010 and\n2011, when the  *p*  -values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP\nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period\n(the  *p*  -value for 2015 was 0.011;  *p*  -values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6 b reveals\nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did\nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order .\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\n**5. Discussion**\n*5.1. Themes and Structure of the Two Discourses*\n5.1.1. Phenomenon vs. Mechanism of Action\nClimate change and global warming have long been two competing frameworks shaping the\npublic’s perceptions, memory, and interpretations of climate issue by highlighting different aspects of\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\n**5. Discussion**\n*5.1. Themes and Structure of the Two Discourses*\n5.1.1. Phenomenon vs. Mechanism of Action\nClimate change and global warming have long been two competing frameworks shaping the\npublic’s perceptions, memory, and interpretations of climate issue by highlighting di ff erent aspects of",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **2. Background**\n\n### *2.3. Hashtags as Frame Vehicles on Social Media*\n\ncan hint to the cognitive associations in people’s thoughts [ 60 , 68 ]. Researchers can extract nonlinear\nsocial media narratives [ 69 ] and discover the networked frame crowdsourced by the public [ 61 ]. In the\nfield of climate communication, co-occurrence of environment and social-political hashtags is thought\nto strengthen the associations between a variety of trans-regional issues in protests and build collective\naction frames [ 70 ]. The role of climate change issues in the Australian federal election was also\ndiscovered with a co-hash analysis [ 71 ]. Reference [ 72 ] examined how hashtags concerning science,\npolitical campaigns, geographical discussions, societal concerns, and new technologies co-occurred\nwith “IPCC”, o ff ering a broad context for studying IPCC communication on social media.\nThere are many other words in tweets besides hashtags to express the author’s intention. Multiple\napproaches, such as LDA and STM [ 32 , 73 ], can help to extract topics from unstructured texts. But in\nthis study, targeting on hashtags is more in line with our research question. Firstly, hashtags were\ninvented spontaneously by users of Twitter in 2007 as a mechanism to categorize discussions [ 74 ].\nWords with hashtags are recognized as topics and considered worthy of public discussion. Secondly,\nby attaching # to certain words in tweets, the users intentionally anchor their tweets to certain topics.\nThe operator # explicitly reflects the author’s emphasis, which can help us extract rather than infer the\nauthor’s identification of the topic of the tweets. Our research question is to analyze and visualize\nthe associations of topics in public climate discourse. Compared with other approaches, analyzing\nhashtags co-occurrence pattern has advantage in extracting the structure of public discussions.",
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+                    "page_end": 3,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf",
+                "query": "What are two main reasons for one's low climate concern ?",
+                "target_page": 13,
+                "target_passage": "As invisible causes and disbelief in actions have long been regarded as two key reasons for low climate concern",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame\n\nissues and re-constructing them di ff erently. By comparing the persistent words used related to the two\ndiscourses in the 10-year period in Table 2 , we think that global warming showed a relative preference\ntoward general descriptions or slogans, such as “earth” and “pollution”, whereas “climate change”\nwas more associated to specific issues like “solar”, “coal”, “china”, and “food”.\nStudies have suggested that the public shows a preference for scientific publications with general\nkeywords compared with those with complicated scientific jargon [ 47 ], lacking a deep understanding of\nthe complicated issue [ 46 ] and the necessity for mitigation of the climate issue [ 47 ]. These conclusions\nseem to suit global warming more than climate change according to the current study, which is\nprobably because climate change receives more publicity and recognition than global warming in the\nscientific community. In the association network shown in Figure 2 , global warming was found to be\nmore connected with temperature abnormalities. This finding is in accordance with studies reporting\nthat short-term temperature anomalies [ 87 ] can increase the public’s belief about global warming by\nincreasing the understanding of this abstract issue [ 88 ], although scientists mostly make judgments\nbased on long-term weather statistics [ 89 ]. However, none of the four words, “snow”, “summer”,\n“winter”, or “heatwave” in the temperature theme of global warming were ranked in the top 50 nodes\nlist of the climate change network.\nEven when climate change and global warming shared concern about similar topics such as the\ncause of the climate issue, global warming tended to focus on carbon emission phenomena, whereas\nclimate change preferred a more in-depth perspective, highlighting the importance of global action\nto mitigate the climate issue in its second-largest cluster, with energy structure as the contributor to\ncarbon emissions in its third largest cluster. As invisible causes and disbelief in actions have long\nbeen regarded as two key reasons for low climate concern [ 90 ], the two terminologies’ di ff erences\nin connotations suggest that introducing these absent sub-topics into global warming discourse or\nhighlighting climate change for its inherent connotations may help communicators raise public concern\nabout climate.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange users to address all three communities together [ 91 ], consolidating climate change as\n\n## **6. Conclusions**\n\nTwitter users do not disclose their age, education, income, and gender in users’ profile, demographics\nwere not introduced as moderator factors in this study. Previous studies noted that in 1970s, global\ncooling was a prominent climate concern amongst the public [ 105 ]. While in the 1980s, ozone layer\ndepletion, species extinction and rainforest destruction became salient on the mass media agenda [ 106 ].\nConsidering the historical background of climate issues, age might influence how individuals perceive\nclimate issues. According to the statistics in 2017 [ 107 ], only 16 % of older people (older than 60)\nin America use Twitter, while the proportion is 39% for people between 30- 59 years old and 47%\nfor people younger than 30 years old (Stastista, 2017). Our results reflect the climate perception of\nolder people who use Twitter, as well as younger people amongst whom Twitter is more popular.\nAlthough some scholars reported that it is statistically reliable to take data on Twitter as a substitute\nand supplement for polling [ 108 ], we thought our results should be further examined before being\ngeneralized to the whole population.\nIn this study, we characterized the di ff erences between two popular climate discourses and\nexamined how two discourses evolved over a 10-year period. We did not focus on the interactions\nbetween public climate discourse and external factors. However, the evolution of climate discourse\nmight be driven by several external forces such as scientific e ff orts, natural events, politics and\nonline information (or misinformation) campaigns. The prevalence of certain climate concepts may\ninverse be weaponized to cause rhetorical shifts in politics and science popularization. For instance,\nprevious studies noted that in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, state-supported misinformation",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **1. Introduction**\n\nThe public’s distinct understanding of the cause and e ff ect of the global climate issue is an obstacle\nto joint mitigation actions. In addition to a diversity of views co-existing in the public discourse [ 1 , 2 ],\nprevious studies noticed that the public had even failed to reach an agreement on whether “climate\nchange” or “global warming” is the most appropriate definition of the global climate concern [ 3 - 5 ].\nAccording to the definition provided by [ 6 ], global warming describes global climate issues as\na continuous increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface due to anthropogenic emissions\nof greenhouse gases, whereas climate change includes not only temperature rise but also a range of\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *17*  [, 1062; doi:10.3390](http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031062) / ijerph17031062 [www.mdpi.com](http://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph) / journal / ijerph\ncomplex changes in the state of the climate [ 7 ], which may be caused by natural process, external forces,\nor human interventions [ 8 ]. By randomly assigning respondents to climate change or global warming\nquestionnaires, scholars confirmed that the di ff erent connotations contained in the two definitions are\nlikely to evoke distinct interpretations of the causes and impacts of the global climate issue [ 9 ], which\nmay inhibit collaboration and joint e ff orts to mitigate the global challenge.\nPublic preference between climate change and global warming is even more apparent when\nconsidering the ideology spectrum [ 10 ]. Some scholars concluded that conservatives, who are\nless concerned with environmental issues, tended to use global warming as a narrative strategy\nbecause global warming has a more direct connection with temperature rise, making it easier to find\ncontradictory cues such as freezing weather or heavy snowstorms to deny global climate change\nfacts [ 11 ]. The associations between global warming and human activities may contribute to more\ncontroversies as well [ 12 ], connecting global warming more with the “hoax” frame [ 5 ] and evoking\ngreater negative sentiment [ 13 ].\nAlthough these existing studies have often attempted to identify the di ff erences between these two\nterminologies, only a particular few perspectives, such as sentiment, ideological preference, or cause",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nthe regions seeing an increase in mean run-off seeing a larger percentage increase in low\nrun-off—over 75% increases over much of North America, Eastern Europe and Asia. Note that\nthis does not necessarily imply a larger increase in absolute low flow compared to absolute mean\nflow, because the baseline is (by definition) smaller for low flows. In western Europe, where the\nchanges in mean flows were less than 5%, the ensemble-mean low flow decreases by between 5\n**15**\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 75 - 50 - 10 - 1 0 1 10 50 75\n%\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure9.**  Changesinrun-offformeanflowssimulatedbytheJULESecosystem- hydrologymodelundersixclimatesimulations\nat 2 ° C global warming. (  *a*  ) Ensemble mean and (  *b*  ) percentage of models agreeing on increased flow.\nand 75%, especially in the Iberian Peninsula. Southern Africa also sees a decrease in low flows\nwhere changes in mean flows were small. Changes in high run-off show similar patterns and\nmagnitudes to those in mean run-off.\nThe simulated changes in both mean and low run-off flows show substantial differences\namong the six simulations (figures 10 and 11 ). In most basins examined here, the range of\noutcomes include both increases and decreases in mean and low flows for any particular basin,\nbut generally with the largest proportion simulating increases in both mean and low flows. In a\nfew cases, notably the Lena in northeast Asia and Ganges in southeast Asia, the ensemble agreed\nentirely or almost entirely on increased flows. Even here, the range of outcomes is large, with the\nprojected flow increases in the Ganges for 2°C global warming ranging from approximately 30%\nto more than 110%.\nExceptions to the general picture of consensus on increasing flows are seen in the Amazon,\nOrange, Danube and Guadiana basins where the range of projected extends more towards\ndecreased mean flows. Mean flows in the Amazon are projected to decline by up to 25% for 2°C\nglobal warming. For low flows, the ensemble of projections entirely gives decreased flows at 2°C\nglobal warming for these basins.\nThe signal of decreased flows was stronger for low flows than mean flows, and indeed in the\nNiger, the range of mean flow changes extended more towards increases whereas the range of\nlow flow changes extended more towards decreases.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nvulnerability to food insecurity at 1.5°C than 2°C. Of these, some are countries where HCVI\nis projected to be lower at 2°C global warming than in the baseline. For example, in Mali the\nensemble-mean baseline HCVI of 0.83 increased slightly to 0.85 at 1.5°C then reduced to 0.81\nat 2°C. In some countries, the ensemble-mean HCVI happened to be identical at both warming\nlevels. In Chad, for example, the baseline HCVI of 0.89 increased to 0.91 at both 1.5°C and 2°C.\nAs noted above, four countries saw ensemble-mean HCVI values at 2°C above any seen\nin the baseline, and this number increased to seven at 1.5°C. The same four countries with\n‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at 2°C also saw ‘unprecedented’ values at 1.5°C; these were Oman,\nBangladesh, Mauritania and Yemen. These were joined by Myanmar, India and Cambodia as\nhaving ‘unprecedented’ values at 1.5°C. The role of internal climate variability in the HCVI\nresults needs to be assessed, as does the effect of potential nonlinear interactions between the\nflood and drought metric. Until the reasons behind these country-specific results are understood,\n**19**\n(  *b*  )\n(  *a*  )\n(  *c*  )\nPmean (%)\n6.0\n5.0\n4.0\n3.0\n2.0\n1.0\n0\n10.0\n8.0\n6.0\n4.0\n2.0\n0\n12.0\n8.0\n4.0\n0.0\n- 4.0\nRmean (%)\nRlow (%)\nIPSL-CM5A-LR IPSL-CM5A-MR GFDL-ESM2M MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0 HadGEM2-ES\n1.5°C 2°C\n**Figure13.**  Globalmeanpercentagechangesrelativeto1981- 2010in(  *a*  )precipitationoverland,(  *b*  )meanrun-offflows,(  *c*  )low\nrun-off lows (10th percentile), at 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming.\nthis comparison of the number of ‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at 1.5°C and 2°C should be\ntreated with caution. Nevertheless, the finding that some countries see HCVI values higher at\neither or both 1.5°C and 2°C compared to the baseline may indicate that climate change has the\npotential to lead to unprecedented levels of vulnerability to food insecurity in some countries.\nMore robustly, it can be concluded that by this metric, overall worldwide vulnerability to food\ninsecurity generally increases with global warming, and for approximately three-quarters of\ncountries assessed, this increase is larger at 2°C than 1.5°C.\nIn the ensemble mean, changes in mean, low and high flows are generally larger at 2°C global\nwarming compared to 1.5°C ( figure 20 ). This is often the case for both increases and decreases",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **2. Background**\n\n### *2.1. Climate Change, Global Warming, and Frames*\n\nmeaning that the reference point is above the current situation [ 25 ]. Emphasis frames employ words\nselectively associated with parts of reality to shift the audience’s attention to particular attributes [ 26 ].\nClimate change and global warming have been noted to highlight di ff erent aspects of an issue by\nactivating distinct cognitive accessibility patterns [ 27 ].\nDi ff erent frames concerning the global climate concern are popular among the public, politicians,\nenvironmentalists, and the media [ 1 , 28 , 29 ]. Big data analyses have indicated that when interpreting\nclimate events, individuals’ preference for frameworks was influenced by demographics [ 5 ] and\nsocial-political background [ 2 ]. Di ff erent choices of frameworks can evoke di ff erent psychological\nprocesses [ 30 ], promote or inhibit engagement intentions [ 31 ], or gain approval on various levels [ 32 ].\nStudies have noted that the frameworks of climate change and global warming may result from\ndi ff erent political indications. The American Republican-leaning states show more preference for\nglobal warming than climate change compared with Democratic-leaning states, and global warming is\nmore connected with “hoax” in questioning the reality of the global climate issue [ 5 ]. Conservatives\nare more likely to link heat-related phenomena to global warming, whereas liberals associate these\nfacts equally with both frames [ 27 ]. An earlier survey conducted by [ 4 ] argued that wording choice\nmight not influence the whole population similarly. For the whole sample and politically independent\nindividuals, the two terminologies were equally serious, but climate change seemed more serious\ncompared with global warming among the Republicans, and the Democrats held the opposite opinion.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nwarming, therefore, varied between ensemble members. The CMIP5 SSTs were not bias-corrected,\nwhich means that the results here may be sensitive to systematic errors arising from biases in the\npresent-day SST patterns.\nAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed from the standard RCP8.5\nconcentration scenario. Aerosol concentrations were calculated within the model, with aerosol\nemissions prescribed again from the standard RCP8.5 scenario. This means that the greenhouse\ngas and aerosol concentrations, and hence radiative forcing, were the same in all ensemble\n**5 Table 1.**  ClimPACT weather extremes indices.\nID definition units sector of relevance\nTXx annual maximum daily maximum temperature ° C health, agriculture and food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nTX90p percentage of days above the 90th percentile\nof daily maximum temperature in the\n1981- 2010 average\n% health, agriculture and food security,\nwater resources and hydrology\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nto increase by over 5°C for a 2°C global warming, the local increase is limited to 3- 4°C for\n1.5°C global warming. Limiting global warming by half a degree Celsius would, therefore, limit\nmaximum temperatures by three or four times as much in those areas ( figure 14 ).\nAt 1.5°C global warming, although the increases in TXx are smaller than at 2°C, these increases\nshow similar geographical patterns as for 2°C in all ensemble members, with larger changes in\ncontinental interiors especially in the mid-latitudes (not shown).\nThe percentage of days exceeding the 90th percentile of daily temperature (Tx90p) also\nincreases less at 1.5°C global warming than at 2°C ( figure 15 ). The largest reductions are in the\ntropics, where the largest increase was seen at 2°C; whereas at 2°C global warming, 50% or more\n**17**\n**Figure 11.**  Distributions of changes in run-off for low flows (flows for lowest 10% of time) simulated by the JULES ecosystem-\nhydrology model under the ensemble of six climate projections at 1.5 ° C (blue) and 2 ° C (orange) global warming. Boxes show\nthe 25th and 75th percentile changes, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not define the ends of\nthe range, and crosses show the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean flow in the baseline,\nin millimetres of rain equivalent.\n**Table 6.**  Global mean changes at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the\nClimPACT indices, the flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean\nprecipitation (Pmean), mean run-off (Rmean) and low run-off (Rlow).\nIPSL-\nCM5A-LR\nGFDL-\nESM2M\nHadGEM2-\nES\nIPSL-\nCM5A-MR\nMIROC-\nESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\nensemble\nmean\nTXx ( ° C) 1.2 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **2. Background**\n\n### *2.1. Climate Change, Global Warming, and Frames*\n\nExisting studies have noted that the subtle di ff erence between climate change and global warming\nevokes di ff erent public cognitive responses, where global warming“indicates heat-related impacts,\nhuman causes, increased UV light penetration, ozone depletion, and the greenhouse e ff ect, whereas\nclimate change is more associated with a wide range of influences on climate, including drought and\nagriculture [ 9 ]. An N-gram analysis suggested that global warming showed a closer connection with\nice, snow, and sea, whereas climate change was always connected with scientific investigations, such as\nreports, the environment, and science [ 13 ]. Some respondents even hold the belief that global warming\nresults in climate change [ 9 ].\nThe two distinct climate discourses being produced based on the same reality can be explained\nby the framing theory in communication study. Framing refers to the phenomenon where the reality\nis always partially selected or highlighted when described by the public or media [ 19 ]. By distinctly\ndefining problems, suggesting solutions, and indicating casual interpretations [ 20 ], di ff erent frames\ntell the audience di ff erent stories and influence how they observe facts [ 21 , 22 ]. Two types of frames,\nequivalency frames and emphasis frames, are commonly studied by scholars to examine how framing\ne ff ects influence individuals’ attitudes and beliefs [ 23 ]. Equivalency frames describe the same fact or\nlogic with di ff erent words and may suggest that the audience perceives facts in psychologicallydi ff erent\nways [ 24 ]. For example, a cup can be described as “half full” and “half empty”, where the former\nis a positive frame indicating a reference point lower than current status, and the latter is negative,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nensemble mean\nvulnerability to food insecurity\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM\nGFDL-ESM2M\n**Figure 7.**  Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index calculated for simulated climate states at 2 ° C global warming for five\nindividual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from different members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble\nmean.\n**14**\nACCESS1-0\n- 1.00 - 0.75 - 0.50 - 0.25 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00\nIPSL-CM5A-LR\nensemble mean\nchange in vulnerability to food insecurity\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM\nGFDL-ESM2M\n**Figure 8.**  Change in Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index relative to baseline calculated for simulated climate states at 2 ° C\nglobalwarming,forfiveindividualHadGEM3simulationsdrivenbySSTsandSICsfromdifferentmembersoftheCMIP5ensemble,\nand the ensemble mean.\nFour countries show ensemble-mean HCVI values at 2°C global warming that are higher\nthan any seen in the baseline climate; these are Oman, Bangladesh, Mauritania and Yemen.\nThe implication of such HCVI values is that climate change at 2°C is projected to cause levels\nof vulnerability to food insecurity that are greater than any seen in the present day. For\nindividual ensemble members, the number of countries with ‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at\n2°C varies from three to seven. Conversely, many countries in the baseline climate have levels\nof vulnerability to food insecurity that are greater than those expected in other countries under\n2°C global warming. This suggests that other factors are already posing greater risk for food\ninsecurity than 2°C climate change is expected to cause in other countries, so the increased risk\nfrom climate change should not overshadow the need to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity\narising from non-climatic factors. There is scope to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity by\naddressing various socio-economic issues in such counties.\nThe JULES simulations show a general tendency towards increased run-off over\napproximately half of the land surface ( figure 9 ) and the majority of the major river basins\nassessed ( figure 10 ), but with large regional uncertainties including the possibility of decreased\nflows in many basins. The ensemble-mean change in mean streamflow shows an increase of\nbetween 5 and 25% over most of the Northern Hemisphere land surface, with some regions seeing\nan increase of over 50% at 2°C global warming. Notable exceptions to this are western Europe and\nsouthcentral USA, which see less than a 5% change in run-off, and the already very dry region of\nthe Sahara Desert where the existing very small run-off become even smaller.\nEnsemble-mean projected changes in low run-off flows are generally larger ( figure 11 ), with",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "infographic3.pdf",
+                "query": "How many scholarly articles are published every year ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "over 3 million scholarly articles published per year",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\n## **The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers**\n#### **OVER 3 MILLION 5.5 MILLION+**\n**3.7 ORCID iDs created every minute**\n**193 diferent languages included in ORCID records**\n**73.6% of records have granted update permissions**\n**1.97 record updates made per second**\n**1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015**\n**2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017**\n**3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018**\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing\nauthoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in\nreviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n**—Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union**\n**Institutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate**\n**the impact of all types of research contributions**\n■   **Live ORCID iDs**\n■  **w/at least 1 education**\n■   **w/at least 1 employee**\n■   **w/at least 1 work**\n6M\n5M\n4M\n3M\n2M\n1M\n2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017        2018",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## **$13.1**\n#### **billion**\n**IN TOTAL COMPANY SALES.**\nWITH SALES GROWTH OF 7.8% AND\nCOMPARABLE SALES INCREASE OF 4%,\nWE BEAT OUR OWN EXPECTATIONS.\nA RECORD\n**IN NORDSTROM.COM SALES.**\nTHAT’S MORE THAN DOUBLE OUR SALES\nFROM JUST THREE YEARS AGO.\n#### **$2 billion** ALMOST",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming hashtag, we did not document these two hashtags when processing data. The number\n\n### *3.3. Measurement*\n\n#### 3.3.2. Temporal Analysis\n\nA temporal analysis was introduced to understand the evolution of the two climate discourses\nover a long period. We first examined how the two semantic networks evolved in the past years.\nAll the nodes once ranked top 50 in any of the 10 years were gathered to form a union set for each\ndataset. Then, they were clustered according to the strength of their associations in the whole dataset\nand mapped with a force-directed layout algorithm in Gephi to produce a graph of nodes. With the\ndynamic network function supplied by Gephi, we then added the associations between the nodes\nranked on the top 50 list in 2009 to the graph of nodes and obtained the relationship of the top 50 nodes\nfor 2009. Similarly, we produced a total of 10 graphs from 2009 to 2018, where the positions of the\nnodes on the 10 maps are the same, but the strengths of their associations are di ff erent to represent the\nchanges in the associations of key hashtags for each discourse.\nThe correlation between climate change and global warming discourses was measured every\nyear to observe whether the two discourses converged or diverged over time. Considering computing\npower limitations, only key hashtags ranked in either of the top 50 lists for the two discourses in that\nyear were included in the calculations. First, we measured to what extent the two discourses resemble\neach other in the order of importance for the hashtags in each year. For every year, the top 50 hashtags",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **on our operations.**\n\nAlabama — — 1 35  **1 35**\nAlaska 1 97 — —  **1 97**\nAlberta — — 1 142  **1 142**\nArizona 2 384 7 262  **9 646**\nCalifornia <sup>2</sup> 32 5,489 38 1,473  **70 6,962**\nColorado 3 559 4 148  **7 707**\nConnecticut 1 189 1 36  **2 225**\nDelaware 1 127 — —  **1 127**\nFlorida <sup>2</sup> 9 1,389 12 414  **21 1,803**\nGeorgia 3 555 5 165  **8 720**\nHawaii 1 211 1 44  **2 255**\nIdaho — — 1 37  **1 37**\nIllinois 4 947 11 401  **15 1,348**\nIndiana 1 134 1 35  **2 169**\nIowa — — 1 35  **1 35**\nKansas 1 219 1 35  **2 254**\nKentucky — — 1 33  **1 33**\nMaine — — 1 30  **1 30**\nMaryland 4 765 4 156  **8 921**\nMassachusetts 4 595 5 193  **9 788**\nMichigan 3 552 4 145  **7 697**\nMinnesota 1 240 2 75  **3 315**\nMissouri 2 342 2 69  **4 411**\nNevada 1 207 2 70  **3 277**\nNew Jersey 5 991 3 102  **8 1,093**\nNew York 2 460 10 307  **12 767**\nNorth Carolina 2 300 2 74  **4 374**\nOhio 3 549 6 224  **9 773**\nOklahoma — — 2 67  **2 67**\nOregon 4 555 5 190  **9 745**\nPennsylvania 2 381 3 120  **5 501**\nRhode Island 1 206 1 38  **2 244**\nSouth Carolina — — 2 67  **2 67**\nTennessee 1 145 1 36  **2 181**\nTexas <sup>2</sup> 8 1,431 15 496  **23 1,927**\nUtah 2 277 3 101  **5 378**\nVirginia 5 894 5 201  **10 1,095**\nWashington 7 1,392 7 276  **14 1,668**\nWashington D.C. — — 3 80  **3 80**\nWisconsin — — 2 67  **2 67**\n**Total (38 states/1 province) 292 27,061**\n\n1 Other includes one Nordstrom Canada full-line store, five Trunk Club showrooms, one Last Chance clearance store and two Jeffrey boutiques.\n2 California, Texas and Florida had the highest square footage, with a combined 10,692 square feet, representing 40% of the total company square footage.\n12\n**Item 3. Legal Proceedings.**\nWe are subject from time to time to various claims and lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of business, including lawsuits alleging\nviolations of state and/or federal wage and hour and other employment laws, privacy and other consumer-based claims. Some of these\nlawsuits include certified classes of litigants, or purport or may be determined to be class or collective actions and seek substantial damages",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame\n\npreference. Figure 1 a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times\nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02\nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into\ndiscussions, according to Figure 1 b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were\n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018.\nThe rank- order correlation coefficient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable\nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6 a, except for 2010 and\n2011, when the  *p*  -values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP\nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period\n(the  *p*  -value for 2015 was 0.011;  *p*  -values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6 b reveals\nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did\nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order .\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame\n\npreference. Figure 1 a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times\nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02\nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into\ndiscussions, according to Figure 1 b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were\n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018.\nThe rank- order correlation coefficient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable\nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6 a, except for 2010 and\n2011, when the  *p*  -values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP\nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period\n(the  *p*  -value for 2015 was 0.011;  *p*  -values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6 b reveals\nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did\nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order .\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\n**5. Discussion**\n*5.1. Themes and Structure of the Two Discourses*\n5.1.1. Phenomenon vs. Mechanism of Action\nClimate change and global warming have long been two competing frameworks shaping the\npublic’s perceptions, memory, and interpretations of climate issue by highlighting different aspects of\n**Figure 6.**  Rank order correlation between hashtags in the climate change and global warming discourses\nfrom 2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ); correlation between matrices of the climate change discourse and the global\nwarming discourse from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\n**5. Discussion**\n*5.1. Themes and Structure of the Two Discourses*\n5.1.1. Phenomenon vs. Mechanism of Action\nClimate change and global warming have long been two competing frameworks shaping the\npublic’s perceptions, memory, and interpretations of climate issue by highlighting di ff erent aspects of",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.2 Trends in health outcomes**\n\n#### * **4.2.3 Examples of specific prevalence estimates** *\n\nThe methodologies to estimate the burden of diseases have been developed over the past 30 years. In\nthe coming years we can expect that  **research will contribute to more precise estimates**  of the work-\nrelated share of the burden of the diseases.\nVery probably  **mental health and biological agents will be fully incorporated in such estimates**  ,\nand research will contribute to better explanations, for example, of the work-related prevalence of MSDs.\nTwo groups of diseases examples —  **mental health**  and  **musculoskeletal diseases**  — are briefly\npresented in this chapter.\nThe first  **‘Global Burden of Disease’ study**  (1996, the study was the breakthrough for the concept of\nDALYs) is quite astonishing. Already then, the authors complained that the  *‘burden of psychiatric*\n*conditions has been heavily underestimated*  ’. In their estimation of the globally leading causes of\ndisability they put four psychiatric conditions under the first 10:\n-  Unipolar major depression -  10.7% (of all causes)\n-  Bipolar disorders -  3.0% (of all causes)\n-  Schizophrenia -  2.6% (of all causes)\n-  Obsessive-compulsive disorders -  2.2% (of all causes)\n\nThe data of the first overview (based on data from 1990) were updated in 2019 and show an even worse\npicture:\n*‘From 1990 to 2019, the global number of DALYs due to mental disorders increased from 80.8 million*\n*to 125.3 million, .... Age-standardised DALY rates remained largely consistent between 1990*\n*(1581·DALYs per 100,000 population) and 2019 (1566 DALYs per 100,000 population). YLDs*    *<sup>226</sup>*\n*contributed to almost all of the mental disorder burden, accounting for 125.3 million YLDs or 14.6% of*\n*global YLDs in 2019.’*  <sup>227</sup>\n[In 2019 the WHO stated that one in every eight people, or 970 million people around the world, were ](https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/310981)\nliving with a mental disorder, with anxiety and depressive disorders being the most common. <sup>228</sup> The\nOECD estimates that approximately one-third of all disability benefits is due to these groups of\ndiseases. <sup>229</sup>\n\n**WHO definition of mental health from 2001:**  ‘Mental health is a state of well-being in which the\nindividual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work\nproductively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his or her community’.",
+                    "page_start": 85,
+                    "page_end": 86,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORLD\n\n### EUROPE\n\nand selling well, and we’ll have a host of new models in\n2006. Most of our risks in the coming year are from\n“We had a terrific year in\nNorth America; sales for\ncalendar year 2004 grew by\n24.7 percent, and that\ngrowth that came in a flat\nU.S. market. The auto\nindustry here only rose by\nabout 237,000 vehicles,\nwhile Nissan was up by\n191,000 cars. It was a strong\nyear with a rich mix of\nproducts. The Altima\ncontinues to be a core car\nfor us, and our most important car in terms of volume.\nWe sell over 200,000 Altimas a year, at a rate of\n20,000 units per month—outstanding for a car so far\nalong in its lifecycle. The Infiniti has also been\nphenomenal over the past few years. The G35 sedan\nand coupe continue to be the icons of the brand,\ndriving both volume and profit.\nOur success always comes down to the product.\nWe had great products from top to bottom,\nthroughout the lineup and in both divisions. We were\nalso very intelligent, I believe, in the way we price our\nvehicles—very close to the transaction price, and with\nlimited reliance on incentives. That’s been our\nstrategy for four years, and it works. Customers\nunderstand that we provide a great product at a fair\nprice. The other key to our success has been a very\nconsistent marketing message. The SHIFT_ campaign\nis consistent and has been in place for some time\nnow, and it’s starting to gain traction with the public.\nConsumers look at Nissan products and our\ndealerships and say, ‘Hey, something really is going\non at Nissan!’\nIn a year full of successes, the one thing we would like to\nhave handled better was the Quest. We had some initial\nquality issues, and some trim mix issues. We’ve corrected\n**Growing in Areas of Expansion**\nJED CONNELLY\nSenior Vice President\nNissan North America\nO U R  W O R L D",
+                    "page_start": 63,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the\n\n### *4.3. Temporal Analysis of the Associations in the Two Discourses*\nThe online presentations of the climate change and global warming discourses are dynamic.\nAs shown in Table 2 , for the global warming discourse, 11 key concepts remained in the top 50 central\nhashtags each year for all 10 years, with 16 for the climate change”discourse. By comparing the 11\nnodes of the global warming discourse and the 16 nodes of the climate change discourse, we found that\nthe two lists shared nine concepts. We found “pollution” and “earth” were unique to the keyword list\nof the global warming discourse, and “economy”, “water”, “china”, “coal”, “solar”, “sustainability”,\nand “food” only occurred on the critical list for the climate change discourse.\n**Table 2.**  Hashtags that remained on the top 50 list for the climate change or the global warming\ndiscourse from 2009 to 2018.\n**Unique Shared**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\nof science.  *Nat. Clim. Chang.*   **2013**  ,  *3*  , 399. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1720) ]\n102. Houghton, J.  *Global Warming: The Complete Briefing*  ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2009.\n103. Pew. The Science People See on Social Media. Available online: http: // [www.pewinternet.org](http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/21/the-science-people-see-on-social-media/) / 2018 / 03 / 21 / the-\n[science-people-see-on-social-media](http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/21/the-science-people-see-on-social-media/) / (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n104. Walter, S.; De Silva-Schmidt, F.; Brüggemann, M. From “knowledge brokers” to opinion makers: How\nphysical presence a ff ected scientists’ Twitter use during the COP21 climate change conference.  *Int. J. Commun.*\n**2017**  ,  *11*  , 570- 591.\n105. Peterson, T.C.; Connolley, W.M.; Fleck, J. The myth of the 1970s global cooling scientific consensus.  *Bull. Am.*\n*Meteorol. Soc.*   **2008**  ,  *89*  , 1325- 1338. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1) ]\n106. Mazur, A. Global environmental change in the news: 1987- 1990 vs. 1992- 1996.  *Int. Sociol.*   **1998**  ,  *13*  , 457- 472.\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026858098013004003) ]\n107. Statista. Reach of Selected Social Networks in the United States as of February 2017, by Age Group. Available\nonline: https: // www.statista.com / statistics / 305245 / [us-social-network-penetration-age-group](https://www.statista.com/statistics/305245/us-social-network-penetration-age-group/) / (accessed on 16\nJanuary 2020).\n108. O’Connor, B.; Balasubramanyan, R.; Routledge, B.R.; Smith, N.A. From tweets to polls: Linking text sentiment\nto public opinion time series. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and\nSocial Media, Washington, DC, USA, 23- 26 May 2010.\n109. Zannettou, S.; Caulfield, T.; De Cristofaro, E.; Sirivianos, M.; Stringhini, G.; Blackburn, J. Disinformation\nwarfare: Understanding state-sponsored trolls on Twitter and their influence on the web. In Proceedings\nof the Companion of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13- 17 May 2019;\npp. 218- 226.\n110. Shao, C.; Ciampaglia, G.L.; Varol, O.; Yang, K.C.; Flammini, A.; Menczer, F. The spread of low-credibility\ncontent by social bots.  *Nat. Commun.*   **2018**  ,  *9*  , 4787. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7) ]\n© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access\narticle distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution\n(CC BY) license (http: // [creativecommons.org](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.) / licenses / by / 4.0 / ).",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "infographic3.pdf",
+                "query": "For what reason a researcher's name is not a good tools to track back its works and affiliations ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Many people have the same name Names may change through marriage or other circumstances Individuals use different alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions People use different versions of their name during their career",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\nAll IDC research is © 2018 by IDC. All rights reserved. All IDC materials are licensed with IDC's permission and in no\nway does the use or publication of IDC research indicate IDC's endorsement of ORCID’s products/or strategies.\nIDC #US44453318\n**An IDC Infographic, sponsored by ORCID | November 2018**\n**What’s in a Name? Most names are not unique**\nMany people have the same name People use diferent versions of their name during their career\nFor example,\n**30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE**\n**Researchers are mobile!**\n**Names may change through marriage or other circumstances**\n**Individuals use diferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions**\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n**Identify, track, and report on researchers’ afliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)**\n**Benchmark their organization against others**\n##### **Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research**\n**scholarly articles published per year**\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018\nSource: Science Magazine",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\n## 42,500 ACTIVE SCHOLARLY PEER- REVIEWED JOURNALS\n\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018\n##### **Tackling Information Overload**\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n**Connects individuals and**\n**their professional**\n**contributions across**\n**disciplines,**\n**organizations, and time**\n**Helps research institutions, funders,**\n**publishers, and other organizations**\n**better track and support research work**\n**Enables recognition of**\n**all types of research**\n**contributions and**\n**innovation**\n##### **How ORCID Works**\n**It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers**\n**It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems**\n**It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions**\n##### **Why Connect with ORCID?**\n**Hundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally**\n**Connections to ORCID records**\n**live ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch**\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n##### **Evidence of Institutional Value**\nExamples of time/staf savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n**UK:**  0.2 -  0.4 FTEs per institution <sup>1</sup> **Portugal:**  100,000 researcher hours per year <sup>2</sup> **Australia:**  15-30 minutes per grant application <sup>3</sup>\n##### **How Organizations and Researchers Benefit**\nSave time and reduce errors\nwith automated\ninformation-sharing and\ncross-system interoperability\nManage your organization\nname and your researchers'\nconnections with it\nMaintain links with your\nresearchers - past,\npresent, and future\nSponsored by ORCID\n**RESEARCHERS INSTITUTIONS**\nSpend more time doing\nresearch, less time managing it\nImprove recognition and\ndiscoverability of their\nresearch\nControl and manage a trusted\nand easily shareable record of\ntheir research activities and\nafliations -  for free\n**To learn more go to https://orcid.org**\n##### **Three Ways to Get Involved**\n**1.  Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD**\n**2.  Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems**\n**3.  Connect data to and from your researchers’ ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\n## **The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers**\n#### **OVER 3 MILLION 5.5 MILLION+**\n**3.7 ORCID iDs created every minute**\n**193 diferent languages included in ORCID records**\n**73.6% of records have granted update permissions**\n**1.97 record updates made per second**\n**1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015**\n**2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017**\n**3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018**\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing\nauthoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in\nreviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n**—Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union**\n**Institutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate**\n**the impact of all types of research contributions**\n■   **Live ORCID iDs**\n■  **w/at least 1 education**\n■   **w/at least 1 employee**\n■   **w/at least 1 work**\n6M\n5M\n4M\n3M\n2M\n1M\n2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017        2018",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? Emily M. Bender ∗ Timnit Gebru[...]\n\n## **4 UNFATHOMABLE TRAINING DATA**\n\n### **4.4 Curation, Documentation & Accountability**\n\nIn summary, LMs trained on large, uncurated, static datasets from the Web encode hegemonic views that are harmful to marginalized populations. We thus emphasize the need to invest significant re- sources into curating and documenting LM training data. In this, we follow Jo et al. [ 62 ], who cite archival history data collection methods as an example of the amount of resources that should be dedicated to this process, and Birhane and Prabhu [ 18 ], who call for a more justice-oriented data collection methodology. Birhane and Prabhu note, echoing Ruha Benjamin [ 15 ], “Feeding AI systems on the world’s beauty, ugliness, and cruelty, but expecting it to reflect only the beauty is a fantasy.” [p.1541] When we rely on ever larger datasets we risk incurring  *doc-* *umentation debt*  , <sup>18</sup> i.e. putting ourselves in a situation where the datasets are both undocumented and too large to document post hoc. While documentation allows for potential accountability [ 13 , 52 , 86 ], undocumented training data perpetuates harm without recourse. Without documentation, one cannot try to understand training data characteristics in order to mitigate some of these attested issues or even unknown ones. The solution, we propose, is to budget for\n18 On the notion of documentation debt as applied to code, rather than data, see [ 154 ].\ndocumentation as part of the planned costs of dataset creation, and only collect as much data as can be thoroughly documented within that budget.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# /opt/ibm/odfts/V9.0/bin/configTool.sh printToken\n\n## Chapter 18. Troubleshooting and tracing\n\n#### **18.1.2  Indexing and loading issues**\n\nJohn Smith is read because it is different from the name John Doe .\n�  **Problem**  : When the user views a document that is loaded with large object (LOB), the\nclient receives the message:\nViewer Page count does not match Load Page Count. Viewing may be adversely\naffected. Contact your system administrator.\nIf the user clicks OK, the document can be viewed in its entirety, except that the page\nnumber is incorrect.\n**Reason or resolution**  : When a document is loaded as LOB, the Loader must count the\npages, because a certain number of pages go into a LOB segment. When the client\nretrieves a LOB segment,  the client also counts the pages that it receives from the server.\nThe user will receive the message “ Viewer Page count does not match Load Page Count ”\nwhen the two page counts do not match.\nThis problem is usually caused by the user running ACIF to load a document that contains\nthe form feed character x'0C'. ACIF does not support the form feed character as the start\nof a new page, but the line data viewer does support the form feed character as the start of\na new page. Therefore, the viewer ends up with a different count of pages than the loader.\nIf you use the  **asciinp**  exit, ensure that the exit was not modified and recompile the exit.\nPage 1\nJohn Doe\nPage 2\nJohn Doe\n...\n...\nPage 1\nJohn Doe\n...\nPage 1\nJohn Smith\nChapter 18. Troubleshooting and tracing\nIf you use any exit other than the  **asciinp**  exit, do not use the exit so that troubleshooting\nwill be easier.\nIf the file was transferred as text from a Windows system to an AIX system, the x'0D0A' will\nbe changed to x'0A', which can affect the indexing.\nCheck your input file in a hex editor to verify whether the delimiter is x'0D0A' and that the\nfile contains x'0C'.",
+                    "page_start": 403,
+                    "page_end": 404,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\n### **2.1. Wikileaks and the Open Data movement**\n\nso far, have been about:\n- reacting to problems  *after*  they occurred\n- without any intervention and involvement of the parties and organizations that may have\nbehaved improperly\nOpen Data, instead, is about  *prevention*  of errors, abuses and inefficiencies, through conscious and\ncontinuous collaboration of citizens and governments officials  *during*  day to day operations, if not\nbefore their beginning.\nOf course, citizens must always check that they aren't getting incomplete or biased data. But in any\ncase, Open Data means that the involved government officials aren't just prepared to see that data\npublished, they know and accept it from the start. In such a context, some risks associated to\nWikileaks, like the fact that the leaker lacks the means to influence the downstream use of the\ninformation, and therefore may harm anybody connected to the linked information, are almost non-\nexistent.\nAbove all, unlike the content of most Wikileaks documents, Open Data are almost always data that\nshould surely be open, unlike wartime military reports, and that almost never contain any personal\ninformation.  In  summary,  whatever  the  conclusions  about  Wikileaks  are,  they  could  not  be\nconclusions  against  Open  Data,  because  there  are  too  many  differences  between  the  two\nmovements.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\nAs an analogy, consider for instance Wikimedia Enterprise, which “build[s] services for high-volume 40\ncommercial reusers of Wikimedia content” and charges for that access. https://meta.wikimedia.org/\nwiki/Wikimedia_Enterprise .\n###### *What dataset management practices are necessary?*\nNo matter how a books data commons gets built, it will be important to consider broader\naspects of data governance. For example:\n- **Dataset documentation and transparency:**  Transparent documentation is important\nfor any dataset used for AI training. A datasheet is a standardized form of\ndocumentation that includes information about provenance and composition of data,\nand includes information on management practices, recommended uses or collection\nprocess.\n- **Quality assurance:**  Above, we note the many features that make books useful for AI\ntraining, as compared with web data, for example. That said, the institution managing\na books commons dataset may still want to collect and curate the collection to meet\nthe particular purposes of its users. For instance, it may want to take steps to\nmitigate biases inherent in the dataset, by ensuring books are representative of a\nvariety of languages and geographies.\n- **Understanding uses:**  The institution managing a books commons dataset could\nmeasure and study how the dataset is used, to inform future improvements. Such\nmonitoring may also enable accountability measures with respect to uses of the\ndataset. Introducing community norms for disclosing datasets used in AI training and\nother forms of AI research would facilitate such monitoring.\n- **Governance mechanisms:**  In determining matters like acceptable and ethical use, the\nfundamental question is “who decides.” While this might be settled simply by whoever\nsets up and operates the dataset and related infrastructure, participatory\nmechanisms — such as advisory bodies bringing together a broad range of users and\nstakeholders of a collection — could also be incorporated.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\n###### *Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?*\n\nuses or other categories of users, given that rights holders have many different sets of\npreferences.\nAnother question is about  *who*  can opt-out particular works from the dataset. This could\nsolely be an option for copyright holders, although authors might be allowed to exercise an\nopt-out for their books even if they don’t hold the copyrights. This might create challenges if\nthe author and rightsholder disagree about whether to opt a particular book out of the\ncorpus. Another related issue is that individual books, such as anthologies, may comprise\nworks created (and rights held) by many different entities. The images in a book may have\ncome from third-party sources, for instance, or a compendium of poetry might involve many\n\nIn fact, as noted above, to the extent an AI model developer intends for their model to abide by the 38\nEU’s legal regime, they will have to abide by such opt-outs, at least if they are engaged in text and data\nmining for commercial uses and/or are users outside of the covered set of research and heritage\ninstitutions. A books data commons may incorporate opt-outs in particular to serve such EU-focused AI\ndevelopers.\ndifferent rightsholders and authors. Managing opt-outs for so many different interests within\none book may get overly complicated very fast.\nIn any event, creating an opt-out system will need some ways of authenticating whether\nsomeone has the relevant authority to make choices about inclusion of a work.\n###### *Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?*\nA commons might be made publicly available to all, as has been done with datasets like The\nPile. Another possible design choice is to restrict access only to authorized users and to\nenforce particular responsibilities or obligations in return for authorization. Three particular\ndimensions of permitted uses and users came up in our discussions:\n- **Defining and ensuring acceptable and ethical use:**  Participants discussed to what\nextent restrictions should be put on use of the resource. In the case of HathiTrust,",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\nThe workshops briefly touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most\nrelevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these\nquestions may be relevant across both tracks.\n*Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders* *and creators have any ability to exclude their works?*\nOne of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of\ncopyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this\ncontext), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training.\nWhile a system that required affirmative “opt-in” consent would limit utility significantly (as\ndiscussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some\nforms of “opt-out” could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context\nof use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so significant.\nSince most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain\nin the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various\ndimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue\nto commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the\npotential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come\nforward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a\nlicense may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached.\nWorkshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example,\nopt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for\nexample to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or\nmirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to\ncopyright.  Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular 38",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.7. The privacy problem**\n\nanalysis possible would be a totally different matter.\nGetting rid of all the unjustified concerns about privacy is very simple, at least in theory. All is\nneeded to dismiss for good the idea that Open Data is a generalized attack to privacy is to always\nremember and explain that:\n1. Most Open Data have nothing personal to begin with (examples: digital maps, budgets, air\npollution measurements....)\n2. The majority of data that are directly related to individuals (e.g. things like names and\naddress of people with specific diseases, or who were victims of some crime) have no reason\nto be published,  **nor there is any actual demand for them by Open Data advocates**\n3. Exceptions that limit privacy for specific cases and categories of people (e.g. candidates to\npublic offices, Government and Parliament members etc...) already exist in many countries\n4. Very often, in practice, Open Data struggles only happen about  *when and how*  to make\navailable in the most effective way for society information that was  *already*  recognized as\npublic.  *What*  to declare public, hence open, is indeed a serious issue (more on this in the next\nparagraph) but is a separate one.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "infographic3.pdf",
+                "query": "What is an ORCID iD ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\n## 42,500 ACTIVE SCHOLARLY PEER- REVIEWED JOURNALS\n\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018\n##### **Tackling Information Overload**\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n**Connects individuals and**\n**their professional**\n**contributions across**\n**disciplines,**\n**organizations, and time**\n**Helps research institutions, funders,**\n**publishers, and other organizations**\n**better track and support research work**\n**Enables recognition of**\n**all types of research**\n**contributions and**\n**innovation**\n##### **How ORCID Works**\n**It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers**\n**It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems**\n**It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions**\n##### **Why Connect with ORCID?**\n**Hundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally**\n**Connections to ORCID records**\n**live ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch**\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n##### **Evidence of Institutional Value**\nExamples of time/staf savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n**UK:**  0.2 -  0.4 FTEs per institution <sup>1</sup> **Portugal:**  100,000 researcher hours per year <sup>2</sup> **Australia:**  15-30 minutes per grant application <sup>3</sup>\n##### **How Organizations and Researchers Benefit**\nSave time and reduce errors\nwith automated\ninformation-sharing and\ncross-system interoperability\nManage your organization\nname and your researchers'\nconnections with it\nMaintain links with your\nresearchers - past,\npresent, and future\nSponsored by ORCID\n**RESEARCHERS INSTITUTIONS**\nSpend more time doing\nresearch, less time managing it\nImprove recognition and\ndiscoverability of their\nresearch\nControl and manage a trusted\nand easily shareable record of\ntheir research activities and\nafliations -  for free\n**To learn more go to https://orcid.org**\n##### **Three Ways to Get Involved**\n**1.  Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD**\n**2.  Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems**\n**3.  Connect data to and from your researchers’ ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\n## **The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers**\n#### **OVER 3 MILLION 5.5 MILLION+**\n**3.7 ORCID iDs created every minute**\n**193 diferent languages included in ORCID records**\n**73.6% of records have granted update permissions**\n**1.97 record updates made per second**\n**1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015**\n**2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017**\n**3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018**\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing\nauthoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in\nreviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\"\n**—Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union**\n**Institutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate**\n**the impact of all types of research contributions**\n■   **Live ORCID iDs**\n■  **w/at least 1 education**\n■   **w/at least 1 employee**\n■   **w/at least 1 work**\n6M\n5M\n4M\n3M\n2M\n1M\n2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017        2018",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\nAll IDC research is © 2018 by IDC. All rights reserved. All IDC materials are licensed with IDC's permission and in no\nway does the use or publication of IDC research indicate IDC's endorsement of ORCID’s products/or strategies.\nIDC #US44453318\n**An IDC Infographic, sponsored by ORCID | November 2018**\n**What’s in a Name? Most names are not unique**\nMany people have the same name People use diferent versions of their name during their career\nFor example,\n**30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE**\n**Researchers are mobile!**\n**Names may change through marriage or other circumstances**\n**Individuals use diferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions**\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n**Identify, track, and report on researchers’ afliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)**\n**Benchmark their organization against others**\n##### **Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research**\n**scholarly articles published per year**\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018\nSource: Science Magazine",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 14. Report distribution\n\n### **14.2  Defining the objects with the Administrator Client**\n\n#### **14.2.3  Adding a report ID**\nThe next step is to define the reports to ODF. The report ID identifies the application group\nand application to which the report belongs. Figure 14-7 shows the window where you add\nthe report ID.\n*Figure 14-7   Adding a report ID*\nTo create a report ID, specify the identifier and then choose the application group and\napplication from the drop-down selection.\nChapter 14. Report distribution\nUse the reference field to control when a report is available for distribution. The value that you\nenter in this field is used with a marked index column in the Content Manager OnDemand\napplication group. When a reference value is available, the reference value is matched with\nthe index value of the report. If a match exists, the report is made available for distribution.\nThis tool is useful if several drafts of a report exist and you want to distribute only the final\nversion.",
+                    "page_start": 345,
+                    "page_end": 346,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 7. Volumes\n\n### **7.3  Creating custom volumes**\n\n#### **7.3.3  General pane**\nThe General pane is shown in Figure 7-22.\n*Figure 7-22   Custom volume creation -  General pane*\nThis pane gives the following options:\n� Format volume: Controls whether the volume is formatted before being made available;\ndefaults to Enabled.\n� Cache mode: Controls volume caching; defaults to Enabled. Other available options are\nRead-only and Disabled.\n� OpenVMS UDID: Each OpenVMS Fibre Channel-attached volume requires a user-defined\nidentifier or unit device identifier (UDID). A UDID is a nonnegative integer that is used in\nthe creation of the OpenVMS device name.",
+                    "page_start": 290,
+                    "page_end": 290,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 11. Exits\n\n#### **11.2.2  Input record exit**\n\nthan to create their own character sets and code pages. To use these predefined EBCDIC\ncoded fonts, the data must be in EBCDIC.\nWhen you use the  **apka2e**  exit, you must manually change your indexing parameters:\n� Change an ASCII CPGID to an EBCIDIC CPGID; for example, change CPGID=850 to\nCPGID=500 .\n� Change the HEX codes for the triggers and index names from ASCII to EBCDIC. If you do\nnot, you receive ACIF return code 16, which states that it cannot find trigger1 or any fields.\nWe used a hex editor to determine the new EBCDIC values and typed them by keyboard edit\ninto the parameter file. If you do not have a hex editor, you can find conversion tables on the\nInternet.\nFor more information about how to update indexing parameters, see 11.2.6, “Debugging input\nuser exit programs” on page 247.\n**The asciinp exit**\nThe  **asciinp**  exit program is used when the data does not contain carriage controls. Instead,\nit contains “PC style” carriage returns and form feeds X'0D0A' and X'0D0C' . This program is\nprovided by IBM. The program transforms the ASCII data stream into a format that contains a\ncarriage control character in byte 0 of every record.\nThe  **asciinp**  exit performs the following actions:\n� Inserts a new page command ( X'31' ) at the top of the first page.\n� Removes the ASCII carriage return ( X'0D' ).\n� Inserts an ASCII new line ( X'20' ) carriage control at byte 0 of each line, except the first\nline on a new page.\n� Replaces the ASCII form feed ( X'0C' ) with an ASCII new page command ( X'31' ).\n� Leaves X'0A' in the file.\n**The asciinpe exit**\nThe  **asciinpe**  exit combines the previous two exits. It converts the data from ASCII to\nEBCDIC and inserts EBCDIC carriage control characters. For full documentation about this\nsample program, see the asciinpe.c source code.",
+                    "page_start": 267,
+                    "page_end": 267,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 7. Volumes\n\n### **7.8  Volume operations by using the CLI**\n\n#### **7.8.7  Modifying a volume**\nRunning the  **chvdisk**  command modifies a single property of a volume. Only one property can\nbe modified at a time. Therefore, changing the volume name and modifying its I/O group\nrequires two invocations of the command.",
+                    "page_start": 322,
+                    "page_end": 322,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 7. Volumes\n\n### **7.8  Volume operations by using the CLI**\n\n#### **7.8.23  Tracing a volume from a host back to its physical disks**\n\nIn some cases, you might need to verify exactly which physical disks are used to store data of\na volume. This information is not directly available to the host; however, it might be obtained\nby using a sequence of queries.\nThe first step is to unequivocally map a logical device seen by the host to a volume that is\npresented by the storage system. The best volume characteristics for this purpose is the\nvolume ID. This ID is available to the operating system in the Vendor Specified Identifier field\nof page 0x80 or 0x83 (vital product data, VPD), which the storage device sends in response\nto SCSI INQUIRY command from the host.\nIn practice, the ID can be obtained from the multipath driver in the operating system. After the\nvolume ID is known, it can be used to identify physical location of data.\nOn hosts that are running IBM System Storage Multipath Subsystem Device Driver, you can\nobtain the volume ID from the output of the  **datapath query device**  command. You see a long\ndisk serial number for each vpath device, as shown in Example 7-37.\n*Example 7-37   The datapath query device command*\nDEV#:   0  DEVICE NAME: Disk1 Part0  TYPE: 2145       POLICY: OPTIMIZED\nSERIAL: 60050768018301BF2800000000000005\n============================================================================\nPath#            Adapter/Hard Disk        State  Mode       Select     Errors\n0     Scsi Port2 Bus0/Disk1 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL         20          0\n1     Scsi Port3 Bus0/Disk1 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL       2343          0\nDEV#:   1  DEVICE NAME: Disk2 Part0  TYPE: 2145       POLICY: OPTIMIZED\nSERIAL: 60050768018301BF2800000000000004\n============================================================================\nPath#            Adapter/Hard Disk        State  Mode       Select     Errors\n0     Scsi Port2 Bus0/Disk2 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL       2335          0\n1     Scsi Port3 Bus0/Disk2 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL          0          0\nDEV#:   2  DEVICE NAME: Disk3 Part0  TYPE: 2145       POLICY: OPTIMIZED\nSERIAL: 60050768018301BF2800000000000006\n============================================================================\nPath#            Adapter/Hard Disk        State  Mode       Select     Errors\n0     Scsi Port2 Bus0/Disk3 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL       2331          0\n1     Scsi Port3 Bus0/Disk3 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL          0          0\n**Note:**  For sequential and image mode volumes, a volume copy is mapped to exactly one\nMDisk. This configuration often is not the case for stripped volumes, unless volume size is\nnot greater than an extent size. Therefore, a single stripped volume uses multiple mDisks",
+                    "page_start": 335,
+                    "page_end": 335,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 7. Volumes\n\n### **7.8  Volume operations by using the CLI**\n\n#### **7.8.2  Creating a volume**\n\nTiger\nVirtual Disk, id [8], successfully created\nTo verify the results, use the  **lsvdisk**  command providing the volume ID as the command\nparameter, as shown in Example 7-3.\n*Example 7-3   The lsvdisk command*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO:superuser>lsvdisk 8\nid 8\nname Tiger\nIO_group_id 0\nIO_group_name io_grp0\nstatus online\nmdisk_grp_id 0\nmdisk_grp_name Pool0\ncapacity 10.00GB\ntype striped\nformatted no\nformatting yes\nmdisk_id\nmdisk_name\nFC_id\nFC_name\nRC_id\nRC_name\nvdisk_UID 6005076400F580049800000000000010\npreferred_node_id 2\nfast_write_state not_empty\ncache readwrite\nudid\nfc_map_count 0\nsync_rate 50\ncopy_count 1\nse_copy_count 0\nFile system\nmirror_write_priority latency\nRC_change no\ncompressed_copy_count 0\naccess_IO_group_count 1\nlast_access_time\nparent_mdisk_grp_id 0\nparent_mdisk_grp_name Pool0\nowner_type none\nowner_id\nowner_name\nencrypt yes\nvolume_id 8\nvolume_name Tiger\nfunction\nthrottle_id\nthrottle_name\nIOPs_limit\nChapter 7. Volumes\nbandwidth_limit_MB\nvolume_group_id\nvolume_group_name\ncloud_backup_enabled no\ncloud_account_id\ncloud_account_name\nbackup_status off\nlast_backup_time\nrestore_status none\nbackup_grain_size\ndeduplicated_copy_count 0\ncopy_id 0\nstatus online\nsync yes\nauto_delete no\nprimary yes\nmdisk_grp_id 0\nmdisk_grp_name Pool0\ntype striped\nmdisk_id\nmdisk_name\nfast_write_state not_empty\nused_capacity 10.00GB\nreal_capacity 10.00GB\nfree_capacity 0.00MB\noverallocation 100\nautoexpand\nwarning\ngrainsize\nse_copy no\neasy_tier on\neasy_tier_status balanced\ntier tier0_flash\ntier_capacity 0.00MB\ntier tier1_flash\ntier_capacity 0.00MB\ntier tier_enterprise\ntier_capacity 0.00MB\ntier tier_nearline\ntier_capacity 10.00GB\ncompressed_copy no\nuncompressed_used_capacity 10.00GB\nparent_mdisk_grp_id 0\nparent_mdisk_grp_name Pool0\nencrypt yes\ndeduplicated_copy no used_capacity_before_reduction 0.00MB\nThe required tasks to create a volume are complete.",
+                    "page_start": 311,
+                    "page_end": 312,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 14. Report distribution\n\n### **14.4  Customizable user exits**\n\nODF provides several user exits with which you can tailor the system to meet your\ninstallation’s requirements. You can optionally use the sample exits that are provided or\ncustomize the exit to meet your specific needs.",
+                    "page_start": 352,
+                    "page_end": 352,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf",
+                "query": "What type of instability causes rims in ruptured polystyrene  thin films to decay into small drops ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": " The rims may further decay into lines of small drops due to a Rayleigh-type instability",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **I. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe patterns formed in dewetting processes have attracted strong interest since Reiter analysed the\nprocess quantitatively in the early nineties. In these experiments, that proved to be a paradigm in\nour understanding of dewetting, a uniform thin film of polystyrene (tens of nanometers thick) is\ndeposited on a flat silicon oxide substrate is brought above the glass transition temperature. The\nfilm ruptures in several places, forming holes which subsequently grow, competing for space. As a\nresult, a random polygonal network of liquid rims emerges. The rims may further decay into lines\nof small drops due to a Rayleigh-type instability [1- 3]. The related problems of retracting contact\nlines on partially wetting substrates and the opening of single holes in rather thick films have also\nbeen studied [4, 5].\nSubsequent work has mainly focused on many different aspects of the dewetting process for simple\nnon-volatile liquids and polymers (for reviews see Refs. [6- 8]). All stages of the dewetting of a\nfilm are studied: the initial film rupture via nucleation or a surface instability (called spinodal\ndewetting) [1, 9- 13], the growth process of individual holes [14- 16], the evolution of the resulting\nhole pattern [3, 13], and the stability of the individual dewetting fronts [17- 19]. We note in\npassing, that descriptions of dewetting patterns may also be found in historic papers, particularly\nfor the dewetting of a liquid film on a liquid substrate. Tomlinson [20, footnote 18 on p. 40]\nconsidered turpentine on water and Marangoni [21, p. 352f] oil on water.\nMore recently, interest has turned to the dewetting processes of solutions and suspensions. How-\never, these systems have not yet been investigated in any great depth. Such systems are compli-\ncated because their behaviour is determined by the interplay between the various solute (or colloid)\nand solvent transport processes. Furthermore, the solvents that are used often evaporate, i.e., one\nhas to distinguish between ‘normal’ convective dewetting and evaporative dewetting. A number\nof experiments have been performed employing (colloidal) solutions of polymers [22- 25], macro-\nmolecules like collagen and DNA [26- 31] and nanoparticles [32- 40]. The latter are sometimes\nreferred to as ‘nanofluids’. The initial focus of much of the research in the field has been on\ninvestigating the structures that are formed which are similar to the ones observed in the ‘classi-\ncal’ dewetting of non-volatile liquids. Labyrinthine structures and polygonal networks result from",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\n\nAJA and MJR gratefully acknowledge RCUK and EPSRC, respectively, for financial support. We\nacknowledge support by the European Union via the FP6 and FP7 Marie Curie schemes [Grants\nMRTN-CT-2004005728 (PATTERNS) and PITN-GA-2008-214919 (MULTIFLOW)].\n[1] G. Reiter, “Dewetting of thin polymer films,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **68**  , 75- 78 (1992).\n[2] G. Reiter, “Mobility of polymers in films thinner than their unperturbed size,” Europhys. Lett.  **23**  ,\n579- 584 (1993).\n[3] A. Sharma and G. Reiter, “Instability of thin polymer films on coated substrates: Rupture, dewetting\nand drop formation,” J. Colloid Interface Sci.  **178**  , 383- 399 (1996).\n[4] P.-G. de Gennes, “Wetting: Statics and dynamics,” Rev. Mod. Phys.  **57**  , 827- 863 (1985).\n25\n[5] F. Brochard-Wyart and J. Daillant, “Drying of solids wetted by thin liquid films,” Can. J. Phys.  **68**  ,\n1084- 1088 (1989).\n[6] P. M ̈uller-Buschbaum, “Dewetting and pattern formation in thin polymer films as investigated in real\nand reciprocal space,” J. Phys.-Condes. Matter  **15**  , R1549- R1582 (2003).\n[7] R. Seemann, S. Herminghaus, C. Neto, S. Schlagowski, D. Podzimek, R. Konrad, H. Mantz, and\nK. Jacobs, “Dynamics and structure formation in thin polymer melt films,” J. Phys.-Condes. Matter\n**17**  , S267- S290 (2005).\n[8] U. Thiele, “Structure formation in thin liquid films,” in S. Kalliadasis and U. Thiele, editors, “Thin\nfilms of Soft Matter,” pages 25- 93, Springer, Wien (2007).\n[9] R. Xie, A. Karim, J. F. Douglas, C. C. Han, and R. A. Weiss, “Spinodal dewetting of thin polymer\nfilms,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **81**  , 1251- 1254 (1998).\n[10] R. Seemann, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, “Dewetting patterns and molecular forces: A reconcil-\niation,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **86**  , 5534- 5537 (2001).\n[11] U. Thiele, M. G. Velarde, and K. Neuffer, “Dewetting: Film rupture by nucleation in the spinodal\nregime,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **87**  , 016104 (2001).\n[12] M. Bestehorn and K. Neuffer, “Surface patterns of laterally extended thin liquid films in three di-\nmensions,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **87**  , 046101 (2001).\n[13] J. Becker, G. Gr ̈un, R. Seemann, H. Mantz, K. Jacobs, K. R. Mecke, and R. Blossey, “Complex\ndewetting scenarios captured by thin-film models,” Nat. Mater.  **2**  , 59- 63 (2003).\n[14] C. Redon, F. Brochard-Wyart, and F. Rondelez, “Dynamics of dewetting,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **66**  , 715-",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\n\n718 (1991).\n[15] R. Seemann, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, “Shape of a liquid front upon dewetting,” Phys. Rev.\nLett.  **87**  , 196101 (2001).\n[16] R. Fetzer, K. Jacobs, A. M ̈unch, B. Wagner, and T. P. Witelski, “New slip regimes and the shape of\ndewetting thin liquid films,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **95**  , 127801 (2005).\n[17] F. Brochard-Wyart and C. Redon, “Dynamics of liquid rim instabilities,” Langmuir  **8**  , 2324- 2329\n(1992).\n[18] G. Reiter and A. Sharma, “Auto-optimization of dewetting rates by rim instabilities in slipping poly-\nmer films,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **87**  , 166103 (2001).\n[19] A. M ̈unch and B. Wagner, “Contact-line instability of dewetting thin films,” Physica D  **209**  , 178- 190\n(2005).\n26\n[20] C. Tomlinson, “On the motion of certain liquids on the surface of water,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 4  **39**  , 32- 48\n(1870).\n[21] C. G. Marangoni, “Ueber die Ausbreitung der Tropfen einer Fl ̈ussigkeit auf der Oberfl ̈ache einer\nanderen,” Ann. Phys. (Poggendorf)  **143**  , 337- 354 (1871).\n[22] O. Karthaus, L. Grasj ̈o, N. Maruyama, and M. Shimomura, “Formation of ordered mesoscopic poly-\nmer arrays by dewetting,” Chaos  **9**  , 308- 314 (1999).\n[23] X. Gu, D. Raghavan, J. F. Douglas, and A. Karim, “Hole-growth instability in the dewetting of\nevaporating polymer solution films,” J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys.  **40**  , 2825- 2832 (2002).\n[24] S. W. Hong, J. F. Xia, and Z. Q. Lin, “Spontaneous formation of mesoscale polymer patterns in an\nevaporating bound solution,” Adv. Mater.  **19**  , 1413- 1417 (2007).\n[25] G. Liu, C. F. Zhang, J. Zhao, and Y. X. Zhu, “Study of the morphology of the three-phase contact\nline and its evolution by morphological examination after droplet evaporation of aqueous polymer\nsolutions,” Langmuir  **24**  , 7923- 7930 (2008).\n[26] M. Mertig, U. Thiele, J. Bradt, G. Leibiger, W. Pompe, and H. Wendrock, “Scanning force mi-\ncroscopy and geometrical analysis of two-dimensional collagen network formation,” Surface and\nInterface Analysis  **25**  , 514- 521 (1997).\n[27] M. Mertig, U. Thiele, J. Bradt, D. Klemm, and W. Pompe, “Dewetting of thin collagenous precursor\nfilms,” Appl. Phys. A  **66**  , S565- S568 (1998).\n[28] U. Thiele, M. Mertig, and W. Pompe, “Dewetting of an evaporating thin liquid film: Heterogeneous",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\n\n“Front instabilities in evaporatively dewetting nanofluids,” Phys. Rev. E  **78**  , 041601 (2008).\n[42] U. Thiele,  *Entnetzung von Kollagenfilmen*  , Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universit ̈at Dresden (1998).\n[43] H. Yabu and M. Shimomura, “Preparation of self-organized mesoscale polymer patterns on a solid\nsubstrate: Continuous pattern formation from a receding meniscus,” Adv. Funct. Mater.  **15**  , 575- 581\n(2005).\n[44] R. D. Deegan, O. Bakajin, T. F. Dupont, G. Huber, S. R. Nagel, and T. A. Witten, “Capillary flow as\nthe cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops,” Nature  **389**  , 827- 829 (1997).\n[45] E. Adachi, A. S. Dimitrov, and K. Nagayama, “Stripe patterns formed on a glass-surface during\ndroplet evaporation,” Langmuir  **11**  , 1057- 1060 (1995).\n[46] R. D. Deegan, “Pattern formation in drying drops,” Phys. Rev. E  **61**  , 475- 485 (2000).\n[47] R. D. Deegan, O. Bakajin, T. F. Dupont, G. Huber, S. R. Nagel, and T. A. Witten, “Contact line\ndeposits in an evaporating drop,” Phys. Rev. E  **62**  , 756- 765 (2000).\n[48] L. Shmuylovich, A. Q. Shen, and H. A. Stone, “Surface morphology of drying latex films: Multiple\nring formation,” Langmuir  **18**  , 3441- 3445 (2002).\n[49] V. X. Nguyen and K. J. Stebe, “Patterning of small particles by a surfactant-enhanced Marangoni-\n28\nBenard instability,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **88**  , 164501 (2002).\n[50] J. Huang, F. Kim, A. R. Tao, S. Connor, and P. Yang, “Spontaneous formation of nanoparticle stripe\npatterns through dewetting,” Nat. Mater.  **4**  , 896- 900 (2005).\n[51] S. H. Lee, P. J. Yoo, S. J. Kwon, and H. H. Lee, “Solvent-driven dewetting and rim instability,” J.\nChem. Phys.  **121**  , 4346- 4351 (2004).\n[52] L. Xu, T. F. Shi, P. K. Dutta, and L. An, “Rim instability by solvent-induced dewetting,” J. Chem.\nPhys.  **127**  , 144704 (2007).\n[53] L. Xu, T. F. Shi, and L. J. An, “The dewetting dynamics of the polymer thin film by solvent anneal-\ning,” J. Chem. Phys.  **129**  , 044904 (2008).\n[54] M. Elbaum and S. G. Lipson, “How does a thin wetted film dry up?” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **72**  , 3562- 3565\n(1994).\n[55] N. Samid-Merzel, S. G. Lipson, and D. S. Tannhauser, “Pattern formation in drying water films,”",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **IV. CONCLUSION**\n\nrating ultrathin film and also to investigate the influence of processes such as surface diffusion by\nthe liquid, which are not incorporated in the KMC model. However, it is straightforward to extend\nthe theory to consider a fully three-dimensional fluid film, in which one can distinguish between\nshort- and long-range interactions of solvent and/or solute with the substrate. We have, however,\nrestricted the examples given here to situations that can also be described using the KMC model.\nA further exploration will be presented elsewhere.\nFinally, we have discussed a simple thin film model for the hydrodynamics on the mesoscale. It\nresults from a long-wave approximation and consists of coupled evolution equations for the film\nthickness profile and the mean particle concentration. It has been used to discuss the self-pinning\nof receding contact lines that is related to the formation of rings of dried-in particles (coffee-\nstain effect) that frequently occurs when films or drops of solutions or suspensions dewet by the\ncombined effects of convection and evaporation.\nOne of the primary goals of researchers in this field, is the search for simple-to-use techniques\nthat allow one to produce hierarchically structured functional layers for a wide range of applica-\ntions such as, e.g., organic solar cells [98]. This means that the experiments advance very rapidly\ntowards increasingly complex systems. For example, there have been investigations of the influ-\nence of the phase behaviour on the drying of droplets of a suspension of hard-sphere colloidal\nparticles and non-adsorbing polymer [99], of the instabilities and the formation of drops in evap-\norating thin films of binary solutions [100] that may lead to treelike patterns [101], of effects of\na secondary phase separation on evaporation-induced pattern formation in polymer films [102],",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **IV. CONCLUSION**\n\nand of the influence of an imposed flow on decomposition and deposition processes in a sliding\nridge of evaporating solution of a binary polymer mixture [103] and of the influence of rather\n24\nfast evaporation [104, 105]. These complex experimental systems all represent systems of high\npractical interest that the theories presented here are not (yet) able to describe. Such experiments\ndo, however, provide a strong motivation for further work to extend the theories presented here, as\nwell as to develop new approaches.\nLet us finally mention that several topics were entirely excluded from our discussion here. First, we\nfocused on a limited range of descriptions and did, for instance, not mention lattice Boltzmann,\nmolecular dynamics or dissipative particle dynamics approaches that may also be employed to\ndescribe fluid suspensions [106- 109]. Second, we have only discussed spatially homogeneous\nsubstrates. Patterned substrates are widely used in dewetting experiments [38, 110- 112]. Theoret-\nical descriptions are well developed for the dewetting of films of pure non-volatile liquids on such\nsubstrates [68, 113- 119]. However, in the case of volatile liquids on heterogeneous substrates,\nmuch less work has been done. A third topic that we did not touch upon are possible continuum\nthin film approaches to demixing dewetting suspensions. We believe it is feasible to extend the\ndiffuse interface theories such as model-H [120] to include the influence of evaporation in dewet-\nting nanoparticle suspensions. For instance, such models have already been adapted to describe\ndemixing free surface films of polymer blends [121- 123].",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **II. EXPERIMENT WITH NANOPARTICLE SOLUTIONS**\n\nThe macroscopic front can be transversely unstable resulting in large-scale (  *>*  100  *μ*  m) strongly\nanisotropic fingered structures. For fronts that move relatively quickly these macroscopic struc-\ntures cover all the available substrate. However, when at a later stage the macroscopic front be-\ncomes slower, those fingers become scarce and ‘macroscopic fingering’ finally ceases. At this\nstage it is possible to appreciate that the seemingly dry region left behind by the front is not at all\ndry, but covered by an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that is itself unstable. The thickness of this film\n6\nis similar to the size of the nanoparticles. At a certain distance from the macroscopic front, the\nultrathin film starts to evolve a locally isotropic pattern of holes. The holes themselves grow in an\nunstable manner resulting in an array of isotropically branched structures as shown, e.g., above in\nFig. 1. This indicates that at least some of the patterns described in the literature may have arisen\nfrom processes in similar ultrathin ‘postcursor’ films.\nThe existence of the ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film is an experimental finding that can be drawn on\nwhen choosing a theoretical approach to account for the pattern formation (see below). Note how-\never, that at the moment there exists no explanation for its existence. A possible hypothesis is\nthat the substrate strongly attracts the nanoparticles. As a result they form a dense suspension\nlayer having a thickness roughly equal to the diameter of the nanoparticles. The observed meso-\nscopic dewetting front then actually correspond to an autophobic dewetting of a low concentration\nsuspension from the higher concentration suspension on the surface of the substrate.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\n\n[101] L. V. Govor, G. Reiter, G. H. Bauer, and J. Parisi, “Self-assembled treelike patterns from an evapo-\nrating binary solution,” Phys. Rev. E  **74**  , 061603 (2006).\n[102] M. Yamamura, T. Nishio, T. Kajiwara, and K. Adachi, “Evaporation-induced pattern formation in\npolymer films via secondary phase separation,” Chem. Eng. Sci.  **57**  , 2901- 2905 (2002).\n[103] P. M ̈uller-Buschbaum, E. Bauer, S. Pfister, S. V. Roth, M. Burghammer, C. Riekel, C. David, and\nU. Thiele, “Creation of multi-scale stripe-like patterns in thin polymer blend films,” Europhys. Lett.\n**73**  , 35- 41 (2006).\n[104] E. Bormashenko, R. Pogreb, O. Stanevsky, Y. Bormashenko, T. Stein, and O. Gengelman, “Meso-\nscopic patterning in evaporated polymer solutions: New experimental data and physical mecha-\nnisms,” Langmuir  **21**  , 9604- 9609 (2005).\n[105] E. Bormashenko, R. Pogreb, O. Stanevsky, Y. Bormashenko, T. Stein, V. Z. Gaisin, R. Cohen, and\nO. V. Gendelman, “Mesoscopic patterning in thin polymer films formed under the fast dip-coating\nprocess,” Macromol. Mater. Eng.  **290**  , 114- 121 (2005).\n[106] J. B. Gibson, K. Zhang, K. Chen, S. Chynoweth, and C. W. Manke, “Simulation of colloid-polymer\nsystems using dissipative particle dynamics,” Mol. Simul.  **23**  , 1- 41 (1999).\n[107] K. Stratford and I. Pagonabarraga, “Parallel simulation of particle suspensions with the lattice Boltz-\nmann method,” Comput. Math. Appl.  **55**  , 1585- 1593 (2008).\n[108] G. Drazer, B. Khusid, J. Koplik, and A. Acrivos, “Wetting and particle adsorption in nanoflows,”\nPhys. Fluids  **17**  , 017102 (2005).\n[109] J. Kromkamp, D. van den Ende, D. Kandhai, R. van der Sman, and R. Boom, “Lattice Boltzmann\nsimulation of 2d and 3d non-Brownian suspensions in Couette flow,” Chem. Eng. Sci.  **61**  , 858- 873\n(2006).\n32\n[110] L. Rockford, Y. Liu, P. Mansky, T. P. Russell, M. Yoon, and S. G. J. Mochrie, “Polymers on nanope-\nriodic, heterogeneous surfaces,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **82**  , 2602- 2605 (1999).\n[111] A. Sehgal, V. Ferreiro, J. F. Douglas, E. J. Amis, and A. Karim, “Pattern-directed dewetting of\nultrathin polymer films,” Langmuir  **18**  , 7041- 7048 (2002).\n[112] M. Geoghegan and G. Krausch, “Wetting at polymer surfaces and interfaces,” Prog. Polym. Sci.  **28**  ,\n261- 302 (2003).\n[113] P. Lenz and R. Lipowsky, “Morphological transitions of wetting layers on structured surfaces,” Phys.",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\n\nPhys. Rev. E  **57**  , 2906- 2913 (1998).\n[56] A. Padmakar, K. Kargupta, and A. Sharma, “Instability and dewetting of evaporating thin water films\non partially and completely wettable substrates,” J. Chem. Phys.  **110**  , 1735- 1744 (1999).\n[57] A. V. Lyushnin, A. A. Golovin, and L. M. Pismen, “Fingering instability of thin evaporating liquid\nfilms,” Phys. Rev. E  **65**  , 021602 (2002).\n[58] L. M. Pismen, “Spinodal dewetting in a volatile liquid film,” Phys. Rev. E  **70**  , 021601 (2004).\n[59] C. Poulard, O. Benichou, and A. M. Cazabat, “Freely receding evaporating droplets,” Langmuir  **19**  ,\n8828- 8834 (2003).\n[60] Y. Gotkis, I. Ivanov, N. Murisic, and L. Kondic, “Dynamic structure formation at the fronts of volatile\nliquid drops,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **97**  , 186101 (2006).\n[61] E. Pauliac-Vaujour and P. Moriarty, “Meniscus-mediated organization of colloidal nanoparticles,” J.\nPhys. Chem. C  **111**  , 16255- 16260 (2007).\n[62] C. Gigault, K. Dalnoki-Veress, and J. R. Dutcher, “Changes in the morphology of self-assembled\npolystyrene microsphere monolayers produced by annealing,” J. Colloid Interface Sci.  **243**  , 143- 155\n(2001).\n[63] A. Oron, S. H. Davis, and S. G. Bankoff, “Long-scale evolution of thin liquid films,” Rev. Mod. Phys.\n**69**  , 931- 980 (1997).\n[64] U. Thiele, “Thin film evolution equations from (evaporating) dewetting liquid layers to epitaxial\ngrowth,” J. Phys.-Cond. Mat. (2010), (at press).\n29\n[65] J. P. Burelbach, S. G. Bankoff, and S. H. Davis, “Nonlinear stability of evaporating/condensing liquid\nfilms,” J. Fluid Mech.  **195**  , 463- 494 (1988).\n[66] A. Oron and S. G. Bankoff, “Dewetting of a heated surface by an evaporating liquid film under\nconjoining/disjoining pressures,” J. Colloid Interface Sci.  **218**  , 152- 166 (1999).\n[67] L. W. Schwartz, R. V. Roy, R. R. Eley, and S. Petrash, “Dewetting patterns in a drying liquid film,”\nJ. Colloid Interface Sci.  **214**  , 363- 374 (2001).\n[68] K. Kargupta, R. Konnur, and A. Sharma, “Spontaneous dewetting and ordered patterns in evaporating\nthin liquid films on homogeneous and heterogeneous substrates,” Langmuir  **17**  , 1294- 1305 (2001).\n[69] M. Bestehorn and D. Merkt, “Regular surface patterns on Rayleigh-Taylor unstable evaporating films\nheated from below,” Phys. Rev. Lett.  **97**  , 127802 (2006).\n[70] G. F. Teletzke, H. T. Davis, and L. E. Scriven, “Wetting hydrodynamics,” Rev. Phys. Appl.  **23**  , 989-",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **A. Kinetic Monte Carlo model**\n\nthe evaporative dewetting process. They range from labyrinthine to polygonal network structures\nor holes in a dense particle layer. Some typical patterns are displayed in Fig. 2, for cases when\nthe average surface coverage of the nanoparticles  *ρ*   *<sup>av</sup>* *n* = 0  *.*  2 . Panels (a) and (b) result from a\nspinodal-like and nucleation and growth process, respectively. At first sight they look very similar\nto the patterns seen for the pure solvent and one might argue that the particles solely act as passive\ntracers and preserve the transient volatile dewetting structures of the solvent. This was suggested\nin Refs. [26- 28] for dewetting collagen solutions. However, panels (c) and (d) indicate that the\nparticles may at times play a rather more significant role. When the diffusion of the particles is\nslow, the evaporative dewetting fronts become transversely unstable and may result in strongly\nramified patterns. This instability is caused by the nanoparticles. The lower their mobility, the\nstronger the fingering effect, i.e., there are more fingers in (c) than in (d) because in the latter the\nmobility is larger.\nThe front instability is intriguing as it results in strongly branched structures. As the dewetting\nfront moves, new branches are continuously created and existing branches merge at the moving\ncontact line. However, the mean finger number in the streamwise direction of the resulting ramified\npattern is a constant. This behaviour is in contrast to the front instabilities found for dewetting\n10\na\nd\nb\nc\nFIG. 2: Typical KMC results for the final dried-in nanoparticle structures resulting from the evaporative\ndewetting processes of nanoparticle solutions (nanofluids) in the case of (a) a spinodal-like process at  *μ*  =\n*−*  2  *.*  55 , (b) nucleation and growth of holes at  *μ*  =  *−*  2  *.*  3 , (c) unstable fronts at  *μ*  =  *−*  2  *.*  3 and low mobility\n*M*  = 5 , and (d) unstable fronts at  *μ*  =  *−*  2  *.*  3 and medium mobility  *M*  = 10 . The starting configuration in\n(a) and (b) is a homogeneous liquid film with uniformly distributed particles whereas in (c) and (d) a hole",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf",
+                "query": "Concerning the dewetting of nanoparticle solutions, how does the concentration of nanoparticle affect the main finger's width ?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": "A quantitative analysis shows that the mean number of fingers depends only very weakly on the av- erage concentration of the nanoparticles ; only the mean finger width increases with increasing concentration",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **II. EXPERIMENT WITH NANOPARTICLE SOLUTIONS**\n\nThe macroscopic front can be transversely unstable resulting in large-scale (  *>*  100  *μ*  m) strongly\nanisotropic fingered structures. For fronts that move relatively quickly these macroscopic struc-\ntures cover all the available substrate. However, when at a later stage the macroscopic front be-\ncomes slower, those fingers become scarce and ‘macroscopic fingering’ finally ceases. At this\nstage it is possible to appreciate that the seemingly dry region left behind by the front is not at all\ndry, but covered by an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that is itself unstable. The thickness of this film\n6\nis similar to the size of the nanoparticles. At a certain distance from the macroscopic front, the\nultrathin film starts to evolve a locally isotropic pattern of holes. The holes themselves grow in an\nunstable manner resulting in an array of isotropically branched structures as shown, e.g., above in\nFig. 1. This indicates that at least some of the patterns described in the literature may have arisen\nfrom processes in similar ultrathin ‘postcursor’ films.\nThe existence of the ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film is an experimental finding that can be drawn on\nwhen choosing a theoretical approach to account for the pattern formation (see below). Note how-\never, that at the moment there exists no explanation for its existence. A possible hypothesis is\nthat the substrate strongly attracts the nanoparticles. As a result they form a dense suspension\nlayer having a thickness roughly equal to the diameter of the nanoparticles. The observed meso-\nscopic dewetting front then actually correspond to an autophobic dewetting of a low concentration\nsuspension from the higher concentration suspension on the surface of the substrate.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **A. Kinetic Monte Carlo model**\n\nhappens even when the particle-liquid and particle-particle attractive interactions do not favour\nclustering (i.e. demixing of the liquid and the nanoparticles). In this regime, the instability is a\npurely dynamic effect and energetics plays no role in determining the number of fingers. We call\nthis the ‘transport regime’.\nTo illustrate the influence of energetics (characterized by the interaction parameters  *ε* *ij* ) on finger-\ning in Fig. 3 we display the dependence of the mean finger number on particle-liquid interaction\nstrength  *ε* *nl* . For  *ε* *nl*   *≥* 1  *.*  5 the mean finger number  *< f >*  is nearly constant; this is the trans-\nport regime. However, on decreasing  *ε* *nl*  below 1.5, we observe a marked increase in the value\nof  *< f >*  , indicating that energy plays an important role in determining the number of fingers in\nthis regime. In this parameter range, demixing of particles and liquid occurs at the moving front\nand increases its transverse instability. In this ‘demixing regime’, the wavelength of the fingering\ninstability is determined by the dynamics  *and*  the energetics of the system. Decreasing  *ε* *nl*  further\n(below 1  *.*  4 in Fig. 3) one first observes in regime (iii) a slight decrease in the average finger num-\nber. This is a geometric effect resulting from our one-dimensional finger counting routine: The\nfingers increasingly break up and the dried-in pattern looks progressively isotropic. In regime (iv),\nthe measure  *⟨*   *f*   *⟩*  does not represent a finger number but instead indicates a decrease in the typical\n12\ndistance between particle clusters resulting from the demixing process that occurs already in the\nbulk liquid and is not related to the front instability at all. Note that one finds a similar sequence\nof regimes (i) to (iv) when increasing the particle-particle interaction strengths for fixed  *ε* *nl*  (see\nRef. [41]) for further details.\n1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 ε nl\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n25\n<f>\n\nFIG. 3: (Colour online) Dependence of the mean finger number left behind by the unstable dewetting",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **B. Dynamical Density Functional theory**\n\na fingering instability (Fig. 5).\nFig. 4 presents two pairs of snapshots from a purely evaporative dewetting process deep inside the\nparameter region of the phase diagram where spinodal dewetting occurs. For small times the film\nbecomes unstable showing a typical spinodal labyrinthine pattern with a typical wavelength. The\nnanoparticles concentrate where the remaining liquid is situated. However, they are ‘slow’ in their\nreaction: when  *ρ* *l*  already takes values in the range 0.08 -  0.83, the nanoparticle concentration\nhas only deviated by about 25% from its initial value. The film thins strongly forming many\n17\nsmall holes. The competition for space results in a fine-meshed polygonal network of nanoparticle\ndeposits. The concentration of particles is much higher at the network nodes -  an effect that can\nnot been seen within the KMC model. As the particles attract the liquid there remains some liquid\non the substrate where the nanoparticles are.\nFig. 5 gives snapshots of the evolution of a fingering instability for a retracting dewetting front.\nAt early times the straight front shows a rather short-wave instability, about 16 wiggles can be\nseen. However, they are only a transient: the finger pattern coarsens rapidly till only about 7\nfingers remain. The fingering then becomes stationary, i.e., just as in the KMC, the mean finger\nnumber remains constant, although new branches are continuously created and old branches join\neach other. In general, the results on fingering agree well with results obtained using the KMC\nmodel [41]. From this we conclude that jamming of discrete particles is not a necessary factor\nfor causing the instability, since the fingering is seen here in a continuum model with a diffusion\nconstant that is independent of the nanoparticle concentration. The DDFT is better suited than the\nKMC for investigations of the early instability stages: they are more easy to discern without the\ndiscrete background noise of the KMC. Furthermore, one may perform a linear stability analysis of\nthe one-dimensional undisturbed streamwise front profiles with respect to transverse perturbations\n(in analogy to the approach used in Refs. [19, 86, 87]).",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **A. Kinetic Monte Carlo model**\n\nthe evaporative dewetting process. They range from labyrinthine to polygonal network structures\nor holes in a dense particle layer. Some typical patterns are displayed in Fig. 2, for cases when\nthe average surface coverage of the nanoparticles  *ρ*   *<sup>av</sup>* *n* = 0  *.*  2 . Panels (a) and (b) result from a\nspinodal-like and nucleation and growth process, respectively. At first sight they look very similar\nto the patterns seen for the pure solvent and one might argue that the particles solely act as passive\ntracers and preserve the transient volatile dewetting structures of the solvent. This was suggested\nin Refs. [26- 28] for dewetting collagen solutions. However, panels (c) and (d) indicate that the\nparticles may at times play a rather more significant role. When the diffusion of the particles is\nslow, the evaporative dewetting fronts become transversely unstable and may result in strongly\nramified patterns. This instability is caused by the nanoparticles. The lower their mobility, the\nstronger the fingering effect, i.e., there are more fingers in (c) than in (d) because in the latter the\nmobility is larger.\nThe front instability is intriguing as it results in strongly branched structures. As the dewetting\nfront moves, new branches are continuously created and existing branches merge at the moving\ncontact line. However, the mean finger number in the streamwise direction of the resulting ramified\npattern is a constant. This behaviour is in contrast to the front instabilities found for dewetting\n10\na\nd\nb\nc\nFIG. 2: Typical KMC results for the final dried-in nanoparticle structures resulting from the evaporative\ndewetting processes of nanoparticle solutions (nanofluids) in the case of (a) a spinodal-like process at  *μ*  =\n*−*  2  *.*  55 , (b) nucleation and growth of holes at  *μ*  =  *−*  2  *.*  3 , (c) unstable fronts at  *μ*  =  *−*  2  *.*  3 and low mobility\n*M*  = 5 , and (d) unstable fronts at  *μ*  =  *−*  2  *.*  3 and medium mobility  *M*  = 10 . The starting configuration in\n(a) and (b) is a homogeneous liquid film with uniformly distributed particles whereas in (c) and (d) a hole",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **C. Thin film hydrodynamics**\n\nonly results in the small heap of material visible at the left hand side of Fig. 6(a). The decrease\nin  *h* *p*  on the right side of Fig. 6(a) arises due to the diffusion of particles to the right of the initial\nfront position; (ii) for very low evaporation rates, the film dynamics is dominated by convective\ndewetting as this process acts on a much shorter time scale than evaporation. As a result, all the\nliquid is collected into a drop before evaporation slowly removes the remaining solvent. Under\nthese conditions most of the nanoparticles are deposited in a single heap (see Fig. 6(c)). Depending\non the diffusivity, the heap might be highest at the centre or show a depression there; (iii) at\nintermediate evaporation rates, one may observe the deposition of a nanoparticle ring around a\nregion with a nanoparticle film of much lower height. At the centre deposition might increase\nagain (see Fig. 6(b)).\nThe most intriguing feature is the ring formation that has been observed experimentally for sus-\npensions of very different particle sizes ranging from nanometers [32, 36, 46, 47] to hundreds of\nmicrometers. Pinning of the contact line and thermal Marangoni effects are often mentioned as\nnecessary conditions for the ring formation. The contact line pinning is often assumed to result\nfrom substrate heterogeneities. Film height and concentration profiles at various instants during\nthe dewetting process are displayed in Fig. 7. The profiles are from before, at and after self-pinning\nof the contact line. In Fig. 8 we display a space-time plot for the complete process. At first, the\nfront recedes in the same manner as when there is no evaporation, but now driven by convection\nand evaporation. A small capillary rim forms that collects all the dewetted liquid that does not\nevaporate. The particle concentration slowly increases at the contact line (Fig. 7(a) and regime\n21\n0\n1\n2\n3\n0\n1\n2\n3\nh,  h p , φ\n0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 x/L 0\n1\n2\n3\n|  a  |\n|:---|\n| b c  |\n| c  |\nFIG. 7: (Colour online) A sequence of profiles during a dewetting process with competing evaporation and\nconvection that leads to the dried-in ring structure of nanoparticles displayed in Fig. 6(b). Profiles are at (a)\nbefore pinning (  *t*  = 0  *.*  08  *T*  ), (b) at self-pinning (  *t*  = 0  *.*  13  *T*  ), and (c) after depinning (  *t*  = 0  *.*  29  *T*  ), where",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **C. Thin film hydrodynamics**\n\n*T*  = 3  *×*  10 <sup>10</sup> *τ*  with  *τ*  =  *η* 0 *γH/κ*  <sup>2</sup> (  *T*  is of order of 1s). The film thickness profiles  *h*  are the bold solid\nlines, the nanoparticle concentrations  *φ*  are the dotted lines and the nanoparticle layer height  *h* *p*  = *hφ*  are\nthe dashed lines. The remaining parameters and scalings are as in Fig. 6(b).\n(i) in Fig. 8). The concentration increases further and when it approaches random close packing\n*φ* *c* , the viscosity diverges and the front pins itself. When pinned, further retraction only occurs\nthrough evaporation (Fig. 7(b) and regime (ii) in Fig. 8). The front eventually depins and starts\nto move again, leaving a nanoparticle ring behind (Fig. 7(c) and regime (iii) in Fig. 8). However,\nthe velocity is not as large as at the beginning, owing to the fact that the mean concentration of\nparticles has increased. The remaining particles are transported to the centre and are deposited\nthere when the remaining solvent evaporates (regime (iv) in Fig. 8).\nThe simple model used here shows, (i) that the contact line stops due to self-pinning by the de-\nposited particles and (ii) the Marangoni effect is not necessary for the ring formation. The model\ncan easily be refined to account for solutal and/or thermal Marangoni effects [88] but self-pinning\n22\n(iii)\n(iv)\n(ii)\n(i)\nFIG. 8: (Colour online) Space-time plots are given for (left) the film thickness  *h*  and (right) the nanoparticle\nlayer height  *h* *p*  = *hφ*  . The plot corresponds to the complete evolution resulting in the ring profile of\nFig. 6(b). In both panels bright [dark] parts denote high [low] regions. The prominent central dark-bright\nborder in the left panel indicates the change of the position of the contact line in time. Over time, four\nregimes can be distinguished: (i) fast motion before pinning, (ii) nearly no front motion during self-pinning,\n(iii) slow motion after depinning, and (iv) final evaporation from the center.\nshould also be investigated further in the simple case presented here.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **II. EXPERIMENT WITH NANOPARTICLE SOLUTIONS**\n\nWe focus on experiments that use monodisperse colloidal suspensions of thiol-passivated gold\nnanoparticles in toluene [33, 34, 37- 40, 61]. The gold core of 2 -  3 nm diameter is coated by a layer\nof alkyl-thiol molecules. The length of the carbon backbone of the thiol used in the experiments\nranges from 6 to 12 carbon atoms (  *C* 6 to *C* 12 ) [40]. By varying the chain length, one can control\n4\n(a) (b)\n(c) (d)\nFIG. 1: (Colour online) Images of strongly ramified dewetting structures obtained using Atomic Force\nMicroscopy in the case of (a) an aqueous collagen solution on graphite (courtesy of U. Thiele, M. Mertig\nand W. Pompe; see also Ref. [42]. Image size: 5  *μ*  m  *×*  5  *μ*  m); (b) poly(acrylic acid) in water spin-coated onto\na polystyrene substrate (reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. from Ref. [23]; copyright\nJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002; Image size: 2  *.*  5  *μ*  m  *×*  2  *.*  5  *μ*  m); and in both (c) and (d), a solution of gold\nnanoparticles in toluene, spin-coated onto native oxide terminated silicon substrates (scale bars given in\npanels). In all the images the lighter areas correspond to the deposited solute and the dark areas to the\nempty substrate.\n5\nto a certain extent the particle-particle attraction. Normally, the solution is deposited on to a plain\nsilicon substrate that is covered by the native oxide layer only [34]. However, one may locally\nchange the wetting behaviour of the solvent by further oxidising the substrate [38]. By adding\nexcess thiol one can also vary the properties of the solvent [40].\nTwo different procedures are employed for the deposition of the solution on to the substrate: spin-\ncoating or a meniscus technique [61, 62]. The choice is important as it strongly influences the",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **II. EXPERIMENT WITH NANOPARTICLE SOLUTIONS**\n\nevaporation rate and, as a result, the pattern formation process. When using spin-coating, one finds\nthat directly after deposition, evaporation competes with dewetting until all the solvent has evapo-\nrated. The resulting deposits of nanoparticles are imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). For\nspin-coated films, the evaporation rate is high and structuring is normally finished before the spin-\ncoater is stopped. Conversely, the solvent evaporation rate is strongly decreased when employing\nthe meniscus technique [61], i.e., by depositing a drop of solution on a Teflon ring that is wetted by\nthe solvent. This allows for a better control of the process and enables the use of contrast-enhanced\nmicroscopy to observe the dewetting process in situ [40]. All pattern formation is confined to the\nregion of the receding contact line of toluene, silicon and air. With both techniques one may find\nmono-modal or bi-modal polygonal networks [34], labyrinthine spinodal structures, or branched\npatterns (see Fig. 1). The meniscus technique allows for the study of branched structures in a\nmore controlled manner. The work in Ref. [40] indicates that fingering strongly depends on the\ninteraction strength of the particles, i.e., on the chain length of the thiol molecules coating the gold\ncores. For short chains (C 5 and C 8 ) no formation of branched structures is observed. At similar\nconcentrations, well-developed branched structures are formed for longer chains (C 10 and C 12 ).\nFor even longer chains (C 14 ), however, one again finds less branching. It also depends on the\namount of excess thiol in the solvent (for details see Ref. [40]).\nWhen following the evolution of the branched patterns in situ (see the complementary video\nmaterial of Ref. [40]), one clearly observes that different processes occur on different lenght\nscales. First, a macroscopic dewetting front recedes, leaving behind a seemingly dry substrate.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **C. Thin film hydrodynamics**\n\nvertical length scale is  *H*  = � 2  *S* *LW*   */κd* 0 . The remaining dimensionless parameters are the evaporation\nnumber Ω=  *Q* *e* *η* 0 *l*  <sup>2</sup> */H*  <sup>3</sup> , the diffusion number Γ =  *D*  (0)  *η* 0 */Hκ*  = 10  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>4</sup> and the dimensionless chemical\npotential  *M*  =  *Hμ/κ*  =  *−*  0  *.*  0035 . The system size is  *L*  = 19500  *l*  . Film thickness and  *h* *p*  in the plots are\nscaled by the precursor film thickness.\ncircular throughout the dewetting and evaporation process. In this case one should interprete the\ncoordinate  *x*  as the distance from the centre of the circular film.\nWe start with a film of height  *h* 0 of finite length sitting on a precursor film and assume that the film\ncontains nanoparticles at constant concentration  *φ* 0 . The chosen parameter values ensure that the\nfilm of thickness  *h* 0 is linearly stable. As we do not incorporate noise, no nucleation of additional\nholes can occur (even with noise the probability would be extremely low). Without evaporation the\nfilm dewets ‘classically’ by a retraction of the initially step-like front. After a short time, surface\ntension smoothes the profile of the receding front and a capillary rim forms that collects all the\n20\ndewetted liquid. The front recedes until all liquid is collected in a central drop. Since no liquid\nevaporates [  *Q* nc = 0 in Eq. (1)], the particle concentration does not change during the process.\nThe situation changes when allowing for evaporation (  *Q* nc  *>* 0 ). Now the front may retract\nby convection  *and/or*  evaporation. Evaporation leads to the possibility of a strong increase in\nthe particle concentration at the contact line as evaporation is strongest there. Due to the strong\nnonlinear dependence of the viscosity on the particle concentration, this may lead to a dramatic\ndecrease of the convective contribution to the front velocity. For moderate evaporation rates, this\nmay result in a (temporary) self-pinning of the front. Within the present basic model, the process\ncan (after complete dry-in) result in three different basic deposition patterns: (i) for very fast\nevaporation rates, all other processes occur over time scales that are much larger. In particular, the\neffects of convective redistribution of the liquid are neglectable. As a result one finds that a nearly\nhomogeneous film of nanoparticles of thickness  *h* *p*  = *φ* 0 *h* 0 is deposited (see Fig. 6(a)). Convection",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **A. Kinetic Monte Carlo model**\n\nfront on the particle-liquid interaction strength  *ε* *nl* . The regions marked (i) to (iv) are discussed in the\nmain text. The insets display typical snapshots obtained in the four different regions. Particles are black,\nliquid is grey (green online) and the empty substrate is white. The remaining parameters are  *kT*  = 0  *.*  2 ,\n*M*  = 20 ,  *μ*  =  *−*  2  *.*  2 ,  *ρ*   *<sup>av</sup>* *n*   <sup>= 0</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nn</sup>*   <sup>= 2</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>, domain size</sup> <sup>1200</sup>  *<sup>×</sup>*  <sup>1200</sup> <sup>. For the insets, from left to right,</sup>\n*ε* *nl*  = 1 *.*  2  *,*  1  *.*  4  *,*  1  *.*  45  *,*  1  *.*  8 .\nWe note also that the fingering process may be viewed as self-optimising the front motion -  i.e.\nthe front keeps its average velocity constant by expelling particles into the fingers. A similar effect\nexists for dewetting polymer films [18], where liquid is expelled from the growing moving rim\nwhich collects the dewetted polymer. There, the surplus liquid is left on the surface as a droplet\npattern.\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model is a very useful tool that helps one to understand the pattern\nformation in drying nanoparticle suspensions. One has, however, to keep in mind the restrictions\n13\non the model (see above). The purely two-dimensional character of the KMC was extended to\na ‘pseudo three-dimensional’ one by making the effective chemical potential dependent on the\nmean liquid coverage [38]. As the latter is related to a mean film thickness, this corresponds to\nthe introduction of a ‘global’ thickness-dependent disjoining pressure into the evaporation term\nwithout an explicit consideration of a film thickness. The amended model can reproduce bimodal\nstructures that are beyond the scope of the purely two-dimensional model [38, 39]. Fully three-\ndimensional models are also discussed in the literature [76, 77].",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf",
+                "query": "Which of ultrathin film or mesoscale hydrodynamics are best explained by kinetic Monte Carlo models ? ",
+                "target_page": 18,
+                "target_passage": "lthough both the kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory are able to describe well the processes in the ultrathin film, they can not be employed to describe mesoscale hydrodynamics",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **C. Thin film hydrodynamics**\n\nThe previous two sections focused on two approaches to describe the experimentally observed\npatterning dynamics in the ultrathin postcursor film left behind by a mesoscopic receding dewet-\nting front. Although both the kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional\ntheory are able to describe well the processes in the ultrathin film, they can not be employed to\ndescribe mesoscale hydrodynamics. A relatively simple model for the latter can be derived in the\nframework of a long-wave or lubrication equation [8, 63]. We will illustrate here the approach\nby considering an isothermal situation where the nanoparticles are not surface active, i.e., they do\nnot act as surfactants. For a model incorporating the effects of latent heat generation and surface-\nactive particles resulting in thermal and solutal Marangoni stresses, see Ref. [88]. A description of\nspreading particle solutions incorporating a structural disjoining pressure has also been considered\n[89]. For related work on particle-laden film flow on an incline see Refs. [90, 91].\nOne starts from the Stokes equations, together with continuity, no-slip boundary conditions at the\n18\nsubstrate and force equilibria at the free surface, and applies a long-wave approximation. Under\nthe assumption that concentrations equilibrate rapidly over the film thickness, we obtain coupled\nnon-linear evolution equations for the film thickness profile  *h*  (  *x, t*  ) and the amount of nanoparticles\nper unit length  *h* *p*  = *φh*  , where  *φ*  is the volume concentration of the nanoparticles. Note, that  *h* *p*\ncorresponds to the local thickness of the nanoparticle layer when all the solvent is evaporated. The\nresulting evolution equation for the film thickness is Eq. (1) above and focusing on the influence\nof particle-independent capillarity and wettability only, the energy functional  *F*  [  *h*  ] is given by\nEq. (2) above. Note that the viscosity  *η*  depends on the particle concentration. Following Refs.\n[88, 89, 91, 92] we use the Quemada law for dense suspensions [93- 95]\n*η*  (  *φ*  ) =  *η* 0 � 1  *−*   *<sup>φ</sup>* *φ* *c* � *−*  2 (8)\nwhere  *φ* *c*  = 0 *.*  64 corresponds to random close packing of spherical particles. For the nanoparticle\nvolume per length  *h* *p*  = *φh*  one obtains the following evolution equation:\n*∂* *t* (  *φh*  ) =  *∇·* � *φQ* c *∇*   *<sup>δF</sup>* *δh* � +  *∇·*  [  *D*  (  *φ*  )  *h*   *∇*   *φ*  ]  *,*  (9)\nwhere the particle concentration dependent diffusion coefficient  *D*  (  *φ*  ) is related to the viscosity by",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **IV. CONCLUSION**\n\nWe have discussed recent work on pattern formation processes in films and drops of evaporating\nsuspensions/solutions of polymers and particles. After reviewing experiments on suspensions of\nthiol-coated gold nanoparticles in toluene we have focused on the modelling of the transport and\nphase change processes involved. A theoretical approach to the modelling of the hydrodynamics\non the mesoscale has been described as well as more microscopic models for the dynamics in the\nobserved nanoscopic ‘postcursor’ film. In particular, we have introduced (i) a microscopic kinetic\nMonte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film\nmodel.\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory can both be used to\ninvestigate and understand the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched structures\nresulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that remains behind the mesoscopic\ndewetting front. They are, however, not capable of describing the dynamical processes in a meso-\n23\nscopic film. We have seen that the KMC model is able to describe the interplay of solute diffusion\nwithin the solvent and solvent evaporation/condensation. It also takes the liquid-liquid, liquid-\nparticle and particle-particle interactions into account and therefore allows us to distinguish differ-\nent regimes of the transverse (fingering) instability of the evaporative dewetting front: a transport\nregime where the instability is almost completely independent of the interaction strengths and\na demixing regime where particles and liquid demix at the receding front thereby increasing its\ntransverse instability.\nThe dynamical density functional theory describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of\nthe liquid and the nanoparticles. In the form described above (i.e. based on the two-dimensional\nhamiltonian (3)) we obtain a simple theory that allows us to study the time evolution of the evapo-",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\nreduced film thickness. The evaporative mobility, however, is a constant, implying that evapora-\ntion will dominate below a certain (cross-over) thickness. For the parameter values of Ref. [57]\nand a small contact angle (  *≈*  0  *.*  01 ), the cross-over thickness is in the range of 1-5 nanometers. This estimate justifies the neglect of convective transport in a description of the postcursor film\nand may explain why one has such good agreement between the experimentally observed patterns\nand the patterns obtained from a purely two-dimensional (single layer) kinetic Monte Carlo model\n[35]. We introduce the KMC model below in Section III A.\nIn several respects, however, the kinetic Monte Carlo model is rather simplistic, limiting its po-\ntential applications. For instance, the thermodynamic chemical potential as well as any wetting\ninteraction of the solvent with the substrate are collected in a single parameter -  an effective chem-\nical potential. This implies that any influence of a disjoining pressure is ‘smeared out’ over the\nwhole system and that no distinction between the short- and the long-range parts of the disjoining\npressure is possible. It is furthermore based on the assumption that evaporation/condensation is\n8\nthe dominant dynamic process, but does not allow one to probe this assumption. In Section III B\nwe show how one may develop a dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) that describes the\nsystem at a similar level to the KMC. However, the DDFT may also be easily extended to include\nother effects such as fluid diffusion, that the KMC does not incorporate.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **A. Kinetic Monte Carlo model**\n\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model for two-dimensional dewetting nanofluids [33] was first proposed\nin Ref. [35] and extended to include next-nearest neighbour interactions in [37]. The two key\nassumptions used are: (i) the relevant processes can be mapped on to a two-dimensional lattice\ngas model, thereby neglecting continuous changes in the thickness of the evaporating film, and (ii)\nall relevant dynamics results from diffusing nanoparticles and evaporating/condensing solvent.\nThe model builds on an Ising-type model for the liquid-gas phase transition. The surface is divided\nup into a regular array of lattice sites whose size is dictated by the nanoparticles. One then con-\nsiders each lattice site to be occupied either by a nanoparticle, liquid or vapour. This effectively\nmaps the system onto a two-dimensional two-component lattice gas having two fields  *n*  and  *l*  . The\nresulting three possible states of a cell are: liquid (  *l*  = 1  *, n*  = 0 ), nanoparticle (  *l*  = 0  *, n*  = 1 ),\nand vapour (  *l*  = 0  *, n*  = 0 , i.e., cell empty). The energy of an overall configuration is given by the\nhamiltonian\n*E*  =  *−*   *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nn</sup>* 2 � *<ij>*\n*n* *i* *n* *j*   *−*   *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nl</sup>* 2 � *<ij>*\n*n* *i* *l* *j*   *−*   *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>ll</sup>* 2 � *<ij>*\n*l* *i* *l* *j*   *−* *μ* � *i*\n*l* *i* (3)\nwhere  <sup>�</sup> *<ij>*   <sup>denotes a sum over nearest neighbour pairs and</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>ll</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nn</sup>*  <sup>and</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nl</sup>*  <sup>are the liquid-liquid,</sup>\nparticle-particle and liquid-particle interaction energies, respectively. Fixing the three interaction\nstrength parameters  *ε* *ll* ,  *ε* *nn* ,  *ε* *nl*  and the effective chemical potential *μ*  determines the equilibrium\nstate of the system. We choose  *ε* *ll*  as unit of energy -  i.e. we set *ε* *ll*  = 1 .\nThe hamiltonian determines the equilibrium state and the energy landscape of the system. How-\never, as the system ‘dries in’ during the course of the solvent evaporation, the final nanoparticle\nconfigurations do not necessarily represent equilibrium structures. This implies that the system",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n**Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of**\n**nanoparticle suspensions**\nU. Thiele  *<sup>∗</sup>* , I. Vancea, A. J. Archer, M. J. Robbins, L. Frastia\n*Department of Mathematical Sciences,*\n*Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK*\nA. Stannard, E. Pauliac-Vaujour, C. P. Martin, M. O. Blunt, P. J. Moriarty\n*The School of Physics and Astronomy,*\n*The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK*\n*∗* homepage: http://www.uwethiele.de, u.thiele@lboro.ac.uk\n1\narXiv:1001.2669v1  [cond-mat.soft]  15 Jan 2010\nAbstract\nWe review recent experiments on dewetting thin films of evaporating colloidal nanoparticle suspensions\n(nanofluids) and discuss several theoretical approaches to describe the ongoing processes including coupled\ntransport and phase changes. These approaches range from microscopic discrete stochastic theories to\nmesoscopic continuous deterministic descriptions. In particular, we focus on (i) a microscopic kinetic\nMonte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film model.\nModels (i) and (ii) are employed to discuss the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched\nstructures resulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin ‘postcursor film’ that remains behind a mesoscopic\ndewetting front. We highlight, in particular, the presence of a transverse instability in the evaporative\ndewetting front which results in highly branched fingering structures. The subtle interplay of decomposition\nin the film and contact line motion is discussed.\nFinally, we discuss a simple thin film model (iii) of the hydrodynamics on the mesoscale. We employ\ncoupled evolution equations for the film thickness profile and mean particle concentration. The model is\nused to discuss the self-pinning and de-pinning of a contact line related to the ‘coffee-stain’ effect.\nIn the course of the review we discuss the advantages and limitations of the different theories, as well as\npossible future developments and extensions.\nThe paper is published in:  *J. Phys.-Cond.*   *Mat.*   **21**  , 264016 (2009),\nin the Volume “Nanofluids on solid substrates” and can be obtained at\n[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/26/264016](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/26/264016)\n2",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\nwettability of the surface. Since  *μ*  corresponds to a chemical potential, the term  *μh*  may either bias\nthe system towards the liquid or towards the gas state. The variation of  *F*  w.r.t.  *h*  gives the pressure.\nIt contains the curvature (Laplace) pressure  *−*   *γ*  ∆  *h*  and the disjoining pressure Π(  *h*  ) =  *−*   *∂* *h* *f*  (  *h*  ) .\nMany different forms for the latter are in use (see, e.g., Refs. [4, 8, 63, 70- 73]).\nFor the present system a thin film description using Eq. (1) is not appropriate because the nanopar-\nticles are not taken into account. However, under certain conditions one can augment equation (1)\nfor the evolution of the film thickness by coupling it to an equation for the evolution of the mean\nparticle concentration. The resulting model is able to describe the behaviour of an evaporating so-\nlution on the meso- and macroscale. Such an approach is briefly discussed below in Section III C.\nWe should expect such a model to describe the mesoscopic dewetting front discussed above. How-\never, the theory is less suited to a description of the dewetting dynamics of the ultrathin postcursor\nfilm.\nThe dewetting of the ultrathin film of highly concentrated suspension may be described by a dis-\ncrete stochastic model such as, for instance, a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model based solely on\nevaporation/condensation dynamics of the solvent and diffusion of the solute [35, 39, 41]. The va-\nlidity of this strong assumption regarding the relevant transport processes can be confirmed from\nan estimate based on Eq. (1): The pressure  *p*  =  *δF/δh*  drives convection and evaporation. The\nconvective mobility is proportional to  *h*  <sup>3</sup> , i.e., it is large for thick films but decreases strongly with",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **B. Dynamical Density Functional theory**\n\nThe limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related\nto its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle.\nThis implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid,\ni.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to\ndistinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the\nsubstrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential.\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78- 83] one can develop a model\nfor the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit\nourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to\nincorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes\nthe coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid  *ρ* *l*  and the nanoparticles *ρ* *n* . The densities\n*ρ* *l*  and *ρ* *n*  are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied\nby a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond\nto number densities as we use the lattice spacing  *σ*  = 1 as our unit of length.\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional  *F*  [  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ] , and\nsecondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the\nnon-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively.\nFor a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams)\napproximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution\nand contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid).\nThe free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is\ncoupled to a reservoir with chemical potential  *μ*  ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **A. Kinetic Monte Carlo model**\n\ndynamics is of paramount importance. It is determined by the possible Monte Carlo moves, their\nrelative frequencies, and the probabilities for their acceptance. Two types of moves are allowed: (i)\nevaporation/condensation of liquid and (ii) diffusion of nanoparticles within the liquid. A mobility\n*M*  corresponds to the ratio of cycles of particle and solvent moves and reflects the physical ratio of\n9\ntime scales for evaporation and diffusion. A large mobility  *M*  indicates fast diffusion as compared\nto evaporation. A trial move is accepted with the probability  *p* acc = min[1 *,*  exp(  *−*  ∆  *E/kT*  )] where *k*  is the Boltzmann constant,  *T*  the temperature and ∆  *E*  is the change in energy resulting from the\npotential move. Note that particles are only allowed to move into wet areas of the substrate, i.e.,\nonto cells with  *l*  = 1 . This models zero diffusivity of the particles on a dry substrate. The replaced\nliquid fills the site left by the nanoparticle.\nWithout nanoparticles, the behaviour of the model is well known as it reduces to the classical\ntwo-dimensional Ising model [74]. For  *kT < kT* *c*   *≈* 0  *.*  567 liquid and vapour coexist when  *μ*  =\n*μ* coex = *−*  2 . For  *μ >*   *−*  2 [  *μ <*   *−*  2 ] eventually the liquid [vapour] dominates. A straight liquid- gas interface will recede [advance] for  *μ <*   *−*  2 [  *μ >*   *−*  2 ], i.e. one finds evaporative dewetting [wetting] fronts. If one starts, however, with a substrate covered homogeneously by the liquid,\nfor  *μ <*   *−*  2 the film will dewet via a nucleation or spinodal-like process. If the nanoparticles are present, they form dried-in structures when all the liquid evaporates. The final structures do not\nnormally change any further -  at least on short time scales. However, if the liquid wets the particles\n(i.e. is attracted to the particles), over long times there might be a coarsening of the structures,\nfacilitated by the adsorbed liquid. The dried-in patterns depend on the particular pathway taken by",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **II. EXPERIMENT WITH NANOPARTICLE SOLUTIONS**\n\nThe macroscopic front can be transversely unstable resulting in large-scale (  *>*  100  *μ*  m) strongly\nanisotropic fingered structures. For fronts that move relatively quickly these macroscopic struc-\ntures cover all the available substrate. However, when at a later stage the macroscopic front be-\ncomes slower, those fingers become scarce and ‘macroscopic fingering’ finally ceases. At this\nstage it is possible to appreciate that the seemingly dry region left behind by the front is not at all\ndry, but covered by an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that is itself unstable. The thickness of this film\n6\nis similar to the size of the nanoparticles. At a certain distance from the macroscopic front, the\nultrathin film starts to evolve a locally isotropic pattern of holes. The holes themselves grow in an\nunstable manner resulting in an array of isotropically branched structures as shown, e.g., above in\nFig. 1. This indicates that at least some of the patterns described in the literature may have arisen\nfrom processes in similar ultrathin ‘postcursor’ films.\nThe existence of the ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film is an experimental finding that can be drawn on\nwhen choosing a theoretical approach to account for the pattern formation (see below). Note how-\never, that at the moment there exists no explanation for its existence. A possible hypothesis is\nthat the substrate strongly attracts the nanoparticles. As a result they form a dense suspension\nlayer having a thickness roughly equal to the diameter of the nanoparticles. The observed meso-\nscopic dewetting front then actually correspond to an autophobic dewetting of a low concentration\nsuspension from the higher concentration suspension on the surface of the substrate.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **IV. CONCLUSION**\n\nrating ultrathin film and also to investigate the influence of processes such as surface diffusion by\nthe liquid, which are not incorporated in the KMC model. However, it is straightforward to extend\nthe theory to consider a fully three-dimensional fluid film, in which one can distinguish between\nshort- and long-range interactions of solvent and/or solute with the substrate. We have, however,\nrestricted the examples given here to situations that can also be described using the KMC model.\nA further exploration will be presented elsewhere.\nFinally, we have discussed a simple thin film model for the hydrodynamics on the mesoscale. It\nresults from a long-wave approximation and consists of coupled evolution equations for the film\nthickness profile and the mean particle concentration. It has been used to discuss the self-pinning\nof receding contact lines that is related to the formation of rings of dried-in particles (coffee-\nstain effect) that frequently occurs when films or drops of solutions or suspensions dewet by the\ncombined effects of convection and evaporation.\nOne of the primary goals of researchers in this field, is the search for simple-to-use techniques\nthat allow one to produce hierarchically structured functional layers for a wide range of applica-\ntions such as, e.g., organic solar cells [98]. This means that the experiments advance very rapidly\ntowards increasingly complex systems. For example, there have been investigations of the influ-\nence of the phase behaviour on the drying of droplets of a suspension of hard-sphere colloidal\nparticles and non-adsorbing polymer [99], of the instabilities and the formation of drops in evap-\norating thin films of binary solutions [100] that may lead to treelike patterns [101], of effects of\na secondary phase separation on evaporation-induced pattern formation in polymer films [102],",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf",
+                "query": "What is AgMERRA ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": " historical daily weather data (1986–2005) are from the AgMERRA dataset. AgMERRA is a post-processing of the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data. The dataset is proved to be suitable for agricultural modelling and features consistent, daily time-series data",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### D I R E C TO R S ’ R E P O R T\n\n#### DERRICE-ANN DILLON\n##### **Executive Director - Corporate - Appointed 12 August 1998**\nDerrice Dillon has considerable experience in management,\nadministration and finance acquired over the last 22 years and has\nheld a number of senior positions in Australia and overseas. From the\nearly 1990’s Derrice developed a strong knowledge of the oil and gas\nindustry from her previous position as a director and head of\nadministration of Slimdrill Pty Ltd. She was responsible for the design\nand implementation of all accounting and administration systems, including complex\ndatabases to track information for the construction and manufacture of the Slimdrill oil\ndrilling rigs. She was also responsible for all legal matters and the production of promotional\nand marketing material for worldwide distribution.\nDerrice took a leading role in the listing of Mermaid Marine in 1999 and has since headed up\naccounting, systems and administration. As Chairman of the Board of Management she plays a\nsenior role in Mermaid’s operations.\nDerrice has also recently been appointed to the Seacare Authority by the Minister of\nEmployment, Workplace Relations and Small Business as National Representative for the\nOffshore Maritime Industry.",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## **Nueva Esperanza Project**\n\nChimberos. The alteration and mineralisation\nare all Miocene in age and associated with the\nCerros Bravos paleovolcano.\nMineralisation comprises two main compo-\nnents. Silver-rich horizontal units termed\n‘mantos’ (Spanish for blanket) and a series of\nnear-vertical, cross-cutting gold-rich structures.\nThe mantos silver mineralisation is hosted by\nvuggy silica within dacitic lapilli tuff. Mantos\noccurs at Arqueros and Teterita where the\nmineralising process has replaced horizontal\nporous tuffs. At Chimberos, silver mineralisation\nis hosted in vuggy silica hydrothermal breccia\nsuperimposed on folded Paleozoic sediments.\nThe vertical gold-rich mineralisation, also charac-\nterised by vuggy silica, is well-developed at\nArqueros. It has been interpreted as feeders for\nmineralising fluids. Nonetheless, this style of\nmineralisation has not yet been observed at\nTeterita and is poorly preserved at Chimberos.\nResource\nKingsgate has updated the project resource\nbase to incorporate the recent drilling on the\nChimberos project and using the current gold/\nsilver ratio of 60 (previously 45) for its gold\nequivalent (AuEq60) and silver equivalent\n(AgEq60) calculations.The combined Measured,\nIndicated and Inferred mineral resource for the\nNueva Esperanza Project is based on resource\nblock modelling of Arqueros, Chimberos and\nTeterita, and has been estimated at a cut-off\ngrade of 0.5 grams per tonne (g/t), gold equiva-\nlent (AuEq60) to be 28.9 million tonnes at\n0.27 g/t gold and 84 g/t silver.\nThis represents about 250,000 ounces of gold\nand 78.5 million ounces of silver.\nThe Measured, Indicated and Inferred resource\nmay be expressed in gold or silver equivalent\nounces as:\n〉 〉 Gold equivalent ounces (AuEQ60): 1.6\nmillion ounces at 1.7 g/t gold equivalent; and\n〉 〉 Silver equivalent ounces (AgEQ60): 93.5\nmillion ounces at 100 g/t silver equivalent.\nFeasibility Study\nA Definitive Feasibility Study commenced on the\nproject at the end of May 2011 with the focus\non Arqueros, and open pit mining of that deposit\nwith processing by traditional mill and agiitation\nleaching in cyanide. Subsequent acquisition of",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## c. Revenue\nRevenue is measured at the fair value of the\nconsideration received or receivable. Sales\nrevenue represents the net proceeds receivable\nfrom the buyer.\nGold and silver sales\nGold and silver revenue is recognised when the\nrefinery process has been finalised at which\npoint the sale transaction to a third party is also\ncompleted. Transportation and refinery costs\nare expensed when incurred.",
+                    "page_start": 70,
+                    "page_end": 70,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Operations Report\n\nreports and a detailed review of all environ-\nmental issues are contained within the 2013\nMining and Rehabilitation Compliance Report\n(MARCR). The MARCR can be downloaded from\nDMITRE’s website www.minerals.dmitre.sa.gov.\nau and can be found using the search word\n“Challenger”.\nWater usage\nA supplementary groundwater extraction bore\n(Gusher 3) was commissioned at Challenger to\nincrease the supply of potable water made\navailable to the accommodation camp. A third\nreverse osmosis plant was also commissioned to\naccommodate the increase in volume of water\nthat needs to be filtered for potable use.\nA total of 436,175 tonnes of water was used to\nprocess 556,631 tonnes of ore during the finan-\ncial year with a ratio of 0.78 tonnes of water to\none tonne of ore. Water usage was reduced\nonsite via recycling of supernatant water from\nTailings Storage Facility (TSF) 2 via the decant\nwater return system.\nOperations Report\n**25**\nWater Quality\nThe Annual Groundwater Review Report indi-\ncated that analysis of groundwater samples\ncollected from the mine site groundwater moni-\ntoring network are generally below the relevant\nguideline, and in many instances near or below\nthe Limit of Reporting (LOR).\nConcentrations of CNWAD (cyanide weak acid\ndissociable metals) analysed from groundwater\nsamples collected from monitoring bores\nsurrounding the tailings storage facility (TSF)\nsuggest the natural attenuation of cyanide is\noccurring and containment measures in place\nfor process water and tailings slurry are perform-\ning as designed.\nIncident Reporting\nChallenger’s online incident reporting system\nwas upgraded from Skytrust to QHSE Data\nManager during the 2012/13 financial year. The\nupdated reporting commitments approved in\nMarch 2012 have lead to an increase in the\nnumber of reported incidents during 2012 and\n2013. A total of three environmental incidents\nwere reported to government regulators in the\n2012/13 financial year with the incidents\nassessed as low to moderate risk. All incidents\nwere investigated and were closed out before\nthe end of the financial year.\nEnvironmental Audit\nAn independent environmental compliance\naudit was undertaken by specialist consultants\nOutback Ecology in March, 2013. The compli-\nance report was submitted to DMITRE as part\nof the annual MARCR in April, 2013. The compli-\nance audit identified action tasks which have\nnow been completed.\nCyanide Management\nAt Challenger tailings are stored in an integrated\nwaste landform (IWL). This is essentially the\nsame as a traditional tailings storage facility\nbut is built to blend into the waste dumps.\nGroundwater monitoring bores located around",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **28. SEGMENT REPORTING**\n\nThe economic entity operates predominantly within Australia and in one industry segment, being the\nhire and sale of marine related plant and equipment, buildings and land to companies operating in the oil\nand gas industry.\n57",
+                    "page_start": 60,
+                    "page_end": 60,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## **Nueva Esperanza Project**\n\nChile\nSummary\nThe Nueva Esperanza Project is 100% owned\nby Kingsgate since February 2012. Nueva\nEsperanza is located in the Maricunga Gold Belt\nnear Copiapó, a regional mining centre in\nNorthern Chile. The silver-rich mineralisation is\nhosted by the Esperanza high-sulphidation\nepithermal alteration system associated with\nthe Cerros Bravos volcanic complex.\nThe project consists of three well-defined miner-\nalised deposits and a number of undeveloped\nexploration targets. The main deposits are\nArqueros, Chimberos and Teterita. Arqueros was\npreviously mined on a limited scale by under-\nground methods and Chimberos was exploited\nas an open pit mine, delivering about 40 million\nounces of silver in 1998/99. All three deposits\ncurrently have a combined Mineral Resources of\nabout 93 million ounces of silver equivalent or\n1.6 million ounces of gold equivalent (EQ60) <sup>1</sup> .\nA feasibility study for a decision to mine the\nArqueros portion of Nueva Esperanza was\ncompleted in late 2012, demonstrating that open\npit mining at two million tonnes per year and\nprocessing by milling and agitation leaching in\ncyanide was technically feasible. Work remained\nto integrate the Teterita and Chimberos deposits\ninto the project, as well as to test lower cost\noptions for processing. Continued metallurgical\ntestwork has shown that mineralisation from all\nthree deposits by heap leaching is technically and\neconomically feasible and the preferred alterna-\ntive for development.\nEnvironmental approvals to commence\nconstruction and mining at Nueva Esperanza\nwere granted in July 2013 for the original\nArqueros project. Work is underway to modify\nand update the environmental assessment to\nincorporate the heap leach process.\nu\n1 \u0007Equivalence is based on gold/silver price ratio\nof 60. Gold equivalence = gold content plus\n(silver content  *divided*  by 60), whereas Silver\nequivalent silver content plus (gold content\nmultiplied by 60).\n**29**\nProjects Report\nGeology\nThe silver and gold mineralisation is hosted\nwithin tertiary-aged volcanic units at Arqueros\nand Teterita, and in Paleozoic sediments at",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 3. \u0007Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements\n\n### 6. Income tax 2013\n\n185,200 ounces of gold and 1,080,400\nounces of silver, Akara is entitled to:\ni) \u0007an eight year tax holiday on income\nderived from the new processing plant\nwith tax savings limited to the capital\ncost of the new treatment plant;\nii) \u000725% investment allowance on the\ncapital cost of certain assets of the new\nprocessing plant; and\niii) other benefits.\nThe start of the promotion period was\n1 November 2012.\nNotes to the Financial Statements\n**82**\n6. Income tax continued\n2013\n$’000\n2012\n$’000\nc) Tax recognised in other comprehensive income\nAvailable-for-sale investment revaluation reserve (39) (300)\nForeign exchange losses recognised directly in foreign currency translation reserves 566 103\nTotal tax recognised in other comprehensive income 527 (197)\nd) Deferred tax liabilities offset\nDeferred tax liabilities amounting to $853,000 (2012: $774,000) have been offset against deferred tax asset.\ne) Unrecognised deferred tax assets\nTax losses -  Australian entities 211,548 5,627\nTax losses -  other entities 9,237 2,185\nTemporary difference 130,113 -\nSubtotal 350,898 7,812\nUnrecognised deferred tax assets 104,345 2,344\nf) Tax consolidation group\nKingsgate Consolidated Limited and its wholly-\nowned Australian subsidiary have implemented\nthe tax consolidation legislation as of 1 July\n2003. The accounting policy in relation to this\nlegislation is set out in Note 2d.\nOn adoption of the tax consolidation legislation,\nthe entities in the tax-consolidation group\nentered into a tax sharing agreement which, in\nthe opinion of the Directors, limits the joint and\nseveral liabilities of the wholly-owned entities in\nthe case of default by the head entity, Kingsgate\nConsolidated Limited.\nThe entities have also entered into a tax funding\nagreement under which the wholly-owned\nentities fully compensate Kingsgate for any\ncurrent tax payable assumed and are compen-\nsated for any current tax receivable and deferred\nassets relating to the unused tax losses or\nunused tax credits that are transferred to\nKingsgate under the tax legislation. The funding\namounts are determined by reference to the\namounts recognised in the wholly-owned enti-\nties’ financial statements.\nThe amount receivable / payable under the tax\nfunding agreement are due upon receipt of the\nfunding advice from the head entity, which is\nissued as soon as practicable after the end of\neach financial year. The head entity may also\nrequire payment of interim funding amounts to\nassist with its obligations to pay tax instalments.",
+                    "page_start": 82,
+                    "page_end": 83,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 11. Advanced Copy Services\n\n### **11.7  Remote Copy commands**\n\n#### **11.7.11  Starting Metro Mirror/Global Mirror consistency group**\nUse the  **startrcconsistgrp**  command to start an MM/GM consistency group. You can issue\nthis command only to a consistency group that is connected.\nFor a consistency group that is idling, this command assigns a copy direction (master and\nauxiliary roles) and begins the copy process. Otherwise, this command restarts a previous\ncopy process that was stopped by a  **stop**  command or by an I/O error.",
+                    "page_start": 568,
+                    "page_end": 568,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\nThe leader in high-efficiency, durable, and\nstylish hearth products, the Quadra-Fire <sup>TM</sup>\nbrand offers specialty channel partners the\nwidest selection of high-performance fire-\nplaces, stoves, and fireplace inserts in the\nwood, gas, pellet, and electric fuel categories.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  2003 product introductions included new\nwood- and pellet-burning stoves and fire-\nplaces; wood and gas inserts and fireplace\nfronts; and electric stoves and fireplaces.\n**-**  The Quadra-Fire <sup>TM</sup> 7100 EPA Wood Fireplace\nwon the Vesta Awards’ “Best New Hearth\nProduct for 2003” and “Best in Show in 2003.”\n**W W W . Q U A D R A F I R E . C O M**\nThe leading provider of hearth and home\nproducts and services, Fireside Hearth & Home\ndesign centers help consumers achieve the\nfeeling they want in their home by supporting\nthe entire buying process — from purchase to\ninstallation and after-sale service. Fireside\nHearth & Home works through a network of\nindependent and company-owned, stand-\nalone or gallery design centers, as well as\ninstallation centers, catering both to con-\nsumers and builders.\n**W W W . F I R E S I D E U S A . C O M**\nThe Fireside Furnishings business is the\npreferred manufacturer for mantels and\nsurrounds to complement Heatilator  <sup>®</sup> ,\nHeat-N-Glo <sup>®</sup> , or Quadra-Fire <sup>TM</sup> fireplaces. It\nbuilds the widest range of mantels, shelves,\ncabinets, and wall systems, from simple and\ninexpensive offerings to elegant and elaborate\ndesigns featuring custom millwork and\nimported stone.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  Heritage Collection <sup>TM</sup> was named a 2003\nVesta Award Finalist for Mantels, Facings, and\nSurrounds.\n**W W W . F I R E S I D E F U R N I S H I N G S . C O M**\nafkljdf aojvoaipdddd SEEKI NG",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nProtection Act 1994. Applicable legislation and requisite environmental licences are specified in the entity’s Environmental, Health and Safety\nCompliance Database, which forms part of the consolidated entity’s overall Environmental Management System. Compliance performance is monitored\non a regular basis and in various forms, including environmental audits conducted by regulatory authorities and by the Company, either through\ninternal or external resources. During the financial year, except as mentioned below, no fines were imposed, no prosecutions were instituted and no\nnotice of non-compliance with the above referenced regulations was received from a regulatory body. A directive was issued by the Northern Territory\nDepartment of Business, Industry and Resource Development in December 2004 in relation to flaring of gas at Mereenie under Clause 619 of the\nSchedule of Onshore Petroleum Exploration and Production Requirements 1993 issued under the Northern Territory Petroleum Act 1984. A report was\nsubmitted to the Department regarding this incident. A show cause notice was received from the Department of Primary Industries and Resources,\nSouth Australia, in June 2004 in relation to the Keleary to Merrimelia oil pipeline under the South Australian Petroleum Act 2000. The pipeline has\nbeen assessed and a management strategy has been agreed with the Department.\n**7. Events Subsequent to Balance Date**\nExcept as mentioned below, in the opinion of the Directors there has not arisen in the interval between the end of the financial year and the date of\nthis report any matter or circumstance that has significantly affected or may significantly affect the operations of the consolidated entity, the results\nof those operations, or the state of affairs of the consolidated entity in future financial years.\nDividends declared after 31 December 2004 are set out in Item 4 of this Directors’ Report and Note 20 to the financial statements.\nOn 17 February 2005, the Company entered into a contract to acquire Basin Oil Pty Ltd effective 1 January 2005. Basin Oil Pty Ltd has a 2.1%\ninterest in the South Australia Cooper Basin, a 40% interest in Patricia-Baleen and Sole and a 33.3% interest in Golden Beach and Vic/P55.\nAnnual Report 2004 49\n**8. Likely Developments**\nCertain likely developments in the operations of the consolidated entity and the expected results of those operations in future financial years are\nreferred to at pages 2 to 7, 11 to 12, 16 to 23 and 26 to 28 of this Annual Report. Further information about likely developments in the operations",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf",
+                "query": "In 2018, what was the global proportion of maize grown in the US ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "According to statistics in 2018, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries is almost 80% of the total maize yield of the whole world. The United States accounts for more than 32%",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**Author contributions** K.L. designed the framework of the article and analyzed the yield results and the maize price under future sce- narios. J.P. simulated the climate data from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. W.X. simulated the maize yields in whole world under different scenarios. W.X. simulated the market price of maize at national and global levels. T.A. helped the revision of language.\n**Funding** Funding was provided by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0607403 and 2017YFD0300301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41961124007 and 41871026).\n**Competing interests** The authors declare no competing interests.\n**Additional information Correspondence**  and requests for materials should be addressed to K.L.\n**Reprints and permissions information**  is available at www.nature.com/reprints .\n**Publisher’s note**  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\n**Open Access**  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://​creat​iveco​mmons.​org/​licen​ses/​by/4.​0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .\n© The Author(s) 2022",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Simulation of maize yield using DSSAT.**  According to the data of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C selected above, we simulated global maize yield changes compared with the average yield during 1986- 2005 on grid level using CERES-Maize, which is part of DSSAT version 4.6 <sup>49</sup> . The inputs for DSSAT simulation include daily weather data, soil parameters, crop calendar data and man- agement information. All the inputs are formatted at a 0.5° × 0.5° grid resolution which are computed by high- performance computers. Weather data is from the AgMERRA dataset, including maximum and minimum tem- peratures, precipitation, total radiation and humidity. Crop calendar data were from the Center for Sustainability and Global Environment (SAGE), in which the existing observations of crop planting and harvesting dates are gridded formatted at a resolution of 5 ­min <sup>50</sup> . For management information, fertilizer applications, irrigation and other management practices are required. A crop-specific gridded dataset of nitrogen fertilizer application for the world was developed by integrating national and subnational fertilizer application data from a variety of sources, which is used to set up current fertilizer application rates for maize in each grid cell. Soil parameters are from the International Soil Profile Dataset (WISE), including soil texture, bulk density, pH, organic carbon content and fraction of calcium carbonate for each of five 20 cm thick soil ­layers <sup>51</sup> . All the soil data is allocated to be in accordance with the request of DSSAT simulation; the missing soil parameters for organic soils were adopted from FAO soil dataset. First maize yields across the world during the historical period 1986- 2005 were simulated at the 0.5° × 0.5° grid scale with two main production systems, including Spring maize and Summer maize. Historical national maize production is aggregated from simulated gridded yield and weighted by grid cell maize areas in 2000 from the gridded global dataset by combining two data ­products <sup>47</sup> . Second, genetic parameters of specific cultivars of maize from previous works were adopted for the initial parameters; model parameters related to crop genotype characteristics were calibrated and tuned following the method in Xiong et al. <sup>52</sup> , in which the simulated yields from 1986- 2005 were comparable to the statistical data. Third, maize yields across the world were simulated under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. Finally, global and national maize yields were aggregated from grid- ded values; changes in national and global yields under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C were calculated, comparing maize yield average for 1986- 2005.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Yield change of maize under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.**  Maize production is affected by climate change apparently. According to the simulation results of CERES-maize, the yield of maize would decrease in the worldwide relative to 1986- 2005 under global warming by 2.0 °C; it would increase little under global warming by 1.5 °C. The distributions of maize yield loss under the two scenarios are similar to each other, mostly located in the middle and low latitude, which are the main regions for maize planting in the world. The loss risk of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C is much more serious than that under global warming of 1.5 °C. However, there are increasing potentials of maize yield in many regions, nearly half of the whole maize planting area in the world, in which the climate situation would become more proper for maize under global\n**Figure 2.**  (continued)\n6\nwarming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. So, there are apparent challenges and opportunities for maize production in the whole world under climate change. We should grasp the opportunities and expand the yield increasing poten- tials; meanwhile, the threat of maize yield loss should be controlled and compressed to the minimum in the high-risk regions. From the results simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR model under RCP 2.6 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2020 and 2039 would decrease by 6.8% relative to 1986- 2005. The area is 37.7% of the whole maize planting regions in the world, in which the yield loss would be less than 50%, mainly located in the low and middle latitude of South America and Asia, and the middle latitude of Africa and North America. The area is 16.4% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield loss would be more than 50%, mainly located in the low latitude of South America and the middle latitude of Asia and Europe. The area is 45.8% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield would increase, mainly located in the low latitude of Africa, Asia and North America, the high latitude of Europe. From the results simulated by the GFDL-ESM2M model under RCP 4.5 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2041 and 2060 would increase by 7.2% relative to 1986- 2005. There are opposite trends of maize yield under global warming by 1.5 °C, which are simulated by different global climate models. However, the spatial distributions of maize yield change are similar to each other. The difference is that the regions of high yield loss rate are decreasing, and the regions of yield increasing are going up. In a comprehensive perspective, under global warming by 1.5 °C, maize yield in the whole world would increase 0.18% relative to 1986- 2005 (Fig. 3 ). According to Paris Agreement, all countries should do their best to limit the global warming by 1.5 °C until the end of 21 century. If that objective could be accomplished, gross maize production of the whole world would not be influenced so much by climate change, but the food",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Figure 5.**  Yield loss rates on maize in top 20 countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\nby 1.5 °C. According to the simulation results, comparing to 1986- 2005, the maize yield in the United States, China and Brazil would decrease under global warming by 2.0 °C; the yield loss rate would reach more than 24% in Brazil; the United States would decrease by 13.3%; China would decrease by 11.5%. However, there would be increasing trends in Argentina and Mexico; the maize yield would increase by 16.8% in Argentina; the yield increasing rate would exceed 40% in Mexico. Overall, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries would decrease by 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. By comparing the maize production in different countries, it can be found that the reduction trend of total maize production in the top five countries is more obvious, especially under the scenario of global warming by 2.0 °C, the global food trade and food security may face greater risks. From the view of continents, there are different trends of maize yield changes in the 6 continents (except Ant- arctica) under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C (Fig. 6 ). From the results of simulated by CRESE-maize under global warming by 1.5 °C, the maize yield in 3 continents would decline apparently, including South America, Europe and Oceania; the average yield loss rates are respectively − 15.6%, − 12.4%, − 36.4%; in the other 3 con- tinents the average maize yield would go up, especially in Africa more than 30%; the increasing trends are slight in Asia and North America, in which the yield increasing rates are separately 0.7% and 0.4%. However, the yield change trends simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR and GFDL-ESM2M models are different in 2 continents, including Asia and North America. From the results of simulated by CRESE-maize under global warming by 2.0 °C, the maize yield in 5 continents would decline apparently, except Africa; the average yield loss rates are respectively − 7.9% (Asia), − 14.1% (North America), − 9.3% (South America), − 22.5% (Europe), − 25.5% (Oceania); only in Africa the average maize yield would go up also more than 30%; meanwhile the yield change trends simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR and GFDL-ESM2M models are the same in each continent. Comparing the two global warming scenarios, there would be apparent variations in maize yield in Asia and North America, in which the annual maize yield accounts for a great proportion of the whole world, leading to a much more serious yield loss under global warming by 2.0 °C than that under global warming by 1.5 °C. There would be an obvious crisis of food supply under global warming by 2.0 °C with the increasing population in the future. So, it is important to make full preparation for adaptation to climate change in the whole world.",
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+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Simulation of market price using GTAP.**  The yield changes for maize from the DSSAT models under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C temperature increase are used to carry out simulations using competitive market for changes in production, market price, and self-sufficiency ratio of maize at national and global ­levels <sup>53</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>54</sup> . For this study, we use a comparative static analysis approach to simulate the impact of climate changes on the prices and trade of the major food crops under current economic conditions. Utilizing current economic conditions has the advan- tage of minimizing assumptions and model uncertainties related to future economic ­conditions <sup>55</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>56</sup> . The original GTAP database doesn’t include maize as a separate sector, rather it is combined with other coarse grains to form an “other coarse grain” sector. For this study, we updated the GTAP database by splitting maize from the original sector in the database, design an appropriate sectoral and regional aggregation scheme to the original database. The detailed method is given as follows: First, we improved the database by splitting maize from the existing sector “other coarse grain”, following similar work using ­GTAP <sup>57</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>59</sup> based on the routines from the Splitcom ­method <sup>60</sup> . In this procedure, the old flows of data both at national and trade levels are allocated between the new flows using weights. The national weights include the division of each unsplit user’s use of the original split commodity among the new commodities; the division of unsplit inputs to the original industry between the new industries; the splitting of new industry’s use of each new commodity. Maize use is mainly shared between feed, food, processing and others (seed, waste, etc.). Trade shares allocate the original slice of the split commodity into the new commodity for all elements of basic price value, tax, and margin. Finally, we used the RAS method for balancing the newly created database. The values for the national shares matrix were obtained from FAOSTAT. The trade shares matrix was calculated based on the data from UN Comtrade Database. Second, our sectoral aggregation scheme for GTAP ensures that all the competing and complimenting sectors for maize are present in the most disaggregated form. For example, for maize, other crops compete for inputs of production and both livestock and households are major users of maize. For regional aggregation, we kept the details for all the main producing, consuming, and trading regions, for maize.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**Conclusion.**  According to the simulation results, the yield of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C would decrease between 3.0 and 18.7% in the worldwide relative to 1986- 2005; the maize yield would fluctuate between − 6.8 and 7.2% under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the spatial distribution, the gross maize yield in the top 5 high-yield countries (including the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico) would decrease by 2% under global warming by 1.5 °C and 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. At the global level, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively, which would vary quite largely among different countries and regions. So, it is urgent for all countries to pay enough attention to the loss risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The time left for changing our minds and actions is becoming less and less.\n**Data availability** The historical weather data (1986- 2005) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at [https://​data.​giss.​nasa.​gov/​impac​ts/​agmip​cf/](https://data.giss.nasa.gov/impacts/agmipcf/) ; the future climate scenario data (2006- 2099) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at [https://​pcmdi.​llnl.​gov/?​cmip5](https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/?cmip5) and [https://​](https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/esgf-llnl/) [esgf-​node.​llnl.​gov/​proje​cts/​esgf-​llnl/](https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/esgf-llnl/) . The spatial data of harvest area, yield, crop calendar, irrigation portion and chemical N input for maize that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available at [http://​mapsp​am.​info/](http://mapspam.info/) (SPAM) and [http://​www.​sage.​wisc.​edu](http://www.sage.wisc.edu) (SAGE); the soil data that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available from the WISE database ( [https://​www.​](https://www.isric.online/index.php/) [isric.​online/​index.​php/](https://www.isric.online/index.php/) ) and the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) ( [http://​www.​fao.​org/​land-​water/​land/​](http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1026564/) [land-​gover​nance/​land-​resou​rces-​plann​ing-​toolb​ox/​categ​ory/​detai​ls/​en/c/​10265​64/](http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1026564/) ). All other relevant data are available from the corresponding authors.\nReceived: 6 June 2022; Accepted: 11 October 2022\n**References** 1. Angélil, O.  *et al.*  An independent assessment of anthropogenic attribution statements for recent extreme temperature and rainfall events.  *J. Clim.*    **30**  (1), 5- 16 (2017). 2. Rosenzweig, C.  *et al.*  Coordinating AgMIP data and models across global and regional scales for 1.5°C and 2.0°C assessments. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A.*    **376**  , 20160455 (2018). 3. Mitchell, D.  *et al.*  Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): Background and experimental design.  *Geosci. Model Dev.*    **10**  , 571- 583 (2017). 4. Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. A decade of weather extremes.  *Nat. Clim. Change*    **2**  , 491- 496 (2012). 5. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In  *Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth* *Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*  4- 6 (Cambridge University Press, 2013). 6. Diffenbaugh, N. S.  *et al.*  Quantifying the influence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events.  *PNAS*    **114**  (19), 4881- 4886 (2016). 7. Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V. & Heald, C. L. Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution.  *Nat.* *Clim. Change*    **4**  , 817- 821 (2014). 8. Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J. J. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival.  *PNAS* **117**  (8), 4211- 4217 (2020).",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Figure 4.**  Distribution of yield loss rates on maize in the world under global warming by 2.0 °C (up: NorESM1-M model, RCP 4.5; down: GFDL-ESM2M model, RCP 6.0). The figure has been generated using ArcGIS 10.2 and Natural Earth-Free vector and raster map data @ [https://​natur​alear​thdata.​com](https://naturalearthdata.com) .\n8\nthat maize yield would decrease severely. For the whole world more mitigation and adaptation actions should be taken from now on. Food security would be a significant challenge in this century.\n**Yield change of maize in main countries.**  There are huge differences in impacts on maize yield under climate change, which would influence the food crisis in different regions. There are 159 countries in the whole world which plant maize. The gross yield of maize the top 20 countries accounts for more than 90% of the total yield in the 159 countries. So, the changes in the top 20 countries under future scenarios would influence the food security of the whole world (Fig. 5 ). From the results of simulated by CRESE-maize under global warming by 1.5 °C, there would be 75 countries facing with yield loss of maize; the mean yield loss rate would become 33.5%. There would be 84 countries experiencing yield increases. Overall, the global maize yield would slightly increase. Under global warming by 2.0 °C, there would be 82 countries facing with yield loss of maize, for which the mean yield loss rate is approximate to that under global warming by 1.5 °C. There would be 77 countries experiencing yield increase; however, the mean yield increase is apparently smaller than that under global warm- ing by 1.5 °C. Generally, the global maize yield would decrease. The results show that the adverse effect of warm- ing up 2.0 °C on global maize production is far greater than warming up 1.5 °C. It is important to take actions to develop forward-looking adaptation measures to cope with future climate change. According to statistics in 2018, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries is almost 80% of the total maize yield of the whole world. The United States accounts for more than 32%; China accounts for about 24%; Brazil, Argentina and Mexico account for about 23%. The fluctuation of maize production in these five top countries will have a significant impact on the global maize trade. Based on the simulation results, comparing to 1986- 2005, the maize yield in China, Brazil and Argentina would decrease under global warming by 1.5 °C; the yield loss rate would reach more than 20% in Brazil; Argentina would decrease by 14.7%; China would decrease by 3.7%. However, there would be increasing trends in the United States and Mexico; the change in the United States would not be significant and the maize yield would increase by 0.5%; the yield increasing rate would exceed 50% in Mexico. Overall, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries would decrease by 2% under global warming",
+                    "page_start": 6,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Figure 3.**  Distribution of yield loss rate on maize in the world under global warming by 1.5 °C (up: IPSL- CM5A-LR model, RCP 2.6; down: GFDL-ESM2M model, RCP 4.5). The figure has been generated using ArcGIS 10.2 and Natural Earth-Free vector and raster map data @ [https://​natur​alear​thdata.​com](https://naturalearthdata.com) .\nsecurity of the whole world would still be attacked violently. There are huge differences among the continents; South America, Asia and the Middle East are threatened seriously by yield loss seriously under global warming by 1.5 °C. The changes in maize yield in different regions would influence the maize price and food trades. So, it should be cautious to cope with the maize changes under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the results of simulated by the NorESM1-M model under RCP 4.5 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2060 and 2079 would decrease by 18.7% relative to 1986- 2005. The area is 41.7% of the whole maize planting regions in the world, in which the yield loss would be less than 50%. The area is 15.6% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield loss would be more than 50%. The area is 42.7% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield would increase. The distribution of maize yield change is similar to that under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the results simulated by the GFDL-ESM2M model under RCP 6.0 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2065 and 2084 would decrease by 3% relative to 1986- 2005. Comparing to the results of the NorESM1-M model, the regions of high yield loss rate are increasing, and the regions of yield increases are going down; but the per unit area yields are increasing quickly in the regions of yield increasing. So, the gross maize yield in the whole world simulated by the GFDL-ESM2M model is more than the NorESM1-M model. In a comprehensive perspective, under global warming by 2.0 °C, maize yield in the whole world would decrease 10.8% relative to 1986- 2005 (Fig. 4 ). Compared to the results under global warming by 1.5 °C, the risk of yield loss is much higher. According to the new results from the Emission Gap Report in 2019, the target of global warming by 1.5 °C would not be implemented according to the reality of mitigation actions; the chance become much bigger for all countries in the world, who will be facing the severe challenge of global temperature rise of 2.0 °C or even higher (3.0 °C or 4.0 °C) in the future. So it is critical to cope with the serious condition",
+                    "page_start": 5,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n**Figure 6.**  Yield loss rates on maize in 6 continents under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n11\nmeantime, the huge differences in yield changes in different regions provide a small chance for the world, espe- cially under global warming by 1.5 °C. In the near future, if the global temperature can be effectively controlled under 1.5 °C warming scenario, there would be an increase in the potential for maize yield in the worldwide. All regions and countries should take actions to reduce the yield loss risk. For the yield-increasing regions, the potentials of climate resources should be fully utilized to guarantee maize yield under future scenarios; for the yield-reducing regions, the targeted adaptation actions should be taken in advance under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. Meanwhile, the risk of price fluctuations caused by global corn trade due to future climate change should be paid more attention to, especially for developing and undeveloped countries. In the view of supply and demand, the population would go up quickly in the next 30 years; the demand for maize would increase hugely; however, the supply of maize would go down in the future, especially under global warming by 2.0 °C; it would intensify the contradiction between supply and demand, which would threaten the food security and sustainable develop- ment in the whole world. In this study, 5 climate models are selected, which are recommended by ISI-MIP (The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project); compared with other climate models, the five models could more effectively support impact assessment in different sectors and provide more reliable results. Based on the simulation results\n**-20**\n**-15**\n**-10**\n**-5**\n**0**\n**5**\n**10**\n**15**\n**20**\n**25**\n**30**\n**India Mexico Russia South Africa Rest of Africa Argentina Ukraine Canada Rest of World Japan AUS/NZL USA China Brazil EU26 Bangladesh Southeast Asia Iran Global**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**% change**\n**Figure 7.**  Price change on maize in main continents under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n**Figure 8.**  Changes in Self-sufficiency ratio of maize in main countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n12\nfrom 5 climate models under 4 RCP scenarios, the future climate situations were selected which are the approxi- mate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C at the end of 21 century relative to pre-industrial levels; it could minimize the uncertainties of future climate data. The inputs for DSSAT simulation include soil parameters, crop calendar data and management information are coped with carefully to improve the effective- ness and reliability of maize yield simulation. There are also several uncertainties and limitations. Firstly, there is no unified understanding of how to cal- culate the temperature rise of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C relative to pre-industrial levels in the worldwide. At present the research on climate prediction and impact assessment under global warming 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C usually adopts multi-mode ensemble average ­methods <sup>61</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>62</sup> , which could obtain the warming response under the condition of instantaneous change, rather than the warming process under the stable state expected by the long-term goal. If we expect to obtain the accurate results, the model prediction test should be estimated to form proprietary sce- narios for global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C <sup>63</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>64</sup> , which could support for the impacts assessment on different sectors. Some institutions are carrying out climate change predictions under the lower emission scenarios (global warming 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C). At the same time, in order to achieve the goal of controlling temperature by 1.5 °C at the end of the twenty-first century, it is urgent to take actions to reduce emissions and develop along the track of low energy ­consumption <sup>65</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>66</sup> ; but it is a great challenge for human society to achieve this goal. Secondly, our methodological approach in this study also has some important limitations, including our use of a single crop model to estimate maize yields. There are some limitations for the DSSAT model to simulate yield loss caused by climate extreme ­events <sup>67</sup> , in which the impacts of pests and diseases are also ­ignored <sup>68</sup> . However, the DSSAT model has been applied in a lot of researches to simulate historical maize ­yield <sup>69</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>71</sup> , in which the results are reliable and ­credible <sup>72</sup> . The results of this research could be an important reference to the other studies which simulate global maize yield in the future, applying crop models such as APSIM, WOFOST, ORYZA and so on. Thirdly, there are relatively more researches on the prediction of climate change trend under the background of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; but the research on the impact assessment of the main grain crops including global trade in worldwide is few. In the meantime, we do not assess the effect of future changes on agriculture, such as increases in farm productivity due to new technology. The maize planting area in the future is assumed to be the same as the current situation of maize cultivation in the world.",
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+                "query": "What would be the price increase resulting from maize production changes due to 1.5°C and 2°C global temperature increase ?",
+                "target_page": 10,
+                "target_passage": "In response to production changes, the price of each commodity changes under both scenarios. At the global level, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Figure 5.**  (continued)\n10\n**Market price of maize in main countries.**  In this study, we elaborate on the endogenous response of our economic models. This response can be theoretically elaborated as: due to the effect of climate change on yield reduction (improvement), the supply curve moves leftward (rightward), reducing (increasing) production and raising (lowering) prices. In response, the consumers decrease (increase) their consumption of more expensive (cheaper) crops and shifting to other (increase the use of the same) crops. Producers, at the same time, respond by changing farm-level management practices and increasing (decreasing) the amount of acreage under these crops. At a global scale, the reallocation of production and consumption through international trade further alters climate change impacts on global agriculture. This also alters the self-sufficiency ratios of each country/ region due to climate change. In response to production changes, the price of each commodity changes under both scenarios. At the global level, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively, which would vary quite largely among different countries and regions under both climate change scenarios (Fig. 7 ). Particularly, the market price would increase by around 22% and 27% in Iran under 2.0 °C scenario and 1.5 °C scenario, respectively. Iran is also the region where the highest yield reduction is observed due to climate change. Market prices for maize in India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and the Rest of Africa would decrease significantly under both scenarios, as their yields improve due to climate effects. Along with the domestic production, the climate change will also induce changes in international trade of maize, resulting in changing levels of self-sufficiency ratios (SSR) for each country/region. By SSR, we mean the ratio of domestically produced commodity, to the sum of net imports and domestic production. In our scenario analysis, generally, the countries that face positive effects on yields and/or are relatively less dependent on imports, are positively (less negatively) affected by climate change. For example, maize SSR for Ukraine, India, Russia and Mexico would improve under both scenarios (Fig. 8 ). Whereas the self-sufficiency ratios of maize for Southeast Asia, Bangladesh and Iran will worsen under both scenarios. China’s SSR for maize stays almost similar to the level as the baseline.\n**Discussion and conclusion Discussion.**  Our analysis highlights the effects of climate change on global- and regional-specific maize yields and the associated economic consequences in 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C -warming scenarios. We find that the reduction risk of maize yield under global warming by 2.0 °C is much more serious than that under global warm- ing by 1.5 °C. On the one hand, the larger the temperature rise, the greater the evapotranspiration would be. Although the precipitation is also increasing, the evapotranspiration would become more intense. The limitation of water supply for maize growth leads to the decline of yield. On the other hand, relative to global warming by 1.5 °C, maize production would be faced with more serious and frequent extreme climate events, such as drought and heat waves, which would increase the risk of corn yield reduction under global warming by 2.0 °C. In the",
+                    "page_start": 8,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n##### **Kuo Li <sup>1</sup>**  <sup>*</sup> **, Jie Pan <sup>1</sup> , Wei Xiong <sup>2</sup> , Wei Xie <sup>3</sup> & Tariq Ali <sup>3</sup>**\n###### **Climate change is becoming more and more remarkable which has an obvious impact on crop yields**\n###### **all over the world. Future climate scenario data was simulated by 5 climate models recommended**\n###### **by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios, in which the approximate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C**\n###### **and 2 °C were selected. Applying DSSAT and GTAP models, the per unit yield changes of maize in the**\n###### **world under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C were analyzed and the market prices of maize at**\n**national and global levels were simulated. The results showed that, the risk of maize yield reduction**\n###### **under 2.0 °C scenario was much more serious than 1.5 °C scenario; the ratios of yield changes were**\n###### **separately 0.18% and − 10.8% under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C scenarios. The reduction trend of total maize**\n**production is obvious in the top five countries and the main producing regions of the world, especially**\n###### **under the 2.0 °C scenario. The market price of maize would increase by around 0.7% and 3.4% under**\n**1.5 °C and 2.0 °C scenarios. With the quickly increasing population in the world, it is urgent for all**\n###### **countries to pay enough attention to the risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and**\n###### **adaptation to climate change.**\nIn the past hundred years, the global climate has experienced great ­changes <sup>1</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>4</sup> . According to the sixth assess- ment report of IPCC, the global average surface temperature increased by 1.09 °C between 1850 and 2020, and almost all regions in the world experienced surface ­warming <sup>5</sup> . Due to global warming, the extreme climate events become more and more frequent, and the ecological environment problems caused by climate change are more and more serious, which restrict the sustainable development of human society and ­health <sup>6</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>10</sup> . Global warming has gradually changed from a scientific issue to a major social issue of common concern to governments and people of all ­countries <sup>11</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>13</sup> . In 2016, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change reached the Paris Agreement at the climate change conference in ­Paris <sup>14</sup> . Paris Agreement has indicated that it is urgent to hold the increase in global average temperature well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Faced with climate change, agriculture is the most vulnerable sector, which will experience the largest negative impacts from climatic change and lead to more serious food security in the whole ­world <sup>15</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>20</sup> . Meanwhile, global production losses might lead to price shocks and trigger export ­restrictions <sup>21</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>24</sup> ; an increasingly interconnected global food ­system <sup>25</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>26</sup> and the projected fragility of the global food production system due to climatic change further exacerbate the threats to food security in the ­worldwide <sup>27</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>29</sup> . So, the impacts of climate changes on crop yields and prices have been of highly concerned. Numerous studies have revealed that the warming trend has negative impact on crop yields and global trade in most regions all over the ­world <sup>30</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>32</sup> . There are three main methods for impacts assessment of climate change on crops, including environment-controlled experiments, statistical regression analysis and model ­simulations <sup>17</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>33</sup> . Environment-controlled experiments are designed to observe the influence of climate factors on crops, such as drought, flood, heat stress, cold damage, elevated ­CO 2 concentration, through which the impact mechanism of climate change on crops would be revealed and ­established <sup>23</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>34</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>35</sup> . Crop models and trade models are applied to simulate the response of crop yield and market price under climate change, based on process-based crop growth in daily time steps, either in selected field sites or in selected ­regions <sup>36</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>39</sup> . The statistical regression analysis usually explores the relationship between historical crop yields and meteorological records in different sites or counties to establish regression functions for crop responses ­predictions <sup>40</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>43</sup> . These researches have documented that crop yield and price would be threatened much more seriously by global warming, especially due to the increasing trend of frequency and intensity of climate extreme events in the future.",
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+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n4\nThird, yield shocks for maize were incorporated into the GTAP model via changes in land efficiency for the production of the respective in each region.\n**Results Climate change under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.**  There are apparent change trends of temperature and precipitation relative to the baseline (1986- 2005) under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. The most remarkable characteristics is the rising of mean temperature in the worldwide (Fig. 2 a, b); meanwhile, the rainfall would increase in most regions of the world. The distributions of temperature changes under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are similar (Fig. 2 c, d). There are few regions in which the temperature would go down under the two scenarios; the temperature goes up more seriously in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern regions; especially in the high-latitude area the temperature rises more quickly than the other regions. Under global warming by 1.5 °C the area is 54.4% in whole world in which the temperature would go up between 1.0 and 1.5 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and low latitude regions; the area is 29.2% of the whole world in which the temperature would go up more than 1.5 °C, most located in the high latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere; the area is 16.4% of the whole world in which the temperature would go up between 0 and 1.0 °C , mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere and the low latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere. Under global warming by 2.0 °C the area is 12.3% in which the temperature would go up between 1.0 and 1.5 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and low latitude regions; the area is 69.8% in which the temperature would go up between 1.5 and 3.0 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and high latitude regions; the area\n**Figure 2.**  Distribution of temperature and precipitation changes under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C (  **a**  ) temperature, 1.5 °C; (  **b**  ) temperature, 2.0 °C; (  **c**  ) precipitation, 1.5 °C; (  **d**  ) precipitation, 2.0 °C. The figure has been generated using ArcGIS 10.2 and Natural Earth-Free vector and raster map data @ [https://​natur​alear​](https://naturalearthdata.com) [thdata.​com](https://naturalearthdata.com) . is 16.9% in which the temperature would go up more than 3.0 °C, most located in the high latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere; the area is rarely in which the temperature would go up between 0 and 1.0 °C. There are apparent trends of humidification in most regions under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; but the drought risk also should be taken seriously in the other regions. Under global warming by 1.5 °C the area is 73.6% of the whole world in which the precipitation would increase, most located in the Northern Hemisphere; the area is 53.7% of the whole world in which the precipitation would increase by less than 50 mm; however, the area is 26.4% of whole world in which the rainfall would decrease, mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere and the middle regions of Northern Hemisphere. The distribution of precipitation under global warming by 2.0 °C is similar with the situation under global warming by 1.5 °C. The drought-threatened area would increase by 28.5% under global warming by 2.0 °C, especially in the middle and low latitude of the Northern Hemisphere; the area would expand to 26%, in which the precipitation increases more than 50 mm. In other words, the extreme rainfall events (such as drought, rainstorm) under global warming by 2.0 °C would be more serious than those under global warming by 1.5 °C, which is what we should be pay more attention to.",
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+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**Author contributions** K.L. designed the framework of the article and analyzed the yield results and the maize price under future sce- narios. J.P. simulated the climate data from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. W.X. simulated the maize yields in whole world under different scenarios. W.X. simulated the market price of maize at national and global levels. T.A. helped the revision of language.\n**Funding** Funding was provided by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0607403 and 2017YFD0300301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41961124007 and 41871026).\n**Competing interests** The authors declare no competing interests.\n**Additional information Correspondence**  and requests for materials should be addressed to K.L.\n**Reprints and permissions information**  is available at www.nature.com/reprints .\n**Publisher’s note**  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\n**Open Access**  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://​creat​iveco​mmons.​org/​licen​ses/​by/4.​0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .\n© The Author(s) 2022",
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+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Simulation of market price using GTAP.**  The yield changes for maize from the DSSAT models under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C temperature increase are used to carry out simulations using competitive market for changes in production, market price, and self-sufficiency ratio of maize at national and global ­levels <sup>53</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>54</sup> . For this study, we use a comparative static analysis approach to simulate the impact of climate changes on the prices and trade of the major food crops under current economic conditions. Utilizing current economic conditions has the advan- tage of minimizing assumptions and model uncertainties related to future economic ­conditions <sup>55</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>56</sup> . The original GTAP database doesn’t include maize as a separate sector, rather it is combined with other coarse grains to form an “other coarse grain” sector. For this study, we updated the GTAP database by splitting maize from the original sector in the database, design an appropriate sectoral and regional aggregation scheme to the original database. The detailed method is given as follows: First, we improved the database by splitting maize from the existing sector “other coarse grain”, following similar work using ­GTAP <sup>57</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>59</sup> based on the routines from the Splitcom ­method <sup>60</sup> . In this procedure, the old flows of data both at national and trade levels are allocated between the new flows using weights. The national weights include the division of each unsplit user’s use of the original split commodity among the new commodities; the division of unsplit inputs to the original industry between the new industries; the splitting of new industry’s use of each new commodity. Maize use is mainly shared between feed, food, processing and others (seed, waste, etc.). Trade shares allocate the original slice of the split commodity into the new commodity for all elements of basic price value, tax, and margin. Finally, we used the RAS method for balancing the newly created database. The values for the national shares matrix were obtained from FAOSTAT. The trade shares matrix was calculated based on the data from UN Comtrade Database. Second, our sectoral aggregation scheme for GTAP ensures that all the competing and complimenting sectors for maize are present in the most disaggregated form. For example, for maize, other crops compete for inputs of production and both livestock and households are major users of maize. For regional aggregation, we kept the details for all the main producing, consuming, and trading regions, for maize.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Yield change of maize under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.**  Maize production is affected by climate change apparently. According to the simulation results of CERES-maize, the yield of maize would decrease in the worldwide relative to 1986- 2005 under global warming by 2.0 °C; it would increase little under global warming by 1.5 °C. The distributions of maize yield loss under the two scenarios are similar to each other, mostly located in the middle and low latitude, which are the main regions for maize planting in the world. The loss risk of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C is much more serious than that under global warming of 1.5 °C. However, there are increasing potentials of maize yield in many regions, nearly half of the whole maize planting area in the world, in which the climate situation would become more proper for maize under global\n**Figure 2.**  (continued)\n6\nwarming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. So, there are apparent challenges and opportunities for maize production in the whole world under climate change. We should grasp the opportunities and expand the yield increasing poten- tials; meanwhile, the threat of maize yield loss should be controlled and compressed to the minimum in the high-risk regions. From the results simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR model under RCP 2.6 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2020 and 2039 would decrease by 6.8% relative to 1986- 2005. The area is 37.7% of the whole maize planting regions in the world, in which the yield loss would be less than 50%, mainly located in the low and middle latitude of South America and Asia, and the middle latitude of Africa and North America. The area is 16.4% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield loss would be more than 50%, mainly located in the low latitude of South America and the middle latitude of Asia and Europe. The area is 45.8% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield would increase, mainly located in the low latitude of Africa, Asia and North America, the high latitude of Europe. From the results simulated by the GFDL-ESM2M model under RCP 4.5 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2041 and 2060 would increase by 7.2% relative to 1986- 2005. There are opposite trends of maize yield under global warming by 1.5 °C, which are simulated by different global climate models. However, the spatial distributions of maize yield change are similar to each other. The difference is that the regions of high yield loss rate are decreasing, and the regions of yield increasing are going up. In a comprehensive perspective, under global warming by 1.5 °C, maize yield in the whole world would increase 0.18% relative to 1986- 2005 (Fig. 3 ). According to Paris Agreement, all countries should do their best to limit the global warming by 1.5 °C until the end of 21 century. If that objective could be accomplished, gross maize production of the whole world would not be influenced so much by climate change, but the food",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**% change**\n**Figure 7.**  Price change on maize in main continents under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n**Figure 8.**  Changes in Self-sufficiency ratio of maize in main countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n12\nfrom 5 climate models under 4 RCP scenarios, the future climate situations were selected which are the approxi- mate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C at the end of 21 century relative to pre-industrial levels; it could minimize the uncertainties of future climate data. The inputs for DSSAT simulation include soil parameters, crop calendar data and management information are coped with carefully to improve the effective- ness and reliability of maize yield simulation. There are also several uncertainties and limitations. Firstly, there is no unified understanding of how to cal- culate the temperature rise of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C relative to pre-industrial levels in the worldwide. At present the research on climate prediction and impact assessment under global warming 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C usually adopts multi-mode ensemble average ­methods <sup>61</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>62</sup> , which could obtain the warming response under the condition of instantaneous change, rather than the warming process under the stable state expected by the long-term goal. If we expect to obtain the accurate results, the model prediction test should be estimated to form proprietary sce- narios for global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C <sup>63</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>64</sup> , which could support for the impacts assessment on different sectors. Some institutions are carrying out climate change predictions under the lower emission scenarios (global warming 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C). At the same time, in order to achieve the goal of controlling temperature by 1.5 °C at the end of the twenty-first century, it is urgent to take actions to reduce emissions and develop along the track of low energy ­consumption <sup>65</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>66</sup> ; but it is a great challenge for human society to achieve this goal. Secondly, our methodological approach in this study also has some important limitations, including our use of a single crop model to estimate maize yields. There are some limitations for the DSSAT model to simulate yield loss caused by climate extreme ­events <sup>67</sup> , in which the impacts of pests and diseases are also ­ignored <sup>68</sup> . However, the DSSAT model has been applied in a lot of researches to simulate historical maize ­yield <sup>69</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>71</sup> , in which the results are reliable and ­credible <sup>72</sup> . The results of this research could be an important reference to the other studies which simulate global maize yield in the future, applying crop models such as APSIM, WOFOST, ORYZA and so on. Thirdly, there are relatively more researches on the prediction of climate change trend under the background of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; but the research on the impact assessment of the main grain crops including global trade in worldwide is few. In the meantime, we do not assess the effect of future changes on agriculture, such as increases in farm productivity due to new technology. The maize planting area in the future is assumed to be the same as the current situation of maize cultivation in the world.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Figure 3.**  Distribution of yield loss rate on maize in the world under global warming by 1.5 °C (up: IPSL- CM5A-LR model, RCP 2.6; down: GFDL-ESM2M model, RCP 4.5). The figure has been generated using ArcGIS 10.2 and Natural Earth-Free vector and raster map data @ [https://​natur​alear​thdata.​com](https://naturalearthdata.com) .\nsecurity of the whole world would still be attacked violently. There are huge differences among the continents; South America, Asia and the Middle East are threatened seriously by yield loss seriously under global warming by 1.5 °C. The changes in maize yield in different regions would influence the maize price and food trades. So, it should be cautious to cope with the maize changes under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the results of simulated by the NorESM1-M model under RCP 4.5 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2060 and 2079 would decrease by 18.7% relative to 1986- 2005. The area is 41.7% of the whole maize planting regions in the world, in which the yield loss would be less than 50%. The area is 15.6% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield loss would be more than 50%. The area is 42.7% of the whole maize planting regions, in which the yield would increase. The distribution of maize yield change is similar to that under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the results simulated by the GFDL-ESM2M model under RCP 6.0 scenario, the gross yield of maize in the world between 2065 and 2084 would decrease by 3% relative to 1986- 2005. Comparing to the results of the NorESM1-M model, the regions of high yield loss rate are increasing, and the regions of yield increases are going down; but the per unit area yields are increasing quickly in the regions of yield increasing. So, the gross maize yield in the whole world simulated by the GFDL-ESM2M model is more than the NorESM1-M model. In a comprehensive perspective, under global warming by 2.0 °C, maize yield in the whole world would decrease 10.8% relative to 1986- 2005 (Fig. 4 ). Compared to the results under global warming by 1.5 °C, the risk of yield loss is much higher. According to the new results from the Emission Gap Report in 2019, the target of global warming by 1.5 °C would not be implemented according to the reality of mitigation actions; the chance become much bigger for all countries in the world, who will be facing the severe challenge of global temperature rise of 2.0 °C or even higher (3.0 °C or 4.0 °C) in the future. So it is critical to cope with the serious condition",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Figure 5.**  Yield loss rates on maize in top 20 countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\nby 1.5 °C. According to the simulation results, comparing to 1986- 2005, the maize yield in the United States, China and Brazil would decrease under global warming by 2.0 °C; the yield loss rate would reach more than 24% in Brazil; the United States would decrease by 13.3%; China would decrease by 11.5%. However, there would be increasing trends in Argentina and Mexico; the maize yield would increase by 16.8% in Argentina; the yield increasing rate would exceed 40% in Mexico. Overall, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries would decrease by 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. By comparing the maize production in different countries, it can be found that the reduction trend of total maize production in the top five countries is more obvious, especially under the scenario of global warming by 2.0 °C, the global food trade and food security may face greater risks. From the view of continents, there are different trends of maize yield changes in the 6 continents (except Ant- arctica) under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C (Fig. 6 ). From the results of simulated by CRESE-maize under global warming by 1.5 °C, the maize yield in 3 continents would decline apparently, including South America, Europe and Oceania; the average yield loss rates are respectively − 15.6%, − 12.4%, − 36.4%; in the other 3 con- tinents the average maize yield would go up, especially in Africa more than 30%; the increasing trends are slight in Asia and North America, in which the yield increasing rates are separately 0.7% and 0.4%. However, the yield change trends simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR and GFDL-ESM2M models are different in 2 continents, including Asia and North America. From the results of simulated by CRESE-maize under global warming by 2.0 °C, the maize yield in 5 continents would decline apparently, except Africa; the average yield loss rates are respectively − 7.9% (Asia), − 14.1% (North America), − 9.3% (South America), − 22.5% (Europe), − 25.5% (Oceania); only in Africa the average maize yield would go up also more than 30%; meanwhile the yield change trends simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR and GFDL-ESM2M models are the same in each continent. Comparing the two global warming scenarios, there would be apparent variations in maize yield in Asia and North America, in which the annual maize yield accounts for a great proportion of the whole world, leading to a much more serious yield loss under global warming by 2.0 °C than that under global warming by 1.5 °C. There would be an obvious crisis of food supply under global warming by 2.0 °C with the increasing population in the future. So, it is important to make full preparation for adaptation to climate change in the whole world.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n1 Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,\nBeijing 100081, China. <sup>2</sup> International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico. <sup>3</sup> Peking University,\nBeijing, China.  <sup>*</sup> email: hqlk2000@163.com\n2\nVol:.(1234567890)\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\nAlthough, so far there are plenty of research on the impacts of global warming by 1.5 °C temperature, includ- ing the impacts comparison of global warming by 1.5 °C versus 2.0 °C <sup>44</sup> . It is necessary to do more quantitative impacts assessments of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C on crops yield and market price to address research gaps and support the requirement of the scientific community and governments. In this paper, the future climate situations were selected and analyzed which are the approximate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C, based on the simulation results from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. Then the per unit yield changes of maize all over the world under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C were analyzed and the spatial distributions of changes in maize yield were revealed relative to the baseline from 1985 to 2006, applying crop model DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer). Next, we examine the effects of the resulting maize production shocks in different countries; the market price of maize is simulated using GTAP to reveal the impacts of climate change on global crop trade. Finally, the future trend of maize yield and market price in the main breadbasket is assessed and the adaptation suggestions are put forward for maize cultivation.\n**Materials and methods Data processing.**  In this study, historical daily weather data (1986- 2005) are from the AgMERRA dataset. AgMERRA is a post-processing of the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data. The dataset is proved to be suitable for agricultural modelling and features consistent, daily time-series ­data <sup>45</sup> . For future (2020- 2099), the original climate scenario data (Table 1 ) were extracted from output archives of five ESMs (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M) under four RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5) retrieved from the CMIP website. The climate scenario data was interpolated into 0.5° × 0.5° horizontal resolution and bias-corrected with respect to historical observations to remove systematic ­errors <sup>46</sup> . The data of maize-planting regions are from the gridded global dataset in 2000 by combining two data ­products <sup>47</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>48</sup> .",
+                    "page_start": 0,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf",
+                "query": "What is a formal fallacy ?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "For formal fallacies, the source of the error is found in the form of the argument",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Basic concepts**\n\n#### **Arguments and inferences**\n\ninformal fallacies. <sup>[38]</sup> For formal fallacies, the\nsource of the error is found in the  *form*  of the\n[argument. For example, denying the antecedent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent)\nis one type of formal fallacy, as in \"if Othello is a\nbachelor, then he is male; Othello is not a\nbachelor; therefore Othello is not male\". <sup>[88]</sup> But\nmost fallacies fall into the category of informal\nfallacies, of which a great variety is discussed in\nthe academic literature. The source of their error\nis usually found in the  *content*  or the  *context*  of\nthe argument. <sup>[89]</sup> Informal fallacies are\nsometimes categorized as fallacies of ambiguity,\nfallacies of presumption, or fallacies of\nrelevance. For fallacies of ambiguity, the\nambiguity and vagueness of natural language are\nresponsible for their flaw, as in \"feathers are light; what is light cannot be dark; therefore feathers cannot\nbe dark\". <sup>[90]</sup> Fallacies of presumption have a wrong or unjustified premise but may be valid otherwise. <sup>[91]</sup>\nIn the case of fallacies of relevance, the premises do not support the conclusion because they are not\nrelevant to it. <sup>[92]</sup>\nThe main focus of most logicians is to study the criteria according to which an argument is correct or\nincorrect. A fallacy is committed if these criteria are violated. In the case of formal logic, they are known\nas  *rules of inference*  . <sup>[93]</sup> They are definitory rules, which determine whether an inference is correct or\nwhich inferences are allowed. Definitory rules contrast with strategic rules. Strategic rules specify which\ninferential moves are necessary to reach a given conclusion based on a set of premises. This distinction\n[does not just apply to logic but also to games. In chess, for example, the definitory rules dictate that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess)\n[bishops may only move diagonally. The strategic rules, on the other hand, describe how the allowed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(chess))",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Definition**\n\n#### **Formal logic**\n\nexamined by informal logic. But the formal translation \"(1) ; (2)\n; (3) \" is studied by formal logic. <sup>[32]</sup> The study of natural language\narguments comes with various difficulties. For example, natural language expressions are often\nambiguous, vague, and context-dependent. <sup>[33]</sup> Another approach defines informal logic in a wide sense as\nthe normative study of the standards, criteria, and procedures of argumentation. In this sense, it includes\n[questions about the role of rationality, critical thinking, and the psychology of argumentation.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking) <sup>[34]</sup>\nAnother characterization identifies informal logic with the study of non-deductive arguments. In this way,\nit contrasts with deductive reasoning examined by formal logic. <sup>[35]</sup> Non-deductive arguments make their\n[conclusion probable but do not ensure that it is true. An example is the inductive argument from the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning)\nempirical observation that \"all ravens I have seen so far are black\" to the conclusion \"all ravens are\nblack\". <sup>[36]</sup>\n[A further approach is to define informal logic as the study of informal fallacies.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacies) <sup>[37]</sup> Informal fallacies are\n[incorrect arguments in which errors are present in the content and the context of the argument.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)) <sup>[38]</sup> [ A false](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma)\n[dilemma, for example, involves an error of content by excluding viable options. This is the case in the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma)\nfallacy \"you are either with us or against us; you are not with us; therefore, you are against us\". <sup>[39]</sup> Some\ntheorists state that formal logic studies the general form of arguments while informal logic studies\nparticular instances of arguments. Another approach is to hold that formal logic only considers the role of",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n**Logic**  [ is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning)\n[informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic))\n[inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth)\n[from premises based on the structure of arguments alone,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise)\nindependent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated\n[with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory)\n[theory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language)\n[language whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language)\n[as a countable noun, the term \"a logic\" refers to a specific logical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun)\n[formal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_system)\n[central role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics)\n[computer science, and linguistics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics)\nLogic studies arguments, which consist of a set of premises that leads to a conclusion. An example is the\nargument from the premises \"it's Sunday\" and \"if it's Sunday then I don't have to work\" leading to the\nconclusion \"I don't have to work\". <sup>[1]</sup> [ Premises and conclusions express propositions or claims that can be](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition)\ntrue or false. An important feature of propositions is their internal structure. For example, complex\n[propositions are made up of simpler propositions linked by logical vocabulary like ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective) [ (and) or ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction)\n[(if...then). Simple propositions also have parts, like \"Sunday\" or \"work\" in the example. The truth of a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional)\nproposition usually depends on the meanings of all of its parts. However, this is not the case for logically\ntrue propositions. They are true only because of their logical structure independent of the specific\nmeanings of the individual parts.\nArguments can be either correct or incorrect. An argument is correct if its premises support its\n[conclusion. Deductive arguments have the strongest form of support: if their premises are true then their](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning)\n[conclusion must also be true. This is not the case for ampliative arguments, which arrive at genuinely new](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampliative)\ninformation not found in the premises. Many arguments in everyday discourse and the sciences are\n[ampliative arguments. They are divided into inductive and abductive arguments. Inductive arguments are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning)\nstatistical generalization—such as inferring that all ravens are black, based on many individual\nobservations of black ravens. <sup>[2]</sup> [ Abductive arguments are inferences to the best explanation—for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference)\nexample, when a doctor concludes that a patient has a certain disease, as the best explanation for the",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Definition**\n\n#### **Informal logic**\n\nlogical constants for correct inferences while informal logic also takes the meaning of substantive\n[concepts into account. Further approaches focus on the discussion of logical topics with or without formal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept)\n[devices and on the role of epistemology for the assessment of arguments.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology) <sup>[40]</sup>\n*Premises*  and  *conclusions*  are the basic parts of inferences or arguments and therefore play a central role\nin logic. In the case of a valid inference or a correct argument, the conclusion follows from the premises,\nor in other words, the premises support the conclusion. <sup>[41]</sup> For instance, the premises \"Mars is red\" and\n\"Mars is a planet\" support the conclusion \"Mars is a red planet\". For most types of logic, it is accepted\n[that premises and conclusions have to be truth-bearers.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-bearer) <sup>[41][a]</sup> [ This means that they have a truth value: they](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value)\nare either true or false. Contemporary philosophy generally sees them either as  *[propositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition)*  or as\n*[sentences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics))* . <sup>[43]</sup> [ Propositions are the denotations of sentences and are usually seen as abstract objects.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_object) <sup>[44]</sup>\nFor example, the English sentence \"the tree is green\" is different from the German sentence \"der Baum ist\ngrün\" but both express the same proposition. <sup>[45]</sup>\nPropositional theories of premises and conclusions are often criticized because they rely on abstract\n[objects. For instance, philosophical naturalists usually reject the existence of abstract objects. Other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy))\narguments concern the challenges involved in specifying the identity criteria of propositions. <sup>[43]</sup> These\nobjections are avoided by seeing premises and conclusions not as propositions but as sentences, i.e. as\nconcrete linguistic objects like the symbols displayed on a page of a book. But this approach comes with",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Systems of logic**\n\n#### **Deviant**\n\nsequence of arguments as intermediary steps, each of which brings the opponent a little closer to one's\nintended conclusion. Besides these positive arguments leading one closer to victory, there are also\nnegative arguments preventing the opponent's victory by denying their conclusion. <sup>[144]</sup> Whether an\nargument is correct depends on whether it promotes the progress of the dialogue. Fallacies, on the other\nhand, are violations of the standards of proper argumentative rules. <sup>[146]</sup> These standards also depend on\nthe type of dialogue. For example, the standards governing the scientific discourse differ from the\nstandards in business negotiations. <sup>[147]</sup>\nThe  *epistemic approach*  to informal logic, on the other hand, focuses on the epistemic role of\narguments. <sup>[148]</sup> It is based on the idea that arguments aim to increase our knowledge. They achieve this\nby linking justified beliefs to beliefs that are not yet justified. <sup>[149]</sup> Correct arguments succeed at\nexpanding knowledge while fallacies are epistemic failures: they do not justify the belief in their\nconclusion. <sup>[150]</sup> [ For example, the fallacy of begging the question is a ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_begging_the_question)  *fallacy*  because it fails to provide\nindependent justification for its conclusion, even though it is deductively valid. <sup>[151]</sup> In this sense, logical\nnormativity consists in epistemic success or rationality. <sup>[149]</sup> [ The Bayesian approach is one example of an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_epistemology)\nepistemic approach. <sup>[152]</sup> Central to Bayesianism is not just whether the agent believes something but the\ndegree to which they believe it, the so-called  *credence*  [. Degrees of belief are seen as subjective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_probability)\n[probabilities in the believed proposition, i.e. how certain the agent is that the proposition is true.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_probability) <sup>[153]</sup> On\nthis view, reasoning can be interpreted as a process of changing one's credences, often in reaction to new",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n[Formal logic is interested in deductively valid arguments, for which the truth of their premises ensures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic))\nthe truth of their conclusion. This means that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the\nconclusion to be false. <sup>[11]</sup> For valid arguments, the logical structure of the premises and the conclusion\n[follows a pattern called a rule of inference.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_inference) <sup>[12]</sup> [ For example, modus ponens is a rule of inference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_ponens)\naccording to which all arguments of the form \"(1)  *p*  , (2) if  *p*  then  *q*  , (3) therefore  *q*  \" are valid, independent\nof what the terms  *p*  and  *q*  stand for. <sup>[13]</sup> In this sense, formal logic can be defined as the science of valid\n[inferences. An alternative definition sees logic as the study of logical truths.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth) <sup>[14]</sup> A proposition is logically\n[true if its truth depends only on the logical vocabulary used in it. This means that it is true in all possible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possible_world)\n[worlds and under all interpretations of its non-logical terms, like the claim \"either it is raining, or it is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic))\nnot\". <sup>[15]</sup> These two definitions of formal logic are not identical, but they are closely related. For example,\nif the inference from  *p*  to  *q*  is deductively valid then the claim \"if  *p*  then  *q*  \" is a logical truth. <sup>[16]</sup>\n[Formal logic uses formal languages to express and analyze arguments.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language) <sup>[17]</sup> They normally have a very\n[limited vocabulary and exact syntactic rules. These rules specify how their symbols can be combined to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax)\n[construct sentences, so-called well-formed formulas.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formed_formula) <sup>[18]</sup> This simplicity and exactness of formal logic\nmake it capable of formulating precise rules of inference. They determine whether a given argument is\nvalid. <sup>[19]</sup> Because of the reliance on formal language, natural language arguments cannot be studied\n[directly. Instead, they need to be translated into formal language before their validity can be assessed.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_translation#Natural_language_formalization) <sup>[20]</sup>\nThe term \"logic\" can also be used in a slightly different sense as a countable noun. In this sense,  *a logic*  is\na logical formal system. Distinct logics differ from each other concerning the rules of inference they\naccept as valid and the formal languages used to express them. <sup>[21]</sup> Starting in the late 19th century, many",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Basic concepts**\n\n#### **Arguments and inferences**\n\n##### **Ampliative**\n\npremises are true. <sup>[82]</sup> In this sense, abduction is also called the  *inference to the best explanation*  . <sup>[83]</sup> For\nexample, given the premise that there is a plate with breadcrumbs in the kitchen in the early morning, one\nmay infer the conclusion that one's house-mate had a midnight snack and was too tired to clean the table.\nThis conclusion is justified because it is the best explanation of the current state of the kitchen. <sup>[78]</sup> For\nabduction, it is not sufficient that the conclusion explains the premises. For example, the conclusion that a\n##### **Ampliative**\nYoung America's dilemma: Shall I be wise and great, or\nrich and powerful? (poster from 1901) This is an\n[example of a false dilemma: an informal fallacy using a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy)\ndisjunctive premise that excludes viable alternatives.\nburglar broke into the house last night, got hungry on the job, and had a midnight snack, would also\nexplain the state of the kitchen. But this conclusion is not justified because it is not the best or most likely\nexplanation. <sup>[82][83]</sup>\nNot all arguments live up to the standards of correct reasoning. When they do not, they are usually\n[referred to as fallacies. Their central aspect is not that their conclusion is false but that there is some flaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy)\nwith the reasoning leading to this conclusion. <sup>[84]</sup> So the argument \"it is sunny today; therefore spiders\n[have eight legs\" is fallacious even though the conclusion is true. Some theorists, like John Stuart Mill,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill)\ngive a more restrictive definition of fallacies by additionally requiring that they appear to be correct. <sup>[85]</sup>\nThis way, genuine fallacies can be distinguished from mere mistakes of reasoning due to carelessness.\nThis explains why people tend to commit fallacies: because they have an alluring element that seduces\npeople into committing and accepting them. <sup>[86]</sup> However, this reference to appearances is controversial\n[because it belongs to the field of psychology, not logic, and because appearances may be different for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology)\ndifferent people. <sup>[87]</sup>\n[Fallacies are usually divided into formal and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Definition**\n\n#### **Formal logic**\n\nFormal logic needs to translate natural language\narguments into a formal language, like first-order logic, to\nassess whether they are valid. In this example, the letter\n\"c\" represents Carmen while the letters \"M\" and \"T\" stand\nfor \"Mexican\" and \"teacher\". The symbol \" ∧ \" has the\nmeaning of \"and\".\nnew formal systems have been proposed.\nThere are disagreements about what makes a\nformal system a logic. <sup>[22]</sup> For example, it has\n[been suggested that only logically complete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(logic))\n[systems, like first-order logic, qualify as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic)\nlogics. For such reasons, some theorists deny\n[that higher-order logics are logics in the strict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-order_logic)\nsense. <sup>[23]</sup>\nWhen understood in a wide sense, logic\nencompasses both formal and informal logic. <sup>[24]</sup> Informal logic uses non-formal criteria and standards to\nanalyze and assess the correctness of arguments. Its main focus is on everyday discourse. <sup>[25]</sup> Its\ndevelopment was prompted by difficulties in applying the insights of formal logic to natural language\narguments. <sup>[26]</sup> In this regard, it considers problems that formal logic on its own is unable to address. <sup>[27]</sup>\nBoth provide criteria for assessing the correctness of arguments and distinguishing them from\nfallacies. <sup>[28]</sup>\nMany characterizations of informal logic have been suggested but there is no general agreement on its\nprecise definition. <sup>[29]</sup> The most literal approach sees the terms \"formal\" and \"informal\" as applying to the\nlanguage used to express arguments. On this view, informal logic studies arguments that are in informal\nor natural language. <sup>[30]</sup> Formal logic can only examine them indirectly by translating them first into a\nformal language while informal logic investigates them in their original form. <sup>[31]</sup> On this view, the\nargument \"Birds fly. Tweety is a bird. Therefore, Tweety flies.\" belongs to natural language and is",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Systems of logic**\n\n#### **Deviant**\n\n[Paraconsistent logics are logical systems that can deal with contradictions. They are formulated to avoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic)\nthe principle of explosion: for them, it is not the case that anything follows from a contradiction. <sup>[139]</sup>\n[They are often motivated by dialetheism, the view that contradictions are real or that reality itself is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetheism)\n[contradictory. Graham Priest is an influential contemporary proponent of this position and similar views](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Priest)\n[have been ascribed to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel) <sup>[140]</sup>\n[Informal logic is usually carried out in a less systematic way. It often focuses on more specific issues, like](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_logic)\ninvestigating a particular type of fallacy or studying a certain aspect of argumentation. Nonetheless, some\nframeworks of informal logic have also been presented that try to provide a systematic characterization of\nthe correctness of arguments. <sup>[141]</sup>\nThe  *pragmatic*  or  *dialogical approach*  [ to informal logic sees arguments as speech acts and not merely as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act)\na set of premises together with a conclusion. <sup>[142]</sup> As speech acts, they occur in a certain context, like a\n[dialogue, which affects the standards of right and wrong arguments.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue) <sup>[143]</sup> [ A prominent version by Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_N._Walton)\n[N. Walton understands a dialogue as a game between two players. The initial position of each player is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_N._Walton)\ncharacterized by the propositions to which they are committed and the conclusion they intend to prove.\nDialogues are games of persuasion: each player has the goal of convincing the opponent of their own\nconclusion. <sup>[144]</sup> This is achieved by making arguments: arguments are the moves of the game. <sup>[145]</sup> They\naffect to which propositions the players are committed. A winning move is a successful argument that\ntakes the opponent's commitments as premises and shows how one's own conclusion follows from them.\nThis is usually not possible straight away. For this reason, it is normally necessary to formulate a",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Citations**\n\n20. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 22- 3; Magnus 2005, pp. 8- 9, 1.4 Deductive validity; Johnson\n1999, p. 267.\n21. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 2, 4, Philosophy of logics; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 16- 17; Jacquette\n2006, Introduction: Philosophy of logic today, pp. 1- 12.\n22. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 2, 4, Philosophy of logics; Jacquette 2006, pp. 1- 12, Introduction:\nPhilosophy of logic today.\n23. Haack 1978, pp. 5- 7, 9, Philosophy of logics; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 31- 2; Haack\n1996, pp. 229- 30.\n24. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 10, Philosophy of logics; Groarke 2021, lead section; 1.1 Formal and\nInformal Logic.\n25. Johnson 2014, pp. 228- 9.\n26. Groarke 2021, lead section; 1. History; Audi 1999a, Informal logic; Johnson 1999, pp. 265-\n274.\n27. Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Johnson 1999, p. 267.\n28. Blair & Johnson 2000, pp. 93- 97; Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic.\n29. Johnson 1999, pp. 265- 270; van Eemeren et al., pp. 1- 45, Informal Logic.\n30. Groarke 2021, 1.1 Formal and Informal Logic; Audi 1999a, Informal logic; Honderich 2005,\nlogic, informal.\n31. Blair & Johnson 2000, pp. 93- 107; Groarke 2021, lead section; 1.1 Formal and Informal\nLogic; van Eemeren et al., p. 169.\n32. Oaksford & Chater 2007, p. 47.\n33. Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Walton 1987, pp. 2- 3, 6- 8, 1. A new model of\nargument; Engel 1982, pp. 59- 92, 2. The medium of language.\n34. Blair & Johnson 1987, pp. 147- 51.\n35. Falikowski & Mills 2022, p. 98; Weddle 2011, pp. 383- 8, 36. Informal logic and the eductive-\ninductive distinction; Blair 2011, p. 47.\n36. Vickers 2022; Nunes 2011, pp. 2066- 9, Logical Reasoning and Learning.\n37. Johnson 2014, p. 181; Johnson 1999, p. 267; Blair & Johnson 1987, pp. 147- 51.\n38. Vleet 2010, pp. ix- x, Introduction; Dowden; Stump.\n39. Maltby, Day & Macaskill 2007, p. 564; Dowden.\n40. Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Johnson 1999, pp. 265- 270.\n41. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic; Honderich 2005, philosophical logic.\n42. Haack 1974, p. 51.\n43. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic.\n44. Falguera, Martínez-Vidal & Rosen 2021; Tondl 2012, p. 111.\n[45. Olkowski & Pirovolakis 2019, pp. 65- 66 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FhaGDwAAQ](https://books.google.com/books?id=FhaGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65)\n[BAJ&pg=PT65).](https://books.google.com/books?id=FhaGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65)\n46. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic; Pietroski 2021.\n47. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic; Kusch 2020; Rush 2014, pp. 1- 10, 189- 190.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf",
+                "query": "In early Chinese philosophy, what were the major influences regarding the philosophy of logic ?",
+                "target_page": 18,
+                "target_passage": "In Chinese philosophy, the School of Names and Mohism were particularly influential",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **History**\n\nrealm of ethics. <sup>[197]</sup>\n[In India, the study of logic was primarily pursued by the schools of Nyaya, Buddhism, and Jainism. It](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism)\nwas not treated as a separate academic discipline and discussions of its topics usually happened in the\ncontext of epistemology and theories of dialogue or argumentation. <sup>[198]</sup> In Nyaya, inference is understood\n[as a source of knowledge (pramā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a) ṇ a). It follows the perception of an object and tries to arrive at\nconclusions, for example, about the cause of this object. <sup>[199]</sup> A similar emphasis on the relation to\nepistemology is also found in Buddhist and Jainist schools of logic, where inference is used to expand the\nknowledge gained through other sources. <sup>[200]</sup> Some of the later theories of Nyaya, belonging to the\n[Navya-Nyāya school, resemble modern forms of logic, such as Gottlob Frege's distinction between sense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference)\n[and reference and his definition of number.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference) <sup>[201]</sup>\nThe syllogistic logic developed by Aristotle predominated in the West until the mid-19th century, when\ninterest in the foundations of mathematics stimulated the development of modern symbolic logic. <sup>[202]</sup>\nMany see Gottlob Frege's  *[Begriffsschrift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift)*  [ as the birthplace of modern logic. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz)\n[idea of a universal formal language is often considered a forerunner. Other pioneers were George Boole,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole)\n[who invented Boolean algebra as a mathematical system of logic, and Charles Peirce, who developed the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Peirce)\n[logic of relatives. Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, in turn, condensed many of these](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_of_relatives)\ninsights in their work  *[Principia Mathematica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica)*  [. Modern logic introduced novel concepts, such as functions,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics))\nquantifiers, and relational predicates. A hallmark of modern symbolic logic is its use of formal language\nto precisely codify its insights. In this regard, it departs from earlier logicians, who relied mainly on\nnatural language. <sup>[203]</sup> Of particular influence was the development of first-order logic, which is usually\ntreated as the standard system of modern logic. <sup>[204]</sup> Its analytical generality allowed the formalization of\n[mathematics and drove the investigation of set theory. It also made Alfred Tarski's approach to model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory)\n[theory possible and provided the foundation of modern mathematical logic.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory) <sup>[205]</sup>\n* **[Philosophy portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy)** *",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Areas of research**\n\n#### **Formal semantics of natural language**\n\ndefinition: they just express the meanings of the logical vocabulary. <sup>[178]</sup>\n[Some theorists, like Hilary Putnam and Penelope Maddy, object to the view that logic is knowable a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Maddy)\n[priori. They hold instead that logical truths depend on the empirical world. This is usually combined with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical)\nthe claim that the laws of logic express universal regularities found in the structural features of the world.\n[According to this view, they may be explored by studying general patterns of the fundamental sciences.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_sciences)\n[For example, it has been argued that certain insights of quantum mechanics refute the principle of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_distributivity)\n[distributivity in classical logic, which states that the formula ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_distributivity) is equivalent to\n[. This claim can be used as an empirical argument for the thesis that quantum logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic)\nis the correct logical system and should replace classical logic. <sup>[179]</sup>\nLogic was developed independently in several cultures during antiquity. One major early contributor was\n[Aristotle, who developed ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle) *term logic*  in his *[Organon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon)* and *[Prior Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_Analytics)* . <sup>[183]</sup> He was responsible for the\n[introduction of the hypothetical syllogism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_syllogism) <sup>[184]</sup> and temporal modal logic. <sup>[185]</sup> Further innovations include\ninductive logic <sup>[186]</sup> [ as well as the discussion of new logical concepts such as terms, predicables,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicable)\nsyllogisms, and propositions. Aristotelian logic was highly regarded in classical and medieval times, both\nin Europe and the Middle East. It remained in wide use in the West until the early 19th century. <sup>[187]</sup> It has\nnow been superseded by later work, though many of its key insights are still present in modern systems of\nlogic. <sup>[188]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\nsymptoms that they are observed to suffer. <sup>[3]</sup> Arguments that fall short of the standards of correct\n[reasoning often embody fallacies. Systems of logic are theoretical frameworks for assessing the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies)\ncorrectness of arguments.\n[Logic has been studied since antiquity. Early approaches include Aristotelian logic, Stoic logic, Nyaya,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaya)\n[and Mohism. Aristotelian logic focuses on reasoning in the form of syllogisms. It was considered the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism)\nmain system of logic in the Western world until it was replaced by modern formal logic, which has its\n[roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as Gottlob Frege. Today, the most commonly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege)\n[used system is classical logic. It consists of propositional logic and first-order logic. Propositional logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic)\nonly considers logical relations between full propositions. First-order logic also takes the internal parts of\n[propositions into account, like predicates and quantifiers. Extended logics accept the basic intuitions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier_(logic))\n[behind classical logic and apply it to other fields, such as metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology. Deviant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology)\nlogics, on the other hand, reject certain classical intuitions and provide alternative explanations of the\nbasic laws of logic.\nThe word \"logic\" originates from the Greek word  *logos*  , which has a variety of translations, such as\n[reason, discourse, or language.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language) <sup>[4]</sup> [ Logic is traditionally defined as the study of the laws of thought or](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thought)\n[correct reasoning,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning) <sup>[5]</sup> [ and is usually understood in terms of inferences or arguments. Reasoning is the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument)\nactivity of drawing inferences. Arguments are the outward expression of inferences. <sup>[6]</sup> An argument is a\nset of premises together with a conclusion. Logic is interested in whether arguments are correct, i.e.\nwhether their premises support the conclusion. <sup>[7]</sup> These general characterizations apply to logic in the\n[widest sense, i.e., to both formal and informal logic since they are both concerned with assessing the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_logic)\ncorrectness of arguments. <sup>[8]</sup> Formal logic is the traditionally dominant field, and some logicians restrict\nlogic to formal logic. <sup>[9]</sup>\n[Formal logic is also known as symbolic logic and is widely used in mathematical logic. It uses a formal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system)\napproach to study reasoning: it replaces concrete expressions with abstract symbols to examine the\n[logical form of arguments independent of their concrete content. In this sense, it is topic-neutral since it is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_form)\nonly concerned with the abstract structure of arguments and not with their concrete content. <sup>[10]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **History**\n\n[Top row: Aristotle, who established the canon of western philosophy;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle) <sup>[108]</sup> [ and Avicenna, who replaced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna)\n[Aristotelian logic in Islamic discourse.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy) <sup>[180]</sup> [ Bottom row: William of Ockham, a major figure of medieval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham)\nscholarly thought; <sup>[181]</sup> [ and Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of modern symbolic logic.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege) <sup>[182]</sup>\n[Ibn Sina (Avicenna) was the founder of Avicennian logic, which replaced Aristotelian logic as the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna)\n[dominant system of logic in the Islamic world.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy) <sup>[189]</sup> It influenced Western medieval writers such as\n[Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham) <sup>[190]</sup> Ibn Sina wrote on the hypothetical syllogism <sup>[191]</sup> and on\n[the propositional calculus.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus) <sup>[192]</sup> He developed an original \"temporally modalized\" syllogistic theory,\ninvolving temporal logic and modal logic. <sup>[193]</sup> [ He also made use of inductive logic, such as his methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods)\n[of agreement, difference, and concomitant variation, which are critical to the scientific method.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method) <sup>[191]</sup> [ Fakhr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi)\n[al-Din al-Razi was another influential Muslim logician. He criticized Aristotelian syllogistics and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi)\nformulated an early system of inductive logic, foreshadowing the system of inductive logic developed by\nJohn Stuart Mill. <sup>[194]</sup>\n[During the Middle Ages, many translations and interpretations of Aristotelian logic were made. The](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages)\n[works of Boethius were particularly influential. Besides translating Aristotle's work into Latin, he also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius)\nproduced textbooks on logic. <sup>[195]</sup> [ Later, the works of Islamic philosophers such as Ibn Sina and Ibn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes)\n[Rushd (Averroes) were drawn on. This expanded the range of ancient works available to medieval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes)\nChristian scholars since more Greek work was available to Muslim scholars that had been preserved in\nLatin commentaries. In 1323, William of Ockham's influential  *[Summa Logicae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_of_Logic)*  was released. It is a\ncomprehensive treatise on logic that discusses many basic concepts of logic and provides a systematic\nexposition of types of propositions and their truth conditions. <sup>[196]</sup>\n[In Chinese philosophy, the School of Names and Mohism were particularly influential. The School of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohism)\n[Names focused on the use of language and on paradoxes. For example, Gongsun Long proposed the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongsun_Long)\n[white horse paradox, which defends the thesis that a white horse is not a horse. The school of Mohism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_horse_paradox)\nalso acknowledged the importance of language for logic and tried to relate the ideas in these fields to the",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Citations**\n\n*Manuscripts and Notes*  [ (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-139-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49733-6)\n[49733-6.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49733-6)\nLiu, Shiyong; Guo, Kaizhong (7 March 2023).  *Error Logic: Paving Pathways for Intelligent*\n*Error Identification and Management*  [. Springer Nature. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-031-00820-7.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-00820-7)\n[Łukasiewicz, Jan (1957). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz)  *Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic*\n[(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 7. OCLC 656161566 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656161566)\n[656161566).](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656161566)\n[MacFarlane, John (2017). \"Logical Constants\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-con](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/#SynTer)\n[stants/#SynTer). ](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/#SynTer)  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  . Metaphysics Research Lab,\n[Stanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200317180221/https://plato.sta](https://web.archive.org/web/20200317180221/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/#SynTer)\n[nford.edu/entries/logical-constants/#SynTer) from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved](https://web.archive.org/web/20200317180221/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/#SynTer)\n21 November 2021.\n[Mackie, J. L. (1967). \"Fallacies\" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-a](https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fallacies)\n[lmanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fallacies). ](https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fallacies)  *encyclopedia.com*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.or](https://web.archive.org/web/20210415101134/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fallacies)\n[g/web/20210415101134/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs](https://web.archive.org/web/20210415101134/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fallacies)\n[-transcripts-and-maps/fallacies) from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 19 March](https://web.archive.org/web/20210415101134/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fallacies)\n2021.\nMagnus, P. D. (2005).  *Forall X: An Introduction to Formal Logic*  [ (https://philpapers.org/rec/M](https://philpapers.org/rec/MAGFXI)\n[AGFXI). Victoria, BC, Canada: State University of New York Oer Services. pp. 8- 9.](https://philpapers.org/rec/MAGFXI)\n[ISBN 978-1-64176-026-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207200544/https://ph](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207200544/https://philpapers.org/rec/MAGFXI)\n[ilpapers.org/rec/MAGFXI) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207200544/https://philpapers.org/rec/MAGFXI)\n2021.\nMakridis, Odysseus (2022).  *Symbolic Logic*  [. Springer Nature. pp. 1- 2. ISBN 978-3-030-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-67396-3)\n[67396-3.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-67396-3)\nMaltby, John; Day, Liz; Macaskill, Ann (2007).  *Personality, Individual Differences and*\n*Intelligence*  [. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-129760-9.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-129760-9)\n[Marenbon, John (2021). \"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/ent](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/)\n[ries/boethius/). ](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/)  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  . Metaphysics Research Lab,\nStanford University.\n[McKeon, Matthew. \"Logical Consequence\" (https://iep.utm.edu/logcon/). ](https://iep.utm.edu/logcon/)  *Internet*\n*Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211112071437/https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20211112071437/https://iep.utm.edu/logcon/)\n[iep.utm.edu/logcon/) from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.](https://web.archive.org/web/20211112071437/https://iep.utm.edu/logcon/)\n[Michaelson, Eliot; Reimer, Marga (2019). \"Reference\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/refe](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reference/)\n[rence/). ](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reference/)  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford\n[University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207184705/https://plato.stanford.ed](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207184705/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reference/)\n[u/entries/reference/) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207184705/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reference/)\nMills, Ethan (2018).  *Three Pillars of Skepticism in Classical India: Nagarjuna, Jayarasi, and*\n*Sri Harsa*  [. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-4985-5570-8. \"... for Nyāya all](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5570-8)\ninference is ultimately rooted in perception ... Naiyāyikas typically accept four means of\nknowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.\"\n[Monk, J. Donald (1976). \"Introduction\" (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-468](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1)\n[4-9452-5_1). ](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1)  *Mathematical Logic*  [. Springer. pp. 1- 9. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1 (http](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9452-5_1)\n[s://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9452-5_1). ISBN 978-1-4684-9452-5. Archived (https://w](https://web.archive.org/web/20220109131251/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1)\n[eb.archive.org/web/20220109131251/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-](https://web.archive.org/web/20220109131251/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1)\n[9452-5_1) from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.](https://web.archive.org/web/20220109131251/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-9452-5_1)\nMoore, Kevin; Cromby, John (8 August 2016).  *How Best to 'Go On'? Prospects for a*\n*'Modern Synthesis' in the Sciences of Mind*  [. Frontiers Media SA. p. 60. ISBN 978-2-88919-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88919-906-8)\n[906-8.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88919-906-8)\nMoore, Terence; Carling, Christine (1982).  *Understanding Language: Towards a Post-*",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Citations**\n\n*Chomskyan Linguistics*  [. Springer. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-349-16895-8.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16895-8)\n[Moschovakis, Joan (2022). \"Intuitionistic Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuiti](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/)\n[onistic/). ](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/)  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Introduction*  . Metaphysics Research\nLab, Stanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023.\n[Nolt, John (2021). \"Free Logic: 1. The Basics\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-free/#](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-free/#1)\n[1). ](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-free/#1)  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford\nUniversity. Retrieved 10 September 2022.\nNunes, Terezinha (2011). \"Logical Reasoning and Learning\". In Seel, Norbert M. (ed.).\n*Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning*  . Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2066-\n[2069. ISBN 978-1-4419-1427-9.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1427-9)\nO'Regan, Gerard (2016).  *Introduction to the History of Computing: A Computing History*\n*Primer*  [. Springer. p. 49. ISBN 978-3-319-33138-6.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33138-6)\nOaksford, Mike; Chater, Nick (2007).  *Bayesian Rationality: The Probabilistic Approach to*\n*Human Reasoning*  [. OUP Oxford. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-852449-6.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852449-6)\nOlkowski, Dorothea; Pirovolakis, Eftichis (31 January 2019).  *Deleuze and Guattari's*\n*Philosophy of Freedom: Freedom's Refrains*  [. Routledge. pp. 65- 66. ISBN 978-0-429-66352-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-66352-9)\n[9.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-66352-9)\nOlsson, Erik J. (2018). \"Bayesian Epistemology\".  *[Introduction to Formal Philosophy](https://philpapers.org/rec/OLSBE)*  (https://\n[philpapers.org/rec/OLSBE). Springer. pp. 431- 442. ISBN 978-3-030-08454-7. Archived (http](https://web.archive.org/web/20210516095057/https://philpapers.org/rec/OLSBE)\n[s://web.archive.org/web/20210516095057/https://philpapers.org/rec/OLSBE) from the](https://web.archive.org/web/20210516095057/https://philpapers.org/rec/OLSBE)\noriginal on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.\n[Online Etymology Staff. \"Logic\" (https://www.etymonline.com/word/logic?ref=etymonline_cro](https://www.etymonline.com/word/logic?ref=etymonline_crossreference)\n[ssreference). ](https://www.etymonline.com/word/logic?ref=etymonline_crossreference)  *etymonline.com*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211229134626/http](https://web.archive.org/web/20211229134626/https://www.etymonline.com/word/logic?ref=etymonline_crossreference)\n[s://www.etymonline.com/word/logic?ref=etymonline_crossreference) from the original on 29](https://web.archive.org/web/20211229134626/https://www.etymonline.com/word/logic?ref=etymonline_crossreference)\nDecember 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.\nPartee, Barbara H. (2016). Aloni, Maria; Dekker, Paul (eds.).  *The Cambridge Handbook of*\n*Formal Semantics*  [. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02839-5.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02839-5)\n[Paulson, Lawrence C. (February 2018). \"Computational Logic: Its Origins and Applications\"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832843)\n[(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832843). ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832843)  *Proceedings of the Royal Society*\n*A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences*  .  **474**  [ (2210): 1- 14. arXiv:1712.04375](https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.04375)\n[(https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.04375). Bibcode:2018RSPSA.47470872P (https://ui.adsabs.harv](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RSPSA.47470872P)\n[ard.edu/abs/2018RSPSA.47470872P). doi:10.1098/rspa.2017.0872 (https://doi.org/10.109](https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2017.0872)\n[8%2Frspa.2017.0872). PMC 5832843 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832843)\n[843). PMID 29507522 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29507522). S2CID 3805901 (http](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3805901)\n[s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3805901).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3805901)\n[Pedemonte, Bettina (25 June 2018). \"Strategic vs Definitory Rules: Their Role in Abductive](https://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with-5539)\n[Argumentation and their Relationship with Deductive Proof\" (https://www.ejmste.com/article/](https://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with-5539)\n[strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with](https://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with-5539)\n[-5539). ](https://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with-5539)  *Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education*  .  **14**  (9): 1- 17.\n[doi:10.29333/ejmste/92562 (https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fejmste%2F92562). ISSN 1305-](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1305-8215)\n[8215 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1305-8215). S2CID 126245285 (https://api.semantics](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126245285)\n[cholar.org/CorpusID:126245285). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207195246/h](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207195246/https://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with-5539)\n[ttps://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentati](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207195246/https://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with-5539)\n[on-and-their-relationship-with-5539) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved](https://web.archive.org/web/20211207195246/https://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with-5539)\n8 January 2022.\n[Pickel, Bryan (1 July 2020). \"Structured Propositions and Trivial Composition\" (https://doi.or](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-018-1853-1)\n[g/10.1007%2Fs11229-018-1853-1). ](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-018-1853-1)  *Synthese*  .  **197**  [ (7): 2991- 3006. doi:10.1007/s11229-](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-018-1853-1)\n[018-1853-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-018-1853-1). hdl:20.500.11820/3427c028-](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F3427c028-f2cb-4216-a199-9679a49ce71c)\n[f2cb-4216-a199-9679a49ce71c (https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F3427c028-f2cb-42](https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F3427c028-f2cb-4216-a199-9679a49ce71c)\n[16-a199-9679a49ce71c). ISSN 1573-0964 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0964).](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0964)\n[S2CID 49729020 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49729020).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49729020)\n[Pietroski, Paul (2021). \"Logical Form: 1. Patterns of Reason\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entri](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-form/#pat)\n[es/logical-form/#pat). ](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-form/#pat)  *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*  . Metaphysics Research Lab,",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Systems of logic**\n\n#### **Aristotelian**\n\n[corresponding to relations between entities.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)) <sup>[111]</sup> The\npredicate can be linked to the subject in two ways:\neither by affirming it or by denying it. <sup>[112]</sup> For\nexample, the proposition \"Socrates is not a cat\"\ninvolves the denial of the predicate \"cat\" to the\nsubject \"Socrates\". Using combinations of subjects\nand predicates, a great variety of propositions and\nsyllogisms can be formed. Syllogisms are\ncharacterized by the fact that the premises are linked\nto each other and to the conclusion by sharing one\npredicate in each case. <sup>[113]</sup> Thus, these three\npropositions contain three predicates, referred to as\n*major term*  ,  *minor term*  , and  *middle term*  . <sup>[114]</sup> The\ncentral aspect of Aristotelian logic involves\nclassifying all possible syllogisms into valid and\ninvalid arguments according to how the propositions\nare formed. <sup>[112][115]</sup> For example, the syllogism \"all\nmen are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore Socrates is mortal\" is valid. The syllogism \"all cats are\nmortal; Socrates is mortal; therefore Socrates is a cat\", on the other hand, is invalid. <sup>[116]</sup>\n[Classical logic is distinct from traditional or Aristotelian logic. It encompasses propositional logic and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic)\nfirst-order logic. It is \"classical\" in the sense that it is based on basic logical intuitions shared by most\nlogicians. <sup>[117]</sup> [ These intuitions include the law of excluded middle, the double negation elimination, the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negation_elimination)\n[principle of explosion, and the bivalence of truth.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_explosion) <sup>[118]</sup> It was originally developed to analyze\nmathematical arguments and was only later applied to other fields as well. Because of this focus on",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Systems of logic**\n\n#### **Aristotelian**\n\n[The square of opposition is often used to visualize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_of_opposition)\n[the relations between the four basic categorical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_propositions)\n[propositions in Aristotelian logic. It shows, for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_propositions)\nexample, that the propositions \"All S are P\" and\n\"Some S are not P\" are contradictory, meaning that\none of them has to be true while the other is false.\n[Aristotelian logic encompasses a great variety of topics. They include metaphysical theses about](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics)\n[ontological categories and problems of scientific explanation. But in a more narrow sense, it is identical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology)\n[to term logic or syllogistics. A syllogism is a form of argument involving three propositions: two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism)\n[premises and a conclusion. Each proposition has three essential parts: a subject, a predicate, and a copula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(linguistics))\nconnecting the subject to the predicate. <sup>[107]</sup> For example, the proposition \"Socrates is wise\" is made up of\nthe subject \"Socrates\", the predicate \"wise\", and the copula \"is\". <sup>[108]</sup> The subject and the predicate are the\n*terms*  of the proposition. Aristotelian logic does not contain complex propositions made up of simple\npropositions. It differs in this aspect from propositional logic, in which any two propositions can be\nlinked using a logical connective like \"and\" to form a new complex proposition. <sup>[109]</sup>\nIn Aristotelian logic, the subject can be  *universal*  ,\n*particular*  ,  *indefinite*  , or  *singular*  . For example, the\nterm \"all humans\" is a universal subject in the\nproposition \"all humans are mortal\". A similar\nproposition could be formed by replacing it with the\nparticular term \"some humans\", the indefinite term\n\"a human\", or the singular term \"Socrates\". <sup>[110]</sup>\nAristotelian logic only includes predicates for\n[simple properties of entities. But it lacks predicates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_(philosophy))",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Systems of logic**\n\n#### **Classical**\n\n[Gottlob Frege's ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege)  *[Begriffschrift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffschrift)*\nintroduced the notion of quantifier in\na graphical notation, which here\nrepresents the judgment that\nis true.\nmathematics, it does not include logical vocabulary relevant to many other topics of philosophical\nimportance. Examples of concepts it overlooks are the contrast between necessity and possibility and the\nproblem of ethical obligation and permission. Similarly, it does not address the relations between past,\npresent, and future. <sup>[119]</sup> Such issues are addressed by extended logics. They build on the basic intuitions\nof classical logic and expand it by introducing new logical vocabulary. This way, the exact logical\n[approach is applied to fields like ethics or epistemology that lie beyond the scope of mathematics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics) <sup>[120]</sup>\n[Propositional logic comprises formal systems in which formulae are built from atomic propositions using](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_propositions)\n[logical connectives. For instance, propositional logic represents the conjunction of two atomic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(logic))\npropositions and as the complex formula . Unlike predicate logic where terms and predicates\nare the smallest units, propositional logic takes full propositions with truth values as its most basic\ncomponent. <sup>[121]</sup> Thus, propositional logics can only represent logical relationships that arise from the\nway complex propositions are built from simpler ones. But it cannot represent inferences that result from\nthe inner structure of a proposition. <sup>[122]</sup>\nFirst-order logic includes the same propositional connectives as\npropositional logic but differs from it because it articulates the\ninternal structure of propositions. This happens through devices",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Citations**\n\n48. King 2019; Pickel 2020, pp. 2991- 3006.\n49. Honderich 2005, philosophical logic.\n50. Pickel 2020, pp. 2991- 3006.\n51. Honderich 2005, philosophical logic; Craig 1996, Philosophy of logic; Michaelson & Reimer\n2019.\n52. Michaelson & Reimer 2019.\n53. Hintikka 2019, §Nature and varieties of logic; MacFarlane 2017.\n54. Gómez-Torrente 2019; MacFarlane 2017; Honderich 2005, philosophical logic.\n55. Gómez-Torrente 2019; Jago 2014, p. 41.\n[56. Magnus 2005, pp. 35- 38, 3. Truth tables; Angell 1964, p. 164; Hall & O'Donnell 2000, p. 48](https://books.google.com/books?id=yP4MJ36C4ZgC&pg=PA48)\n[(https://books.google.com/books?id=yP4MJ36C4ZgC&pg=PA48).](https://books.google.com/books?id=yP4MJ36C4ZgC&pg=PA48)\n57. Magnus 2005, pp. 35- 45, 3. Truth tables; Angell 1964, p. 164.\n58. Tarski 1994, p. 40.\n59. Hintikka 2019, lead section, §Nature and varieties of logic; Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic.\n60. Blackburn 2008, argument; Stairs 2017, p. 343.\n[61. Copi, Cohen & Rodych 2019, p. 30 (https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&](https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30)\n[pg=PA30).](https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30)\n62. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 20; Backmann 2019, pp. 235- 255; IEP Staff.\n63. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 16; Backmann 2019, pp. 235- 255; IEP Staff.\n64. Groarke 2021, 1.1 Formal and Informal Logic; Weddle 2011, pp. 383- 8, 36. Informal logic\nand the eductive-inductive distinction; van Eemeren & Garssen 2009, p. 191.\n[65. Evans 2005, 8. Deductive Reasoning, p. 169 (https://books.google.com/books?id=znbkHaC](https://books.google.com/books?id=znbkHaC8QeMC&pg=PA169)\n[8QeMC&pg=PA169).](https://books.google.com/books?id=znbkHaC8QeMC&pg=PA169)\n66. McKeon.\n67. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13- 4.\n68. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13- 4; Blackburn 2016, rule of inference.\n69. Blackburn 2016, rule of inference.\n70. Dick & Müller 2017, p. 157.\n71. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 13; Backmann 2019, pp. 235- 255; Douven 2021.\n72. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 14; D'Agostino & Floridi 2009, pp. 271- 315.\n73. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 14; Sagüillo 2014, pp. 75- 88; Hintikka 1970, pp. 135- 152.\n74. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13- 6; Backmann 2019, pp. 235- 255; IEP Staff.\n75. Rocci 2017, p. 26; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13, 16; Douven 2021.\n76. IEP Staff; Douven 2021; Hawthorne 2021.\n77. IEP Staff; Hawthorne 2021; Wilbanks 2010, pp. 107- 124.\n78. Douven 2021.\n79. Groarke 2021, 4.1 AV Criteria; Possin 2016, pp. 563- 593.\n80. Scott & Marshall 2009, analytic induction; Houde & Camacho 2003, Induction.\n81. Borchert 2006b, Induction.\n[82. Douven 2021; Koslowski 2017, Abductive reasoning and explanation (https://www.taylorfran](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/locs/edit/10.4324/9781315725697-20/abductive-reasoning-explanation-barbara-koslowski)\n[cis.com/locs/edit/10.4324/9781315725697-20/abductive-reasoning-explanation-barbara-kosl](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/locs/edit/10.4324/9781315725697-20/abductive-reasoning-explanation-barbara-koslowski)\n[owski).](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/locs/edit/10.4324/9781315725697-20/abductive-reasoning-explanation-barbara-koslowski)\n83. Cummings 2010, Abduction, p. 1.\n84. Hansen 2020; Chatfield 2017, p. 194.\n85. Walton 1987, pp. 7, 1. A new model of argument; Hansen 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf",
+                "query": "What is considered a deductively valid argument regarding logic ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "A deductively valid argument is one whose premises guarantee the truth of its conclusion",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n[Formal logic is interested in deductively valid arguments, for which the truth of their premises ensures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic))\nthe truth of their conclusion. This means that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the\nconclusion to be false. <sup>[11]</sup> For valid arguments, the logical structure of the premises and the conclusion\n[follows a pattern called a rule of inference.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_inference) <sup>[12]</sup> [ For example, modus ponens is a rule of inference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_ponens)\naccording to which all arguments of the form \"(1)  *p*  , (2) if  *p*  then  *q*  , (3) therefore  *q*  \" are valid, independent\nof what the terms  *p*  and  *q*  stand for. <sup>[13]</sup> In this sense, formal logic can be defined as the science of valid\n[inferences. An alternative definition sees logic as the study of logical truths.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth) <sup>[14]</sup> A proposition is logically\n[true if its truth depends only on the logical vocabulary used in it. This means that it is true in all possible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possible_world)\n[worlds and under all interpretations of its non-logical terms, like the claim \"either it is raining, or it is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic))\nnot\". <sup>[15]</sup> These two definitions of formal logic are not identical, but they are closely related. For example,\nif the inference from  *p*  to  *q*  is deductively valid then the claim \"if  *p*  then  *q*  \" is a logical truth. <sup>[16]</sup>\n[Formal logic uses formal languages to express and analyze arguments.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language) <sup>[17]</sup> They normally have a very\n[limited vocabulary and exact syntactic rules. These rules specify how their symbols can be combined to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax)\n[construct sentences, so-called well-formed formulas.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formed_formula) <sup>[18]</sup> This simplicity and exactness of formal logic\nmake it capable of formulating precise rules of inference. They determine whether a given argument is\nvalid. <sup>[19]</sup> Because of the reliance on formal language, natural language arguments cannot be studied\n[directly. Instead, they need to be translated into formal language before their validity can be assessed.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_translation#Natural_language_formalization) <sup>[20]</sup>\nThe term \"logic\" can also be used in a slightly different sense as a countable noun. In this sense,  *a logic*  is\na logical formal system. Distinct logics differ from each other concerning the rules of inference they\naccept as valid and the formal languages used to express them. <sup>[21]</sup> Starting in the late 19th century, many",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Basic concepts**\n\n#### **Arguments and inferences**\n\n[Argument terminology used in logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument)\nargument is made up of a chain of simple arguments. This means that the conclusion of one argument acts\nas a premise of later arguments. For a complex argument to be successful, each link of the chain has to be\nsuccessful. <sup>[43]</sup>\nArguments and inferences are either\ncorrect or incorrect. If they are correct\nthen their premises support their\nconclusion. In the incorrect case, this\nsupport is missing. It can take\ndifferent forms corresponding to the\n[different types of reasoning.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_reasoning) <sup>[62]</sup> The\nstrongest form of support corresponds\n[to deductive reasoning. But even](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning)\narguments that are not deductively\nvalid may still be good arguments\nbecause their premises offer non-\ndeductive support to their conclusions.\nFor such cases, the term  *ampliative*  or\n*inductive*   *reasoning*   is used. <sup>[63]</sup>\nDeductive arguments are associated\nwith formal logic in contrast to the\nrelation between ampliative arguments and informal logic. <sup>[64]</sup>\nA deductively valid argument is one whose premises guarantee the truth of its conclusion. <sup>[11]</sup> For\ninstance, the argument \"(1) all frogs are amphibians; (2) no cats are amphibians; (3) therefore no cats are\nfrogs\" is deductively valid. For deductive validity, it does not matter whether the premises or the\nconclusion are actually true. So the argument \"(1) all frogs are mammals; (2) no cats are mammals; (3)\ntherefore no cats are frogs\" is also valid because the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. <sup>[65]</sup>\n[According to an influential view by Alfred Tarski, deductive arguments have three essential features: (1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarski)\nthey are formal, i.e. they depend only on the form of the premises and the conclusion; (2) they are a\npriori, i.e. no sense experience is needed to determine whether they obtain; (3) they are modal, i.e. that\n[they hold by logical necessity for the given propositions, independent of any other circumstances.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_necessity) <sup>[66]</sup>\nBecause of the first feature, the focus on formality, deductive inference is usually identified with rules of\ninference. <sup>[67]</sup> Rules of inference specify the form of the premises and the conclusion: how they have to be",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Citations**\n\n20. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 22- 3; Magnus 2005, pp. 8- 9, 1.4 Deductive validity; Johnson\n1999, p. 267.\n21. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 2, 4, Philosophy of logics; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 16- 17; Jacquette\n2006, Introduction: Philosophy of logic today, pp. 1- 12.\n22. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 2, 4, Philosophy of logics; Jacquette 2006, pp. 1- 12, Introduction:\nPhilosophy of logic today.\n23. Haack 1978, pp. 5- 7, 9, Philosophy of logics; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 31- 2; Haack\n1996, pp. 229- 30.\n24. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 10, Philosophy of logics; Groarke 2021, lead section; 1.1 Formal and\nInformal Logic.\n25. Johnson 2014, pp. 228- 9.\n26. Groarke 2021, lead section; 1. History; Audi 1999a, Informal logic; Johnson 1999, pp. 265-\n274.\n27. Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Johnson 1999, p. 267.\n28. Blair & Johnson 2000, pp. 93- 97; Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic.\n29. Johnson 1999, pp. 265- 270; van Eemeren et al., pp. 1- 45, Informal Logic.\n30. Groarke 2021, 1.1 Formal and Informal Logic; Audi 1999a, Informal logic; Honderich 2005,\nlogic, informal.\n31. Blair & Johnson 2000, pp. 93- 107; Groarke 2021, lead section; 1.1 Formal and Informal\nLogic; van Eemeren et al., p. 169.\n32. Oaksford & Chater 2007, p. 47.\n33. Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Walton 1987, pp. 2- 3, 6- 8, 1. A new model of\nargument; Engel 1982, pp. 59- 92, 2. The medium of language.\n34. Blair & Johnson 1987, pp. 147- 51.\n35. Falikowski & Mills 2022, p. 98; Weddle 2011, pp. 383- 8, 36. Informal logic and the eductive-\ninductive distinction; Blair 2011, p. 47.\n36. Vickers 2022; Nunes 2011, pp. 2066- 9, Logical Reasoning and Learning.\n37. Johnson 2014, p. 181; Johnson 1999, p. 267; Blair & Johnson 1987, pp. 147- 51.\n38. Vleet 2010, pp. ix- x, Introduction; Dowden; Stump.\n39. Maltby, Day & Macaskill 2007, p. 564; Dowden.\n40. Craig 1996, Formal and informal logic; Johnson 1999, pp. 265- 270.\n41. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic; Honderich 2005, philosophical logic.\n42. Haack 1974, p. 51.\n43. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic.\n44. Falguera, Martínez-Vidal & Rosen 2021; Tondl 2012, p. 111.\n[45. Olkowski & Pirovolakis 2019, pp. 65- 66 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FhaGDwAAQ](https://books.google.com/books?id=FhaGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65)\n[BAJ&pg=PT65).](https://books.google.com/books?id=FhaGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65)\n46. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic; Pietroski 2021.\n47. Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic; Kusch 2020; Rush 2014, pp. 1- 10, 189- 190.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Basic concepts**\n\n#### **Arguments and inferences**\n\n##### **Deductive**\n\nstructured for the inference to be valid. Arguments that do not follow any rule of inference are\ndeductively invalid. <sup>[68]</sup> The modus ponens is a prominent rule of inference. It has the form \"  *p*  ; if  *p*  , then\n*q*  ; therefore  *q*  \". <sup>[69]</sup> Knowing that it has just rained ( ) and that after rain the streets are wet ( ), one\ncan use modus ponens to deduce that the streets are wet ( ). <sup>[70]</sup>\nThe third feature can be expressed by stating that deductively valid inferences are truth-preserving: it is\nimpossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. <sup>[71]</sup> Because of this feature, it is often\nasserted that deductive inferences are uninformative since the conclusion cannot arrive at new\ninformation not already present in the premises. <sup>[72]</sup> But this point is not always accepted since it would\nmean, for example, that most of mathematics is uninformative. A different characterization distinguishes\n##### **Deductive**\nbetween surface and depth information. The surface information of a sentence is the information it\npresents explicitly. Depth information is the totality of the information contained in the sentence, both\nexplicitly and implicitly. According to this view, deductive inferences are uninformative on the depth\nlevel. But they can be highly informative on the surface level by making implicit information explicit.\nThis happens, for example, in mathematical proofs. <sup>[73]</sup>\nAmpliative arguments are arguments whose conclusions contain additional information not found in their\npremises. In this regard, they are more interesting since they contain information on the depth level and\nthe thinker may learn something genuinely new. But this feature comes with a certain cost: the premises\nsupport the conclusion in the sense that they make its truth more likely but they do not ensure its truth. <sup>[74]</sup>\nThis means that the conclusion of an ampliative argument may be false even though all its premises are\ntrue. This characteristic is closely related to  *[non-monotonicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic)*  and  *[defeasibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeasible_reasoning)*  : it may be necessary to",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n**Logic**  [ is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning)\n[informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic))\n[inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth)\n[from premises based on the structure of arguments alone,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise)\nindependent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated\n[with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory)\n[theory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language)\n[language whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language)\n[as a countable noun, the term \"a logic\" refers to a specific logical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_noun)\n[formal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_system)\n[central role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics)\n[computer science, and linguistics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics)\nLogic studies arguments, which consist of a set of premises that leads to a conclusion. An example is the\nargument from the premises \"it's Sunday\" and \"if it's Sunday then I don't have to work\" leading to the\nconclusion \"I don't have to work\". <sup>[1]</sup> [ Premises and conclusions express propositions or claims that can be](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition)\ntrue or false. An important feature of propositions is their internal structure. For example, complex\n[propositions are made up of simpler propositions linked by logical vocabulary like ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective) [ (and) or ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction)\n[(if...then). Simple propositions also have parts, like \"Sunday\" or \"work\" in the example. The truth of a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional)\nproposition usually depends on the meanings of all of its parts. However, this is not the case for logically\ntrue propositions. They are true only because of their logical structure independent of the specific\nmeanings of the individual parts.\nArguments can be either correct or incorrect. An argument is correct if its premises support its\n[conclusion. Deductive arguments have the strongest form of support: if their premises are true then their](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning)\n[conclusion must also be true. This is not the case for ampliative arguments, which arrive at genuinely new](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampliative)\ninformation not found in the premises. Many arguments in everyday discourse and the sciences are\n[ampliative arguments. They are divided into inductive and abductive arguments. Inductive arguments are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning)\nstatistical generalization—such as inferring that all ravens are black, based on many individual\nobservations of black ravens. <sup>[2]</sup> [ Abductive arguments are inferences to the best explanation—for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference)\nexample, when a doctor concludes that a patient has a certain disease, as the best explanation for the",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Basic concepts**\n\n#### **Arguments and inferences**\n\n##### **Deductive**\n\nretract an earlier conclusion upon receiving new information or in light of new inferences drawn. <sup>[75]</sup>\nAmpliative reasoning plays a central role in many arguments found in everyday discourse and the\nsciences. Ampliative arguments are not automatically incorrect. Instead, they just follow different\nstandards of correctness. The support they provide for their conclusion usually comes in degrees. This\nmeans that strong ampliative arguments make their conclusion very likely while weak ones are less\ncertain. As a consequence, the line between correct and incorrect arguments is blurry in some cases, such\nas when the premises offer weak but non-negligible support. This contrasts with deductive arguments,\nwhich are either valid or invalid with nothing in-between. <sup>[76]</sup>\nThe terminology used to categorize ampliative arguments is inconsistent. Some authors, like James\n[Hawthorne, use the term \"induction\" to cover all forms of non-deductive arguments.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning) <sup>[77]</sup> But in a more\nnarrow sense,  *induction*  is only one type of ampliative argument alongside *[abductive arguments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning)* . <sup>[78]</sup>\n[Some philosophers, like Leo Groarke, also allow ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Groarke)  *conductive arguments*  <sup>[b]</sup> as another type. <sup>[79]</sup> In this\nnarrow sense, induction is often defined as a form of statistical generalization. <sup>[80]</sup> In this case, the\npremises of an inductive argument are many individual observations that all show a certain pattern. The\nconclusion then is a general law that this pattern always obtains. <sup>[81]</sup> In this sense, one may infer that \"all\nelephants are gray\" based on one's past observations of the color of elephants. <sup>[78]</sup> A closely related form\nof inductive inference has as its conclusion not a general law but one more specific instance, as when it is\ninferred that an elephant one has not seen yet is also gray. <sup>[81]</sup> Some theorists, like Igor Douven, stipulate\nthat inductive inferences rest only on statistical considerations. This way, they can be distinguished from\nabductive inference. <sup>[78]</sup>\nAbductive inference may or may not take statistical observations into consideration. In either case, the\n[premises offer support for the conclusion because the conclusion is the best explanation of why the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanation)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Systems of logic**\n\n#### **Deviant**\n\nsequence of arguments as intermediary steps, each of which brings the opponent a little closer to one's\nintended conclusion. Besides these positive arguments leading one closer to victory, there are also\nnegative arguments preventing the opponent's victory by denying their conclusion. <sup>[144]</sup> Whether an\nargument is correct depends on whether it promotes the progress of the dialogue. Fallacies, on the other\nhand, are violations of the standards of proper argumentative rules. <sup>[146]</sup> These standards also depend on\nthe type of dialogue. For example, the standards governing the scientific discourse differ from the\nstandards in business negotiations. <sup>[147]</sup>\nThe  *epistemic approach*  to informal logic, on the other hand, focuses on the epistemic role of\narguments. <sup>[148]</sup> It is based on the idea that arguments aim to increase our knowledge. They achieve this\nby linking justified beliefs to beliefs that are not yet justified. <sup>[149]</sup> Correct arguments succeed at\nexpanding knowledge while fallacies are epistemic failures: they do not justify the belief in their\nconclusion. <sup>[150]</sup> [ For example, the fallacy of begging the question is a ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_begging_the_question)  *fallacy*  because it fails to provide\nindependent justification for its conclusion, even though it is deductively valid. <sup>[151]</sup> In this sense, logical\nnormativity consists in epistemic success or rationality. <sup>[149]</sup> [ The Bayesian approach is one example of an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_epistemology)\nepistemic approach. <sup>[152]</sup> Central to Bayesianism is not just whether the agent believes something but the\ndegree to which they believe it, the so-called  *credence*  [. Degrees of belief are seen as subjective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_probability)\n[probabilities in the believed proposition, i.e. how certain the agent is that the proposition is true.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_probability) <sup>[153]</sup> On\nthis view, reasoning can be interpreted as a process of changing one's credences, often in reaction to new",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Citations**\n\n86. Hansen 2020.\n87. Hansen 2020; Walton 1987, pp. 63, 3. Logic of propositions.\n88. Sternberg; Stone 2012, pp. 327- 356.\n89. Walton 1987, pp. 2- 4, 1. A new model of argument; Dowden; Hansen 2020.\n90. Engel 1982, pp. 59- 92, 2. The medium of language; Mackie 1967; Stump.\n91. Stump; Engel 1982, pp. 143- 212, 4. Fallacies of presumption.\n92. Stump; Mackie 1967.\n93. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 20.\n94. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 20; Pedemonte 2018, pp. 1- 17; Hintikka 2023.\n95. Boris & Alexander 2017, p. 74; Cook 2009, p. 124.\n[96. Flotyński 2020, p. 39 (https://books.google.com/books?id=EC4NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39);](https://books.google.com/books?id=EC4NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39)\n[Berlemann & Mangold 2009, p. 194 (https://books.google.com/books?id=XUGN9tKTIiYC&p](https://books.google.com/books?id=XUGN9tKTIiYC&pg=PA194)\n[g=PA194).](https://books.google.com/books?id=XUGN9tKTIiYC&pg=PA194)\n97. Gensler 2006, p. xliii; Font & Jansana 2017, p. 8.\n98. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 10, Philosophy of logics; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 31- 32; Jacquette\n2006, pp. 1- 12, Introduction: Philosophy of logic today.\n[99. Moore & Carling 1982, p. 53; Enderton 2001, pp. 12- 13 (https://books.google.com/books?id](https://books.google.com/books?id=dVncCl_EtUkC&pg=PA12)\n[=dVncCl_EtUkC&pg=PA12), Sentential Logic.](https://books.google.com/books?id=dVncCl_EtUkC&pg=PA12)\n100. Lepore & Cumming 2012, p. 5.\n101. Wasilewska 2018, pp. 145- 6; Rathjen & Sieg 2022.\n102. Sider 2010, pp. 34- 42; Shapiro & Kouri Kissel 2022; Bimbo 2016, pp. 8- 9.\n[103. Restall & Standefer 2023, pp. 91; Enderton 2001, pp. 131- 146 (https://books.google.com/bo](https://books.google.com/books?id=dVncCl_EtUkC&pg=PA131)\n[oks?id=dVncCl_EtUkC&pg=PA131), Chapter 2.5; van Dalen 1994, Chapter 1.5.](https://books.google.com/books?id=dVncCl_EtUkC&pg=PA131)\n104. Jacquette 2006, pp. 1- 12, Introduction: Philosophy of logic today; Smith 2022; Groarke.\n105. Haack 1996, 1. 'Alternative' in 'Alternative Logic'.\n106. Haack 1978, pp. 1- 10, Philosophy of logics; Haack 1996, 1. 'Alternative' in 'Alternative\nLogic'; Wolf 1978, pp. 327- 340.\n107. Smith 2022; Groarke; Bobzien 2020.\n108. Groarke.\n109. Smith 2022; Magnus 2005, 2.2 Connectives.\n[110. Smith 2022; Bobzien 2020; Hintikka & Spade, Aristotle (https://www.britannica.com/topic/hist](https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-logic/Aristotle)\n[ory-of-logic/Aristotle).](https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-logic/Aristotle)\n111. Westerståhl 1989, pp. 577- 585.\n112. Smith 2022; Groarke.\n[113. Smith 2022; Hurley 2015, 4. Categorical Syllogisms; Copi, Cohen & Rodych 2019, 6.](https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187)\n[Categorical Syllogisms (https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187).](https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187)\n[114. Groarke; Hurley 2015, 4. Categorical Syllogisms; Copi, Cohen & Rodych 2019, 6.](https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187)\n[Categorical Syllogisms (https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187).](https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187)\n115. Hurley 2015, 4. Categorical Syllogisms.\n116. Spriggs 2012, pp. 20- 2.\n117. Hintikka 2019, §Nature and varieties of logic, §Alternative logics; Hintikka & Sandu 2006,\npp. 27- 8; Bäck 2016, p. 317.\n118. Shapiro & Kouri Kissel 2022.\n119. Burgess 2009, 1. Classical logic.\n120. Jacquette 2006, pp. 1- 12, Introduction: Philosophy of logic today; Borchert 2006c, Logic,",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Basic concepts**\n\n#### **Arguments and inferences**\n\ninformal fallacies. <sup>[38]</sup> For formal fallacies, the\nsource of the error is found in the  *form*  of the\n[argument. For example, denying the antecedent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent)\nis one type of formal fallacy, as in \"if Othello is a\nbachelor, then he is male; Othello is not a\nbachelor; therefore Othello is not male\". <sup>[88]</sup> But\nmost fallacies fall into the category of informal\nfallacies, of which a great variety is discussed in\nthe academic literature. The source of their error\nis usually found in the  *content*  or the  *context*  of\nthe argument. <sup>[89]</sup> Informal fallacies are\nsometimes categorized as fallacies of ambiguity,\nfallacies of presumption, or fallacies of\nrelevance. For fallacies of ambiguity, the\nambiguity and vagueness of natural language are\nresponsible for their flaw, as in \"feathers are light; what is light cannot be dark; therefore feathers cannot\nbe dark\". <sup>[90]</sup> Fallacies of presumption have a wrong or unjustified premise but may be valid otherwise. <sup>[91]</sup>\nIn the case of fallacies of relevance, the premises do not support the conclusion because they are not\nrelevant to it. <sup>[92]</sup>\nThe main focus of most logicians is to study the criteria according to which an argument is correct or\nincorrect. A fallacy is committed if these criteria are violated. In the case of formal logic, they are known\nas  *rules of inference*  . <sup>[93]</sup> They are definitory rules, which determine whether an inference is correct or\nwhich inferences are allowed. Definitory rules contrast with strategic rules. Strategic rules specify which\ninferential moves are necessary to reach a given conclusion based on a set of premises. This distinction\n[does not just apply to logic but also to games. In chess, for example, the definitory rules dictate that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess)\n[bishops may only move diagonally. The strategic rules, on the other hand, describe how the allowed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(chess))",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Logic\n\n## **Logic**\n\n### **Definition**\n\n#### **Formal logic**\n\nexamined by informal logic. But the formal translation \"(1) ; (2)\n; (3) \" is studied by formal logic. <sup>[32]</sup> The study of natural language\narguments comes with various difficulties. For example, natural language expressions are often\nambiguous, vague, and context-dependent. <sup>[33]</sup> Another approach defines informal logic in a wide sense as\nthe normative study of the standards, criteria, and procedures of argumentation. In this sense, it includes\n[questions about the role of rationality, critical thinking, and the psychology of argumentation.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking) <sup>[34]</sup>\nAnother characterization identifies informal logic with the study of non-deductive arguments. In this way,\nit contrasts with deductive reasoning examined by formal logic. <sup>[35]</sup> Non-deductive arguments make their\n[conclusion probable but do not ensure that it is true. An example is the inductive argument from the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning)\nempirical observation that \"all ravens I have seen so far are black\" to the conclusion \"all ravens are\nblack\". <sup>[36]</sup>\n[A further approach is to define informal logic as the study of informal fallacies.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacies) <sup>[37]</sup> Informal fallacies are\n[incorrect arguments in which errors are present in the content and the context of the argument.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_(language_use)) <sup>[38]</sup> [ A false](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma)\n[dilemma, for example, involves an error of content by excluding viable options. This is the case in the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma)\nfallacy \"you are either with us or against us; you are not with us; therefore, you are against us\". <sup>[39]</sup> Some\ntheorists state that formal logic studies the general form of arguments while informal logic studies\nparticular instances of arguments. Another approach is to hold that formal logic only considers the role of",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the mean correctness score for LLM-generated handoff notes ?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "Correctness 4.52",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Discussion**\n\nThe study demonstrated success in generating EM-to-IP handoff notes using both a fine tuned,\npretrained LLM and rule-based approaches within an end user- developed note template. It is\nimportant to note that (largely due to time constraints within the EM care delivery model) the\nperformance of EM-to-IP handoff notes was not the current standard of care in EM. The study site’s\nunique electronic handoff process enabled a comparison between physician-written and\nLLM-generated handoff notes. Traditional automated evaluations of the model output suggested\nTable 3. Mean Clinical Quality Evaluation, Large Language Model (LLM)- Generated and Physician-Written\nCriteria\nLLM-generated Physician-written\nMean score (SD)\nLikert rating 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\nMean score (SD)\nLikert rating 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\n1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5\nCompleteness 4.00 (0.88) 0 12 (8) 31 (20.7) 69 (46) 38 (25.3) 4.16 (0.84) 0 3 (2) 31 (20.7) 48 (32) 68 (45.3)\nCuration 4.24 (0.58) 0 1 (0.7) 13 (8.7) 85 (56.7) 51 (34) 4.76 (0.48) 0 0 6 (4) 39 (26) 105 (70)\nReadability 4.00 (0.64) 0 8 (5.3) 17 (11.3) 87 (58) 38 (25.3) 4.64 (0.49) 0 0 5 (3.3) 38 (25.3) 107 (71.3)\nCorrectness 4.52 (0.64) 0 0 13 (8.7) 39 (26) 98 (65.3) 4.90 (0.39) 0 0 2 (1.3) 12 (8) 136 (90.7)\nUsefulness 4.04 (0.86) 0 12 (8) 30 (20) 59 (39.3) 49 (32.7) 4.36 (0.71) 0 5 (3.3) 13 (8.7) 53 (35.3) 79 (52.7)\na Likert scores and score distributions over 50 notes for 3 annotators. There are no 1 ratings for either physician or LLM summaries in the 150 evaluation results.\nTable 4. Mean Clinical Safety Evaluation, Large Language Model (LLM)- Generated and Physician-Written\nCriteria\nLLM-generated Physician-written\nMean (SD)\nLikert score 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\nMean (SD)\nLikert score 1-5, No. (%) <sup>a</sup>\n1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5\nCompleteness 4.20 (0.93) 0 13 (8.7) 19 (12.7) 58 (38.7) 60 (40) 4.50 (0.65) 0 0 17 (11.3) 43 (28.7) 90 (60)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Abstract**\n\n**IMPORTANCE**  An emergency medicine (EM) handoff note generated by a large language model\n(LLM) has the potential to reduce physician documentation burden without compromising the safety\nof EM-to-inpatient (IP) handoffs.\n**OBJECTIVE**  To develop LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes and evaluate their accuracy and\nsafety compared with physician-written notes.\n**DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS**  This cohort study used EM patient medical records with\nacute hospital admissions that occurred in 2023 at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical\nCenter. A customized clinical LLM pipeline was trained, tested, and evaluated to generate templated\nEM-to-IP handoff notes. Using both conventional automated methods (ie, recall-oriented\nunderstudy for gisting evaluation [ROUGE], bidirectional encoder representations from transformers\nscore [BERTScore], and source chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation [SCALE])\nand a novel patient safety-focused framework, LLM-generated handoff notes vs physician-written\nnotes were compared. Data were analyzed from October 2023 to March 2024.\n**EXPOSURE**  LLM-generated EM handoff notes.\n**MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES**  LLM-generated handoff notes were evaluated for (1) lexical\nsimilarity with respect to physician-written notes using ROUGE and BERTScore; (2) fidelity with\nrespect to source notes using SCALE; and (3) readability, completeness, curation, correctness,\nusefulness, and implications for patient safety using a novel framework.\n**RESULTS**  In this study of 1600 EM patient records (832 [52%] female and mean [SD] age of 59.9\n[18.9] years), LLM-generated handoff notes, compared with physician-written ones, had higher\nROUGE (0.322 vs 0.088), BERTScore (0.859 vs 0.796), and SCALE scores (0.691 vs 0.456),\nindicating the LLM-generated summaries exhibited greater similarity and more detail. As reviewed by\n3 board-certified EM physicians, a subsample of 50 LLM-generated summaries had a mean (SD)\nusefulness score of 4.04 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.36 [0.71] for physician-written) and mean\n(SD) patient safety scores of 4.06 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.50 [0.56] for physician-written).\nNone of the LLM-generated summaries were classified as a critical patient safety risk.\n**CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE**  In this cohort study of 1600 EM patient medical records,\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written\nsummaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness\n*(continued)*",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Discussion**\n\nCuration 4.82 (0.32) 0 1 (0.7) 3 (2) 21 (14) 125 (83.3) 4.90 (0.31) 0 0 3 (2) 8 (5.3) 139 (92.7)\nReadability 4.74 (0.37) 0 1 (0.7) 6 (4) 23 (15.3) 120 (80) 4.94 (0.14) 0 0 0 10 (6.7) 140 (93.3)\nCorrectness: hallucination 4.96 (0.14) 0 0 0 5 (3.3) 145 (96.7) 5.00 0 0 0 0 150 (100)\nCorrectness: knowledge gap 4.88 (0.48) 0 3 (2) 2 (1.3) 6 (4) 139 (92.7) 4.90 (0.42) 0 1 (0.7) 5 (3.3) 3 (2) 141 (94)\nCorrectness: faulty logic 4.60 (0.75) 0 11 (7.3) 12 (8) 13 (8.7) 114 (76) 4.94 (0.24) 0 0 2 (1.3) 2 (1.3) 146 (97.3)\nCorrectness: bias 5.00 0 0 0 0 150 (100) 5.00 0 0 0 0 150 (100)\nOverall safety risk 4.06 (0.86) 0 11 (7.3) 27 (18) 60 (40) 52 (34.7) 4.50 (0.56) 0 1 (0.7) 16 (10.7) 41 (27.3) 92 (61.3)\na Likert scores and score distributions over 50 notes for 3 annotators. There are no 1 ratings for either physician or AI summaries in the 150 evaluation results.\nDecember 3, 2024 7/12\nsuperior performance. However, while the manual clinical evaluation demonstrated the majority of\nthe LLM-generated notes were of promising comparative quality (scores of 4-5), they were, on\naverage, inferior to the clinician-written notes.\nOur novel clinical evaluation’s findings suggest the majority of identified quality limitations and\nincorrectness would have minimal impact on patient safety, even when extrapolated to the worst-\ncase scenario of the LLM-generated summary content not being reviewed and edited by a clinician\nbefore completion. This was designed to address contemporary LLM concerns of user trust, reliance and expertise. <sup>49</sup> As such, none of the incorrect output text elements reached life-threatening risk.\nHowever, incompleteness and faulty logic identified in the automated summaries were not always\nnegligible, with just under 1 in 10 of these performance gaps determined to have the potential to",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Methods**\n\n#### **Statistical Analysis**\n\nsubsequently evaluated 2 ED-to-inpatient handoff notes for each patient: (1) the physician-written\nnote and (2) the LLM-generated note.\nOn a Likert scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is unacceptable and 5 is excellent, the 3 physicians rated the\ncompleteness, curation, readability, and correctness of the summary as shown in eTable 1 in\n[Supplement 1](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723) . Physicians rated the usefulness of the summary, defined as the capability of the\nsummary being incorporated into a workflow where a physician would make edits before final\ncompletion, mitigating potential future self-referential learning loops and the downstream adverse consequences. <sup>51</sup> Likewise, the raters assessed potential patient safety implications of unmitigated\nmodel errors using a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 denotes life-threatening risks and 5 denotes no\nidentified patient safety risk for completeness, curation, readability, and the 4 subcategories within\ncorrectness (hallucination, faulty logic, knowledge gap, and bias), as well as the overall patient safety risk. <sup>45</sup> Evaluators arrived at prestudy consensus that a usefulness Likert score of at least a 3 out of 5\nindicated that the LLM-generated summary likely demonstrated baseline acceptability for such a\nworkflow. To extrapolate a theoretical worst case scenario, the physicians rated the safety of the\nLLM-generated summary as defined as the capability of the summary to fully replace a physician-\nwritten note (unmitigated).\nTo improve consistency and agreement, the 3 reviewers met to familiarize themselves with the\nframework and evaluated 10 separate cases from the test dataset that were not included in the\nclinical evaluation results. Additionally, after independently scoring the summaries, they met to\nensure consensus interpretation of the multidimensional scoring framework. Interrater reliability was\ncalculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), using a 2-way random effects model for\nconsistency with the Pingouin statistical package version 0.5.4 in Python (Python Software\nFoundation). The ICC measures the similarity of the 3 raters to confirm the consistency and validity\nof the evaluation protocol; the scores are from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates unanimous agreement and 0 represents no agreement. <sup>52</sup> Data were analyzed from October 2023 to March 2024.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Abstract**\n\n#### **Key Points**\n\n**Question**  Can a large language model\n(LLM) generate emergency medicine\n(EM)-to-inpatient (IP) handoff notes\nthat are useful and safe for EM care?\n**Findings**  In this cohort study of 1600\nEM patient medical records using a\nnovel evaluation framework, the\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes\nhad a mean usefulness of 4.04 out of 5\n(compared with 4.36 for\nphysician-written) and a mean patient\nsafety of 4.06 out of 5 (compared with\n4.50 for physician-written) with no\ncritical patient safety risks.\n**Meaning**  These findings suggest the\nvalue of a manual, patient safety-\nfocused clinical evaluation of LLM\nmodels and the potential of\nLLM-generated handoff notes to create\na new standard of care in EM.\n**+ <sup>[Invited Commentary](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48729&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)</sup> + <sup>[Supplemental content](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)</sup>**\nAuthor affiliations and article information are\nlisted at the end of this article.\n**Open Access.**  This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License.\n*JAMA Network Open.*  2024;7(12):e2448723. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723 (Reprinted) December 3, 2024 1/12\n*Abstract (continued)*\nand safety via a novel evaluation framework. This study suggests the importance of a physician-in-\nloop implementation design for this model and demonstrates an effective strategy to measure\npreimplementation patient safety of LLM models.\n*JAMA Network Open.*  2024;7(12):e2448723. doi: [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Results**\n\n#### **Automated Tasks**\nOf 1600 patients, the mean (SD) age was 59.8 (18.9) years and 832 (52%) were female. In  **Table 2**  ,\nROUGE and BERTScore compare the summaries with the testing set from our annotations, and\nSCALE score compares the summaries with the source notes. From automatic evaluation results, we\nobserved that LLM-generated summaries had better scores than the physician summaries, such that\nROUGE-2 was 0.322 vs 0.088, BERT-precision was 0.859 vs 0.796, and SCALE was 0.691 vs 0.456,\nsuggesting the LLM-generated summaries were more similar and more detailed than the physician\nsummaries.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Results**\n\n#### **Clinical Evaluation Tasks**\n\nThe clinical evaluation results for LLM-generated summaries and physician-written summaries are\nshown in  **Table 3**  and  **Table 4**  . The mean clinical quality scores of the automated summaries are in a\ncomparable range (4-5) to those of the physician summaries. However, the automated summaries\nwere observed to be of lower quality compared with the physician-written summaries with regards\nto mean (SD) usefulness (4.04 [0.85] vs 4.36 [0.71]), completeness (4.00 [0.88] vs 4.16 [0.84]),\nTable 2. Automated Evaluation Scores, Large Language Model (LLM)- Generated and Physician-Written\nSummary type R-1 <sup>a</sup> R-2 <sup>a</sup> R-L <sup>a</sup> BERT-p BERT-r SCALE\nLLM-generated 0.494 0.322 0.391 0.859 0.876 0.691\nPhysician-written 0.251 0.088 0.154 0.796 0.827 0.456\nAbbreviations: BERT, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers; p, precision-based scores; r, recall-based scores; R, recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation;\nSCALE, source chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation.\na R-1, R-2, R-L are the 3 types of recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation scores. Higher is better for all metrics.\nDecember 3, 2024 6/12\ncuration (4.24 [0.58] vs 4.76 [0.48]), readability (4.00 [0.64] vs 4.64 [0.49]), correctness (4.52\n[0.64] vs 4.90 [0.39]), and patient safety (4.06 [0.86] vs 4.50 [0.56]).\nIn extrapolating the estimated worst-case scenario impact of these performance gaps on\npatient safety, the 3 expert clinicians determined none of the identified model performance issues\nwere anticipated to create a level 1 (life-threatening) safety event (see examples of worst case\nscenarios in eTable 2 in [ Supplement 1](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723) ). While the incompleteness and faulty logic identified in the\nautomated summaries received mean (SD) safety scores of 4.20 (0.93) and 4.60 (0.75), respectively;\n13 (8.7%) and 11 (7.3%) of these events, respectively, were determined to have the potential to create\na level 2 patient safety event following EM-to-IP handoff, substantially higher compared with the\nphysician-written summaries (0%). All of the 5 hallucinations had patient safety scores between 4\nand 5 and a mean (SD) score of 4.96 (0.14), which is defined as the hallucinations posing mild to no\npatient safety risk. LLM-generated notes demonstrated a higher rate of incorrectness (9.6%)\ncompared with the physician-written notes (2.0%), although very few hallucinations.\nICC were 0.79 for completeness, 0.70 for curation, 0.59 for readability, 0.76 for correctness,\nand 0.74 for usefulness. These numbers suggest good reliability of agreement for completeness,\ncuration, correctness, and usefulness and suggest fair reliability for readability among the 3 raters.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Methods**\n\n#### **Models**\nFor this study, we chose the LLMs Robustly Optimized BERT Approach (RoBERTa; hereafter referred to as LLM 1) <sup>43</sup> for saliency content selection and Large Language Model Meta AI 2 (Llama-2; hereafter referred to as LLM 2) 7B <sup>44</sup> for abstractive summarization. Further information about the models and\ntechnology specifications is provided in detail in eAppendix 1 in [ Supplement 1](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723) .\n**Data Processing** As LLM 2 only has a context size of 4096 tokens, <sup>44</sup> we used 2 steps to process the EM notes to both\nshorten the input size while maintaining content salience. First, we adopted a number of heuristic\nstrategies for prioritization and filtration: (1) clinical note types (hierarchy presented in Table 1), (2)\ntime of authorship, and (3) duplicate sentence detection. Second, we used an LLM 1- based saliency\nmodel to infer EM note sentences based on likelihood of content contribution to the EM-to-IP\nhandoff notes.",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Introduction**\n\nmembers of this study team demonstrated 62% of LLM-generated hospital course summaries met standard-of-care for a formal inpatient discharge summary. <sup>24</sup> However, recently published clinical\n##### **JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine**\nDecember 3, 2024 2/12\nevaluation frameworks may not address the anticipated effect LLM performance limitations could\nhave on patient safety. <sup>38-41</sup>\nIn this study, we aim to expand on prior work of clinical summarization to rigorously evaluate\nthe outcomes of a fine-tuned model developed to generate accurate and safe summaries of the care\nrendered during an ED visit, with the long-term goal of integrating automated, structured EM-to-IP\nhandoff notes into an EHR-based electronic handoff admission workflow (see eAppendix 1 in\n[Supplement 1](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723) ). We fine-tune pretrained LLMs on well curated datasets of structured and\nunstructured EHR data from the ED encounter to summarize the patient’s ED care. We improved the\ncorrectness of model generations and customized the summaries in a structured format designed\nby a team of EM and internal medicine physician leaders for optimal usefulness. We proposed a novel\npatient safety-focused LLM evaluation framework to examine the LLM-generated handoff notes’\nquality and accuracy and the downstream patient safety implications of any identified inaccuracies.\nTo evaluate noninferiority, we compared the LLM-generated handoff notes with the preexisting\nphysician-written EM-to-IP handoff notes as the active control, using both the proposed patient\nsafety-focused clinical evaluation framework and automated benchmark-driven methods. We used\nthe physician-written EM-to-IP handoff notes as the active control and used the scores from both\nevaluation frameworks for the margin of inferiority of the intervention.",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Introduction**\n\nthe handoff notes.\nIn recent years there has been an accelerated interest in using LLMs to automate clinical tasks in an effort to unburden physicians and reduce burnout. <sup>22</sup> Computer-generated text within clinical\nnotes using natural language processing (NLP) have been overall shown to improve note completion rates, physician satisfaction, and patient outcomes. <sup>23</sup> Since 2018, NLP has made rapid advancements\nin health care with the discovery of the transformer model architecture, the building block of large language models (LLMs). LLMs can automate workflows such as discharge summaries, <sup>24</sup> radiology reports, <sup>25</sup> patient messaging, <sup>26</sup> after-visit summaries, <sup>27</sup> and ambient dictation <sup>28</sup> with various levels of perceived quality in each workflow. <sup>29</sup> LLMs are particularly effective at summarizing large unstructured clinical datasets, such as ED patient medical records. <sup>30</sup> A common concern of LLMs is\ntheir ability to hallucinate data, or LLMs generating output text that is not factually consistent with the original source content. <sup>31</sup> Much work has been done in health care to reduce hallucinations\nthrough building larger-parameter models trained on trillions of datasets, and then instruction fine- tuning the LLM on smaller, well-curated datasets. <sup>32,33</sup> LLMs can also be designed with explainability by citing inferred content back to the reference source notes. <sup>34</sup> For short-context length notes, using\nfew-shot prompt engineering approaches with large language models like GPT-4 can produce\nsummaries that outperform standard physician documentation in completeness and error frequency. <sup>35</sup> However, factual inconsistencies in the summaries produced by LLMs increase as the context length increases, <sup>36</sup> and for medium- to long-context tasks, fine-tuning an open-source model has been shown to perform better than a prompt-learning approach. <sup>37</sup> In prior work,",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
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+                "query": "What are the improvements made to possible to the HadGEM3 and CMIP5 climate change models by UKCP18 ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "mprovements include better representation of the past climate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol processes and the ability to model important climate phenomena ",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### does UKCP18 deliver?\nUKCP18 will benefit from a range of developments\nsince the release of UKCP09, including:\n-  Greater understanding of user needs as a result\nof the adaptation community’s use of UKCP09\nprojections and the subsequent feedback -  user\nworkshops indicated that users supported the\ncontinued use of probabilistic projections and the\nimportance of spatially coherent information <sup>4</sup> .\n-  Advances in climate models in recent years, such\nas the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 <sup>5</sup> model\nand the CMIP5 <sup>6</sup> set of models.  Improvements\ninclude better representation of the past\nclimate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol\nprocesses and the ability to model important\nclimate phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern\nOscillation (ENSO).\n-  Groundbreaking Met Office research on\nmodelling of extreme events in high resolution\nregional climate models <sup>7</sup> .\n-  The increased quantity and range of observations\navailable since 2009.\n-  Use of the new Met Office supercomputer,\nenabling a credible range of climate projections to\nbe generated in greater spatial detail.\n8 The latest update can be found at  **[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/state-of-climate](http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/state-of-climate )**\n9 **http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/**\n10 **[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/ ](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/ )**",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n**Captures natural variability and climate change . Updated models  and**\n**observations. Provides seasonal  scale projections.**\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for\nestimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis.  Probabilistic projections will be\nupdated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest\nIPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest\nobservations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks.  Projections will be on a 25 km grid for\nthe UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP09 <sup>11</sup> .\nThe new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge\nof the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability\ndensity functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month.  This\ncontrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided <sup>12</sup> .\n##### **DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS**\n**Downscaled versions of the  global model for the UK.  For the most spatially**\n**detailed  downscaling this includes  hourly data. Simultaneous  impacts captured**\n**at multiple UK locations.**\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance\nto adaptation at two different resolutions.  The 12 km model provides a downscaled\nproduct that is similar to UKCP09’s 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global\nmodel and at a higher resolution.  This may be especially useful for those interested in\nwater availability and some aspects of agriculture.  A key reason for providing this data is\nthat users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX <sup>13</sup> .\nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting\nmodels at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving\natmospheric processes.  Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the\ninformation provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and\npotential improvements in the diurnal cycle.\nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some\noutput, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained.  Specific time\nslices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be\nconfirmed.",
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+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS**\n**20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations**\n**of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.**\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the\ndrivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of\nUKCP09.  A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated\nusing an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model.  These\nprojections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states\nto reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning.  They will be\ngenerated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for\ntwo greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of\nCMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative\nto other climate models.",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n### **PROJECTIONS OVER LAND**\n\n#### Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.\n* Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions.\n†Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see  **[http://www.ntslf.org/](http://www.ntslf.org/data/uk-network-real-time)**\n**[data/uk-network-real-time](http://www.ntslf.org/data/uk-network-real-time)**  ).\n‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see  **[ http://www.euro-cordex.net](http://www.euro-cordex.net)**  ).\n+Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of\nmodels.\n|  |  Observations  (UK State of  the Climate)  |  Marine and  coastal  projections  |  Global  projections  |  Probabilistic  projections  |  High resolution projections  |  High resolution projections  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Characteristics  | Observed  trends;  long-term  climatologies;  weather  events for the  preceding year | Updated sea level  rise and surge  projections based  on operational  storm surge  model (CS3)  using CMIP5,  EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of  ~20 spatially  coherent time  series of the Met  Office Hadley  Centre model  and a similar  number of  CMIP5 models | Updated probability  density functions  presented as 30- year and monthly  time series based on  Met Office models  (HadCM3, ESPPE) and  CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the  UK for ~10 spatially coherent time  series. 2.2 km model provides  realistic information on heavy  rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the  UK for ~10 spatially coherent time  series. 2.2 km model provides  realistic information on heavy  rainfall events |\n| Scale  | UK  | UK  | Global  | UK  | UK  | UK  |\n| Spatial resolution*  | To match land  projections  | UK Coastline †  | 60km  | 25km  | 12km +  | 2.2km  |\n| Highest temporal  resolution | Daily / monthly  | Annual  | Daily  | Monthly  | Daily  | Sub-daily  |\n| Period of data  | bulk of 20th  century to  present day  | 1950-2100  | 1900-2100  | 1961-2100  | 1981-2080  | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080  |\n| Emissions scenarios  | N/A  | RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 H ++  | RCP8.5;  additional  lower scenario  (for Met Office  Hadley Centre  model only)  | SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5  | RCP8.5  | RCP8.5  |\n| Variables available ++  | Temperature,  precipitation  (including snow),  sunshine, wind  | Sea level rise,  storm surge  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction, solar  radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind speed,  solar radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction, solar  radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction,  solar  radiation  |\n####### **Land**",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nThere are a number of ways in which 1.5°C or 2°C global warming can be defined—one could\nbe the long-term climate state following a stabilization of warming at that level, another could\nbe the state over a shorter period around the time of first reaching that level. Here we choose the\nsecond definition, which is what is seen first and hence needs to be adapted to. There are also\na number of methods with which such changes can be assessed [ 10 ]. We take the opportunity\nof availability of a new set of higher-resolutions transient climate and impacts simulations, and\nuse a time-sampling methodology [ 10 ] to assess global-scale impacts at these resolutions for the\nfirst time.\n**4** Rather than using the original CMIP5 ensemble as in previous studies, the aim is to allow for\nan improved representation of atmospheric and land surface processes including extremes by\nusing higher spatial resolution [ 11 ].\nHadGEM3 (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3) is a configuration of the UK\nMet Office Unified Model (MetUM) which has been developed for use for both climate research\nand weather prediction applications. It is the result of converging the development of the Met\nOffice’s weather and climate global atmospheric model components so that, where possible,\natmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and\ntimescales.\nThe high-resolution simulations were performed using the HadGEM3A Global Atmosphere\n(GA) 3.0 model [ 12 - 14 ] at a resolution of N216 (0.556° of latitude by 0.833° of longitude with\ngridboxes of approx. 60 km length in mid-latitudes). This is the atmospheric component of\nthe HadGEM3-GC2 coupled climate model [ 15 , 16 ], which is part of the HadGEM3 family of\nclimate models [ 12 ]. This represents the third generation of HadGEM configurations, leading\non from the HadGEM2 family of climate model configurations [ 13 ] which was used for CMIP5.\nKey improvements over the previous model, HadGEM2, include increased vertical levels in the\natmosphere (85 compared to 38) and substantial changes to the model dynamics (ENDGame) [ 17 ].\nThis version of the HadGEM3 model lies in the transition from CMIP5 to CMIP6 versions. The Met\nOffice is currently operationally running the coupled HadGEM3-GC2 model at N216 resolution",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n### **MARINE PROJECTIONS**\n\n###### **Sea level rise. Storm surge. Past event case studies.**\nSea-level rise projections will extend to 2100 and will include contributions from glaciers,\nice sheets, freshwater reservoirs, groundwater and thermal expansion.  Outputs will include\nan estimate of the year-to-year changes in sea level rise and a “plausible but highly unlikely”\nscenario known as H++.  A new feature of UKCP18 will be assessing the credibility of making\nsea level rise projections to 2300. The projections will use the latest information from the\nCMIP5 models and application of the methods used in the Intergovernmental Panel on\nClimate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report <sup>10</sup> .\nThe UKCP09 storm surge projections will be updated to provide new estimates of the change\nin high water levels over the 21st Century.  These estimates will be based on a combination of\nprojected mean sea level change and projections of change in the extremes due to changes in\natmospheric storminess.  These “storminess” projections will use the same surge model used\nin operational weather forecasting, using the wind and pressure from the CMIP5 ensemble to\ndrive the surge.  New understanding of the modification of large-scale sea level change signals\nas they pass from the open ocean onto the shelf sea around the UK will be incorporated into\nthe UKCP18 marine projections.  UKCP18 will also include storm surge historical case studies\nderived from applying plausible future sea level change to historical extreme events.\n11 SRESA1B: IPCC future scenario based on rapid economic growth and a balance of energy sources\n12 30-year means can be created using the UKCP18 PDF data\n13 http://www.euro-cordex.net/",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n### **PROJECTIONS OVER LAND**\n\n#### How can I get the information and when?\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available\nthrough a dedicated website.\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised\nvisualisations.  The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses.  For the\nlatest information visit:\n####### **[http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125](http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125)**\n*UKCP Project Team*\n*July 2017*",
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+                    "page_end": 3,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n### **OBSERVATIONS**\n###### **Annual report: State of the UK Climate. Downloadable data.**\nThe “State of the UK Climate” report for 2017 will be included as part of the UKCP18 package,\nbringing the observed data right up to date.  This annual update <sup>8</sup> covers trends, the multi-\ndecade climate record and significant weather events such as the early July 2015 hot spell\nand the exceptionally mild and wet December of the same year.\nQuality controlled UK observational datasets from the Met Office observing network, provided\nat spatial resolutions to match the land projections and for pre-defined administrative regions\nand river basins, will be available under an Open Government Licence <sup>9</sup> .  For variables such as\ntemperature and precipitation these data sets will span the late 19th Century to the present\nday and will be provided for daily, monthly, seasonal, annual and long term averages.",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n1 The 2008 Climate Change Act allows UK government to mandate or invite certain organisations to produce reports to assess the impacts of\nclimate change on their operations and present proposals for adaptation.  **https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-**\n**adaptationreporting-second-round-reports**\n2 Expected in 2018, the National Adaptation Programme will be supported by the Evidence Report of the Adaptation Sub-Committee of the\nCommittee on Climate Change (ASC):  **https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/introduction-to-the-ccra/**\n3 Under the 2008 Climate Change Act, organisations are invited to produce Adaptation Reporting Power reports to assess the impacts of climate\nchange on their operations and present proposals for adaptation:  **https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-adaptation-**\n**reporting-second-round-reports**\n4 Spatial coherence means that climate projections can be compared between locations and aggregated over larger areas, enabling climate\nchange to be assessed consistently over larger study areas.\n5 **http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/modelling-systems/unified-model/climate-models/hadgem3**\n6 Coupled model intercomparison project phase 5, see  **http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/**\n7 Kendon, E. J., Roberts, N. M., Senior, C. A. & Roberts, M. J.  Realism of rainfall in a very high resolution regional climate model. J. Clim. 25,\n5791- 5806 (2012)  **http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1**",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### and why do we need it?\nFollowing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate\nChange in December 2015, the Department of\nEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs announced a\nmajor upgrade to the UK Climate Projections.\nThe UKCP18 project will build upon the current set\nof projections (UKCP09) to provide the most up-to-\ndate assessment of how the climate of the UK may\nchange over the 21st century.  This information\nwill be essential to future Climate Change Risk\nAssessments <sup>1</sup> and to equip the UK with information\nto help adapt to the challenges and opportunities of\nclimate change in line with the National Adaptation\nProgramme <sup>2</sup> .\nOrganisations and individual users will use UKCP18\nto inform risk assessments and adaptation plans\nto ensure they are resilient to extreme weather\nand climate change. Some organisations will use\nUKCP18 in responding to the Adaptation Reporting\nPower <sup>3</sup> for example.",
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+                "query": "Which causes of the rise of sea level will be considered by UKCP18 ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Sea-level rise projections will extend to 2100 and will include contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, freshwater reservoirs, groundwater and thermal expansion",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n### **MARINE PROJECTIONS**\n\n###### **Sea level rise. Storm surge. Past event case studies.**\nSea-level rise projections will extend to 2100 and will include contributions from glaciers,\nice sheets, freshwater reservoirs, groundwater and thermal expansion.  Outputs will include\nan estimate of the year-to-year changes in sea level rise and a “plausible but highly unlikely”\nscenario known as H++.  A new feature of UKCP18 will be assessing the credibility of making\nsea level rise projections to 2300. The projections will use the latest information from the\nCMIP5 models and application of the methods used in the Intergovernmental Panel on\nClimate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report <sup>10</sup> .\nThe UKCP09 storm surge projections will be updated to provide new estimates of the change\nin high water levels over the 21st Century.  These estimates will be based on a combination of\nprojected mean sea level change and projections of change in the extremes due to changes in\natmospheric storminess.  These “storminess” projections will use the same surge model used\nin operational weather forecasting, using the wind and pressure from the CMIP5 ensemble to\ndrive the surge.  New understanding of the modification of large-scale sea level change signals\nas they pass from the open ocean onto the shelf sea around the UK will be incorporated into\nthe UKCP18 marine projections.  UKCP18 will also include storm surge historical case studies\nderived from applying plausible future sea level change to historical extreme events.\n11 SRESA1B: IPCC future scenario based on rapid economic growth and a balance of energy sources\n12 30-year means can be created using the UKCP18 PDF data\n13 http://www.euro-cordex.net/",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### does UKCP18 deliver?\nUKCP18 will benefit from a range of developments\nsince the release of UKCP09, including:\n-  Greater understanding of user needs as a result\nof the adaptation community’s use of UKCP09\nprojections and the subsequent feedback -  user\nworkshops indicated that users supported the\ncontinued use of probabilistic projections and the\nimportance of spatially coherent information <sup>4</sup> .\n-  Advances in climate models in recent years, such\nas the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 <sup>5</sup> model\nand the CMIP5 <sup>6</sup> set of models.  Improvements\ninclude better representation of the past\nclimate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol\nprocesses and the ability to model important\nclimate phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern\nOscillation (ENSO).\n-  Groundbreaking Met Office research on\nmodelling of extreme events in high resolution\nregional climate models <sup>7</sup> .\n-  The increased quantity and range of observations\navailable since 2009.\n-  Use of the new Met Office supercomputer,\nenabling a credible range of climate projections to\nbe generated in greater spatial detail.\n8 The latest update can be found at  **[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/state-of-climate](http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/state-of-climate )**\n9 **http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/**\n10 **[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/ ](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/ )**",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n### **PROJECTIONS OVER LAND**\n\n#### Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.\n* Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions.\n†Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see  **[http://www.ntslf.org/](http://www.ntslf.org/data/uk-network-real-time)**\n**[data/uk-network-real-time](http://www.ntslf.org/data/uk-network-real-time)**  ).\n‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see  **[ http://www.euro-cordex.net](http://www.euro-cordex.net)**  ).\n+Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of\nmodels.\n|  |  Observations  (UK State of  the Climate)  |  Marine and  coastal  projections  |  Global  projections  |  Probabilistic  projections  |  High resolution projections  |  High resolution projections  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Characteristics  | Observed  trends;  long-term  climatologies;  weather  events for the  preceding year | Updated sea level  rise and surge  projections based  on operational  storm surge  model (CS3)  using CMIP5,  EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of  ~20 spatially  coherent time  series of the Met  Office Hadley  Centre model  and a similar  number of  CMIP5 models | Updated probability  density functions  presented as 30- year and monthly  time series based on  Met Office models  (HadCM3, ESPPE) and  CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the  UK for ~10 spatially coherent time  series. 2.2 km model provides  realistic information on heavy  rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the  UK for ~10 spatially coherent time  series. 2.2 km model provides  realistic information on heavy  rainfall events |\n| Scale  | UK  | UK  | Global  | UK  | UK  | UK  |\n| Spatial resolution*  | To match land  projections  | UK Coastline †  | 60km  | 25km  | 12km +  | 2.2km  |\n| Highest temporal  resolution | Daily / monthly  | Annual  | Daily  | Monthly  | Daily  | Sub-daily  |\n| Period of data  | bulk of 20th  century to  present day  | 1950-2100  | 1900-2100  | 1961-2100  | 1981-2080  | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080  |\n| Emissions scenarios  | N/A  | RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 H ++  | RCP8.5;  additional  lower scenario  (for Met Office  Hadley Centre  model only)  | SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5  | RCP8.5  | RCP8.5  |\n| Variables available ++  | Temperature,  precipitation  (including snow),  sunshine, wind  | Sea level rise,  storm surge  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction, solar  radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind speed,  solar radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction, solar  radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction,  solar  radiation  |\n####### **Land**",
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+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### What can users expect from UKCP18?\nThere are three components to UKCP18: observations of historic climate, marine projections and projections over land.\nThese components are described below and summarised in Table 1.  UKCP18 will provide each of these components at\na higher spatial and temporal resolution than UKCP09 and with more information on different types of uncertainty.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n### **PROJECTIONS OVER LAND**\n\n#### How can I get the information and when?\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available\nthrough a dedicated website.\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised\nvisualisations.  The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses.  For the\nlatest information visit:\n####### **[http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125](http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125)**\n*UKCP Project Team*\n*July 2017*",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n**Captures natural variability and climate change . Updated models  and**\n**observations. Provides seasonal  scale projections.**\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for\nestimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis.  Probabilistic projections will be\nupdated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest\nIPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest\nobservations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks.  Projections will be on a 25 km grid for\nthe UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP09 <sup>11</sup> .\nThe new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge\nof the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability\ndensity functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month.  This\ncontrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided <sup>12</sup> .\n##### **DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS**\n**Downscaled versions of the  global model for the UK.  For the most spatially**\n**detailed  downscaling this includes  hourly data. Simultaneous  impacts captured**\n**at multiple UK locations.**\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance\nto adaptation at two different resolutions.  The 12 km model provides a downscaled\nproduct that is similar to UKCP09’s 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global\nmodel and at a higher resolution.  This may be especially useful for those interested in\nwater availability and some aspects of agriculture.  A key reason for providing this data is\nthat users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX <sup>13</sup> .\nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting\nmodels at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving\natmospheric processes.  Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the\ninformation provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and\npotential improvements in the diurnal cycle.\nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some\noutput, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained.  Specific time\nslices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be\nconfirmed.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### and why do we need it?\nFollowing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate\nChange in December 2015, the Department of\nEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs announced a\nmajor upgrade to the UK Climate Projections.\nThe UKCP18 project will build upon the current set\nof projections (UKCP09) to provide the most up-to-\ndate assessment of how the climate of the UK may\nchange over the 21st century.  This information\nwill be essential to future Climate Change Risk\nAssessments <sup>1</sup> and to equip the UK with information\nto help adapt to the challenges and opportunities of\nclimate change in line with the National Adaptation\nProgramme <sup>2</sup> .\nOrganisations and individual users will use UKCP18\nto inform risk assessments and adaptation plans\nto ensure they are resilient to extreme weather\nand climate change. Some organisations will use\nUKCP18 in responding to the Adaptation Reporting\nPower <sup>3</sup> for example.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
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+                },
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n### **OBSERVATIONS**\n###### **Annual report: State of the UK Climate. Downloadable data.**\nThe “State of the UK Climate” report for 2017 will be included as part of the UKCP18 package,\nbringing the observed data right up to date.  This annual update <sup>8</sup> covers trends, the multi-\ndecade climate record and significant weather events such as the early July 2015 hot spell\nand the exceptionally mild and wet December of the same year.\nQuality controlled UK observational datasets from the Met Office observing network, provided\nat spatial resolutions to match the land projections and for pre-defined administrative regions\nand river basins, will be available under an Open Government Licence <sup>9</sup> .  For variables such as\ntemperature and precipitation these data sets will span the late 19th Century to the present\nday and will be provided for daily, monthly, seasonal, annual and long term averages.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS**\n**20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations**\n**of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.**\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the\ndrivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of\nUKCP09.  A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated\nusing an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model.  These\nprojections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states\nto reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning.  They will be\ngenerated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for\ntwo greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of\nCMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative\nto other climate models.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n1 The 2008 Climate Change Act allows UK government to mandate or invite certain organisations to produce reports to assess the impacts of\nclimate change on their operations and present proposals for adaptation.  **https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-**\n**adaptationreporting-second-round-reports**\n2 Expected in 2018, the National Adaptation Programme will be supported by the Evidence Report of the Adaptation Sub-Committee of the\nCommittee on Climate Change (ASC):  **https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/introduction-to-the-ccra/**\n3 Under the 2008 Climate Change Act, organisations are invited to produce Adaptation Reporting Power reports to assess the impacts of climate\nchange on their operations and present proposals for adaptation:  **https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-adaptation-**\n**reporting-second-round-reports**\n4 Spatial coherence means that climate projections can be compared between locations and aggregated over larger areas, enabling climate\nchange to be assessed consistently over larger study areas.\n5 **http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/modelling-systems/unified-model/climate-models/hadgem3**\n6 Coupled model intercomparison project phase 5, see  **http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/**\n7 Kendon, E. J., Roberts, N. M., Senior, C. A. & Roberts, M. J.  Realism of rainfall in a very high resolution regional climate model. J. Clim. 25,\n5791- 5806 (2012)  **http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1**",
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+        {
+            "references": {
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+                "query": "What perdiod is covered by the 12 km resolution projection data of the UKCP18  ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "1981-2080",
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n### **PROJECTIONS OVER LAND**\n\n#### How can I get the information and when?\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available\nthrough a dedicated website.\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised\nvisualisations.  The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses.  For the\nlatest information visit:\n####### **[http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125](http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125)**\n*UKCP Project Team*\n*July 2017*",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n### **PROJECTIONS OVER LAND**\n\n#### Summary of expected outputs\n\nTable 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.\n* Data also available for whole UK, administrative regions, devolved administrations and river basin regions.\n†Additional information on variability and observations available at Class A tide gauges (see  **[http://www.ntslf.org/](http://www.ntslf.org/data/uk-network-real-time)**\n**[data/uk-network-real-time](http://www.ntslf.org/data/uk-network-real-time)**  ).\n‡An ensemble of regional climate model results over Europe (see  **[ http://www.euro-cordex.net](http://www.euro-cordex.net)**  ).\n+Now included due to user request and Peer Review Panel advice.\n++This is not an exhaustive list and further user-requested variables will be made available subject to evaluation of\nmodels.\n|  |  Observations  (UK State of  the Climate)  |  Marine and  coastal  projections  |  Global  projections  |  Probabilistic  projections  |  High resolution projections  |  High resolution projections  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Characteristics  | Observed  trends;  long-term  climatologies;  weather  events for the  preceding year | Updated sea level  rise and surge  projections based  on operational  storm surge  model (CS3)  using CMIP5,  EURO-CORDEX‡ | Ensemble of  ~20 spatially  coherent time  series of the Met  Office Hadley  Centre model  and a similar  number of  CMIP5 models | Updated probability  density functions  presented as 30- year and monthly  time series based on  Met Office models  (HadCM3, ESPPE) and  CMIP5 | Downscaled projections over the  UK for ~10 spatially coherent time  series. 2.2 km model provides  realistic information on heavy  rainfall events | Downscaled projections over the  UK for ~10 spatially coherent time  series. 2.2 km model provides  realistic information on heavy  rainfall events |\n| Scale  | UK  | UK  | Global  | UK  | UK  | UK  |\n| Spatial resolution*  | To match land  projections  | UK Coastline †  | 60km  | 25km  | 12km +  | 2.2km  |\n| Highest temporal  resolution | Daily / monthly  | Annual  | Daily  | Monthly  | Daily  | Sub-daily  |\n| Period of data  | bulk of 20th  century to  present day  | 1950-2100  | 1900-2100  | 1961-2100  | 1981-2080  | 1981-2000 2021-2040 2061-2080  |\n| Emissions scenarios  | N/A  | RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 H ++  | RCP8.5;  additional  lower scenario  (for Met Office  Hadley Centre  model only)  | SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5  | RCP8.5  | RCP8.5  |\n| Variables available ++  | Temperature,  precipitation  (including snow),  sunshine, wind  | Sea level rise,  storm surge  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction, solar  radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind speed,  solar radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction, solar  radiation  | Temperature,  precipitation,  humidity, wind  speed, wind  direction,  solar  radiation  |\n####### **Land**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n**Captures natural variability and climate change . Updated models  and**\n**observations. Provides seasonal  scale projections.**\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for\nestimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis.  Probabilistic projections will be\nupdated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest\nIPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest\nobservations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks.  Projections will be on a 25 km grid for\nthe UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP09 <sup>11</sup> .\nThe new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge\nof the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability\ndensity functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month.  This\ncontrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided <sup>12</sup> .\n##### **DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS**\n**Downscaled versions of the  global model for the UK.  For the most spatially**\n**detailed  downscaling this includes  hourly data. Simultaneous  impacts captured**\n**at multiple UK locations.**\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance\nto adaptation at two different resolutions.  The 12 km model provides a downscaled\nproduct that is similar to UKCP09’s 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global\nmodel and at a higher resolution.  This may be especially useful for those interested in\nwater availability and some aspects of agriculture.  A key reason for providing this data is\nthat users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX <sup>13</sup> .\nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting\nmodels at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving\natmospheric processes.  Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the\ninformation provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and\npotential improvements in the diurnal cycle.\nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some\noutput, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained.  Specific time\nslices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be\nconfirmed.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### What can users expect from UKCP18?\nThere are three components to UKCP18: observations of historic climate, marine projections and projections over land.\nThese components are described below and summarised in Table 1.  UKCP18 will provide each of these components at\na higher spatial and temporal resolution than UKCP09 and with more information on different types of uncertainty.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS**\n**20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations**\n**of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.**\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the\ndrivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of\nUKCP09.  A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated\nusing an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model.  These\nprojections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states\nto reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning.  They will be\ngenerated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for\ntwo greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of\nCMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative\nto other climate models.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### does UKCP18 deliver?\nUKCP18 will benefit from a range of developments\nsince the release of UKCP09, including:\n-  Greater understanding of user needs as a result\nof the adaptation community’s use of UKCP09\nprojections and the subsequent feedback -  user\nworkshops indicated that users supported the\ncontinued use of probabilistic projections and the\nimportance of spatially coherent information <sup>4</sup> .\n-  Advances in climate models in recent years, such\nas the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 <sup>5</sup> model\nand the CMIP5 <sup>6</sup> set of models.  Improvements\ninclude better representation of the past\nclimate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol\nprocesses and the ability to model important\nclimate phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern\nOscillation (ENSO).\n-  Groundbreaking Met Office research on\nmodelling of extreme events in high resolution\nregional climate models <sup>7</sup> .\n-  The increased quantity and range of observations\navailable since 2009.\n-  Use of the new Met Office supercomputer,\nenabling a credible range of climate projections to\nbe generated in greater spatial detail.\n8 The latest update can be found at  **[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/state-of-climate](http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/about/state-of-climate )**\n9 **http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/**\n10 **[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/ ](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/ )**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n### **OBSERVATIONS**\n###### **Annual report: State of the UK Climate. Downloadable data.**\nThe “State of the UK Climate” report for 2017 will be included as part of the UKCP18 package,\nbringing the observed data right up to date.  This annual update <sup>8</sup> covers trends, the multi-\ndecade climate record and significant weather events such as the early July 2015 hot spell\nand the exceptionally mild and wet December of the same year.\nQuality controlled UK observational datasets from the Met Office observing network, provided\nat spatial resolutions to match the land projections and for pre-defined administrative regions\nand river basins, will be available under an Open Government Licence <sup>9</sup> .  For variables such as\ntemperature and precipitation these data sets will span the late 19th Century to the present\nday and will be provided for daily, monthly, seasonal, annual and long term averages.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n### **MARINE PROJECTIONS**\n\n###### **Sea level rise. Storm surge. Past event case studies.**\nSea-level rise projections will extend to 2100 and will include contributions from glaciers,\nice sheets, freshwater reservoirs, groundwater and thermal expansion.  Outputs will include\nan estimate of the year-to-year changes in sea level rise and a “plausible but highly unlikely”\nscenario known as H++.  A new feature of UKCP18 will be assessing the credibility of making\nsea level rise projections to 2300. The projections will use the latest information from the\nCMIP5 models and application of the methods used in the Intergovernmental Panel on\nClimate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report <sup>10</sup> .\nThe UKCP09 storm surge projections will be updated to provide new estimates of the change\nin high water levels over the 21st Century.  These estimates will be based on a combination of\nprojected mean sea level change and projections of change in the extremes due to changes in\natmospheric storminess.  These “storminess” projections will use the same surge model used\nin operational weather forecasting, using the wind and pressure from the CMIP5 ensemble to\ndrive the surge.  New understanding of the modification of large-scale sea level change signals\nas they pass from the open ocean onto the shelf sea around the UK will be incorporated into\nthe UKCP18 marine projections.  UKCP18 will also include storm surge historical case studies\nderived from applying plausible future sea level change to historical extreme events.\n11 SRESA1B: IPCC future scenario based on rapid economic growth and a balance of energy sources\n12 30-year means can be created using the UKCP18 PDF data\n13 http://www.euro-cordex.net/",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n#### and why do we need it?\nFollowing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate\nChange in December 2015, the Department of\nEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs announced a\nmajor upgrade to the UK Climate Projections.\nThe UKCP18 project will build upon the current set\nof projections (UKCP09) to provide the most up-to-\ndate assessment of how the climate of the UK may\nchange over the 21st century.  This information\nwill be essential to future Climate Change Risk\nAssessments <sup>1</sup> and to equip the UK with information\nto help adapt to the challenges and opportunities of\nclimate change in line with the National Adaptation\nProgramme <sup>2</sup> .\nOrganisations and individual users will use UKCP18\nto inform risk assessments and adaptation plans\nto ensure they are resilient to extreme weather\nand climate change. Some organisations will use\nUKCP18 in responding to the Adaptation Reporting\nPower <sup>3</sup> for example.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n1 The 2008 Climate Change Act allows UK government to mandate or invite certain organisations to produce reports to assess the impacts of\nclimate change on their operations and present proposals for adaptation.  **https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-**\n**adaptationreporting-second-round-reports**\n2 Expected in 2018, the National Adaptation Programme will be supported by the Evidence Report of the Adaptation Sub-Committee of the\nCommittee on Climate Change (ASC):  **https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/introduction-to-the-ccra/**\n3 Under the 2008 Climate Change Act, organisations are invited to produce Adaptation Reporting Power reports to assess the impacts of climate\nchange on their operations and present proposals for adaptation:  **https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-adaptation-**\n**reporting-second-round-reports**\n4 Spatial coherence means that climate projections can be compared between locations and aggregated over larger areas, enabling climate\nchange to be assessed consistently over larger study areas.\n5 **http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/modelling-systems/unified-model/climate-models/hadgem3**\n6 Coupled model intercomparison project phase 5, see  **http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/**\n7 Kendon, E. J., Roberts, N. M., Senior, C. A. & Roberts, M. J.  Realism of rainfall in a very high resolution regional climate model. J. Clim. 25,\n5791- 5806 (2012)  **http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf",
+                "query": "How many articles compose the Syntec French collective bargaining agreement ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The Syntec French collective bargaining agree- ment comprises around 90 articles",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **3 MTEB for French**\n\n### **3.1 New Datasets**\n\n#### **3.1.1 Syntec (Retrieval)**\nThe Syntec French collective bargaining agree- ment <sup>3</sup> comprises around 90 articles. Despite its\ntopic, the language used does not feature the speci-\nficity of the legal vocabulary, making the data\nsuitable for benchmarking general-purpose mod-\nels. The articles have been scraped for use as doc-\numents. Four annotators were divided into two\ngroups. Each group was given half of the articles\nand asked to choose an article and write a question\nabout it. Each annotator wrote 25 questions. Thus,\na hundred questions have been manually created and paired with the articles containing the answer <sup>4</sup> .\nExamples of the dataset are available in the ap-\npendix Figure 5 . This dataset could also be used\nfor text classification, clustering or topic modeling.\nRegarding quality checks, every article’s integrity\nhas been reviewed while manually creating ques-\ntions. We also manually checked that the questions\ncould only be answered using the annotated article.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **3 MTEB for French**\n\n### **3.1 New Datasets**\n\n#### **3.1.2 HAL (Clustering)**\n\n*Hyper Articles en Ligne*  (HAL) is a French open\narchive of scholarly documents from all academic\nfields. Scrapping this resource, we fetched 85,000 publications in French <sup>5</sup> . We extracted IDs, titles\nand the author’s choice among domain labels. The\nlast 2 are provided by authors when submitting\ntheir papers to HAL. Since domain annotations are\nprovided, the dataset can be used for many tasks,\nsuch as topic modeling or text classification. To en-\nsure the dataset quality is suitable for a benchmark,\nfurther data cleaning has been performed:\n- Duplicates are eliminated, retaining unique\npublications for each field.\n- Irrelevant titles (due to API indexing mistakes)\nor titles in languages other than French have\nbeen manually removed.\n3 [https://www.syntec.fr/convention-collective/](https://www.syntec.fr/convention-collective/)\n4 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/mteb-fr-retrieval-syntec-s2p)\n[mteb-fr-retrieval-syntec-s2p](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/mteb-fr-retrieval-syntec-s2p)\n5 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/clustering-hal-s2s)\n[clustering-hal-s2s](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/clustering-hal-s2s)\n2\n**Dataset Syntec HAL SummEvalFr**\nSamples 100 queries\n90 documents\n26233 samples\n10 classes\n100 texts\n1100 human summaries\n1600 machine summaries\nCreation process Scraping of Syntec col-\nlective bargaining agree-\nment with articles as doc-\numents. Writing queries\ncorresponding to articles.\nScraping of HAL arti-\ncles with  *id*  ,  *title*  and  *do-*\n*main*  . Further cleaning\nwith deduplication, lan-\nguage filtering and class\nsubsampling.\nTranslation from English\nto French with Deepl of\nthe SummEval dataset.\nAnnotation process 4 annotators divided into\n2 groups. Each group was\ngiven half of the articles\nand asked to choose an ar-\nticle and ask a question\nabout it. Each annotator\nwrote 25 questions.\nAnnotations provided by\nauthors when submitting\ntheir paper. They choose\nthe  *domain*  between exist-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **D Evaluation results**\n\nsamples from the test set that is generated using the\nsame seed as for other experiments).\n-  Bitext Mining: F1 score\n-  Classification: Accuracy\n-  Clustering: V measure\n-  Pair Classification: Average Precision (AP)\n-  Reranking: Mean Average Precision (MAP)\n- Retrieval: Normalized Discounted Cumula-\ntive Gain at k (NDCG@k)\n- STS: Spearman correlation based on cosine\nsimilarity\n**Document**\n|  id  |  article-14  |\n|:---|:---|\n| url  | https://www.syntec.fr/convention- collective/resiliation-du-contrat- de-travail/#article-14  |\n| title  | Article 14 : Préavis pendant la péri- ode d’essai  |\n| section | Résiliation du contrat de travail  |\n| content | Modification Avenant n° 7 du 5/07/1991 Au cours de cette péri- ode, les deux parties peuvent se sé- parer avec un préavis d’une journée de travail pendant le premier mois. Après le premier mois, le temps de préavis réciproque sera d’une semaine par mois complet passé dans l’entreprise. Après le pre- mier mois, le temps de préavis ré- ciproque sera d’une semaine par mois passé dans l’entreprise. Le préavis donne droit au salarié de s’absenter pour la recherche d’un emploi dans les conditions fixées à l’article 16. Le salarié sera payé au prorata du temps passé pendant la période d’essai. |\n**Query**\n|  article  |  article-14  |\n|:---|:---|\n| question  | Quel est le préavis en période d’essai ? |\nFigure 5: Extracts of Syntec dataset.\n|  hal_id  |  Domain  |  Title  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| hal-02899209 | shs  | La transformation digitale du manage- ment des ressources humaines et de ses enjeux pour les entreprises |\n| tel-03993881 | math  | Sur l’approximation numérique de quelques problèmes en mécanique des fluides  |\nFigure 6: Extracts of HAL dataset.\nFigure 7: Distribution of the word count per title in HAL\ndataset,  *mteb_eval*  subset.\n\"\"\"\nYou will be given a couple of texts in\nEnglish and their translation in French.\nYour task is to provide a 'rating' score on\nhow well the system translated the\nEnglish text into French.\nGive your answer as a float on a scale of 0\nto 10, where 0 means that the\nsystem_translation is bad and does not\nrepresent what is being said in the\noriginal English text, and 10 means that\nthe translation is good and represents\nthe original English text.\nNo need to mind the quality of the text as",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **7 Methodological approaches, available data and research**\n\n### **7.4 Data and research -  major evidence difficulties at EU level**\n\n#### * **7.4.4 On the way to better evidence -  major data, research gaps and open** *\n\nmainly done for a few persons in a few homes.\n88 C189 European Alliance, 2021: [Step up efforts towards decent work for domestic workers in the EU: 10th ](http://www.efsi-europe.eu/fileadmin/MEDIA/Event/C189_Alliance/C189_ALLIANCE_REPORT_EN_01.pdf)\n[Anniversary of ILO Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189)](http://www.efsi-europe.eu/fileadmin/MEDIA/Event/C189_Alliance/C189_ALLIANCE_REPORT_EN_01.pdf)\nSee there in the introductory chapter the difficulties to achieve reliable figures. For more info: ILO, 2021: [Making ](https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_802551/lang--en/index.htm)\n[decent work a reality for domestic workers: Progress and prospects ten years after the adoption of the Domestic ](https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_802551/lang--en/index.htm)\n[Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189)](https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_802551/lang--en/index.htm)\n89 EU-OSHA, 2020: [Well-being at work in the service voucher sector in Belgium](https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/well-being-work-service-voucher-sector-belgium)\n\n90 Eurofound, 2020: [Long-term care workforce: Employment and working conditions](https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/customised-report/2020/long-term-care-workforce-employment-and-working-conditions)\nEurostat: National accounts employment data by industry (up to NACE A*64): Growth from 7.4 million in 2008 to\n9.5 million in 2019, [here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NAMA_10_A64_E__custom_1493076/default/table?lang=en) Filter [Q87_Q88] Residential care activities and social work activities without\naccommodation.\n91 LTC definition by the Social Protection Committee and European Commission, 2014: [Adequate social ](https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/71532344-ddf1-4d34-a7aa-f65c701a22a2/language-en)\n[protection for long- term care needs in an ageing society](https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/71532344-ddf1-4d34-a7aa-f65c701a22a2/language-en) (p. 11):  *‘a range of services and assistance for people*\n*who, as a result of mental and/or physical frailty and/or disability over an extended period of time, depend on help*\n*with daily living activities and/or are in need of some permanent nursing care. The daily living activities for which*\n*help is needed may be the self*  ‐  *care activities that a person must perform every day (Activities of Daily Living, or*\n*ADLs, such as bathing, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed or a chair, moving around, using the toilet, and*\n*controlling bladder and bowel functions) or may be related to independent living (Instrumental Activities of Daily*\n*Living, or IADLs, such as preparing meals, managing money, shopping for groceries or personal items,*\n*performing light or heavy housework, and using a telephone).’*\n92 Eurofound, 2020: [Long-term care workforce: Employment and working conditions](https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/customised-report/2020/long-term-care-workforce-employment-and-working-conditions) (p. 27).\n93 Eurofound, 2020: [New forms of employment: 2020 Update](https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2020/new-forms-of-employment-2020-update) (p. 9).\n94 See for example the KOMNET Helpdesks [https://www.komnet.nrw.de/](https://www.komnet.nrw.de/)\n95 European Commission, 1996: [Guidance on risk assessment at work](https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1a3462b0-728c-4a2b-88f0-6c641b91a86f) (Directive 89/391/EEC)\n96 Besamusca & Steinmetz, 2019: [Vulnerable groups in European data sets. An inventory of the measurement of ](https://www.inclusivegrowth.eu/files/Output/D11.3_inventory_report.pdf)\n[vulnerable groups in 27 data sets covering the European area](https://www.inclusivegrowth.eu/files/Output/D11.3_inventory_report.pdf) . They write (p. 5):  *‘A further challenge with respect*\n*to vulnerability and employment vulnerability is the question to which level it applies. To individuals and/or groups*",
+                    "page_start": 143,
+                    "page_end": 144,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **A Supplementary materials for datasets**\n\n### **A.2 Created datasets**\n\n**Syntec**  Figure 5 shows an extract from the Syntec\ndataset with a document and a query relative to this\ndocument.\n**HAL**  Figure 6 is an extract from the HAL\ndataset. Table 4 lists the distribution of classes\n(  *domain*  field) for the HAL dataset on  *raw*\nsubset and  *mteb_eval*  subset, which is used\nfor MTEB evaluation. Labels descriptions\ncan be found at this URL: [ https://api.archives-](https://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/ref/domain/?q=*:*&rows=393)\n[ouvertes.fr/ref/domain/?q=*:*&rows=393](https://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/ref/domain/?q=*:*&rows=393) or in Ta-\nble 4 . After pre-processing,  *mteb_eval*  covers titles\nfrom 10 domains as classes with less than 500 sam-\nples were removed. In the MTEB evaluation subset\nof the dataset, titles composed of 2 words or less\nhave been removed (371 samples), resulting in an\naverage word count of 13  *.*  4 . Figure 7 shows the\nword count distribution per title. Furthermore, the\ndataset has been cleaned up by manually remov-\ning all non-French titles. Additionally, it can be\nobserved in Table 4 that in the original  *raw*  dataset,\nthe  *shs*  and  *sdv*  classes represent by far the majority\nof the dataset samples with respectively 58706 sam-\nples (73%) and 11049 samples (13%). In order to\nmitigate the class imbalance while preserving the\nmajority of those classes, they have been randomly\nsubsampled to 6701 and 4803 samples. Further-\nmore, baseline models have been trained and tested\nto assess the usability of this dataset in other tasks,\nsuch as classification and topic modeling. Table 5\nshows the results obtained.\n**SummEvalFr**  Extracts of humans and machine\nsummaries translated in French from SummEvalFr\nand the original ones in English from SummEval\n( Fabbri et al. , 2021 ) are shown in Figure 9 . As ex-\nplained in section 3.1.3 , we use a LLM to evaluate\nthe quality of translations for human summaries,\nwe provide the prompt used with  *GPT-4*  for this\nevaluation in Figure 8 .\nTable 6 shows the distribution of ratings given\nby the LLM. With the scale being 10, we man-\nually verify random samples rated above 9. We\nverify all samples with ratings under 9 and those\nwith no provided rating (N/A) due to the triggering\nof the OpenAI content management policy. The\nLLM suggests that 60 samples are not correctly\ntranslated. These were verified manually, and after\nchecking, less than 10 samples only needed to be\ncorrected.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **Foreword by Nicolas Schmit, European Commissioner for**\n\nand insights for safer and healthier work, in an ever-changing world of work, to wider audiences.\nChanges at the workplace, caused by the COVID crisis, the green, digital and demographic transitions,\nas well as by scientific and technological progress, led the Commission to adopt, in June 2021, a new\n2021-2027 EU Strategic framework on health and safety at work.\nThe Framework is part of the Commission’s commitment to building a strong social European Union that\nprotects. This is the foundation of all the initiatives that we are proposing. Every action we take in social\npolicy comes under the umbrella of the European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan that we presented\nin March 2021. The protection of workers’ health and safety, enshrined in the EU Treaties and in the\nCharter of Fundamental Rights, is one of the key elements of an EU economy that works for people. In\nparticular, the right to a healthy and safe workplace is reflected in principle 10 of the European Pillar of\nSocial Rights, and is fundamental for reaching the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Our\ndetermined action to improve occupational safety and health and to consolidate a culture of prevention\nrepresents a substantial contribution to the objectives of the abovementioned Pillar.\nThe work of EU-OSHA is essential in this respect and this publication is a good example of the strong\ncommitment shown by EU governments -  and also employer and trade union organisations - to\ncontinuously improve OSH in Europe.\n\nNicolas Schmit\n\n9",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **6 OSH legislation and OSH infrastructure in the EU**\n\n### **6.3 Guidance and support**\n\nguidance documents, increasingly complemented by audio-visual and interactive tools. EU-OSHA\ncovers a large variety of workplaces with its digital risk assessment tool OiRA (Online interactive Risk\n© Parradee/Adobe Stock\nAssessment). <sup>396</sup> Many good examples of support for micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are available\nas identified in the comprehensive EU-OSHA reports on OSH in MSEs. <sup>397</sup>\nOften, guidance documents show the difference between good practice in prevention and risky\npractices, for example, the SLIC guidance on measures against exposure to respirable crystalline silica\nat construction sites. <sup>398</sup> There are many of these good or best practice examples in literature, but there\nis rarely a  **quantitative estimate of the occurrence of good**  (or moderate)  **versus poor practice**\n**before and after**  the publication and promotion of such guidance documents, which would be crucial to\nestimate the impact of guidance and tools.\nOften the support of a proper implementation is done by European national, sectoral and regional\nemployers’ and workers’ associations. They contribute to supervision and implementation by\nconsultation or participation in steering committees and so on. Some of them produce specific OSH\ninformation or guidance for their members, adapted to the main topics of the organisation. <sup>399</sup> They\nparticipate in the development of national strategic approaches or OSH campaigns. In all EU Member\nStates there exist fora for social dialogue at regional, sectoral or national level (overview in OSHWiki\narticles on OSH national systems <sup>400</sup> ). At EU level more than 40 sectoral Social Dialogue Committees\nand a cross-industry social dialogue committee is working on topics of EU-wide relevance. <sup>401</sup>\nIn the frame of social dialogue, employer federations and trade unions agree on the regulation of\n**working conditions in collective agreements**  without intervention or close reference to state\nregulations, for example, on working time or telework rules. The Eurofound ‘Database of wages, working\ntime and collective disputes’ provides an EU-wide overview on such agreements. <sup>402</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 124,
+                    "page_end": 125,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **6 OSH legislation and OSH infrastructure in the EU**\n\n### **6.1 Foundation, legislation, compliance and supervision**\n\nThe  **ethical and economic importance of safe and healthy working conditions**  led to an integration\nof this target in international conventions and agreements; it is also embedded in the treaties of the EU.\n**UN**  has included  **‘Safe and secure work environment’**  as an indicator for  **Goal 8**  of their 17 global\n**‘Sustainable Development Goals**  ’ for 2030. Goal 8 aims to  *‘Promote sustained, inclusive and*\n*sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all’*  . <sup>334</sup> It requests in\nits target 8.8 to  *‘Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers,*\n*including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment.’*\nThe  **Preamble to the Constitution**  <sup>335</sup> **of the ILO**  includes as an objective  *‘*  ...  *the protection of the*\n*worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment ...’*  [. In 2022, the objective of ](https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_716594.pdf)\na safe and healthy working environment became part of the ‘Declaration on Fundamental Principles and\nRights at Work’, adding OSH to the existing four basic principles, that is, 1) freedom of association and\nright to collective bargaining, 2) the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour, 3) the\neffective abolition of child labour, and 4) the elimination of discrimination. Between the year of the\nfoundation in 1919 and today, the ILO agreed on more than 40 conventions and recommendations\naddressing OSH, be it either general provisions or provisions for specific groups and sectors or specific\nrisks. <sup>336</sup>\nThe  **EU and its predecessors**  have enshrined health and safety of workers in their  **founding treaties**  .\nAlready in 1951, it was stated in Article 3 of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty\nthat  *‘The institutions of the Community shall, within the limits of their respective powers, in the common*\n*interest ... promote improved working conditions and an improved standard of living for the workers in*\n*each of the industries for which it is responsible ...’*  .  <sup>337</sup> During the development of the European\ninstitutions and the EU from those years until today, references to working conditions and safety and\nhealth were always part of the treaties, and also in the latest Treaty of Lisbon from 2009. <sup>338</sup>\nIn  **Article 151 of the Lisbon Treaty,**  it is stated that  *‘The Union and the Member States, shall have as*\n*their objectives the promotion of employment, improved living and working conditions ...’*  . The areas of",
+                    "page_start": 117,
+                    "page_end": 117,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **7 Methodological approaches, available data and research**\n\n### **7.4 Data and research -  major evidence difficulties at EU level**\n\n#### * **7.4.4 On the way to better evidence -  major data, research gaps and open** *\n\n[affair?](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/140841REV1-Workers-conditions-in-the-textile-and-clothing-sector-just-an-Asian-affair-FINAL.pdf)\n131 Eurostat: National accounts employment data by industry (up to NACE A*64), Filter for years and sector\n‘Agriculture, forestry and fishing’, [here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NAMA_10_A64_E__custom_4229280/default/table?lang=en)\n132 World Bank: Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modelled ILO estimate)\n[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?end=2018&most_recent_year_desc=true&start=1991&typ](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?end=2018&most_recent_year_desc=true&start=1991&type=shaded&view=chart)\n[e=shaded&view=chart](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?end=2018&most_recent_year_desc=true&start=1991&type=shaded&view=chart)\n133 United Nations -  e-Waste coalition: [Global E-waste Monitor 2017](https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Environment/Pages/Toolbox/Global-E-waste-Monitor-2017.aspx)\n134 For example: [OSH system at national level - France](https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/OSH_system_at_national_level_-_France)\n135 Eurostat, 2013: [European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) - Summary methodology - 2013 edition](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/KS-RA-12-102)\n(p. 5).\n136 Eurostat: Non-fatal accidents at work by NACE Rev. 2 activity and sex, A recalculation of the total number of\naccidents for the EU27 to the years 1994 to 1998 is not possible, mainly due to the many enlargements of the EU.\n137 Eurostat, Statistics in focus, Theme 3 -  16/2001: Accidents at work in the EU 1998-1999 (p. 4), [here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5407173/KS-NK-01-016-EN.PDF.pdf/5897dcf4-ae26-45c8-9d10-7e54dce5efed)\n138 Data for 1998 for the Sectors A and D to K, NACE Rev. 1.1, EU-15, for 2019 for Sectors A, C-N, NACE Rev. 2,\nEU27. Only incidence rates for these selected sectors can be compared because Eurostat did not provide an\nincidence rate for all sectors in 1998 but for the sectors A and D to K, NACE 1.1.\n139 In total the incidence rate decreased from 4,089 to 1,713; the difference is 2,376. The reduction between 1998\nand 2010 amounts to 2,068, and between 2010 and 2019 it sums up to 308. That means that 87% of the\nreduction was achieved in the first period and 13% in the second period.\n140 Eurostat: [Non-fatal accidents at work by NACE Rev. 2 activity and sex, Filter Sectors, A, C-N](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/hsw_n2_01/default/table?lang=en)\n141 Eurostat: [Accidents at work statistics -  Incident rates](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Accidents_at_work_statistics#Incidence_rates)\n142 Eurostat: [Non-fatal accidents at work by NACE Rev. 2 activity and sex](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/hsw_n2_01/default/table?lang=en) , Filter: Time frequency: Annual; Unit of\nmeasure: Incidence rate; Classification of economic activities - NACE Rev. 2; Sex: Total.\n143 EU-OSHA, 2010: [A review of methods used across Europe to estimate work-related accidents and illnesses ](https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/review-methods-used-across-europe-estimate-work-related-accidents-and-illnesses-among)\n[among the self-employed](https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/review-methods-used-across-europe-estimate-work-related-accidents-and-illnesses-among)\n144 EU-OSHA, 2010: [A review of methods used across Europe to estimate work-related accidents and illnesses ](https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/review-methods-used-across-europe-estimate-work-related-accidents-and-illnesses-among)\n[among the self-employed](https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/review-methods-used-across-europe-estimate-work-related-accidents-and-illnesses-among) (p. 7).\n145 Eurostat, 2013: [European Statistics on Accidents at Work - Summary methodology - 2013 edition](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/KS-RA-12-102) (p. 6):\n*‘Article 2 of the ESAW Regulation covers the provision of data on persons who had an accident at work during the*\n*reference period and states that if the victim is self-employed, a family worker or a student, providing data is*",
+                    "page_start": 145,
+                    "page_end": 145,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **3 MTEB for French**\n\n### **3.1 New Datasets**\n\n#### **3.1.3 SummEvalFr (Summarization)**\n\nThe original SummEval dataset ( Fabbri et al. , 2021 )\nconsists of 100 news articles from the CNN/Dai-\nlyMail dataset. Each article has 11 human-written\nsummaries and 16 machine-generated summaries\nannotated by 8 people with a score for coherence,\nconsistency, fluency, and relevance. We trans- lated it from English to French using DeepL API <sup>6</sup> .\nSince MTEB evaluation is based on the embedding\nsimilarity between machine-generated and human-\ngenerated summaries, we propose to compute the\nROUGE ( Lin , 2004 ) and BLEU ( Papineni et al. ,\n2002 ) metrics between machine and human sum-\nmaries for both French and English version. In Ta-\nble 2 , we report the average of the scores as well as\ntheir correlations between the two languages. The\ncorrelation is high (above 0.7), showing that the\nword and n-gram overlap between human and ma-\nchine summaries is highly preserved in the French\nversion. One may argue that computing the met-\nric on fully translated texts (human and machine\nsummaries are both translated from English) may\nintroduce biases and not assess the quality of the\ntranslations. For this purpose, we ensure the French\nhuman summaries are correctly translated from En-\nglish. We use an LLM as-a-judge ( Zheng et al. ,\n6 [https://www.deepl.com](https://www.deepl.com)\n3\n2023 ) where given the original human summary\nin English and its translation in French, the model\nrates the quality of the translation from 0 to 10 ,\nwith 0 being of very bad quality and 10 being ex-\ncellent. The prompt is available in Figure 8 . Ad-\nditionally, we manually check random translations\nwith ratings between 9 and 10 to ensure the rating\nis relevant. We do the same for all translations with a score less than 9 and correct them <sup>7</sup> (see the rating\ndistribution in Table 6 ).\n**Dataset BLEU ROUGE-1 ROUGE-2 ROUGE-L**\nSummEval 0.205 0.292 0.099 0.193\nSummEvalFr 0.276 0.302 0.117 0.194\nCorrelation En-Fr 0.70 0.85 0.80 0.84\nTable 2: Average ROUGE and BLUE scores computed\nbetween machine summaries and human summaries\nfor the original English SummEval and its translation\nto French. The correlations of the individual scores\nbetween English and French are also reported.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf",
+                "query": "In the context of research publication, what is HAL ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "Hyper Articles en Ligne (HAL) is a French open archive of scholarly documents from all academic fields.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **3 MTEB for French**\n\n### **3.1 New Datasets**\n\n#### **3.1.2 HAL (Clustering)**\n\n*Hyper Articles en Ligne*  (HAL) is a French open\narchive of scholarly documents from all academic\nfields. Scrapping this resource, we fetched 85,000 publications in French <sup>5</sup> . We extracted IDs, titles\nand the author’s choice among domain labels. The\nlast 2 are provided by authors when submitting\ntheir papers to HAL. Since domain annotations are\nprovided, the dataset can be used for many tasks,\nsuch as topic modeling or text classification. To en-\nsure the dataset quality is suitable for a benchmark,\nfurther data cleaning has been performed:\n- Duplicates are eliminated, retaining unique\npublications for each field.\n- Irrelevant titles (due to API indexing mistakes)\nor titles in languages other than French have\nbeen manually removed.\n3 [https://www.syntec.fr/convention-collective/](https://www.syntec.fr/convention-collective/)\n4 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/mteb-fr-retrieval-syntec-s2p)\n[mteb-fr-retrieval-syntec-s2p](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/mteb-fr-retrieval-syntec-s2p)\n5 [https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/clustering-hal-s2s)\n[clustering-hal-s2s](https://huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/clustering-hal-s2s)\n2\n**Dataset Syntec HAL SummEvalFr**\nSamples 100 queries\n90 documents\n26233 samples\n10 classes\n100 texts\n1100 human summaries\n1600 machine summaries\nCreation process Scraping of Syntec col-\nlective bargaining agree-\nment with articles as doc-\numents. Writing queries\ncorresponding to articles.\nScraping of HAL arti-\ncles with  *id*  ,  *title*  and  *do-*\n*main*  . Further cleaning\nwith deduplication, lan-\nguage filtering and class\nsubsampling.\nTranslation from English\nto French with Deepl of\nthe SummEval dataset.\nAnnotation process 4 annotators divided into\n2 groups. Each group was\ngiven half of the articles\nand asked to choose an ar-\nticle and ask a question\nabout it. Each annotator\nwrote 25 questions.\nAnnotations provided by\nauthors when submitting\ntheir paper. They choose\nthe  *domain*  between exist-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Authors ’ contributions\nTAL provided input on study design and analysis plan, drafted the manuscript\nand approved final version of the manuscript. SZG secured funding, provided\noverall design, gave input on the analysis plan and approved final version of\nthe manuscript. JMB provided input on design and analysis plan and approved\nfinal version of the manuscript.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Publisher ’ s Note\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in\npublished maps and institutional affiliations.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\n## 42,500 ACTIVE SCHOLARLY PEER- REVIEWED JOURNALS\n\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018\n##### **Tackling Information Overload**\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable identifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.\n**Connects individuals and**\n**their professional**\n**contributions across**\n**disciplines,**\n**organizations, and time**\n**Helps research institutions, funders,**\n**publishers, and other organizations**\n**better track and support research work**\n**Enables recognition of**\n**all types of research**\n**contributions and**\n**innovation**\n##### **How ORCID Works**\n**It's a registry of unique persistent identifiers for researchers**\n**It's a global community that enables researchers to share their data with other individuals, organizations, and systems**\n**It's a hub that connects researchers with their professional activities and contributions**\n##### **Why Connect with ORCID?**\n**Hundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally**\n**Connections to ORCID records**\n**live ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch**\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018\n##### **Evidence of Institutional Value**\nExamples of time/staf savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world\n**UK:**  0.2 -  0.4 FTEs per institution <sup>1</sup> **Portugal:**  100,000 researcher hours per year <sup>2</sup> **Australia:**  15-30 minutes per grant application <sup>3</sup>\n##### **How Organizations and Researchers Benefit**\nSave time and reduce errors\nwith automated\ninformation-sharing and\ncross-system interoperability\nManage your organization\nname and your researchers'\nconnections with it\nMaintain links with your\nresearchers - past,\npresent, and future\nSponsored by ORCID\n**RESEARCHERS INSTITUTIONS**\nSpend more time doing\nresearch, less time managing it\nImprove recognition and\ndiscoverability of their\nresearch\nControl and manage a trusted\nand easily shareable record of\ntheir research activities and\nafliations -  for free\n**To learn more go to https://orcid.org**\n##### **Three Ways to Get Involved**\n**1.  Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and using their ORCID iD**\n**2.  Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems**\n**3.  Connect data to and from your researchers’ ORCID records to support information use and reuse across organizations**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers 5.5 MILLION+\n\nAll IDC research is © 2018 by IDC. All rights reserved. All IDC materials are licensed with IDC's permission and in no\nway does the use or publication of IDC research indicate IDC's endorsement of ORCID’s products/or strategies.\nIDC #US44453318\n**An IDC Infographic, sponsored by ORCID | November 2018**\n**What’s in a Name? Most names are not unique**\nMany people have the same name People use diferent versions of their name during their career\nFor example,\n**30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE**\n**Researchers are mobile!**\n**Names may change through marriage or other circumstances**\n**Individuals use diferent alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions**\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to\n**Identify, track, and report on researchers’ afliations and contributions (publications, peer reviews, grants, and more)**\n**Benchmark their organization against others**\n##### **Institutions Face a Rising Tide of Research**\n**scholarly articles published per year**\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018\nSource: Science Magazine",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Data availability\nNo new data were generated or analyzed in support of this\nresearch.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Availability of data and materials\nThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the\ncorresponding author upon reasonable request.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#  **ssh -i /.ssh/sshkey admin@192.168.1.100**\n\n## **Related publications**\n\nThe publications that are listed in this section are considered particularly suitable for a more\ndetailed discussion of the topics that are covered in this book.",
+                    "page_start": 810,
+                    "page_end": 810,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Methods**\n\n#### **Models**\nFor this study, we chose the LLMs Robustly Optimized BERT Approach (RoBERTa; hereafter referred to as LLM 1) <sup>43</sup> for saliency content selection and Large Language Model Meta AI 2 (Llama-2; hereafter referred to as LLM 2) 7B <sup>44</sup> for abstractive summarization. Further information about the models and\ntechnology specifications is provided in detail in eAppendix 1 in [ Supplement 1](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723) .\n**Data Processing** As LLM 2 only has a context size of 4096 tokens, <sup>44</sup> we used 2 steps to process the EM notes to both\nshorten the input size while maintaining content salience. First, we adopted a number of heuristic\nstrategies for prioritization and filtration: (1) clinical note types (hierarchy presented in Table 1), (2)\ntime of authorship, and (3) duplicate sentence detection. Second, we used an LLM 1- based saliency\nmodel to infer EM note sentences based on likelihood of content contribution to the EM-to-IP\nhandoff notes.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Discussion**\n\n#### **Limitations**\n\nThere were several limitations to the study that were primarily driven from constraints of\ninfrastructure, as well as regulations, legal governance, and labor requirements. At the study location,\nthe data were required to remain on premise at all times and the infrastructure that was provided\nhad a GPU limitation of 24 GB. Given these infrastructure restrictions, the best open-source model\navailable during the study was LLM 2. Furthermore, we were not able to demonstrate the comparable difference between our fine-tuned LLM 2 model and third party LLMs <sup>32,55</sup> because of the study\nlocation’s restrictions and concerns with the data retention policies. Nevertheless, our study\ndemonstrates the potential capability of integrating state-of-the-art open source LLMs at\norganizations that are less open to integrating third-party LLMs.\nWhile the dataset was smaller, we made significant efforts to reduce model variance and\nprevent overfitting by allocating more data to the training cohort and using k-fold cross validation.\nAnd while our ratio split choice implies the testing results will have slightly greater variance than\nexpected, this is mitigated through the extensive manual clinical assessment that was performed.\nThe study’s multidimensional clinical evaluation was labor intensive, requiring more than 200 hours\nfrom expert informaticists and quality trained clinician experts to both curate the dataset of 1600\n##### **JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine**\nDecember 3, 2024 8/12\nrecords and perform manual comparative evaluations of 50 LLM-generated and 50 clinician-\ngenerated summary notes within the context of complex ED encounters. This approach is unlikely\nscalable, invoking complex postimplementation governance questions that remain unanswered in\nthe medical literature and invoke the need for future research focused on the possibility of AI performing the clinical evaluations. <sup>56</sup> Lastly, the relatively infrequent but potentially significant\npatient safety implications of model output incorrectness and incompleteness warrants further\nmodel refinement and repeat clinical evaluation, as described in the eAppendix 1 in [ Supplement 1](https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723&utm_campaign=articlePDF%26utm_medium=articlePDFlink%26utm_source=articlePDF%26utm_content=jamanetworkopen.2024.48723)\noverview of our rigorous preimplementation model development and testing framework.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the effect of embedding dimension on embedding representation quality ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "we observe a performance correla- tion with the embedding dimension and the model’s number of parameters, which are often correlated themselves",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 8
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.1 Predicting Representations versus Pixels**\nWe first ablate the effect of computing the prediction\nloss in representation space. We train a pair of ViT-L/16\nmodels using either a V-JEPA feature prediction loss,\nor a mean-squared error loss with the normalized pixel\nvalues, as in masked autoencoders ( He et al. , 2021 ), and\nperform a sweep over the learning rate and weight decay\nschedules for both approaches. All models are pretrained\non VideoMix2M for 90K iterations with a batch size of\n3072 using multi-block masking. We examine perfor-\nmance on Kinetics-400 (K400), Something-Something-v2\n(SSv2), and ImageNet-1K (IN1K), using a frozen back-\nbone with an attentive probe, and report top-1 accuracy\nusing a single center view. We also examine end-to-end\nfine-tuning performance of the models on Kinetics-400.\nResults of this comparison are reported in Table 1 and\nindicate that predicting in feature space provides a con-\nsistent performance improvement over pixel space pre-\ndiction in both frozen evaluation of the video backbone,\nas well as end-to-end fine-tuning.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **2 Related Works**\n\n2023 ). It was also recently shown that the representa-\ntions of masked image autoencoders could be significantly\nimproved by using learnable pooling mechanisms based\non cross-attention ( Chen et al. , 2022 ). Finally, through\ncareful selection of design choices, the non-contrastive\ncollapse prevention strategy in BYOL ( Grill et al. , 2020 )\nwas recently made to work with image feature prediction\nmethods ( Baevski et al. , 2022b ; Assran et al. , 2023 ),\nwhich demonstrated the ability to learn representations\nthat can be leveraged for various downstream tasks with-\nout relying on invariance to hand-crafted image trans-\nformations.\n**Feature Prediction versus Pixel Reconstruction.**\nApproaches that predict in pixel space must dedicate\nsignificant model capacity and compute to capture all\nthe low-level detail in the visual input. By contrast, ap-\nproaches that predict in latent space have the flexibility\nto eliminate irrelevant or unpredictable pixel-level details\nfrom the target representation ( Vondrick et al. , 2016 ).\nPredicting in representation space has been shown to\nlead to versatile representations that perform well across\nmany downstream tasks through linear probing or low-\nshot adaptation ( Assran et al. , 2023 ; Oquab et al. , 2023 ;\nAssran et al. , 2022 ), while demonstrating an efficiency\ngain during pretraining compared to pixel level recon-\nstruction ( Assran et al. , 2023 ; Baevski et al. , 2022b , a ).\nThe works of Baevski et al. ( 2022a , b ) additionally show\nthat predicting in representation space results in compet-\nitive end-to-end fine-tuning performance in the image,\naudio and text domains. In this work, we extend these\nfindings to the video modality.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **C Pretraining details**\n\n*optimization* batch_size 256 256 1024 1024 1024 epochs 20 20 20 20 20 lr 1e-3 1e-3 1e-3 1e-3 1e-3 final_lr 0 0 0 0 0 weight_decay 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01\nWeight-decay is also linearly increased from 0  *.*  04 to 0  *.*  4 throughout pretraining. The  *y*  -encoder weights are initialized\nidentically to the  *x*  -encoder, and subsequently updated as an exponential moving average (EMA) ( Tarvainen and\nValpola , 2017 ) of the  *x*  -encoder weights using a momentum value which starts at 0  *.*  998 and is linearly increased to\n1  *.*  0 during training ( Caron et al. , 2021 ; Assran et al. , 2022 ). We scale all hyper-parameter schedules 25% beyond\nthe actual training schedule. Specifically, the learning rate schedule, weight-decay schedule, and EMA schedule\nare computed assuming a training length of 112,500 iterations, even though we only train our model for 90,000\niterations. We found the last 25% of the default scheduler period to update hyper-parameters too aggressively, and\nsimply truncating the schedulers improved performance.\n*Masking.*  As described in Section 3 , we propose a 3D Multi-Block masking strategy. We use two type of masks:\nshort-range masks, where we take the union of 8 randomly sampled target blocks with a spatial scale of 0  *.*  15 , and\nlong-range masks, where we take the union of 2 randomly sampled target blocks with a spatial scale of 0  *.*  7 . In both\ncases, the aspect ratio for all sampled blocks is randomly chosen in the range (0  *.*  75  *,*  1  *.*  5) .",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.4 Masking Strategy**\n\nVideoMAEv1 ViT-L/16 K400  *|*  SSv2 380M  *|*  410M 85.4 74.3 ViT-H/16 K400  *|*  SSv2 380M  *|*  410M 86.6 74.8 VideoMAEv2 ViT-H/16 Un.Hybrid 1600M 86.9 76.8\nMVD ViT-L/16 K400+IN1K 2400M 86.4 76.7 ViT-H/16 K400+IN1K 2400M  **87.2 77.3**\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 VideoMix2M 270M 85.6 75.1 ViT-H/16 VideoMix2M 270M 86.6 77.0\nexamine our multi-masking strategy and find that sampling two masks for each clip (long-range and short-range) to\nbe more effective than sampling just a single mask for each clip.\nIn Figure 8c , we explore different average spatial and temporal masking ratio, i.e. the spatial/temporal ratio of\nthe area that is covered by a mask on average for a clip. Recall that each mask is constructed by sampling several\n(possibly overlapping) blocks and taking their union. We change the average spatial or temporal masking ratio by\nchanging a block spatial or temporal size, as well as the overall number of blocks. We found that low spatial or\ntemporal coverage results in a trivial prediction task, which degrades downstream performance. Based on those\nresults, we sample masks that remove roughly 90% of the frame and extend along the entire temporal dimension of\nthe clip by default.\nIn Figure 8b , we explore different block size given an effective spatial masking ratio of 90% and temporal ratio of\n100%. We keep the masking ratio approximately constant by changing the block size and the number of block at the\nsame time. We find that sampling several blocks to perform better than sampling a single large block. Figure 9\nvisually illustrates the effect of sampling several smaller blocks to construct a mask.\nIn Figure 8a , we explore the effect of sampling various number of masks per samples. We find that sampling two\nmasks for each clip, with different spatial block sizes for each, to be more effective than sampling just a single mask.\nWe hypothesize that this masking strategy induces complementary tasks. In our experiment, we use this as our",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **2 Related Works**\n\nsamples in a contrastive loss ( Han et al. , 2019 , 2020 ;\nTan et al. , 2023 ), often focusing on small convolutional\nencoders ( Han et al. , 2019 , 2020 ). The idea of learning a\nrepresentation by predicting missing information in fea-\nture space is also core to the joint-embedding predictive\narchitecture (JEPA) ( LeCun , 2022 ), which combines a\nsiamese encoder with a predictor network. JEPAs have\nbeen successfully instantiated in several modalities, such\nas with audio data ( Baevski et al. , 2022b ) and image\ndata ( Zhou et al. , 2021 ; Oquab et al. , 2023 ; Assran et al. ,\n2023 ). In this work, we extend this paradigm to video\ndata by leveraging recent advances in self-supervised\nlearning.\n**Advances in Self-Supervised Learning.**  The use\nof vision transformers ( Dosovitskiy et al. , 2020 ; Li et al. ,\n2022 ) has become standard practice in self-supervised\nlearning with joint-embedding architectures ( Chen et al. ,\n2021 ; Caron et al. , 2021 ; Oquab et al. , 2023 ; Zhou et al. ,\n2021 ; Assran et al. , 2022 ), and unlocked masked image\nmodeling in pixel space by parameterizing the pixel de-\ncoder as a transformer with learnable mask tokens ( Doso-\nvitskiy et al. , 2020 ; Xie et al. , 2021 ; He et al. , 2021 ; Bao\net al. , 2021 ), demonstrating a step-change in the rep-\nresentation quality of autoencoding methods ( Vincent\net al. , 2010 ). This line of generative methods was sub-\nsequently extended to video data using spatio-temporal\nmasking ( Tong et al. , 2022 ; Feichtenhofer et al. , 2022 ;\nWang et al. , 2023a ; Kalluri et al. , 2023 ; Gupta et al. ,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.4 Masking Strategy**\n\ndefault masks sampling.\n**Table 16 Sample efficiency.**  We compare the sample efficiency of pretraining various state-of-the-art image and video models.\nThe  **#Samples Seen**  entry corresponds to the number of samples (image or video clips) processed by the network during\npretraining, which is larger than the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch training. The V-JEPA results in this\npaper are obtained while processing an order of magnitude fewer samples than previous methods.\n**Method Arch. Data #Samples Seen**\nOpenCLIP ViT-G/14 LAION-2B 39000M DINOv2 ViT-g/14 LVD 142M 1900M VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 UnlabeledHybrid 1600M V-JEPA ViT-H/16 384 VideoMix2M 210M\n1 2 3\n50\n51\n52\n53\n54\n55\n**Number of Masks per Samples**\n**Kinetics 400**\nAblating Number of Masks per Sample\n**(a)**\n1 2 4 8 16\n47\n48\n49\n50\n**Number of Blocks per Mask**\n**Kinetics 400**\nAblating Number of Blocks per Mask\n**(b)**\n25 50 75 90 0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n**Spatial Masking Ratio**\n**Kinetics 400**\nAblating Masking Ratio\n**Temporal Masking Ratio**\n100%\n75%\n50%\n**(c)**\n**Figure 8 Masking Strategy Ablation.**  Evaluating a linear probe on a ViT-B/16 pretrained with V-JEPA on K400 under\nvarious 3D Multi-Block masking settings. We examine the impact of  **(a)**  sampling several masks per video,  **(b)**  varying the\nnumber of blocks in a mask, and  **(c)**  varying the average spatial and temporal masking ratio. A temporal masking ratio of\n100% extends the spatial mask across all the frames in the clip. We find it important to maintain a high spatial and temporal\nmasking ratio during pretraining.\n**(a)**  Num. Blocks: 8, Spatial Block Size: 32  *×*  32\n**(b)**  Num. Blocks: 4, Spatial Block Size: 80  *×*  80\n**(c)**  Num. Blocks: 2, Spatial Block Size: 160  *×*  160\n**Figure 9**  Illustration of mask with number of blocks and block size. Each mask is constructed by sampling several (possibly\noverlapping) blocks and taking their union.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? Emily M. Bender ∗ Timnit Gebru[...]\n\n## **4 UNFATHOMABLE TRAINING DATA**\n\nThe size of data available on the web has enabled deep learning models to achieve high accuracy on specific benchmarks in NLP and computer vision applications. However, in both application areas, the training data has been shown to have problematic charac- teristics [ 18 , 38 , 42 , 47 , 61 ] resulting in models that encode stereo- typical and derogatory associations along gender, race, ethnicity, and disability status [ 11 , 12 , 69 , 69 , 132 , 132 , 157 ]. In this section, we discuss how large, uncurated, Internet-based datasets encode the dominant/hegemonic view, which further harms people at the margins, and recommend significant resource allocation towards dataset curation and documentation practices.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.2 Pretraining Data Distribution**\n\nNext we study the impact of the pretraining data dis-\ntribution in Table 2 . Leveraging large scale datasets\n**Table 3**   *Average Pooling vs. Adaptive Pooling.*  We pool the\nfeature map output by the frozen V-JEPA encoder using\nan attentive probe, which is then fed into a linear classifier\nfor downstream supervised tasks (K400 and SSv2). We\nevaluate two pooling strategies: 1) average pooling (Avg.),\nand attentive pooling (Att.). Results are reported using\na single center view. Using adaptive pooling with a cross-\nattention layer leads to improvements of +17  *.*  3 points on\nK400 and +16  *.*  1 points on SSv2.\n*Frozen Evaluation*\n**K400 SSv2**\n(16  *×*  1  *×*  1) (16  *×*  1  *×*  1) **Method Arch.**  Avg. Att. Avg. Att.\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 56.7  **73.7**  50.1  **66.2**\nhas been critical for enabling the surge of advancements\nin other modalities, such as text and images ( Kaplan\net al. , 2020 ; Cherti et al. , 2023 ). We investigate whether\na similar trend holds for video data. To control for the\npossible confounding variable of compute budget, we\npretrain all models in Table 2 for 90K iterations using\na batch-size of 3072. We report downstream results on\nK400, SSv2, and IN1K using a frozen backbone with an\nattentive probe, and report top-1 accuracy using a single\ncenter view.\nTable 2 shows that average performance across tasks\nmonotonically increases as we increase the size of the\npretraining dataset, but the best task-specific perfor-\nmance is obtained by independently selecting the pre-\ntraining data for each specific downstream task. For\ninstance, the L/16 obtains its best SSv2 performance\nwhen pretrained on K710+SSv2, its best K400 perfor-\nmance when pretrained only on K710, and its best IN1K\nperformance when pretrained only on K710+HT. The\nbest average performance across all tasks is achieved by\npretraining VideoMix2M, which combines all the data\nsources. Similarly, the H/16 pretrained on K710+SSv2\nachieves a greater K400 score than the H/16 pretrained\non VideoMix2M, however, the top performing H/16 on\naverage is pretrained on VideoMix2M.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **4 Results and discussion**\n\nteristics are reported in appendix Figure 10 .\nAs expected, the score most strongly correlates\nwith whether the evaluated models were trained on\na sentence similarity task. Of course, this criterion\nis connected to the more general  *Finetuned*  one.\nThe only top-performing models solely pre-trained\nare from the  *E5*  family, where the pre-training is,\nin fact, contrastive and optimized for similarity.\nConversely, models pre-trained on token-level tasks\nand generating embeddings via pooling appear less\nwell-suited for the benchmark tasks.\nFurthermore, we observe a performance correla-\ntion with the embedding dimension and the model’s\nnumber of parameters, which are often correlated\nthemselves. This appears very clearly on the rela-\ntive ranking of  *E5*  and  *T5*  models (see Figure 1 ).\nHowever, some small models perform very well\non the benchmark, such as the standard version\nof the multilingual universal sentence encoder or\n*Solon-embeddings-base-1.0*  . Notably, the maxi-\nmum sequence length, while an important criterion\nfor generative tasks with LLMs, is less correlated\nwith performance than the other dimensions. This\ncan be explained by many datasets containing rel-\natively small texts (see appendix Table 3 showing\nthat 14 datasets have less than 50 tokens).\nRegarding language, it is surprising that good\nperformance is not particularly correlated with\nFrench models in particular. In reality, the other\naspects of the models, such as being fine-tuned\n6\n0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8\ntext-embedding-3-large (0.087) text-embedding-ada-002 (0.15) text-embedding-3-small (0.17) mistral-embed (0.19) bge-m3 (0.22) voyage-code-2 (0.24) e5-mistral-7b-instruct (0.24) Solon-embeddings-large-0.1 (0.25) sentence_croissant_alpha_v0.3 (0.26) sentence-t5-xxl (0.27) embed-multilingual-v3.0 (0.27) sentence-camembert-large (0.29) bge-m3-custom-fr (0.3) sentence_croissant_alpha_v0.2 (0.31) multilingual-e5-large (0.31) Solon-embeddings-base-0.1 (0.34) multilingual-e5-base (0.34) sentence-t5-xl (0.36) voyage-2 (0.41) sentence-croissant-llm-base (0.42) paraphrase-multilingual-mpnet-base-v2 (0.43) embed-multilingual-light-v3.0 (0.43) multilingual-e5-small (0.44) sentence-t5-large (0.45) sentence-flaubert-base (0.46) universal-sentence-encoder-multilingual-3 (0.49)\n(0.94) flaubert_large_cased (0.92) flaubert_base_uncased (0.91) xlm-roberta-base (0.86) xlm-roberta-large (0.86) flaubert_base_cased (0.86) udever-bloom-560m (0.84) camembert-base (0.78) bert-base-multilingual-cased (0.75) distilbert-base-25lang-cased (0.75) camembert-large (0.74) distilbert-base-en-fr-cased (0.74) distilbert-base-fr-cased (0.71) multi-qa-MiniLM-L6-cos-v1 (0.69) all-MiniLM-L12-v2 (0.69) all-MiniLM-L6-v2 (0.67) laser2 (0.64) bert-base-multilingual-uncased (0.64) udever-bloom-1b1 (0.62) text2vec-base-multilingual (0.59) sentence-camembert-base (0.56) distiluse-base-multilingual-cased-v2 (0.54) sentence-t5-base (0.54) paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 (0.52) universal-sentence-encoder-multilingual-large-3 (0.51) LaBSE\nStatistically equivalent performance\n**Lower**\nperformance\n**Better**\nperformance\nFigure 1: Critical difference diagram representing the significant rank gaps between models. The axis represents the",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **3 Methodology: Video-JEPA**\n\nx\nx-encoder\npredictor z\ny\ny-encoder\nD( ˆ s y , s y ) ˆ s y s y\n**Figure 2**  Joint-Embedding Predictive Architectures are\ntrained to predict the representation of an input  *y*  from\nthe representation of another input  *x*  . The additional vari-\nable  *z*  provides the predictor with information about the\ntransformation that computes  *y*  from  *x*  .\nOur goal is to explore the effectiveness of feature pre-\ndiction as a stand-alone objective for learning visual\nrepresentations from video. To that end, we use a\njoint-embedding predictive architecture (JEPA) ( LeCun ,\n2022 ); see Figure 2 . The main idea behind a JEPA is\nto learn by predicting the representation of an input  *y*\nfrom the representation of another input  *x*  . The basic\narchitecture is made up of an encoder,  *E* *θ* (  *·*  ) , which com- putes the representation of the inputs, and a predictor,\n*P* *φ* (  *·*  ) , which predicts the representation of  *y*  from the representation of  *x*  , conditioned on a variable  *z*  indicat-\ning the transformation (or corruption) between  *x*  and\n*y*  . Conditioning on  *z*  enables the generation of distinct\npredictions for various transformations of  *x*  .",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the maximum amount covered by the FWC of the europeean chemical agency ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "The maximum amount covering all purchases under this FWC, including all renewals and reimbursement of expenses is EUR 1 000 000 (one million)",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.5. Prices**\n**I.5.1. Maximum amount of the FWC and maximum prices**\nThe maximum amount covering all purchases under this FWC, including all renewals and\nreimbursement of expenses is  **EUR 1 000 000**  (one million). However, this does not bind\nthe contracting authority to purchase for the maximum amount.\nThe maximum unit prices of the services are:\nSenior experts: [   ] EUR per man-day\nExperts:  [   ] EUR per man-day\n**I.5.2. Price revision index**\nPrice revision is determined by the formula set out in Article II.20 and using the trend in\nthe harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICP) ‘Euro area (19 countries)’ published at\n[http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/hicp/data/database](http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/hicp/data/database) under HICP (2015 = 100) - monthly\ndata (index) (prc_hicp_midx).]\n**I.5.3. Reimbursement of expenses**\nIn addition to the maximum price specified in each specific contract, if applicable, the\ncontracting authority shall reimburse the following in accordance with Article II.22:\n7\n(a)  travel, subsistence, accommodation and shipment expenses; and (b)  any other expenses provided for in the tender specifications.\nThe daily subsistence allowance referred to in Article II.22.4 (d) and the accommodation\nflat-rate ceiling referred to in Article II.22.4(e) are listed in Annex IV",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.24. Checks and audits**\n\ncontract by  [  *forename, surname and function of legal representative*  ,]\n\nHAVE AGREED\n**I.1.1.1.1.**   Article 1 Subject matter\n**1.1**   This specific contract implements framework contract (FWC) No ECHA/2019/355\nsigned by the parties on [  *complete date*  ]  *.*\n**1.2**   In accordance with the provisions set out in the FWC and in this specific contract\nand [its][their] annex[es], which form an integral part of it, the contractor must\nprovide the [following services:] [services specified in Annex [  *complete*  ]  *.*  ]\n**I.1.1.1.2.**   Article 2 Entry into force and duration\n**2.1**   This specific contract enters into force on the date on which the last party signs it.\n**2.2**  The provision of the services starts from the date of entry into force of this specific\ncontract.\n**2.3**  The provision of the services must not exceed [  *complete*  ]  **[**  days] [months  **]**  . The\nparties may extend the duration by written agreement before it elapses and before\nexpiry of the FWC.\n**I.1.1.1.3.**   Article 3 Price\n**3.1**   The price payable under this specific contract excluding reimbursement of expenses\nis EUR [  *amount in figures and in words*  ].\n[The maximum amount covering all services to be provided under this specific\ncontract including reimbursement of expenses and excluding price revision is EUR\n[  *amount in figures and in words*  ].]\n**3.2**   [Reimbursement of expenses is not applicable to this specific contract.] [Within the\nmaximum amount, up to EUR [  *amount in figures and in words*  ] is earmarked for\nexpenses, which must be reimbursed in accordance with the FWC].\n***\n**I.1.1.1.4.**   Article 4 communication details\nFor the purpose of this specific contract, communications must be sent to the following\naddresses:\nContracting authority:\nEuropean Chemicals Agency\n[Directorate [  *complete*  ]]\n[Unit [  *complete*  ]]\n[  *Postcode and city*  ]\nE-mail: [  *insert functional mailbox*  ]\nContractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender):\n[  *Full name*  ]\n[  *Function*  ]\n[  *Company name*  ]\n[  *Full official address*  ]\nE-mail: [  *complete*  ]\n**I.1.1.1.5.**   Article 5 Performance guarantee\nPerformance guarantee is not applicable to this specific contract.\n\n**I.1.1.1.6.**   Article 6 Retention money guarantee",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n1\n\n**DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES**\n**NUMBER — ECHA/2019/355**\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented\nfor the purposes of signing this framework contract by [  *forename, surname, function,*\n*directorate of authorising officer*  ],\nof the one part and\n2. [  *Full official name*  ]\n[  *Official legal form*  ]\n**[**   *Statutory registration number or ID or passport number*   **]**\n[  *Full official address*  ]\n[  *VAT registration number*  ]\n[appointed as the leader of the group by the members of the group that submitted the\njoint tender]\n[  *For joint tenders,*  r  *epeat these data as many times as there are contractors and continue*\n*numbering*  ]\n([collectively] ‘the contractor’), represented for the purposes of the signature of this\nframework contract by  [  *forename, surname, function of legal representative and name of*\n*company in the case of a joint tender*  ],\non the other part,\n\nHAVE AGREED\n\nto the  **special conditions,**  the  **general conditions for framework contracts**  for\nservices and the following annexes:\n**Annex I -**  Tender specifications (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex II**  - Contractor’s tender (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex III -**  [Model for order forms] [and] [model for specific contracts]\n2\nAnnex IV -  Daily subsistence allowances and accommodation flat rates for Finland\nAnnex V - (a) Declaration on list of pre-exisiting rights\n(b) Statement of the contractor concerning rights to delivered results and\n(c) Statement of creator (or right holder)\nwhich form an integral part of this framework contract (‘the FWC’).\nThis FWC sets out:\n1.  the procedure by which the contracting authority may order services from the contractor; 2.  the provisions that apply to any specific contract which the contracting authority and the contractor may conclude under this FWC; and 3.  the obligations of the parties during and after the duration of this FWC.\nAll documents issued by the contractor (end-user agreements, general terms and\nconditions, etc.) except its tender are held inapplicable, unless explicitly mentioned in the\nspecial conditions of this FWC. In all circumstances, in the event of contradiction between\nthis FWC and documents issued by the contractor, this FWC prevails, regardless of any\nprovision to the contrary in the contractor’s documents.\n\n3",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.8. Communication details**\nFor the purpose of this FWC, communications must be sent to the following addresses:\nContracting authority:\nEuropean Chemicals Agency\nDirectorate and Unit D3, Risk Management I\nTelakkakatu 6\n00150 Helsinki\nFinland\nE-mail: [insert functional mailbox]\n\nContractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender):\n[  *Full name*  ]\n[  *Function*  ]\n[  *Company name*  ]\n[  *Full official address*  ]\nE-mail: [  *complete*  ]\nBy derogation from this Article, different contact details for the contracting authority or the\ncontractor may be provided in specific contracts.\n\n1 BIC or SWIFT code for countries with no IBAN code\n9",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.2. Subject matter**\nThe  subject matter of the FWC is scientific support to ECHA for work on restrictions,\ndose-response functions, Annex XIV, POPs and dossier evaluation.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.18. Termination of the FWC**\n\n**II.18.1. Grounds for termination by the contracting authority**\nThe contracting authority may terminate the FWC or any on-going specific contract in the\nfollowing circumstances:\n(a)  if provision of the services under an on-going specific contract has not actually\nstarted within 15 days of the scheduled date and the contracting authority considers\nthat the new date proposed, if any, is unacceptable, taking into account\nArticle II.11.2;\n(b)  if the contractor is unable, through its own fault, to obtain any permit or licence\nrequired for  *implementation of the FWC*  ;\n(c)  if the contractor does not implement the FWC or perform the specific contract in accordance with the tender specifications or  *request for service*  or is in breach of\nanother substantial contractual obligation or repeatedly refuses to sign specific\ncontracts. Termination of three or more specific contracts in these circumstances\nalso constitutes grounds for termination of the FWC;\n(d)  if the contractor or any person that assumes unlimited liability for the debts of the\ncontractor is in one of the situations provided for in points (a) and (b) of Article\n136(1) of the Financial Regulation <sup>6</sup> ;\n(e)  if the contractor or any  *related person*  is in one of the situations provided for in points (c) to (h) of Article 136(1) or to Article 136(2) of the Financial Regulation;\n(f)  if the procedure for awarding the FWC or the  *implementation of the FWC*  prove to have been subject to  *irregularities*  ,  *fraud*  or  *breach of obligations*  ;\n\n6 Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU)\nNo 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No\n223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No\n966/2012, OJ L 193 of 30.7.2018, p.1 [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG) [content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG)\n(g)  if the contractor does not comply with applicable obligations under environmental, social and labour law established by Union law, national law, collective agreements\nor by the international environmental, social and labour law provisions listed in\nAnnex X to Directive 2014/24/EU;\n(h)  if the contractor is in a situation that could constitute a  *conflict of interest*  or a *professional conflicting interest*  as referred to in Article II.7;",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.6. Payment arrangements**\n\n**I.6.1. Pre-financing**\nPre-financing is not applicable to this FWC.\n**I.6.2. Interim payments**\nInterim payment is not applicable to this FWC, unless it is provided for under a specific\ncontract.\nIf provided for, the contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) may claim the interim\npayment equal to the amount specified in the relevant specific contract in accordance with\nArticle II.21.6.\nThe contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) must send an invoice in paper format\nor via  *e-PRIOR*  for the interim payment as provided for in the tender specifications,\naccompanied by the following:\n-  a list of all  *pre-existing rights*  to the  *results*  or parts of the  *results*  or a declaration stating\nthat there are no such  *pre-existing rights*  , as provided for in Article II.13.4;\n-  the relevant progress report or deliverable accepted by ECHA\n-  statements of reimbursable expenses in accordance with Article II.22.\nThe contracting authority must approve the submitted documents or deliverables and pay\nwithin 30 days from receipt of the invoice.\n\n**I.6.3. Payment of the balance**\n1. The contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) may claim the payment of the\nbalance in accordance with Article II.21.6.\nThe contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) must send an invoice in paper format",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.24. Checks and audits**\n\nRetention money guarantee is not applicable to this specific contract.\n\n**Annexes**\n*Request for service*\nContractor’s specific tender of [  *insert date*  ]\n**Signatures**\nFor the contractor,\n[  *Company*\n*name*  /  *forename/surname/function*  ]\n\nsignature:\nFor the contracting authority,\n[  *forename/surname/function*  ]\n\nsignature:\nDone at [  *place*  ], [  *date*  ] Done at [  *place*  ], [  *date*  ]\nIn duplicate in English.\n\nContract number: [complete] Restricted FWC conditions of October 2018\n\nAnnankatu 18, P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland | Tel. +358 9 686180 | Fax +358 9 68618210 | echa.europa.eu\n\n**FRAMEWORK CONTRACT**\n**ORDER FORM**\n\nDirectorate\nand unit:\n\nOrder number: (Name and address of contractor)\nCurrency of payment:\nEUR\nTel.:\nTender (date and\nreference):\nE-mail:\nThis order is governed by Framework Contract No _ECHA/2019/355___\nin force from __________ to ___________\nLISTING OF THE SUPPLIES / SERVICES UNIT QUANTITY PRICE in €\nand code\nUNIT\nPRICE TOTAL\n\nIn accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of the Protocol on\nthe Privileges and Immunities of the European Union,\nthe Commission is exempt from all taxes and dues,\nincluding value added tax, on payments due under\nthis contract. For intra-community purchases, the\nstatement ’VAT Exemption / European Union / Article\n151 of Council Directive 2006/112/EC’ should be\nadded on the invoice.\n\nVAT\n**TOTAL**\n**:**\nPlace of delivery or performance and/or Incoterm:  **Contractor’s signature**\nFinal date of delivery or performance:\nPayment provisions:  Name:\nPosition:\nGuarantee:  Date:\nDate of issue:\nSignature [name and position]\n\nThe invoice will be paid only if the contractor has returned the signed order form.\n\nContract number: [complete] Restricted FWC conditions of October 2018\n\nAnnankatu 18, P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland | Tel. +358 9 686180 | Fax +358 9 68618210 | echa.europa.eu\n\n**Annex IV - Daily subsistence allowances and**\n**accommodation flat rates**\nThe daily subsistence allowance is deemed to cover all subsistence expenses incurred\nduring one day of travel, including meals, local transport which includes transport to and\nfrom the airport or station, insurance and sundries. Applicable rates are provided in the\ntable below:\n|  Travel location  |  Daily allowance  |  Accommodation flat-rate  ceiling  |\n|:---|---:|---:|\n| FINLAND  |  113  |  142  |",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.18. Termination of the FWC**\n\n(i)  if a change to the contractor’s legal, financial, technical, organisational or ownership situation is likely to substantially affect the  *implementation of the FWC*  or\nsubstantially modify the conditions under which the FWC was initially awarded;\n(j)  in the event of  *force majeure*  , where either resuming implementation is impossible or the necessary ensuing amendments to the FWC or a specific contract would mean\nthat the tender specifications are no longer fulfilled or result in unequal treatment\nof tenderers or contractors;\n(k)  if the needs of the contracting authority change and it no longer requires new services under the FWC; in such cases ongoing specific contracts remain unaffected;\n(l)  if the termination of the FWC with one or more of the contractors means that the multiple FWC with reopening of competition no longer has the minimum required\nlevel of competition;\n(m)  if the contractor is in breach of the data protection obligations resulting from Article II.9.2;\n(n)  if the contractor does not comply with the applicable data protection obligations resulting from Regulation (EU) 2016/679.\n**II.18.2. Grounds for termination by the contractor**\nThe contractor may terminate the FWC or any on-going specific contract if the contracting\nauthority fails to comply with its obligations, in particular the obligation to provide the\ninformation needed for the contractor to implement the FWC or to perform a specific\ncontract as provided for in the tender specifications.\n**II.18.3. Procedure for termination**\nA party must  *formally notify*  the other party of its intention to terminate the FWC or a\nspecific contract and the grounds for termination.\nThe other party has 30 days following the date of receipt to submit observations, including\nthe measures it has taken or will take to continue fulfilling its contractual obligations.\nFailing that, the decision to terminate becomes enforceable the day after the time limit for\nsubmitting observations has elapsed.\nIf the other party submits observations, the party intending to terminate must  *formally*\n*notify*  it either of the withdrawal of its intention to terminate or of its final decision to\nterminate.\nIn the cases referred to in points (a) to (d), (g) to (i), (k) and (l) of Article II.18.1 and in\nArticle II.18.2, the date on which the termination takes effect must be specified in the\n*formal notification*  .\nIn the cases referred to in points (e), (f) and (j) of Article II.18.1, the termination takes",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.6. Payment arrangements**\n\nor via  *e-PRIOR*  for payment of the balance due under a specific contract, as provided for\nin the tender specifications and accompanied by the following:\n-  a list of all  *pre-existing rights*  to the  *results*  or parts of the  *results*  or a declaration stating that there are no such  *pre-existing rights*  , as provided for in Article II.13.4;\n-  document of acceptance by ECHA of the deliverables as defined in the  *tender* *specifications or specific contract*\n-  statements of reimbursable expenses in accordance with Article II.22.\n2. The contracting authority must approve the submitted documents and pay within 30\ndays from receipt of the invoice.\n8\n3. The contracting authority may suspend the time limit for payment specified in point 2\nin accordance with Article II.21.7. Once the suspension is lifted, the contracting authority\nshall give its approval and pay within the remainder of the time-limit indicated in point 2\nunless it rejects partially or fully the submitted documents.\n**I.6.4. Performance guarantee**\nPerformance guarantee is not applicable to this FWC.\n**I.6.5. Retention money guarantee**\nRetention money guarantee is not applicable to this FWC.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf",
+                "query": "How can I get compensation if the european chemical agency terminates a contract we have ?",
+                "target_page": 11,
+                "target_passage": "If the FWC or a specific contract is terminated: a) neither party is entitled to compensation",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.18. Termination of the FWC**\n\n**II.18.1. Grounds for termination by the contracting authority**\nThe contracting authority may terminate the FWC or any on-going specific contract in the\nfollowing circumstances:\n(a)  if provision of the services under an on-going specific contract has not actually\nstarted within 15 days of the scheduled date and the contracting authority considers\nthat the new date proposed, if any, is unacceptable, taking into account\nArticle II.11.2;\n(b)  if the contractor is unable, through its own fault, to obtain any permit or licence\nrequired for  *implementation of the FWC*  ;\n(c)  if the contractor does not implement the FWC or perform the specific contract in accordance with the tender specifications or  *request for service*  or is in breach of\nanother substantial contractual obligation or repeatedly refuses to sign specific\ncontracts. Termination of three or more specific contracts in these circumstances\nalso constitutes grounds for termination of the FWC;\n(d)  if the contractor or any person that assumes unlimited liability for the debts of the\ncontractor is in one of the situations provided for in points (a) and (b) of Article\n136(1) of the Financial Regulation <sup>6</sup> ;\n(e)  if the contractor or any  *related person*  is in one of the situations provided for in points (c) to (h) of Article 136(1) or to Article 136(2) of the Financial Regulation;\n(f)  if the procedure for awarding the FWC or the  *implementation of the FWC*  prove to have been subject to  *irregularities*  ,  *fraud*  or  *breach of obligations*  ;\n\n6 Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU)\nNo 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No\n223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No\n966/2012, OJ L 193 of 30.7.2018, p.1 [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG) [content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2016.119.01.0001.01.ENG)\n(g)  if the contractor does not comply with applicable obligations under environmental, social and labour law established by Union law, national law, collective agreements\nor by the international environmental, social and labour law provisions listed in\nAnnex X to Directive 2014/24/EU;\n(h)  if the contractor is in a situation that could constitute a  *conflict of interest*  or a *professional conflicting interest*  as referred to in Article II.7;",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.18. Termination of the FWC**\n\neffect on the day following the date on which the contractor receives  *notification*  of\ntermination.\nIn addition, at the request of the contracting authority and regardless of the grounds for\ntermination, the contractor must provide all necessary assistance, including information,\ndocuments and files, to allow the contracting authority to complete, continue or transfer\nthe services to a new contractor or internally, without interruption or adverse effect on the\nquality or continuity of the services. The parties may agree to draw up a transition plan\ndetailing the contractor’s assistance unless such plan is already detailed in other\ncontractual documents or in the tender specifications. The contractor must provide such\nassistance at no additional cost, except if it can demonstrate that it requires substantial\nadditional resources or means, in which case it must provide an estimate of the costs\ninvolved and the parties will negotiate an arrangement in good faith.\n**II.18.4. Effects of termination**\nThe contractor is liable for damage incurred by the contracting authority as a result of the\ntermination of the FWC or a specific contract, including the additional cost of appointing\nand contracting another contractor to provide or complete the services, except if the\ndamage is a result of a termination in accordance with Article II.18.1(j), (k) or (l) or  Article\nII.18.2. The contracting authority may claim compensation for such damage.\nThe contractor is not entitled to compensation for any loss resulting from the termination\nof the FWC or a specific contract, including loss of anticipated profits, unless the loss was\ncaused by the situation specified in Article II.18.2.\nThe contractor must take all appropriate measures to minimise costs, prevent damage and\ncancel or reduce its commitments.\nWithin 60 days of the date of termination, the contractor must submit any report,\ndeliverable or  *result*  and any invoice required for services that were provided before the\ndate of termination.\nIn the case of joint tenders, the contracting authority may terminate the FWC or a specific\ncontract with each member of the group separately  on the basis of points (d), (e) or (g)\nof Article II.18.1, under the conditions set out in Article II.11.2",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.21. Payments and guarantees**\n\nThe contracting authority must  *notify*  the contractor (or leader in the case of joint tender)\nas soon as possible of any such suspension, giving the reasons for it. In cases b) and c)\nreferred above, the contracting authority shall notify the contractor (or leader in case of a\njoint tender) the time limits to submit additional information or corrections or a new version\nof the documents or deliverables if the contracting authority requires it.\nSuspension takes effect on the date the contracting authority sends the  *notification*  . The\nremaining payment period resumes from the date on which the requested information or\nrevised documents are received or the necessary further verification, including on-the-spot\nchecks, is carried out. Where the suspension period exceeds two months, the contractor\n(or leader in the case of a joint tender) may request the contracting authority to justify the\ncontinued suspension.\nWhere the payment periods have been suspended following rejection of a document\nreferred to in the first paragraph of this Article and the new document produced is also\nrejected, the contracting authority reserves the right to terminate the specific contract in\naccordance with Article II.18.1(c)  *.*\n**II.21.8. Interest on late payment**\nOn expiry of the payment periods specified in Article I.6, the contractor (or leader in the\ncase of a joint tender) is entitled to interest on late payment at the rate applied by the\nEuropean Central Bank for its main refinancing operations in euros (the reference rate)\nplus eight points. The reference rate is the rate in force, as published in the C series of the\n*Official Journal of the European Union,*  on the first day of the month in which the payment\nperiod ends.\nSuspension of the payment period as provided for in Article II.21.7 is not considered as\ngiving rise to late payment.\nInterest on late payment covers the period running from the day following the due date\nfor payment up to and including the date of payment as defined in Article II.21.1.\nHowever, when the calculated interest is EUR 200 or less, it must be paid to the contractor\n(or leader in the case of a joint tender) only if it requests it within two months of receiving\nlate payment.",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.18. Termination of the FWC**\n\n(i)  if a change to the contractor’s legal, financial, technical, organisational or ownership situation is likely to substantially affect the  *implementation of the FWC*  or\nsubstantially modify the conditions under which the FWC was initially awarded;\n(j)  in the event of  *force majeure*  , where either resuming implementation is impossible or the necessary ensuing amendments to the FWC or a specific contract would mean\nthat the tender specifications are no longer fulfilled or result in unequal treatment\nof tenderers or contractors;\n(k)  if the needs of the contracting authority change and it no longer requires new services under the FWC; in such cases ongoing specific contracts remain unaffected;\n(l)  if the termination of the FWC with one or more of the contractors means that the multiple FWC with reopening of competition no longer has the minimum required\nlevel of competition;\n(m)  if the contractor is in breach of the data protection obligations resulting from Article II.9.2;\n(n)  if the contractor does not comply with the applicable data protection obligations resulting from Regulation (EU) 2016/679.\n**II.18.2. Grounds for termination by the contractor**\nThe contractor may terminate the FWC or any on-going specific contract if the contracting\nauthority fails to comply with its obligations, in particular the obligation to provide the\ninformation needed for the contractor to implement the FWC or to perform a specific\ncontract as provided for in the tender specifications.\n**II.18.3. Procedure for termination**\nA party must  *formally notify*  the other party of its intention to terminate the FWC or a\nspecific contract and the grounds for termination.\nThe other party has 30 days following the date of receipt to submit observations, including\nthe measures it has taken or will take to continue fulfilling its contractual obligations.\nFailing that, the decision to terminate becomes enforceable the day after the time limit for\nsubmitting observations has elapsed.\nIf the other party submits observations, the party intending to terminate must  *formally*\n*notify*  it either of the withdrawal of its intention to terminate or of its final decision to\nterminate.\nIn the cases referred to in points (a) to (d), (g) to (i), (k) and (l) of Article II.18.1 and in\nArticle II.18.2, the date on which the termination takes effect must be specified in the\n*formal notification*  .\nIn the cases referred to in points (e), (f) and (j) of Article II.18.1, the termination takes",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n1\n\n**DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES**\n**NUMBER — ECHA/2019/355**\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented\nfor the purposes of signing this framework contract by [  *forename, surname, function,*\n*directorate of authorising officer*  ],\nof the one part and\n2. [  *Full official name*  ]\n[  *Official legal form*  ]\n**[**   *Statutory registration number or ID or passport number*   **]**\n[  *Full official address*  ]\n[  *VAT registration number*  ]\n[appointed as the leader of the group by the members of the group that submitted the\njoint tender]\n[  *For joint tenders,*  r  *epeat these data as many times as there are contractors and continue*\n*numbering*  ]\n([collectively] ‘the contractor’), represented for the purposes of the signature of this\nframework contract by  [  *forename, surname, function of legal representative and name of*\n*company in the case of a joint tender*  ],\non the other part,\n\nHAVE AGREED\n\nto the  **special conditions,**  the  **general conditions for framework contracts**  for\nservices and the following annexes:\n**Annex I -**  Tender specifications (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex II**  - Contractor’s tender (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex III -**  [Model for order forms] [and] [model for specific contracts]\n2\nAnnex IV -  Daily subsistence allowances and accommodation flat rates for Finland\nAnnex V - (a) Declaration on list of pre-exisiting rights\n(b) Statement of the contractor concerning rights to delivered results and\n(c) Statement of creator (or right holder)\nwhich form an integral part of this framework contract (‘the FWC’).\nThis FWC sets out:\n1.  the procedure by which the contracting authority may order services from the contractor; 2.  the provisions that apply to any specific contract which the contracting authority and the contractor may conclude under this FWC; and 3.  the obligations of the parties during and after the duration of this FWC.\nAll documents issued by the contractor (end-user agreements, general terms and\nconditions, etc.) except its tender are held inapplicable, unless explicitly mentioned in the\nspecial conditions of this FWC. In all circumstances, in the event of contradiction between\nthis FWC and documents issued by the contractor, this FWC prevails, regardless of any\nprovision to the contrary in the contractor’s documents.\n\n3",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.11. Termination by either party <sup>2</sup>**\nEither party may terminate the FWC and/or the FWC and specific contracts by sending\n*formal notification*  to the other party with three months written notice.\nIf the FWC or a specific contract is terminated:\na) neither party is entitled to compensation;\nb) the contractor is entitled to payment only for the services provided before termination takes effect.\nThe second, third and fourth paragraphs of Article II.18.4 apply.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.6. Payment arrangements**\n\nor via  *e-PRIOR*  for payment of the balance due under a specific contract, as provided for\nin the tender specifications and accompanied by the following:\n-  a list of all  *pre-existing rights*  to the  *results*  or parts of the  *results*  or a declaration stating that there are no such  *pre-existing rights*  , as provided for in Article II.13.4;\n-  document of acceptance by ECHA of the deliverables as defined in the  *tender* *specifications or specific contract*\n-  statements of reimbursable expenses in accordance with Article II.22.\n2. The contracting authority must approve the submitted documents and pay within 30\ndays from receipt of the invoice.\n8\n3. The contracting authority may suspend the time limit for payment specified in point 2\nin accordance with Article II.21.7. Once the suspension is lifted, the contracting authority\nshall give its approval and pay within the remainder of the time-limit indicated in point 2\nunless it rejects partially or fully the submitted documents.\n**I.6.4. Performance guarantee**\nPerformance guarantee is not applicable to this FWC.\n**I.6.5. Retention money guarantee**\nRetention money guarantee is not applicable to this FWC.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.8. Communication details**\nFor the purpose of this FWC, communications must be sent to the following addresses:\nContracting authority:\nEuropean Chemicals Agency\nDirectorate and Unit D3, Risk Management I\nTelakkakatu 6\n00150 Helsinki\nFinland\nE-mail: [insert functional mailbox]\n\nContractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender):\n[  *Full name*  ]\n[  *Function*  ]\n[  *Company name*  ]\n[  *Full official address*  ]\nE-mail: [  *complete*  ]\nBy derogation from this Article, different contact details for the contracting authority or the\ncontractor may be provided in specific contracts.\n\n1 BIC or SWIFT code for countries with no IBAN code\n9",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.23. Recovery**\n\n**II.23.1**  If an amount is to be recovered under the terms of the FWC, the contractor must\nrepay the contracting authority the amount in question.\n**II.23.2. Recovery procedure**\nBefore  recovery, the contracting authority must  *formally notify*  the contractor of its\nintention to recover the amount it claims, specifying the amount due and the reasons for\nrecovery and inviting the contractor to make any observations within 30 days of receipt.\nIf no observations have been submitted or if, despite the observations submitted, the\ncontracting authority decides to pursue the recovery procedure, it must confirm recovery\nby  *formally notifying*  a debit note to the contractor, specifying the date of payment. The\ncontractor must pay in accordance with the provisions specified in the debit note.\nIf the contractor does not pay by the due date, the contracting authority may, after\ninforming the contractor in writing, recover the amounts due:\n(a)  by offsetting them against any amounts owed to the contractor by the contracting\nauthority;\n(b)  by calling in a financial guarantee if the contractor has submitted one to the contracting authority;\n(c)  by taking legal action.\n**II.23.3. Interest on late payment**\nIf the contractor does not honour the obligation to pay the amount due by the date set by\nthe contracting authority in the debit note, the amount due bears interest at the rate\nindicated in Article II.21.8. Interest on late payments will cover the period starting on the\nday after the due date for payment and ending on the date when the contracting authority\nreceives the full amount owed.\nAny partial payment is first entered against charges and interest on late payment and then\nagainst the principal amount.\n**II.23.4. Recovery rules in the case of joint tender**\nIf the contract is signed by a group (joint tender), the group is jointly and severally liable\nunder the conditions set out in Article II.6 (liability). The contracting authority shall send\nthe debit note first to the leader of the group.\nIf the leader does not pay by the due date the whole amount, and if the amount due cannot\nbe offset or can only be offset partially in accordance with Article II.23.2 (a), then the\ncontracting authority may claim the amount still due to any other member or members of\nthe group by respectively  *notifying*  them with a debit note in conformity with the provisions\nlaid down in Article II.23.2.",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.24. Checks and audits**\n\nremuneration as agreed within [  *complete*  ] weeks from [delivery of this statement]\n[receipt of confirmation of acceptance of the work]. [The statement of the creators\nconfirming payment is attached].\nDate, place, signature\nAnnex -  Statement by the creator (or right holder) (c)\n**Concerning [**   * **insert** *    * **name of the relevant result** *   **] delivered as part of the**\n**[framework] [specific] contract [**   * **insert title and number** *   **]**\n**concluded between the contracting authority and [**   * **name of the contractor** *   **]**\nI the undersigned [  *insert name of the creator or authorised representative of the right*\n*holder*  ] [representing  [  *insert name of the right holder*  ]]  declare that I am the right holder\nof: [  *identify the relevant parts of the result*  ] [which I created] [for which I received rights\nfrom [  *insert name of other right holder*  ]].\nContract number: [complete] Restricted FWC conditions of October 2018\n\nAnnankatu 18, P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland | Tel. +358 9 686180 | Fax +358 9 68618210 | echa.europa.eu\nI am aware of the above [framework] [specific] contract, especially Articles [I.10 and II.13]\nconcerning intellectual property rights and exploitation of the results and I confirm that I\ntransferred all the relevant rights to [  *insert name of contractor or other intermediary right*\n*holder*  ].\nI declare that [I have received full remuneration] [I agreed to receive remuneration by\n[  *insert date*  ]].\n[As creator, I also confirm that I do not object to the following:\n(a)  that my name be mentioned or not mentioned when the results are presented to the public;\n(b)  that the results be divulged or not after they have been delivered in their final\nversion to the contracting authority;\n(c)  that the results be adapted, provided that this is done in a manner which is not prejudicial to my honour or reputation.]\nDate, place, signature",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf",
+                "query": "According to the european chemical agency contracts, what is considers a grave professional misconduct ?",
+                "target_page": 14,
+                "target_passage": "'Grave professional misconduct': a violation of applicable laws or regulations or ethical standards of the profession to which a contractor or a related person belongs, including any conduct leading to sexual or other exploitation or abuse, or any wrongful conduct of the contractor or a related person which has an impact on its professional credibility where such conduct denotes wrongful intent or gross negligence.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.24. Checks and audits**\n\nthe Commission in order to protect the European Communities’ financial interests\nagainst  *fraud*  and other  *irregularities*  and Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013\nof the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 September 2013 concerning\ninvestigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office, the European Anti-\nFraud Office may carry out investigations, including on the spot checks and\ninspections, to establish whether there has been  *fraud*  , corruption or any other\nillegal activity under the contract affecting the financial interests of the Union.\nFindings arising from an investigation may lead to criminal prosecution under\nnational law.\nThe investigations may be carried out at any moment during the provision of the\nservices and up to five years starting from the payment of the balance of the last\nspecific contract issued under this FWC.\n**II.24.6**  The Court of Auditors, the European Public Prosecutor’s Office established by\nCouncil Regulation (EU) 2017/19397 <sup>7</sup> (‘the EPPO’) and, for the processing of\npersonal data, the European Data Protection Supervisor have the same rights as\nthe contracting authority, particularly right of access, for the purpose of checks,\n\n7 Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 of 12 October 2017 implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office\naudits and investigations.\n\n**ANNEX I -  Tender specifications**\n\n**ANNEX II -  Contractor’s tender**\n\n**ANNEX III**\n\n-  Model for specific contracts\n-  Model for order forms\n\n**SPECIFIC CONTRACT**\n**No [**   * **complete** *   **]**\n**implementing framework contract No ECHA/2019/355**\n\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented\nfor the purposes of signing this specific contract by [  *forename, surname, function,*\n*department of authorising officer*  ],\nand\n2. [  *Full official name*  ]\n[  *Official legal form*  ]\n**[**   *Statutory registration number or ID or passport number*   **]**\n[  *Full official address*  ]\n[  *VAT registration number*  ]\n[appointed as leader of the group by the members of the group that submitted the joint\ntender]\n[  *repeat these data as many times as there are contractors in case of joint tender and*\n*continue numbering*  ]\n([collectively] \"the contractor\"), represented for the purposes of signing this specific",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n1\n\n**DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES**\n**NUMBER — ECHA/2019/355**\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented\nfor the purposes of signing this framework contract by [  *forename, surname, function,*\n*directorate of authorising officer*  ],\nof the one part and\n2. [  *Full official name*  ]\n[  *Official legal form*  ]\n**[**   *Statutory registration number or ID or passport number*   **]**\n[  *Full official address*  ]\n[  *VAT registration number*  ]\n[appointed as the leader of the group by the members of the group that submitted the\njoint tender]\n[  *For joint tenders,*  r  *epeat these data as many times as there are contractors and continue*\n*numbering*  ]\n([collectively] ‘the contractor’), represented for the purposes of the signature of this\nframework contract by  [  *forename, surname, function of legal representative and name of*\n*company in the case of a joint tender*  ],\non the other part,\n\nHAVE AGREED\n\nto the  **special conditions,**  the  **general conditions for framework contracts**  for\nservices and the following annexes:\n**Annex I -**  Tender specifications (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex II**  - Contractor’s tender (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex III -**  [Model for order forms] [and] [model for specific contracts]\n2\nAnnex IV -  Daily subsistence allowances and accommodation flat rates for Finland\nAnnex V - (a) Declaration on list of pre-exisiting rights\n(b) Statement of the contractor concerning rights to delivered results and\n(c) Statement of creator (or right holder)\nwhich form an integral part of this framework contract (‘the FWC’).\nThis FWC sets out:\n1.  the procedure by which the contracting authority may order services from the contractor; 2.  the provisions that apply to any specific contract which the contracting authority and the contractor may conclude under this FWC; and 3.  the obligations of the parties during and after the duration of this FWC.\nAll documents issued by the contractor (end-user agreements, general terms and\nconditions, etc.) except its tender are held inapplicable, unless explicitly mentioned in the\nspecial conditions of this FWC. In all circumstances, in the event of contradiction between\nthis FWC and documents issued by the contractor, this FWC prevails, regardless of any\nprovision to the contrary in the contractor’s documents.\n\n3",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.24. Checks and audits**\n\ncontract by  [  *forename, surname and function of legal representative*  ,]\n\nHAVE AGREED\n**I.1.1.1.1.**   Article 1 Subject matter\n**1.1**   This specific contract implements framework contract (FWC) No ECHA/2019/355\nsigned by the parties on [  *complete date*  ]  *.*\n**1.2**   In accordance with the provisions set out in the FWC and in this specific contract\nand [its][their] annex[es], which form an integral part of it, the contractor must\nprovide the [following services:] [services specified in Annex [  *complete*  ]  *.*  ]\n**I.1.1.1.2.**   Article 2 Entry into force and duration\n**2.1**   This specific contract enters into force on the date on which the last party signs it.\n**2.2**  The provision of the services starts from the date of entry into force of this specific\ncontract.\n**2.3**  The provision of the services must not exceed [  *complete*  ]  **[**  days] [months  **]**  . The\nparties may extend the duration by written agreement before it elapses and before\nexpiry of the FWC.\n**I.1.1.1.3.**   Article 3 Price\n**3.1**   The price payable under this specific contract excluding reimbursement of expenses\nis EUR [  *amount in figures and in words*  ].\n[The maximum amount covering all services to be provided under this specific\ncontract including reimbursement of expenses and excluding price revision is EUR\n[  *amount in figures and in words*  ].]\n**3.2**   [Reimbursement of expenses is not applicable to this specific contract.] [Within the\nmaximum amount, up to EUR [  *amount in figures and in words*  ] is earmarked for\nexpenses, which must be reimbursed in accordance with the FWC].\n***\n**I.1.1.1.4.**   Article 4 communication details\nFor the purpose of this specific contract, communications must be sent to the following\naddresses:\nContracting authority:\nEuropean Chemicals Agency\n[Directorate [  *complete*  ]]\n[Unit [  *complete*  ]]\n[  *Postcode and city*  ]\nE-mail: [  *insert functional mailbox*  ]\nContractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender):\n[  *Full name*  ]\n[  *Function*  ]\n[  *Company name*  ]\n[  *Full official address*  ]\nE-mail: [  *complete*  ]\n**I.1.1.1.5.**   Article 5 Performance guarantee\nPerformance guarantee is not applicable to this specific contract.\n\n**I.1.1.1.6.**   Article 6 Retention money guarantee",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.9. Processing of personal data**\n\n(b) notify a personal data breach to the European Data Protection Supervisor; (c)\ncommunicate a personal data breach without undue delay to the data subject, where\napplicable; (d) carry out data protection impact assessments and prior consultations as\nnecessary.\nThe contractor shall maintain a record of all data processing operations carried on behalf\nof the controller, transfers of personal data, security breaches, responses to requests for\nexercising rights of people whose personal data is processed and requests for access to\npersonal data by third parties.\nThe contracting authority is subject to Protocol 7 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the\nEuropean Union on the privileges and immunities of the European Union, particularly as\nregards the inviolability of archives (including the physical location of data and services as\nset out in Article I.9.2) and data security, which includes personal data held on behalf of\nthe contracting authority in the premises of the contractor or subcontractor.\nThe contractor shall notify the contracting authority without delay of any legally binding\nrequest for disclosure of the personal data processed on behalf of the contracting authority\nmade by any national public authority, including an authority from a third country. The\ncontractor may not give such access without the prior written authorisation of the\ncontracting authority.\nThe duration of processing of personal data by the contractor will not exceed the period\nreferred to in Article II.24.2. Upon expiry of this period, the contractor shall, at the choice\nof the controller, return, without any undue delay in a commonly agreed format, all\npersonal data processed on behalf of the controller and the copies thereof or shall\neffectively delete all personal data unless Union or national law requires a longer storage\nof personal data.\nFor the purpose of Article II.10, if part or all of the processing of personal data is\nsubcontracted to a third party, the contractor shall pass on the obligations referred to in\nArticles I.9.2 and II.9.2 in writing to those parties, including subcontractors. At the request\nof the contracting authority, the contractor shall provide a document providing evidence of\nthis commitment.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.9. Processing of personal data**\n\nthe implementation, management and monitoring of the FWC. The contractor must ensure\nthat personnel authorised to process personal data has committed itself to confidentiality\nor is under appropriate statutory obligation of confidentiality in accordance with the\nprovisions of Article II.8.\nThe contractor shall adopt appropriate technical and organisational security measures,\ngiving due regard to the risks inherent in the processing and to the nature, scope, context\nand purposes of processing, in order to ensure, in particular, as appropriate:\n(a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data; (b) the ability to ensure the\nongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and\nservices; (c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely\nmanner in the event of a physical or technical incident; (d) a process for regularly testing,\nassessing and evaluating the effectiveness of technical and organisational measures for\nensuring the security of the processing; (e) measures to protect personal data from\naccidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of or access to\npersonal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.\nThe contractor shall notify relevant personal data breaches to the controller without undue\ndelay and at the latest within 48 hours after the contractor becomes aware of the breach.\nIn such cases, the contractor shall provide the controller with at least the following\ninformation:\n(a) nature of the personal data breach including where possible, the categories and\napproximate number of data subjects concerned and the categories and approximate\nnumber of personal data records concerned; (b) likely consequences of the breach; (c)\nmeasures taken or proposed to be taken to address the breach, including, where\nappropriate, measures to mitigate its possible adverse effects.\nThe contractor shall immediately inform the data controller if, in its opinion, an instruction\ninfringes Regulation (EU) 2018/1725, Regulation (EU) 2016/679, or other Union or Member\nState data protection provisions as referred to in the tender specifications.\nThe contractor shall assist the controller for the fulfilment of its obligations pursuant to\nArticle 33 to 41 under Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 to:\n(a) ensure compliance with its data protection obligations regarding the security of the\nprocessing, and  the confidentiality of electronic communications and directories of users;",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\n(v)  refining or otherwise processing oil.\n**29.**  —(1) A worker required to undertake or commence within the period during which they\nwould, but for this paragraph, have had to self-isolate in accordance with regulation 9—\n(a)  activities on or in relation to an offshore installation;\n(b)  activities on or in relation to upstream petroleum infrastructure;\n(c)  critical safety work on an offshore installation or well being decommissioned or\npreserved pending demolition or reuse; or\n(d)  activities for the provision of workers, goods, materials or equipment or other essential\nservices required to support the safe operation of the activities referred to in paragraphs\n(a) to (c),\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “offshore installation” has the meaning given in section 44 of the Petroleum Act 1998(  **a**  );\n(b)  “upstream petroleum infrastructure” has the meaning given in section 9H of the\nPetroleum Act 1998(  **b**  );\n(c)  “well” has the meaning given in section 45A(10) of the Petroleum Act 1998(  **c**  ).\n**30.**  A postal operator, as defined in section 27(3) of the Postal Services Act 2011(  **d**  ), where they\nhave travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n**31.**  A worker with specialist technical skills, where those specialist technical skills are required\nfor essential or emergency works or services (including commissioning, maintenance, and repairs\nand safety checks) to ensure the continued production, supply, movement, manufacture, storage or\npreservation of goods, where they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their\nwork or otherwise to commence or resume their work.\n**32.**  A worker with specialist technical skills, where those specialist technical skills are required\nfor essential or emergency works (including construction, commissioning, installation,\nmaintenance, repairs and safety checks) or to fulfil contractual obligations or warranty\nspecifications in, or in connection with, waste management facilities used for the management,\nsorting, treatment, recovery, or disposal of waste (including energy from waste), where they have\ntravelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n\n(  **a**  ) 1998 c. 17. Section 44 was amended by paragraph 11 of Schedule 1 to the Energy Act 2008 (c. 32).\n(  **b**  ) Section 9H was substituted by section 74(2) of the Energy Act 2016 (c. 20).",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.21. Payments and guarantees**\n\nThe contracting authority must  *notify*  the contractor (or leader in the case of joint tender)\nas soon as possible of any such suspension, giving the reasons for it. In cases b) and c)\nreferred above, the contracting authority shall notify the contractor (or leader in case of a\njoint tender) the time limits to submit additional information or corrections or a new version\nof the documents or deliverables if the contracting authority requires it.\nSuspension takes effect on the date the contracting authority sends the  *notification*  . The\nremaining payment period resumes from the date on which the requested information or\nrevised documents are received or the necessary further verification, including on-the-spot\nchecks, is carried out. Where the suspension period exceeds two months, the contractor\n(or leader in the case of a joint tender) may request the contracting authority to justify the\ncontinued suspension.\nWhere the payment periods have been suspended following rejection of a document\nreferred to in the first paragraph of this Article and the new document produced is also\nrejected, the contracting authority reserves the right to terminate the specific contract in\naccordance with Article II.18.1(c)  *.*\n**II.21.8. Interest on late payment**\nOn expiry of the payment periods specified in Article I.6, the contractor (or leader in the\ncase of a joint tender) is entitled to interest on late payment at the rate applied by the\nEuropean Central Bank for its main refinancing operations in euros (the reference rate)\nplus eight points. The reference rate is the rate in force, as published in the C series of the\n*Official Journal of the European Union,*  on the first day of the month in which the payment\nperiod ends.\nSuspension of the payment period as provided for in Article II.21.7 is not considered as\ngiving rise to late payment.\nInterest on late payment covers the period running from the day following the due date\nfor payment up to and including the date of payment as defined in Article II.21.1.\nHowever, when the calculated interest is EUR 200 or less, it must be paid to the contractor\n(or leader in the case of a joint tender) only if it requests it within two months of receiving\nlate payment.",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n#### * **3.1.2 Work intensity** *\n\nEU Working time directive <sup>46</sup> ) or labour agreements. <sup>47</sup>\nOf particular interest for OSH probably is that the changes in labour legislation, the production in\ninternational supply chains and technological improvements were sufficiently developed to shift quite a\nrelevant part of work to other types of contracts, that is, to  **subcontractors, self-employed or**\n**temporary agent workers**  and other forms of non-standard work contracts. Reasons were economic\nsavings but also better management of  **intense work periods, peak times and risky work**  .\nThese developments are probably the main reason that work intensity  **stayed at a similar level for the**\n**employed workers**  with a standard contract while the working conditions of other types of work\ndegraded. EU-OSHA has  **taken this conclusion**  already in 2002 in its report <sup>48</sup> on ‘New Forms of\nContractual Relationships and the Implications for Occupational Safety and Health’:\n*‘1. the transfer of risks in the (practical) conditions of work to non-permanent employees and to*\n*subcontractors;*\n*2. segmentation in the workforce based on differences in contractual conditions of employment (working*\n*hours, job insecurity, and qualifications).*\n*In the first scenario, risks directly related to working conditions (bad ambient and ergonomic conditions)*\n© MaciejBledowski/Adobe Stock\n*are shifted towards non-permanent workers and subcontractors, who have less protection and/or*\n*knowledge to cope with these risks. This scenario is not easy to verify in quantitative data, although it is*\n*frequently stated in case study research.’*\nAlso, Eurofound draws such conclusions on the  **impact of subcontracting on working conditions**  :\n*‘First, employees in subcontracting perceive higher health and safety risks, notably through more work-*\n*related accidents and increased time pressure. Second, there are a number of psychological risk factors,*\n*such as perceived economic insecurity and worries about losing one’s job, that are more likely among*\n*subcontracting workers.’*  <sup>49</sup>\nThere is even an evident  **relation between such forms of employment and higher rates of work**\n**accidents**  . In a first systematic review the authors conclude: <sup>50</sup>\n*‘This review supports an association between some of the dimensions of precarious employment and*\n*occupational injuries; most notably for multiple jobholders and employees of temp agencies or*\n*subcontractors at the same worksite. However, results for temporary employment are inconclusive.’*\n\n**OSH Barometer -  Mental risks:**\n[https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/working-conditions-preventions/working-](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/working-conditions-preventions/working-conditions)\n[conditions](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/working-conditions-preventions/working-conditions)\n**ESENER -  Data visualisation:**\n[https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/esener/en/survey/datavisualisation/2019](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/esener/en/survey/datavisualisation/2019)",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.9. Data controller**\n**I.9.1 Processing of personal data by the contracting authority**\nFor the purpose of Article II.9.1,\n(a) the data controller is ECHA;\n(b) the data protection notice is available at\n[https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13612/annex2_privacy_statement_procu](https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13612/annex2_privacy_statement_procurement_procedures_en.pdf/ed81cf95-4056-4bdf-adb5-c0f1bd0d57a5)\n[rement_procedures_en.pdf/ed81cf95-4056-4bdf-adb5-c0f1bd0d57a5](https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13612/annex2_privacy_statement_procurement_procedures_en.pdf/ed81cf95-4056-4bdf-adb5-c0f1bd0d57a5)\n**I.9.2 Processing of personal data by the contractor**\nThis clause is not applicable to this FWC.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **5 Major context developments and their influence on**\n\n### **5.4 Globalisation and OSH**\n\nIt would also generate a clearer picture of how the status of OSH in the EU would look after considering\nthe import and export of risks. <sup>317</sup> The national or European OSH data simply cannot give the full picture\nin a globalised production setting. <sup>318</sup>\nApproaches  **promoting OSH at all workplaces**  in these chains or networks can mitigate the negative\nimpacts of the relocation of production and service processes with high OSH risks. Global enterprises,\nbusiness federations, NGOs and governments support supply chain promotion; often it is a part of fair-\ntrade agreements or actions. Approaches  **promoting OSH at all workplaces**  in these chains or\nnetworks can mitigate the negative impacts of the relocation of production and service processes with\nhigh OSH risks. Examples are certificates of business organisations, the Global Reporting Initiative topic\nStandard for Occupational Safety and Health, <sup>319</sup> and the UN Principles for Responsible Investment. <sup>320</sup>\nAlso, national legislators are considering or discussing or have already agreed on supply chain\nlegislations. In 2022, the European Commission proposed a supply chain law, called ‘Corporate\nsustainability due diligence’, and the expectation is that  *‘The new rules will ensure that businesses*\n*address adverse impacts of their actions, including in their value chains inside and outside Europe.’*  <sup>321</sup>\nAlready in 2017 the EU issued a directive on several ‘conflict minerals’ (tin, tantalum and tungsten, their\nores, and gold). Its functioning is described in the preamble as follows:  *‘... supply chain due diligence is*\n*an ongoing, proactive and reactive process through which economic operators monitor and administer*\n*their purchases and sales with a view to ensuring that they do not contribute to conflict or the adverse*\n*impacts thereof.’*  <sup>322</sup>\n\n**Globalisation**  does not only refer to products and services but also to workforce that is working in other\ncountries on the same or another continent, temporarily or seasonally, sometimes permanently. An\nexchange of workforce of a similar level of skills and employment conditions probably poses few risks\nregarding OSH. A relevant risk shift takes place when workers from low- or medium-income countries\ntake over hard, dangerous and dirty work in high-income countries.",
+                    "page_start": 114,
+                    "page_end": 114,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf",
+                "query": "What or Corning's corporate values ?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": "Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n## performance leadersh i p innovat i on i ndependence\ni i i i i i i\nC O R P O R A T E V A L U E S :\nCorning’s Values provide an unchanging moral and ethical\ncompass that guides the actions of everyone in the company. The\ncorporate values are: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership,\nInnovation, Independence, and The Individual.\nT O T A L Q U A L I T Y :\nIn alignment with the quality policy of the corporation, our policy is\nto achieve Total Quality performance. Total Quality performance\nmeans understanding who the customer is, what the requirements\nare, and meeting those requirements better than anyone else,\nwithout error, on time, every time.\nTHE INTEGRATION OF OUR BELIEFS , WISDOM , CURIOSITY , & KNOWLEDGE PROVIDES BALANCE & STABILITY .",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nIntegrity ... quality ... treating individuals with dignity\nand respect ... these are the guiding principles of the\ndecisions we make. We know that in adhering to our\nValues, solid business performance will follow.\nOne Riverfront Plaza\nCorning, NY 14831-0001\n607 974 9000\nwww.corning.com\n02BR24601EN\nA N N U A L M E E T I N G\nThe annual meeting of shareholders will be held on\nThursday, April 24, 2003, in Corning, NY. A formal notice\nof the meeting together with a proxy statement will be mailed\nto shareholders on or about March 12, 2003. The proxy state-\nment can also be accessed electronically through the Investor\nRelations category of the Corning home page on the Internet\nat www.corning.com. A summary report of the proceedings\nat the annual meeting will be available without charge upon\nwritten request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and\nAssistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10,\nCorning, NY 14831.\nA D D I T I O N A L I N F O R M AT I O N\nA copy of Corning’s 2002 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed\nwith the Securities and Exchange Commission is available\nupon written request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and\nAssistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10,\nCorning, NY 14831. The Annual Report on Form 10-K can\nalso be accessed electronically through the Investor Relations\ncategory of the home page on the Internet at:\nwww.corning.com\nI N V E S T O R I N F O R M AT I O N\nInvestment analysts who need additional information may\ncontact Mr. Kenneth C. Sofio, Manager of Investor Relations,\nCorning Incorporated, HQ-E2-25, Corning, NY 14831;\nTelephone 607.974.9000\nC O M M O N S T O C K\nCorning Incorporated common stock is listed on the\nNew York Stock Exchange and the SWX Swiss Exchange.\nIn addition, it is traded on the Boston, Midwest, Pacific\nand Philadelphia stock exchanges. Common stock options\nare traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The\nabbreviated ticker symbol for Corning Incorporated is “GLW.”\nT RANSFER A GENT AND R EGISTRAR\nComputershare Investor Services LLC\nP.O. Box A-3504\nChicago, IL 60690-3504\nTelephone: 800.255.0461\nWebsite: www.computershare.com\nC HANGE OF A DDRESS\nReport change of address to Computershare\nInvestor Services at the above address.\nI N D E P E N D E N T A C C O U N TA N T S",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nmore than a commercial enterprise.\nWe are one company with a proud history of innovation\nspanning more than 150 years. That legacy has created a\ndiverse business portfolio and strong market leadership.\nWe have a time-tested set of Values and we rely on them\nto guide our every action. We also hold dear the pride of\nassociation that all who touch our corporation feel.\nShareholders, customers and employees understand that your\ncorporation has, for more than 150 years, produced useful\nand industry-creating products that have changed the lives\nof mankind.\nIn our long history, we’ve always come together in the face\nof a tough challenge — and you can count on us to continue\ndoing exactly that. I thank you for your continued confidence\nand assure you that we will succeed!\nSincerely,\nJames R. Houghton\nChairman and Chief Executive Officer\n52% C ORNING T ELECOMMUNICATIONS\n48%                               C ORNING T ECHNOLOGIES\n3\n2002\nWORLDWIDE REVENUES\n4\nF L A T P A N E L D I S P L A Y G L A S S :  L C D T E L E V I S I O N S\nD E S K T O P M O N I T O R S A N D L A P T O P S\nCorning’s historical success stems from its foundation as an inno-\nvative technology company. Our diverse portfolio of businesses\nspans a wide range of markets, and this is one of the main reasons\nwe are weathering the downturn in the telecommunications sector.\nThe businesses we classify as Corning Technologies — led by our\nliquid-crystal display (LCD) glass, environmental, and semicon-\nductor optics operations — were strong and profitable in 2002,\nwith aggressive plans for significant growth during 2003.\nOur LCD glass business has been a star performer, posting\nyear-over-year volume gains of more than 45 percent. We are the\nleading producer in this market. Our sales of glass for desktop\nmonitors have doubled over the past year alone — and there’s still\nplenty of room for more growth, since only about a quarter of\ndesktop displays sold in 2002 were LCD. And, LCD TVs are\njust beginning to gain popularity — we consider this one of our\nnext big opportunities, as the number of LCD TVs sold annually\nmore than doubled in 2002. Our EAGLE  <sup>2000TM</sup> glass substrates",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nWe also knew our strengths — and they were many! We knew we were not — nor had we ever been — merely a\ntelecommunications company. Rather, we are a technology company, with the materials and process expertise to create\nlife-changing products. That’s what we’ve been for all of our 152 years; that’s what we’ll continue to be.\nAnd we knew something else ... that our Values, the historic strength of our company, were alive and well. Quality, Integrity,\nPerformance, Leadership,Innovation,Independence and The Individual continue to guide our every move, and continue to set us\napart from other companies—especially those caught in the accounting scandals that marred the business world this past year.\nT O O U R S H A R E H O L D E R S :\nC H A I R M A N A N D C H I E F E X E C U T I V E O F F I C E R\n1\nJ A M E S R .  H O U G H T O N\n**W H A T W E D I D**\nSo, armed with full recognition of both our challenges and our\nstrengths, we set out to re-shape the company, adjusting to the\nnew realities of the market.\nDuring 2002, we relied on our Values to set the context in\nwhich we operated. From there, we focused relentlessly on a\nvery clear plan with three priorities:\nI TO PRESERVE THE FINANCIAL HEALTH OF THE COMPANY ;\nI TO RETURN TO PROFITABILITY IN 2003;\nI TO CONTINUE TO INVEST IN OUR FUTURE .\nDuring the course of the year — with a recovery in the\ntelecommunications industry still nowhere in sight — we\nrestructured the company and dramatically lowered our cost\nstructure. Meanwhile, we focused our research and develop-\nment efforts and recommitted ourselves to building those\nbusinesses which presented the most attractive near-term\nopportunities for growth — a large part of which are outside\nthe telecommunications segment. Our diverse portfolio and\nwealth of skills across a wide variety of markets had never\nbeen more important.\nThe plan—painful though it is—is working.\n**P R E S E R V I N G O U R F I N A N C I A L H E A L T H**\nNow, let’s take a look at our financial picture. Our 2002 sales",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nliquidity position right now.\nThe ongoing economic weakness and uncertainty in world\nevents continue to make the overall business environment\na volatile one. Still, we have greatly improved our ability\nto forecast revenues and expenses quarter-to-quarter, and\nwe are encouraged by the near-term growth potential of\nour non-telecommunications businesses — especially our\nliquid-crystal display, environmental and semiconductor\nbusinesses. If these markets continue to grow as we expect,\nwe are confident that we will be able to meet our goals.\nWe know that our shareholders are most eager to see a\ngreater return on their investment with Corning, and of\ncourse our return to profitability will be key to building back\nWall Street’s confidence. We are 100 percent committed\nto reaching that goal of profitability in 2003— and doing\nso within the rigorous compliance rules by which we\nhave always been guided. Integrity characterizes all our\nrelationships, both inside and outside of Corning, and we\nwill never compromise that foundation of our reputation.\nIn our business operations during 2002 we invested\na great deal of energy aligning our cost structure and\nbusiness plans with our priority of restoring profitability.\nAfter massive restructuring — following restructuring\nefforts we launched in 2001—we feel we now have our\ncost structure and growth strategies in place to accomplish\nthis goal.\nWe have re-balanced the company to take advantage of\nour broad and diverse set of businesses. And in charting\nour strategies, we have focused on ensuring that both our\nsegments have solid business plans in place, enabling\nthem to grow. Our people are rigorously committed to\nexecuting against these plans.\nAs you saw earlier in this report, our Corning\nTechnologies businesses are in markets with solid growth\npotential. We have leading market positions in attractive\nbusinesses ... we are ready to capitalize on that position of\nstrength. Meanwhile, we are making these businesses\neven more cost-effective through significant manufactur-\ning efficiency gains.\nIn telecommunications, we are not planning on a market\nrecovery in 2003. We have aligned our cost structure to\nmeet current demand levels after two very tough years\nof ongoing restructuring.\nWithin the context of our financial realities, however, we\nhave not lost our sense of self. We will meet our\ngoals...but the path we are taking to get there has been,\nand will continue to be, consistent with our Values.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nPricewaterhouseCoopers LLP\n1301 Avenue of the Americas\nNew York, NY 10019\n“ Sa fe  Ha rbor”  St a t e m e nt  unde r t he  Pri vate\nSe c uri t i e s  Li t i ga t i on R e form  Ac t  of 1995\nThe statements in this annual report that are not historical\nfacts or information are forward-looking statements. These\nforward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties\nthat may cause the outcome to be materially different. Such\nrisks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:\n— global economic and political conditions,\n— currency fluctuations,\n— product demand and industry capacity,\n— competitive products and pricing,\n— sufficiency of manufacturing capacity and efficiencies,\n— cost reductions,\n— availability and costs of critical materials,\n— new product development and commercialization,\n— attracting and retaining key personnel,\n— order activity and demand from major customers,\n— fluctuations in capital spending by customers\nin the telecommunications industry and other\nbusiness segments,\n— financial condition of customers,\n— changes in the mix of sales between premium\nand non-premium products,\n— facility expansions and new plant start-up costs,\n— adverse litigation or regulatory developments, including\nfuture or pending tax legislation,\n— adequacy and availability of insurance,\n— capital resource and cash flow activities,\n— capital spending,\n— equity company activities,\n— interest costs,\n— acquisition and divestiture activity,\n— the rate of technology change,\n— the ability to enforce patents,\n— product performance issues,\n— stock price fluctuations, and\n— other risks detailed in Corning’s SEC filings.\nNeither this report nor any statement contained herein is\nfurnished in connection with any offering of securities or for\nthe purpose of promoting or influencing the sale of securities.\nCorning is an equal opportunity employer.\nPrinted in USA\n© Corning Incorporated 2003\nI N V E S T O R I N F O R M A T I O N :\n**Corning Incorporated**",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nin millions, except per share amounts\nN ET S ALES $ 3,164 $ 6,047 $ 6,920 $ 4,586           $ 3,687\n(Loss) income from continuing operations (1,780) (5,532) 363 482                333\nIncome from discontinued operations 478 34 59 34                  88\nN ET (L OSS ) I NCOME\n|  $ (1,302)  |  5,498)  $  |  $ 422  |  $ 516  |  $  421  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| $ (1,430)  | $ (5,499)  | $ 421  | $ 515  | $  420  |\n| $ (1.85) 0.46  | $ (5.93)  0.04  | $ 0.41 0.07  | $ 0.61  0.12 | $ 0.44  0.12 |\n| $ (1.39)  | 5.89)  $  | $ 0.48  | $ 0.66  | $  0.56  |\n(L OSS ) I NCOME A VAILABLE TO C OMMON S HAREHOLDERS *\nD ILUTED (L OSS ) E ARNINGS P ER C OMMON S HARE\nContinuing operations\nDiscontinued operations\nN ET (L OSS ) I NCOME P ER C OMMON S HARE\nF I N A N C I A L H I G H L I G H T S :\n2002 2001 2000 1999 1998\n* Net of preferred dividend requirements for Series B convertible preferred stock and Series C mandatory convertible preferred stock.\nWe will long remember 2002 as one of the most challenging years — if not the most challenging — in Corning Incorporated’s\nlong history. I quickly became even more steeped in these challenges in April when, at the request of our Board of Directors,\nI returned to the company as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.\nSince that time, I am increasingly convinced that, despite our downturn, the long-term future of Corning remains bright and\nfilled with opportunity.\nBut in the meantime, we have been living in a very difficult reality -  one marked by ongoing quarterly losses and drops in\nrevenue. You, our shareholders—along with our employees and our friends in the communities we serve—felt the pain. We all\nwatched our businesses retrench, battered by a weakened global economy and Wall Street turmoil. And we could only wonder\nwhat bad news would be next as our stock value continued its seemingly relentless decline.\nWith the severe drop-off in revenues from our telecommunications customers, we knew we could no longer afford to keep\nup the costly infrastructure of facilities and staff we had in place. Put simply, we couldn’t spend more than we were making.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nstreamlined our processes to develop and commercialize promising\nopportunities more quickly and efficiently. We have emphasized\nour patent processes to ensure strong competitive positions from the\ncritical intellectual assets of our scientific organization.\nOur R&D organization is aligned with our operating goals and\nplays a critical role in meeting them. Our scientists and engineers\nare closely linked to our operations and are focused not only on\nnew product development, but also new process development. They\nare discovering new ways to manufacture innovative products with\nlowered cost and increased quality performance.\nInnovation is one of Corning’s core Values. It is the everyday\nlanguage and mindset of the company. Even in the face of difficult\neconomic conditions, we will pursue our tradition of developing\nbreakthrough technologies for the markets we serve — from\ntelecommunications to environmental — and will capitalize on the\ncreation of new market opportunities made possible by our strong\ncommitment to research and development.\nS C I E N C E &  T E C H N O L O G Y\nW E N D E L L P .  W E E K S J A M E S B .  F L A W S\nV I C E C H A I R M A N\nA N D C H I E F F I N A N C I A L O F F I C E R\nP R E S I D E N T\nA N D C H I E F O P E R A T I N G O F F I C E R\n8\nWe take great pride in saying that Corning continues to be\na financially sound company, thanks to the aggressive\nstrategies we executed throughout 2002. Although it has\nbeen a very painful process, we have dramatically slowed\nthe rate at which we are spending cash. We ended the year\nwith a balance of cash and short-term investments of\n$2.1 billion. And we have access to $2 billion in credit\nthat we haven’t touched — and don’t plan to. We also\ncontinue to pay down debt each quarter. This, combined\nwith our plan to return to profitability in 2003, gives us\na high degree of confidence in our ability to meet any\nfuture financial obligations. So, we feel very good about our",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nI continue to be extremely excited about the future opportunities\nemerging from our 152-year legacy of scientific innovations.\nWe are concentrating our efforts on high-impact, near-term\ngrowth initiatives with emphasis on our liquid-crystal display,\ndiesel filter, and chemical processing projects.\nAnd we are certainly not giving up on optical communica-\ntions. We have the biggest share of the optical fiber market,\nby far, and continue to be the low-cost producer for anyone\nneeding to move information from place to place. So while\nwe’ve scaled back on production of fiber and other optical\nproducts, we certainly believe that they will continue to be\nan important part of our product mix again in the future. The\noptical communications industry is still in its infancy and we\nwill capitalize on our leadership position to grow both our\nearnings and return on shareholder equity.\nYes, we have trimmed our investment in research to a level\nappropriate with our lowered revenues. But we’re committed\nto research today even more than we have been in the past.\nWe are applying more than 10 percent of our revenues toward\nresearch. Some may question this high level of commitment in\nthese times ... but we simply will not back away from it. We\nhave more than 1,000 scientists and researchers in our\nlaboratories. They are at the heart of our innovation engine,\nand they’re going to stay that way!\nAnd in investing in our future, we are talking about more than\njust our scientific labs. We are continuing to invest in our\npeople—all 23,200 of them, in plants and offices throughout\nthe world — who are continuing to move us forward toward\nour goals. They have been through a lot during this downturn,\nand we have done our best to set a tone of open, honest\ncommunication, even when the news hasn’t been good. In the\nyear ahead, I’ve told our managers to place special emphasis\non our Value of  *The Individual*  ... knowing that, in the end,\nthe commitment and contribution of all our employees will\ndetermine our success.\n**L O O K I N G A H E A D**\nAs a company, we have been through an extraordinarily diffi-\ncult time. We continue to face some formidable challenges.\nBut we are facing them with some equally formidable strengths.\nCorning Incorporated is more than the sum of its parts—much",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nfrom continuing operations were $3.2 billion, a significant\ndecline from 2001 sales of $6.1 billion. Losses in our\ntelecommunications segment and significant restructuring\nand impairment charges drove a net loss of $1.3 billion or\n$1.39 per share in 2002.\nDespite these lowered revenues and net loss, I take great\npride in saying that Corning continues to be a financially\nsound company. We developed a three-part plan for achieving\nthis goal: maintaining significant cash balances; using excess\ncash to reduce our debt; and continuing to have access to our\n$2 billion revolving line of credit. And we have achieved\nsignificant success in each of these areas.\nAlthough it has been a very painful process, we have dramat-\nically slowed the rate at which we are consuming cash and\nshort term investments. Much of this, regrettably, was through\na variety of plant closures and the elimination of about 7,100\njobs, in addition to the 12,000 jobs we eliminated last year.\nAs a result, a major drain on cash has been due to severance\npayments. Beyond severance, our actual cash usage for our\noperations has become very low. We have also added to our\ncash reserves through such actions as our preferred stock\noffering in July, and the sale of our Ohio-based precision lens\nbusiness to 3M late in the year. As a result of all these actions,\nwe were able to end the year with about $2.1 billion in cash\nand short-term investments.\nIn keeping with this strategy, we also continue to pay down\ndebt each quarter. Over the course of 2002 and the first month\nof this year, we repaid about $975 million in debt, including\ncommercial paper.\nWe haven’t touched our $2 billion in credit — and we don’t\nintend to. We maintain our access to this credit by keeping our\ndebt-to-capital ratio lower than 60 percent. Our ratio at year\nend was 46.7 percent, well within the compliance range in our\ncredit agreement. And as we execute on our plan to pay down\ndebt, that ratio will drop even further.\nAll that said, we are preserving what we believe is a strong\nliquidity position. And our balance sheet will continue to\nimprove in 2003 as we gain more benefits from last year’s\nrestructuring actions. We will continue to maintain our focus\non improving our cash flow and reducing our debt levels as",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf",
+                "query": "As a Corning's investor, how can I get a summary of the annual meeting of shareholders ?",
+                "target_page": 11,
+                "target_passage": "A summary report of the proceedings at the annual meeting will be available without charge upon written request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and Assistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10, Corning, NY 14831",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nIntegrity ... quality ... treating individuals with dignity\nand respect ... these are the guiding principles of the\ndecisions we make. We know that in adhering to our\nValues, solid business performance will follow.\nOne Riverfront Plaza\nCorning, NY 14831-0001\n607 974 9000\nwww.corning.com\n02BR24601EN\nA N N U A L M E E T I N G\nThe annual meeting of shareholders will be held on\nThursday, April 24, 2003, in Corning, NY. A formal notice\nof the meeting together with a proxy statement will be mailed\nto shareholders on or about March 12, 2003. The proxy state-\nment can also be accessed electronically through the Investor\nRelations category of the Corning home page on the Internet\nat www.corning.com. A summary report of the proceedings\nat the annual meeting will be available without charge upon\nwritten request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and\nAssistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10,\nCorning, NY 14831.\nA D D I T I O N A L I N F O R M AT I O N\nA copy of Corning’s 2002 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed\nwith the Securities and Exchange Commission is available\nupon written request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and\nAssistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10,\nCorning, NY 14831. The Annual Report on Form 10-K can\nalso be accessed electronically through the Investor Relations\ncategory of the home page on the Internet at:\nwww.corning.com\nI N V E S T O R I N F O R M AT I O N\nInvestment analysts who need additional information may\ncontact Mr. Kenneth C. Sofio, Manager of Investor Relations,\nCorning Incorporated, HQ-E2-25, Corning, NY 14831;\nTelephone 607.974.9000\nC O M M O N S T O C K\nCorning Incorporated common stock is listed on the\nNew York Stock Exchange and the SWX Swiss Exchange.\nIn addition, it is traded on the Boston, Midwest, Pacific\nand Philadelphia stock exchanges. Common stock options\nare traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The\nabbreviated ticker symbol for Corning Incorporated is “GLW.”\nT RANSFER A GENT AND R EGISTRAR\nComputershare Investor Services LLC\nP.O. Box A-3504\nChicago, IL 60690-3504\nTelephone: 800.255.0461\nWebsite: www.computershare.com\nC HANGE OF A DDRESS\nReport change of address to Computershare\nInvestor Services at the above address.\nI N D E P E N D E N T A C C O U N TA N T S",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nliquidity position right now.\nThe ongoing economic weakness and uncertainty in world\nevents continue to make the overall business environment\na volatile one. Still, we have greatly improved our ability\nto forecast revenues and expenses quarter-to-quarter, and\nwe are encouraged by the near-term growth potential of\nour non-telecommunications businesses — especially our\nliquid-crystal display, environmental and semiconductor\nbusinesses. If these markets continue to grow as we expect,\nwe are confident that we will be able to meet our goals.\nWe know that our shareholders are most eager to see a\ngreater return on their investment with Corning, and of\ncourse our return to profitability will be key to building back\nWall Street’s confidence. We are 100 percent committed\nto reaching that goal of profitability in 2003— and doing\nso within the rigorous compliance rules by which we\nhave always been guided. Integrity characterizes all our\nrelationships, both inside and outside of Corning, and we\nwill never compromise that foundation of our reputation.\nIn our business operations during 2002 we invested\na great deal of energy aligning our cost structure and\nbusiness plans with our priority of restoring profitability.\nAfter massive restructuring — following restructuring\nefforts we launched in 2001—we feel we now have our\ncost structure and growth strategies in place to accomplish\nthis goal.\nWe have re-balanced the company to take advantage of\nour broad and diverse set of businesses. And in charting\nour strategies, we have focused on ensuring that both our\nsegments have solid business plans in place, enabling\nthem to grow. Our people are rigorously committed to\nexecuting against these plans.\nAs you saw earlier in this report, our Corning\nTechnologies businesses are in markets with solid growth\npotential. We have leading market positions in attractive\nbusinesses ... we are ready to capitalize on that position of\nstrength. Meanwhile, we are making these businesses\neven more cost-effective through significant manufactur-\ning efficiency gains.\nIn telecommunications, we are not planning on a market\nrecovery in 2003. We have aligned our cost structure to\nmeet current demand levels after two very tough years\nof ongoing restructuring.\nWithin the context of our financial realities, however, we\nhave not lost our sense of self. We will meet our\ngoals...but the path we are taking to get there has been,\nand will continue to be, consistent with our Values.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nin millions, except per share amounts\nN ET S ALES $ 3,164 $ 6,047 $ 6,920 $ 4,586           $ 3,687\n(Loss) income from continuing operations (1,780) (5,532) 363 482                333\nIncome from discontinued operations 478 34 59 34                  88\nN ET (L OSS ) I NCOME\n|  $ (1,302)  |  5,498)  $  |  $ 422  |  $ 516  |  $  421  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| $ (1,430)  | $ (5,499)  | $ 421  | $ 515  | $  420  |\n| $ (1.85) 0.46  | $ (5.93)  0.04  | $ 0.41 0.07  | $ 0.61  0.12 | $ 0.44  0.12 |\n| $ (1.39)  | 5.89)  $  | $ 0.48  | $ 0.66  | $  0.56  |\n(L OSS ) I NCOME A VAILABLE TO C OMMON S HAREHOLDERS *\nD ILUTED (L OSS ) E ARNINGS P ER C OMMON S HARE\nContinuing operations\nDiscontinued operations\nN ET (L OSS ) I NCOME P ER C OMMON S HARE\nF I N A N C I A L H I G H L I G H T S :\n2002 2001 2000 1999 1998\n* Net of preferred dividend requirements for Series B convertible preferred stock and Series C mandatory convertible preferred stock.\nWe will long remember 2002 as one of the most challenging years — if not the most challenging — in Corning Incorporated’s\nlong history. I quickly became even more steeped in these challenges in April when, at the request of our Board of Directors,\nI returned to the company as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.\nSince that time, I am increasingly convinced that, despite our downturn, the long-term future of Corning remains bright and\nfilled with opportunity.\nBut in the meantime, we have been living in a very difficult reality -  one marked by ongoing quarterly losses and drops in\nrevenue. You, our shareholders—along with our employees and our friends in the communities we serve—felt the pain. We all\nwatched our businesses retrench, battered by a weakened global economy and Wall Street turmoil. And we could only wonder\nwhat bad news would be next as our stock value continued its seemingly relentless decline.\nWith the severe drop-off in revenues from our telecommunications customers, we knew we could no longer afford to keep\nup the costly infrastructure of facilities and staff we had in place. Put simply, we couldn’t spend more than we were making.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nPricewaterhouseCoopers LLP\n1301 Avenue of the Americas\nNew York, NY 10019\n“ Sa fe  Ha rbor”  St a t e m e nt  unde r t he  Pri vate\nSe c uri t i e s  Li t i ga t i on R e form  Ac t  of 1995\nThe statements in this annual report that are not historical\nfacts or information are forward-looking statements. These\nforward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties\nthat may cause the outcome to be materially different. Such\nrisks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:\n— global economic and political conditions,\n— currency fluctuations,\n— product demand and industry capacity,\n— competitive products and pricing,\n— sufficiency of manufacturing capacity and efficiencies,\n— cost reductions,\n— availability and costs of critical materials,\n— new product development and commercialization,\n— attracting and retaining key personnel,\n— order activity and demand from major customers,\n— fluctuations in capital spending by customers\nin the telecommunications industry and other\nbusiness segments,\n— financial condition of customers,\n— changes in the mix of sales between premium\nand non-premium products,\n— facility expansions and new plant start-up costs,\n— adverse litigation or regulatory developments, including\nfuture or pending tax legislation,\n— adequacy and availability of insurance,\n— capital resource and cash flow activities,\n— capital spending,\n— equity company activities,\n— interest costs,\n— acquisition and divestiture activity,\n— the rate of technology change,\n— the ability to enforce patents,\n— product performance issues,\n— stock price fluctuations, and\n— other risks detailed in Corning’s SEC filings.\nNeither this report nor any statement contained herein is\nfurnished in connection with any offering of securities or for\nthe purpose of promoting or influencing the sale of securities.\nCorning is an equal opportunity employer.\nPrinted in USA\n© Corning Incorporated 2003\nI N V E S T O R I N F O R M A T I O N :\n**Corning Incorporated**",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nfrom continuing operations were $3.2 billion, a significant\ndecline from 2001 sales of $6.1 billion. Losses in our\ntelecommunications segment and significant restructuring\nand impairment charges drove a net loss of $1.3 billion or\n$1.39 per share in 2002.\nDespite these lowered revenues and net loss, I take great\npride in saying that Corning continues to be a financially\nsound company. We developed a three-part plan for achieving\nthis goal: maintaining significant cash balances; using excess\ncash to reduce our debt; and continuing to have access to our\n$2 billion revolving line of credit. And we have achieved\nsignificant success in each of these areas.\nAlthough it has been a very painful process, we have dramat-\nically slowed the rate at which we are consuming cash and\nshort term investments. Much of this, regrettably, was through\na variety of plant closures and the elimination of about 7,100\njobs, in addition to the 12,000 jobs we eliminated last year.\nAs a result, a major drain on cash has been due to severance\npayments. Beyond severance, our actual cash usage for our\noperations has become very low. We have also added to our\ncash reserves through such actions as our preferred stock\noffering in July, and the sale of our Ohio-based precision lens\nbusiness to 3M late in the year. As a result of all these actions,\nwe were able to end the year with about $2.1 billion in cash\nand short-term investments.\nIn keeping with this strategy, we also continue to pay down\ndebt each quarter. Over the course of 2002 and the first month\nof this year, we repaid about $975 million in debt, including\ncommercial paper.\nWe haven’t touched our $2 billion in credit — and we don’t\nintend to. We maintain our access to this credit by keeping our\ndebt-to-capital ratio lower than 60 percent. Our ratio at year\nend was 46.7 percent, well within the compliance range in our\ncredit agreement. And as we execute on our plan to pay down\ndebt, that ratio will drop even further.\nAll that said, we are preserving what we believe is a strong\nliquidity position. And our balance sheet will continue to\nimprove in 2003 as we gain more benefits from last year’s\nrestructuring actions. We will continue to maintain our focus\non improving our cash flow and reducing our debt levels as",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nmore than a commercial enterprise.\nWe are one company with a proud history of innovation\nspanning more than 150 years. That legacy has created a\ndiverse business portfolio and strong market leadership.\nWe have a time-tested set of Values and we rely on them\nto guide our every action. We also hold dear the pride of\nassociation that all who touch our corporation feel.\nShareholders, customers and employees understand that your\ncorporation has, for more than 150 years, produced useful\nand industry-creating products that have changed the lives\nof mankind.\nIn our long history, we’ve always come together in the face\nof a tough challenge — and you can count on us to continue\ndoing exactly that. I thank you for your continued confidence\nand assure you that we will succeed!\nSincerely,\nJames R. Houghton\nChairman and Chief Executive Officer\n52% C ORNING T ELECOMMUNICATIONS\n48%                               C ORNING T ECHNOLOGIES\n3\n2002\nWORLDWIDE REVENUES\n4\nF L A T P A N E L D I S P L A Y G L A S S :  L C D T E L E V I S I O N S\nD E S K T O P M O N I T O R S A N D L A P T O P S\nCorning’s historical success stems from its foundation as an inno-\nvative technology company. Our diverse portfolio of businesses\nspans a wide range of markets, and this is one of the main reasons\nwe are weathering the downturn in the telecommunications sector.\nThe businesses we classify as Corning Technologies — led by our\nliquid-crystal display (LCD) glass, environmental, and semicon-\nductor optics operations — were strong and profitable in 2002,\nwith aggressive plans for significant growth during 2003.\nOur LCD glass business has been a star performer, posting\nyear-over-year volume gains of more than 45 percent. We are the\nleading producer in this market. Our sales of glass for desktop\nmonitors have doubled over the past year alone — and there’s still\nplenty of room for more growth, since only about a quarter of\ndesktop displays sold in 2002 were LCD. And, LCD TVs are\njust beginning to gain popularity — we consider this one of our\nnext big opportunities, as the number of LCD TVs sold annually\nmore than doubled in 2002. Our EAGLE  <sup>2000TM</sup> glass substrates",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nwe look ahead to our longer-term goal of regaining an invest-\nment-grade debt rating.\n**R E T U R N I N G T O P R O F I T A B I L I T Y**\nIn 2003, we will focus our energy on the plan to return to\nprofitability. We are on track to reach that goal, and let me\nexplain a few of the reasons why.\nOur Technologies segment has had a strong year, and has set\naggressive goals for both sales and profit growth for 2003. The\ntime is right for these businesses to lead the way to our return\nto profitability — particularly our liquid-crystal display, envi-\nronmental and semiconductor optics businesses. These are\nstrong businesses which continue to set the standard for their\nmarkets and have plenty of growth potential. If the industries\nin which we participate expand as we expect, we have every\nconfidence these businesses will be able to meet their goals.\nWe are also well on our way toward getting our optical fiber\nand cable operations back to profitability as we reduce our\nfixed cost structure. In October, we announced plans to\nclose several of our fiber plants and to streamline our cable\n2001\nWORLDWIDE REVENUES\nC ORNING T ELECOMMUNICATIONS 74%\nC ORNING T ECHNOLOGIES 26%\n2\noperations throughout the world. These actions are key to\nreaching this goal of profitability. The optical fiber and cable\nbusiness remains challenging for the short term, but there is\nstill a great deal of long-term value to be realized in this\nbusiness. We believe our cost structure is coming in line with\nour current reduced revenue expectations.\nThe optical components market remains very weak and as\na result our photonic technologies business will need to take\nfurther action to reduce costs. In this challenging environment,\nwe have narrowed our product focus and continue to explore\nseveral strategic options.\nLastly, we are continuing to drive down costs in our adminis-\ntrative and staff functions by standardizing processes and\ncentralizing activities wherever possible.\nAnd as we reach that goal of profitability—as a smaller, more\nfocused, yet highly diverse and balanced company — we are\nconfident that you, our shareholders, will experience greater\nreturns on your investments.\n**I N V E S T I N G I N O U R F U T U R E**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nI continue to be extremely excited about the future opportunities\nemerging from our 152-year legacy of scientific innovations.\nWe are concentrating our efforts on high-impact, near-term\ngrowth initiatives with emphasis on our liquid-crystal display,\ndiesel filter, and chemical processing projects.\nAnd we are certainly not giving up on optical communica-\ntions. We have the biggest share of the optical fiber market,\nby far, and continue to be the low-cost producer for anyone\nneeding to move information from place to place. So while\nwe’ve scaled back on production of fiber and other optical\nproducts, we certainly believe that they will continue to be\nan important part of our product mix again in the future. The\noptical communications industry is still in its infancy and we\nwill capitalize on our leadership position to grow both our\nearnings and return on shareholder equity.\nYes, we have trimmed our investment in research to a level\nappropriate with our lowered revenues. But we’re committed\nto research today even more than we have been in the past.\nWe are applying more than 10 percent of our revenues toward\nresearch. Some may question this high level of commitment in\nthese times ... but we simply will not back away from it. We\nhave more than 1,000 scientists and researchers in our\nlaboratories. They are at the heart of our innovation engine,\nand they’re going to stay that way!\nAnd in investing in our future, we are talking about more than\njust our scientific labs. We are continuing to invest in our\npeople—all 23,200 of them, in plants and offices throughout\nthe world — who are continuing to move us forward toward\nour goals. They have been through a lot during this downturn,\nand we have done our best to set a tone of open, honest\ncommunication, even when the news hasn’t been good. In the\nyear ahead, I’ve told our managers to place special emphasis\non our Value of  *The Individual*  ... knowing that, in the end,\nthe commitment and contribution of all our employees will\ndetermine our success.\n**L O O K I N G A H E A D**\nAs a company, we have been through an extraordinarily diffi-\ncult time. We continue to face some formidable challenges.\nBut we are facing them with some equally formidable strengths.\nCorning Incorporated is more than the sum of its parts—much",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# There’s only to run a business... The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. 2001 Summary Annual Re[...]\n\n### *attitude*\n\n36\n**Corporate Information**\n####### **Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\n690 Asylum Avenue\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\n860-547-5000\n####### **Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com\n####### **Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s\nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on\nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00a.m. in the Wallace Stevens\nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s\nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut.\nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled\nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting.\n####### **Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of\nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the\nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended\nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms\n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications\nare also available through this toll-free number.\n####### **Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records,\ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact\nThe Hartford’s transfer agent:\nThe Bank of New York\nShareholder Relations Department- 11E\nP.O. Box 11258\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\n800-254-2823\nTo send certificates for transfer and address changes:\nThe Bank of New York\nReceive and Deliver Department- 11W\nP.O. Box 11002\nChurch Street Station\nNew York, NY 10286\nAddress inquiries about The Hartford’s Dividend\nReinvestment and Cash Payment Plan to:\nThe Bank of New York\nDividend Reinvestment Department\nP.O. Box 1958\nNewark, NJ 07101-9774\nE-mail: shareowner-svcs@bankofny.com\nInternet address: www.stockbny.com\n####### **Investor Relations**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nHartford Plaza, HO-1-01\nHartford, Connecticut 06115\nAttn: Investor Relations\n860-547-2537\n####### **Media Inquiries**\nThe Hartford Financial\nServices Group, Inc.\nMedia Relations\nHartford Plaza, T-12-56\nHartford, CT 06115\n860-547-5200\n####### **Common Stock and Dividend Information**\nThe Hartford’s common stock is traded on the New York\nStock Exchange (NYSE) under the trading symbol “HIG.”\nThe following table presents the high and low closing prices\nfor the common stock of The Hartford on the NYSE for\nthe periods indicated, and the quarterly dividends declared\nper share.\nCommon Stock Price Dividends\nHigh Low Declared",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nstreamlined our processes to develop and commercialize promising\nopportunities more quickly and efficiently. We have emphasized\nour patent processes to ensure strong competitive positions from the\ncritical intellectual assets of our scientific organization.\nOur R&D organization is aligned with our operating goals and\nplays a critical role in meeting them. Our scientists and engineers\nare closely linked to our operations and are focused not only on\nnew product development, but also new process development. They\nare discovering new ways to manufacture innovative products with\nlowered cost and increased quality performance.\nInnovation is one of Corning’s core Values. It is the everyday\nlanguage and mindset of the company. Even in the face of difficult\neconomic conditions, we will pursue our tradition of developing\nbreakthrough technologies for the markets we serve — from\ntelecommunications to environmental — and will capitalize on the\ncreation of new market opportunities made possible by our strong\ncommitment to research and development.\nS C I E N C E &  T E C H N O L O G Y\nW E N D E L L P .  W E E K S J A M E S B .  F L A W S\nV I C E C H A I R M A N\nA N D C H I E F F I N A N C I A L O F F I C E R\nP R E S I D E N T\nA N D C H I E F O P E R A T I N G O F F I C E R\n8\nWe take great pride in saying that Corning continues to be\na financially sound company, thanks to the aggressive\nstrategies we executed throughout 2002. Although it has\nbeen a very painful process, we have dramatically slowed\nthe rate at which we are spending cash. We ended the year\nwith a balance of cash and short-term investments of\n$2.1 billion. And we have access to $2 billion in credit\nthat we haven’t touched — and don’t plan to. We also\ncontinue to pay down debt each quarter. This, combined\nwith our plan to return to profitability in 2003, gives us\na high degree of confidence in our ability to meet any\nfuture financial obligations. So, we feel very good about our",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf",
+                "query": "How many employees did Corning company count at the end of 2002 ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "We are continuing to invest in our people — all 23,200 of them",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 7
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nfrom continuing operations were $3.2 billion, a significant\ndecline from 2001 sales of $6.1 billion. Losses in our\ntelecommunications segment and significant restructuring\nand impairment charges drove a net loss of $1.3 billion or\n$1.39 per share in 2002.\nDespite these lowered revenues and net loss, I take great\npride in saying that Corning continues to be a financially\nsound company. We developed a three-part plan for achieving\nthis goal: maintaining significant cash balances; using excess\ncash to reduce our debt; and continuing to have access to our\n$2 billion revolving line of credit. And we have achieved\nsignificant success in each of these areas.\nAlthough it has been a very painful process, we have dramat-\nically slowed the rate at which we are consuming cash and\nshort term investments. Much of this, regrettably, was through\na variety of plant closures and the elimination of about 7,100\njobs, in addition to the 12,000 jobs we eliminated last year.\nAs a result, a major drain on cash has been due to severance\npayments. Beyond severance, our actual cash usage for our\noperations has become very low. We have also added to our\ncash reserves through such actions as our preferred stock\noffering in July, and the sale of our Ohio-based precision lens\nbusiness to 3M late in the year. As a result of all these actions,\nwe were able to end the year with about $2.1 billion in cash\nand short-term investments.\nIn keeping with this strategy, we also continue to pay down\ndebt each quarter. Over the course of 2002 and the first month\nof this year, we repaid about $975 million in debt, including\ncommercial paper.\nWe haven’t touched our $2 billion in credit — and we don’t\nintend to. We maintain our access to this credit by keeping our\ndebt-to-capital ratio lower than 60 percent. Our ratio at year\nend was 46.7 percent, well within the compliance range in our\ncredit agreement. And as we execute on our plan to pay down\ndebt, that ratio will drop even further.\nAll that said, we are preserving what we believe is a strong\nliquidity position. And our balance sheet will continue to\nimprove in 2003 as we gain more benefits from last year’s\nrestructuring actions. We will continue to maintain our focus\non improving our cash flow and reducing our debt levels as",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nin millions, except per share amounts\nN ET S ALES $ 3,164 $ 6,047 $ 6,920 $ 4,586           $ 3,687\n(Loss) income from continuing operations (1,780) (5,532) 363 482                333\nIncome from discontinued operations 478 34 59 34                  88\nN ET (L OSS ) I NCOME\n|  $ (1,302)  |  5,498)  $  |  $ 422  |  $ 516  |  $  421  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| $ (1,430)  | $ (5,499)  | $ 421  | $ 515  | $  420  |\n| $ (1.85) 0.46  | $ (5.93)  0.04  | $ 0.41 0.07  | $ 0.61  0.12 | $ 0.44  0.12 |\n| $ (1.39)  | 5.89)  $  | $ 0.48  | $ 0.66  | $  0.56  |\n(L OSS ) I NCOME A VAILABLE TO C OMMON S HAREHOLDERS *\nD ILUTED (L OSS ) E ARNINGS P ER C OMMON S HARE\nContinuing operations\nDiscontinued operations\nN ET (L OSS ) I NCOME P ER C OMMON S HARE\nF I N A N C I A L H I G H L I G H T S :\n2002 2001 2000 1999 1998\n* Net of preferred dividend requirements for Series B convertible preferred stock and Series C mandatory convertible preferred stock.\nWe will long remember 2002 as one of the most challenging years — if not the most challenging — in Corning Incorporated’s\nlong history. I quickly became even more steeped in these challenges in April when, at the request of our Board of Directors,\nI returned to the company as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.\nSince that time, I am increasingly convinced that, despite our downturn, the long-term future of Corning remains bright and\nfilled with opportunity.\nBut in the meantime, we have been living in a very difficult reality -  one marked by ongoing quarterly losses and drops in\nrevenue. You, our shareholders—along with our employees and our friends in the communities we serve—felt the pain. We all\nwatched our businesses retrench, battered by a weakened global economy and Wall Street turmoil. And we could only wonder\nwhat bad news would be next as our stock value continued its seemingly relentless decline.\nWith the severe drop-off in revenues from our telecommunications customers, we knew we could no longer afford to keep\nup the costly infrastructure of facilities and staff we had in place. Put simply, we couldn’t spend more than we were making.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nmore than a commercial enterprise.\nWe are one company with a proud history of innovation\nspanning more than 150 years. That legacy has created a\ndiverse business portfolio and strong market leadership.\nWe have a time-tested set of Values and we rely on them\nto guide our every action. We also hold dear the pride of\nassociation that all who touch our corporation feel.\nShareholders, customers and employees understand that your\ncorporation has, for more than 150 years, produced useful\nand industry-creating products that have changed the lives\nof mankind.\nIn our long history, we’ve always come together in the face\nof a tough challenge — and you can count on us to continue\ndoing exactly that. I thank you for your continued confidence\nand assure you that we will succeed!\nSincerely,\nJames R. Houghton\nChairman and Chief Executive Officer\n52% C ORNING T ELECOMMUNICATIONS\n48%                               C ORNING T ECHNOLOGIES\n3\n2002\nWORLDWIDE REVENUES\n4\nF L A T P A N E L D I S P L A Y G L A S S :  L C D T E L E V I S I O N S\nD E S K T O P M O N I T O R S A N D L A P T O P S\nCorning’s historical success stems from its foundation as an inno-\nvative technology company. Our diverse portfolio of businesses\nspans a wide range of markets, and this is one of the main reasons\nwe are weathering the downturn in the telecommunications sector.\nThe businesses we classify as Corning Technologies — led by our\nliquid-crystal display (LCD) glass, environmental, and semicon-\nductor optics operations — were strong and profitable in 2002,\nwith aggressive plans for significant growth during 2003.\nOur LCD glass business has been a star performer, posting\nyear-over-year volume gains of more than 45 percent. We are the\nleading producer in this market. Our sales of glass for desktop\nmonitors have doubled over the past year alone — and there’s still\nplenty of room for more growth, since only about a quarter of\ndesktop displays sold in 2002 were LCD. And, LCD TVs are\njust beginning to gain popularity — we consider this one of our\nnext big opportunities, as the number of LCD TVs sold annually\nmore than doubled in 2002. Our EAGLE  <sup>2000TM</sup> glass substrates",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nliquidity position right now.\nThe ongoing economic weakness and uncertainty in world\nevents continue to make the overall business environment\na volatile one. Still, we have greatly improved our ability\nto forecast revenues and expenses quarter-to-quarter, and\nwe are encouraged by the near-term growth potential of\nour non-telecommunications businesses — especially our\nliquid-crystal display, environmental and semiconductor\nbusinesses. If these markets continue to grow as we expect,\nwe are confident that we will be able to meet our goals.\nWe know that our shareholders are most eager to see a\ngreater return on their investment with Corning, and of\ncourse our return to profitability will be key to building back\nWall Street’s confidence. We are 100 percent committed\nto reaching that goal of profitability in 2003— and doing\nso within the rigorous compliance rules by which we\nhave always been guided. Integrity characterizes all our\nrelationships, both inside and outside of Corning, and we\nwill never compromise that foundation of our reputation.\nIn our business operations during 2002 we invested\na great deal of energy aligning our cost structure and\nbusiness plans with our priority of restoring profitability.\nAfter massive restructuring — following restructuring\nefforts we launched in 2001—we feel we now have our\ncost structure and growth strategies in place to accomplish\nthis goal.\nWe have re-balanced the company to take advantage of\nour broad and diverse set of businesses. And in charting\nour strategies, we have focused on ensuring that both our\nsegments have solid business plans in place, enabling\nthem to grow. Our people are rigorously committed to\nexecuting against these plans.\nAs you saw earlier in this report, our Corning\nTechnologies businesses are in markets with solid growth\npotential. We have leading market positions in attractive\nbusinesses ... we are ready to capitalize on that position of\nstrength. Meanwhile, we are making these businesses\neven more cost-effective through significant manufactur-\ning efficiency gains.\nIn telecommunications, we are not planning on a market\nrecovery in 2003. We have aligned our cost structure to\nmeet current demand levels after two very tough years\nof ongoing restructuring.\nWithin the context of our financial realities, however, we\nhave not lost our sense of self. We will meet our\ngoals...but the path we are taking to get there has been,\nand will continue to be, consistent with our Values.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nstreamlined our processes to develop and commercialize promising\nopportunities more quickly and efficiently. We have emphasized\nour patent processes to ensure strong competitive positions from the\ncritical intellectual assets of our scientific organization.\nOur R&D organization is aligned with our operating goals and\nplays a critical role in meeting them. Our scientists and engineers\nare closely linked to our operations and are focused not only on\nnew product development, but also new process development. They\nare discovering new ways to manufacture innovative products with\nlowered cost and increased quality performance.\nInnovation is one of Corning’s core Values. It is the everyday\nlanguage and mindset of the company. Even in the face of difficult\neconomic conditions, we will pursue our tradition of developing\nbreakthrough technologies for the markets we serve — from\ntelecommunications to environmental — and will capitalize on the\ncreation of new market opportunities made possible by our strong\ncommitment to research and development.\nS C I E N C E &  T E C H N O L O G Y\nW E N D E L L P .  W E E K S J A M E S B .  F L A W S\nV I C E C H A I R M A N\nA N D C H I E F F I N A N C I A L O F F I C E R\nP R E S I D E N T\nA N D C H I E F O P E R A T I N G O F F I C E R\n8\nWe take great pride in saying that Corning continues to be\na financially sound company, thanks to the aggressive\nstrategies we executed throughout 2002. Although it has\nbeen a very painful process, we have dramatically slowed\nthe rate at which we are spending cash. We ended the year\nwith a balance of cash and short-term investments of\n$2.1 billion. And we have access to $2 billion in credit\nthat we haven’t touched — and don’t plan to. We also\ncontinue to pay down debt each quarter. This, combined\nwith our plan to return to profitability in 2003, gives us\na high degree of confidence in our ability to meet any\nfuture financial obligations. So, we feel very good about our",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nWe also knew our strengths — and they were many! We knew we were not — nor had we ever been — merely a\ntelecommunications company. Rather, we are a technology company, with the materials and process expertise to create\nlife-changing products. That’s what we’ve been for all of our 152 years; that’s what we’ll continue to be.\nAnd we knew something else ... that our Values, the historic strength of our company, were alive and well. Quality, Integrity,\nPerformance, Leadership,Innovation,Independence and The Individual continue to guide our every move, and continue to set us\napart from other companies—especially those caught in the accounting scandals that marred the business world this past year.\nT O O U R S H A R E H O L D E R S :\nC H A I R M A N A N D C H I E F E X E C U T I V E O F F I C E R\n1\nJ A M E S R .  H O U G H T O N\n**W H A T W E D I D**\nSo, armed with full recognition of both our challenges and our\nstrengths, we set out to re-shape the company, adjusting to the\nnew realities of the market.\nDuring 2002, we relied on our Values to set the context in\nwhich we operated. From there, we focused relentlessly on a\nvery clear plan with three priorities:\nI TO PRESERVE THE FINANCIAL HEALTH OF THE COMPANY ;\nI TO RETURN TO PROFITABILITY IN 2003;\nI TO CONTINUE TO INVEST IN OUR FUTURE .\nDuring the course of the year — with a recovery in the\ntelecommunications industry still nowhere in sight — we\nrestructured the company and dramatically lowered our cost\nstructure. Meanwhile, we focused our research and develop-\nment efforts and recommitted ourselves to building those\nbusinesses which presented the most attractive near-term\nopportunities for growth — a large part of which are outside\nthe telecommunications segment. Our diverse portfolio and\nwealth of skills across a wide variety of markets had never\nbeen more important.\nThe plan—painful though it is—is working.\n**P R E S E R V I N G O U R F I N A N C I A L H E A L T H**\nNow, let’s take a look at our financial picture. Our 2002 sales",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nIntegrity ... quality ... treating individuals with dignity\nand respect ... these are the guiding principles of the\ndecisions we make. We know that in adhering to our\nValues, solid business performance will follow.\nOne Riverfront Plaza\nCorning, NY 14831-0001\n607 974 9000\nwww.corning.com\n02BR24601EN\nA N N U A L M E E T I N G\nThe annual meeting of shareholders will be held on\nThursday, April 24, 2003, in Corning, NY. A formal notice\nof the meeting together with a proxy statement will be mailed\nto shareholders on or about March 12, 2003. The proxy state-\nment can also be accessed electronically through the Investor\nRelations category of the Corning home page on the Internet\nat www.corning.com. A summary report of the proceedings\nat the annual meeting will be available without charge upon\nwritten request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and\nAssistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10,\nCorning, NY 14831.\nA D D I T I O N A L I N F O R M AT I O N\nA copy of Corning’s 2002 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed\nwith the Securities and Exchange Commission is available\nupon written request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and\nAssistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10,\nCorning, NY 14831. The Annual Report on Form 10-K can\nalso be accessed electronically through the Investor Relations\ncategory of the home page on the Internet at:\nwww.corning.com\nI N V E S T O R I N F O R M AT I O N\nInvestment analysts who need additional information may\ncontact Mr. Kenneth C. Sofio, Manager of Investor Relations,\nCorning Incorporated, HQ-E2-25, Corning, NY 14831;\nTelephone 607.974.9000\nC O M M O N S T O C K\nCorning Incorporated common stock is listed on the\nNew York Stock Exchange and the SWX Swiss Exchange.\nIn addition, it is traded on the Boston, Midwest, Pacific\nand Philadelphia stock exchanges. Common stock options\nare traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The\nabbreviated ticker symbol for Corning Incorporated is “GLW.”\nT RANSFER A GENT AND R EGISTRAR\nComputershare Investor Services LLC\nP.O. Box A-3504\nChicago, IL 60690-3504\nTelephone: 800.255.0461\nWebsite: www.computershare.com\nC HANGE OF A DDRESS\nReport change of address to Computershare\nInvestor Services at the above address.\nI N D E P E N D E N T A C C O U N TA N T S",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nI continue to be extremely excited about the future opportunities\nemerging from our 152-year legacy of scientific innovations.\nWe are concentrating our efforts on high-impact, near-term\ngrowth initiatives with emphasis on our liquid-crystal display,\ndiesel filter, and chemical processing projects.\nAnd we are certainly not giving up on optical communica-\ntions. We have the biggest share of the optical fiber market,\nby far, and continue to be the low-cost producer for anyone\nneeding to move information from place to place. So while\nwe’ve scaled back on production of fiber and other optical\nproducts, we certainly believe that they will continue to be\nan important part of our product mix again in the future. The\noptical communications industry is still in its infancy and we\nwill capitalize on our leadership position to grow both our\nearnings and return on shareholder equity.\nYes, we have trimmed our investment in research to a level\nappropriate with our lowered revenues. But we’re committed\nto research today even more than we have been in the past.\nWe are applying more than 10 percent of our revenues toward\nresearch. Some may question this high level of commitment in\nthese times ... but we simply will not back away from it. We\nhave more than 1,000 scientists and researchers in our\nlaboratories. They are at the heart of our innovation engine,\nand they’re going to stay that way!\nAnd in investing in our future, we are talking about more than\njust our scientific labs. We are continuing to invest in our\npeople—all 23,200 of them, in plants and offices throughout\nthe world — who are continuing to move us forward toward\nour goals. They have been through a lot during this downturn,\nand we have done our best to set a tone of open, honest\ncommunication, even when the news hasn’t been good. In the\nyear ahead, I’ve told our managers to place special emphasis\non our Value of  *The Individual*  ... knowing that, in the end,\nthe commitment and contribution of all our employees will\ndetermine our success.\n**L O O K I N G A H E A D**\nAs a company, we have been through an extraordinarily diffi-\ncult time. We continue to face some formidable challenges.\nBut we are facing them with some equally formidable strengths.\nCorning Incorporated is more than the sum of its parts—much",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nweakness, we remain the global leader in the manufacturing and sale\nof optical communications products. Our position will serve us well\nwhen the inevitable growth of this dynamic market returns.\nFor the near-term,we are focused on maintaining our leading position\nacross our markets and with our customers. Through our many\ngenerations of manufacturing technology development, we are\nrestoring our businesses to profitability despite continued pricing\npressure and low-volume growth expectations.\nLooking further ahead, we remain committed to creating innovative\noptical communications products that meet even tighter quality,\ncapability and cost requirements for our customers. We are empha-\nsizing metro and access segments of the market as our major oppor-\ntunities. And we are watching carefully for signs of market recovery.\nWhen that time comes, we will be poised for growth once again.\n6\nC O R N I N G C A B L E S Y S T E M S : C A B L E A N D H A R D W A R E\nO P T I C A L N E T W O R K S : M E T R O , L O C A L , L A S T M I L E\nC O R N I N G T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S\n7\nC R I T I C A L T E C H N O L O G I E S : C H E M I C A L V A P O R D E P O S I T I O N\nM A T E R I A L S R E S E A R C H : O P T I C A L P R O P E R T I E S\nCorning’s long history of extraordinary innovation continues in\nthe context of managing the sensitive balance between the near-term\nalignment of R&D and business objectives, and longer-range\ndiscovery research and new opportunity creation.\nOver the past year, we adjusted our R&D spending to align\nwith business conditions. At the same time, we carefully preserved\nour core technology capabilities to ensure our capacity to lead our\nmarkets and create life-changing innovations.\nWe have tightened our focus on high-impact projects and have",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\n#### B A L A N C E Corning Annual Report 20 02\n\nand other product and process innovations are enabling manufac-\nturers to produce lighter, larger, thinner and higher-resolution\ndisplays more affordably — exactly what the market is demanding.\nC O R N I N G T E C H N O L O G I E S\nEnvironmental Technologies is another growth business for us,\nand one in which we are focusing a significant portion of our\noverall R&D investment. We have helped shape this industry since\nour invention of the ceramic catalytic converter substrate in the\n1970s. Today, we are working globally with the automotive\nand truck industries to develop and manufacture innovative new\nsubstrate and filter products to further reduce emissions from\nboth gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles. By around 2008, the\ndiesel emission control business could be as big as our automotive\nemission control business is today. Our new clean-air products plant\nin Erwin, N.Y., is expected to be up and running by mid-decade\nin support of this great diesel opportunity.\nOur Semiconductor Optics business — with some exciting new\ndevelopments in the production of calcium fluoride crystals and continued breakthroughs in the creation of HPFS <sup>®</sup> fused  silica\n— is helping the semiconductor industry develop faster and\nmore powerful integrated circuits. Our long-standing leadership\nin optical materials composition and optics design continues to be\nbased on our unique set of skills in basic materials science, glass\nchemistry and metrology.\nS E M I C O N D U C T O R O P T I C S : C A L C I U M F L U O R I D E C R Y S T A L S\nE N A B L I N G : M I C R O C I R C U I T L I N E S A T 1 / 1 0 0 0 T H E W I D T H O F A H U M A N H A I R\n5\nC O R N I N G T E C H N O L O G I E S\nThe ongoing malaise of the telecommunications industry led\nCorning to initiate significant restructurings during 2002. Optical\nfiber plant closings and workforce reductions were evidence of our\ncomprehensive plan to align expenses with dramatically lowered\nrevenues in our telecommunications businesses. Despite industry",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the shortcut to mute myself in MS teams ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "Use [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[M] for a shortcut to mute and unmute during meetings.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n#### **Meeting controls**\nWhen you join meetings, a different window will pop-up. These are the controls you need to know:\nUse [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[M] for a shortcut to mute and unmute during meetings. **Tip**\n1.\n1.\n2.\n1.\n2.\n3.\n####### **Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people.\n####### **Chat**\nUse chat to share files, ideas, and notes.\n####### **Reactions**\nStay involved without breaking the flow—you can share an emoji reaction to let the presenter know how you feel. Reactions also allow you to raise your hand, which will signal that you'd like an opportunity to speak.\n####### **Video**\nTurn your camera on or off. You can also select the ...            button near the camera to access audio and video settings.\n####### **Share content**\nUse this to share your screen with others.\n####### **Microphone**\nMute and unmute your microphone when you want to speak.\n**1**\n**2**\n**3**\n**4**\n**5**\n**6**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\n#### **Respond**\n**Tag a teammate**  in a message by typing the  **@ symbol** followed by their name. They will receive a special notification calling for their attention.\n###### **@**\nReact to individual messages or  **quote**  them in a response.\n**Tip**  Going into format mode will prevent your message from sending when you hit [Enter], so it's a great way to draft and preview messages before sending them.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\nWhen you are invited to a new Team, it will automatically appear on the left panel along with all its associated channels. You can choose to \"show\" the most relevant chanels and \"hide\" the rest.\nBy default, your chats will be arranged along the left-hand side of the chat panel, with the most recent messages at the top. You can right-click on any chat and select \"Pin,\" which will keep it at the top of your list for quick access.\nTo  **create a new chat**  , press [CTRL] + [N] (or look for the pen symbol at the top of the chat list) and add the names of anyone you want to include. Type your message and select Send or hit [Enter].\n1:1 Chat\nGroup Chat\nMeeting Chat\nTo  **share a file**  select “Attach” under the box where you type messages, select the file location and then the file you want. Depending on the location of the file, you’ll get options for uploading a copy, sharing a link, or other ways to share.\nWhen you create group chats you can edit the name of the group by selecting the pen symbol next to the group icon in the chat. This will help you give it context and make it easier to find.\nAN\nCreate a team for your organization with channels for your leadership team, each department, and one just for fun!\nDaichi, Eva, +2 11:00 AM\nYes, that should work for us\nMarketing Sync 10:45 AM\nSharing notes after the meeting\n##### **Tip**\n##### **Tip**\n####### **Teams**\nA  **team**  is a broad group of people that work together to get something done. You can choose who is part of the team, and people can only access shared content by invitation. All teams are created with an associated General channel that includes all team members by default.\n####### **Channels**\nShared Channel\nMarketing\nGeneral\nA  **channel**  is a central hub for a specific topic, within the larger team, where people can hold focused conversations and organize a library of files.\nChannels can be:\n\n-  Standard (visible to everyone on the team)\n\n-  Private (only visible to select team members)\n\n-  Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your organization who are not on the team)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n####### **Create meetings**\nSelect  **+ New meeting**  or double-click on a time in your\ncalendar to [create a new meeting](https://teams.microsoft.com/_#/calendar) .\n3. Send your invite.\n2. Add people, a location and any notes.\n####### **Join meetings**\nFrom the calendar tab, select the meeting you intend to join,\nthen select  join.     .\n3. Then select  join now. .\nA new screen will show up. Here you can choose how you\nwant to appear in the meeting, and your audio preferences.\n####### **Present in meetings**\nScreen share from the Share button at the top of your\nmeeting window.\nWhen you are finished, use the share button at the top of your\nmeeting window to stop sharing.\nChoose what screen or window you want to share. Don't forget\nto include audio if you're sharing something with sound.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n### **Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\n#### **Set up Explore Practice**\n\n####### **Activity**\nFind notifications for all recent actions to stay on top of things. You can manage your notifications according to your preferences.\n####### **Chat**\nMessage someone or a group of people. This tab brings up the list of all your chats.\n####### **Teams**\nCreate teams and channels to gather people together in focused spaces with conversations and files. This tab brings up a list of all the teams you are a part of.\n####### **Calendar**\nBring up your calendar to view, create, and respond to meetings.\n####### **Calls**\nStart video and audio calls by dialing a phone number or placing a call over the internet. View your call history and voicemail.\n####### **Files**\nFiles shared in chats, meetings, or channels are consolidated under this tab. Files will appear in a list view and can be sorted by type, name, date, or location.\n####### **Apps**\nSearch for, choose, and integrate apps to optimize how you work in Teams. Apps can appear in chat, channels, or meetings.\n####### **Help**\nLearn more about Teams with articles and training content. Stay up to date with the latest features, and report problems when things aren’t working out.\n####### **Search**\nSearch for people, files, meetings, or conversations in Teams, then filter results to find just what you need.\n####### **Profile**\nSelecting your profile picture shows you a menu where you can customize your profile, find saved messages, or set your status and a message people can see when they try to reach you.\nYour Teams calendar automatically syncs with Outlook, and you can manage meetings through either app. **Tip**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n### **Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help you get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team.\n**Hit the ground running now!**  Build confidence by trying things on your own. Go to the meet now button\n(at the top right corner on the Calendar tab) to play around and test all the meetings functionalities before you're in the spotlight!\n**Download**  the app for  [desktop ](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app) and  [mobile](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app)  to access Teams with the best performance anywhere you go.\nOnce you [sign in](https://teams.microsoft.com/l/home/_#/) ,  **connect**  with your team in chat, channels, calls, and meetings. **Try out**  the different features as you learn about them in this guide. You’ll get the basics in no time!",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\n#### **Compose**\n**Format**  your messages, add bullet points, charts or hyperlinks.\n**Mark as important**  to call attention to specific messages.\n**Attach files**  to share with your teammates.\n**Include gifs**  , emojis, stickers to bring lightness to your conversations.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Next Steps**\nYou will  **get the most out of Teams**  when you get to truly connect with your team and collaborate together. Keep practicing until each step of your workflow feels natural.\nNo matter how you like to learn and practice, we've got resources to support and inspire you:\n[Virtual classes:](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/workshops-training-and-events/detail/get-started-with-microsoft-teams?program=Professionals&src=carousel1&pos=0)  We have instructors to answer your questions and walk you through all the details. -\n-\n-\n-\n[Training series:](https://docs.microsoft.com/learn/paths/teamwork-specialist/) Complete the beginner series of videos at your own pace.\n[Support articles and step-by-step guides:](https://support.microsoft.com/teams)  To get answers to your most common questions.\n[Feature overviews, tutorials, and announcements: ](https://www.youtube.com/c/MicrosoftTeams/featured) Our YouTube channel has carefully curated content to get you excited and show how you can use Teams effortlessly.\n1.\n2.\n3.\nHere you can try to share your screen, start a whiteboard or even record yourself while you are practicing a presentation. This is your safe space to test everything out!",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Connect through messages**\nWhether you're in a meeting, channel, or a chat, your messaging box will look the same.\n**Tip**  If you want to revisit an important message later, hover on that message, select the three d , then choose “Save.” Saved messages will be found under your profile picture dropdown menu.\nHi  @Daichi.  Can you coordinate a time to meet with\nChristie to talk coverage on Brandhaus while Alex is out **next week?**\n#### **Share knowledge**\nTeamwork is all about collaboration!  **Share with your team best practices**  you learn along the way, tips and tricks for how you can best organize your workflows and ask for their own advice to define how you can best use Teams together.\n#### **Keep learning Test meetings**\nUse the Meet now button in the Calendar tab\nThen select “Start meeting”\nAnd then \"Join now”",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Getting around**\nNavigate Teams using the menu along the left side and the top bar of your Teams desktop app.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf",
+                "query": "How can I make a channel visible to an invited member ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Channels can be: • Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your organization who are not on the team)",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\nWhen you are invited to a new Team, it will automatically appear on the left panel along with all its associated channels. You can choose to \"show\" the most relevant chanels and \"hide\" the rest.\nBy default, your chats will be arranged along the left-hand side of the chat panel, with the most recent messages at the top. You can right-click on any chat and select \"Pin,\" which will keep it at the top of your list for quick access.\nTo  **create a new chat**  , press [CTRL] + [N] (or look for the pen symbol at the top of the chat list) and add the names of anyone you want to include. Type your message and select Send or hit [Enter].\n1:1 Chat\nGroup Chat\nMeeting Chat\nTo  **share a file**  select “Attach” under the box where you type messages, select the file location and then the file you want. Depending on the location of the file, you’ll get options for uploading a copy, sharing a link, or other ways to share.\nWhen you create group chats you can edit the name of the group by selecting the pen symbol next to the group icon in the chat. This will help you give it context and make it easier to find.\nAN\nCreate a team for your organization with channels for your leadership team, each department, and one just for fun!\nDaichi, Eva, +2 11:00 AM\nYes, that should work for us\nMarketing Sync 10:45 AM\nSharing notes after the meeting\n##### **Tip**\n##### **Tip**\n####### **Teams**\nA  **team**  is a broad group of people that work together to get something done. You can choose who is part of the team, and people can only access shared content by invitation. All teams are created with an associated General channel that includes all team members by default.\n####### **Channels**\nShared Channel\nMarketing\nGeneral\nA  **channel**  is a central hub for a specific topic, within the larger team, where people can hold focused conversations and organize a library of files.\nChannels can be:\n\n-  Standard (visible to everyone on the team)\n\n-  Private (only visible to select team members)\n\n-  Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your organization who are not on the team)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n#### **Meeting controls**\nWhen you join meetings, a different window will pop-up. These are the controls you need to know:\nUse [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[M] for a shortcut to mute and unmute during meetings. **Tip**\n1.\n1.\n2.\n1.\n2.\n3.\n####### **Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people.\n####### **Chat**\nUse chat to share files, ideas, and notes.\n####### **Reactions**\nStay involved without breaking the flow—you can share an emoji reaction to let the presenter know how you feel. Reactions also allow you to raise your hand, which will signal that you'd like an opportunity to speak.\n####### **Video**\nTurn your camera on or off. You can also select the ...            button near the camera to access audio and video settings.\n####### **Share content**\nUse this to share your screen with others.\n####### **Microphone**\nMute and unmute your microphone when you want to speak.\n**1**\n**2**\n**3**\n**4**\n**5**\n**6**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\n#### **Respond**\n**Tag a teammate**  in a message by typing the  **@ symbol** followed by their name. They will receive a special notification calling for their attention.\n###### **@**\nReact to individual messages or  **quote**  them in a response.\n**Tip**  Going into format mode will prevent your message from sending when you hit [Enter], so it's a great way to draft and preview messages before sending them.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n####### **Create meetings**\nSelect  **+ New meeting**  or double-click on a time in your\ncalendar to [create a new meeting](https://teams.microsoft.com/_#/calendar) .\n3. Send your invite.\n2. Add people, a location and any notes.\n####### **Join meetings**\nFrom the calendar tab, select the meeting you intend to join,\nthen select  join.     .\n3. Then select  join now. .\nA new screen will show up. Here you can choose how you\nwant to appear in the meeting, and your audio preferences.\n####### **Present in meetings**\nScreen share from the Share button at the top of your\nmeeting window.\nWhen you are finished, use the share button at the top of your\nmeeting window to stop sharing.\nChoose what screen or window you want to share. Don't forget\nto include audio if you're sharing something with sound.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n#### **3.1.4 How to subscribe to the EDP Newsletter**\nOn the Portal Home Page:\n‐   **Either Click on the “Newsletter” item in the page header:**\nThen, on the “Newsletter subscriptions” page:\n-   **Enter your E-Mail address**\n-   **Click on the button “Subscribe”**\nThe system will display a notification message after successful subscription.\n\nOr\n‐   **Enter your email address directly in the footer and click on the “Subscribe” button.**\n\nThe system will display a notification message after successful subscription.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 8. Hosts\n\n### **8.4  Hosts operations by using the GUI**\n\n#### **8.4.1  Creating hosts**\n\nThis section describes how to create Fibre Channel and iSCSI hosts by using the Storwize\nV7000 GUI. It is assumed that hosts are prepared for attachment, as described in IBM\nKnowledge Center, and that the host WWPNs or their iSCSI initiator names are known.\nFor more information, see [IBM Knowledge Center](https://ibm.biz/BdYtAr) .\n**Note:**  If any hosts are still configured to use the physical ports on the V7000 system, the\nsystem prevents you from changing the fctargetportmode from transitional to enabled and\ndisplays the following error:\nCMMVC8019E Task could interrupt IO and force flag not set.\nTo create a host, complete the following steps:\n1. Open the host configuration window by clicking  **Hosts**  (see Figure 8-3).\n*Figure 8-3   Open the host window*\n2. To create a host, click  **Add Host**  . If you want to create a Fibre Channel host, continue with\n“Creating Fibre Channel hosts” on page 329. To create an iSCSI host, go to “Creating\niSCSI hosts” on page 331.\nChapter 8. Hosts\n**Creating Fibre Channel hosts**\nTo create Fibre Channel hosts, complete the following steps:\n1. Select  **Fibre Channel**  . The Fibre Channel configuration window opens (see Figure 8-4).\n*Figure 8-4   Fibre Channel host configuration*\n2. Enter a host name and click the  **Host Port**  menu to get a list of all discovered WWPNs\n(see Figure 8-5).\n*Figure 8-5   Available WWPNs*\n3. Select one or more WWPNs for your host. The Storwize V7000 should have the host port\nWWPNs available if the host is prepared, as described in IBM Knowledge Center for host\nattachment. If they do not appear in the list, scan for new disks as required on the\nrespective operating system and click the  **Rescan**  icon in the WWPN box. If they still do\nnot appear, check the SAN zoning and repeat the scanning.\n4. If you want to add more ports to your Host, click the Plus sign (  **+**  ) to add all ports that\nbelong to the specific host.\n5. If you are creating a Hewlett-Packard UNIX (HP-UX) or Target Port Group Support (TPGS)\nhost, select the  **Host type**  (see Figure 8-6 on page 331). Select your host type. If your\nspecific host type is not listed, select generic .\n**Creating offline hosts:**  If you want to create hosts that are offline, or not connected at\nthe moment, it is also possible to enter the WWPNs manually. Enter them into the  **Host**",
+                    "page_start": 348,
+                    "page_end": 351,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 8. Hosts\n\n### **8.4  Hosts operations by using the GUI**\n\n#### **8.4.4  Adding and deleting host ports**\n\nTo configure host ports, complete the following steps:\n1. From the left menu, select  **Hosts**  →   **Ports by Host**  to open the associated pane (see\nFigure 8-50).\n*Figure 8-50   Ports by Host*\n2. A list of all the hosts is displayed. The function icons indicate whether the host is Fibre\nChannel, iSCSI, or SAS attached. The port details of the selected host are shown to the\nright. You can add a new host object by clicking  **Add Host**  . If you click  **Actions**  (see\nFigure 8-51), the tasks that are described in “Modifying Volume Mappings” on page 346\ncan be selected.\n*Figure 8-51   Ports by Host actions*\n**Adding a Fibre Channel or iSCSI host port**\nTo add a host port, complete the following steps:\n1. Select the host.\n2. Click  **Add**  (see Figure 8-52) and select one of the following options:\na.  **Fibre Channel Port**  (see “Adding a Fibre Channel port” on page 363)\nb.  **iSCSI Port**  (see “Adding an iSCSI host port” on page 366)\n*Figure 8-52   Add host ports*\nChapter 8. Hosts\n**Adding a Fibre Channel port**\nTo add a Fibre Channel port, complete the following steps:\n1. Click  **Fibre Channel Port**  (see Figure 8-52 on page 362). The Add Fibre Channel Ports\nwindow opens (see Figure 8-53).\n*Figure 8-53   Add Fibre Channel Ports window*\n2. Click the drop-down menu to display a list of all discovered Fibre Channel WWPNs. If the\nWWPN of your host is not available in the menu, enter it manually or check the SAN\nzoning to ensure that connectivity is configured. Then, rescan storage from the host.\n3. Select the WWPN that you want to add and click  **Add Port to List**  (see Figure 8-54).\n*Figure 8-54   Add a port to list*\nThis step can be repeated to add other ports to the host.\n4. To add an offline port (if the WWPN of your host is not available in the drop-down menu),\nmanually enter the WWPN of the port into the  **Fibre Channel Ports**  field and click  **Add**\n**Port to List**  .\nChapter 8. Hosts\nThe port is unverified (see Figure 8-55) because it is not logged on to the Storwize V7000",
+                    "page_start": 382,
+                    "page_end": 386,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 8. Hosts\n\n### **8.5  Hosts operations by using command-line interface**\n\n#### **8.5.1  Create a host by using CLI**\n\nThis section describes how to create Fibre Channel and iSCSI hosts by using the IBM\nSpectrum Virtualize CLI. It is assumed that hosts are prepared for attachment, as described\nin the Storwize V7000 [host attachment section](https://ibm.biz/BdYtAr) of IBM Knowledge Center.\n**Creating Fibre Channel hosts**\nTo create a Fibre Channel host, complete the following steps:\n1. Rescan the SAN on Storwize V7000 by using the  **detectmdisk**  command (see\nExample 8-14).\n*Example 8-14   Rescanning the SAN*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>  **detectmdisk**\nIf the zoning was implemented correctly, any new WWPNs are discovered by the Storwize\nV7000 system after running the  **detectmdisk**  command.\n2. List the candidate WWPNs and identify the WWPNs belonging to the new host, as shown\nin Example 8-15.\n*Example 8-15   Available WWPNs*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>lsfcportcandidate\nfc_WWPN\n2100000E1E09E3E9\n2100000E1E30E5E8\n2100000E1E30E60F\n2100000E1EC2E5A2\n2100000E1E30E597\n2100000E1E30E5EC\n3. Run the  **mkhost**  command with the required parameters, as shown in Example 8-16.\n*Example 8-16   Host creation*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>  **mkhost -name ITSO-VMHOST-03 -fcwwpn**\n**2100000E1E30E597:2100000E1E30E5EC**\nHost, id [3], successfully created\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>\n**Creating iSCSI hosts**\nBefore you create an iSCSI host in Storwize V7000, the iSCSI qualified name (IQN) address\nof the host must be known. See your host operating system-specific documentation to find the\nIQN of the host.\nCreate a host by completing the following steps:\n1. Create the iSCSI host by using the  **mkhost**  command (see Example 8-17).\n*Example 8-17   Creating an iSCSI host by using the mkhost command*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>  **mkhost -iscsiname**\n**iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:e6ff477b58 -name RHEL-Host-06**\nHost, id [4], successfully created\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>\n2. The iSCSI host can be verified by using the  **lshost**  command, as shown in Example 8-18.\n*Example 8-18   Verifying the iSCSI host by using the lshost command*",
+                    "page_start": 394,
+                    "page_end": 395,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 4. Initial configuration**\n\n### **4.6  Configuring local Fibre Channel port masking**\n\n#### **4.6.1  Planning for local port masking**\n\nconnect to other nodes in the system.\n**Note:**  This section applies to local port masking only. For more information about\nconfiguring the partner port mask for intercluster node communications, see 11.6.4,\n“Remote copy intercluster communication” on page 519.\n**Note:**  The use of the  **lsfabric**  command shows all of the paths that are possible in IBM\nSpectrum Virtualize (as defined by zoning) independent of their usage. Therefore, the\ncommand output includes paths that are used because of port masking.\nThe Fibre Channel ports for the system can be viewed by navigating to  **Settings**  →  **Network**\nand opening the  **Fibre Channel Ports**  menu, as shown in Figure 4-40. Port numbers refer to\nthe Fibre Channel I/O port IDs.\n*Figure 4-40   Viewing the Fibre Channel ports*\nTo see the Fibre Channel connectivity of the system, navigate to  **Settings**  →  **Network**  and\nopen the  **Fibre Channel Connectivity**  menu, as shown in Figure 4-41. The window displays\nthe connectivity between nodes and other storage systems and hosts that are attached\nthrough the Fibre Channel network.\n*Figure 4-41   Fibre Channel connectivity of the system*\nWhen replacing or upgrading your node hardware to newer models, consider that the number\nof Fibre Channel ports and their arrangement might be changed. If so, make sure that any\nconfigured port masks are still valid for the new configuration.\nChapter 4. Initial configuration",
+                    "page_start": 142,
+                    "page_end": 144,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 14. Report distribution\n\n### **14.2  Defining the objects with the Administrator Client**\n\n#### **14.2.1  Adding a recipient**\nThe recipient object contains all of the information about the recipient of the distribution. The\nonly required field is the recipient ID, which, when combined with the distribution name,\nuniquely identifies the distribution.\nFigure 14-4 shows the window where you add a recipient.\n*Figure 14-4   Add a Recipient*\nRecipients who receive a printed copy of the distribution can choose to include a banner page\nin the distribution by selecting  **Use Banner Page**  . You can specify up to eight header lines to\ninclude in the banner page, as shown in Figure 14-5 on page 321.\nChapter 14. Report distribution\n*Figure 14-5   Specifying banner page information*",
+                    "page_start": 343,
+                    "page_end": 344,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf",
+                "query": "How can I notify a collegue mentionned in a chat message in Teams ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "Tag a teammate in a message by typing the @ symbol followed by their name. They will receive a special notification calling for their attention.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\n#### **Respond**\n**Tag a teammate**  in a message by typing the  **@ symbol** followed by their name. They will receive a special notification calling for their attention.\n###### **@**\nReact to individual messages or  **quote**  them in a response.\n**Tip**  Going into format mode will prevent your message from sending when you hit [Enter], so it's a great way to draft and preview messages before sending them.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\nWhen you are invited to a new Team, it will automatically appear on the left panel along with all its associated channels. You can choose to \"show\" the most relevant chanels and \"hide\" the rest.\nBy default, your chats will be arranged along the left-hand side of the chat panel, with the most recent messages at the top. You can right-click on any chat and select \"Pin,\" which will keep it at the top of your list for quick access.\nTo  **create a new chat**  , press [CTRL] + [N] (or look for the pen symbol at the top of the chat list) and add the names of anyone you want to include. Type your message and select Send or hit [Enter].\n1:1 Chat\nGroup Chat\nMeeting Chat\nTo  **share a file**  select “Attach” under the box where you type messages, select the file location and then the file you want. Depending on the location of the file, you’ll get options for uploading a copy, sharing a link, or other ways to share.\nWhen you create group chats you can edit the name of the group by selecting the pen symbol next to the group icon in the chat. This will help you give it context and make it easier to find.\nAN\nCreate a team for your organization with channels for your leadership team, each department, and one just for fun!\nDaichi, Eva, +2 11:00 AM\nYes, that should work for us\nMarketing Sync 10:45 AM\nSharing notes after the meeting\n##### **Tip**\n##### **Tip**\n####### **Teams**\nA  **team**  is a broad group of people that work together to get something done. You can choose who is part of the team, and people can only access shared content by invitation. All teams are created with an associated General channel that includes all team members by default.\n####### **Channels**\nShared Channel\nMarketing\nGeneral\nA  **channel**  is a central hub for a specific topic, within the larger team, where people can hold focused conversations and organize a library of files.\nChannels can be:\n\n-  Standard (visible to everyone on the team)\n\n-  Private (only visible to select team members)\n\n-  Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your organization who are not on the team)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n### **Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\n#### **Set up Explore Practice**\n\n####### **Activity**\nFind notifications for all recent actions to stay on top of things. You can manage your notifications according to your preferences.\n####### **Chat**\nMessage someone or a group of people. This tab brings up the list of all your chats.\n####### **Teams**\nCreate teams and channels to gather people together in focused spaces with conversations and files. This tab brings up a list of all the teams you are a part of.\n####### **Calendar**\nBring up your calendar to view, create, and respond to meetings.\n####### **Calls**\nStart video and audio calls by dialing a phone number or placing a call over the internet. View your call history and voicemail.\n####### **Files**\nFiles shared in chats, meetings, or channels are consolidated under this tab. Files will appear in a list view and can be sorted by type, name, date, or location.\n####### **Apps**\nSearch for, choose, and integrate apps to optimize how you work in Teams. Apps can appear in chat, channels, or meetings.\n####### **Help**\nLearn more about Teams with articles and training content. Stay up to date with the latest features, and report problems when things aren’t working out.\n####### **Search**\nSearch for people, files, meetings, or conversations in Teams, then filter results to find just what you need.\n####### **Profile**\nSelecting your profile picture shows you a menu where you can customize your profile, find saved messages, or set your status and a message people can see when they try to reach you.\nYour Teams calendar automatically syncs with Outlook, and you can manage meetings through either app. **Tip**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n#### **Meeting controls**\nWhen you join meetings, a different window will pop-up. These are the controls you need to know:\nUse [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[M] for a shortcut to mute and unmute during meetings. **Tip**\n1.\n1.\n2.\n1.\n2.\n3.\n####### **Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people.\n####### **Chat**\nUse chat to share files, ideas, and notes.\n####### **Reactions**\nStay involved without breaking the flow—you can share an emoji reaction to let the presenter know how you feel. Reactions also allow you to raise your hand, which will signal that you'd like an opportunity to speak.\n####### **Video**\nTurn your camera on or off. You can also select the ...            button near the camera to access audio and video settings.\n####### **Share content**\nUse this to share your screen with others.\n####### **Microphone**\nMute and unmute your microphone when you want to speak.\n**1**\n**2**\n**3**\n**4**\n**5**\n**6**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\n#### **Compose**\n**Format**  your messages, add bullet points, charts or hyperlinks.\n**Mark as important**  to call attention to specific messages.\n**Attach files**  to share with your teammates.\n**Include gifs**  , emojis, stickers to bring lightness to your conversations.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n####### **Create meetings**\nSelect  **+ New meeting**  or double-click on a time in your\ncalendar to [create a new meeting](https://teams.microsoft.com/_#/calendar) .\n3. Send your invite.\n2. Add people, a location and any notes.\n####### **Join meetings**\nFrom the calendar tab, select the meeting you intend to join,\nthen select  join.     .\n3. Then select  join now. .\nA new screen will show up. Here you can choose how you\nwant to appear in the meeting, and your audio preferences.\n####### **Present in meetings**\nScreen share from the Share button at the top of your\nmeeting window.\nWhen you are finished, use the share button at the top of your\nmeeting window to stop sharing.\nChoose what screen or window you want to share. Don't forget\nto include audio if you're sharing something with sound.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Connect through messages**\nWhether you're in a meeting, channel, or a chat, your messaging box will look the same.\n**Tip**  If you want to revisit an important message later, hover on that message, select the three d , then choose “Save.” Saved messages will be found under your profile picture dropdown menu.\nHi  @Daichi.  Can you coordinate a time to meet with\nChristie to talk coverage on Brandhaus while Alex is out **next week?**\n#### **Share knowledge**\nTeamwork is all about collaboration!  **Share with your team best practices**  you learn along the way, tips and tricks for how you can best organize your workflows and ask for their own advice to define how you can best use Teams together.\n#### **Keep learning Test meetings**\nUse the Meet now button in the Calendar tab\nThen select “Start meeting”\nAnd then \"Join now”",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.7  Monitoring**\n\nAn important step is to correct any issues that are reported by your IBM Storwize V7000\nsystem as soon as possible. Configure your system to send automatic notifications to\nstandard Call Home server or to the new Cloud Call Home server when a new event is\nreported. To avoid having to monitor the management GUI for new events, select the type of\nevent for which you want to be notified. For example, restrict notifications to only events that\nrequire action. The following event notification mechanisms are available:\n� Call Home\nAn event notification can be sent to one or more email addresses. This mechanism notifies\nindividuals of problems. Individuals can receive notifications wherever they have email\naccess, including mobile devices.\n� Cloud Call Home\nCloud services for Call Home is the optimal transmission method for error data because it\nensures notifications are delivered directly to the IBM support center.\n� SNMP\nAn SNMP traps report can be sent to a data center management system, such as IBM\nSystems Director, that consolidates SNMP reports from multiple systems. With this\nmechanism, you can monitor your data center from a single workstation.\n� Syslog\nA syslog report can be sent to a data center management system that consolidates syslog\nreports from multiple systems. With this option, you can monitor your data center from a\nsingle location.\nIf your system is within warranty or if you have a hardware maintenance agreement, configure\nyour IBM Storwize V7000 system to send email events directly to IBM if an issue that requires\nhardware replacement is detected. This mechanism is known as *Call Home*  . When this event\nis received, IBM automatically opens a problem report and, if appropriate, contacts you to\nhelp resolve the reported problem.\nCloud Call Home is specifically designed to work with new service teams and improves\nconnectivity and ultimately should improve customer support.",
+                    "page_start": 731,
+                    "page_end": 731,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 11:\n\ncover letter, and state your availability for an interview.\nClose\nThank the recipient for taking the time to read your letter, and  sign off\nwith a professional greeting, such as “Yours sincerely” or “Kind regards”,\nfollowed by your full name, telephone number and e-mail address.\n###### CHAPTER 11:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK HOW TO WRITE A RESIGNATION LETTER\nNo matter what the reason, resigning from your job is likely to be an\nuncomfortable experience.\nIf you are leaving for personal reasons (such as moving away, starting a\nfamily, or retiring), you may feel sad about leaving. But if you are leaving\nfor a better opportunity, or you’ve simply had enough of your current job,\nyou may be glad to be moving on.\nEither way, it’s always going to be in your best interests to leave on a\npositive note, and to resign in a professional manner.\nTHE PURPOSE OF A RESIGNATION LETTER:\nThe purpose of a resignation letter is to give your employer official no­\ntice that you will be leaving the organisation. However, it is usually ap­\npropriate to inform your manager of your intention to resign in person,\nand then to follow up your conversation with the formal resignation\nletter.\nWhat to include:\nYour resignation letter should be short and to the point. Keep it positive\nand professional -  this is not the place to voice your dissatisfaction with\nyour job.\nIn your letter, you should make sure that you include the following:\n1.\nA clear statement of your intention to resign.\nExample:\n“Please accept this letter as formal notice of my resignation from my\npost as Assistant IT Manager at XYZ.”\n2.\nReference to your notice period (where applicable), as well as your last\nworking day with the organisation.\nExample:\n“My last working day will be in two weeks’ time, on 31 August 2015.”\n\n3.\nYour reason for leaving.\nYou don’t need to elaborate on this if you don’t want to. Remember\nto keep it positive, and not to make any rude,  offensive or insulting\nremarks about the organisation or your co- workers, no matter how\ntempting it might be.\nExample:\n“I have been offered an opportunity to work as an IT Manager abroad,\nand I have decided to accept the offer.”\n4.\nA sentence or two in which you thank your employer for the opportunities",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n### **Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help you get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team.\n**Hit the ground running now!**  Build confidence by trying things on your own. Go to the meet now button\n(at the top right corner on the Calendar tab) to play around and test all the meetings functionalities before you're in the spotlight!\n**Download**  the app for  [desktop ](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app) and  [mobile](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app)  to access Teams with the best performance anywhere you go.\nOnce you [sign in](https://teams.microsoft.com/l/home/_#/) ,  **connect**  with your team in chat, channels, calls, and meetings. **Try out**  the different features as you learn about them in this guide. You’ll get the basics in no time!",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the 3 prerequisites to be elligible as president of Botswana ?",
+                "target_page": 18,
+                "target_passage": "A person shall be qualified for election as President if, and shall not be qualified unless, he or she- (a) is a citizen of Botswana by birth or descent; (b) has attained the age of 30 years; and (c) is qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(  *d*  ) if he or she is elected as Speaker; (  *e*  ) if he or she is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members of the Assembly; or (  *f*  ) when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution of Parliament. **61. Qualifications for election to National Assembly** Subject to the provisions of section 62 of this Constitution, a person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly if, and shall not be qualified to be so elected unless- (  *a*  ) he or she is a citizen of Botswana; (  *b*  ) he or she has attained the age of 18 years; (  *c*  ) he or she is qualified for registration as a voter for the purposes of the election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and is so registered; and (  *d*  ) he or she is able to speak, and, unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause, to read English well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of the Assembly. **62. Disqualifications for membership of National Assembly** (1) No person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly who- (  *a*  ) is, by virtue of his or her own act, under any acknowledgement of allegiance, obedience or adherence to a foreign power or state; (  *b*  ) has been declared insolvent or adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law for the time being in force in Botswana and has not been discharged, or has made a composition with his or her creditors and has not paid his or her debts in full; (  *c*  ) is certified to be insane or otherwise adjudged or declared to be of unsound mind under any law for the time being in force in Botswana; (  *d*  ) is a Member of the  *Ntlo ya Dikgosi*  ; (  *e*  ) subject to such exceptions as may be prescribed by Parliament, holds any public office, or is acting in any public office by virtue of a contract of service expressed to continue for a period exceeding six months; (  *f*  ) is under sentence of death imposed on him or her by a court in any part of the Commonwealth, or is under a sentence of imprisonment (by whatever name called) exceeding six months imposed on him or her by such a court or substituted by competent authority for some other sentence imposed on him or her by such a court; (  *g*  ) holds, or is acting in, any office the functions of which involve any responsibility for, or in connection with, the conduct of any elections to the Assembly or the compilation or revision of any electoral register for the purposes of such elections. (2) Parliament may provide that a person shall not be qualified for election to the National Assembly for such period (not exceeding five years) as may be prescribed if he or she is convicted of any such offence connected with elections to the Assembly as may be prescribed. (3) For the purposes of this section two or more terms of imprisonment that are required to be served consecutively shall be regarded as a single term of imprisonment for the aggregate period of those terms, and no account shall be taken of a sentence of imprisonment imposed as an alternative to or in default of the payment of a fine. **63. Constituencies** Botswana shall be divided into as many constituencies as there are Elected Members of the National Assembly and each of those constituencies shall return one Member to the National Assembly.",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n**57. Parliament** There shall be a Parliament of Botswana which shall consist of the President and a National Assembly. **58. Composition of National Assembly** (1) The President shall be  *ex-officio*  a member of the National Assembly, and shall be entitled to speak and to vote in all proceedings of the National Assembly. (2) In addition to the President the National Assembly shall consist of- (  *a*  ) 57 Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the provisions of any Act of Parliament; and (  *b*  ) four Specially Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the First Schedule to this Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the provisions of any Act of Parliament. (3) If a person who is not a member of the National Assembly is elected to the office of Speaker of the National Assembly, that person shall, by virtue of holding that office, be a member of the Assembly in addition to the members referred to in subsections (1) and (2) of this section. **59. Speaker** (1) There shall be a Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected by the Members of the Assembly from among persons who are Members of the Assembly or from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly. (2) The President, the Vice-President, a Minister, an Assistant Minister or a public officer shall not be qualified to be elected as Speaker. (3) The Speaker shall vacate his or her office- (  *a*  ) if, having been elected from among the Members of the National Assembly, he or she ceases to be a Member of the Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament or if he or she is required by virtue of section 68(2) to (3) of this Constitution, to cease to perform his or her functions as a Member of the Assembly; (  *b*  ) if any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not Speaker, would disqualify him for election as such; (  *c*  ) when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution of Parliament; or (  *d*  ) if he or she is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members thereof. (4) No business shall be transacted in the National Assembly (other than an election to the office of Speaker) at any time when the office of Speaker is vacant. **60. Deputy Speaker** (1) There shall be a Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected from among the persons who are Members of the Assembly other than the President, the Vice-President, Ministers or Assistant Ministers. (2) The Members of the National Assembly shall elect a person to the office of Deputy Speaker when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution and, if the office becomes vacant otherwise than by reason of the dissolution of the Assembly, at the first sitting of the Assembly after the office becomes vacant. (3) The Deputy Speaker shall vacate his or her office- (  *a*  ) if he or she ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly, otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament; (  *b*  ) if any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not Deputy Speaker, would disqualify him or her for election as such; (  *c*  ) if he or she is required, by virtue of section 68(2) to (3) of this Constitution, to cease to perform his or her functions as a Member of the Assembly;",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "**CONSTITUTION OF BOTSWANA** ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS CHAPTER I The Republic 1. Declaration of Republic 2. Public Seal\nCHAPTER II Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual 4. Protection of right to life 5. Protection of right to personal liberty 6. Protection from slavery and forced labour 7. Protection from inhuman treatment 8. Protection from deprivation of property 9. Protection for privacy of home and other property 10. Provisions to secure protection of law 11. Protection of freedom of conscience 12. Protection of freedom of expression 13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association 14. Protection of freedom of movement 15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc. 16. Derogation from fundamental rights and freedoms 17. Declarations relating to emergencies 18. Enforcement of protective provisions 19. Interpretation and savings\nCHAPTER III Citizenship 20 to 29. ...... CHAPTER IV The Executive PART I *The President and the Vice-President* 30. Office of President 31. First President 32. Election of President after dissolution of Parliament 33. Qualification for election as President 34. Tenure of office of President 35. Vacancy in office of President 36. Discharge of functions of President during absence, illness, etc. 37. Oath of President 38. Returning officer at elections of President 39. Vice-President 40. Salary and allowances of President 41. Protection of President in respect of legal proceedings\nPART II *The Cabinet* 42. Ministers and Assistant Ministers 43. Tenure of office of Ministers and Assistant Ministers 44. Cabinet 45. Oaths to be taken by Ministers and Assistant Ministers 46. Secretary to the Cabinet\nPART III *Executive Functions* 47. Functions of President 48. Command of armed forces 49. Functions of Vice-President 50. Functions of Cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers 51. Attorney-General 51A. Director of Public Prosecutions 52. Permanent Secretaries 53. Prerogative of Mercy 54. Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy 55. Functions of Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy 56. Constitution of offices",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\ncitizenship in force at that time, shall be regarded as a citizen by descent. **34. Tenure of office of President** (1) The President shall, subject to the provisions of this section, hold office for an aggregate period not exceeding 10 years beginning from the date of his or her first assumption of office of President after the commencement of this Act. (2) The President shall cease to hold the office of President if at any time during his or her tenure of office any circumstances arise that would, if he or she were not a member of the National Assembly, cause him or her to be disqualified for election thereto. (3) The President shall cease to hold office of President at the expiry of the period prescribed under subsection (1) of this section, or when the person elected at the next election of President following a dissolution of Parliament assumes office. **35. Vacancy in office of President** (1) Whenever the President dies, resigns or ceases to hold office, the Vice- President shall assume office as President with effect from the date of the death, resignation or ceasing to be President. (2) If the office of President- (  *a*  ) becomes vacant in circumstances in which there is no Vice-President; or (  *b*  ) is vacant whilst the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or is, by reason of physical or mental infirmity unable to perform the functions of his or her office, the functions of the office of President shall, until such time as a new President assumes office in accordance with this section or section 32 of this Constitution, be performed by such Minister as the Cabinet shall appoint. For the purposes of this subsection, a certificate of the Chief Justice that the Vice-President is by reason of physical or mental infirmity unable to discharge the functions of his or her office, shall, in respect of any period for which it is in force, be conclusive and shall not be questioned in any court. (3) Any person performing the functions of the office of President by virtue of subsection (1) or (2) of this section shall not exercise the power of the President to revoke the appointment of Vice-President or to dissolve Parliament. (4) If the office of President becomes vacant, the National Assembly shall, unless Parliament is dissolved, and notwithstanding that it may be prorogued, meet on the seventh day after the office of President becomes vacant, or on such earlier day as may be appointed by the Speaker, and shall elect a person to the office in such manner as is prescribed by the next following subsection and, subject thereto, by or under an Act of Parliament. (5) In an election of a President under this section- (  *a*  ) the Speaker shall preside at the meeting and conduct the election; (  *b*  ) a person may be a candidate if and shall not be a candidate unless he or she has been nominated as a candidate with his or her consent prior to the sitting of the National Assembly at which the election takes place, by not less than 10 Members of the National Assembly entitled to vote in that election; (  *c*  ) at the election every Member of the Assembly except the Speaker shall be entitled to vote; (  *d*  ) the votes of the Members of the Assembly who are entitled to vote shall be given by ballot in such manner as not to disclose how any particular Member voted, and any person who receives the votes of more than one half of the total number of persons entitled to vote shall be declared elected as President; (  *e*  ) a person elected as President under this section shall assume the office of President on the day upon which he or she is declared to be elected; (  *f*  ) not more than three ballots shall be taken unless in the opinion of the Speaker the holding of further ballots is likely to result in the election of a President, in",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nof the Assembly shall be held within 60 days of the date of the dissolution and a session of Parliament shall be appointed to commence within 30 days of the date of that general election. **91. Prorogation and dissolution of Parliament** (1) The President may at any time prorogue Parliament. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the President may at any time dissolve Parliament. (3) Subject to the provisions of subsection (4) of this section, Parliament, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five years from the date of the first sitting of the National Assembly after any dissolution and shall then stand dissolved. (4) At any time when Botswana is at war, Parliament may from time to time extend the period of five years specified in subsection (3) of this section for not more than 12 months at a time: Provided that the life of Parliament shall not be extended under this subsection for more than five years. (5) If, after a dissolution of Parliament and before the holding of the general election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly, the President considers that, owing to the existence of a state of war or of a state of emergency in Botswana or any part thereof, it is necessary to recall Parliament, the President may summon the Parliament that has been dissolved to meet and that Parliament shall be deemed to be the Parliament for the time being, but the general election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly shall proceed and the Parliament that has been recalled shall, if not sooner dissolved, again stand dissolved on the day before the day on which the election is held. **92. Vote of no confidence in the Government** If the National Assembly at any time passes a resolution supported by a majority of all the Members of the Assembly who are entitled to vote declaring that it has no confidence in the Government of Botswana, Parliament shall stand dissolved on the fourth day following the day on which such resolution was passed, unless the President earlier resigns his or her office or dissolves Parliament. **93. Sittings of National Assembly** (1) The President may at any time summon a meeting of the National Assembly. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the sittings of the National Assembly in any session of Parliament after the commencement of that session shall be commenced at such times and on such days as the Assembly shall appoint. **PART VI** * **Interpretation** *   **(s 94) 94. Votes of two-thirds of the Assembly**   Any reference in this Constitution to the votes of two-thirds of the Members of the Assembly shall be construed as a reference to the votes of two-thirds of the Members of the Assembly excluding the person presiding. **CHAPTER VI** * **The Judicature** *   **(ss 95-107) PART I** * **The High Court** *   **(ss 95-98) 95. Jurisdiction and composition** (1) There shall be for Botswana a High Court which shall have unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law and such other jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law. (2) The judges of the High Court shall be the Chief Justice and such number of",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nwhich case not more than two further ballots may be taken; (  *g*  ) only one ballot shall be taken at any sitting of the Assembly, and the Speaker may adjourn the meeting at which a second or subsequent ballot is to be taken for such number of days (in addition to the days on which and to which the meeting is adjourned), not being more than two, as he or she thinks fit; (  *h*  ) if there is no candidate duly nominated for the first ballot in accordance with paragraph (  *b*  ) or if after the number of ballots permitted under paragraph (  *f*  ) have been taken no candidate has been declared elected Parliament shall stand dissolved or, in the case of a Presidential election held in accordance with section 32(6) of this Constitution, the foregoing general election shall be void. (6) No business other than the election of a President shall be transacted at a meeting of the National Assembly under subsection (4) of this section or under section 32(6) of this Constitution and such a meeting or any sitting thereof shall not be regarded as a meeting or sitting of the Assembly for the purposes of any other provision of this Constitution. (7) At any time when the office of Speaker is vacant or the holder of that office is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise the functions vested in him or her by this section and section 32(6) of this Constitution, those functions may be exercised by the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or, if there is no Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise those functions, by such member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that purpose. **36. Discharge of functions of President during absence, illness, etc.** (1) Whenever the President is absent from Botswana or considers it desirable to do so by reason of illness or any other cause he or she may, by directions in writing, authorize- (  *a*  ) the Vice-President; or (  *b*  ) during any period when there is no Vice-President or the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or is, by reason of physical or mental infirmity, unable to perform the functions of his or her office, some other Minister, to discharge such of the functions of the office of President as he or she may specify, and the Vice-President or other Minister may discharge those functions until his or her authority is revoked by the President. (2) If the President is incapable by reason of physical or mental infirmity of discharging the functions of his or her office and the infirmity is of such a nature that the President is unable to authorize another person under this section to perform those functions- (  *a*  ) the Vice-President; or (  *b*  ) during any period when there is no Vice-President or the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or the Vice-President is, by reason of physical or mental infirmity, unable to perform the functions of his or her office, such Minister as the Cabinet shall appoint, shall perform the functions of the office of President. (3) A person performing the functions of the office of President under this section shall not exercise the power of the President to revoke the appointment of the Vice- President or to dissolve Parliament. (4) A person performing the functions of the office of President by virtue of subsection (2) of this section shall cease to perform those functions if he or she is notified by the President that the President is about to resume those functions. (5) For the purposes of this section, a certificate of the Chief Justice that- (  *a*  ) the President is incapable by reason of physical or mental infirmity of",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nown procedure. (14) Except as may be otherwise provided in its rules or procedure, the Commission may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership or the absence of any member and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings. (15) Any decision of the Commission shall require the concurrence of a majority of all the members thereof. (16) A member of the Commission shall not, during the tenure of his or her office or during the three years immediately following such tenure, be eligible for appointment to any public office other than that of Ambassador, High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana in any other country or accredited to any international organization. **110. Appointment, etc., of public officers** (1) Subject to the provisions of this section and of sections 111, 113 and 114 of this Constitution, power to appoint persons to hold or to act in any office in the public service, to exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in such offices and to remove from such offices shall vest in such person or persons as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament. (2) The provisions of this section shall not apply in relation to the following offices, that is to say- (  *a*  ) the office of judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court; (  *b*  ) any office to which section 104 or 112 of the Constitution applies. (3) Before any person or persons as may have been prescribed under the provisions of subsection (1) exercise power to appoint to or to act in any public office any person who holds or is acting in any office the power to make appointments to which is vested by this Constitution in the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission such person shall consult with the Judicial Service Commission. **111. Appeals to President** (1) Any person other than a member of the Botswana Police Force or the Prison Service who has been removed from office or subjected to any other punishment by the exercise of any powers conferred on any person under the provisions of section 110 of this Constitution may appeal to the Public Service Commission who may dismiss such appeal or allow it wholly or in part. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (3) every decision of the Public Service Commission under the provisions of this section shall be final. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (2) if the Public Service Commission dismisses an appeal or allows it in part only the person who appealed may appeal to the President. (4) If any person appeals to the President in accordance with the provisions of subsection (3) of this section the President shall either dismiss the appeal or shall order that it be heard by a tribunal appointed by the President, the Chairman of which shall be a person who holds or has held high judicial office or is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court. (5) If the President appoints a tribunal to hear an appeal in accordance with subsection (4) of this section the tribunal shall hear the appeal and shall advise the President whether or not the appeal should be allowed either wholly or in part, and the President shall act in accordance with that advice. **112. Powers of President in relation to certain public offices** (1) The power to appoint a person to hold or act in offices to which this section applies and to remove from office and to exercise disciplinary control over persons",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n**32. Election of President after dissolution of Parliament** (1) Whenever Parliament is dissolved an election shall be held to the office of President in such manner as is prescribed by this section and, subject thereto, by or under an Act of Parliament. (2) Nominations in the election of a President shall be delivered to the returning officer on such day and at such time as may be prescribed by or under any law for the time being in force in Botswana; the nomination of a candidate in an election of a President shall not be valid unless it is supported, in such manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament, by not less than 1000 persons registered as voters for the purpose of elections to the Assembly. (3) The following provisions shall then apply- (  *a*  ) a person nominated as a Parliamentary candidate may, at the time of his or her nomination and subject to the provisions of paragraph (  *b*  ), declare in such manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament which of the candidates in the election of President he or she supports, but the nomination of a Parliamentary candidate shall be valid notwithstanding that the nomination paper does not contain such a declaration; (  *b*  ) such a declaration shall not be made in relation to any Presidential candidate unless that candidate has signified, in such manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament, his or her consent to the making of a declaration in his or her favour by that Parliamentary candidate; (  *c*  ) where the Parliamentary election is contested in any constituency a poll shall be taken in that constituency at which the votes shall be given by ballot, and for the purposes of that poll any Parliamentary candidate who declared support in accordance with paragraph (  *a*  ) for a particular Presidential candidate shall use the same voting colour and symbol, if any, as may have been allocated under any law for the time being in force in Botswana to that Presidential candidate for the purposes of the Presidential election; (  *d*  ) the returning officer shall declare to be elected as President any candidate for whom support has been declared in accordance with paragraph (  *a*  ) above by not less than such number of persons elected as Members of the National Assembly in the Parliamentary election as corresponds to more than half the total number of seats for Elected Members in the Assembly, and if there is no such person the returning officer shall declare that no candidate has been elected. (4) Parliament may make provision whereby the time for nominating Presidential candidates may be extended in the event of there being no qualified candidate nominated at the expiration of the time for the delivery of such nominations. (5) Where, at the expiration of the time for the delivery of nominations in the election of a President, more than one qualified candidate is validly nominated and any of those candidates dies before the commencement of the poll in the Parliamentary election, the poll in the Parliamentary election shall be countermanded, fresh nominations of Parliamentary candidates shall take place in every constituency and a fresh election of a President shall be held in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section. (6) Where- (  *a*  ) any candidate in an election of a President dies during the period commencing with the taking of the poll in the Parliamentary election and ending when the result of the election has been ascertained and that candidate would, but for his or her death, have been entitled to have been declared elected as President under subsection (3) of this section; or",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nhas more than one residence in Botswana in the constituency in which he or she has his or her principal residence; or (  *b*  ) in the case of a person who does not have a residence in Botswana but is able to register in person, in the constituency in which he or she last resided, or in which he or she was born; or (  *c*  ) in the case of a person who is not resident in Botswana and is unable to register in person, at such place as may be prescribed by Parliament and registration at such place shall be treated as registration in the constituency in which he or she last resided, or in which he or she was born in Botswana. (4) A person shall be entitled to be registered as a voter in one constituency only. (5) Every person who is registered in any constituency as a voter for the purposes of elections of the Elected Members of the National Assembly shall, unless he or she is disqualified by Parliament from voting in such elections on the grounds of his or her having been convicted of an offence in connection with the elections or on the grounds of his or her having been reported guilty of such an offence by the court trying an election petition or on the grounds of his or her being in lawful custody at the date of the election, be entitled so to vote in that constituency in accordance with the provisions made by or under a law in that behalf; and no other person may so vote. **68. Tenure of office of Members** (1) The seat of an Elected Member or a Specially Elected Member of the National Assembly shall become vacant- (  *a*  ) upon the dissolution of Parliament; (  *b*  ) if he or she is absent from the sittings of the Assembly for such period and in such circumstances as may be prescribed in the rules of procedure of the Assembly; (  *c*  ) subject to the provisions of subsections (2) to (3) of this section, if any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not a Member of the Assembly, would cause him or her to be disqualified for election thereto. (2) If circumstances such as are referred to in paragraph (  *c*  ) of the preceding subsection arise in relation to a Member of the Assembly by virtue of the fact that he or she is declared insolvent, adjudged to be of unsound mind, sentenced to death or imprisonment, or convicted of an election offence and it is open to the Member to appeal against the decision (either with the leave of the court or other authority or without such leave), he or she shall forthwith cease to perform his or her functions as a Member of the Assembly but, subject to the next following subsection, he or she shall not vacate his or her seat until the expiration of a period of 30 days thereafter: Provided that the Speaker may, at the request of the Member, from time to time extend that period for further periods of 30 days to enable the Member to pursue an appeal against the decision, so, however, that extensions of time exceeding in the aggregate 150 days shall not be given without the approval of the Assembly signified by resolution. (3) If, on the determination of any appeal, such circumstances continue to exist and no further appeal is open to the Member of the Assembly, or if, by reason of the expiration of any period for entering an appeal or notice thereof or the refusal of leave to appeal or for any other reason, it ceases to be open to the Member to appeal, he or she shall forthwith vacate his or her seat. (4) If at any time before the Member of the Assembly vacates his or her seat such circumstances as aforesaid cease to exist, his or her seat shall not become vacant by reason of those circumstances, and he or she may resume the performance of his or her functions as a Member of the Assembly. **69. Determination of questions as to membership of National Assembly**",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nholding or acting in such offices shall, subject to the provisions of sections 113 and 114 of this Constitution, vest in the President. (2) The offices to which this section applies are- (  *a*  ) Ambassador, High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana in any other country or accredited to any international organisation; (  *b*  ) Secretary to the Cabinet; (  *c*  ) Attorney-General; (  *c*  A) Director of Public Prosecutions; (  *d*  ) Permanent Secretary; (  *e*  ) Commissioner of Police; and (  *f*  ) any other superscale office (other than an office to which this Constitution makes specific provision for appointment or an office to which appointment is made under the provisions of section 104 of this Constitution) which may be prescribed by Act of Parliament. **113. Tenure of office of Director of Public Prosecutions**   (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person appointed as Director of Public Prosecutions shall hold office for a 5 year renewable term or until he or she attains the age of 60 years, whichever is the earlier. (2) A person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour or for incompetence and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. (3) If the President considers that the question of removing a person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions from office ought to be investigated then- (  *a*  ) he or she shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office; and (  *b*  ) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions ought to be removed from office under this section for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour or for incompetence. (4) Where a tribunal appointed under subsection (3) of this section advises the President that a person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions ought to be removed from office for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour or for incompetence, the President shall remove such person from office. (5) If the question of removing a person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions from office has been referred to a tribunal under this section, the President may suspend that person from performing the functions of his or her office, and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the President and shall in any case cease to have effect if the tribunal advises the President that the person ought not to be removed from office. **114. Tenure of office of Auditor-General** (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person holding the office of Auditor- General shall vacate his or her office when he or she attains the age of 60 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament. (2) A person holding the office of Auditor-General may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. (3) If the National Assembly resolves that the question of removing a person holding the office of Auditor-General from office under this section ought to be",
+                    "page_start": 48,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the condition to be allowing to access the position of Director of public prosecution in Botswana ?",
+                "target_page": 25,
+                "target_passage": "A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nholding or acting in such offices shall, subject to the provisions of sections 113 and 114 of this Constitution, vest in the President. (2) The offices to which this section applies are- (  *a*  ) Ambassador, High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana in any other country or accredited to any international organisation; (  *b*  ) Secretary to the Cabinet; (  *c*  ) Attorney-General; (  *c*  A) Director of Public Prosecutions; (  *d*  ) Permanent Secretary; (  *e*  ) Commissioner of Police; and (  *f*  ) any other superscale office (other than an office to which this Constitution makes specific provision for appointment or an office to which appointment is made under the provisions of section 104 of this Constitution) which may be prescribed by Act of Parliament. **113. Tenure of office of Director of Public Prosecutions**   (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person appointed as Director of Public Prosecutions shall hold office for a 5 year renewable term or until he or she attains the age of 60 years, whichever is the earlier. (2) A person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour or for incompetence and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. (3) If the President considers that the question of removing a person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions from office ought to be investigated then- (  *a*  ) he or she shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office; and (  *b*  ) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions ought to be removed from office under this section for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour or for incompetence. (4) Where a tribunal appointed under subsection (3) of this section advises the President that a person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions ought to be removed from office for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour or for incompetence, the President shall remove such person from office. (5) If the question of removing a person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions from office has been referred to a tribunal under this section, the President may suspend that person from performing the functions of his or her office, and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the President and shall in any case cease to have effect if the tribunal advises the President that the person ought not to be removed from office. **114. Tenure of office of Auditor-General** (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person holding the office of Auditor- General shall vacate his or her office when he or she attains the age of 60 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament. (2) A person holding the office of Auditor-General may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. (3) If the National Assembly resolves that the question of removing a person holding the office of Auditor-General from office under this section ought to be",
+                    "page_start": 48,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nown procedure. (14) Except as may be otherwise provided in its rules or procedure, the Commission may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership or the absence of any member and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings. (15) Any decision of the Commission shall require the concurrence of a majority of all the members thereof. (16) A member of the Commission shall not, during the tenure of his or her office or during the three years immediately following such tenure, be eligible for appointment to any public office other than that of Ambassador, High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana in any other country or accredited to any international organization. **110. Appointment, etc., of public officers** (1) Subject to the provisions of this section and of sections 111, 113 and 114 of this Constitution, power to appoint persons to hold or to act in any office in the public service, to exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in such offices and to remove from such offices shall vest in such person or persons as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament. (2) The provisions of this section shall not apply in relation to the following offices, that is to say- (  *a*  ) the office of judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court; (  *b*  ) any office to which section 104 or 112 of the Constitution applies. (3) Before any person or persons as may have been prescribed under the provisions of subsection (1) exercise power to appoint to or to act in any public office any person who holds or is acting in any office the power to make appointments to which is vested by this Constitution in the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission such person shall consult with the Judicial Service Commission. **111. Appeals to President** (1) Any person other than a member of the Botswana Police Force or the Prison Service who has been removed from office or subjected to any other punishment by the exercise of any powers conferred on any person under the provisions of section 110 of this Constitution may appeal to the Public Service Commission who may dismiss such appeal or allow it wholly or in part. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (3) every decision of the Public Service Commission under the provisions of this section shall be final. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (2) if the Public Service Commission dismisses an appeal or allows it in part only the person who appealed may appeal to the President. (4) If any person appeals to the President in accordance with the provisions of subsection (3) of this section the President shall either dismiss the appeal or shall order that it be heard by a tribunal appointed by the President, the Chairman of which shall be a person who holds or has held high judicial office or is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court. (5) If the President appoints a tribunal to hear an appeal in accordance with subsection (4) of this section the tribunal shall hear the appeal and shall advise the President whether or not the appeal should be allowed either wholly or in part, and the President shall act in accordance with that advice. **112. Powers of President in relation to certain public offices** (1) The power to appoint a person to hold or act in offices to which this section applies and to remove from office and to exercise disciplinary control over persons",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nher lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section. (3) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision- (  *a*  ) for the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health or the imposition of restrictions on the acquisition or use by any person of land or other property in Botswana and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof, is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society; (  *b*  ) for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of movement of any person who is not a citizen of Botswana; (  *c*  ) for the imposition of restrictions on the entry into or residence within defined areas of Botswana of persons who are not Bushmen to the extent that such restrictions are reasonably required for the protection or well-being of Bushmen; (  *d*  ) for the imposition of restrictions upon the movement or residence within Botswana of public officers; or (  *e*  ) ....... (4) If any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted by order under such a provision as is referred to in subsection (3)(  *a*  ) of this section (other than a restriction which is applicable to persons generally or to general classes of persons) so requests at any time during the period of that restriction not earlier than six months after the order was made or six months after he or she last made such request, as the case may be, his or her case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal presided over by a person, qualified to be enrolled as an advocate in Botswana, appointed by the Chief Justice. (5) On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of this section of the case of a person whose freedom of movement has been restricted, the tribunal may make recommendations, concerning the necessity or expediency of continuing the restriction to the authority by which it was ordered but, unless it is otherwise provided by law, that authority shall not be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations. **15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc.** (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority. (3) In this section, the expression \"discriminatory\" means affording different treatment to different persons, attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description. (4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision- (  *a*  ) for the appropriation of public revenues or other public funds; (  *b*  ) with respect to persons who are not citizens of Botswana; (  *c*  ) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law;",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "**CONSTITUTION OF BOTSWANA** ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS CHAPTER I The Republic 1. Declaration of Republic 2. Public Seal\nCHAPTER II Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual 4. Protection of right to life 5. Protection of right to personal liberty 6. Protection from slavery and forced labour 7. Protection from inhuman treatment 8. Protection from deprivation of property 9. Protection for privacy of home and other property 10. Provisions to secure protection of law 11. Protection of freedom of conscience 12. Protection of freedom of expression 13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association 14. Protection of freedom of movement 15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc. 16. Derogation from fundamental rights and freedoms 17. Declarations relating to emergencies 18. Enforcement of protective provisions 19. Interpretation and savings\nCHAPTER III Citizenship 20 to 29. ...... CHAPTER IV The Executive PART I *The President and the Vice-President* 30. Office of President 31. First President 32. Election of President after dissolution of Parliament 33. Qualification for election as President 34. Tenure of office of President 35. Vacancy in office of President 36. Discharge of functions of President during absence, illness, etc. 37. Oath of President 38. Returning officer at elections of President 39. Vice-President 40. Salary and allowances of President 41. Protection of President in respect of legal proceedings\nPART II *The Cabinet* 42. Ministers and Assistant Ministers 43. Tenure of office of Ministers and Assistant Ministers 44. Cabinet 45. Oaths to be taken by Ministers and Assistant Ministers 46. Secretary to the Cabinet\nPART III *Executive Functions* 47. Functions of President 48. Command of armed forces 49. Functions of Vice-President 50. Functions of Cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers 51. Attorney-General 51A. Director of Public Prosecutions 52. Permanent Secretaries 53. Prerogative of Mercy 54. Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy 55. Functions of Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy 56. Constitution of offices",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\ndetention is authorized; (  *c*  ) not more than one month after the commencement of his or her detention and thereafter during his or her detention at intervals of not more than six months, his or her case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law and presided over by a person, qualified to be enrolled as an advocate in Botswana, appointed by the Chief Justice; and (  *d*  ) he or she shall be afforded reasonable facilities to consult and instruct, at his or her own expense, a legal representative and he or she and any such legal representative shall be permitted to make written or oral representations or both to the tribunal appointed for the review of his or her case. (3) On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of this section of the case of a detained person, the tribunal may make recommendations, concerning the necessity or expediency of continuing his or her detention, to the authority by which it was ordered but, unless it is otherwise provided by law, that authority shall not be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations. **17. Declarations relating to emergencies** (1) The President may at any time, by Proclamation published in the  *Gazette*  , declare that a state of public emergency exists. (2) A declaration under subsection (1) of this section, if not sooner revoked, shall cease to have effect- (  *a*  ) in the case of a declaration made when Parliament is sitting or has been summoned to meet within seven days, at the expiration of a period of seven days beginning with the date of publication of the declaration; or (  *b*  ) in any other case, at the expiration of a period of 21 days beginning with the date of publication of the declaration, unless before the expiration of that period, it is approved by a resolution passed by the National Assembly, supported by the votes of a majority of all the voting members of the Assembly. (3) Subject to the provisions of subsection (4) of this section, a declaration approved by a resolution of the National Assembly under subsection (2) of this section shall continue in force until the expiration of a period of six months beginning with the date of its being so approved or until such earlier date as may be specified in the resolution: Provided that the National Assembly may, by resolution, supported by the votes of a majority of all the voting members of the Assembly, extend its approval of the declaration for periods of not more than six months at a time. (4) The National Assembly may by resolution at any time revoke a declaration approved by the Assembly under this section. **18. Enforcement of protective provisions** (1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (5) of this section, if any person alleges that any of the provisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution has been, is being or is likely to be contravened in relation to him or her, then, without prejudice to any other action with respect to the same matter which is lawfully available, that person may apply to the High Court for redress. (2) The High Court shall have original jurisdiction- (  *a*  ) to hear and determine any application made by any person in pursuance of subsection (1) of this section; or (  *b*  ) to determine any question arising in the case of any person which is referred to it in pursuance of subsection (3) of this section, and may make such orders, issue such writs and give such direction as it may consider appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of any of the",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(  *a*  ) grant to any person convicted of any offence a pardon, either free or subject to lawful conditions; (  *b*  ) grant to any person a respite, either indefinite or for a specified period, of the execution of any punishment imposed on that person for any offence; (  *c*  ) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on any person for any offence; and (  *d*  ) remit the whole or part of any punishment imposed on any person for any offence or of any penalty or forfeiture otherwise due to the Government on account of any offence. **54. Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy** (1) There shall be an Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy which shall consist of- (  *a*  ) the Vice-President or a Minister appointed by the President by instrument in writing under his or her hand; (  *b*  ) the Attorney-General; and (  *c*  ) a person qualified to practise in Botswana as a medical practitioner, appointed by the President by instrument in writing under his or her hand. (2) A member of the Committee appointed under subsection (1)(  *a*  ) or (  *c*  ) of this section shall hold his or her seat thereon for such period as may be specified in the instrument by which he or she was appointed: Provided that his or her seat shall become vacant- (i) in the case of a person who, at the date of his or her appointment, was the Vice-President or a Minister, if he or she ceases to be the Vice-President or a Minister; or (ii) if the President, by instrument in writing under his or her hand, so directs. (3) The Committee shall not be summoned except by the authority of the President who shall, as far as is practicable, attend and preside at all meetings of the Committee, and, in the absence of the President, the member of the Committee appointed under subsection (1)(  *a*  ) of this section shall preside. (4) The Committee may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings. (5) Subject to the provisions of this section, the Committee may regulate its own procedure. **55. Functions of Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy** (1) Where any person has been sentenced to death for any offence, the President shall cause a written report of the case from the trial judge, together with such other information derived from the record of the case or elsewhere as he or she may require, to be considered at a meeting of the Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy; and after obtaining the advice of the Committee he or she shall decide whether to exercise any of his or her powers under section 53 of this Constitution. (2) The President may consult with the Committee before deciding whether to exercise any of his or her powers under the said section 53 in any case not falling within subsection (1) of this section. **56. Constitution of offices** Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any Act of Parliament, the powers of constituting and abolishing offices for Botswana shall vest in the President. **CHAPTER V** * **Parliament** *   **(ss 57-94) PART I** * **Composition** *   **(ss 57-70)**",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(  *d*  ) if he or she is elected as Speaker; (  *e*  ) if he or she is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members of the Assembly; or (  *f*  ) when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution of Parliament. **61. Qualifications for election to National Assembly** Subject to the provisions of section 62 of this Constitution, a person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly if, and shall not be qualified to be so elected unless- (  *a*  ) he or she is a citizen of Botswana; (  *b*  ) he or she has attained the age of 18 years; (  *c*  ) he or she is qualified for registration as a voter for the purposes of the election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and is so registered; and (  *d*  ) he or she is able to speak, and, unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause, to read English well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of the Assembly. **62. Disqualifications for membership of National Assembly** (1) No person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly who- (  *a*  ) is, by virtue of his or her own act, under any acknowledgement of allegiance, obedience or adherence to a foreign power or state; (  *b*  ) has been declared insolvent or adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law for the time being in force in Botswana and has not been discharged, or has made a composition with his or her creditors and has not paid his or her debts in full; (  *c*  ) is certified to be insane or otherwise adjudged or declared to be of unsound mind under any law for the time being in force in Botswana; (  *d*  ) is a Member of the  *Ntlo ya Dikgosi*  ; (  *e*  ) subject to such exceptions as may be prescribed by Parliament, holds any public office, or is acting in any public office by virtue of a contract of service expressed to continue for a period exceeding six months; (  *f*  ) is under sentence of death imposed on him or her by a court in any part of the Commonwealth, or is under a sentence of imprisonment (by whatever name called) exceeding six months imposed on him or her by such a court or substituted by competent authority for some other sentence imposed on him or her by such a court; (  *g*  ) holds, or is acting in, any office the functions of which involve any responsibility for, or in connection with, the conduct of any elections to the Assembly or the compilation or revision of any electoral register for the purposes of such elections. (2) Parliament may provide that a person shall not be qualified for election to the National Assembly for such period (not exceeding five years) as may be prescribed if he or she is convicted of any such offence connected with elections to the Assembly as may be prescribed. (3) For the purposes of this section two or more terms of imprisonment that are required to be served consecutively shall be regarded as a single term of imprisonment for the aggregate period of those terms, and no account shall be taken of a sentence of imprisonment imposed as an alternative to or in default of the payment of a fine. **63. Constituencies** Botswana shall be divided into as many constituencies as there are Elected Members of the National Assembly and each of those constituencies shall return one Member to the National Assembly.",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nprovisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution. (3) If in any proceedings in any subordinate court any question arises as to the contravention of any of the provisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution, the person presiding in that court may, and shall if any party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the High Court unless, in his or her opinion, the raising of the question is merely frivolous or vexatious. (4) Parliament may confer upon the High Court such powers in addition to those conferred by this section as may appear to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling that court more effectively to exercise the jurisdiction conferred upon it by this section. (5) Rules of court making provision with respect to the practice and procedure of the High Court for the purposes of this section may be made by the person or authority for the time being having power to make rules of court with respect to the practice and procedure of that court generally. **19. Interpretation and savings** (1) In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires- **\"court\"**  means any court of law having jurisdiction in Botswana other than a court established by a disciplinary law, and in sections 4 and 6 of this Constitution a court established by a disciplinary law; **\"disciplinary law\"**  means a law regulating the discipline of any disciplined force; **\"disciplined force\"**  means- (  *a*  ) a naval, military or air force; (  *b*  ) a police force; or (  *c*  ) a prison service; **\"legal representative\"**  means a person entitled to practise in Botswana as an advocate or attorney; **\"member\"**  , in relation to a disciplined force, includes any person who, under the law regulating the discipline of that force, is subject to that discipline. (2) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised under an Act of Parliament, nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter other than sections 4, 6 and 7. (3) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised otherwise than as aforesaid and lawfully present in Botswana, nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter. **CHAPTER III** * **Citizenship** *   **(ss 20-29: repealed) 20 to 29 inclusive. [**   * **Repealed.** *   **] CHAPTER IV** * **The Executive** *   **(ss 30-56) PART I** * **The President and the Vice-President** *   **(ss 30-41) 30. Office of President** There shall be a President of the Republic of Botswana who shall be the Head of State. **31. First President** (1) The first President shall be the person who immediately before 30th September, 1966 holds the office of Prime Minister under the Constitution. (2) The first President shall be deemed to have assumed office at the coming into operation of this Constitution.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n* **The Republic** *   **(ss 1-2) 1. Declaration of Republic** Botswana is a sovereign Republic. **2. Public Seal** The Public Seal of the Republic shall be such device as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament. **CHAPTER II** * **Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual** *   **(ss 3-19) 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual** Whereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his or her race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following, namely- (  *a*  ) life, liberty, security of the person and the protection of the law; (  *b*  ) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association; and (  *c*  ) protection for the privacy of his or her home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation, the provisions of this Chapter shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest. **4. Protection of right to life** (1) No person shall be deprived of his or her life intentionally save in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of an offence under the law in force in Botswana of which he or she has been convicted. (2) A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his or her life in contravention of subsection (1) of this section if he or she dies as the result of the use, to such extent and in such circumstances as are permitted by law, of such force as is reasonably justifiable- (  *a*  ) for the defence of any person from violence or for the defence of property; (  *b*  ) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (  *c*  ) for the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny; or (  *d*  ) in order to prevent the commission by that person of a criminal offence, or if he or she dies as the result of a lawful act of war. **5. Protection of right to personal liberty** (1) No person shall be deprived of his or her personal liberty save as may be authorized by law in any of the following cases, that is to say- (  *a*  ) in execution of the sentence or order of a court, whether established for Botswana or some other country, in respect of a criminal offence of which he or she has been convicted; (  *b*  ) in execution of the order of a court of record punishing him or her for contempt of that or another court; (  *c*  ) in execution of the order of a court made to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed on him or her by law; (  *d*  ) for the purpose of bringing him or her before a court in execution of the order of a court; (  *e*  ) upon reasonable suspicion of his or her having committed, or being about to commit, a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana; (  *f*  ) under the order of a court or with the consent of his or her parent or guardian,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nGeneral unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court. (3) The Attorney-General shall be the principal legal adviser to the Government. (4) A person holding the Office of Attorney-General shall vacate his or her office when he or she attains the age of 60 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament. **51A. Director of Public Prosecutions** (1) There shall be a Director of Public Prosecutions appointed by the President whose office shall be a public office and who shall be subject to the administrative supervision of the Attorney-General. (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court. (3) The Director of Public Prosecutions shall have power in any case in which he or she considers it desirable to do so- (  *a*  ) to institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a court martial) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed by that person; (  *b*  ) to take over and continue any such criminal proceedings that have been instituted or undertaken by any other person or authority; and (  *c*  ) to discontinue, at any stage before judgment is delivered, any such criminal proceedings instituted or undertaken by himself or herself or any other person or authority. (4) The powers of the Director of Public Prosecutions under subsection (3) may be exercised by him or her in person or by officers subordinate to him or her acting in accordance with his or her general or special authority. (5) For the purposes of this section any appeal from any judgment in any criminal proceedings before any court, or any case stated or question of law reserved for the purpose of any such proceedings, to any other court shall be deemed to be part of those proceedings: Provided that the power conferred on the Director of Public Prosecutions by subsection (3)(  *c*  ) of this section shall not be exercised in relation to any appeal by a person convicted in any criminal proceedings or to any case stated or question of law reserved at the instance of such person. (6) In the exercise of the functions vested in him or her by subsection (3) of this section the Director of Public Prosecutions shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority: Provided that- (  *a*  ) where any other person or authority has instituted criminal proceedings, nothing in this subsection shall prevent the withdrawal of those proceedings by or at the instance of that person or authority, and with the leave of the court; and (  *b*  ) before exercising his or her powers in relation to cases considered by the Attorney-General to be of national importance, the Director of Public Prosecutions shall consult the Attorney-General. **52. Permanent Secretaries** Where any Minister has been charged with responsibility for any department of Government, he or she shall exercise general direction and control over that department and, subject to such direction and control, the department shall be under the supervision of a Permanent Secretary whose office shall be a public office. **53. Prerogative of Mercy** The President may-",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf",
+                "query": "What are considered \"disciplined force\" according to Botswana constitution ?",
+                "target_page": 16,
+                "target_passage": "\"disciplined force\" means- (a) a naval, military or air force; (b) a police force; or (c) a prison service",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nprovisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution. (3) If in any proceedings in any subordinate court any question arises as to the contravention of any of the provisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution, the person presiding in that court may, and shall if any party to the proceedings so requests, refer the question to the High Court unless, in his or her opinion, the raising of the question is merely frivolous or vexatious. (4) Parliament may confer upon the High Court such powers in addition to those conferred by this section as may appear to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling that court more effectively to exercise the jurisdiction conferred upon it by this section. (5) Rules of court making provision with respect to the practice and procedure of the High Court for the purposes of this section may be made by the person or authority for the time being having power to make rules of court with respect to the practice and procedure of that court generally. **19. Interpretation and savings** (1) In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise requires- **\"court\"**  means any court of law having jurisdiction in Botswana other than a court established by a disciplinary law, and in sections 4 and 6 of this Constitution a court established by a disciplinary law; **\"disciplinary law\"**  means a law regulating the discipline of any disciplined force; **\"disciplined force\"**  means- (  *a*  ) a naval, military or air force; (  *b*  ) a police force; or (  *c*  ) a prison service; **\"legal representative\"**  means a person entitled to practise in Botswana as an advocate or attorney; **\"member\"**  , in relation to a disciplined force, includes any person who, under the law regulating the discipline of that force, is subject to that discipline. (2) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised under an Act of Parliament, nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter other than sections 4, 6 and 7. (3) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised otherwise than as aforesaid and lawfully present in Botswana, nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter. **CHAPTER III** * **Citizenship** *   **(ss 20-29: repealed) 20 to 29 inclusive. [**   * **Repealed.** *   **] CHAPTER IV** * **The Executive** *   **(ss 30-56) PART I** * **The President and the Vice-President** *   **(ss 30-41) 30. Office of President** There shall be a President of the Republic of Botswana who shall be the Head of State. **31. First President** (1) The first President shall be the person who immediately before 30th September, 1966 holds the office of Prime Minister under the Constitution. (2) The first President shall be deemed to have assumed office at the coming into operation of this Constitution.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\ncourt to try a member of a disciplined force for a criminal offence notwithstanding any trial and conviction or acquittal of that member under the disciplinary law of that force, so, however, that any court so trying such a member and convicting him or her shall in sentencing him or her to any punishment take into account any punishment awarded him or her under that disciplinary law; (  *e*  ) subsection (8) of this section to the extent that the law in question authorizes a court to convict a person of a criminal offence under any customary law to which, by virtue of that law, such person is subject. (13) In the case of any person who is held in lawful detention, the provisions of subsection (1), subsection (2)(  *d*  ) and (  *e*  ) and subsection (3) of this section shall not apply in relation to his or her trial for a criminal offence under the law regulating the discipline of persons held in such detention. (14) In this section \"criminal offence\" means a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana. **11. Protection of freedom of conscience** (1) Except with his or her own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his or her freedom of conscience, and for the purposes of this section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion, freedom to change his or her religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others, and both in public and in private, to manifest and propagate his or her religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance. (2) Every religious community shall be entitled, at its own expense, to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any place of education which it wholly maintains; and no such community shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided at any place of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any education which it otherwise provides. (3) Except with his or her own consent (or, if he or she is a minor, the consent of his or her guardian) no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if that instruction, ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his or her own. (4) No person shall be compelled to take any oath which is contrary to his or her religion or belief or to take any oath in a manner which is contrary to his or her religion or belief. (5) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision which is reasonably required- (  *a*  ) in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health; or (  *b*  ) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons, including the right to observe and practise any religion without the unsolicited intervention of members of any other religion, and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. **12. Protection of freedom of expression** (1) Except with his or her own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his or her freedom of expression, that is to say, freedom to hold opinions without interference, freedom to receive ideas and information without interference, freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference (whether the",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "**CONSTITUTION OF BOTSWANA** ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS CHAPTER I The Republic 1. Declaration of Republic 2. Public Seal\nCHAPTER II Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual 4. Protection of right to life 5. Protection of right to personal liberty 6. Protection from slavery and forced labour 7. Protection from inhuman treatment 8. Protection from deprivation of property 9. Protection for privacy of home and other property 10. Provisions to secure protection of law 11. Protection of freedom of conscience 12. Protection of freedom of expression 13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association 14. Protection of freedom of movement 15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc. 16. Derogation from fundamental rights and freedoms 17. Declarations relating to emergencies 18. Enforcement of protective provisions 19. Interpretation and savings\nCHAPTER III Citizenship 20 to 29. ...... CHAPTER IV The Executive PART I *The President and the Vice-President* 30. Office of President 31. First President 32. Election of President after dissolution of Parliament 33. Qualification for election as President 34. Tenure of office of President 35. Vacancy in office of President 36. Discharge of functions of President during absence, illness, etc. 37. Oath of President 38. Returning officer at elections of President 39. Vice-President 40. Salary and allowances of President 41. Protection of President in respect of legal proceedings\nPART II *The Cabinet* 42. Ministers and Assistant Ministers 43. Tenure of office of Ministers and Assistant Ministers 44. Cabinet 45. Oaths to be taken by Ministers and Assistant Ministers 46. Secretary to the Cabinet\nPART III *Executive Functions* 47. Functions of President 48. Command of armed forces 49. Functions of Vice-President 50. Functions of Cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers 51. Attorney-General 51A. Director of Public Prosecutions 52. Permanent Secretaries 53. Prerogative of Mercy 54. Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy 55. Functions of Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy 56. Constitution of offices",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n**57. Parliament** There shall be a Parliament of Botswana which shall consist of the President and a National Assembly. **58. Composition of National Assembly** (1) The President shall be  *ex-officio*  a member of the National Assembly, and shall be entitled to speak and to vote in all proceedings of the National Assembly. (2) In addition to the President the National Assembly shall consist of- (  *a*  ) 57 Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the provisions of any Act of Parliament; and (  *b*  ) four Specially Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the First Schedule to this Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the provisions of any Act of Parliament. (3) If a person who is not a member of the National Assembly is elected to the office of Speaker of the National Assembly, that person shall, by virtue of holding that office, be a member of the Assembly in addition to the members referred to in subsections (1) and (2) of this section. **59. Speaker** (1) There shall be a Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected by the Members of the Assembly from among persons who are Members of the Assembly or from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly. (2) The President, the Vice-President, a Minister, an Assistant Minister or a public officer shall not be qualified to be elected as Speaker. (3) The Speaker shall vacate his or her office- (  *a*  ) if, having been elected from among the Members of the National Assembly, he or she ceases to be a Member of the Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament or if he or she is required by virtue of section 68(2) to (3) of this Constitution, to cease to perform his or her functions as a Member of the Assembly; (  *b*  ) if any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not Speaker, would disqualify him for election as such; (  *c*  ) when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution of Parliament; or (  *d*  ) if he or she is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members thereof. (4) No business shall be transacted in the National Assembly (other than an election to the office of Speaker) at any time when the office of Speaker is vacant. **60. Deputy Speaker** (1) There shall be a Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected from among the persons who are Members of the Assembly other than the President, the Vice-President, Ministers or Assistant Ministers. (2) The Members of the National Assembly shall elect a person to the office of Deputy Speaker when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution and, if the office becomes vacant otherwise than by reason of the dissolution of the Assembly, at the first sitting of the Assembly after the office becomes vacant. (3) The Deputy Speaker shall vacate his or her office- (  *a*  ) if he or she ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly, otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament; (  *b*  ) if any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not Deputy Speaker, would disqualify him or her for election as such; (  *c*  ) if he or she is required, by virtue of section 68(2) to (3) of this Constitution, to cease to perform his or her functions as a Member of the Assembly;",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision- (  *a*  ) that is reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning, the development and utilization of mineral resources, for the purpose of any census or in order to secure the development or utilization of any property for a purpose beneficial to the community; (  *b*  ) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons; (  *c*  ) that authorizes an officer or agent of the Government of Botswana, a local government authority or a body corporate established by law for a public purpose to enter on the premises of any person in order to inspect those premises or anything thereon for the purpose of any tax, rate or duty or in order to carry out work connected with any property that is lawfully on those premises and that belongs to that Government, authority or body corporate, as the case may be; or (  *d*  ) that authorizes, for the purpose of enforcing the judgment or order of a court in any civil proceedings, the search of any person or property by order of a court or entry upon any premises by such order, and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, anything done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. **10. Provisions to secure protection of law** (1) If any person is charged with a criminal offence, then, unless the charge is withdrawn, the case shall be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established or recognized by law. (2) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence- (  *a*  ) shall be presumed to be innocent until he or she is proved or has pleaded guilty; (  *b*  ) shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he or she understands and in detail, of the nature of the offence charged; (  *c*  ) shall be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his or her defence; (  *d*  ) shall be permitted to defend himself or herself before the court in person or, at his or her own expense, by a legal representative of his or her own choice; (  *e*  ) shall be afforded facilities to examine in person or by his or her legal representative the witnesses called by the prosecution before the court, and to obtain the attendance and carry out the examination of witnesses to testify on his or her behalf before the court on the same conditions as those applying to witnesses called by the prosecution; and (  *f*  ) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge, and except with his or her own consent the trial shall not take place in his or her absence unless he or she so conducts himself or herself as to render the continuance of the proceedings in his or her presence impracticable and the court has ordered him or her to be removed and the trial to proceed in his or her absence. (3) When a person is tried for any criminal offence, the accused person or any person authorized by him or her in that behalf shall, if he or she so requires and subject to payment of such reasonable fee as may be prescribed by law, be given within a reasonable time after judgment a copy for the use of the accused person of any record of the proceedings made by or on behalf of the court.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nher lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section. (3) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision- (  *a*  ) for the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health or the imposition of restrictions on the acquisition or use by any person of land or other property in Botswana and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof, is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society; (  *b*  ) for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of movement of any person who is not a citizen of Botswana; (  *c*  ) for the imposition of restrictions on the entry into or residence within defined areas of Botswana of persons who are not Bushmen to the extent that such restrictions are reasonably required for the protection or well-being of Bushmen; (  *d*  ) for the imposition of restrictions upon the movement or residence within Botswana of public officers; or (  *e*  ) ....... (4) If any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted by order under such a provision as is referred to in subsection (3)(  *a*  ) of this section (other than a restriction which is applicable to persons generally or to general classes of persons) so requests at any time during the period of that restriction not earlier than six months after the order was made or six months after he or she last made such request, as the case may be, his or her case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal presided over by a person, qualified to be enrolled as an advocate in Botswana, appointed by the Chief Justice. (5) On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of this section of the case of a person whose freedom of movement has been restricted, the tribunal may make recommendations, concerning the necessity or expediency of continuing the restriction to the authority by which it was ordered but, unless it is otherwise provided by law, that authority shall not be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations. **15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc.** (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority. (3) In this section, the expression \"discriminatory\" means affording different treatment to different persons, attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description. (4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision- (  *a*  ) for the appropriation of public revenues or other public funds; (  *b*  ) with respect to persons who are not citizens of Botswana; (  *c*  ) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law;",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nperson or authority. (3) Nothing in this section shall prevent Parliament from conferring functions on persons or authorities other than the President. **48. Command of armed forces** (1) The supreme command of the armed forces of the Republic shall vest in the President and he or she shall hold the office of Commander in Chief. (2) The powers conferred on the President by subsection (1) of this section shall include- (  *a*  ) the power to determine the operational use of the armed forces; (  *b*  ) the power to appoint members of the armed forces, to make appointments on promotion to any office in the armed forces and to dismiss any member of the armed forces. (3) The President may, by directions in writing and subject to such conditions as he or she may think fit, delegate to any member of the armed forces any of the powers mentioned in subsection (2) of this section. (4) Parliament may regulate the exercise of the powers conferred by or under this section. **49. Functions of Vice-President** The Vice-President shall be the principal assistant of the President in the discharge of his or her executive functions and shall be responsible, under the directions of the President, for such business of the government of Botswana (including the administration of any department of Government) as the President may assign to him or her. **50. Functions of Cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers** (1) The Cabinet shall be responsible for advising the President with respect to the policy of the Government and with respect to such other matters as may be referred to it by the President and shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, be responsible to the National Assembly for all things done by or under the authority of the President, Vice-President or any Minister in the execution of his or her office. (2) The President shall, so far as practicable and subject to the provisions of this Constitution, consult the Cabinet on matters of policy and the exercise of his or her functions. (3) The obligation of the President to consult his or her Cabinet and for the Cabinet to accept responsibility under this section shall not apply to the exercise by the President of his or her powers in relation to the appointment or removal of the Vice- President, Ministers and Assistant Ministers, the dissolution of Parliament, the Prerogative of Mercy, the assignment of responsibility to the Vice-President or any Minister and the specification of the functions of an Assistant Minister. (4) A Minister shall be responsible, under the direction of the President, for such business of the government of Botswana (including the administration of any department of Government) as the President may assign to him or her. (5) An Assistant Minister shall- (  *a*  ) assist the President or the Vice-President in the discharge of such of the functions of the office of President or Vice-President as the President may specify; or (  *b*  ) assist such Minister in the discharge of the functions assigned to him or her under subsection (4) of this section as the President may specify. **51. Attorney-General** (1) There shall be an Attorney-General appointed by the President whose office shall be a public office. (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Attorney-",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nown procedure. (14) Except as may be otherwise provided in its rules or procedure, the Commission may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership or the absence of any member and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings. (15) Any decision of the Commission shall require the concurrence of a majority of all the members thereof. (16) A member of the Commission shall not, during the tenure of his or her office or during the three years immediately following such tenure, be eligible for appointment to any public office other than that of Ambassador, High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana in any other country or accredited to any international organization. **110. Appointment, etc., of public officers** (1) Subject to the provisions of this section and of sections 111, 113 and 114 of this Constitution, power to appoint persons to hold or to act in any office in the public service, to exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in such offices and to remove from such offices shall vest in such person or persons as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament. (2) The provisions of this section shall not apply in relation to the following offices, that is to say- (  *a*  ) the office of judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court; (  *b*  ) any office to which section 104 or 112 of the Constitution applies. (3) Before any person or persons as may have been prescribed under the provisions of subsection (1) exercise power to appoint to or to act in any public office any person who holds or is acting in any office the power to make appointments to which is vested by this Constitution in the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission such person shall consult with the Judicial Service Commission. **111. Appeals to President** (1) Any person other than a member of the Botswana Police Force or the Prison Service who has been removed from office or subjected to any other punishment by the exercise of any powers conferred on any person under the provisions of section 110 of this Constitution may appeal to the Public Service Commission who may dismiss such appeal or allow it wholly or in part. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (3) every decision of the Public Service Commission under the provisions of this section shall be final. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (2) if the Public Service Commission dismisses an appeal or allows it in part only the person who appealed may appeal to the President. (4) If any person appeals to the President in accordance with the provisions of subsection (3) of this section the President shall either dismiss the appeal or shall order that it be heard by a tribunal appointed by the President, the Chairman of which shall be a person who holds or has held high judicial office or is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court. (5) If the President appoints a tribunal to hear an appeal in accordance with subsection (4) of this section the tribunal shall hear the appeal and shall advise the President whether or not the appeal should be allowed either wholly or in part, and the President shall act in accordance with that advice. **112. Powers of President in relation to certain public offices** (1) The power to appoint a person to hold or act in offices to which this section applies and to remove from office and to exercise disciplinary control over persons",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n* **The Republic** *   **(ss 1-2) 1. Declaration of Republic** Botswana is a sovereign Republic. **2. Public Seal** The Public Seal of the Republic shall be such device as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament. **CHAPTER II** * **Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual** *   **(ss 3-19) 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual** Whereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his or her race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following, namely- (  *a*  ) life, liberty, security of the person and the protection of the law; (  *b*  ) freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association; and (  *c*  ) protection for the privacy of his or her home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation, the provisions of this Chapter shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest. **4. Protection of right to life** (1) No person shall be deprived of his or her life intentionally save in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of an offence under the law in force in Botswana of which he or she has been convicted. (2) A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his or her life in contravention of subsection (1) of this section if he or she dies as the result of the use, to such extent and in such circumstances as are permitted by law, of such force as is reasonably justifiable- (  *a*  ) for the defence of any person from violence or for the defence of property; (  *b*  ) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (  *c*  ) for the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny; or (  *d*  ) in order to prevent the commission by that person of a criminal offence, or if he or she dies as the result of a lawful act of war. **5. Protection of right to personal liberty** (1) No person shall be deprived of his or her personal liberty save as may be authorized by law in any of the following cases, that is to say- (  *a*  ) in execution of the sentence or order of a court, whether established for Botswana or some other country, in respect of a criminal offence of which he or she has been convicted; (  *b*  ) in execution of the order of a court of record punishing him or her for contempt of that or another court; (  *c*  ) in execution of the order of a court made to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed on him or her by law; (  *d*  ) for the purpose of bringing him or her before a court in execution of the order of a court; (  *e*  ) upon reasonable suspicion of his or her having committed, or being about to commit, a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana; (  *f*  ) under the order of a court or with the consent of his or her parent or guardian,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(  *d*  ) the Industrial Court. (2) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, references to offices in the public service shall be construed as including references to the offices of judges of the Court of Appeal and judges of the High Court and the offices of members of all subordinate courts (being offices the emoluments attaching to which, or any part of the emoluments attaching to which, are paid directly out of moneys provided by Parliament). (3) For the purposes of this Constitution a person shall not be considered to be a public officer by reason only that he or she is in receipt of any remuneration or allowance as the President, Vice-President, a Minister or Assistant Minister, Speaker, Deputy Speaker or Member of the Assembly, a Member of the  *Ntlo ya Dikgosi*  or a member of any Commission established by this Constitution. (4) For the purposes of this Constitution, a person shall not be considered as holding a public office by reason only of the fact that he or she is in receipt of a pension or other like allowance in respect of service under the Government of Botswana or the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland. (5) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, a reference to the holder of an office by the term designating his or her office shall be construed as including a reference to any person for the time being lawfully acting in or performing the functions of that office: Provided that nothing in this subsection shall apply to references to the President or Vice-President in section 35, 36 or 39 of this Constitution. (6) In this Constitution, unless it is otherwise provided or required by the context, a reference to the power to make appointments to any office shall be construed as including a reference to the power to make appointments on promotion and transfer and to confirm appointments and to the power to appoint a person to act in or perform the functions of that office at any time when the office is vacant or the holder thereof is unable (whether by reason of absence or infirmity of mind or body or any other cause) to perform the functions of that office. (7) References in this Constitution to the power to remove a public officer from his or her office shall be construed as including references to any power conferred by any law to require or permit that officer to retire from the public service: Provided that nothing in this subsection shall be construed as conferring on any person or authority power to require a judge of the Court of Appeal or the High Court, the Auditor-General or the Director of Public Prosecutions to retire from the public service. (8) Any provision in this Constitution that vests in any person or authority power to remove any public officer from his or her office shall be without prejudice to the power of any person or authority to abolish any office or to any law providing for the compulsory retirement of public officers generally or in any class of public officer on attaining an age specified therein. (9) Where power is vested by this Constitution in any person or authority to appoint any person to act in or perform the functions of any office if the holder thereof is himself unable to perform those functions, no such appointment shall be called in question on the ground that the holder of the office was not unable to perform those functions. (10) No provision of this Constitution that any person or authority shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority in the exercise of any functions under this Constitution shall be construed as precluding a court of law from exercising jurisdiction in relation to any question whether that person or authority has performed those functions in accordance with this Constitution or any other law. (11) Where any power is conferred by this Constitution to make any Act, order,",
+                    "page_start": 54,
+                    "page_end": 54,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf",
+                "query": "How much does AWS lambda charge when the function is not running ?",
+                "target_page": 52,
+                "target_passage": "there is no charge when your code is not running",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\n##### **Programming Model**\n\n-  Logs in CloudWatch\n-  Errors and tracing in X-Ray\n-  Metrics\n**Secure**\n-  Execution role\nFundamentals\n-  Policies that grant least privilege to your functions\n**Workshop - Intro to Serverless**  - Before diving too deep, you can choose to try out serverless in\na workshop or tutorial. Connect to a data source and create a REST API with your first Lambda\nfunction.”\n-  Services used: AWS Management Console, Lambda, DynamoDB, API Gateway\n##### **Programming Model**\nThe Lambda service provides the same event-based programming model for all languages. The\nLambda runtime passes an  *invocation event*  and  *context*  to your Lambda function  *handler*  which\ndoes some work and produces a resulting event:\nThe  *invocation event*  contains data, as a JSON packet, which varies from service to service. For\nexample, API gateway events include path, HTTP method, query string parameters, headers,\ncookies, and more. DynamoDB events could contain updated or delete record data. S3 events\ninclude the bucket name and object key, among other things.\n*The context*  contains information about the environment the function is running inside. Additional\ncontextual information can be set in familiar environment variables (ENV).\nThe function  *handler*  is a method in your function code that processes the inbound event. The\nhandler, which is a standard function in your language of choice, does some work and emits a  *result*\n*event*  .\nFundamentals\nAfter the handler finishes processing the first event, the runtime sends it another, and another.\nEach instance of your function could process thousands of requests.\nUnlike traditional servers, Lambda functions do not run constantly. When a function is triggered by\nan event, this is called an  *invocation*  . Lambda functions are limited to 15 minutes in duration, but\non average, across all AWS customers, most invocations last for less than a second.\nThere are many types of invocation events. Some examples:\n-  HTTP request from API Gateway\n-  Schedule managed by an EventBridge rule\n-  Message from an IOT device\n-  Notification that a file was uploaded to an S3 bucket\nEven the smallest Lambda-based application uses at least one event that invokes your function.",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\nServerless solutions are based on  *event-driven architecture,*  or EDA, where services send and receive\n*events*  , which represent an update or change in state. The primary activity of Lambda functions is\nto process events.\nWithin the Lambda service, your function code is stored in a code package, deployed as a .zip or a\ncontainer image. All interaction with the code occurs through the Lambda API. There is no direct\ninvocation of functions from outside of the Lambda service.\nWhat you will learn on your journey to building applications with Lambda:\n-  How the event-driven programming model invokes Lambda functions\n-  How to create, invoke, test, update, package, and secure functions\n-  How the execution and runtime environment runs your functions\n-  How to view logs and monitor your functions\n-  Where to find hands-on opportunities to learn how to invoke functions\nFundamentals\n##### **Fundamentals - conceptual and practical paths**\nThe following is a text representation of the key concepts in the preceding diagram.\nThe Lambda learning path forks into two paths. The conceptual path focuses on the programming\nmodel, runtime environment, and security concepts. The other path includes practical steps to\nbuild a application while introducing development workflow activities such as how to create and\nFundamentals\ndeploy functions, invoke and test, update and package, and monitor the logs and troubleshoot\nerrors.\n**Programming Model**\n-  Event plus Context and Environment variables (ENV) are inputs to a Handler function\n-  ENV variables\n-  Runtime environment\n**Create & Deploy**\n-  Management Console\n-  Infrastructure as Code (IaC) - AWS CloudFormation (CFN), AWS SAM (SAM), AWS Cloud\nDevelopment Kit (AWS CDK)\n- [ Deploy .zip file archives](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/nodejs-package.html) — when you need additional libraries, or compiled languages.\n- [ Versions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/configuration-versions.html) - by publishing a version of your function, you can store your code and configuration as\nseparate stable resources\n**Invoke/Test**\n-  Synchronous invocation\n-  Testing locally and in the cloud with the help of AWS SAM templates and AWS SAM CLI\n**Update / Package**\n-  Updating code and dependencies\n-  Packaging with the help of AWS SAM templates and AWS SAM CLI\n**Monitor**",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **What is Lambda?**\nIn Lambda, you write function code. Lambda runs the functions. That’s it. There are no servers.\nWhat is Lambda?\n*“No Server Is Easier To Manage Than No Server”*  - Werner Vogels, VP and CTO\nThe Lambda service runs instances of your function only when needed and scales automatically\nfrom zero requests per day to thousands per second. You pay only for the compute time that’s\nactually used — there is no charge when your code is not running.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Example handler method in Java\n\nFundamentals\ninitialization duration, and other details. If your function throws an error, the runtime returns that\nerror to the invoker.\nTo help simplify troubleshooting, the [AWS Serverless Application Model CLI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model/latest/developerguide/serverless-sam-reference.html#serverless-sam-cli) (AWS SAM CLI) has\na command called [sam logs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model/latest/developerguide/sam-cli-command-reference-sam-logs.html) which will show you CloudWatch Logs generated by your Lambda\nfunction.\nFor example, the following terminal command would show the live tail of logs generated by the\n*YourLambdaFunctionName*  Lambda function:\nsam logs -n YourLambdaFunctionName --tail\nLogging and debugging go hand in hand. Traces of events are available with Amazon X-Ray for\ndebugging.\n##### **Securing functions**\n[AWS Identity and Access Management](https://aws.amazon.com/iam/) (IAM) is the service used to manage access to AWS services.\nLambda is fully integrated with IAM, allowing you to control precisely what each Lambda function\ncan do within the AWS Cloud. There are two important things that define the scope of permissions\nin Lambda functions:\n-  *resource policy*  : Defines which events are authorized to invoke the function.\n-  *execution role policy*  : Limits what the Lambda function is authorized to do.\nUsing IAM roles to describe a Lambda function’s permissions, decouples security configuration\nfrom the code. This helps reduce the complexity of a lambda function, making it easier to maintain.\nA Lambda function’s resource and execution policy should be granted the minimum required\npermissions for the function to perform it’s task effectively. This is sometimes referred to as the\nrule of least privilege. As you develop a Lambda function, you expand the scope of this policy to\nallow access to other resources as required.\nFundamentals",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Example handler method in Java\n\n#### **Advanced Topics**\n\ntypically with no changes to your function code. The largest contributor to startup latency (often\nreferred to as cold start time) is the time that Lambda spends initializing the function, which\nincludes loading the function's code, starting the runtime, and initializing the function code.\nWith SnapStart, Lambda initializes your function when you publish a function version. Lambda\ntakes a [Firecracker microVM](http://aws.amazon.com/blogs/opensource/firecracker-open-source-secure-fast-microvm-serverless/) snapshot of the memory and disk state of the initialized [execution ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-runtime-environment.html)\n[environment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-runtime-environment.html) , encrypts the snapshot, and caches it for low-latency access.\nNote: You can use SnapStart only on published function versions and aliases that point to versions.\nYou can't use SnapStart on a function's unpublished version ($LATEST).\nRelated resources:\n- [ Accelerate Your Lambda Functions with Lambda SnapStart](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-accelerate-your-lambda-functions-with-lambda-snapstart/) - an AWS Compute blog article by\nJeff Barr from Nov 2022 that shows the configuration change and vast difference from roughly\nsix seconds init time to 142 milliseconds of restore time with SnapStart\nAdvanced Topics\n##### **Connect to functions with Function URLs**\nA function URL is a dedicated HTTP(S) endpoint for your Lambda function. You can create and\nconfigure a function URL through the Lambda console or the Lambda API. When you create a\nfunction URL, Lambda automatically generates a unique URL endpoint for you. Once you create a\nfunction URL, its URL endpoint never changes. Function URL endpoints have the following format:\nhttps://<url-id>.lambda-url.<region>.on.aws\nAfter you configure a function URL for your function, you can invoke your function through its\nHTTP(S) endpoint with a web browser, curl, Postman, or any HTTP client.\nRelated resources:\n- [ Function URLs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-urls.html) - official documentation",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\n##### **How Lambda invokes your function (runtime environment)**\nLambda invokes your function in an  *execution environment*  , which contains a secure and isolated\n*runtime environment*  .\n-  A  *runtime*  provides a language-specific environment which relays invocation events, context\ninformation, and responses between the Lambda and your functions.\n-  An  *execution environment*  manages the processes and resources that are required to run the\nfunction.\nFundamentals\nYou can use runtimes that Lambda provides for JavaScript (Node.js), TypeScript, Python, Java,\nPython, Go, C#, and PowerShell, or you can build your own custom runtime environment inside of a\ncontainer.\nIf you package your code as a .zip file archive, you must configure your function to use a runtime\nthat matches your programming language. For a container image, you include the runtime when\nyou build the image.\n##### **How to process events with a Lambda handler**\nConceptually, there are only three steps to processing events with Lambda:\n1. Configure the entry point to your function, known as the  *handler*  , and deploy the function.\n2. Lambda service initializes the function, then it invokes the  *handler*  with an invocation event and\ncontext.\n3. Your handler function processes the event and returns a response event.\nSubsequent events will invoke the handler again, without the initialization delay. During this cycle,\nthe function stays in memory, so clients and variables declared outside of the handler method can\nbe reused.\nAfter a period of time, Lambda will eventually tear down the runtime. This can happen for a variety\nof reasons; some examples: scaling down to conserve resources, updating the function, updating\nthe runtime.\nThe function  **handler**  is the essential component of your function code. As noted previously, the\nhandler is the entry point, but it may not be the only function in your code. In fact, a best practice\nis keeping the handler sparse and doing the actual processing in other functions in your code.\nHere are some example  **handlers**  :\nPython",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Focusing on core serverless services**\n\n### **Typical microservice example**\n\nConsider the following scenario: you want to build a microservices application that looks up\nweather data by zip code and returns JSON data.\nWhat serverless services would you use, and how?\nThe solution starts with the client resolving the hostname through Route 53 DNS. The browser's\nHTTPS GET request routes to API Gateway. If the URL is valid, API Gateway verifies access an access\ntoken, commonly implemented as a [JWT token](https://jwt.io/introduction) JWT token with Amazon Cognito, then creates an\nevent for the request and sends it to a serverless Lambda function for processing.\nThe Lambda function receives the event and a  *context*  object with additional information related to\nthe environment as inputs to a designated  *handler*  method. The handler method in this case, uses\nan SDK to send a query to DynamoDB for weather data for the given zip code. The function may\nfilter and customize the data based on the location and preferences of the user, perhaps converting\ndegrees in Celsius to Fahrenheit.\nBefore returning the data, bundled into a new event, back to API Gateway, the function handler\nmight create additional events. It might send one to an SQS queue, where a data analytics service\nDeveloper tools and code instrumentation\ncould be listening. The handler function might create and send another event to an SNS queue so\nthat alerts for high temperature are sent to users through SMS messages.\nThe function finally wraps up the JSON weather data into a new event and sends it back to API\ngateway. Afterward, the function continues to handle hundreds of additional requests. Request\nfrom users slow down after 2AM, so after some time the Lambda service will tear down the\nfunction execution environment to conserve resources. As a Customer, you will only be charged for\nfunction usage.\nTypical microservice example",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Understanding serverless data processing**\n\n### **Stateless data**\nWhen building Lambda functions, you should assume that the environment exists only for a single\ninvocation. The function should initialize any required state when it is first started -  for example,\nfetching a shopping cart from a DynamoDB table. It should commit any permanent data changes\nbefore exiting to a durable store such as Amazon S3, DynamoDB, or Amazon SQS. It should not rely\non any existing data structures or temporary files, or any internal state that would be managed by\nmultiple invocations (such as counters or other calculated, aggregate values).\nLambda provides an initializer before the handler where you can initialize database connections,\nlibraries, and other resources. Since execution environments are reused where possible to\nimprove performance, you can amortize the time taken to initialize these resources over multiple\ninvocations. However, you should not store any variables or data used in the function within this\nglobal scope.\nStateless data 7",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Understanding the difference between traditional and**\n\n### **Serverless development on AWS**\n\nTo build serverless solutions, you need to shift your mindset to break up monoliths into loosely\nconnected services. Consider how each service will do one thing well, with as few dependencies as\npossible.\nYou may have created microservices before, but it was probably inside a traditional framework.\nImagine if your microservice existed, but without the framework. For that to happen, services need\na way to get input, communicate with other services, and send outputs or errors.\nThe key to serverless apps is  *event-driven architecture.*\nEvent-driven architecture (EDA) is a modern architecture pattern built from small, decoupled\nservices that publish, consume, or route  *events.*  Events are messages sent between services. This\narchitecture makes it easier to scale, update, and independently deploy separate components of a\nsystem.\nThe following diagram shows an event-driven serverless microservice. A client request is converted\nby an API Gateway into an event that is sent to a Lambda compute service. A Lambda function\nretrieves info from a DynamoDB data store. That data is returned in an event to API Gateway, which\nsends a response to the client with all the appropriate headers, cookies, and security tokens.\nServerless development on AWS\nMany traditional systems are designed to run periodically and process batches of transactions that\nhave built up over time. For example, a banking application may run every hour to process ATM\ntransactions into central ledgers. In Lambda-based applications, the custom processing should be\ntriggered by every event, allowing the service to scale up concurrency as needed, to provide near-\nreal time processing of transactions.\nWhile you can run cron tasks in serverless applications by using Amazon EventBridge Scheduler,\nconsider the size of each batch of data that your event sends to Lambda. In this scenario, there\nis potential for the volume of transactions to grow beyond what can be processed within the 15-\nminute Lambda timeout. If the limitations of external systems force you to use a scheduler, you\nshould generally schedule for the shortest reasonable recurring time period.\nFor example, it’s not best practice to use a batch process that triggers a Lambda function to fetch\na list of new Amazon S3 objects. This is because the service might receive more new objects in\nbetween batches than can be processed within a 15-minute Lambda function.\nServerless development on AWS",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **What is serverless development?**\n\ncompute functions. For more information on how Lambda manages function scaling or reduces\nstart-up time, we will link you to relevant sections of the Lambda developer guide.\nThe topics in this guide will cover the prerequisites for understanding serverless development on\nAWS, such as account creation and an overview of AWS cloud infrastructure. Then, you will learn\nhow to shift from a traditional development model to a serverless, event-driven architecture with\nwhich to develop applications on the cloud.\nAlong the way, this guide will introduce core services, workshops, and tutorials, you can choose to\nreinforce your learning with hands-on activities.\n-  AWS Identity and Access Management — for securely accessing resources on AWS.\n2\n-  AWS Lambda — for serverless compute functionality.\n-  Amazon API Gateway for integrating HTTP and HTTPS requests with services to handle the\nrequests.\n-  Amazon DynamoDB for data storage and retrieval\n**Learn serverless techniques in an online workshop**\nLearn by doing in the  **[Serverless Patterns Workshop](https://catalog.workshops.aws/serverless-patterns)**  . The first module introduces a\nserverless microservice to retrieve data from DynamoDB with Lambda and API Gateway.\nAdditional modules provide practical examples of unit and integration testing, using\ninfrastructure as code to deploy resources, and how to build common architectural patterns\nused in serverless solutions.\n3",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the role of resource policies of lambda functions ?",
+                "target_page": 60,
+                "target_passage": "resource policy: Defines which events are authorized to invoke the function.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Understanding serverless data processing**\n\n### **Stateless data**\nWhen building Lambda functions, you should assume that the environment exists only for a single\ninvocation. The function should initialize any required state when it is first started -  for example,\nfetching a shopping cart from a DynamoDB table. It should commit any permanent data changes\nbefore exiting to a durable store such as Amazon S3, DynamoDB, or Amazon SQS. It should not rely\non any existing data structures or temporary files, or any internal state that would be managed by\nmultiple invocations (such as counters or other calculated, aggregate values).\nLambda provides an initializer before the handler where you can initialize database connections,\nlibraries, and other resources. Since execution environments are reused where possible to\nimprove performance, you can amortize the time taken to initialize these resources over multiple\ninvocations. However, you should not store any variables or data used in the function within this\nglobal scope.\nStateless data 7",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\n##### **How Lambda invokes your function (runtime environment)**\nLambda invokes your function in an  *execution environment*  , which contains a secure and isolated\n*runtime environment*  .\n-  A  *runtime*  provides a language-specific environment which relays invocation events, context\ninformation, and responses between the Lambda and your functions.\n-  An  *execution environment*  manages the processes and resources that are required to run the\nfunction.\nFundamentals\nYou can use runtimes that Lambda provides for JavaScript (Node.js), TypeScript, Python, Java,\nPython, Go, C#, and PowerShell, or you can build your own custom runtime environment inside of a\ncontainer.\nIf you package your code as a .zip file archive, you must configure your function to use a runtime\nthat matches your programming language. For a container image, you include the runtime when\nyou build the image.\n##### **How to process events with a Lambda handler**\nConceptually, there are only three steps to processing events with Lambda:\n1. Configure the entry point to your function, known as the  *handler*  , and deploy the function.\n2. Lambda service initializes the function, then it invokes the  *handler*  with an invocation event and\ncontext.\n3. Your handler function processes the event and returns a response event.\nSubsequent events will invoke the handler again, without the initialization delay. During this cycle,\nthe function stays in memory, so clients and variables declared outside of the handler method can\nbe reused.\nAfter a period of time, Lambda will eventually tear down the runtime. This can happen for a variety\nof reasons; some examples: scaling down to conserve resources, updating the function, updating\nthe runtime.\nThe function  **handler**  is the essential component of your function code. As noted previously, the\nhandler is the entry point, but it may not be the only function in your code. In fact, a best practice\nis keeping the handler sparse and doing the actual processing in other functions in your code.\nHere are some example  **handlers**  :\nPython",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Example handler method in Java\n\nFundamentals\ninitialization duration, and other details. If your function throws an error, the runtime returns that\nerror to the invoker.\nTo help simplify troubleshooting, the [AWS Serverless Application Model CLI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model/latest/developerguide/serverless-sam-reference.html#serverless-sam-cli) (AWS SAM CLI) has\na command called [sam logs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/serverless-application-model/latest/developerguide/sam-cli-command-reference-sam-logs.html) which will show you CloudWatch Logs generated by your Lambda\nfunction.\nFor example, the following terminal command would show the live tail of logs generated by the\n*YourLambdaFunctionName*  Lambda function:\nsam logs -n YourLambdaFunctionName --tail\nLogging and debugging go hand in hand. Traces of events are available with Amazon X-Ray for\ndebugging.\n##### **Securing functions**\n[AWS Identity and Access Management](https://aws.amazon.com/iam/) (IAM) is the service used to manage access to AWS services.\nLambda is fully integrated with IAM, allowing you to control precisely what each Lambda function\ncan do within the AWS Cloud. There are two important things that define the scope of permissions\nin Lambda functions:\n-  *resource policy*  : Defines which events are authorized to invoke the function.\n-  *execution role policy*  : Limits what the Lambda function is authorized to do.\nUsing IAM roles to describe a Lambda function’s permissions, decouples security configuration\nfrom the code. This helps reduce the complexity of a lambda function, making it easier to maintain.\nA Lambda function’s resource and execution policy should be granted the minimum required\npermissions for the function to perform it’s task effectively. This is sometimes referred to as the\nrule of least privilege. As you develop a Lambda function, you expand the scope of this policy to\nallow access to other resources as required.\nFundamentals",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\nServerless solutions are based on  *event-driven architecture,*  or EDA, where services send and receive\n*events*  , which represent an update or change in state. The primary activity of Lambda functions is\nto process events.\nWithin the Lambda service, your function code is stored in a code package, deployed as a .zip or a\ncontainer image. All interaction with the code occurs through the Lambda API. There is no direct\ninvocation of functions from outside of the Lambda service.\nWhat you will learn on your journey to building applications with Lambda:\n-  How the event-driven programming model invokes Lambda functions\n-  How to create, invoke, test, update, package, and secure functions\n-  How the execution and runtime environment runs your functions\n-  How to view logs and monitor your functions\n-  Where to find hands-on opportunities to learn how to invoke functions\nFundamentals\n##### **Fundamentals - conceptual and practical paths**\nThe following is a text representation of the key concepts in the preceding diagram.\nThe Lambda learning path forks into two paths. The conceptual path focuses on the programming\nmodel, runtime environment, and security concepts. The other path includes practical steps to\nbuild a application while introducing development workflow activities such as how to create and\nFundamentals\ndeploy functions, invoke and test, update and package, and monitor the logs and troubleshoot\nerrors.\n**Programming Model**\n-  Event plus Context and Environment variables (ENV) are inputs to a Handler function\n-  ENV variables\n-  Runtime environment\n**Create & Deploy**\n-  Management Console\n-  Infrastructure as Code (IaC) - AWS CloudFormation (CFN), AWS SAM (SAM), AWS Cloud\nDevelopment Kit (AWS CDK)\n- [ Deploy .zip file archives](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/nodejs-package.html) — when you need additional libraries, or compiled languages.\n- [ Versions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/configuration-versions.html) - by publishing a version of your function, you can store your code and configuration as\nseparate stable resources\n**Invoke/Test**\n-  Synchronous invocation\n-  Testing locally and in the cloud with the help of AWS SAM templates and AWS SAM CLI\n**Update / Package**\n-  Updating code and dependencies\n-  Packaging with the help of AWS SAM templates and AWS SAM CLI\n**Monitor**",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\n##### **Programming Model**\n\n-  Logs in CloudWatch\n-  Errors and tracing in X-Ray\n-  Metrics\n**Secure**\n-  Execution role\nFundamentals\n-  Policies that grant least privilege to your functions\n**Workshop - Intro to Serverless**  - Before diving too deep, you can choose to try out serverless in\na workshop or tutorial. Connect to a data source and create a REST API with your first Lambda\nfunction.”\n-  Services used: AWS Management Console, Lambda, DynamoDB, API Gateway\n##### **Programming Model**\nThe Lambda service provides the same event-based programming model for all languages. The\nLambda runtime passes an  *invocation event*  and  *context*  to your Lambda function  *handler*  which\ndoes some work and produces a resulting event:\nThe  *invocation event*  contains data, as a JSON packet, which varies from service to service. For\nexample, API gateway events include path, HTTP method, query string parameters, headers,\ncookies, and more. DynamoDB events could contain updated or delete record data. S3 events\ninclude the bucket name and object key, among other things.\n*The context*  contains information about the environment the function is running inside. Additional\ncontextual information can be set in familiar environment variables (ENV).\nThe function  *handler*  is a method in your function code that processes the inbound event. The\nhandler, which is a standard function in your language of choice, does some work and emits a  *result*\n*event*  .\nFundamentals\nAfter the handler finishes processing the first event, the runtime sends it another, and another.\nEach instance of your function could process thousands of requests.\nUnlike traditional servers, Lambda functions do not run constantly. When a function is triggered by\nan event, this is called an  *invocation*  . Lambda functions are limited to 15 minutes in duration, but\non average, across all AWS customers, most invocations last for less than a second.\nThere are many types of invocation events. Some examples:\n-  HTTP request from API Gateway\n-  Schedule managed by an EventBridge rule\n-  Message from an IOT device\n-  Notification that a file was uploaded to an S3 bucket\nEven the smallest Lambda-based application uses at least one event that invokes your function.",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Example handler method in Java\n\n#### **Advanced Topics**\n\n##### **Launch functions faster with SnapStart**\n\nCustom containers are one way you might experiment with lift and shift of existing code to\nLambda runtimes. If you do this, consider the architectural differences between always running\ncontainers, versus on demand nature of Lambda functions.\nRelated resource:\n- [ Deploy container images](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/nodejs-image.html)\n##### **Add code with Layers**\nA Lambda  *layer*  is a .zip file archive that can contain additional code or other content. A layer can\ncontain libraries, a [custom runtime](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-custom.html) , data, or configuration files. Layers are also necessary if your\nfunction .zip archive exceeds the size limit.\nLayers provide a convenient way to package libraries and other dependencies that you can use with\nyour Lambda functions. Using layers reduces the size of uploaded deployment archives and makes\nit faster to deploy your code. Layers also promote code sharing and separation of responsibilities so\nthat you can iterate faster on writing business logic.\nRelated resource:\n- [ Creating and sharing Lambda layers](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/configuration-layers.html)\n##### **Extensions**\nYou can use Lambda extensions to augment your Lambda functions. For example, use Lambda\nExtensions to integrate with your preferred monitoring, observability, security, and governance\ntools.\nLambda supports internal or external extensions. An internal extension runs as part of the runtime\nprocess. An external extension runs as an independent process in the execution environment and\ncontinues to run after the function invocation is fully processed.\nAdvanced Topics\nRelated resources:\n- [ Datadog Lambda Extension](https://docs.datadoghq.com/serverless/libraries_integrations/extension/) - an extension that supports submitting custom metrics, traces, and\nlogs asynchronously while your Lambda function executes.\n- [ Lambda Extensions - official documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-extensions.html)\n##### **Launch functions faster with SnapStart**\nLambda SnapStart for Java can improve startup performance by up to 10x at no extra cost,",
+                    "page_start": 61,
+                    "page_end": 62,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Example handler method in Java\n\n#### **Advanced Topics**\n\ntypically with no changes to your function code. The largest contributor to startup latency (often\nreferred to as cold start time) is the time that Lambda spends initializing the function, which\nincludes loading the function's code, starting the runtime, and initializing the function code.\nWith SnapStart, Lambda initializes your function when you publish a function version. Lambda\ntakes a [Firecracker microVM](http://aws.amazon.com/blogs/opensource/firecracker-open-source-secure-fast-microvm-serverless/) snapshot of the memory and disk state of the initialized [execution ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-runtime-environment.html)\n[environment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-runtime-environment.html) , encrypts the snapshot, and caches it for low-latency access.\nNote: You can use SnapStart only on published function versions and aliases that point to versions.\nYou can't use SnapStart on a function's unpublished version ($LATEST).\nRelated resources:\n- [ Accelerate Your Lambda Functions with Lambda SnapStart](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-accelerate-your-lambda-functions-with-lambda-snapstart/) - an AWS Compute blog article by\nJeff Barr from Nov 2022 that shows the configuration change and vast difference from roughly\nsix seconds init time to 142 milliseconds of restore time with SnapStart\nAdvanced Topics\n##### **Connect to functions with Function URLs**\nA function URL is a dedicated HTTP(S) endpoint for your Lambda function. You can create and\nconfigure a function URL through the Lambda console or the Lambda API. When you create a\nfunction URL, Lambda automatically generates a unique URL endpoint for you. Once you create a\nfunction URL, its URL endpoint never changes. Function URL endpoints have the following format:\nhttps://<url-id>.lambda-url.<region>.on.aws\nAfter you configure a function URL for your function, you can invoke your function through its\nHTTP(S) endpoint with a web browser, curl, Postman, or any HTTP client.\nRelated resources:\n- [ Function URLs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-urls.html) - official documentation",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\nAll projects need a compute capability to handle processing tasks. Here are some examples:\n-  Handling web application and API requests\n-  Transforming batches of data\n-  Processing messages from a queue\nAdditional resources\n-  Resizing images\n-  Generating dynamic PDFs from customer data\nIn traditional applications, you write code to do these tasks. You organize that code into  **functions**  .\nYou put the function code inside an application framework. Whichever framework you picked will\nrun inside a language dependent runtime environment. Finally, that runtime environment will be\nhosted on a virtual or physical server.\nSetting up, configuring and maintaining the frameworks, runtime environments, and virtual or\nphysical infrastructure slows down your delivery of features, bug fixes, and improvements.",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **What is serverless development?**\n\ncompute functions. For more information on how Lambda manages function scaling or reduces\nstart-up time, we will link you to relevant sections of the Lambda developer guide.\nThe topics in this guide will cover the prerequisites for understanding serverless development on\nAWS, such as account creation and an overview of AWS cloud infrastructure. Then, you will learn\nhow to shift from a traditional development model to a serverless, event-driven architecture with\nwhich to develop applications on the cloud.\nAlong the way, this guide will introduce core services, workshops, and tutorials, you can choose to\nreinforce your learning with hands-on activities.\n-  AWS Identity and Access Management — for securely accessing resources on AWS.\n2\n-  AWS Lambda — for serverless compute functionality.\n-  Amazon API Gateway for integrating HTTP and HTTPS requests with services to handle the\nrequests.\n-  Amazon DynamoDB for data storage and retrieval\n**Learn serverless techniques in an online workshop**\nLearn by doing in the  **[Serverless Patterns Workshop](https://catalog.workshops.aws/serverless-patterns)**  . The first module introduces a\nserverless microservice to retrieve data from DynamoDB with Lambda and API Gateway.\nAdditional modules provide practical examples of unit and integration testing, using\ninfrastructure as code to deploy resources, and how to build common architectural patterns\nused in serverless solutions.\n3",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **What is Lambda?**\nIn Lambda, you write function code. Lambda runs the functions. That’s it. There are no servers.\nWhat is Lambda?\n*“No Server Is Easier To Manage Than No Server”*  - Werner Vogels, VP and CTO\nThe Lambda service runs instances of your function only when needed and scales automatically\nfrom zero requests per day to thousands per second. You pay only for the compute time that’s\nactually used — there is no charge when your code is not running.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf",
+                "query": "Why can't I use SnapStart on my function tagged with $LATEST ?",
+                "target_page": 63,
+                "target_passage": " You can use SnapStart only on published function versions and aliases that point to versions. You can't use SnapStart on a function's unpublished version ($LATEST)",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Example handler method in Java\n\n#### **Advanced Topics**\n\ntypically with no changes to your function code. The largest contributor to startup latency (often\nreferred to as cold start time) is the time that Lambda spends initializing the function, which\nincludes loading the function's code, starting the runtime, and initializing the function code.\nWith SnapStart, Lambda initializes your function when you publish a function version. Lambda\ntakes a [Firecracker microVM](http://aws.amazon.com/blogs/opensource/firecracker-open-source-secure-fast-microvm-serverless/) snapshot of the memory and disk state of the initialized [execution ](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-runtime-environment.html)\n[environment](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-runtime-environment.html) , encrypts the snapshot, and caches it for low-latency access.\nNote: You can use SnapStart only on published function versions and aliases that point to versions.\nYou can't use SnapStart on a function's unpublished version ($LATEST).\nRelated resources:\n- [ Accelerate Your Lambda Functions with Lambda SnapStart](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-accelerate-your-lambda-functions-with-lambda-snapstart/) - an AWS Compute blog article by\nJeff Barr from Nov 2022 that shows the configuration change and vast difference from roughly\nsix seconds init time to 142 milliseconds of restore time with SnapStart\nAdvanced Topics\n##### **Connect to functions with Function URLs**\nA function URL is a dedicated HTTP(S) endpoint for your Lambda function. You can create and\nconfigure a function URL through the Lambda console or the Lambda API. When you create a\nfunction URL, Lambda automatically generates a unique URL endpoint for you. Once you create a\nfunction URL, its URL endpoint never changes. Function URL endpoints have the following format:\nhttps://<url-id>.lambda-url.<region>.on.aws\nAfter you configure a function URL for your function, you can invoke your function through its\nHTTP(S) endpoint with a web browser, curl, Postman, or any HTTP client.\nRelated resources:\n- [ Function URLs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-urls.html) - official documentation",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Example handler method in Java\n\n#### **Advanced Topics**\n\n##### **Launch functions faster with SnapStart**\n\nCustom containers are one way you might experiment with lift and shift of existing code to\nLambda runtimes. If you do this, consider the architectural differences between always running\ncontainers, versus on demand nature of Lambda functions.\nRelated resource:\n- [ Deploy container images](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/nodejs-image.html)\n##### **Add code with Layers**\nA Lambda  *layer*  is a .zip file archive that can contain additional code or other content. A layer can\ncontain libraries, a [custom runtime](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/runtimes-custom.html) , data, or configuration files. Layers are also necessary if your\nfunction .zip archive exceeds the size limit.\nLayers provide a convenient way to package libraries and other dependencies that you can use with\nyour Lambda functions. Using layers reduces the size of uploaded deployment archives and makes\nit faster to deploy your code. Layers also promote code sharing and separation of responsibilities so\nthat you can iterate faster on writing business logic.\nRelated resource:\n- [ Creating and sharing Lambda layers](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/configuration-layers.html)\n##### **Extensions**\nYou can use Lambda extensions to augment your Lambda functions. For example, use Lambda\nExtensions to integrate with your preferred monitoring, observability, security, and governance\ntools.\nLambda supports internal or external extensions. An internal extension runs as part of the runtime\nprocess. An external extension runs as an independent process in the execution environment and\ncontinues to run after the function invocation is fully processed.\nAdvanced Topics\nRelated resources:\n- [ Datadog Lambda Extension](https://docs.datadoghq.com/serverless/libraries_integrations/extension/) - an extension that supports submitting custom metrics, traces, and\nlogs asynchronously while your Lambda function executes.\n- [ Lambda Extensions - official documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/lambda-extensions.html)\n##### **Launch functions faster with SnapStart**\nLambda SnapStart for Java can improve startup performance by up to 10x at no extra cost,",
+                    "page_start": 61,
+                    "page_end": 62,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\n##### **How Lambda invokes your function (runtime environment)**\nLambda invokes your function in an  *execution environment*  , which contains a secure and isolated\n*runtime environment*  .\n-  A  *runtime*  provides a language-specific environment which relays invocation events, context\ninformation, and responses between the Lambda and your functions.\n-  An  *execution environment*  manages the processes and resources that are required to run the\nfunction.\nFundamentals\nYou can use runtimes that Lambda provides for JavaScript (Node.js), TypeScript, Python, Java,\nPython, Go, C#, and PowerShell, or you can build your own custom runtime environment inside of a\ncontainer.\nIf you package your code as a .zip file archive, you must configure your function to use a runtime\nthat matches your programming language. For a container image, you include the runtime when\nyou build the image.\n##### **How to process events with a Lambda handler**\nConceptually, there are only three steps to processing events with Lambda:\n1. Configure the entry point to your function, known as the  *handler*  , and deploy the function.\n2. Lambda service initializes the function, then it invokes the  *handler*  with an invocation event and\ncontext.\n3. Your handler function processes the event and returns a response event.\nSubsequent events will invoke the handler again, without the initialization delay. During this cycle,\nthe function stays in memory, so clients and variables declared outside of the handler method can\nbe reused.\nAfter a period of time, Lambda will eventually tear down the runtime. This can happen for a variety\nof reasons; some examples: scaling down to conserve resources, updating the function, updating\nthe runtime.\nThe function  **handler**  is the essential component of your function code. As noted previously, the\nhandler is the entry point, but it may not be the only function in your code. In fact, a best practice\nis keeping the handler sparse and doing the actual processing in other functions in your code.\nHere are some example  **handlers**  :\nPython",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000460000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n### **13.9  Collecting support information by using the GUI and CLI**\n\n#### **13.9.2  Collecting logs using the CLI**\n\nThe CLI can be used to collect and upload a support package as requested by IBM Support\nby performing the following steps:\n1. Log in to the CLI and issue the  **svc_snap**  command that matches the type of snap\nrequested by IBM Support:\n- Standard logs (type 1):\nsvc_snap upload pmr=ppppp,bbb,ccc gui1\n- Standard logs plus one existing statesave (type 2):\nsvc_snap upload pmr=ppppp,bbb,ccc gui2\n- Standard logs plus most recent statesave from each node (type 3):\nsvc_snap upload pmr=ppppp,bbb,ccc gui3\n- Standard logs plus new statesaves:\nsvc_livedump -nodes all -yes\nsvc_snap upload pmr=ppppp,bbb,ccc gui3\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n2. We collect the type 3 (option 3) and have it automatically uploaded to the PMR number\nthat is provided by IBM Support, as shown in Example 13-6.\n*Example 13-6   The svc_snap command*\nssh superuser@9.173.156.250\nPassword:\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7k:superuser>  **svc_snap upload pmr=12345,000,866 gui3**\n3. If you do not want to automatically upload the snap to IBM, do not specify the  **upload**\n**pmr=ppppp,bbb,ccc**  part of the commands. When the snap creation completes, it creates a\nfile named that uses the following format:\n/dumps/snap.<panel_id>.YYMMDD.hhmmss.tgz\nIt takes a few minutes for the snap file to complete (longer if statesaves are included).\n4. The generated file can then be retrieved from the GUI clicking  **Settings**  →  **Support**  → **Manual Upload Instructions**  twisty →   **Download Support Package**  and then, clicking\n**Download Existing Package**  , as shown in  Figure 13-71.\n*Figure 13-71   Downloaded Existing Package*\n5. Click in the  **Filter**  box and enter snap to see a list of snap files, as shown in Figure 13-72.\nLocate the exact name of the snap that was generated by using the  **svc_snap**  command\nthat was issued earlier. Select that file, and click  **Download**  .\n*Figure 13-72   Filtering on snap to download*\n6. Save the file to a folder of your choice on your workstation.",
+                    "page_start": 751,
+                    "page_end": 753,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#NodeID=2 #MachineType=2076624#SerialNumber=1234567 #SoftwareVersion=8.1.0.0\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n(build 13.4.1709291021000)#FRU=fan 31P1847",
+                    "page_start": 746,
+                    "page_end": 747,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000460000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n### **13.9  Collecting support information by using the GUI and CLI**\n\n#### **13.9.1  Collecting information by using the GUI**\n\nTo collect information using the GUI, complete the following steps:\n1. Click  **Settings**  →   **Support**  and the Support Package tab (see Figure 13-68).\n*Figure 13-68   Support Package option*\n2. Click the  **Upload Support Package**  button.\nAssuming that the problem encountered was an unexpected node restart that logged a\n2030 error, we collect the default logs and the most recent statesave from each node to\ncapture the most relevant data for support.\n**Note:**  When a node unexpectedly reboots, it first dumps its current statesave\ninformation before it restarts to recover from an error condition. This statesave is critical\nfor IBM Support to analyze what occurred. Collecting a snap type 4 creates statesaves\nat the time of the collection, which is not useful for understanding the restart event.\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n3. The Upload Support Package window provides four options for data collection. If you were\ncontacted by IBM Support because your system called home or you manually opened a\ncall with IBM Support, you receive a  *PMR number*  . Enter that PMR number into the  **PMR**\nfield and select the snap type (often referred to as an *option 1, 2, 3, 4 snap*  ) as requested\nby IBM Support (see Figure 13-69). In our example, we entered our PMR number,\nselected snap type 3 (option 3) because this automatically collects the statesave that were\ncreated at the time the node restarted, and clicked  **Upload**  .\n*Figure 13-69   Upload Support Package window*\n**Tip:**  To open a service request online, see the IBM Support Service requests and\nPMRs [web page](https://www.ibm.com/support/servicerequest) .\n4. The procedure to generate the snap on a Storwize V7000 system, including the most\nrecent statesave from each node canister, starts. This process might take a few minutes\n(see Figure 13-70).\n*Figure 13-70   Task detail window*",
+                    "page_start": 749,
+                    "page_end": 751,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#  and index 'log' is updated with a date and a counter of 001 (if the",
+                    "page_start": 281,
+                    "page_end": 281,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.3  Updating your Storwize V7000 to V8.2.1**\n\nknown to cause loss of access. Click  **Finish**  to begin the update package upload process.\n*Figure 13-15   The update type selection*\nWhen updating from a V8.1 or later level, another window is displayed at this point in\nwhich you can choose a fully automated update, one that pauses when half the nodes\ncomplete the update, or one that pauses after each node update, as shown in\nFigure 13-16. The pause option requires that you click  **Resume**  to continue the update\nafter each pause. Click  **Finish**  .\n*Figure 13-16   New V8.1 update pause options*\n7. After the update packages upload, the update test utility looks for any known issues that\nmight affect a concurrent update of your system. Click  **Read more**  (see Figure 13-17 on\npage 692).\n*Figure 13-17   Issues detected by the update test utility*\nThe results pane opens and shows you what issues were detected (see Figure 13-18). In\nour example, the system identified an error that one or more drives in the system are\nrunning microcode with a known issue and a warning that email notification (Call Home) is\nnot enabled. Although this issue is not a recommended condition, it does not prevent the\nsystem update from running. Therefore, we click  **Close**  and proceed with the update.\nHowever, you might need to contact IBM Support to assist with resolving more serious\nissues before continuing.\n*Figure 13-18   Description of the warning from the test utility*\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n8. Click  **Resume**  in the Update System window and the update proceeds, as shown in\nFigure 13-19.\n*Figure 13-19   Resuming the update*\n9. Because of the utility detecting issues, another warning comes up to ensure that you\ninvestigated them and are certain you want to proceed, as shown in Figure 13-20. When\nyou are ready to proceed, click  **Yes**  .\n*Figure 13-20   Warning before you can continue*",
+                    "page_start": 712,
+                    "page_end": 714,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.3  Updating your Storwize V7000 to V8.2.1**\n\n10.The system begins updating the IBM Spectrum Virtualize software by taking one node\noffline and installing the new code. This process takes approximately 20 minutes. After the\nnode returns from the update, it is listed as complete, as shown in Figure 13-21.\n*Figure 13-21   Update process paused for host path recovery*\n11.After a 30-minute pause, a node failover occurs and you temporarily lose connection to the\nGUI to ensure that multipathing recovered on all attached hosts. A warning window\ndisplays, prompting you to refresh the current session, as shown in Figure 13-22 on\npage 694.\n*Figure 13-22   Node failover*\nWe now see the new V8.2.1 GUI and the status of the second node updating, as shown in\nFigure 13-23.\n*Figure 13-23   New GUI after node failover*\n**Tip:**  If you are updating from V7.8 or later code, the 30-minute wait period can be\nadjusted by using the  **applysoftware**  CLI command with the -  **delay (mins)**  parameter\nto begin the update instead of using the GUI.\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\nAfter the second node completes, the update is committed to the system, as shown in\nFigure 13-24.\n*Figure 13-24   Updating system level*\nThe update process completes when all nodes and the system unit are committed. The\nfinal status indicates the new level of code installed in the system.\n**Note:**  If your nodes have more than 64 GB of memory before updating to V8.1, each\nnode posts an 841 error after the update completes.\nBecause V8.1 allocates memory differently, the memory must be accepted by running\nthe fix procedure for the event or issue the CLI command  **svctask chnodehw <id>**  for\neach node. However, only run this command for one node at a time. For more\ninformation, see the [Storwize V7000 IBM Knowledge Center](https://ibm.biz/Bdjmac) .",
+                    "page_start": 714,
+                    "page_end": 716,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with Lambda**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\nServerless solutions are based on  *event-driven architecture,*  or EDA, where services send and receive\n*events*  , which represent an update or change in state. The primary activity of Lambda functions is\nto process events.\nWithin the Lambda service, your function code is stored in a code package, deployed as a .zip or a\ncontainer image. All interaction with the code occurs through the Lambda API. There is no direct\ninvocation of functions from outside of the Lambda service.\nWhat you will learn on your journey to building applications with Lambda:\n-  How the event-driven programming model invokes Lambda functions\n-  How to create, invoke, test, update, package, and secure functions\n-  How the execution and runtime environment runs your functions\n-  How to view logs and monitor your functions\n-  Where to find hands-on opportunities to learn how to invoke functions\nFundamentals\n##### **Fundamentals - conceptual and practical paths**\nThe following is a text representation of the key concepts in the preceding diagram.\nThe Lambda learning path forks into two paths. The conceptual path focuses on the programming\nmodel, runtime environment, and security concepts. The other path includes practical steps to\nbuild a application while introducing development workflow activities such as how to create and\nFundamentals\ndeploy functions, invoke and test, update and package, and monitor the logs and troubleshoot\nerrors.\n**Programming Model**\n-  Event plus Context and Environment variables (ENV) are inputs to a Handler function\n-  ENV variables\n-  Runtime environment\n**Create & Deploy**\n-  Management Console\n-  Infrastructure as Code (IaC) - AWS CloudFormation (CFN), AWS SAM (SAM), AWS Cloud\nDevelopment Kit (AWS CDK)\n- [ Deploy .zip file archives](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/nodejs-package.html) — when you need additional libraries, or compiled languages.\n- [ Versions](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lambda/latest/dg/configuration-versions.html) - by publishing a version of your function, you can store your code and configuration as\nseparate stable resources\n**Invoke/Test**\n-  Synchronous invocation\n-  Testing locally and in the cloud with the help of AWS SAM templates and AWS SAM CLI\n**Update / Package**\n-  Updating code and dependencies\n-  Packaging with the help of AWS SAM templates and AWS SAM CLI\n**Monitor**",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "At Shentel company, what determines an employees pension ?",
+                "target_page": 22,
+                "target_passage": "Pension benefits are based primarily on the employee's compensation and years of service",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#### **PEOPLE OF SHENTEL MANAGEMENT TEAM**\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 6\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n00\n1999 2000 2001 2002 2003\nWholesale\nPost-paid\n47\n10\n22\n70\n68 68\n89 89\n98\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n1999 2000 2001 2002 2003\n69\n30\n44\n93\n106\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n1999 2000 2001 2002 2003\n29\n16\n44\n23\n12\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n1999 2000 2001 2002 2003\nN t I\n6\n10\n16\n5\n32\n3\n10\n(-3)\n5\n10\nIncome from\nContinuing Operations\nNet Income\n*(Front, left to right): Earle A. MacKenzie, Executive VP, Len L. Greisz, Director of Internal Control, Christopher E. French, President,*\n*Daniel R. Detamore-Hunsberger, Controller, Marcy J. Engle, Human Resources Manager.*\n*(Back, left to right): David K. MacDonald, VP -  Operations, David E. Ferguson, VP -  Customer Services, Lori W. Warren, Director of*\n*Regulatory Affairs, Chris S. Kyle, Director of Planning, William L. Pirtle, VP -  Sales, Laurence F. Paxton, VP -  Information Technology*",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n### **6.00% 4.50%**\n2002\n6.50%\n4.50%\n2001\n7.00%\n5.00%\n2001 7.50% 5.00% 8.00%\n2002 7.00% 5.00% 8.00%\n### **2003 6.50% 4.50% 7.50%**\n**2003** 2002 **69.8%** 62.9% **26.6%** 32.2% **3.6%** 4.9% **100.0%** 100.0%\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 32\n##### **Note 9.  Retirement Plans (Continued)**\nThe Company's matching contributions to the defined contribution plan were approximately $228 thousand, $210 thousand and $182 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively.\nIn May 2003, the Company adopted an unfunded nonqualified supplemental executive retirement plan for named executives.  The plan was established to provide retirement benefits in addition to those provided under the Retirement Plan that covers all employees.  The following table presents the actuarial information for the plan.",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#### **SHENTEL SERVICE AREAS**\n\nMarch 22, 2004\nDear Shareholder:\nI am pleased to report on an excellent year for your Company, one in which we achieved strong financial results and reached several significant accomplishments.\nOur financial performance was very positive in 2003.  For the first time in our history, revenues exceeded $100 million, reaching a total of $105.9 million for the year.  While revenues increased by $12.9 million, our operating expenses only increased by $3.6 million, resulting in a $9.3 million improvement in operating income which reached $18.6 million.  Helped by the one-time gain from the sale of our cellular partnership interest, our net income was a record $32.1 million.  Our net income from continuing operations, which excludes the cellular impact, reached $9.8 million.\nWhile the last few years have not been kind to many companies in the telecommunications industry, your Company has not just survived, it has thrived.  In addition to the operating results, our balance sheet became even stronger.  Total debt was again reduced, decreasing by $12.2 million to $43.3 million as of the end of the year.  At the same time, our cash and equivalents at the end of the year was $28.7 million, while total assets were $185.4 million.  With our total long-term debt equaling only 23.4 percent of total assets, your Company's balance sheet is envied in an industry where many companies have encountered problems just meeting their debt obligations, much less being able to invest in their future.\nAs previously announced, the Company completed the sale of our cellular partnership interest on February 28, 2003. While our participation in cellular, a subset of the wireless industry, had been very profitable, competitive pressures in the wireless industry were having an increasing impact.  We had already lost half of our customers, and growth in revenues and profits had begun to slow.  Exiting the cellular segment through the sale allows the Company to focus on our significantly larger digital PCS operation.  It also made available a large source of cash to finance our other operating needs and future growth opportunities.\nOur wireless priorities are now focused on improving results within our PCS operation.  After many years of multiple- million dollar losses, our PCS business produced a slight profit in 2003.  While many non-recurring factors contributed to this small profit, the basic operating results within this subsidiary showed significant improvement during 2003.  PCS revenues grew 20.8 percent to a total of $67.0 million.  Operating income in this subsidiary was $2.9 million, an $8.2 million change from the previous year's loss.  Despite these improvements, we still have a long way to go before we are earning a satisfactory return on our investment.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "### **Net Income**\n\n#### to stay in touch.\n2003 was the 10th anniversary of Shentel’s decision to enter the PCS business and the 8th year operating as a Sprint PCS Affiliate.  This year was a",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## w. Employee benefits\n\nto be paid if the Group has a present legal or\nconstructive obligation to pay this amount as a\nresult of past service provided by the Directors\nor employees and the obligation can be esti-\nmated reliably.\n(iv) Retirement benefit obligations\nContributions to defined contribution superan-\nnuation plans are recognised as an expense in\nthe statement of comprehensive income as they\nbecome payable.\n(v) Share-based payment transactions\nThe Group provides benefits to employees\n(including Directors) in the form of share-based\npayments, whereby employees render services in\nexchange for shares or rights over shares\n(“equity settled transactions”).\nThe fair value of these equity settled transac-\ntions is recognised as an employee benefit\nexpense with a corresponding increase in equity.\nThe fair value is measured at grant date and\nrecognised over the period during which the\nemployees become unconditionally entitled.\nThe fair value at grant date is determined using\na Black-Scholes option pricing model that takes\ninto account the exercise price, the term of the\noption, the share price at the grant date, the\nexpected price volatility of the underlying share,\nthe expected dividend yield and the risk free\ninterest rate for the term of the option.\nUpon the exercise of the equity settled reward,\nthe related balance of the share-based payments\nreserve is transferred to share capital.",
+                    "page_start": 75,
+                    "page_end": 75,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Note 10.  Stock Incentive Plan (Continued)**\n**2003** 2002 2001\nDividend rate **1.68% to 2.35%** 1.52% 1.78%\nRisk-free interest rate **3.00% to 3.18%** 4.24% 4.31%\nExpected lives of options **5 to 10 years** 5 years 5 years\nPrice volatility **38.83% to 51.02%** 30.03% 38.29%\nA summary of the status of the Plan at December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001 and changes during the years ended on those dates is as follows:\nShares\nWeighted Average Grant Price Per Share Fair Value Per Share Outstanding January 1, 2001 117,122 $12.50\nGranted 39,938 15.79 $ 5.51 Cancelled (6,580) 14.86 Exercised (12,426) 10.72\nOutstanding December 31, 2001 138,054 13.51\nGranted 47,646 17.59 4.08 Cancelled (19,758) 13.95 Exercised (16,238) 11.27\nOutstanding December 31, 2002 149,704 14.99\nGranted 75,396 18.89 4.24 to 11.37 Cancelled (11,892) 16.62 Exercised (40,988) 11.89\n##### **Outstanding December 31, 2003 172,220**\nThere were 85,670, 91,658 and 83,114 shares exercisable at December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001, at weighted average exercise prices per share of, $15.94, $13.70, and $11.71, respectively.  During 2002, the Company issued 4,654 shares of Company stock to employees valued at $100 thousand in recognition of the Company’s 100 <sup>th</sup> year anniversary. The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2003:\nExercise Prices Shares Outstanding Option Life Remaining Shares Exercisable\n1999 $ 9.97 9,700 1 year 9,700\n2000 17.19 25,900 2 years 25,900\n2001 15.79 31,626 3 years 31,626\n2002 17.59 36,888 4 years 18,444\n2003 **17.98-22.01 68,106 5 to 10 years** -\n##### **Note 11.  Major Customers**\nThe Company has one major customer and relationship that is a significant source of revenue.  In 2003, as during the past number of years, the Company's relationship with Sprint continued to increase, due to growth in the PCS business segment.  Approximately 61.2% of total revenues in 2003 were generated by or through Sprint and its customers using the Company's portion of Sprint’s nationwide PCS network.  This was compared to 57.6% in 2002, and 47.1% of total revenue in 2001.  No other customer relationship on a stand-alone basis generates more than 2.5% of the Company’s total revenue for 2003, 2002 and 2001.\n$\n$\n$\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 34",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Stock-Based Compensation**\n\nthe Company’s Board of Directors is composed of persons not recom-\nmended by at least three-fourths of the incumbent Board of Directors.\nUpon a change in control, a key employee is deemed to have a two-year\nemployment with the Company, and all his or her benefits are vested\nunder Company plans. If, at any time within two years of the change in\ncontrol, his or her position, salary, bonus, place of work, or Company-\nprovided benefits are modified, or employment is terminated by the\nCompany for any reason other than cause or by the key employee for good\nreason, as such terms are defined in the agreement, then the key employee\nis entitled to receive a severance payment equal to two times annual salary\nand the average of the prior two years’ bonuses.\n####### **Stock-Based Compensation**\nUnder the Company’s 1995 Stock-Based Compensation Plan, as amended\nand restated effective November 10, 2000, the Company may award\noptions to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and grant\nother stock awards to executives, managers, and key personnel. The Plan\nis administered by the Human Resources and Compensation Committee\nof the Board of Directors. Restricted stock awarded under the plan is\nexpensed ratably over the vesting period of the awards. Stock options\nawarded to employees under the Plan must be at exercise prices equal to\nor exceeding the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on\nthe date of grant. Stock options are generally subject to four-year cliff\nvesting and must be exercised within 10 years from the date of grant.\nThe weighted-average fair value of options granted during\n2003, 2002, and 2001, estimated on the date of grant using the\nBlack-Scholes option-pricing model, was $10.74, $11.74, and $9.70,\nrespectively. The fair value of 2003, 2002, and 2001 options granted\nis estimated on the date of grant using the following assumptions:\ndividend yield of 1.2% to 2.1%, expected volatility of 34.9% to 38.4%,\nrisk-free interest rate of 4.2% to 5.4%, and an expected life of 10 to 12\nyears, depending on grant date.\nThe status of the Company’s stock option plans is summa-\nrized in the following table:\n\n51\nNumber of Weighted-Average\nShares Exercise Price\n*Outstanding at December 30, 2000*    918,250   $ 21.89\nGranted   266,500   23.39\nExercised  (17,500)   18.31\nForfeited  (37,000)   21.57\n*Outstanding at December 29, 2001*    1,130,250   $ 22.32\nGranted   290,000   25.77\nExercised  -    -\nForfeited  (17,000)   21.69",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)\n\n1,756\nOther  0 - 20%  **322**\n424\nTotal  100%  **$ 6,439**\n$ 6,056\nEquity securities do not include any Company common stock.\nThe Company has established an investment policy and regularly monitors the performance of the assets of the trust maintained in\nconjunction with the Qualified Defined Benefit Retirement Plan.  The strategy implemented by the trustee of the Qualified Defined\nBenefit Retirement Plan is to achieve long-term objectives and invest the pension assets in accordance with ERISA and fiduciary\nstandards.  The long-term primary objectives are to provide for a reasonable amount of long-term capital, without undue exposure\nto risk; to protect the Qualified Defined Benefit Retirement Plan assets from erosion of purchasing power; and to provide investment\nresults that meet or exceed the actuarially assumed long-term rate of return.  The expected long-term rate of return on assets\nassumption was developed by considering the historical returns and the future expectations for returns of each asset class as well as\nthe target asset allocation of the pension portfolio.\nCash Flows\nEmployer Contributions\nThe Company expects to contribute $6,000 to its pension benefit plans and $240 to its retiree health care benefit plans in\n2013.  Contributions do not equal estimated future payments as certain payments are made from plan assets.\nEstimated Future Benefit Payments\nThe following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as applicable, are expected to be paid in each of the next\nfive years and in the aggregate for the subsequent five years:\nDuring Fiscal Years Pension Benefits Retiree Health Care\nBenefits\n2013  $ 6,200\n$ 240\n2014  5,900\n240\n2015  5,700\n240\n2016  4,500\n240\n2017  1,700\n260\n2018 through 2022  15,200\n1,420\n\n34",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **304**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Note 9.  Retirement Plans (Continued)**\n**2003** 2002 2001\nFunded status **$(3,797)** $ (2,880) $ (1,163)\nUnrecognized net (gain) loss **2,229** 1,505 (124)\nUnrecognized prior service cost **252** 283 315\nUnrecognized net transition asset **(9)** (38) (67)\nAccrued benefit cost **$(1,325)** $ (1,130) $ (1,039)\nComponents of net periodic benefit costs:\nService cost **$ 486**\n\n$ 420 $ 313\nInterest cost **615**\n\n591 507\nExpected return on plan assets **(494)** (582) (640)\nAmortization of prior service costs **31**\n\n31 31\nAmortization of net gain **32**\n\n- (102)\nAmortization of net transition asset **(29)** (29) (29)\nNet periodic benefit cost **$ 641** $ 431 $ 80\nThe accumulated benefit obligation for the qualified retirement plan was $7,872, $6,551 and $5,399 at December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively.\nWeighted average assumptions used by the Company in the determination of benefit obligations at December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001 were as follows:\n##### **Investment Policy**\nThe investment policy of the Company’s Pension Plan is for assets to be invested in a manner consistent with the fiduciary standards of ERISA.  More specifically, the investment focus is to preserve capital which includes inflationary protection as well as protection of the principal amounts contributed to the Plan.  Of lesser importance is the consistency of growth, which will tend to minimize the annual fluctuations in the normal cost.  It is anticipated that growth of the fund will result from both capital appreciation and the re-investment of current income.\n##### **Contributions**\nThe Company expects to contribute $0.5 million to the noncontributory defined benefit plan in 2004, and contributed $0.4 million in 2003, and $0.3 million in 2002.\nAsset Category **2003** 2002 Equity securities **69.8%** 62.9% Debt securities **26.6%** 32.2% Cash and cash equivalents **3.6%** 4.9% **100.0%** 100.0%\n**2003** 2002 2001\nDiscount rate **6.00%** 6.50% 7.00%\nRate of increase in compensation levels **4.50%** 4.50% 5.00%\nWeighted average assumptions used by the Company in the determination of net pension cost for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2002, and 2001 were as follows: **2003** 2002 2001 Discount Rate **6.50%** 7.00% 7.50% Rate of increase in compensation level **4.50%** 5.00% 5.00% Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets **7.50%** 8.00% 8.00%\nThe Company’s pension plan asset allocations based on market value at December 31, 2003 and 2002, by asset category were as follows:",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Note 12.   Shareholder Rights**\nThe Board of Directors adopted a Shareholder Rights Plan in 1998, whereby, under certain circumstances, holders of each right (granted in 1998 at one right per share of outstanding stock) will be entitled to purchase $80 worth of the Company's common stock for $40.  The rights are neither exercisable nor traded separately from the Company's common stock.  The rights are only exercisable if a person or group becomes or attempts to become, the beneficial owner of 15% or more of the Company's common stock.  Under the terms of the Plan, such a person or group is not entitled to the benefits of the rights.\n##### **Note 13.  Lease Commitments**\nThe Company leases land, buildings and tower space under various non-cancelable agreements, which expire between 2004 and 2043 and require various minimum annual rental payments.  The leases generally contain certain renewal options for periods ranging from 5 to 20 years.\nFuture minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases with initial variable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2003 are as follows:\nYear Ending Amount\n*(in thousands)* 2004 $ 3,216 2005 2,544 2006 2,072 2007 1,327 2008 902 2009 and beyond 2,531 $ 12,592\nThe Company’s total rent expense from continuing operations for each of the previous three years was $4.4 million in 2003, $3.4 million in 2002, and $2.4 million in 2001.\nAs lessor, the Company has leased buildings, tower space and telecommunications equipment to other entities under various non-cancelable agreements, which require various minimum annual payments.  The total minimum rental receipts at December 31, 2003 are as follows:\nYear Ending Amount\n*(in thousands)* 2004 $ 2,988 2005 2,759 2006 1,563 2007 1,126 2008 448 2009 and beyond 448 $ 9,332\n*(in thousands)*\n*(in thousands)*\nAmount\nAmount\n35 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "At the end of 2003, how many available-for-sales investments did Shenandoah company count in its portfolio ?",
+                "target_page": 53,
+                "target_passage": "The Company’s available-for-sale portfolio at December 31, 2003 is made up of two investments",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003 Financial Statements**\n\n### **INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n*Available-for-Sale Securities:*  Debt and equity securities classified as available-for-sale consist of securities which the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity.  Any decision to sell a security classified as available-for-sale would be based on various factors, including changes in market conditions, liquidity needs and similar criteria.  Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value as determined by quoted market prices.  Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the related tax effect, are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of other comprehensive\n##### **Note 1.  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)**\n* **Materials and supplies:** *  New and reusable materials are carried in inventory at the lower of average cost or market value.  Inventory held for sale, such as telephones and accessories, are carried at the lower of average cost or market value.  Non-reusable material is carried at estimated salvage value.\n* **Property, plant and equipment:** *  Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost.  The Company capitalizes all costs associated with the purchase, deployment and installation of property, plant and equipment, including interest on major capital projects during the period of their construction.  Expenditures, including those on leased assets, which extend the useful life or increase its utility, are capitalized.  Maintenance expense is recognized when repairs are performed. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.  Depreciation expense for continuing operations was approximately 8.7%, 8.6% and 8.3% of average depreciable assets for the years 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively.  Depreciation lives are assigned to assets based on their estimated useful lives in conjunction with industry and regulatory guidelines, where applicable.  Such lives, while similar, may exceed the lives that would have been used if the Company did not operate certain segments of the business in a regulated environment. The Company takes technology changes into consideration as it assigns the estimated useful lives, and monitors the remaining useful lives of asset groups to reasonably match the remaining economic life with the useful life and makes adjustments when necessary.\nIn June 2001, the FASB issued SFAS No. 143, “Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations.”  SFAS No. 143 requires the Company to record the fair value of an asset retirement obligation as a liability in the period in which it incurs a legal obligation associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets that result from acquisition, construction, development and/or normal use of the assets.  The Company also records a corresponding asset, which is depreciated over the life of the asset.  Subsequent to the initial measurement of the asset retirement obligation, the obligation will be adjusted at the end of each period to reflect the passage of time and changes in the estimated future cash flows underlying the obligation.  The Company adopted SFAS No. 143 on January 1, 2003.  The impact of the adoption of SFAS No. 143 was the recording of a capitalized asset retirement obligation of $158 thousand, the related accumulated depreciation of $32 thousand, the present value of the future removal obligation of $249 thousand, and the cumulative effect of the accounting change of $76 thousand after taxes recorded on the consolidated statements of income.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Note 3.  Securities and Investments**\nThe Company has three classifications of investments; available for sale securities, investments carried at cost, and equity method investments.  See Note 1 for specific definitions of each classification of investment.  The following tables present the investments of the Company for the three-year period ended December 31, 2003:\nAvailable-for-sale securities at December 31 consist of the following:\nCost\nGross Unrealized Holding Gains\nGross Unrealized Holding Losses Fair Value\n*(in thousands)* **2003** Deutsche Telekom, AG **$ 85 $ 64 $ - $ 149** Other **73 - 23 50 $ 158 $ 64 $ 23 $ 199**\n2002 Deutsche Telekom, AG $ 85 $ 20 $ - $ 105 Other 73 - 27 46 $ 158 $ 20 $ 27 $ 151\n2001 VeriSign, Inc. $11,798 $ - $ - $11,798 Deutsche Telekom, AG 85 10 - 95 Other 74 58 - 132 $11,957 $ 68 $ - $12,025\nDuring 2001, the Company liquidated its holdings of Loral Space and Communications, LTD and ITC^DeltaCom, Inc. for proceeds of $0.2 million and a realized loss of $1.4 million.  Additionally, the Company sold 130,000 shares of Illuminet Holdings, Inc. (Illuminet) for proceeds of $5.3 million and a realized gain of $5.0 million.  In September 2001, Illuminet notified the Company that VeriSign, Inc. (VeriSign) made an offer to acquire Illuminet.  The Company received VeriSign stock valued at $13.2 million, for the Illuminet investment, and based on the fair value of the new asset received, recorded a realized gain of $12.7 million in 2001 on the transaction through net gain on investments in the other income (expense) section of the income statement.  Subsequent to the close of the transaction, the VeriSign stock declined in value and the Company recognized an impairment of $1.5 million, as management viewed the decline to be other than temporary.",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003 Financial Statements**\n\n### **INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT**\n\n#### **December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001** *in thousands*\n\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 12\n**ASSETS (Note 5) 2003** 2002 2001\nCurrent Assets\nCash and cash equivalents **$ 28,696**\n\n$ 2,209 $     2,037\nAccounts receivable, net (Notes 1 and 8) **6,488** 7,536 5,739\nIncome taxes receivable **1,526** 12 1,205\nMaterials and supplies **2,062** 1,787 2,934\nPrepaid expenses and other **1,669** 2,205 1,146\nDeferred income taxes (Note 6) **522** 1,197 575\nAssets held for sale (Note 2) **-** 5,548 2,973\n**Total current assets $ 40,963** $ 20,494 $ 16,609\nSecurities and Investments (Notes 3 and 8)\nAvailable-for-sale securities **$ 199** $ 151 $ 12,025\nOther investments **7,268** 7,272 6,438\n**Total securities and investments $ 7,467** $ 7,423 $ 18,463\nProperty, Plant and Equipment\nPlant in service (Note 4) **$ 197,431** $184,069 $154,345\nPlant under construction **2,261** 5,209 14,960\n**$ 199,692** $189,278 $169,305\nLess accumulated depreciation **72,006** 57,126 44,473\n**Net property, plant and equipment $ 127,686** $132,152 $124,832\nOther Assets\nAssets held for sale (Note 2) **$ -** $ - $ 3,272\nCost in excess of net assets of business acquired **5,105** 5,105 5,105\nDeferred charges and other assets (Notes 1 and 2) **5,999** 667 1,452\n**$ 11,104** $ 5,772 $ 9,829\nLess accumulated amortization **1,856** 1,837 2,361\n**Net other assets $ 9,248** $ 3,935 $ 7,468\n**Total assets $ 185,364** $164,004 $167,372\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n**2003** 2002 2001 Available-for-sale securities: *(in thousands)* Beginning Balance **$ (7)** $ 68 $ 9,153 Unrealized holding gains (losses) during the year, net **48** (75) 5,615 Reclassification of recognized (gains) during the year, net **-** - (14,700) **41** (7) 68 Deferred tax effect related to net unrealized gains **15** (3) 26\nEnding Balance **$ 26** $ (4) $ 42\nAs of December 31, other investments, comprised of equity securities, which do not have readily determinable fair values, consist of the following:\n**2003** 2002 2001\nCost method:  *(in thousands)*\nRural Telephone Bank **$ 796** $ 796 $  796\nNECA Services, Inc. **500** 500 500\nCoBank **1,321** 1,126 768\nNTC Communications (equity method in 2003 and 2002) **-** - 500\nOther **182** 241 254\n**$ 2,799** $ 2,663 $ 2,818\nEquity method:\nSouth Atlantic Venture Fund III L.P. **$ 89** $ 263 $ 393\nSouth Atlantic Private Equity Fund IV L.P. **541** 707 891\nDolphin Communications Parallel Fund, L.P. **184** 273 441\nDolphin Communications Fund II, L.P. **1,290** 1,024 518\nBurton Partnership **1,149** 988 970\nNTC Communications (cost method in 2001) **971** 1,089 -\nVirginia Independent Telephone Alliance **228** 248 400\nValleyNet **17** 17 7\n**$ 4,469** $ 4,609 $ 3,620\n**Total investments $ 7,268** $ 7,272 $ 6,438\nThe Company’s investment in CoBank increased $195 thousand in 2003 and $358 thousand in 2002, due to the ongoing patronage earned from the outstanding investment and loan balances the Company has with CoBank.  For 2003 and 2002, the Company’s allocated portions of losses, recorded on the investment in NTC were $118 thousand and $171 thousand, respectfully.\nIn 2003, the Company received distributions from its equity investments totaling $0.5 million in cash and invested $0.7 million in two equity investments, Dolphin Communications Parallel Fund, LP and Dolphin Communications Fund II, LP.  These two investments recorded losses of approximately $0.4 million for the 2003 year.  The Company recorded a loss from the Virginia Independent Telephone Alliance investment of $19 thousand, for 2003.  The Company recorded a gain from the ValleyNet partnership of $84 thousand and received distributions of $84 thousand.  Other equity investments lost an additional $0.4 million for 2003.",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\nIn 2002, the Company liquidated its holdings of VeriSign, Inc, for proceeds of $2.8 million and a realized loss of $9.0 million.  The VeriSign stock was valued at $38 per share at December 31, 2001, and declined over the ensuing months to approximately $6 per share in early July 2002.  The Company liquidated all of its holdings in the stock early in the third quarter 2002.  The Company’s original investment in VeriSign’s predecessor companies was approximately $1.0 million.  Total proceeds from all sales of stock in VeriSign and its predecessor companies were $8.1 million, or more than eight times the original investment.\nThere were no gross realized gains on available-for-sale securities included in income in 2003 or 2002, while there were $17.7 million for 2001.  Gross realized losses included in income in 2003, 2002 and 2001 were $3 thousand, $9.0 million and  $3.0 million, respectively.\nChanges in the unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001 reported as a separate component of shareholders' equity are as follows:\n.\n##### **$**\n##### **$**\n$\n$\n$\n$\n##### **Note 3.  Securities and Investments (Continued)**\n25 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n47 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nInterest expense was $3.5 million, a decrease of $0.7 million or 16.3%.  The Company’s average debt outstanding decreased approximately $4.8 million.  Long-term debt (inclusive of current maturities), was $43.3 million at year-end 2003, versus $52.0 million at year-end 2002.  The Company did not borrow any money on its revolving facilities in 2003.\nNet losses on investments were $0.4 million, compared to a loss of $10.1 million from 2002.  Results in 2002 include the sale of the VeriSign, Inc. stock for a loss of $9.0 million.  See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.\nNon-operating income was a gain of $0.4 million, an increase of $0.5 million, due to an increase in patronage equity earned from CoBank, the Company’s primary lender, and due to interest income from the proceeds on the sale of the Virginia 10 RSA Limited partnership, offset by losses recorded for the Company’s portfolio of investments.\nThe Company provided for income taxes of $5.3 million in 2003, which is an effective tax rate of 35.2% due to the effect of state tax apportionment rules and reduction in the liability for tax exposures.  On a normalized basis the Company would have recorded taxes at an effective tax rate of approximately 39%.  Last year’s effective tax rate was 42.2% due to the impact of net operating loss carry forwards generated in several states with higher tax rates.  The Company currently operates in four states.  Due to apportionment rules and geographic operations of subsidiaries where the Company’s profits and losses arise, the Company is generating profits in states with lower tax rates, while generating losses in states with higher tax rates.  The Company cautions readers that the current effective tax rate may not be the same rate at which tax benefits or tax expenses are recorded in the future.  The Company’s state apportionments, profits and losses and state tax rates may change, therefore changing the effective rate at which taxes are provided for or at which tax benefits accrue.  In the near term, under existing operating results and current tax rates, the Company anticipates a normalized effective tax rate will be approximately 39%.",
+                    "page_start": 48,
+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\nThe Company was committed to invest an additional $1.8 million at December 31, 2003 in various equity method investees pursuant to capital calls from the fund managers.  It is not practical to estimate the fair value of the other investments due to their limited market and restrictive nature of their transferability.\nThe Company’s ownership interests in Virginia Independent Telephone Alliance and ValleyNet are approximately 22% and 20%, respectively.  The Company purchases services from Virginia Independent Telephone Alliance and ValleyNet at rates comparable with other customers. The Company’s ownership in NTC Communications is approximately 18%.  Other equity method investees are investment limited partnerships which are approximately 2% owned each.\n**2003** 2002 2001\n*(in thousands)*\n**$ 796** $ 796 $  796\n**500** 500 500\n**1,321** 1,126 768\n2) **-** - 500\n**182** 241 254\n**$ 2,799** $ 2,663 $ 2,818\n**$ 89** $ 263 $ 393\n**541** 707 891\n**184** 273 441\n**1,290** 1,024 518\n**1,149** 988 970\n**971** 1,089 -\n**228** 248 400\n**17** 17 7\n**$ 4,469** $ 4,609 $ 3,620\n**$ 7,268** $ 7,272 $ 6,438\n$ 263\n707\n273\n1,024\n988\n1,089\n248\n17\n$ 4,609\n$ 7,272\n$ 2,663\n$ 796\n500\n1,126\n-\n241\n$\n$\nsecurities, which do not have readily determinable fair values, consist of the following:\nAs of December 31, other investments, comprised of equity\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 26",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003 Financial Statements**\n\n### **INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\nincome until realized.  Realized gains and losses are determined on a specific identification basis.  A decline in the market value of any available-for-sale security below cost that is deemed to be other than temporary results in a reduction in the carrying amount to fair value.  The impairment is charged to earnings and a new cost basis for the security is established.\n*Investments Carried at Cost:*  Investments in common stock in which the Company does not have a significant ownership (less than 20%) and for which there is no ready market, are carried at cost. Information regarding investments carried at cost is reviewed continuously for evidence of impairment in value.  Impairments are charged to earnings and a new cost basis for the investment is established.\n*Equity Method Investments*  :  Investments in partnerships and unconsolidated corporations where the Company's ownership is 20% or more, or where the Company otherwise has the ability to exercise significant influence, are reported under the equity method.  Under this method, the Company's equity in earnings or losses of investees is reflected in earnings.  Distributions received reduce the carrying value of these investments.  The Company recognizes a loss when there is a decline in value of the investment which is other than a temporary decline.\n19 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003 Financial Statements**\n\n### **INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT**\n\n#### **Years Ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001** *in thousands, except per share amounts*\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n-\n- -\n- - -\n-\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 16",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Note 10.  Stock Incentive Plan (Continued)**\n**2003** 2002 2001\nDividend rate **1.68% to 2.35%** 1.52% 1.78%\nRisk-free interest rate **3.00% to 3.18%** 4.24% 4.31%\nExpected lives of options **5 to 10 years** 5 years 5 years\nPrice volatility **38.83% to 51.02%** 30.03% 38.29%\nA summary of the status of the Plan at December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001 and changes during the years ended on those dates is as follows:\nShares\nWeighted Average Grant Price Per Share Fair Value Per Share Outstanding January 1, 2001 117,122 $12.50\nGranted 39,938 15.79 $ 5.51 Cancelled (6,580) 14.86 Exercised (12,426) 10.72\nOutstanding December 31, 2001 138,054 13.51\nGranted 47,646 17.59 4.08 Cancelled (19,758) 13.95 Exercised (16,238) 11.27\nOutstanding December 31, 2002 149,704 14.99\nGranted 75,396 18.89 4.24 to 11.37 Cancelled (11,892) 16.62 Exercised (40,988) 11.89\n##### **Outstanding December 31, 2003 172,220**\nThere were 85,670, 91,658 and 83,114 shares exercisable at December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001, at weighted average exercise prices per share of, $15.94, $13.70, and $11.71, respectively.  During 2002, the Company issued 4,654 shares of Company stock to employees valued at $100 thousand in recognition of the Company’s 100 <sup>th</sup> year anniversary. The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2003:\nExercise Prices Shares Outstanding Option Life Remaining Shares Exercisable\n1999 $ 9.97 9,700 1 year 9,700\n2000 17.19 25,900 2 years 25,900\n2001 15.79 31,626 3 years 31,626\n2002 17.59 36,888 4 years 18,444\n2003 **17.98-22.01 68,106 5 to 10 years** -\n##### **Note 11.  Major Customers**\nThe Company has one major customer and relationship that is a significant source of revenue.  In 2003, as during the past number of years, the Company's relationship with Sprint continued to increase, due to growth in the PCS business segment.  Approximately 61.2% of total revenues in 2003 were generated by or through Sprint and its customers using the Company's portion of Sprint’s nationwide PCS network.  This was compared to 57.6% in 2002, and 47.1% of total revenue in 2001.  No other customer relationship on a stand-alone basis generates more than 2.5% of the Company’s total revenue for 2003, 2002 and 2001.\n$\n$\n$\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 34",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the main reason of the decrease of customer base of the Shenandoah and Virginia 10 RSA partnership ?",
+                "target_page": 51,
+                "target_passage": "he decline was the result of competition with digital technologies and increased competition from national carriers in the area",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **CONTINUING OPERATIONS**\nThe Company invested $2.0 million in the Virginia 10 RSA limited partnership in the early 1990’s.  The partnership’s local customer base peaked in early 2000 with nearly 12,000 subscribers, then steadily declined to 6,700 by December 31, 2002.  The decline was the result of competition with digital technologies and increased competition from national carriers in the area.  As a result of the decline in the subscriber base, and the need for extensive capital expenditures to transform the analog network into a digital cellular network, the Company elected to sell its 66% interest in the partnership to one of the minority partners.  The agreement was signed in November 2002, and closing was February 28, 2003.  The Company’s portion of the net income from its operations for 2003, 2002 and 2001 was $1.2 million, $7.4 million and $6.7 million, respectively.\n##### **DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\nIncome from discontinued operations was $22.4 million after taxes, an increase of $15.0 million or 202%.  The income from discontinued operations in 2003 includes the sale of the partnership interest in February 2003 and results from the two months of its operations in 2003.\nThe Company adopted FAS 143 “Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations.” effective January 1, 2003, and as a result recorded a charge to earnings for the cumulative effect of this change in accounting of $76 thousand after taxes.\nNet income was $32.1 million, an increase of $27.6 million or 610%.  The increase is a result of improved operating results in the PCS operations, the 2002 VeriSign stock loss and the sale of the cellular operations.\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nThe Company experienced significant bad debt losses in its PCS operations related to the Sprint Clear PaySM program. The program was initially targeted at customers in sub-prime credit classes and did not require a deposit upon activation of service. As a result of default rates that exceeded projections, the Company experienced a substantial increase in bad debt expense, which rose from $1.2 million in 2001 to $4.4 million in 2002. The reinstatement of deposit requirements in April 2002 caused some moderation in bad debt expense by the end of the year. Total PCS bade debt expense for 2002 was $3.7 million of this expense is associated with several large telecommunications customers who filed bankruptcies in 2002.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **7,577**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Note 1.  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)**\n* **Reclassifications:** *  Certain amounts reported in the 2002 and 2001 financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the 2003 presentation, with no effect on net income or shareholders' equity.\n##### **Note 2.  Discontinued Operations**\nIn November 2002, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its 66% General Partner interest in the Virginia 10 RSA Limited Partnership (cellular operation) to Verizon Wireless for $37.0 million.  The closing of the sale took place at the close of business on February 28, 2003.  The total proceeds received were $38.7 million, including $5.0 million held in escrow, and a $1.7 million adjustment for estimated working capital at the time of closing.  There was a post closing adjustment based on the actual working capital balance as of the closing date, which resulted in a $39 thousand charge for the Company.  The $5.0 million escrow was established for any contingencies and indemnification issues that may arise during the two-year post-closing period and is included in deferred charges and other assets in the 2003 consolidated balance sheet.  The Company’s gain on the transaction was approximately $35 million.  Post closing, the Company provided transition services to Verizon for a period of approximately three months, with compensation for those services being approximately $40 thousand per month during the transition period.\nThe assets and liabilities attributable to the cellular operation have been classified as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheets and consist of the following at December 31, 2002 and 2001:",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **3,070**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Significant Transactions**\n\nThis annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including statements regarding our expectations, hopes, intentions, or strategies regarding the future.  These statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements.  Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, changes in the interest rate environment, management’s business strategy, national, regional and local market conditions, and legislative and regulatory conditions.  The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise these forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances, except as required by law.\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\n39 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT\n##### **Significant Transactions**\nThe Company had several significant transactions during 2003.  The largest was the sale of its 66% interest in the Virginia 10 RSA cellular operation, as described above.  The Company originally entered into the agreement with Verizon Wireless in November 2002. The Company was the general partner of the limited partnership which operated an analog cellular network in the six-county area of Northwestern Virginia, including Clarke, Frederick, Page, Rappahannock, Shenandoah, and Warren counties, and the city of Winchester.  The sales price was $37.0 million plus the Company’s 66% share of the partnership’s working capital, which was approximately $1.7 million. The Company was required to do a working capital true up following the closing, from which the Company recorded a charge for $23 thousand after taxes.  In the fourth quarter the Company recorded an additional charge for taxes of $0.2 million to reflect the consolidated effective tax rate based on the final operating results for the year.\nThe wireless industry in the late 1990’s became increasingly competitive and the Company was not immune to these industry issues.  The Clear Pay <sup>SM</sup> program, introduced by Sprint as a no-deposit offering in 2001, attracted high credit risk customers in the Company’s markets.  As the results began to materialize, the Company implemented deposits on this program (mid-April 2002), and experienced high levels of customer turnover (churn) and uncollectable accounts. The write-offs of uncollectable accounts peaked in the third quarter of 2002.  During the fourth quarter of 2002 there was some evidence that the strengthened credit policy was having a favorable impact.  Nonetheless, the 2002 net loss in the PCS operation was $5.4 million, as compared to $5.5 million in 2001. Despite the disappointing financial results for 2002, the PCS customer base grew by over 40%.  While the PCS operation was adding customers, the cellular operation continued to lose its local customer base.",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\n\nWithin other revenues, Internet and 511Virginia contract revenues from the Virginia Department of Transportation, were $5.1 million in 2002, an increase of $1.2 million or 30.4%.  The Company had 18,050 dial-up Internet subscribers at December 31, 2002, compared to 17,423 subscribers at the end of 2001.  Total Internet service revenue was $4.2 million, an increase of $0.6 million or 15.7%.  Services provided under the 511Virginia contract contributed $0.9 million to other revenues, an increase of $0.6 million.  Telecommunications equipment sales, services and lease revenues were $1.2 million, a nominal increase over 2001 results.\nWireline revenues from cable television services were $4.3 million, an increase of $0.5 million or 14.5%.  In December 2001, the Company increased its basic service charge by $6.00 per month, which produced $0.3 million of the increase in cable television revenue.  The remaining $0.2 million was generated by an increased penetration of digital services and increased pay per view sales.\nBilling and collection services contributed $0.4 million to wireline revenues, which was the same as 2001 results. Revenues from this service had declined in recent years, with interexchange carriers now issuing a greater proportion of their bills directly to their customers.\nFacility lease revenue contributed $5.7 million to wireline revenues, a decrease of $0.8 million or 12.6% from 2001. The decrease was primarily the result of declining lease rates associated with competitive pricing pressure, and the economic downturn in the telecommunications industry.\nincreased again on July 1, 2002 to $6.50, and comparable rate increases also impacted business subscribers.  Tied to the SLC rate increases were declines in rates charged to interexchange carriers for interstate minutes of use.  The 2002 results reflect a significantly larger increase in network usage, which more than offset the decline in rates.\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 50\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nprogram. sm\nNet income was $4.5 million, a decrease of $11.9 million or 72.4%.  The decrease is primarily the result of the $21.7 million decline in investment results due to the impact of the VeriSign gain recorded in 2001, and the loss on the sale of the VeriSign stock in 2002.\nIncome from discontinued operations was $7.4 million after taxes, an increase of $0.7 million or 11%.  Increased revenues from use of our cellular network by customers of other wireless providers were the main cause for the increase in net income.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\n47 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nInterest expense was $3.5 million, a decrease of $0.7 million or 16.3%.  The Company’s average debt outstanding decreased approximately $4.8 million.  Long-term debt (inclusive of current maturities), was $43.3 million at year-end 2003, versus $52.0 million at year-end 2002.  The Company did not borrow any money on its revolving facilities in 2003.\nNet losses on investments were $0.4 million, compared to a loss of $10.1 million from 2002.  Results in 2002 include the sale of the VeriSign, Inc. stock for a loss of $9.0 million.  See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.\nNon-operating income was a gain of $0.4 million, an increase of $0.5 million, due to an increase in patronage equity earned from CoBank, the Company’s primary lender, and due to interest income from the proceeds on the sale of the Virginia 10 RSA Limited partnership, offset by losses recorded for the Company’s portfolio of investments.\nThe Company provided for income taxes of $5.3 million in 2003, which is an effective tax rate of 35.2% due to the effect of state tax apportionment rules and reduction in the liability for tax exposures.  On a normalized basis the Company would have recorded taxes at an effective tax rate of approximately 39%.  Last year’s effective tax rate was 42.2% due to the impact of net operating loss carry forwards generated in several states with higher tax rates.  The Company currently operates in four states.  Due to apportionment rules and geographic operations of subsidiaries where the Company’s profits and losses arise, the Company is generating profits in states with lower tax rates, while generating losses in states with higher tax rates.  The Company cautions readers that the current effective tax rate may not be the same rate at which tax benefits or tax expenses are recorded in the future.  The Company’s state apportionments, profits and losses and state tax rates may change, therefore changing the effective rate at which taxes are provided for or at which tax benefits accrue.  In the near term, under existing operating results and current tax rates, the Company anticipates a normalized effective tax rate will be approximately 39%.",
+                    "page_start": 48,
+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **3,070**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **General**\n\nThe Company reports revenues as wireless, wireline and other revenues.  These revenue classifications are defined as follows: Wireless revenues are made up of the Personal Communications Company (a PCS Affiliate of Sprint), and the Mobile Company.  Wireline revenues include the following subsidiary revenues in the financial results: Telephone Company, Network Company, Cable Television Company, and the Long Distance Company.  Other revenues are comprised of the revenues of ShenTel Service Company, the Leasing Company, ShenTel Communications Company and the Holding Company.  For additional information on the Company's business segments, see Note 14 to audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report.\nThe Company participates in the telecommunications industry, which requires substantial investment in fixed assets or plant.  This significant capital requirement may preclude profitability during the initial years of operation. The strategy of the Company is to grow and diversify the business by adding services and geographic areas that can leverage the existing plant, but to do so within the opportunities and constraints presented by the industry.  For many years the Company focused on reducing reliance on the regulated telephone operation, which up until 1981 was the primary business within the Company.  This initial diversification was concentrated in other wireline businesses, such as the cable television and regional fiber facility businesses, but in 1990 the Company made its first significant investment in the wireless sector through its former investment in the Virginia 10 RSA Limited partnership.  By 1998, revenues of the regulated telephone operation had decreased to 59.2% of total revenues.  In that same year more than 76.6% of the Company’s total revenue was generated by wireline operations, and initiatives were already underway to make wireless a more significant contributor to total revenues.\nDuring the 1990’s significant investments were made in the cellular and PCS (wireless) businesses.  The VA 10 RSA cellular operation, in which the Company held a 66% interest and was the general partner, experienced rapid revenue growth and excellent margins in the late 1990’s.  The cellular operation covered only six counties, and became increasingly dependent on roaming revenues. Management believed the roaming revenues and associated margins would be unsustainable as other wireless providers increasingly offered nationally-branded services with significantly reduced usage charges.  To position it to participate in the newer, more advanced, digital wireless services, in 1995 the Company entered the PCS business through an affiliation with American Personal Communications (APC), initiating service along the Interstate 81 corridor from Harrisonburg, Virginia to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.  This territory was a very close match to the Company’s fiber network, thereby providing economic integration that might not be available to other wireless carriers.  In 1999, the Company entered a new affiliation arrangement with Sprint, the successor to APC (which introduced the Company to a nationally-branded wireless service) and expanded the PCS footprint further into Central Pennsylvania. The Company’s combined capital investment in 2000 and 2001 in the PCS operation was $45.1 million.",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **3,070**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES**\n\nThe Company also reviews current trends in the credit quality of the subscriber bases in its various businesses and periodically changes its credit policies.  As of December 31, 2003, the Sprint PCS subscriber base in the Company’s market area consisted of 17.9% sub-prime credit quality subscribers compared to 25.3% at December 31, 2002.  Sprint manages the accounts receivable function related to all of the Company’s Sprint PCS wireless customers, therefore limiting the amount of control the Company has in setting credit policy parameters.\nThe remainder of the Company’s receivables are associated with services provided on a more localized basis, where the Company exercises total control in setting credit policy parameters.  Historically there have been limited losses generated from the non-PCS revenue streams.  Prior to 2002, the Company had not faced significant write-offs of inter-\n##### **CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES**\nThrough Sprint, the Company began receiving revenue from wholesale resellers of wireless PCS service in late 2002. These resellers pay a flat rate per minute of use for all traffic their subscribers generate on the Company’s network. The Company’s cost to handle this traffic is the incremental cost to provide the necessary network capacity.\nThe Company faces vigorous competition in the wireless business as numerous national carriers are aggressively marketing their services in the Company’s markets.  The competitive landscape could change significantly depending on the marketing initiatives of our competitors, or in the event of consolidation in the wireless industry.\nThe wireline business is made up of traditional telephony, cable TV, fiber network operations and the Company’s long- distance resale business.  These businesses operate in a defined geographic area.  The Company’s primary service area for the telephone, cable TV and long-distance business is Shenandoah County, Virginia. The county is a rural area in northwestern Virginia, with a population of approximately 37,300 inhabitants, which has increased by approximately 6,000 since 1990.  The potential for significant numbers of additional customers in the current operating area is limited.\nThe Company’s telephone subscriber count declined in the third quarter and again in the fourth quarter of 2003. Migration to wireless and DSL services are believed to be driving this change.  Based on industry experience, the Company anticipates this trend may continue for the foreseeable future.\nOther revenues include Internet services, both dial-up and DSL high-speed service.  The Company has seen a decline in dial up subscriptions over the last year.  The DSL service has grown over 100% in the last year driven by customer desire for faster Internet connections.",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#### **SHENTEL SERVICE AREAS**\n\nThe Company continued its efforts to successfully grow revenues and profits from other lines of business and by furnishing more and newer services in our enlarged footprint extending beyond Shenandoah County.  Revenues from our information access services, which includes contract work on the 511Virginia Travel Project and Internet access services, increased $0.6 million, to $7.0 million during 2003.  The Virginia Department of Transportation has requested proposals to continue the 511 project for future years, as well as to expand it to cover all the interstate highways throughout the Commonwealth.  The success of the project to date has attracted many other bidders competing against our Company to win the contracts.  Our recently launched regional phone book, Shentel Pages, exceeded our initial revenue expectations. It is hoped that a single source of phone listings and Yellow Page advertising, in both printed and online versions, will increasingly be demanded by residents and businesses in the northern Shenandoah Valley region.\nWhile our 2003 results have been good, we recognize we still have many challenges to overcome in order to continue our history of profitable long-term growth.  Foremost is sustaining profitability in our PCS business which is so heavily dependent on Sprint's decisions and overall success with PCS.  Our recently announced amendment to our Sprint agreements will provide some cost savings and allow us greater certainty in fees paid to Sprint.  The recently announced merger between two of Sprint's competitors may provide some much needed consolidation in the U.S. wireless industry.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **3,070**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **Significant Transactions**\n\nThe growing belief that national branding was critical to our wireless operations, the expectation that roaming revenues from our analog cellular operation would not continue to grow, and the increase in the number of wireless competitors in our markets, prompted the Company to exit the cellular business in order to focus on our PCS operations.  The Company entered into an agreement on November 21, 2002, to sell its 66% ownership interest in the Virginia 10 RSA cellular operation which was classified as a discontinued operation. The closing occurred February 28, 2003. The Company received $37.0 million in proceeds, including $5.0 million in escrow for two years and $1.7 million for working capital.\nIn many respects, 2003 was a successful year.  Churn and levels of uncollectable accounts in the PCS operation returned to more acceptable levels.  PCS revenues reached $67.0 million, and total revenues reached $105.9 million. The PCS operation recognized a small profit for the year, including favorable adjustments associated with settlement of disputed items with Sprint.  Excluding the favorable adjustments, the PCS operation recognized a profit in the fourth quarter.  With improved operating cash flow and reduced capital spending in 2003, the Company prepaid $4.6 million in debt, selecting those notes with nominal prepayment penalties.  Additionally, after receiving the cash and paying taxes on the gain of the sale of the Virginia 10 partnership interest, the Company invested the remaining proceeds in liquid financial instruments, available for future deployment.  Additionally, the Company has been successful at decreasing its dependency on wireline revenues. Wireline revenues, at $29.0 million in 2003 compared to $18.6 million in 1998, were 27.4% of total revenues in 2003 compared to 76.6% in 1998.\nEntering 2004, the Company is pleased with the milestone of a profitable quarter in the PCS operation, but recognizes that much work remains to ultimately earn a reasonable return on this investment.  The recently announced signing of an addendum to the management and services agreements with Sprint is expected to lead to cost savings and greater certainty in fees paid to Sprint.  However, the consolidation predicted for the wireless industry in recent years, including the recently announced Cingular/ATT deal and anticipated improvements in the overall economics of wireless services, has not yet materialized.  Future Sprint marketing efforts, designed to meet the competition, could potentially have an unfavorable impact on the Company and lead to additional losses.  The risks associated with the Sprint PCS affiliation are described in further detail elsewhere in this document.  The Company is now reviewing alternatives for other businesses to further diversify our revenue base, from either a services platform or a geographic concentration.",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources**\n\nPayments due by periods\n(unaudited) (in thousands) Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 4-5 years After 5 years\nLong-term debt principal $ 43,346 $    4,230 $    8,898 $    9,552 $     20,666 Interest on long - term debt 15,429 3,019 5,099 3,778 3,533\nOperating leases 12,592 3,216 4,616 2,229 2,531 Capital calls on investments 1,790 - 1,790 - - Purchase obligations 98 98 - - - Total obligations $   73,255 $  10,563 $   20,403 $  15,559 $   26,730\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 52\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\n(unaudited)\n(in thousands)\nLess than 1 year After 5 years Total 1-3 years 4-5 years\n53 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT\nThe $5.0 million placed in escrow, as part of the sales agreement on the Virginia 10 RSA limited partnership, should be released after February 28, 2005.  There are no known claims that have been filed against the amount in escrow.\nThe Company spent $12.5 million on capital projects in 2003, or about $7.0 million below what was budgeted for the year.  The variance was primarily due to postponing construction of an additional diverse fiber route and the delay of the second phase of renovations on the Shentel Center in Edinburg, Virginia.\nThe Company has no other off-balance sheet arrangements and has not entered into any transactions involving unconsolidated, limited purpose entities or commodity contracts.\nCapital expenditures budgeted for 2004 total approximately $30 million, including approximately $20 million for additional PCS base stations, additional towers, and switch upgrades to enhance the PCS network.  Improvements and replacements of approximately $5 million are planned for the telephone operation.  The remaining $5 million covers building renovations, vehicles, office equipment, and other miscellaneous capital needs.\nThe Company anticipates using funds from operations, to the extent they are available to fund the capital expenditures and the payment of debt and interest.  Due to lower than expected tax expenses in 2003, the Company will apply the tax receivable to the 2004-year tax liability.  It is anticipated by no later than second quarter of 2004, additional federal tax payments will be due based on anticipated profits expected to be generated in the operation.\nManagement anticipates its operations will generate similar operating cash flows in 2004, compared to those of continuing operations in 2003, although there are events outside the control of the Company that could have an adverse impact on cash flows from operations.  The events that could adversely impact operating cash flow results include, but are not limited to; changes in overall economic conditions, regulatory requirements, changes in technologies, availability of labor resources and capital, and other conditions.  The PCS subsidiary's operations are dependent upon Sprint’s ability to execute certain functions such as billing, customer care, and collections; their ability to develop and implement successful marketing programs and new products and services; and their ability to effectively and economically manage other operating activities under the Company's agreements with Sprint.  Additionally, the Company's ability to attract and maintain a sufficient customer base is critical to maintaining a positive cash flow from operations.  These items individually and/or collectively could impact the Company’s results.",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 54,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf",
+                "query": "As a product manager, how can I reject an inventory in NAIIS ?",
+                "target_page": 38,
+                "target_passage": "Log in as PM.  Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.  The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” Press the “Reject” button ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.4 Send for approval/rejection of an Inventory (PM)**\n\n#### **10.4.2 Rejection of an Inventory**\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 62, a).\n5. Press the “Reject” button (figure 62, b).\n\n*** Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM, once the “Reject” button has been pressed. And the\nstatus changed to “Awaiting_rejection_check” (figure 63).\n\n* **Figure 62. Work on Inventories screen - Reject - Status = check** *\n\n* **Figure 63. Work on Inventories screen -  Propose Rejection - Status = awaiting_rejection_check** *",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.5 Approval or Rejection of an inventory (NFP)**\n\n#### **10.5.2 Rejection of an inventory**\n\n1. Log in as NFP.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 66).\n5. Press the “Send for Rejection” button (figure 66, b).\n\nOnce the “Send for Rejection” button was pressed, the status of the selected inventory changes to\n“awaiting_rejection” (figure 67, a).\n\n*** Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM that the inventory has been rejected. Therefore, the PM\nwill be able to reject the submission. Proceed to section 10.4.2.\n\n* **Figure 66. Work on Inventories screen -  Rejection of an inventory - Status = awaiting_approval** *\n\n* **Figure 67. Work on Inventories screen -  Rejection of an inventory - Status = rejected_approval** *\n\nPage 42 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.4 Send for approval/rejection of an Inventory (PM)**\n\n#### **10.4.1 Send for approval of an Inventory**\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 60, a).\n5. Press the “Send for Approval” button to send it to NFP for his/her review and approval of the inventory\n(figure 60, b).\n\n*** Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM, once the “Send for Approval” has been pressed. And the\nstatus changed to “Awaiting_approval” (figure 61).\n\n* **Figure 60. Work on Inventories screen -  Send for Approval - Status = check** *\n\n* **Figure 61. Work on Inventories screen -  Status = awaiting_approval** *",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.5 Approval or Rejection of an inventory (NFP)**\n\n#### **10.5.1 Approval of an inventory**\n\n1. Log in as NFP.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 64).\n5. Press the “Approve” button (figure 64, b).\n\nOnce the “Approve” button was pressed, the status of the selected inventory changes to “approved” (figure\n65, b).\n\n*** Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM that the inventory has been approved. Therefore, the PM\nmay proceed to selecting the tables for preparing the official submission (See section 10.6).\n\n* **Figure 64. Work on Inventories screen -  Approve an inventory - Status = awaiting_approval** *\n\n* **Figure 65. Work on Inventories screen -  Approve an inventory - Status = approved** *",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.4 Send for approval/rejection of an Inventory (PM)**\n\nThis section describes on how the PM approves or rejects an inventory after being checked by the PM.",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.2 Start of inventory/submission (NFP or PM)**\n\nThis procedure allows the NFP or PM to start a new (created) inventory. The existing data for the inventory year\nidentified will be made available in the new inventory/submission.\n\nThese are the steps to start a new inventory:\n\n1. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management” (figure 53).\n\n* **Figure 53. View Inventories Progress sub menu** *\n\n2. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears (figure 54).\n3. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column “Working Inventory” (figure 54, a).\n\n*** Note: The selected appropriate inventory should be in status “created” (figure 54, b)\n\n* **Figure 54. View Inventories Progress screen** *\n\n4. Click on “Work on Inventories” under “Submission” (figure 55).\n\n* **Figure 55. Work on Inventories sub menu** *\n\n5. Click the appropriate Inventory year on “Work on Inventories” under “Submission” (figure 56, a).\n6. Press the “Start Inventory” button to start the inventory (figure 56, b). Once pressed, the status changes to\n“started” (figure 57).\n\n*** Once the “Start Inventory” button has been pressed by the NFP or PM, a notification email will be sent to all\nSE’s with the information that a new inventory was created. SE’s and PM’s can start entering their data into the\nNAIIS software. More details on how to do the data entry please see section 4.1 above.\n\n* **Figure 56. Work on Inventories screen** *\n\n* **Figure 57. Work on Inventories screen -  Status = Started** *",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.6 Submit inventory (PM)**\n\n#### **10.6.1 Submit select tables for preparing the general submission**\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column “Working inventory” (figure 68, a).\n*** Note: The selected inventory year to be submitted should be in status “approved” (figure 68, b).\n5. Click on “Work on Inventories” under Submission Management (figure 68, c).\nThis opens the Submit Inventory initial screen (figure 69).\n\n6. Click the inventory year to be submitted (figure 69, a).\n7. Press the “Generate Official Submission” button (figure 69, c).\n\n* **Figure 68. View Inventories Progress screen -  select inventory for the preparation for the general submission** *\n\n* **Figure 69. Submit select tables for the preparation for the general submission** *\n\nPage 43 10/02/2013\n\nOnce the “Generate Official Submission” button has been pressed the “Submit Inventory” initial screen for selecting\nthe tables appears (figure 70).\n\n8. Select or deselect by clicking the appropriate year(s) under “Inventory Years” box (figure 70, c) or the sector\ngrids under the “Table” box (figure 70, d) to generate the official submission.\n9. Press the “Submit” button (figure 70, e). An official submission will be generated in the NAIIS system.\n\n* **Figure 70. Submit -  select tables and grids for the general submission** *\n\nPage 44 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.5 Approval or Rejection of an inventory (NFP)**\n\nThis section describes how the NFP approves or rejects an inventory after being sent for approval by the PM\n(See section 10.4).",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.3 Send for checking (PM)**\n\nOnce the SE’s/or PM’s have prepared the national GHG inventory, by entering  data into the sectoral grids and the\nPM of the Party has checked the complete GHG inventory for consistency and correctness, the following steps allows\nthe PM to send the inventory for checking:\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 58, a).\n5. Press the “Send for Checking by NFP” button to send it to the NFP for his review and approval (figure 58, b).\n*** Note:  A notification email will be sent to the NFP email address, and the status changed to “check”\n(figure 59).\n\n* **Figure 58. Work on Inventories screen -  Status = Started** *\n\n* **Figure 59. Work on Inventories screen -  Status = check** *",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.6 Submit inventory (PM)**\n\nThis section describes on how the PM submits the inventory by selecting tables for the general submission after\nbeing approved by the NFP (See section 10.5).",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the global warming potential of Perfluorohexane ?",
+                "target_page": 48,
+                "target_passage": "7,400",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
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+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **Annex 3:  Global Warming Potentials (GWPs)**\n\n|  Greenhouse gas  |  Chemical formula  |  1995 IPCC GWP  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| Carbon dioxide  | CO 2  | 1  |\n| Methane  | CH 4  | 21  |\n| Nitrous oxide  | N 2 O  | 310  |\n| HFC-23  | CHF 3  | 11,700  |\n| HFC-32  | CH 2 F 2  | 650  |\n| HFC-41  | CH 3 F  | 150  |\n| HFC-43-10mee  | C 5 H 2 F 10  | 1,300  |\n| HFC-125  | C 2 HF 5  | 2,800  |\n| HFC-134  | C 2 H 2 F 4  | 1,000  |\n| HFC-134a  | CH 2 FCF 3  | 1,300  |\n| HFC-152a  | C 2 H 4 F 2  | 140  |\n| HFC-143  | C 2 H 3 F 3  | 300  |\n| HFC-143a  | CF 3 CH 3  | 3,800  |\n| HFC-227ea  | C 3 HF 7  | 2,900  |\n| HFC-236fa  | C 3 H 2 F 6  | 6,300  |\n| HFC-254ca  | C 3 H 3 F 5  | 560  |\n| Perfluoromethane  | CF 4  | 6,500  |\n| Perfluroethane  | C 2 F 6  | 9,200  |\n| Perfluoropropape  | C 3 F 8  | 7,000  |\n| Perfluorobutane  | C 2 F 10  | 7,000  |\n| Perfluorocyclobutane | c-c 4 F 8  | 8,700  |\n| Perfluoropentane  | C 5 F 12  | 7,500  |\n| Perfluorohexane  | C 6 F 14  | 7,400  |\n| Sulphur hexafluoride | SF 6  | 23,900  |\n*Source: Climate Change 1995, The Science of Climate Change: Summary for Policymakers and Technical*\n*Summary of the Working Group I Report, page 22.*\n\n*NAIIS-User-Manual.Docx*   Page 49 07/08/2013",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming pollution, earth us, energy, science, environment\n\nsignificantly higher than that in the climate change discourse according to the comparison between\nFigure 5 a,b. From 2009 to 2018, the number of associations with political hashtags (blue nodes) faded,\nas shown in Figure 4 , and its importance in the semantic network gradually decreased, as shown in\nFigure 5 , except for variation in 2014. The yellow nodes describe the hesitation about climate facts\nand actions, where words describing global efforts, such as “ipcc”, “cop15”, and “un”, and words\nquestioning global warming, such as “hoax” and “fraud”, were both included. The associations\nbetween the yellow nodes were most salient in 2010 and 2011 but were less dominant in the following\nyears. The green nodes occupied 50.7% of all the nodes representing talk about the scientific hashtags of\nclimate issue, including words such as “ecology”, “ocean”, and “cleanenergy”. Associations between\nscientific hashtags (green nodes) exploded and the centrality sum of this cluster also showed an\nobvious rising trend in dominating the theme of the global warming discourse, according to Figure 5 .\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018. **Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 12 of 22\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 5.**  The sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the climate change discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **a**  ); (the sum of centrality for nodes in four clusters in the global warming discourse from 2009 to\n2018 (  **b**  ).\nAs the climate change and global warming discourses evolved over the past years, their relative\nstatuses in public discourse also changed. Although from 2009 to 2018, increasing numbers of people\nstarted to use Twitter, resulting in an overall rise in the number of tweets and hashtags, the ratio of",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#globalwarming pollution, earth us, energy, science, environment\n\nin the graph exactly in 2012. The blue nodes included the political hashtags, such as “maga”, “ows”,\n“p2”, “tcot”, and “obama”. The involvement of political hashtags in the global warming discourse was\nsignificantly higher than that in the climate change discourse according to the comparison between\nFigure 5 a,b. From 2009 to 2018, the number of associations with political hashtags (blue nodes) faded,\nas shown in Figure 4 , and its importance in the semantic network gradually decreased, as shown in\nFigure 5 , except for variation in 2014. The yellow nodes describe the hesitation about climate facts\nand actions, where words describing global efforts, such as “ipcc”, “cop15”, and “un”, and words\nquestioning global warming, such as “hoax” and “fraud”, were both included. The associations\nbetween the yellow nodes were most salient in 2010 and 2011 but were less dominant in the following\nyears. The green nodes occupied 50.7% of all the nodes representing talk about the scientific hashtags of\nclimate issue, including words such as “ecology”, “ocean”, and “cleanenergy”. Associations between\nscientific hashtags (green nodes) exploded and the centrality sum of this cluster also showed an\nobvious rising trend in dominating the theme of the global warming discourse, according to Figure 5 .\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 4.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of global warming for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n**Figure 3.**  Association network of top 50 nodes of climate change for each year from 2009 to 2018.\n*Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health*   **2020**  ,  *xx*  , 5 11 of 22\nthen the associations suddenly strengthened in 2012 when numerous hashtags about phenomena were\nincluded in the discourse. Notably, the red node in the top right-hand corner named “2012” refers\nto the Maya prediction that the year 2012 would be the end of the world and that the world would\nbe destroyed by extreme natural events, and was linked to other climate hashtags for the first time\nin the graph exactly in 2012. The blue nodes included the political hashtags, such as “maga”, “ows”,\n“p2”, “tcot”, and “obama”. The involvement of political hashtags in the global warming discourse was",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Simulation of climate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.**  In this study, climate data of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are determined according to the results of global climate models driven by typical concentration paths (RCPs) of greenhouse gas emissions. Eligible data are selected from a total of 20 sets of data under four RCP scenarios of five ESMs (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL- CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M), which estimate the temperature, precipitation and sun- shine hours (Fig. 1 ).\n**Table 1.**  Basic information of 5 ESMs in CMIP5. Horizontal resolution means the number of longitudinal grids × the number of latitudinal grids.\n|  Model  |  Research institute  |  Country  |  Horizontal resolution  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| GFDL-ESM2M  | Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory  | The United States  | 144 × 90  |\n| HadGEM2-ES  | Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research  | The United Kingdom | 192 × 145  |\n| IPSL-CM5A-LR | L’ Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace  | France  | 96 × 96  |\n| NorESM1-M  | Norway Climate Center  | Norway  | 144 × 96  |\n| MIROC-ESM  | Center for Climate System Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Frontier Research  Center for Global Change | Japan  | 128 × 64  |\n**Figure 1.**  Changes of global temperature of 20 years moving average from 2020 to 2099 simulated by 5 ESMs under 4 RCP scenarios. Note: The black horizontal dashed lines: global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; the black vertical solid line: the years when global warming reaches 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C simulated by the selected models and scenarios.\nVol.:(0123456789)\nFirstly, the period of 1986- 2005 is defined as the baseline, of which the simulated average value is recog- nized as 0.61 °C above pre-industrial (the period of 1850- 1900) levels; the baseline is selected according to the accessibility and operability of data, which is used for the determination of the periods with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C and the comparison of maize yield between different periods. Secondly, the simulated values of global mean temperature in the future years are subtracted from the simulated average value of 1986- 2005; then the values should be plus with 0.61 °C, which are the global warming results above pre-industrial levels; then 20 years moving average of the above results are calculated. Thirdly, the climate data of global warming by 1.5 °C is defined according to the principles provided in the fifth IPCC Assessment Report, for which it should be within 1.5- 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels at the end of the twenty-first century; the climate data of global warming by 2.0 °C is defined according to the principles provided in the fifth IPCC Assessment Report, for which it should be within 2.0- 2.5 °C above pre-industrial levels at the end of the twenty-first century and the period of global warming by 2.0 °C should not be earlier than 2050. Finally, the climate models, scenarios and periods of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are separately confirmed; the data of global warming by 1.5 °C, simulated by IPSL-CM5A-LR under RCP2.6 scenario during 2020- 2039 and simulated by GFDL-ESM2M under RCP4.5 scenario during 2041- 2060; the data of global warming by 2.0 °C, simulated by NorESM1-M under RCP4.5 scenario during 2060- 2079 and simulated by GFDL-ESM2M under RCP6.0 scenario during 2065- 2084.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nwarming, therefore, varied between ensemble members. The CMIP5 SSTs were not bias-corrected,\nwhich means that the results here may be sensitive to systematic errors arising from biases in the\npresent-day SST patterns.\nAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed from the standard RCP8.5\nconcentration scenario. Aerosol concentrations were calculated within the model, with aerosol\nemissions prescribed again from the standard RCP8.5 scenario. This means that the greenhouse\ngas and aerosol concentrations, and hence radiative forcing, were the same in all ensemble\n**5 Table 1.**  ClimPACT weather extremes indices.\nID definition units sector of relevance\nTXx annual maximum daily maximum temperature ° C health, agriculture and food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nTX90p percentage of days above the 90th percentile\nof daily maximum temperature in the\n1981- 2010 average\n% health, agriculture and food security,\nwater resources and hydrology\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nto increase by over 5°C for a 2°C global warming, the local increase is limited to 3- 4°C for\n1.5°C global warming. Limiting global warming by half a degree Celsius would, therefore, limit\nmaximum temperatures by three or four times as much in those areas ( figure 14 ).\nAt 1.5°C global warming, although the increases in TXx are smaller than at 2°C, these increases\nshow similar geographical patterns as for 2°C in all ensemble members, with larger changes in\ncontinental interiors especially in the mid-latitudes (not shown).\nThe percentage of days exceeding the 90th percentile of daily temperature (Tx90p) also\nincreases less at 1.5°C global warming than at 2°C ( figure 15 ). The largest reductions are in the\ntropics, where the largest increase was seen at 2°C; whereas at 2°C global warming, 50% or more\n**17**\n**Figure 11.**  Distributions of changes in run-off for low flows (flows for lowest 10% of time) simulated by the JULES ecosystem-\nhydrology model under the ensemble of six climate projections at 1.5 ° C (blue) and 2 ° C (orange) global warming. Boxes show\nthe 25th and 75th percentile changes, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not define the ends of\nthe range, and crosses show the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean flow in the baseline,\nin millimetres of rain equivalent.\n**Table 6.**  Global mean changes at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the\nClimPACT indices, the flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean\nprecipitation (Pmean), mean run-off (Rmean) and low run-off (Rlow).\nIPSL-\nCM5A-LR\nGFDL-\nESM2M\nHadGEM2-\nES\nIPSL-\nCM5A-MR\nMIROC-\nESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\nensemble\nmean\nTXx ( ° C) 1.2 1.9 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**% change**\n**Figure 7.**  Price change on maize in main continents under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n**Figure 8.**  Changes in Self-sufficiency ratio of maize in main countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n12\nfrom 5 climate models under 4 RCP scenarios, the future climate situations were selected which are the approxi- mate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C at the end of 21 century relative to pre-industrial levels; it could minimize the uncertainties of future climate data. The inputs for DSSAT simulation include soil parameters, crop calendar data and management information are coped with carefully to improve the effective- ness and reliability of maize yield simulation. There are also several uncertainties and limitations. Firstly, there is no unified understanding of how to cal- culate the temperature rise of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C relative to pre-industrial levels in the worldwide. At present the research on climate prediction and impact assessment under global warming 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C usually adopts multi-mode ensemble average ­methods <sup>61</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>62</sup> , which could obtain the warming response under the condition of instantaneous change, rather than the warming process under the stable state expected by the long-term goal. If we expect to obtain the accurate results, the model prediction test should be estimated to form proprietary sce- narios for global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C <sup>63</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>64</sup> , which could support for the impacts assessment on different sectors. Some institutions are carrying out climate change predictions under the lower emission scenarios (global warming 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C). At the same time, in order to achieve the goal of controlling temperature by 1.5 °C at the end of the twenty-first century, it is urgent to take actions to reduce emissions and develop along the track of low energy ­consumption <sup>65</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>66</sup> ; but it is a great challenge for human society to achieve this goal. Secondly, our methodological approach in this study also has some important limitations, including our use of a single crop model to estimate maize yields. There are some limitations for the DSSAT model to simulate yield loss caused by climate extreme ­events <sup>67</sup> , in which the impacts of pests and diseases are also ­ignored <sup>68</sup> . However, the DSSAT model has been applied in a lot of researches to simulate historical maize ­yield <sup>69</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>71</sup> , in which the results are reliable and ­credible <sup>72</sup> . The results of this research could be an important reference to the other studies which simulate global maize yield in the future, applying crop models such as APSIM, WOFOST, ORYZA and so on. Thirdly, there are relatively more researches on the prediction of climate change trend under the background of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; but the research on the impact assessment of the main grain crops including global trade in worldwide is few. In the meantime, we do not assess the effect of future changes on agriculture, such as increases in farm productivity due to new technology. The maize planting area in the future is assumed to be the same as the current situation of maize cultivation in the world.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n4\nThird, yield shocks for maize were incorporated into the GTAP model via changes in land efficiency for the production of the respective in each region.\n**Results Climate change under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.**  There are apparent change trends of temperature and precipitation relative to the baseline (1986- 2005) under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. The most remarkable characteristics is the rising of mean temperature in the worldwide (Fig. 2 a, b); meanwhile, the rainfall would increase in most regions of the world. The distributions of temperature changes under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are similar (Fig. 2 c, d). There are few regions in which the temperature would go down under the two scenarios; the temperature goes up more seriously in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern regions; especially in the high-latitude area the temperature rises more quickly than the other regions. Under global warming by 1.5 °C the area is 54.4% in whole world in which the temperature would go up between 1.0 and 1.5 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and low latitude regions; the area is 29.2% of the whole world in which the temperature would go up more than 1.5 °C, most located in the high latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere; the area is 16.4% of the whole world in which the temperature would go up between 0 and 1.0 °C , mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere and the low latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere. Under global warming by 2.0 °C the area is 12.3% in which the temperature would go up between 1.0 and 1.5 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and low latitude regions; the area is 69.8% in which the temperature would go up between 1.5 and 3.0 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and high latitude regions; the area\n**Figure 2.**  Distribution of temperature and precipitation changes under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C (  **a**  ) temperature, 1.5 °C; (  **b**  ) temperature, 2.0 °C; (  **c**  ) precipitation, 1.5 °C; (  **d**  ) precipitation, 2.0 °C. The figure has been generated using ArcGIS 10.2 and Natural Earth-Free vector and raster map data @ [https://​natur​alear​](https://naturalearthdata.com) [thdata.​com](https://naturalearthdata.com) . is 16.9% in which the temperature would go up more than 3.0 °C, most located in the high latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere; the area is rarely in which the temperature would go up between 0 and 1.0 °C. There are apparent trends of humidification in most regions under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C; but the drought risk also should be taken seriously in the other regions. Under global warming by 1.5 °C the area is 73.6% of the whole world in which the precipitation would increase, most located in the Northern Hemisphere; the area is 53.7% of the whole world in which the precipitation would increase by less than 50 mm; however, the area is 26.4% of whole world in which the rainfall would decrease, mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere and the middle regions of Northern Hemisphere. The distribution of precipitation under global warming by 2.0 °C is similar with the situation under global warming by 1.5 °C. The drought-threatened area would increase by 28.5% under global warming by 2.0 °C, especially in the middle and low latitude of the Northern Hemisphere; the area would expand to 26%, in which the precipitation increases more than 50 mm. In other words, the extreme rainfall events (such as drought, rainstorm) under global warming by 2.0 °C would be more serious than those under global warming by 1.5 °C, which is what we should be pay more attention to.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n**Figure 6.**  Yield loss rates on maize in 6 continents under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C.\n11\nmeantime, the huge differences in yield changes in different regions provide a small chance for the world, espe- cially under global warming by 1.5 °C. In the near future, if the global temperature can be effectively controlled under 1.5 °C warming scenario, there would be an increase in the potential for maize yield in the worldwide. All regions and countries should take actions to reduce the yield loss risk. For the yield-increasing regions, the potentials of climate resources should be fully utilized to guarantee maize yield under future scenarios; for the yield-reducing regions, the targeted adaptation actions should be taken in advance under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. Meanwhile, the risk of price fluctuations caused by global corn trade due to future climate change should be paid more attention to, especially for developing and undeveloped countries. In the view of supply and demand, the population would go up quickly in the next 30 years; the demand for maize would increase hugely; however, the supply of maize would go down in the future, especially under global warming by 2.0 °C; it would intensify the contradiction between supply and demand, which would threaten the food security and sustainable develop- ment in the whole world. In this study, 5 climate models are selected, which are recommended by ISI-MIP (The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project); compared with other climate models, the five models could more effectively support impact assessment in different sectors and provide more reliable results. Based on the simulation results\n**-20**\n**-15**\n**-10**\n**-5**\n**0**\n**5**\n**10**\n**15**\n**20**\n**25**\n**30**\n**India Mexico Russia South Africa Rest of Africa Argentina Ukraine Canada Rest of World Japan AUS/NZL USA China Brazil EU26 Bangladesh Southeast Asia Iran Global**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**Conclusion.**  According to the simulation results, the yield of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C would decrease between 3.0 and 18.7% in the worldwide relative to 1986- 2005; the maize yield would fluctuate between − 6.8 and 7.2% under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the spatial distribution, the gross maize yield in the top 5 high-yield countries (including the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico) would decrease by 2% under global warming by 1.5 °C and 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. At the global level, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively, which would vary quite largely among different countries and regions. So, it is urgent for all countries to pay enough attention to the loss risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The time left for changing our minds and actions is becoming less and less.\n**Data availability** The historical weather data (1986- 2005) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at [https://​data.​giss.​nasa.​gov/​impac​ts/​agmip​cf/](https://data.giss.nasa.gov/impacts/agmipcf/) ; the future climate scenario data (2006- 2099) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at [https://​pcmdi.​llnl.​gov/?​cmip5](https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/?cmip5) and [https://​](https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/esgf-llnl/) [esgf-​node.​llnl.​gov/​proje​cts/​esgf-​llnl/](https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/esgf-llnl/) . The spatial data of harvest area, yield, crop calendar, irrigation portion and chemical N input for maize that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available at [http://​mapsp​am.​info/](http://mapspam.info/) (SPAM) and [http://​www.​sage.​wisc.​edu](http://www.sage.wisc.edu) (SAGE); the soil data that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available from the WISE database ( [https://​www.​](https://www.isric.online/index.php/) [isric.​online/​index.​php/](https://www.isric.online/index.php/) ) and the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) ( [http://​www.​fao.​org/​land-​water/​land/​](http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1026564/) [land-​gover​nance/​land-​resou​rces-​plann​ing-​toolb​ox/​categ​ory/​detai​ls/​en/c/​10265​64/](http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1026564/) ). All other relevant data are available from the corresponding authors.\nReceived: 6 June 2022; Accepted: 11 October 2022\n**References** 1. Angélil, O.  *et al.*  An independent assessment of anthropogenic attribution statements for recent extreme temperature and rainfall events.  *J. Clim.*    **30**  (1), 5- 16 (2017). 2. Rosenzweig, C.  *et al.*  Coordinating AgMIP data and models across global and regional scales for 1.5°C and 2.0°C assessments. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A.*    **376**  , 20160455 (2018). 3. Mitchell, D.  *et al.*  Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): Background and experimental design.  *Geosci. Model Dev.*    **10**  , 571- 583 (2017). 4. Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. A decade of weather extremes.  *Nat. Clim. Change*    **2**  , 491- 496 (2012). 5. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In  *Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth* *Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*  4- 6 (Cambridge University Press, 2013). 6. Diffenbaugh, N. S.  *et al.*  Quantifying the influence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events.  *PNAS*    **114**  (19), 4881- 4886 (2016). 7. Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V. & Heald, C. L. Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution.  *Nat.* *Clim. Change*    **4**  , 817- 821 (2014). 8. Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J. J. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival.  *PNAS* **117**  (8), 4211- 4217 (2020).",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf",
+                "query": "How can I request access to NAIIS ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "Requests for access to, inquiries on the use of the software, and comments on the design and functionalities of the application should be sent to the dedicated e-mail address naiisapp@unfccc.int.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 4
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **3 Getting started**\n\n### **3.3 User management**\n\n#### **3.3.1 Add User**\n\n**Note**  : This function is  **ONLY**  available for NFP’s and PM’s!\n\n- Log in as NFP or PM\n- Hover the cursor on the “Users Management” tab and click on the “Users Administration” button. (see figure 18);\nthis opens the Users Administration screen (figure 19).\n\n* **Figure 18. Users Administration** *\n\n* **Figure 19. Initial screen of Users Administration** *\n\n- Click the “+” sign (figure 19a) creates a new user (figure 20 new User).\n- Double click on the cell of the newly created user name and enter a new user name (must be unique and contain at\nleast 3 characters).\nOnce done, press the enter key and the new user name will be saved in the respective table of the NAIIS database.\n\nNote:  New user name(s) will be generated by the system as default [Non-Annex I Party name] + “newUser”\n(e.g. UgandanewUser, PhilippinesnewUser, ArgentinanewUser)\n\nPage 15 10/02/2013\n**Fill-in User Information**\n\nThere are two options to fill in the information of a new user\n\n(a) by entering the data on the same row of the new user (figure 20a) or;\n(b) by entering the data in the  **General Properties**  ,  **Sector**  and  **Role**  boxes (figure 20b, 20c and 20d).\n\n* **Figure 20. New user created screen** *\n\nFill in the following fields:\n-  First Name\n-  Last Name\n-  Name (optional)\n-  Email address\n-  Password  (must have 1 capital letter, 1 numeric and 8 characters long)\n-  User Role\n-  Sectors\n-  Change password (tick the box prompts the user to change his/her password)\n\nThe functionality to change password is not fully implemented in this release. Please do  **not**  tick the “Change\npassword” box under General Properties!  (See figure 20 b).\n\n-  Enable user  (Proceed to section 3.3.2 Disable/Enable User)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **3 Getting started**\n\n### **3.2 How to access/ log out / create a GHG inventory**\n\n#### **3.2.1 How to access the NAIIS application**\nOpen any internet browser (i.e. Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc.) and type in the following URL http://unfccc.int/7627 on\nthe browser’s address bar. (figure 1 and figure 2)\n* **Figure 1. Using Internet Explorer browser** *\n\n* **Figure 2. Using Firefox browser** *\n\nPage 7 10/02/2013\nPress the ‘Enter key’ and the non-Annex I Greenhouse Gas Inventories web page appears.\n\nTo access the NAIIS application, click on the image NAIIS Web Application, the right hand side of the screen. (figure\n3, number 1) and the log-in page will be displayed. (figure 4)\n\n* **Figure 3. UNFCCC non-Annex I Greenhouse Gas Inventories web page** *\n\n* **Figure 4. Log-in page of the NAIIS Web Application** *\n\nTo  **log-in**  , enter the username and password and click on the “Sign in” button.\n\n*NAIIS-User-Manual.Docx*   Page 8 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **3 Getting started**\n\n### **3.3 User management**\n\n#### **3.3.3 View User**\n\nThis function enables NFP and PM to view all users of their country.\n\n- Log in as NFP or PM\n- Hover the cursor on the “Users Management” tab and click on the “Users Administration” button. (see figure 21);\nthis opens the Users Administration screen (figure 22).\n\n* **Figure 21. Users Administration** *\n\n- Click on the row of the respective user to be viewed (figure 22a). All information of the selected user will be\ndisplayed on the  **General Properties**  ,  **Sector**  and  **Role**  boxes (figure 22b).\n\n* **Figure 22. Users Administration** *\n\nPage 17 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **3 Getting started**\n\n### **3.3 User management**\n\n#### **3.3.2 Disable/Enable User**\n\nThis function allows the NFP and PM to activate and/or de-activate users of their country.\n\n- Log in as NFP or PM\n- Hover the cursor on the “Users Management” tab and click on the “Users Administration” button. (see figure 21);\nthis opens the Disable/Enable User screen (figure 22).\n\n* **Figure 21. Users Administration** *\n\n* **3.3.2.1 Enable User** *\nOn the Disable/Enable screen, search for the user whose account should be activated and\nun-tick the ‘Disabled’ box. (figure 22a).\n\n* **3.3.2.2 Disable User** *\nOn the Disable/Enable screen, search for the user whose account should be de-activated and tick the ‘Disabled’ box\n(figure 22a).\n\nPage 16 10/02/2013\n\n* **Figure 22. Disable/Enable User screen** *",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **2 General information**\n\n### **2.3 Contact**\nRequests for access to, inquiries on the use of the software, and comments on the design and functionalities of the\napplication should be sent to the dedicated e-mail address  **naiisapp@unfccc.int**  .\n\nPage 6 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.4 Send for approval/rejection of an Inventory (PM)**\n\n#### **10.4.1 Send for approval of an Inventory**\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 60, a).\n5. Press the “Send for Approval” button to send it to NFP for his/her review and approval of the inventory\n(figure 60, b).\n\n*** Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM, once the “Send for Approval” has been pressed. And the\nstatus changed to “Awaiting_approval” (figure 61).\n\n* **Figure 60. Work on Inventories screen -  Send for Approval - Status = check** *\n\n* **Figure 61. Work on Inventories screen -  Status = awaiting_approval** *",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.6 Submit inventory (PM)**\n\n#### **10.6.1 Submit select tables for preparing the general submission**\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column “Working inventory” (figure 68, a).\n*** Note: The selected inventory year to be submitted should be in status “approved” (figure 68, b).\n5. Click on “Work on Inventories” under Submission Management (figure 68, c).\nThis opens the Submit Inventory initial screen (figure 69).\n\n6. Click the inventory year to be submitted (figure 69, a).\n7. Press the “Generate Official Submission” button (figure 69, c).\n\n* **Figure 68. View Inventories Progress screen -  select inventory for the preparation for the general submission** *\n\n* **Figure 69. Submit select tables for the preparation for the general submission** *\n\nPage 43 10/02/2013\n\nOnce the “Generate Official Submission” button has been pressed the “Submit Inventory” initial screen for selecting\nthe tables appears (figure 70).\n\n8. Select or deselect by clicking the appropriate year(s) under “Inventory Years” box (figure 70, c) or the sector\ngrids under the “Table” box (figure 70, d) to generate the official submission.\n9. Press the “Submit” button (figure 70, e). An official submission will be generated in the NAIIS system.\n\n* **Figure 70. Submit -  select tables and grids for the general submission** *\n\nPage 44 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.2 Start of inventory/submission (NFP or PM)**\n\nThis procedure allows the NFP or PM to start a new (created) inventory. The existing data for the inventory year\nidentified will be made available in the new inventory/submission.\n\nThese are the steps to start a new inventory:\n\n1. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management” (figure 53).\n\n* **Figure 53. View Inventories Progress sub menu** *\n\n2. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears (figure 54).\n3. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column “Working Inventory” (figure 54, a).\n\n*** Note: The selected appropriate inventory should be in status “created” (figure 54, b)\n\n* **Figure 54. View Inventories Progress screen** *\n\n4. Click on “Work on Inventories” under “Submission” (figure 55).\n\n* **Figure 55. Work on Inventories sub menu** *\n\n5. Click the appropriate Inventory year on “Work on Inventories” under “Submission” (figure 56, a).\n6. Press the “Start Inventory” button to start the inventory (figure 56, b). Once pressed, the status changes to\n“started” (figure 57).\n\n*** Once the “Start Inventory” button has been pressed by the NFP or PM, a notification email will be sent to all\nSE’s with the information that a new inventory was created. SE’s and PM’s can start entering their data into the\nNAIIS software. More details on how to do the data entry please see section 4.1 above.\n\n* **Figure 56. Work on Inventories screen** *\n\n* **Figure 57. Work on Inventories screen -  Status = Started** *",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.4 Send for approval/rejection of an Inventory (PM)**\n\n#### **10.4.2 Rejection of an Inventory**\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 62, a).\n5. Press the “Reject” button (figure 62, b).\n\n*** Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM, once the “Reject” button has been pressed. And the\nstatus changed to “Awaiting_rejection_check” (figure 63).\n\n* **Figure 62. Work on Inventories screen - Reject - Status = check** *\n\n* **Figure 63. Work on Inventories screen -  Propose Rejection - Status = awaiting_rejection_check** *",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **3 Getting started**\n\n### **3.1 User Access, Roles and Privileges**\n\nThe users of the application are the members of the national team(s) of non-Annex I Parties involved in the\npreparation of their national GHG inventories, and each user is assigned a role.\nThe table below explains the different levels of the access rights and corresponding explanation for each role.  It is\nimportant to note that the roles are not necessarily identical to a person’s title (e.g. National Focal Point) and that a\nperson can take on several roles (which may be necessary for some countries).\nThere are three types of access rights (roles) to the NAIIS application:\n|  Type of access rights for specific roles  |  Process to gain access rights  |\n|:---|:---|\n| National Focal Point  (NFP): Will be responsible for  identifying the members of the team and is the only  one who has the right to approve the submission of  any GHG inventory.  NFPs will have the option to create, edit, update or  delete all of their country’s GHG data entries, and  grant access rights to the ‘Project Manager’ and  'Sectoral Experts' for their country if they choose. | Parties that have not already requested and  received  access rights  can obtain them by having their National  Focal Point contact:  naiisapp@unfccc.int  (Note:  Some Parties may have more than one individual  acting as the NFP; however the system can  accommodate only one account per Party). |\n| Project Manager (PM) : Will have the right to  enter/edit data in all sectors, as well as to generate  an official submission to the UNFCCC, and grant  access rights to the 'Sectoral Experts' for their  country.  | Entities will be provided these rights by their NFP. If a Party  decides to grant access to a PM, their NFP will be able to  create such user account on the NAIIS application.  |\n| Sectoral Experts (SE) : Will have the right to  enter/edit data in respective sector(s).  | Experts will be provided these rights by their NFP and PM.  If  a Party decides to grant access to Sectoral Experts, the NFP  will be able to create such user accounts and assign them in  respective sector(s).  |\n\nAccess for the NFP will be provided by the secretariat, upon request; however, the accounts of the other users within\nthe country shall only be created by the NFP.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the problem regarding the use of the Book3 dataset ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The Books3 dataset contains text from over 170,000 books,2 which are a mix of in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. It is believed to have been originally sourced from a website that was not authorized to distribute all of the works",
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+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\nAs an analogy, consider for instance Wikimedia Enterprise, which “build[s] services for high-volume 40\ncommercial reusers of Wikimedia content” and charges for that access. https://meta.wikimedia.org/\nwiki/Wikimedia_Enterprise .\n###### *What dataset management practices are necessary?*\nNo matter how a books data commons gets built, it will be important to consider broader\naspects of data governance. For example:\n- **Dataset documentation and transparency:**  Transparent documentation is important\nfor any dataset used for AI training. A datasheet is a standardized form of\ndocumentation that includes information about provenance and composition of data,\nand includes information on management practices, recommended uses or collection\nprocess.\n- **Quality assurance:**  Above, we note the many features that make books useful for AI\ntraining, as compared with web data, for example. That said, the institution managing\na books commons dataset may still want to collect and curate the collection to meet\nthe particular purposes of its users. For instance, it may want to take steps to\nmitigate biases inherent in the dataset, by ensuring books are representative of a\nvariety of languages and geographies.\n- **Understanding uses:**  The institution managing a books commons dataset could\nmeasure and study how the dataset is used, to inform future improvements. Such\nmonitoring may also enable accountability measures with respect to uses of the\ndataset. Introducing community norms for disclosing datasets used in AI training and\nother forms of AI research would facilitate such monitoring.\n- **Governance mechanisms:**  In determining matters like acceptable and ethical use, the\nfundamental question is “who decides.” While this might be settled simply by whoever\nsets up and operates the dataset and related infrastructure, participatory\nmechanisms — such as advisory bodies bringing together a broad range of users and\nstakeholders of a collection — could also be incorporated.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **7. Conclusion** *\n\nThis paper is a snapshot of an idea that is as underexplored as it is rooted in decades of\nexisting work. The concept of mass digitization of books, including to support text and data\nmining, of which AI is a subset, is not new. But AI training is newly of the zeitgeist, and its\ntransformative use makes questions about how we digitize, preserve, and make accessible\nknowledge and cultural heritage salient in a distinct way.\nAs such, efforts to build a books data commons need not start from scratch; there is much\nto glean from studying and engaging existing and previous efforts. Those learnings might\ninform substantive decisions about how to build a books data commons for AI training. For\ninstance, looking at the design decisions of HathiTrust may inform how the technical\ninfrastructure and data management practices for AI training might be designed, as well as\nhow to address challenges to building a comprehensive, diverse, and useful corpus. In\naddition, learnings might inform the process by which we get to a books data commons —\nfor example, illustrating ways to attend to the interests of those likely to be impacted by the\ndataset’s development.\n\n41\nWhile this paper does not prescribe a particular path forward, we do think finding a path (or\npaths) to extend access to books for AI training is critical. In the status quo, large swaths of\nknowledge contained in books are effectively locked up and inaccessible to most everyone.\nGoogle is an exception — it can reap the benefits of their 40 million books dataset for\nresearch, development, and deployment of AI models. Large, well-resourced entities could\ntheoretically try to replicate Google’s digitization efforts, although it would be incredibly\nexpensive, impractical, and largely duplicative for each entity to individually pursue their own\nefforts. Even then, it isn’t clear how everyone else — independent researchers, entrepreneurs,\nand smaller entities — will have access. The controversy around the Books3 dataset\ndiscussed at the outset should not, then, be an argument in favor of preserving the status\nquo. Instead, it should highlight the urgency of building a books data commons to support an",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **3. Why Books are Important to Training AI** *\n\n###### *Performance and Quality*\n\nyear of publication — is often more comprehensive than metadata for information\n\n“the novel, too, as we know it, has come to its end” — “The End of Books.”  *Archive.nytimes.com*  , 21 June 9\n1992, [archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/coover-end.html](http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/27/specials/coover-end.html) . Accessed\n27 Aug. 2021.\n\nStanborough, Rebecca Joy. “Benefits of Reading Books: For Your Physical and Mental Health.” 10\n*Healthline*  , 15 Oct. 2019, www.healthline.com/health/benefits-of-reading-books#prevents-cognitive-\ndecline .\nfound on the web, and this additional information can help contextualize the\nprovenance and veracity of information.\n- **Breadth, Diversity, and Mitigating Bias:**  Books can serve a critical role in ensuring AI\nmodels are inclusive of a broad range of topics and categories that may be under-\nrepresented in other content. For all that the Internet has generated an explosion in\nhuman creativity and information sharing, it generally represents only a few decades\nof information and a small portion of the world’s creative population. A books\ndataset, by comparison, is capable of representing centuries of human knowledge. As\na result such a dataset can help ensure AI systems behavior is based on centuries of\nhistorical information from modern books. It can help ensure broad geographic and\nlinguistic diversity. What’s more, the greater breadth and diversity of high-quality\ncontent help mitigate challenges around bias and misinformation. Using a more\ndiverse pool of training data can help support the production of a model and outputs\nof the model that are more representative of that diversity. Books can be useful in\nevaluation datasets to test existing models for memorization capabilities, which can\nhelp prevent unintended reproduction of existing works. Of course, this is all\ncontingent on actual composition of the corpus; in order to have the benefits\ndescribed, the books would need to be curated and included with characteristics like\ntime, geographic and linguistic diversity.\n- **Other Modalities:**  Finally, books do not just contain text, they often contain images\nand captions of those images. As such, they can be an important training source for\nmulti-modal LLMs, which can receive and generate data in media other than text.\n**Lowering Barriers to Entry & Facilitating Competition**\nBroad access to books for AI training is critical to ensure powerful AI models are not\nconcentrated in the hands of only a few companies. Access to training data, in general, has\nbeen cited as a potential competitive concern in the AI field because of the performance 11",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **3. Why Books are Important to Training AI** *\n\nbenefits to be gained by training on larger and larger datasets. But this competitive wedge is\neven more acute when we look specifically at access to book datasets.\nThe largest technology companies building commercial AI models have the resources and\ncapacity to mass digitize books for AI training. Google has scanned 40 million books, many\nof which came from digitization partnerships they formed with libraries. They may already\nuse some or all of these books to train their AI systems.  It’s unclear to what extent other 12\ncompanies already have acquired books for AI training (for instance, whether Amazon’s\nexisting licenses with publishers or self-published authors may permit such uses);\n\nSee e.g. Trendacosta, Katherine and Doctorow, Cory. “AI Art Generators and the Online Image Market.” 11\n*Electronic Frontier Foundation*  , 3 Apr. 2023, www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/04/ai-art-generators-and-\nonline-image-market ; Narechania, Tejas N., and Sitaraman, Ganesh. “An Antimonopoly Approach to\nGoverning Artificial Intelligence.”  *SSRN Electronic Journal*  , 2023, cdn.vanderbilt.edu/vu-URL/wp-content/\nuploads/sites/412/2023/10/09151452/Policy-Brief-2023.10.08-.pdf , https://doi.org/10.2139/\nssrn.4597080 . Accessed 25 Feb. 2024.\n\nSee white paper for Google’s Gemini models [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805.pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.11805.pdf) — “Gemini models 12\nare trained on a dataset that is both multimodal and multilingual. Our pretraining dataset uses data from\nweb documents, books, and code, and includes image, audio, and video data.”\nregardless, comparable efforts to Google’s would cost many hundreds of millions of\ndollars. 13\nIndependent researchers, entrepreneurs, and most other businesses and organizations are\nunlikely to have the resources required to digitally scan millions of books nor purchase\nlicenses to digitized books in ways that could unlock the benefits described above. Ensuring\ngreater competition and innovation in this space will require making this type of data\navailable to upstarts and other entities with limited resources. A well-designed and\nappropriately governed digital books commons is one way to do that.\n\n“By 2004, Google had started scanning. In just over a decade, after making deals with Michigan, 13\nHarvard, Stanford, Oxford, the New York Public Library, and dozens of other library systems, the\ncompany, outpacing Page’s prediction, had scanned about 25 million books. It cost them an estimated\n$400 million. It was a feat not just of technology but of logistics.” Somers, James. “Torching the Modern-\nDay Library of Alexandria.”  *The Atlantic*  , 20 Apr. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/\n2017/04/the-tragedy-of-google-books/523320/ .",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **1. Introduction** * 1\n\nWhile the field of artificial intelligence research and technology has a long history, broad\npublic attention grew over the last year in light of the wide availability of new generative AI\nsystems, including large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4, Claude, and LLaMA-2. These\ntools are developed using machine learning and other techniques that analyze large datasets\nof written text, and they are capable of generating text in response to a user’s prompts.\nWhile many large language models rely on website text for training, books have also played\nan important role in developing and improving AI systems. Despite the widespread use of e-\nbooks and growth of sales in that market, books remain difficult for researchers and\nentrepreneurs to access at scale in digital form for the purposes of training AI.\nIn 2023, multiple news publications reported on the availability and use of a dataset of books\ncalled “Books3” to train LLMs.   The Books3 dataset contains text from over 170,000 books, 2\nwhich are a mix of in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. It is believed to have been\noriginally sourced from a website that was not authorized to distribute all of the works\ncontained in the dataset. In lawsuits brought against OpenAI, Microsoft, Meta, and\nBloomberg related to their LLMs, the use of Books3 as training data was specifically cited.\n3\nThe Books3 controversy highlights a critical question at the heart of generative AI: what role\ndo books play in training AI models, and how might digitized books be made widely\naccessible for the purposes of training AI? What dataset of books could be constructed and\nunder what circumstances?\nIn February 2024, Creative Commons, Open Future and Proteus Strategies convened a series\nof workshops to investigate the concept of a responsibly designed, broadly accessible",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## *5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books*\n\n“Substantially Better.”  *VentureBeat*  , 11 Jan. 2024, [venturebeat.com/ai/one-of-the-worlds-largest-ai-](http://venturebeat.com/ai/one-of-the-worlds-largest-ai-training-datasets-is-about-to-get-bigger-and-substantially-better/)\n[training-datasets-is-about-to-get-bigger-and-substantially-better/](http://venturebeat.com/ai/one-of-the-worlds-largest-ai-training-datasets-is-about-to-get-bigger-and-substantially-better/) . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.\n**Implications of the The Overall Approach**\nStepping back from The Pile v2 specifically, or any particular existing collection of books or\ndataset built on their basis, we want to understand the implications of relying on public\ndomain works and expressly licensed works in building a books commons.\nThe benefits are relatively straightforward. Both categories, by definition come with express\npermission to use the books in AI training. The cost of acquiring the books for this use may\nbe effectively zero or close to it, when considering public domain and “openly” licensed\nbooks that allow redistribution and that have already been digitized.\nBut this approach comes with some clear limitations. First, as noted above, for many books\nin the public domain, their status as such is not always clear. And with respect to\npermissively licensed books, it is not always clear whether and how to comply with the\nlicense obligations in this context.\nSetting aside those challenges, the simple fact is that relying on public domain and existing\npermissively licensed books would limit the quantity and diversity of data available for\ntraining, impacting performance along different dimensions. Only a small fraction of books\never published fall into this category, and the corpus of books in this category is likely to be\nskewed heavily towards older public domain books. This skew would, in turn, impact the\ncontent available for AI training.  For instance, relying on books from before 1929 would not 30\nonly incorporate outdated language patterns, but also a range of biases and misconceptions\nabout race and gender, among other things. Efforts could be made to get people to\npermissively license more material — a book drive for permissive licensing, so to speak; this\napproach would still not encompass most books, at least when it comes to past works. 31",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## *5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books*\n\n**Existing Project Example : The Pile v2** 27\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile — a large,\ndiverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own\ntraining of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets.\nThe first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second\nand third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books\nby otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published\nprior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project\nGutenberg.\nAs the awareness about The Pile dataset grew, certain rightsholders began sending copyright\nnotices to have the dataset taken down from various websites.\nDespite the takedown requests, the importance of books to EleutherAI and the broader\ncommunity’s AI research remained. In hoping to forge a path forward EleutherAI announced\nin 2024 that they would create a new version of the dataset, which they will call The Pile v2. 29\nAmong other things, v2 would “have many more books than the original Pile had, for\nexample, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.” At the\nsame time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed\ncontent. As before, this corpus focuses on English language books.\n\nThis is an illustrative example, and there are also other projects of this ilk. For instance, see the 27\nCommon Corpus project, which includes an array of public domain books from a number of countries,\nat [https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/common-corpus](https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/common-corpus) ; see also [https://huggingface.co/datasets/](https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/internet_archive_books_en)\n[storytracer/internet_archive_books_en](https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/internet_archive_books_en) (“This dataset contains more than 650,000 English public domain\nbooks (~ 61 billion words) which were digitized by the Internet Archive and cataloged as part of the\nOpen Library project.”)\n\nSee Gao et al, supra note 8. 28\n\nGoldman, Sharon. “One of the World’s Largest AI Training Datasets Is About to Get Bigger and 29",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **2. Basics of AI Training and Technical Challenges** * * **of Including Books** *\n\non a large number of tokens. In turn, this has allowed a higher degree of language\ngeneralizability in the resulting model. For example, OpenAI’s ChatGPT trained on hundreds\nof billions of tokens, allowing it to model language in a very general way. The resulting\nmodels an then be fine-tuned for specific tasks using training data representing a particular\ncorpus, such as software code. 8\n\nMcKinsey provides an overview of the different types of tokens that may be used by AI models. 7\nMcKinsey. “What Is Tokenization? | McKinsey.”  *Mckinsey.com*  , 2023, www.mckinsey.com/featured-\ninsights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-tokenization .\n\nThere are certain technical challenges in using books in AI training as well, given the nature of the 8\nformat. First, one must address whether a book is already in digital form. For the vast majority of books,\nthat is not the case. One first needs to digitize the book, and convert it to a digital text file using optical\ncharacter recognition (OCR), or use a born-digital version (although we return to specific limitations on\nthat approach below). Second, once a book is in digital text form, it must be converted into a text format\nthat is suitable for AI training. Text conversion tools transfer the content of books into complete text\nfiles, which is akin to the type of conversion that must be done between a Microsoft Word or Adobe PDF\nfile format and a simple .txt format. This conversion is generally not adequate for the purpose of AI\ntraining; researchers have found that post-processing is required to ensure these text files are properly\nformatted for the purposes of tokenization. For example, when building the dataset known as The Pile,\nresearchers had to modify an existing epub-to-text converter tool to ensure that document structure\nacross chapters was preserved to match the table of contents, that tables of data were correctly\nrendered, to convert numbered lists from digitally legible lists of “1\\.” to “1.”, and to replace unicode\npunctuation with ascii punctuation. See Discussion in 4.3.2 in Bandy, Jack, and Nicholas Vincent.\n*Addressing “Documentation Debt” in Machine Learning Research: A Retrospective Datasheet for*\n*BookCorpus*  . 2021, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05241.pdf . and C.16 of The Pile documentation in Gao,\nLeo, et al.  *The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling*  , https://arxiv.org/pdf/\n2101.00027.pdf .",
+                    "page_start": 4,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **5. Examining approaches to building a books data** * * **commons** *\nThere are many possible permutations for building a books data commons. To structure our\nexploration, we focused on two particular tracks, discussed below. We chose these tracks\nmindful of the above legal issues, and because there are already existence proofs that help\nto illuminate tradeoffs, challenges and potential paths forward for each.",
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+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## *5b. Limitations & Exceptions*\n\ncourse, a bigger dataset doesn’t necessarily mean a higher quality dataset for all uses of AI\nmodels; as HathiTrust shows, even a multimillion book corpus can skew in various\ndirections.  Still, dataset size generally remains significant to an LLM’s performance -  the\nmore text one can train on, or rather the more tokens for training the model, the better, at\nleast along a number of performance metrics.\n\n37\nWhile holding the potential for a broader and more diverse dataset, a key limitation in\npursuing this approach is that it is only feasible where relevant copyright limitations and\nexceptions exist. Even then, legal uncertainty means that going down this path is likely to\ngenerate, at a minimum, expensive and time-consuming litigation and regulatory\n\nThis is explained explicitly in the appeals court’s decision:  *Authors Guild v. HathiTrust,*  755 F.3d 87 (2d 35\nCir. 2014).\n\nHathiTrust has also made available some data derived from books, such as the Extracted Features 36\nset: “HTRC releases research datasets to facilitate text analysis using the HathiTrust Digital Library.\nWhile copyright-protected texts are not available for download from HathiTrust, fruitful research can still\nbe performed on the basis of non-consumptive analysis of transformative datasets, such as in HTRC's\nflagship Extracted Features Dataset, which includes features extracted from full-text volumes. These\nfeatures include volume-level metadata, page-level metadata, part-of-speech-tagged tokens, and token\ncounts:” https://analytics.hathitrust.org/datasets#top .\n\nSee Testimony of Chris Callison-Burch, July 2023, [https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/](https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU03/20230517/115951/HHRG-118-JU03-Wstate-Callison-BurchC-20230517.pdf) 37\n[JU03/20230517/115951/HHRG-118-JU03-Wstate-Callison-BurchC-20230517.pdf](https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU03/20230517/115951/HHRG-118-JU03-Wstate-Callison-BurchC-20230517.pdf) (“As the amount of\ntraining data increases, AI systems’ capabilities for language understanding and their other skills\nimprove.”); Brown, Tom, et al.  *Language Models Are Few-Shot Learners*  . 22 July 2020, at [https://arxiv.org/](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.14165.pdf)\n[pdf/2005.14165.pdf](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.14165.pdf) (“we find that performance scales very smoothly with model size”).\nengagement. And, at least in the U.S., it could generate billions of dollars in damages if the\nspecific design choices and technical constraints are not adequate to justify a finding of fair\nuse.\nThis sort of books dataset could be built by expanding use of in-copyright books that have\nalready been digitized from existing libraries and other sources. Specifically, workshop\nparticipants mentioned that the Internet Archive, HathiTrust, and Google as entities that have\ndigitized books and could repurpose their use to build a books commons, although\nchallenges with using these datasets were noted. The Internet Archive is in the midst of\nlitigation brought by book publishers for its program for lending digital books; while not",
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+                "query": "In the United States, before which date is book out of copyright for sure ?",
+                "target_page": 9,
+                "target_passage": "In the United States, all books published or released before 1929 are in the public domain. While use of these books provides maximal certainty for the AI developer to train on",
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+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for** * * **Training** *\n\nEven if books can be acquired, digitized, and made technically useful for AI training, the\ndevelopment of a books data commons would necessarily need to navigate and comply with\ncopyright law.\n**Out-of-Copyright Books:**  A minority of books are old enough to be in the public domain and\nout of copyright, and an AI developer could use them in training without securing any\ncopyright permission. In the United States, all books published or released before 1929 are in\nthe public domain. While use of these books provides maximal certainty for the AI developer\nto train on, it is worth noting that the status of whether a book is in the public domain can be\ndifficult to determine.  For instance, books released between 1929 and 1963 in the U.S. are 14\nout of copyright if they were not subject to a copyright renewal; however, data on copyright\nrenewals is not easily accessible.\nWhat’s more, copyright definitions and term lengths vary among countries. Even if a work is\nin the public domain in the US, it may not be in other countries.  Countries generally use the 15\nlife of the last living author + “x” years to determine the term of copyright protection. For\nmost countries, “x” is either 50 years (the minimum required by the Berne Convention) or 70\nyears (this is the case for all member states of the European Union and for all works\npublished in the U.S. after 1978). This approach makes it difficult to determine copyright\nterms with certainty because it requires information about the date of death of each author,\nwhich is often not readily available.\n**In-Copyright Books:**  The vast majority of books are in copyright, and, insofar as the training\nprocess requires making a copy of the book, the use in AI training may implicate copyright\nlaw. Our workshop covered three possible paths for incorporating such works.\n**Direct licensing**\nOne could directly license books from rightsholders. There may be some publishers who are\nwilling to license their works for this purpose, but it is hard to determine the scale of such\naccess, and, in any event, there are significant limits on this approach. Along with the",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for** * * **Training** *\n\nexample, Amazon, and it is lawful under copyright law to use that book in AI training, it can\nstill generally be unlawful to circumvent the DRM to do so, outside narrow exceptions.  25\nThus, the ability to use in-copyright books encumbered by DRM — that is, most all books sold\nby major publishers — is generally limited. 26\nPractically, using in-copyright books to build a books commons for AI training — while relying\non copyright’s limitations and exceptions — requires turning a physical book into digital form,\nor otherwise engaging in the laborious process of manually re-creating a book’s text (i.e., re-\ntyping the full text of the book) without circumventing the technical restrictions themselves.\n\nSee Hansen, Dave. “Fair Use Week 2023: How to Evade Fair Use in Two Easy Steps.”  *Authors Alliance*  , 23\n23 Feb. 2023, www.authorsalliance.org/2023/02/23/fair-use-week-2023-how-to-evade-fair-use-in-two-\neasy-steps/ . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.\nSee Band, Jonathan. “Protecting User Rights against Contract Override.”  *Joint PIJIP/TLS Research* 24\n*Paper Series*  , 1 May 2023, [digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/research/97/](http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/research/97/) . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.\n\nIn the U.S. the Copyright Office has recognized the importance of allowing particular exceptions for 25\nresearchers engaged in text and data mining. See their rulemaking in 2021 [https://](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/10/28/2021-23311/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control)\n[www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/10/28/2021-23311/exemption-to-prohibition-on-](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/10/28/2021-23311/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control)\n[circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/10/28/2021-23311/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control) . These rules are reviewed triennially\nand are currently under review, with submissions suggesting both contraction and expansion; see the\nAuthors’ Alliance comments in January 2024 [ https://www.authorsalliance.org/2024/01/29/authors-](https://www.authorsalliance.org/2024/01/29/authors-alliance-submits-long-form-comment-to-copyright-office-in-support-of-petition-to-expand-existing-text-and-data-mining-exemption/)\n[alliance-submits-long-form-comment-to-copyright-office-in-support-of-petition-to-expand-existing-text-](https://www.authorsalliance.org/2024/01/29/authors-alliance-submits-long-form-comment-to-copyright-office-in-support-of-petition-to-expand-existing-text-and-data-mining-exemption/)\n[and-data-mining-exemption/](https://www.authorsalliance.org/2024/01/29/authors-alliance-submits-long-form-comment-to-copyright-office-in-support-of-petition-to-expand-existing-text-and-data-mining-exemption/) . It is possible that one could argue for these exceptions to be expanded,\nand then work to renew that exception every three years. The EU’s text and data mining exception may\nalso limit use of DRM to impede data mining, but only for particular covered research and heritage\ninstitutions; commercial and other users are not covered, however.\n\nNote that CC licenses forbid use of DRM — but that doesn’t address most all books sold by publishers. 26",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for** * * **Training** *\n\nLiability Rules Help Resurrect Old Songs).” Illinois Program in Law, Behavior and Social Science Paper\nNo. LBSS14-07 Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 13-54 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2290181 .\nAccessed 4 Jan. 2020, at [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2290181](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2290181) ; Rosen,\nRebecca J. “Why Are so Few Books from the 20th Century Available as Ebooks?”  *The Atlantic*  , 18 Mar.\n2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/03/why-are-so-few-books-from-the-20th-century-\navailable-as-ebooks/284486/ . See also “Google Book Search Settlement and Access to Out of Print\nBooks.”  *Google Public Policy Blog*  , [publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2009/06/google-book-search-](http://publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2009/06/google-book-search-settlement-and.html)\n[settlement-and.html](http://publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2009/06/google-book-search-settlement-and.html) . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024 (discussing this issue in the context of the failed class-\naction settlement between Google, the Authors Guild, and the Association of American Publishers).\nGoogle’s final brief in the settlement proceedings notes the “prohibitive transaction costs of identifying\nand locating individual Rightsholders of these largely older, out-of-print books” — see this brief at [https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20130112060651/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/google_final_approval_support.pdf)\n[web.archive.org/web/20130112060651/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/](https://web.archive.org/web/20130112060651/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/google_final_approval_support.pdf)\n[google_final_approval_support.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20130112060651/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/google_final_approval_support.pdf) . The Authors Guild and Association of American Publishers also\njustified the settlement’s terms in light of the fact that “the transaction costs involved in finding\ncopyright owners and clearing the rights are too high”; while they argued that most works are not truly\n“orphans,” they note that total transaction costs as a whole (including, for example, determining whether\nthe author or publisher holds the rights and then negotiating rates) are so high as to block uses of out-\nof-print works anyway — see this brief at [https://web.archive.org/web/20130112060213/http://](https://web.archive.org/web/20130112060213/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/Supplemental_memorandum_of_law.pdf)\n[thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/Supplemental_memorandum_of_law.pdf](https://web.archive.org/web/20130112060213/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/Supplemental_memorandum_of_law.pdf) .\n\nIn the EU, the 2019 Copyright Directive introduced specific provisions on the \"use of out-of-commerce 17\nworks and other subject matter by cultural heritage institutions\" (Articles 8-11 CDSMD). These\nprovisions allow cultural heritage institutions to \"make available, for non-commercial purposes, out-of-\ncommerce works or other subject matter permanently in their collections\". The limitation to non-\ncommercial purposes means that works made available under these provisions would be of limited use\nin building a books data commons.\n\nFor one assessment of the difficulties of complying with the CC licenses in this context, to the extent 18\nthey are applicable, see Lee, K., A. Feder Cooper, & Grimmelmann, J. (2023). Talkin’ ‘Bout AI Generation:\nCopyright and the Generative AI Supply Chain. Forthcoming,  *Journal of the Copyright Society*  2024.\nhttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4523551 .\n**Reliance on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for** * * **Training** *\n\nchallenge (and expense) of reaching agreements with relevant rightsholders, there is also the\npractical difficulty of simply identifying and finding the rightsholder that one must negotiate\n\nFor a sense of the complexity, see e.g. Melissa Levine, Richard C. Adler.  *Finding the Public Domain:* 14\n*Copyright Review Management System Toolkit*  . 2016, [quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/14616082.0001.001)\n[14616082.0001.001](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/14616082.0001.001) . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.; Kopel, Matthew. “LibGuides: Copyright at Cornell Libraries:\nCopyright Term and the Public Domain.” [guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain](http://guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain) ;\nMannapperuma, Menesha, et al.  *Is It in the Public Domain? A HANDBOOK for EVALUATING the*\n*COPYRIGHT STATUS of a WORK CREATED in the UNITED STATES*  . 1923.\n\nSee e.g. Moody, Glyn. “Project Gutenberg Blocks Access in Germany to All Its Public Domain Books 15\nbecause of Local Copyright Claim on 18 of Them.”  *Techdirt*  , 7 Mar. 2018, www.techdirt.com/\n2018/03/07/project-gutenberg-blocks-access-germany-to-all-public-domain-books-because-local-\ncopyright-claim-18-them/ . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.\nwith. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most\nare not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted\nworks and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially\nthose that have or have had limited commercial value.  Put differently, the barrier to using 17\nmost books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources,\nlicensing would not enable access to most works.\n**Permissively licensed works**\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as\nworks placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular\nuses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their\nfollow-on use).\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion\ndepends on whether the license’s terms can be complied with in the context of AI training.\nFor instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper\nattribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public\nDomain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18\n\nSee e.g. Heald, Paul J. “How Copyright Makes Books and Music Disappear (and How Secondary 16",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for** * * **Training** *\n\nEven if a book is in copyright, it’s possible that copying books for AI training may be covered\nby existing limitations and exceptions to copyright law in particular jurisdictions. For\nexample:\n- In the United States, many argue using existing works to train generative AI is “fair\nuse,” consistent with existing law and legal precedents.  This is the subject of a 19\nnumber of currently active court cases, and different actors and tools may yield\ndifferent results, as fair use is applied case-by-case using a flexible balancing test.\n- In the European Union, there are explicit exceptions in the law for “text and data\nmining” uses of in-copyright works, both for non-commercial research and for\ncommercial purposes. However, for commercial uses and for users outside of\nresearch and heritage institutions, they must respect the rights of rightsholders who\nchoose to “reserve their rights” (i.e., opt-out of allowing text and data mining) via\nmachine readable mechanisms.  The exception also requires that users have “lawful 20\naccess” to the works.\n- Finally, Japan provides a specific text and data mining exception, without any\ncomparable opt-out requirement for commercial uses as is embedded in EU law. 21\n\nWhile exceptions that allow AI training exist in several other countries, such as Singapore and\nIsrael, most countries do not provide exceptions that appear to permit AI training. Even where\npotentially available, as in the United States, legal uncertainty and risk create a hurdle for\nanyone building a books commons. 22\n\nSee e.g. Comments from Sprigman, Samuelson, Sag to Copyright Office, October 2023, at [https://](https://www.regulations.gov/comment/COLC-2023-0006-10299) 19\n[www.regulations.gov/comment/COLC-2023-0006-10299](https://www.regulations.gov/comment/COLC-2023-0006-10299) as well as many other submissions to the US\ncopyright office; see also Advocacy, Katherine Klosek, Director of Information Policy and Federal\nRelations, Association of Research Libraries (ARL), and Marjory S. Blumenthal, Senior Policy Fellow,\nAmerican Library Association (ALA) Office of Public Policy and. “Training Generative AI Models on\nCopyrighted Works Is Fair Use.”  *Association of Research Libraries*  , 23 Jan. 2024, www.arl.org/blog/\ntraining-generative-ai-models-on-copyrighted-works-is-fair-use/ .\n\nSee Articles 3 and 4 of the EU’s Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market 20\n— https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj .\n\nJapan clarified its laws in 2018 to make clear that this type of use is permitted — see discussion in 21",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## *5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books*\n\n“Substantially Better.”  *VentureBeat*  , 11 Jan. 2024, [venturebeat.com/ai/one-of-the-worlds-largest-ai-](http://venturebeat.com/ai/one-of-the-worlds-largest-ai-training-datasets-is-about-to-get-bigger-and-substantially-better/)\n[training-datasets-is-about-to-get-bigger-and-substantially-better/](http://venturebeat.com/ai/one-of-the-worlds-largest-ai-training-datasets-is-about-to-get-bigger-and-substantially-better/) . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.\n**Implications of the The Overall Approach**\nStepping back from The Pile v2 specifically, or any particular existing collection of books or\ndataset built on their basis, we want to understand the implications of relying on public\ndomain works and expressly licensed works in building a books commons.\nThe benefits are relatively straightforward. Both categories, by definition come with express\npermission to use the books in AI training. The cost of acquiring the books for this use may\nbe effectively zero or close to it, when considering public domain and “openly” licensed\nbooks that allow redistribution and that have already been digitized.\nBut this approach comes with some clear limitations. First, as noted above, for many books\nin the public domain, their status as such is not always clear. And with respect to\npermissively licensed books, it is not always clear whether and how to comply with the\nlicense obligations in this context.\nSetting aside those challenges, the simple fact is that relying on public domain and existing\npermissively licensed books would limit the quantity and diversity of data available for\ntraining, impacting performance along different dimensions. Only a small fraction of books\never published fall into this category, and the corpus of books in this category is likely to be\nskewed heavily towards older public domain books. This skew would, in turn, impact the\ncontent available for AI training.  For instance, relying on books from before 1929 would not 30\nonly incorporate outdated language patterns, but also a range of biases and misconceptions\nabout race and gender, among other things. Efforts could be made to get people to\npermissively license more material — a book drive for permissive licensing, so to speak; this\napproach would still not encompass most books, at least when it comes to past works. 31",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\nThe workshops briefly touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most\nrelevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these\nquestions may be relevant across both tracks.\n*Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders* *and creators have any ability to exclude their works?*\nOne of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of\ncopyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this\ncontext), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training.\nWhile a system that required affirmative “opt-in” consent would limit utility significantly (as\ndiscussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some\nforms of “opt-out” could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context\nof use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so significant.\nSince most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain\nin the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various\ndimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue\nto commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the\npotential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come\nforward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a\nlicense may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached.\nWorkshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example,\nopt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for\nexample to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or\nmirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to\ncopyright.  Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular 38",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\n###### *Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?*\n\nuses or other categories of users, given that rights holders have many different sets of\npreferences.\nAnother question is about  *who*  can opt-out particular works from the dataset. This could\nsolely be an option for copyright holders, although authors might be allowed to exercise an\nopt-out for their books even if they don’t hold the copyrights. This might create challenges if\nthe author and rightsholder disagree about whether to opt a particular book out of the\ncorpus. Another related issue is that individual books, such as anthologies, may comprise\nworks created (and rights held) by many different entities. The images in a book may have\ncome from third-party sources, for instance, or a compendium of poetry might involve many\n\nIn fact, as noted above, to the extent an AI model developer intends for their model to abide by the 38\nEU’s legal regime, they will have to abide by such opt-outs, at least if they are engaged in text and data\nmining for commercial uses and/or are users outside of the covered set of research and heritage\ninstitutions. A books data commons may incorporate opt-outs in particular to serve such EU-focused AI\ndevelopers.\ndifferent rightsholders and authors. Managing opt-outs for so many different interests within\none book may get overly complicated very fast.\nIn any event, creating an opt-out system will need some ways of authenticating whether\nsomeone has the relevant authority to make choices about inclusion of a work.\n###### *Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?*\nA commons might be made publicly available to all, as has been done with datasets like The\nPile. Another possible design choice is to restrict access only to authorized users and to\nenforce particular responsibilities or obligations in return for authorization. Three particular\ndimensions of permitted uses and users came up in our discussions:\n- **Defining and ensuring acceptable and ethical use:**  Participants discussed to what\nextent restrictions should be put on use of the resource. In the case of HathiTrust,",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Notices**\n\n### **Trademarks**\n\nIBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. These and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with the appropriate symbol (® or TM), indicating US registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at [http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml](http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml)\nThe following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both:\nAIX®\nCICS®\nDaejaTM\nDB2®\nDB2 Universal DatabaseTM\ndeveloperWorks®\nFileNet®\nIBM®\nIBM zTM\nIBM z SystemsTM\nIMSTM\nLanguage Environment®\nLotus®\nMVSTM\nOMEGAMON®\nOS/390®\nOS/400®\nPower SystemsTM\nPowerHA®\nPrint Services FacilityTM\nRACF®\nRedbooks®\nRedbooks (logo) ®\nSystem Storage®\nSystem z®\nSystemMirror®\nTivoli®\nWebSphere®\nz SystemsTM\nz/OS®\nThe following terms are trademarks of other companies:\nAdobe, the Adobe logo, and the PostScript logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States, and/or other countries.\nEvolution, and Inc. device are trademarks or registered trademarks of Kenexa, an IBM Company.\nLinux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both.\nMicrosoft, Windows, and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.\nJava, and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.\nUNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.\nOther company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf",
+                "query": "What of the main imporvement of the Pile v2 dataset in comparison to its first version ?",
+                "target_page": 13,
+                "target_passage": "Among other things, v2 would “have many more books than the original Pile had, for example, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.” At the same time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed content",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## *5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books*\n\n**Existing Project Example : The Pile v2** 27\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile — a large,\ndiverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own\ntraining of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets.\nThe first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second\nand third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books\nby otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published\nprior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project\nGutenberg.\nAs the awareness about The Pile dataset grew, certain rightsholders began sending copyright\nnotices to have the dataset taken down from various websites.\nDespite the takedown requests, the importance of books to EleutherAI and the broader\ncommunity’s AI research remained. In hoping to forge a path forward EleutherAI announced\nin 2024 that they would create a new version of the dataset, which they will call The Pile v2. 29\nAmong other things, v2 would “have many more books than the original Pile had, for\nexample, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.” At the\nsame time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed\ncontent. As before, this corpus focuses on English language books.\n\nThis is an illustrative example, and there are also other projects of this ilk. For instance, see the 27\nCommon Corpus project, which includes an array of public domain books from a number of countries,\nat [https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/common-corpus](https://huggingface.co/blog/Pclanglais/common-corpus) ; see also [https://huggingface.co/datasets/](https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/internet_archive_books_en)\n[storytracer/internet_archive_books_en](https://huggingface.co/datasets/storytracer/internet_archive_books_en) (“This dataset contains more than 650,000 English public domain\nbooks (~ 61 billion words) which were digitized by the Internet Archive and cataloged as part of the\nOpen Library project.”)\n\nSee Gao et al, supra note 8. 28\n\nGoldman, Sharon. “One of the World’s Largest AI Training Datasets Is About to Get Bigger and 29",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.2 Finetuning**\nIn Table 15 , we evaluate V-JEPA using finetuning (separately) on K400 and SSv2. We compare V-JEPA with\nVideoMAEv2 ( Wang et al. , 2023a ), VideoMAE ( Tong et al. , 2022 ) and MVD ( Wang et al. , 2023b ) using a ViT-L/16\nor a ViT-H/16 architecture. V-JEPA obtains competitive performance using a finetuning protocol. With a ViTiH/16\narchitecture, V-JEPA outperforms by 1  *.*  2% VideoMAE and +0  *.*  3% VideoMAEv2 on the SSv2 dataset, while obtaining\ncomparable performance on K400. V-JEPA also obtains performance similar to MVD on the SSv2 dataset. The\nMVD model achieves the best performance across models on the K400 dataset, and is trained using the image\ndataset ImageNet1K, in contrast to the other methods in the table, which only use video data. Additionally MVD\nrequires the processing of significantly more samples during pretraining due to the cost of training the teacher\nencoder networks in a pre-pre-training step.",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **5 Comparison with Prior Work**\n\n### **5.2 Comparison with State-of-the-Art**\n\nprobe. We train the probes in several low-shot settings: using either 5% of the train set, 10%, or 50%, and take 3 random\nsplits in each setting to obtain more robust metrics, resulting in 9 different evaluation experiments for each model. We report\nthe mean performances and standard deviation using the K400 and SSv2 validation sets. V-JEPA is more label-efficient than\nother models; specifically, decreasing the available number of labeled examples from each class increases the performance gap\nbetween V-JEPA and the baselines.\n*Frozen Evaluation*\n**K400 SSv2**\n(16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n5% 10% 50% 5% 10% 50% **Method Arch.**  (  *∼*  29 samples per class) (  *∼*  58 samples per class) (  *∼*  287 samples per class) (  *∼*  48 samples per class) (  *∼*  96 samples per class) (  *∼*  440 samples per class)\nMVD ViT-L/16 62.6  *±*  0.2 68.3  *±*  0.2 77.2  *±*  0.3 42.9  *±*  0.8 49.5  *±*  0.6 61.0  *±*  0.2 VideoMAE ViT-H/16 62.3  *±*  0.3 68.5  *±*  0.2 78.2  *±*  0.1 41.4  *±*  0.8 48.1  *±*  0.2 60.5  *±*  0.4 VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 37.0  *±*  0.3 48.8  *±*  0.4 67.8  *±*  0.1 28.0  *±*  1.0 37.3  *±*  0.3 54.0  *±*  0.3\nV-JEPA ViT-H/16 67.0  *±*  0.2 72.1  *±*  0.1 80.2  *±*  0.2 51.9  *±*  0.3 57.5  *±*  0.4 67.3  *±*  0.2 ViT-H/16 384 **68.2**   *±*   **0.2 72.8**   *±*   **0.2 80.6**   *±*   **0.2 54.0**   *±*   **0.2 59.3**   *±*   **0.5 67.9**   *±*   **0.2**\nlayer attentive probe, which can be further improved to\n**77**   *.*   **9**  % using a two-layer attentive probe. More generally,\nwe hypothesize that the datasets used to train V-JEPA\nand other video models are too constrained and lack the\nvisual diversity of the internet-scale pretraining data used\nby the images models; as such, there is value in focusing\nfuture work on building diverse publicly available video\ndatasets.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A list of OpenShift nodes that used to run ICP components\n\n## **Chapter 7. Use cases**\n\n### **7.2  Hybrid architecture and multicloud applications: A true**\n\n#### **7.2.3  OpenShift Container Platform v4.1 on x86 at AWS**\n\nmetadata:\nname: appmongo-ibm-mongodb-dev-datavolume\nspec:\nstorageClassName: manual\ncapacity:\nstorage: 2Gi\naccessModes:\n- ReadWriteMany\ncsi:\ndriver: csi-spectrum-scale\nvolumeHandle:\n\"7794843418738962737;0A0002D9:5DBA3A3A;path=/gpfs/mongoafm/mongo\"\nChapter 7. Use cases  **183**\nSpectrum Scale enforces the existence of the files that were created on the Power Systems\ncluster in the AWS cluster, as shown in Example 7-23. Spectrum Scale also updates the\nwrites on both clusters (sides). There is a  **prefetch**  command that brings all the data before,;\ntherefore, only the changes are updated after prefetch is done. This makes accessing the full\ndatabase faster in the cloud.\n*Example 7-23   Files as a cache and prefetched in the cloud*\n[root@ip-10-0-2-217 ~]# ls -la /gpfs/mongoafm/mongo/\ntotal 146083\ndrwx------. 4 mongo mongo      8192 Nov  9 16:59 .\ndrwxr-xr-x. 7 root  root       4096 Oct 31 12:28 ..\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      16384 Nov  9 14:38\ncollection-0--1629751576978663310.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      36864 Nov  9 16:58\ncollection-0-7744448727083060016.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      32768 Nov  9 14:39\ncollection-2--1629751576978663310.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root  145391616 Nov  9 16:24\ncollection-3-7744448727083060016.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      16384 Nov  9 14:38\ncollection-4--1629751576978663310.wt\ndrwx------. 2 mongo root       8192 Nov 10 12:01 diagnostic.data\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      16384 Nov  9 14:38 index-1--1629751576978663310.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      36864 Nov  9 16:58 index-1-7744448727083060016.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      36864 Nov  9 16:58 index-2-7744448727083060016.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      32768 Nov  9 14:39 index-3--1629751576978663310.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root    3735552 Nov  9 16:24 index-4-7744448727083060016.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      16384 Nov  9 14:38 index-5--1629751576978663310.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      16384 Nov  9 15:27 index-6--1629751576978663310.wt\ndrwx------. 2 mongo root       8192 Nov  9 16:23 journal\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      36864 Nov  9 15:31 _mdb_catalog.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root          2 Nov  9 14:38 mongod.lock\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      36864 Nov  9 16:59 sizeStorer.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root        114 Nov  9 14:38 storage.bson\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root         48 Nov  9 14:38 WiredTiger\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root       4096 Nov  9 14:38 WiredTigerLAS.wt\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root         21 Nov  9 14:38 WiredTiger.lock\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root       1049 Nov  9 16:59 WiredTiger.turtle\n-rw-------. 1 mongo root      69632 Nov  9 16:59 WiredTiger.wt\nCheck that the link to the Persistent Volume claim was created, bound to the PV that was just\ncreated, and also applied the file, as shown in Example 7-24.",
+                    "page_start": 197,
+                    "page_end": 198,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\nAcademic Editor: Astero Provata\nReceived: 25 October 2024\nRevised: 2 January 2025\nAccepted: 7 January 2025\nPublished: 12 January 2025\n**Citation:**  Nehrer, S.W.; Ehrenreich\nLaursen, J.; Heins, C.; Friston, K.;\nMathys, C.; Thestrup Waade, P.\nIntroducing ActiveInference.jl : A\nJulia Library for Simulation and\nParameter Estimation with Active\nInference Models.  *Entropy*   **2025**  ,  *27*  , 62.\n[https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062](https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062)\n**Copyright:**  © 2025 by the authors.\nLicensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.\nThis article is an open access article\ndistributed under the terms and\nconditions of the Creative Commons\nAttribution (CC BY) license\n[(https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n[licenses/by/4.0/).](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n*Article*\n**Introducing ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Active Inference Models**\n**Samuel William Nehrer <sup>1,†</sup> [, Jonathan Ehrenreich Laursen](https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5041-6367) <sup>1,†</sup> [, Conor Heins](https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7087-3717) <sup>2,3,</sup> * [, Karl Friston](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-7728) <sup>3,4</sup> [,](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-8909)**\n**Christoph Mathys <sup>[5](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-5453)</sup> and Peter Thestrup Waade <sup>[5](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6061-0084)</sup>**\n1 School of Culture and Communication, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;\n202204724@post.au.dk (S.W.N.); 202204836@post.au.dk (J.E.L.)\n2 Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany\n3 VERSES Research Lab., Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; k.friston@ucl.ac.uk\n4 Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK\n5 Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; chmathys@cas.au.dk (C.M.);\nptw@cas.au.dk (P.T.W.)\n*  Correspondence: cheins@ab.mpg.de\n† These authors contributed equally to this work.\n**Abstract:**  We introduce a new software package for the Julia programming language,\nthe library ActiveInference.jl . To make active inference agents with Partially Ob-\nservable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) generative models available to the grow-\ning research community using Julia, we re-implemented the pymdp library for Python.\nActiveInference.jl is compatible with cutting-edge Julia libraries designed for cognitive\nand behavioural modelling, as it is used in computational psychiatry, cognitive science\nand neuroscience. This means that POMDP active inference models can now be easily\nfit to empirically observed behaviour using sampling, as well as variational methods. In\nthis article, we show how ActiveInference.jl makes building POMDP active inference\nmodels straightforward, and how it enables researchers to use them for simulation, as well\nas fitting them to data or performing a model comparison.\n**Keywords:**  active inference; free energy principle; predictive processing; Markov decision\nprocess; cognitive modelling; Julia\n**PACS:**  87.15.Aa\n**MSC:**  91-08\n**JEL Classification:**  C63",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.4 Prediction Task: Predicting**   *y*   **from**   *x*\n\n*Frozen Evaluation w/ Att. Pooling*   *Fine-Tuning*\n**#Samples K400 SSv2 AVA IN1K Places205 iNat21 K400-ft SSv2-ft Method Arch. Seen Iter.**  (16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3) (16  *×*  5  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n*Methods pretrained using pixel prediction*\nOmniMAE ViT-L/16 2400M 1170K 65.6 60.6 14.4  **75.1**  59.8 66.1 84.0 74.2 VideoMAE ViT-L/16 410M 400K 77.8 65.5 21.6 71.1 59.3 64.6 85.4 74.3 Hiera Hiera-L 770M 1500K 75.5 64.2 15.8 68.9 58.5 56.9  **87.3 75.1**\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 270M 90K  **80.8 69.5 25.6**  74.8  **60.3 67.8**  85.6  **75.1**\n**Table 6**   *Comparison with State-of-the-Art Models.*  We compare V-JEPA with state-of-the-art baselines in frozen evaluation\nwith an attentive probe on downstream image tasks (IN1K, Place205, iNat21) and video tasks (K400, SSv2, AVA). All models\nare evaluated at resolution 224, except I-JEPA 512 and V-JEPA 384 which are evaluated respectively at resolution 512 and\n384 . On K400 and SSv2 we follow the standard practice of reporting accuracy from several spatial and temporal views\nfrom the video. Compared to other video baselines, V-JEPA exhibits a consistent improvement across all downstream tasks.\nCompared to image-models that excel under the frozen evaluation, V-JEPA shows a significant performance improvement on\ntasks requiring motion understanding (+21 points on SSv2), and reduces the gap between video and image models on tasks\nrequiring static appearance-based features.\n*Video Tasks*   *Image Tasks*\n**K400 SSv2 AVA IN1K Places205 iNat21 Method Arch. Params. Data**  (16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n*Methods pretrained on Images*\nI-JEPA ViT-H/16 512 630M IN22K 79.7 50.0 19.8 84.4 66.5 85.7 OpenCLIP ViT-G/14 1800M LAION 81.8 34.8 23.2 85.3  **70.2**  83.6 DINOv2 ViT-g/14 1100M LVD-142M  **83.4**  50.6 24.3  **86.2**  68.4  **88.8**\n*Methods pretrained on Videos*\nMVD ViT-L/16 200M IN1K+K400 79.4 66.5 19.7 73.3 59.4 65.7 OmniMAE ViT-H/16 630M IN1K+SSv2 71.4 65.4 16.0 76.3 60.6 72.4 VideoMAE ViT-H/16 630M K400 79.8 66.2 20.7 72.3 59.1 65.5 VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 1100M Un.Hybrid 71.2 61.2 12.9 71.4 60.6 68.3 Hiera Hiera-H 670M K400 77.0 64.7 17.5 71.4 59.5 61.7\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 200M VideoMix2M 80.8 69.5 25.6 74.8 60.3 67.8 ViT-H/16 630M  **82.0**  71.4  **25.8**  75.9 61.7 67.9 ViT-H/16 384 630M 81.9  **72.2**  25.0  **77.4 62.8 72.6**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **5 Open-Source Routers: Experimental Setup**\n\nTo allow our evaluation to scale, we use as the strong model  *M* s the open-sourced Llama-3.1-8B [3] and as *M* w the 4-bit quantized version of Mixtral 8x7B (for efficiency reasons). This reduced the cost of our experiments by avoiding expensive GPT API calls and lowering the computational costs of Mixtral. Unless mentioned otherwise, all of our results\n7\nwill be evaluated with respect to this pair, which we refer to as LLM pair 1. We performed more limited experiments with the original strong, weak model pair (LLM pair 4) and had similar success in rerouting.\nWe additionally performed experiments with two further weaker models, in order to better evaluate the case where weak models produce much lower-quality responses for queries (compared to the strong model). In particular, we define LLM pair 2 as the strong model plus Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3 [38] and LLM pair 3 as the strong model plus Llama-2-7B-chat- hf [63]. The weaker models in pairs 2 and 3 were chosen to represent smaller (Mistral 7B) and older-generation (Llama-2) models: according to the Chatbot Arena LLM ranking leaderboard [1, 21], Llama-3.1-8B is ranked in the 58th place, Mixtral 8x7B at the 88th place, Mistral-7B at the 108th place, and Llama-2-7B at the 125th place.\nThe LLM strong-weak pairs with which we performed experiments are summarized in Figure 3.\n**Evaluation datasets.**  We will evaluate our attacks using three standard LLM benchmarks as workloads: MT-Bench [71], a dataset of 160 open-ended questions, MMLU [35], a dataset of 14,042 multi-choice questions, and GSM8K [24], a dataset of 1,319 grade-school math problems. Note that Ong et al. [47] flagged that some data points are “contaminated”, i.e., they are too similar to the ones used in their training of the routers. We use these datasets without these contaminated elements, resulting in 72 MT-bench queries, 14,037 MMLU queries, and 1,307 GSM8K queries.\nFor MMLU and GSM8K, we will require that the LLMs respond in a predefined format so we can parse and compare the responses to ground-truth answers. To facilitate this, we prepended formatting instructions to the query, inserted as a prefix before the gadget in the case of confounded queries. In other words, a confounded query ends up defined as",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.1 Frozen Evaluation.**\n\n*Linear vs. Attentive probe*  Table 12 shows that V-JEPA and VideoMAE benefit from using a non-linear attentive\nprobe and multiple clips on the K400 and SSv2 downstream tasks. Additionally, Table 13 shows that attentive\nprobing leads to better performance on average for DINOv2 and OpenCLIP models. Since attentive probing and\nmulticlips eval improves the performance of all models, we use it as our default protocol in frozen evaluation.\n**Table 11 Finetuning Evaluation hyper-parameters.**\nHyper-parameter K400 SSv2\n*data* num_segments 1 num_frames 16 sampling_rate 4 resolution 224\n*model* model_name ViT-L/16 ViT-H/16 ViT-L/16 ViT-H/16 drop_path 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 head_drop_rate 0. 0. 0.5 0.5\n*optimization* batch_size 256 1024 256 256 epochs 35 25 15 15 opt adamw opt_eps 0.00000001 momentum 0.9 weight_decay 0.05 lr 0.002 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 layer_decay 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 warmup_lr 1e-6 1e-8 1e-6 1e-6 min_lr 1e-6 1e-5 1.5e-4 1.5e-3 warmup_epochs 5\n*augmentations* color_jitter 0.4 horizontal_flip True True False False num_sample 2 aa rand-m7-n4-mstd0.5-inc1 smoothing 0.1 train_interpolation bicubic test_num_segment 5 5 2 2 test_num_crop 3 3 3 3\n*erase* prob 0.25 mode pixel count 1 split False\n*mixup* mixup 0.8 cutmix 1.0 mixup_prob 1.0 mixup_switch_prob 0.5 mixup_mode batch\n**Table 12 Linear vs. Attentive Probe Evaluation for V-JEPA and VideoMAE.**  We evaluate the effect of linear (Lin.)\nand attentive (Att.) probing when adapting V-JEPA to the K400 ( 16  *×*  5  *×*  3 ) and SSv2 (16  *×*  2  *×*  2) tasks. V-JEPA and VideoMAE benefit from using a non-linear attentive probe.\n**K400 SSv2 Method Arch.**  Lin. Att. Lin. Att.\nVideoMAE ViT-L/16 52.5 77.8 41.3 61.2 V-JEPA ViT-L/16 56.7  **80.8**  50.1  **69.5**\n**Table 13 Linear vs. Attentive Probe Evaluation for DINOv2 and OpenCLIP.**  We evaluate the effect of linear (Lin.)",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Generate uniform templates for matrices and vectors of the generative model\nA, B, C, D, E = create_matrix_templates(states, observations, controls, policy_length) � � The  **A**  object generated here is a one-dimensional vector containing a uniform 5  *×*  6 matrix (six states and five observations). The  **B**  object is a one-dimensional vector containing\na uniform 6  *×*  6  *×*  2 array (six states and two actions). The  **C**  ,  **D**  and  **E**  objects are one- dimensional vectors, each containing uniform vectors with their corresponding sizes. We\ncan now modify these to supply the agent with more informative priors over observations,\ninitial states and policies. Here, we performed this using the onehot function: � � # We make C take the following form: [0, 0, 0, 0, 1]\nC[ 1 ] = onehot( 5 , 5 ) # Initialize the single element of the C object with a one -hot vector",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MTEB-French: Resources for French Sentence Embedding Evaluation and Analysis Mathieu Ciancone Wikit,[...]\n\n## **D Evaluation results**\n\nobtained from the 90 dataset’s documents. For Retrieval datasets, the two numbers refer to the queries and the\ndocuments, respectively. For  *SummEvalFr*  , the three numbers refer to the texts, human and machine summaries.\nReferences to all the datasets used are available.\nAmazonReviewsClassification MasakhaNEWSClassification MassiveIntentClassification MassiveScenarioClassification MTOPDomainClassification MTOPIntentClassification AlloProfClusteringP2P AlloProfClusteringS2S HALClusteringS2S MasakhaNEWSClusteringP2P MasakhaNEWSClusteringS2S MLSUMClusteringP2P MLSUMClusteringS2S AlloprofRetrieval BSARDRetrieval SyntecRetrieval OpusparcusPC PawsX AlloprofReranking SyntecReranking SICKFr STS22 STSBenchmarkMultilingualSTS SummEvalFr\nAmazonReviewsClassification\nMasakhaNEWSClassification\nMassiveIntentClassification\nMassiveScenarioClassification\nMTOPDomainClassification\nMTOPIntentClassification\nAlloProfClusteringP2P\nAlloProfClusteringS2S\nHALClusteringS2S\nMasakhaNEWSClusteringP2P\nMasakhaNEWSClusteringS2S\nMLSUMClusteringP2P\nMLSUMClusteringS2S\nAlloprofRetrieval\nBSARDRetrieval\nSyntecRetrieval\nOpusparcusPC\nPawsX\nAlloprofReranking\nSyntecReranking\nSICKFr\nSTS22\nSTSBenchmarkMultilingualSTS\nSummEvalFr\n0.95\n0.96 0.95\n0.97 0.95 1\n0.96 0.95 0.99 0.99\n0.96 0.94 0.99 0.99 1\n0.96 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94\n0.96 0.94 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.95\n0.96 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.98\n0.95 1 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.97 0.94 0.95\n0.95 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.97\n0.95 0.98 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.97 0.94 0.95 0.98 0.96\n0.95 0.98 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.97 0.94 0.95 0.98 0.96 1\n0.96 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.97\n0.95 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.96\n0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.97\n0.96 0.93 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.94 0.97 0.96 0.93 0.96 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.92\n0.96 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.93 0.96\n0.96 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 1 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.97 1 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.96\n0.92 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.97 1 0.9 0.92 0.94\n0.94 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.92 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.95 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.89 0.95 0.96 0.92 0.88\n0.95 0.99 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.99 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.92\n0.96 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.92 0.97 0.98 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.95\n0.95 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.97\n0.90\n0.92\n0.94\n0.96\n0.98\n1.00\nFigure 3: Cosine similarity between tasks’ data. Ninety random samples per task’s data are embedded using the",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news1.pdf",
+                "query": "Where will the 2024 AI + Energy summit take place ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy 01 02 03 04 05 06\n\n## Energy\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain\nAmerica’s global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative\nwith a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit\nSeries.\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington,\nD.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and\ntechnologists to address the challenges of AI’s energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant\nenergy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote\npartnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy\nefficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in\novercoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced\ncomputing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\nSCSP’s recent “Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,” raises many issues related to AI and energy,\nincluding recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and\nother issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American\nadversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP’s Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\nArticle Link\n[https://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with...](https://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with-energy)\n[ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/78)\n07/31/2024\n[Celebrate St. Patrick's Day with](https://about.newsusa.com/celebrate-st-patricks-day-with-no-booze-just-pure-irish-fun-and-entertainment)\nNo Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and\nEntertainment\nMar 06, 2024\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the\nStapleton Library Job Fair in\n[Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service](https://about.newsusa.com/say-hello-to-your-big-break-at-the-stapleton-library-job-fair-in-vocation-trade-or-civil-service)\nMar 06, 2024\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a\n[Unique Fusion of Groove and](https://about.newsusa.com/local-artists-collaborate-for-a-unique-fusion-of-groove-and-collage)\nCollage\nMar 06, 2024\n[Explore Downtown San Pedro](https://about.newsusa.com/explore-downtown-san-pedro-with-flair-ride-the-iconic-red-car-trolley-for-free)\nwith Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy 01 02 03 04 05 06\n\n[Log in](https://about.newsusa.com/user/login)\n[Home](https://about.newsusa.com/) / [Arts and Entertainment](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/78) / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Regulation**\n\n[In November 2023, the first global AI Safety Summit was held in Bletchley Park in the UK to discuss the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park)\nnear and far term risks of AI and the possibility of mandatory and voluntary regulatory frameworks. <sup>[314]</sup>\n28 countries including the United States, China, and the European Union issued a declaration at the start\nof the summit, calling for international co-operation to manage the challenges and risks of artificial\nintelligence. <sup>[315][316]</sup> [ In May 2024 at the AI Seoul Summit, 16 global AI tech companies agreed to safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Seoul_Summit)\ncommitments on the development of AI. <sup>[317][318]</sup>\nThe study of mechanical or \"formal\" reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity.\n[The study of logic led directly to Alan Turing's theory of computation, which suggested that a machine,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation)\nby shuffling symbols as simple as \"0\" and \"1\", could simulate any conceivable form of mathematical\nreasoning. <sup>[319][320]</sup> [ This, along with concurrent discoveries in cybernetics, information theory and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory)\n[neurobiology, led researchers to consider the possibility of building an \"electronic brain\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiology) <sup>[r]</sup> They\ndeveloped several areas of research that would become part of AI, <sup>[322]</sup> [ such as McCullouch and Pitts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pitts)\ndesign for \"artificial neurons\" in 1943, <sup>[115]</sup> [ and Turing's influential 1950 paper 'Computing Machinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence)\n[and Intelligence', which introduced the Turing test and showed that \"machine intelligence\" was](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test)\nplausible. <sup>[323][320]</sup>\n[The field of AI research was founded at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College) <sup>[s][6]</sup> The attendees\nbecame the leaders of AI research in the 1960s. <sup>[t]</sup> They and their students produced programs that the\npress described as \"astonishing\": <sup>[u]</sup> [ computers were learning checkers strategies, solving word problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers)\n[in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem) <sup>[v][7]</sup> Artificial intelligence laboratories were",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\nelectrical power is such that they might max out the electrical grid. The Big Tech companies counter that\nAI can be used to maximize the utilization of the grid by all. <sup>[207]</sup>\nIn 2024, the  *Wall Street Journal*  reported that big AI companies have begun negotiations with the US\nnuclear power providers to provide electricity to the data centers. In March 2024 Amazon purchased a\nPennsylvania nuclear-powered data center for $650 Million (US). <sup>[208]</sup> [ Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang said](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang)\nnuclear power is a good option for the data centers. <sup>[209]</sup>\n[In September 2024, Microsoft announced an agreement with Constellation Energy to re-open the Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\n[Mile Island nuclear power plant to provide Microsoft with 100% of all electric power produced by the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\nplant for 20 years. Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in\n1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive\n[safety scrutiny from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. If approved (this will be the first ever US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission)\nre-commissioning of a nuclear plant), over 835 megawatts of power -  enough for 800,000 homes -  of\n##### **Dominance by tech giants**\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\nenergy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is\n[dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act) <sup>[210]</sup> The\n[US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n[Nuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a\n[nuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon)\nConstellation. <sup>[211]</sup>\n[After the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan)\n[Taoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan) <sup>[212]</sup> Taiwan aims to\n[phase out nuclear power by 2025.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out) <sup>[212]</sup> [ On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore)\ndata centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban. <sup>[212]</sup>\n[Although most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Frameworks**\n\n[The first global AI Safety Summit was held](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Safety_Summit)\nin 2023 with a declaration calling for\ninternational cooperation.\nPromotion of the wellbeing of the people and communities that these technologies affect requires\nconsideration of the social and ethical implications at all stages of AI system design, development and\nimplementation, and collaboration between job roles such as data scientists, product managers, data\nengineers, domain experts, and delivery managers. <sup>[300]</sup>\n[The UK AI Safety Institute released in 2024 a testing toolset called 'Inspect' for AI safety evaluations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Safety_Institute_(United_Kingdom))\navailable under a MIT open-source licence which is freely available on GitHub and can be improved with\nthird-party packages. It can be used to evaluate AI models in a range of areas including core knowledge,\nability to reason, and autonomous capabilities. <sup>[301]</sup>\nThe regulation of artificial intelligence is the development\nof public sector policies and laws for promoting and\nregulating AI; it is therefore related to the broader regulation\nof algorithms. <sup>[302]</sup> The regulatory and policy landscape for\nAI is an emerging issue in jurisdictions globally. <sup>[303]</sup>\n[According to AI Index at Stanford, the annual number of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford)\nAI-related laws passed in the 127 survey countries jumped\nfrom one passed in 2016 to 37 passed in 2022\nalone. <sup>[304][305]</sup> Between 2016 and 2020, more than 30\ncountries adopted dedicated strategies for AI. <sup>[306]</sup> Most EU\nmember states had released national AI strategies, as had\nCanada, China, India, Japan, Mauritius, the Russian\nFederation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, U.S., and\nVietnam. Others were in the process of elaborating their own AI strategy, including Bangladesh, Malaysia\nand Tunisia. <sup>[306]</sup> [ The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence was launched in June 2020, stating a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Partnership_on_Artificial_Intelligence)",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\naccording to an October 2024  *Bloomberg*  article in Japanese, cloud gaming services company Ubitus, in\nwhich Nvidia has a stake, is looking for land in Japan near nuclear power plant for a new data center for\ngenerative AI. <sup>[213]</sup> Ubitus CEO Wesley Kuo said nuclear power plants are the most efficient, cheap and\nstable power for AI. <sup>[213]</sup>\n[On 1 November 2024, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) rejected an application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission)\n[submitted by Talen Energy for approval to supply some electricity from the nuclear power station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talen_Energy)\n[Susquehanna to Amazon's data center.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_Steam_Electric_Station) <sup>[214]</sup> [ According to the Commission Chairman Willie L. Phillips, it](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_L._Phillips)\nis a burden on the electricity grid as well as a significant cost shifting concern to households and other\nbusiness sectors. <sup>[214]</sup>\n[YouTube, Facebook and others use recommender systems to guide users to more content. These AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommender_system)\n[programs were given the goal of maximizing user engagement (that is, the only goal was to keep people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization)\n[watching). The AI learned that users tended to choose misinformation, conspiracy theories, and extreme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories)\n[partisan content, and, to keep them watching, the AI recommended more of it. Users also tended to watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(politics))\n[more content on the same subject, so the AI led people into filter bubbles where they received multiple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_bubbles)\nversions of the same misinformation. <sup>[215]</sup> This convinced many users that the misinformation was true,\nand ultimately undermined trust in institutions, the media and the government. <sup>[216]</sup> The AI program had\ncorrectly learned to maximize its goal, but the result was harmful to society. After the U.S. election in\n2016, major technology companies took steps to mitigate the problem .\n[In 2022, generative AI began to create images, audio, video and text that are indistinguishable from real](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_AI)\nphotographs, recordings, films, or human writing. It is possible for bad actors to use this technology to\ncreate massive amounts of misinformation or propaganda. <sup>[217]</sup> [ AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton expressed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton)\nconcern about AI enabling \"authoritarian leaders to manipulate their electorates\" on a large scale, among\nother risks. <sup>[218]</sup>\n[Machine learning applications will be biased](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_bias) <sup>[k]</sup> if they learn from biased data. <sup>[220]</sup> The developers may\nnot be aware that the bias exists. <sup>[221]</sup> [ Bias can be introduced by the way training data is selected and by](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_data)\nthe way a model is deployed. <sup>[222][220]</sup> If a biased algorithm is used to make decisions that can seriously",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Privacy and copyright**\n[Franzen) sued AI companies for using their work to train generative AI.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen) <sup>[195][196]</sup> Another discussed\napproach is to envision a separate  *[sui generis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis)*  system of protection for creations generated by AI to ensure\nfair attribution and compensation for human authors. <sup>[197]</sup>\n[The commercial AI scene is dominated by Big Tech companies such as Alphabet Inc., Amazon, Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.)\n[Inc., Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft) <sup>[198][199][200]</sup> Some of these players already own the vast majority of\n[existing cloud infrastructure and computing power from data centers, allowing them to entrench further in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center)\nthe marketplace. <sup>[201][202]</sup>\n[In January 2024, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency)  *Electricity 2024, Analysis and Forecast*\n*to 2026*  , forecasting electric power use. <sup>[203]</sup> This is the first IEA report to make projections for data\ncenters and power consumption for artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency. The report states that power\ndemand for these uses might double by 2026, with additional electric power usage equal to electricity\nused by the whole Japanese nation. <sup>[204]</sup>\nProdigious power consumption by AI is responsible for the growth of fossil fuels use, and might delay\nclosings of obsolete, carbon-emitting coal energy facilities. There is a feverish rise in the construction of\ndata centers throughout the US, making large technology firms (e.g., Microsoft, Meta, Google, Amazon)\ninto voracious consumers of electric power. Projected electric consumption is so immense that there is\nconcern that it will be fulfilled no matter the source. A ChatGPT search involves the use of 10 times the\nelectrical energy as a Google search. The large firms are in haste to find power sources -  from nuclear\nenergy to geothermal to fusion. The tech firms argue that -  in the long view -  AI will be eventually\nkinder to the environment, but they need the energy now. AI makes the power grid more efficient and\n\"intelligent\", will assist in the growth of nuclear power, and track overall carbon emissions, according to\ntechnology firms. <sup>[205]</sup>\n[A 2024 Goldman Sachs Research Paper, ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs)  *AI Data Centers and the Coming US Power Demand Surge*  ,\nfound \"US power demand (is) likely to experience growth not seen in a generation....\" and forecasts that,\nby 2030, US data centers will consume 8% of US power, as opposed to 3% in 2022, presaging growth for\nthe electrical power generation industry by a variety of means. <sup>[206]</sup> Data centers' need for more and more",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n[web/portal/-/council-of-europe-opens-first-ever-global-treaty-on-ai-for-signature). ](https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-opens-first-ever-global-treaty-on-ai-for-signature)  *Council of*\n*Europe*  [. 5 September 2024. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240917001330/https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20240917001330/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-opens-first-ever-global-treaty-on-ai-for-signature)\n[www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-opens-first-ever-global-treaty-on-ai-for-signat](https://web.archive.org/web/20240917001330/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-opens-first-ever-global-treaty-on-ai-for-signature)\n[ure) from the original on 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240917001330/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-opens-first-ever-global-treaty-on-ai-for-signature)\n311. Edwards (2023).\n312. Kasperowicz (2023).\n313. Fox News (2023).\n314. Milmo, Dan (3 November 2023). \"Hope or Horror? The great AI debate dividing its pioneers\".\n*[The Guardian Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_Weekly)*  . pp. 10- 12.\n[315. \"The Bletchley Declaration by Countries Attending the AI Safety Summit, 1- 2 November](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123904/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)\n[2023\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123904/https://www.gov.uk/government/public](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123904/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)\n[ations/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countrie](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123904/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)\n[s-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023). ](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101123904/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)  *GOV.UK*  . 1 November 2023.\n[Archived from the original (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-20](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)\n[23-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-s](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)\n[ummit-1-2-november-2023) on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-the-bletchley-declaration/the-bletchley-declaration-by-countries-attending-the-ai-safety-summit-1-2-november-2023)\n[316. \"Countries agree to safe and responsible development of frontier AI in landmark Bletchley](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration)\n[Declaration\" (https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration)\n[-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration). ](https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration)  *GOV.UK*  (Press release).\n[Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231101115016/https://www.gov.uk/government/ne](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101115016/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration)\n[ws/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchle](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101115016/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration)\n[y-declaration) from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20231101115016/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/countries-agree-to-safe-and-responsible-development-of-frontier-ai-in-landmark-bletchley-declaration)\n[317. \"Second global AI summit secures safety commitments from companies\" (https://www.reuter](https://www.reuters.com/technology/global-ai-summit-seoul-aims-forge-new-regulatory-agreements-2024-05-21)\n[s.com/technology/global-ai-summit-seoul-aims-forge-new-regulatory-agreements-2024-05-2](https://www.reuters.com/technology/global-ai-summit-seoul-aims-forge-new-regulatory-agreements-2024-05-21)\n[1). Reuters. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.](https://www.reuters.com/technology/global-ai-summit-seoul-aims-forge-new-regulatory-agreements-2024-05-21)\n[318. \"Frontier AI Safety Commitments, AI Seoul Summit 2024\" (https://web.archive.org/web/2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240523201611/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)\n[0523201611/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-](https://web.archive.org/web/20240523201611/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)\n[seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024). gov.uk. 21 May](https://web.archive.org/web/20240523201611/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)\n[2024. Archived from the original (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safe](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)\n[ty-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-202](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)\n[4) on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024/frontier-ai-safety-commitments-ai-seoul-summit-2024)\n319. Russell & Norvig 2021, p. 9.\n320. Copeland, J., ed. (2004).  *The Essential Turing: the ideas that gave birth to the computer*\n*age*  [. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-1982-5079-7.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1982-5079-7)\n[321. \"Google books ngram\" (https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3)\n[year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3). Archived (https://web.ar](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170209/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3)\n[chive.org/web/20241005170209/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170209/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3)\n[+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3) from the original](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170209/https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+brain&year_start=1930&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3)\non 5 October 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.\n322. AI's immediate precursors: McCorduck (2004, pp. 51- 107), Crevier (1993, pp. 27- 32),\nRussell & Norvig (2021, pp. 8- 17), Moravec (1988, p. 3)\n[323. Turing's original publication of the Turing test in \"Computing machinery and intelligence\":](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_machinery_and_intelligence)\nTuring (1950) Historical influence and philosophical implications: Haugeland (1985, pp. 6-\n9), Crevier (1993, p. 24), McCorduck (2004, pp. 70- 71), Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 2, 984)\n324. Crevier (1993), pp. 47- 49.\n325. Russell & Norvig (2003), p. 17.\n326. Russell & Norvig (2003), p. 18.\n327. Newquist (1994), pp. 86- 86.\n328. Simon (1965, p. 96) quoted in Crevier (1993, p. 109)\n329. Minsky (1967, p. 2) quoted in Crevier (1993, p. 109)\n330. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 21.\n331. Lighthill (1973).\n332. NRC 1999, pp. 212- 213.\n333. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 22.\n[334. Expert systems: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 23, 292), Luger & Stubblefield (2004, pp. 227- ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systems)",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy 01 02 03 04 05 06\n\n## Energy\n\nTrolley for Free\nMar 06, 2024\nRetrain Your Emotional Brain: A\n[Natural Alternative to Weight](https://about.newsusa.com/retrain-your-emotional-brain-a-natural-alternative-to-weight-loss-drugs)\nLoss Drugs\nFeb 22, 2024\nSerial Entrepreneur Teaches Us\n[How to Go the Distance in](https://about.newsusa.com/serial-entrepreneur-teaches-us-how-to-go-the-distance-in-business-and-in-life)\nBusiness and in Life\nFeb 21, 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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Other sources**\n\n[AI & ML in Fusion (https://suli.pppl.gov/2023/course/Rea-PPPL-SULI2023.pdf)](https://suli.pppl.gov/2023/course/Rea-PPPL-SULI2023.pdf)\n[AI & ML in Fusion, video lecture (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpAN](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link)\n[uQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/](https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link)\n[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive](https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link)\n[_link) 2 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)\n[Alter, Alexandra; Harris, Elizabeth A. (20 September 2023), \"Franzen, Grisham and Other](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[Prominent Authors Sue OpenAI\" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-open](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[ai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d), ](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)  *The New York Times*  [, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[0914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-co](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[pyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadl](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[ines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[f1d) from the original on 14 September 2024, retrieved 5 October 2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[Altman, Sam; Brockman, Greg; Sutskever, Ilya (22 May 2023). \"Governance of](https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)\n[Superintelligence\" (https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence). ](https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)  *openai.com*  .\n[Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061619/https://openai.com/blog/governanc](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061619/https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)\n[e-of-superintelligence) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061619/https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)\nAnderson, Susan Leigh (2008). \"Asimov's \"three laws of robotics\" and machine metaethics\".  *AI*\n*& Society*  .  **22**  [ (4): 477- 493. doi:10.1007/s00146-007-0094-5 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs0](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-007-0094-5)\n[0146-007-0094-5). S2CID 1809459 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1809459).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1809459)\nAnderson, Michael; Anderson, Susan Leigh (2011).  *Machine Ethics*  . Cambridge University\nPress.\nArntz, Melanie; Gregory, Terry; Zierahn, Ulrich (2016), \"The risk of automation for jobs in OECD\ncountries: A comparative analysis\",  *OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working*\n*Papers 189*\nAsada, M.; Hosoda, K.; Kuniyoshi, Y.; Ishiguro, H.; Inui, T.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Ogino, M.; Yoshida,\nC. (2009). \"Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey\".  *IEEE Transactions on Autonomous*\n*Mental Development*  .  **1**  [ (1): 12- 34. doi:10.1109/tamd.2009.2021702 (https://doi.org/10.110](https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftamd.2009.2021702)\n[9%2Ftamd.2009.2021702). S2CID 10168773 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10168773)\n[68773).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10168773)\n[\"Ask the AI experts: What's driving today's progress in AI?\" (https://www.mckinsey.com/business](https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-](https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[in-ai). ](https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)  *McKinsey & Company*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/http](https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[s://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-expert](https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[s-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April](https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n2018.\nBarfield, Woodrow; Pagallo, Ugo (2018).  *Research handbook on the law of artificial intelligence*  .\n[Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7864-3904-8. OCLC 1039480085](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039480085)\n[(https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039480085).](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039480085)\n[Beal, J.; Winston, Patrick (2009), \"The New Frontier of Human-Level Artificial Intelligence\",](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Winston)\n*IEEE Intelligent Systems*  [, vol. 24, pp. 21- 24, doi:10.1109/MIS.2009.75 (https://doi.org/10.11](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIS.2009.75)\n[09%2FMIS.2009.75), hdl:1721.1/52357 (https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F52357),](https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F52357)\n[S2CID 32437713 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32437713)](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32437713)\nBerdahl, Carl Thomas; Baker, Lawrence; Mann, Sean; Osoba, Osonde; Girosi, Federico (7\n[February 2023). \"Strategies to Improve the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Health Equity:](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459)\n[Scoping Review\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459). ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459)  *JMIR AI*  .  **2**  :\n[e42936. doi:10.2196/42936 (https://doi.org/10.2196%2F42936). ISSN 2817-1705 (https://se](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2817-1705)\n[arch.worldcat.org/issn/2817-1705). PMC 11041459 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459)\n[es/PMC11041459). PMID 38875587 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875587).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875587)\n[S2CID 256681439 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256681439).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256681439)\nBerryhill, Jamie; Heang, Kévin Kok; Clogher, Rob; McBride, Keegan (2019).  *[Hello, World:](https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)*\n*Artificial Intelligence and its Use in the Public Sector*  [ (https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploa](https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n[ds/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF). Paris: OECD Observatory of Public Sector](https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n[Innovation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp](https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n[-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 December](https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.\nBertini, M; Del Bimbo, A; Torniai, C (2006). \"Automatic annotation and semantic retrieval of",
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+                "query": "What is the United States SCSP ?",
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+                "target_passage": "he Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI",
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+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\nof science.  *Nat. Clim. Chang.*   **2013**  ,  *3*  , 399. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1720) ]\n102. Houghton, J.  *Global Warming: The Complete Briefing*  ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2009.\n103. Pew. The Science People See on Social Media. Available online: http: // [www.pewinternet.org](http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/21/the-science-people-see-on-social-media/) / 2018 / 03 / 21 / the-\n[science-people-see-on-social-media](http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/21/the-science-people-see-on-social-media/) / (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n104. Walter, S.; De Silva-Schmidt, F.; Brüggemann, M. From “knowledge brokers” to opinion makers: How\nphysical presence a ff ected scientists’ Twitter use during the COP21 climate change conference.  *Int. J. Commun.*\n**2017**  ,  *11*  , 570- 591.\n105. Peterson, T.C.; Connolley, W.M.; Fleck, J. The myth of the 1970s global cooling scientific consensus.  *Bull. Am.*\n*Meteorol. Soc.*   **2008**  ,  *89*  , 1325- 1338. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1) ]\n106. Mazur, A. Global environmental change in the news: 1987- 1990 vs. 1992- 1996.  *Int. Sociol.*   **1998**  ,  *13*  , 457- 472.\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026858098013004003) ]\n107. Statista. Reach of Selected Social Networks in the United States as of February 2017, by Age Group. Available\nonline: https: // www.statista.com / statistics / 305245 / [us-social-network-penetration-age-group](https://www.statista.com/statistics/305245/us-social-network-penetration-age-group/) / (accessed on 16\nJanuary 2020).\n108. O’Connor, B.; Balasubramanyan, R.; Routledge, B.R.; Smith, N.A. From tweets to polls: Linking text sentiment\nto public opinion time series. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and\nSocial Media, Washington, DC, USA, 23- 26 May 2010.\n109. Zannettou, S.; Caulfield, T.; De Cristofaro, E.; Sirivianos, M.; Stringhini, G.; Blackburn, J. Disinformation\nwarfare: Understanding state-sponsored trolls on Twitter and their influence on the web. In Proceedings\nof the Companion of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13- 17 May 2019;\npp. 218- 226.\n110. Shao, C.; Ciampaglia, G.L.; Varol, O.; Yang, K.C.; Flammini, A.; Menczer, F. The spread of low-credibility\ncontent by social bots.  *Nat. Commun.*   **2018**  ,  *9*  , 4787. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7) ]\n© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access\narticle distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution\n(CC BY) license (http: // [creativecommons.org](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.) / licenses / by / 4.0 / ).",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
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+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **Note 2 -  Fair Value of Financial Instruments**\n\nMoney market funds 1,784 1,784 — — 109 109 — —\nTotal $ 19,864 $ 1,784 $ 18,080 $ — $ 13,191 $ 109 $ 13,082 $ —\nAll of our money market funds were classified within Level I of the fair value hierarchy because they were valued using\nquoted prices in active markets. Our U.S. government securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, time deposits and\ncorporate debt securities are classified within Level II of the fair value hierarchy and the market approach was used to\ndetermine fair value of these investments.\n15\nOur cash, cash equivalents and investments classified by security type as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023\nconsisted of the following (in millions):\n**September 30, 2024**\n**Adjusted Cost**\n**Gross**\n**Unrealized**\n**Gains**\n**Gross**\n**Unrealized**\n**Losses Fair Value**\n**Cash and**\n**Cash**\n**Equivalents**\n**Short-Term**\n**Investments**\nCash $ 13,784 $ — $ — $ 13,784 $ 13,784 $ —\nCertificates of deposit and time deposits 10,327 2 — 10,329 600 9,729\nCommercial paper 4,160 3 (1) 4,162 945 3,217\nU.S. government securities 3,391 3 (1) 3,393 998 2,395\nCorporate debt securities 195 1 — 196 — 196\nMoney market funds 1,784 — — 1,784 1,784 —\nTotal cash, cash equivalents and short-\nterm investments $ 33,641 $ 9 $ (2) $ 33,648 $ 18,111 $ 15,537\n**December 31, 2023**\n**Adjusted Cost**\n**Gross**\n**Unrealized**\n**Gains**\n**Gross**\n**Unrealized**\n**Losses Fair Value**\n**Cash and**\n**Cash**\n**Equivalents**\n**Short-Term**\n**Investments**\nCash $ 15,903 $ — $ — $ 15,903 $ 15,903 $ —\nCertificates of deposit and time deposits 6,995 1 — 6,996 — 6,996\nU.S. government securities 5,136 1 (1) 5,136 277 4,859\nCorporate debt securities 485 1 (6) 480 — 480\nCommercial paper 470 — — 470 109 361\nMoney market funds 109 — — 109 109 —\nTotal cash, cash equivalents and short-\nterm investments $ 29,098 $ 3 $ (7) $ 29,094 $ 16,398 $ 12,696\nThe following table summarizes the fair value of our investments by stated contractual maturities as of September 30,\n2024 (in millions):\nDue in 1 year or less $ 15,336\nDue in 1 year through 5 years 201\nTotal $ 15,537\n*Disclosure of Fair Values*\nOur financial instruments that are not re-measured at fair value include accounts receivable, financing receivables, other\nreceivables, digital assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, customer deposits and debt. The carrying values of these\nfinancial instruments materially approximate their fair values, other than our 2.00% Convertible Senior Notes due in 2024",
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+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Liabilities**\n\nongoing requests for information include topics such as operations, technology (e.g., vehicle functionality, vehicle incidents,\nAutopilot and FSD Capability), compliance, finance, data privacy, and other matters related to Tesla’s business, its personnel,\nand related parties. We routinely cooperate with such formal and informal requests for information, investigations, and other\ninquiries. To our knowledge no government agency in any ongoing investigation has concluded that any wrongdoing occurred.\nWe cannot predict the outcome or impact of any ongoing matters. Should the government decide to pursue an enforcement\naction, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation, prospects, cash flows,\nfinancial position or brand.\nWe are also subject to various other legal proceedings, risks and claims that arise from the normal course of business\nactivities. For example, during the second quarter of 2023, a foreign news outlet reported that it obtained certain\nmisappropriated data including, purportedly non-public Tesla business and personal information. Tesla has made notifications\nto potentially affected individuals (current and former employees) and regulatory authorities and we are working with certain\nlaw enforcement and other authorities. On August 5, 2023, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court\nfor the Northern District of California, purportedly on behalf of all U.S. individuals impacted by the data incident, followed by\nseveral additional lawsuits, that each assert claims under various state laws and seeks monetary damages and other relief. If an\nunfavorable ruling or development were to occur in these or other possible legal proceedings, risks and claims, there exists the\npossibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, prospects, cash flows, financial position or brand.\n##### **Note 11 -  Variable Interest Entity Arrangements**\nThe aggregate carrying values of the variable interest entities’ assets and liabilities, after elimination of any\nintercompany transactions and balances, in the consolidated balance sheets were as follows (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\n##### **Assets**\nCurrent assets\nCash and cash equivalents $ 51 $ 66\nAccounts receivable, net 28 13\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets 263 361\nTotal current assets 342 440\nOperating lease vehicles, net 451 —\nSolar energy systems, net 2,524 3,278\nOther non-current assets 190 369\nTotal assets $ 3,507 $ 4,087\n##### **Liabilities**\nCurrent liabilities\nAccrued liabilities and other $ 36 $ 67\nDeferred revenue 7 6",
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+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **(unaudited)**\n\nSettlement of\nwarrants — 9 — — — — — — —\nIssuance of\ncommon\nstock for\nequity\nincentive\nawards — 4 — 340 — — 340 — 340\nStock-based\ncompensation — — — 503 — — 503 — 503\nDistributions to\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (3) — — — — — — (29) (29)\nNet income 1 — — — — 2,167 2,167 15 2,182\nOther\ncomprehensive\nincome — — — — 453 — 453 — 453\n**Balance as of**\n**September 30,**\n**2024** $ 70 3,207 $ 3 $ 37,286 $ (14) $ 32,656 $ 69,931 $ 709 $70,640\n**Nine Months**\n**Ended**\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**Redeemable**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests**\n**Common Stock Additional**\n**Paid-In**\n**Capital**\n**Accumulated**\n**Other**\n**Comprehensive**\n**Loss**\n**Retained**\n**Earnings**\n**Total**\n**Stockholders’**\n**Equity**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests in**\n**Subsidiaries**\n**Total**\n**Equity Shares Amount**\n**Balance as of**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**  $ 242 3,185 $ 3 $ 34,892 $ (143) $ 27,882 $ 62,634 $ 733 $63,367\nSettlement of\nwarrants — 9 — — — — — — —\nIssuance of\ncommon\nstock for\nequity\nincentive\nawards — 13 — 787 — — 787 — 787\nStock-based\ncompensation — — — 1,565 — — 1,565 — 1,565\nDistributions to\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (11) — — — — — — (66) (66)\nBuy-outs of\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (166) — — 42 — — 42 — 42\nNet income 5 — — — — 4,774 4,774 42 4,816\nOther\ncomprehensive\nincome — — — — 129 — 129 — 129\n**Balance as of**\n**September 30,**\n**2024** $ 70 3,207 $ 3 $ 37,286 $ (14) $ 32,656 $ 69,931 $ 709 $70,640\n9 sur 49\n7\n**Three Months**\n**Ended**\n**September 30,**\n**2023**\n**Redeemable**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests**\n**Common Stock Additional**\n**Paid-In**\n**Capital**\n**Accumulated**\n**Other**\n**Comprehensive**\n**Loss**\n**Retained**\n**Earnings**\n**Total**\n**Stockholders’**\n**Equity**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests in**\n**Subsidiaries**\n**Total**\n**Equity Shares Amount**\n**Balance as of**\n**June 30, 2023**  $ 288 3,174 $ 3 $ 33,436 $ (410) $ 18,101 $ 51,130 $ 764 $51,894\nIssuance of\ncommon\nstock for\nequity\nincentive\nawards — 5 — 254 — — 254 — 254\nStock-based\ncompensation — — — 513 — — 513 — 513\nDistributions to\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (10) — — — — — — (33) (33)\nBuy-outs of\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (5) — — (2) — — (2) — (2)\nNet income 4 — — — — 1,853 1,853 21 1,874\nOther\ncomprehensive\nloss — — — — (282) — (282) — (282)\n**Balance as of**",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Overview**\n\nCurrent portion of debt and finance leases 1,930 1,564\nTotal current liabilities 1,973 1,637\nDeferred revenue, net of current portion 81 99\nDebt and finance leases, net of current portion 1,826 2,041\nTotal liabilities $ 3,880 $ 3,777\n24\n##### **Note 12 -  Segment Reporting and Information about Geographic Areas**\nWe have two operating and reportable segments: (i) automotive and (ii) energy generation and storage. The following\ntable presents revenues and gross profit by reportable segment (in millions):\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nAutomotive segment\nRevenues $ 22,806 $ 21,791 $ 64,958 $ 67,009\nGross profit $ 4,272 $ 3,797 $ 11,403 $ 12,395\nEnergy generation and storage segment\nRevenues $ 2,376 $ 1,559 $ 7,025 $ 4,597\nGross profit $ 725 $ 381 $ 1,868 $ 827\nThe following table presents revenues by geographic area based on the sales location of our products (in millions):\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nUnited States $ 12,584 $ 10,893 $ 35,602 $ 33,472\nChina 5,665 5,020 14,893 15,642\nOther international 6,933 7,437 21,488 22,492\nTotal $ 25,182 $ 23,350 $ 71,983 $ 71,606\nThe following table presents long-lived assets by geographic area (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nUnited States $ 32,367 $ 26,629\nGermany 4,447 4,258\nOther international 4,342 4,067\nTotal $ 41,156 $ 34,954\nThe following table presents inventory by reportable segment (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nAutomotive $ 12,266 $ 11,139\nEnergy generation and storage 2,264 2,487\nTotal $ 14,530 $ 13,626\n##### **Note 13 -  Restructuring and Other**\nIn the second quarter of 2024, we initiated and substantially completed certain restructuring actions to reduce costs and\nimprove efficiency. As a result, we recognized $583 million of employee termination expenses in Restructuring and other in\nour consolidated income statement. These expenses were substantially paid with an immaterial accrual remaining in Accrued\nliabilities and other in our consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024.\n25\n##### **ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF**\n##### **OPERATIONS**\n*The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the*\n*related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.*\n##### **Overview**\nOur mission is to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy. We design, develop, manufacture, lease and sell",
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+                    "page_end": 31,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **1934**\n##### **For the transition period from _________ to _________**\n##### **Commission File Number: 001-34756**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n\nentities in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging various claims about the Company’s driver\nassistance technology systems under state and federal law. This case was later consolidated with several other proposed class\nactions, and a Consolidated Amended Complaint was filed on October 28, 2022, which seeks damages and other relief on\nbehalf of all persons who purchased or leased from Tesla between January 1, 2016, to the present. On October 5, 2022, a\nproposed class action complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York asserting similar state\nand federal law claims against the same defendants. On September 30, 2023, the Court dismissed this action with leave to\namend the complaint. On November 20, 2023, the plaintiff moved to amend the complaint, which Tesla opposed. On August 8,\n2024, the Court denied the plaintiff’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint and entered judgment for Tesla. On\nSeptember 5, 2024, the plaintiff filed a notice of appeal to United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. On March 22,\n2023, the plaintiffs in the Northern District of California consolidated action filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to order\nTesla to (1) cease using the term “Full Self-Driving Capability” (FSD Capability), (2) cease the sale and activation of FSD\nCapability and deactivate FSD Capability on Tesla vehicles, and (3) provide certain notices to consumers about proposed court-\nfindings about the accuracy of the use of the terms Autopilot and FSD Capability. Tesla opposed the motion. On September 30,\n2023, the Court denied the request for a preliminary injunction, compelled four of five plaintiffs to arbitration, and dismissed\nthe claims of the fifth plaintiff with leave to amend the complaint. On October 31, 2023, the remaining plaintiff in the Northern\nDistrict of California action filed an amended complaint, which Tesla moved to dismiss, and on May 15, 2024, the Court\ngranted in part and denied in part Tesla’s motion. On October 2, 2023, a similar proposed class action was filed in San Diego\nCounty Superior Court in California. Tesla subsequently removed the San Diego County case to federal court and on January 8,\n2024, the federal court granted Tesla’s motion to transfer the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of\nCalifornia. Tesla moved to compel arbitration, which the plaintiff did not oppose, and on June 27, 2024, the Court stayed the",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **1934**\n##### **For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024**\n##### **OR**\no  **TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n\nOn February 9, 2022, the California Civil Rights Department (“CRD,” formerly “DFEH”) filed a civil complaint against\nTesla in Alameda County, California Superior Court, alleging systemic race discrimination, hostile work environment and pay\nequity claims, among others. CRD’s amended complaint seeks monetary damages and injunctive relief. The case is currently in\ndiscovery. Trial is scheduled for September 15, 2025.\nAdditionally, on June 1, 2022 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) issued a cause finding against\nTesla that closely parallels the CRD’s allegations. On September 28, 2023, the EEOC filed a civil complaint against Tesla in the\nUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California asserting claims for race harassment and retaliation and\nseeking, among other things, monetary and injunctive relief.\nOn June 16, 2022, two Tesla stockholders filed separate derivative actions in the U.S. District Court for the Western\nDistrict of Texas, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against certain of Tesla’s current and former directors. Both suits assert claims\nfor breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and violation of the federal securities laws in connection with alleged race and\ngender discrimination and sexual harassment. Among other things, plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, unspecified\ndamages payable to Tesla, and attorneys’ fees. On July 22, 2022, the Court consolidated the two cases and on September 6,\n2022, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint. On November 7, 2022, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the case and on\nSeptember 15, 2023, the Court dismissed the action but granted plaintiffs leave to file an amended complaint. On November 2,\n2023, plaintiff filed an amended complaint purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Elon Musk. On December 19, 2023, the\ndefendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint, which the Court granted on April 12, 2024, with leave for plaintiffs to\namend. On May 15, 2024, plaintiffs filed a second amended consolidated complaint purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr.\nMusk. On July 1, 2024, the defendants moved to dismiss the second amended consolidated complaint.\n22\n*Other Litigation Related to Our Products and Services*\nWe are also subject to various lawsuits that seek monetary and other injunctive relief. These lawsuits include proposed\nclass actions and other consumer claims that allege, among other things, purported defects and misrepresentations related to our\nproducts and services. For example, on September 14, 2022, a proposed class action was filed against Tesla, Inc. and related",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news1.pdf",
+                "query": "What are some example of uses AI by the US departement of energy ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy 01 02 03 04 05 06\n\n## Energy\n\n(AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain\nAmerica’s global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative\nwith a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit\nSeries.\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington,\nD.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and\ntechnologists to address the challenges of AI’s energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant\nenergy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote\npartnerships between AI and energy stakeholders.\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy\nefficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in\novercoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced\ncomputing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research.\nSCSP’s recent “Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,” raises many issues related to AI and energy,\nincluding recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and\nother issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American\nadversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts.\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP’s Next-Generation Energy Action Plan.\nArticle Link\n[https://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with...](https://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with-energy)\n[ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/78)\n07/31/2024\n[Celebrate St. Patrick's Day with](https://about.newsusa.com/celebrate-st-patricks-day-with-no-booze-just-pure-irish-fun-and-entertainment)\nNo Booze, Just Pure Irish Fun and\nEntertainment\nMar 06, 2024\nSay Hello to Your Big Break at the\nStapleton Library Job Fair in\n[Vocation, Trade, or Civil Service](https://about.newsusa.com/say-hello-to-your-big-break-at-the-stapleton-library-job-fair-in-vocation-trade-or-civil-service)\nMar 06, 2024\nLocal Artists Collaborate for a\n[Unique Fusion of Groove and](https://about.newsusa.com/local-artists-collaborate-for-a-unique-fusion-of-groove-and-collage)\nCollage\nMar 06, 2024\n[Explore Downtown San Pedro](https://about.newsusa.com/explore-downtown-san-pedro-with-flair-ride-the-iconic-red-car-trolley-for-free)\nwith Flair: Ride the Iconic Red Car",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\nelectrical power is such that they might max out the electrical grid. The Big Tech companies counter that\nAI can be used to maximize the utilization of the grid by all. <sup>[207]</sup>\nIn 2024, the  *Wall Street Journal*  reported that big AI companies have begun negotiations with the US\nnuclear power providers to provide electricity to the data centers. In March 2024 Amazon purchased a\nPennsylvania nuclear-powered data center for $650 Million (US). <sup>[208]</sup> [ Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang said](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang)\nnuclear power is a good option for the data centers. <sup>[209]</sup>\n[In September 2024, Microsoft announced an agreement with Constellation Energy to re-open the Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\n[Mile Island nuclear power plant to provide Microsoft with 100% of all electric power produced by the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\nplant for 20 years. Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in\n1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive\n[safety scrutiny from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. If approved (this will be the first ever US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission)\nre-commissioning of a nuclear plant), over 835 megawatts of power -  enough for 800,000 homes -  of\n##### **Dominance by tech giants**\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\nenergy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is\n[dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act) <sup>[210]</sup> The\n[US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n[Nuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a\n[nuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon)\nConstellation. <sup>[211]</sup>\n[After the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan)\n[Taoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan) <sup>[212]</sup> Taiwan aims to\n[phase out nuclear power by 2025.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out) <sup>[212]</sup> [ On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore)\ndata centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban. <sup>[212]</sup>\n[Although most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\naccording to an October 2024  *Bloomberg*  article in Japanese, cloud gaming services company Ubitus, in\nwhich Nvidia has a stake, is looking for land in Japan near nuclear power plant for a new data center for\ngenerative AI. <sup>[213]</sup> Ubitus CEO Wesley Kuo said nuclear power plants are the most efficient, cheap and\nstable power for AI. <sup>[213]</sup>\n[On 1 November 2024, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) rejected an application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission)\n[submitted by Talen Energy for approval to supply some electricity from the nuclear power station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talen_Energy)\n[Susquehanna to Amazon's data center.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susquehanna_Steam_Electric_Station) <sup>[214]</sup> [ According to the Commission Chairman Willie L. Phillips, it](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_L._Phillips)\nis a burden on the electricity grid as well as a significant cost shifting concern to households and other\nbusiness sectors. <sup>[214]</sup>\n[YouTube, Facebook and others use recommender systems to guide users to more content. These AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommender_system)\n[programs were given the goal of maximizing user engagement (that is, the only goal was to keep people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization)\n[watching). The AI learned that users tended to choose misinformation, conspiracy theories, and extreme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theories)\n[partisan content, and, to keep them watching, the AI recommended more of it. Users also tended to watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(politics))\n[more content on the same subject, so the AI led people into filter bubbles where they received multiple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_bubbles)\nversions of the same misinformation. <sup>[215]</sup> This convinced many users that the misinformation was true,\nand ultimately undermined trust in institutions, the media and the government. <sup>[216]</sup> The AI program had\ncorrectly learned to maximize its goal, but the result was harmful to society. After the U.S. election in\n2016, major technology companies took steps to mitigate the problem .\n[In 2022, generative AI began to create images, audio, video and text that are indistinguishable from real](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_AI)\nphotographs, recordings, films, or human writing. It is possible for bad actors to use this technology to\ncreate massive amounts of misinformation or propaganda. <sup>[217]</sup> [ AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton expressed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton)\nconcern about AI enabling \"authoritarian leaders to manipulate their electorates\" on a large scale, among\nother risks. <sup>[218]</sup>\n[Machine learning applications will be biased](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_bias) <sup>[k]</sup> if they learn from biased data. <sup>[220]</sup> The developers may\nnot be aware that the bias exists. <sup>[221]</sup> [ Bias can be introduced by the way training data is selected and by](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_data)\nthe way a model is deployed. <sup>[222][220]</sup> If a biased algorithm is used to make decisions that can seriously",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Privacy and copyright**\n[Franzen) sued AI companies for using their work to train generative AI.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen) <sup>[195][196]</sup> Another discussed\napproach is to envision a separate  *[sui generis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis)*  system of protection for creations generated by AI to ensure\nfair attribution and compensation for human authors. <sup>[197]</sup>\n[The commercial AI scene is dominated by Big Tech companies such as Alphabet Inc., Amazon, Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.)\n[Inc., Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft) <sup>[198][199][200]</sup> Some of these players already own the vast majority of\n[existing cloud infrastructure and computing power from data centers, allowing them to entrench further in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_center)\nthe marketplace. <sup>[201][202]</sup>\n[In January 2024, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency)  *Electricity 2024, Analysis and Forecast*\n*to 2026*  , forecasting electric power use. <sup>[203]</sup> This is the first IEA report to make projections for data\ncenters and power consumption for artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency. The report states that power\ndemand for these uses might double by 2026, with additional electric power usage equal to electricity\nused by the whole Japanese nation. <sup>[204]</sup>\nProdigious power consumption by AI is responsible for the growth of fossil fuels use, and might delay\nclosings of obsolete, carbon-emitting coal energy facilities. There is a feverish rise in the construction of\ndata centers throughout the US, making large technology firms (e.g., Microsoft, Meta, Google, Amazon)\ninto voracious consumers of electric power. Projected electric consumption is so immense that there is\nconcern that it will be fulfilled no matter the source. A ChatGPT search involves the use of 10 times the\nelectrical energy as a Google search. The large firms are in haste to find power sources -  from nuclear\nenergy to geothermal to fusion. The tech firms argue that -  in the long view -  AI will be eventually\nkinder to the environment, but they need the energy now. AI makes the power grid more efficient and\n\"intelligent\", will assist in the growth of nuclear power, and track overall carbon emissions, according to\ntechnology firms. <sup>[205]</sup>\n[A 2024 Goldman Sachs Research Paper, ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs)  *AI Data Centers and the Coming US Power Demand Surge*  ,\nfound \"US power demand (is) likely to experience growth not seen in a generation....\" and forecasts that,\nby 2030, US data centers will consume 8% of US power, as opposed to 3% in 2022, presaging growth for\nthe electrical power generation industry by a variety of means. <sup>[206]</sup> Data centers' need for more and more",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Applications**\n\n#### **Agents**\n\n[Vincent van Gogh in watercolour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh)\ncreated by generative AI software\nArtificial intelligent (AI) agents are software entities designed to\nperceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions\nautonomously to achieve specific goals. These agents can interact\nwith users, their environment, or other agents. AI agents are used\n[in various applications, including virtual assistants, chatbots,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbots)\n[autonomous vehicles, game-playing systems, and industrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotics)\n[robotics. AI agents operate within the constraints of their](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_robotics)\nprogramming, available computational resources, and hardware\nlimitations. This means they are restricted to performing tasks\nwithin their defined scope and have finite memory and processing\ncapabilities. In real-world applications, AI agents often face time\nconstraints for decision-making and action execution. Many AI\nagents incorporate learning algorithms, enabling them to improve\ntheir performance over time through experience or training. Using\nmachine learning, AI agents can adapt to new situations and\noptimise their behaviour for their designated tasks. <sup>[175][176][177]</sup>\nThere are also thousands of successful AI applications used to solve specific problems for specific\nindustries or institutions. In a 2017 survey, one in five companies reported having incorporated \"AI\" in\nsome offerings or processes. <sup>[178]</sup> [ A few examples are energy storage, medical diagnosis, military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage)\n[logistics, applications that predict the result of judicial decisions, foreign policy, or supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy)",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy 01 02 03 04 05 06\n\n[Log in](https://about.newsusa.com/user/login)\n[Home](https://about.newsusa.com/) / [Arts and Entertainment](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/78) / New Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With Energy",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Applications**\n\n#### **Agents**\n\nmanagement.\n[AI applications for evacuation and disaster management are growing. AI has been used to investigate if](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster)\nand how people evacuated in large scale and small scale evacuations using historical data from GPS,\nvideos or social media. Further, AI can provide real time information on the real time evacuation\nconditions. <sup>[179][180][181]</sup>\nIn agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments\nor increasing yield. Agronomists use AI to conduct research and development. AI has been used to predict\nthe ripening time for crops such as tomatoes, monitor soil moisture, operate agricultural robots, conduct\n[predictive analytics, classify livestock pig call emotions, automate greenhouses, detect diseases and pests,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_analytics)\nand save water.\nArtificial intelligence is used in astronomy to analyze increasing amounts of available data and\napplications, mainly for \"classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the\ndevelopment of new scientific insights.\" For example, it is used for discovering exoplanets, forecasting\nsolar activity, and distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects in gravitational wave\nastronomy. Additionally, it could be used for activities in space, such as space exploration, including the\nanalysis of data from space missions, real-time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris avoidance,\nand more autonomous operation.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Other sources**\n\n[AI & ML in Fusion (https://suli.pppl.gov/2023/course/Rea-PPPL-SULI2023.pdf)](https://suli.pppl.gov/2023/course/Rea-PPPL-SULI2023.pdf)\n[AI & ML in Fusion, video lecture (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpAN](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link)\n[uQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/](https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link)\n[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive](https://web.archive.org/web/20230702164332/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1npCTrJ8XJn20ZGDA_DfMpANuQZFMzKPh/view?usp=drive_link)\n[_link) 2 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)\n[Alter, Alexandra; Harris, Elizabeth A. (20 September 2023), \"Franzen, Grisham and Other](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[Prominent Authors Sue OpenAI\" (https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-open](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[ai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d), ](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)  *The New York Times*  [, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[0914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-co](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[pyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadl](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[ines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[f1d) from the original on 14 September 2024, retrieved 5 October 2024](https://web.archive.org/web/20240914155020/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/books/authors-openai-lawsuit-chatgpt-copyright.html?campaign_id=2&emc=edit_th_20230921&instance_id=103259&nl=todaysheadlines&regi_id=62816440&segment_id=145288&user_id=ad24f3545dae0ec44284a38bb4a88f1d)\n[Altman, Sam; Brockman, Greg; Sutskever, Ilya (22 May 2023). \"Governance of](https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)\n[Superintelligence\" (https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence). ](https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)  *openai.com*  .\n[Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061619/https://openai.com/blog/governanc](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061619/https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)\n[e-of-superintelligence) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061619/https://openai.com/blog/governance-of-superintelligence)\nAnderson, Susan Leigh (2008). \"Asimov's \"three laws of robotics\" and machine metaethics\".  *AI*\n*& Society*  .  **22**  [ (4): 477- 493. doi:10.1007/s00146-007-0094-5 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs0](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-007-0094-5)\n[0146-007-0094-5). S2CID 1809459 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1809459).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1809459)\nAnderson, Michael; Anderson, Susan Leigh (2011).  *Machine Ethics*  . Cambridge University\nPress.\nArntz, Melanie; Gregory, Terry; Zierahn, Ulrich (2016), \"The risk of automation for jobs in OECD\ncountries: A comparative analysis\",  *OECD Social, Employment, and Migration Working*\n*Papers 189*\nAsada, M.; Hosoda, K.; Kuniyoshi, Y.; Ishiguro, H.; Inui, T.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Ogino, M.; Yoshida,\nC. (2009). \"Cognitive developmental robotics: a survey\".  *IEEE Transactions on Autonomous*\n*Mental Development*  .  **1**  [ (1): 12- 34. doi:10.1109/tamd.2009.2021702 (https://doi.org/10.110](https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftamd.2009.2021702)\n[9%2Ftamd.2009.2021702). S2CID 10168773 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10168773)\n[68773).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10168773)\n[\"Ask the AI experts: What's driving today's progress in AI?\" (https://www.mckinsey.com/business](https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-](https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[in-ai). ](https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)  *McKinsey & Company*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/http](https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[s://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-expert](https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n[s-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai) from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April](https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190018/https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/ask-the-ai-experts-whats-driving-todays-progress-in-ai)\n2018.\nBarfield, Woodrow; Pagallo, Ugo (2018).  *Research handbook on the law of artificial intelligence*  .\n[Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7864-3904-8. OCLC 1039480085](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039480085)\n[(https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039480085).](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039480085)\n[Beal, J.; Winston, Patrick (2009), \"The New Frontier of Human-Level Artificial Intelligence\",](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Winston)\n*IEEE Intelligent Systems*  [, vol. 24, pp. 21- 24, doi:10.1109/MIS.2009.75 (https://doi.org/10.11](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIS.2009.75)\n[09%2FMIS.2009.75), hdl:1721.1/52357 (https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F52357),](https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F52357)\n[S2CID 32437713 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32437713)](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32437713)\nBerdahl, Carl Thomas; Baker, Lawrence; Mann, Sean; Osoba, Osonde; Girosi, Federico (7\n[February 2023). \"Strategies to Improve the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Health Equity:](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459)\n[Scoping Review\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459). ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459)  *JMIR AI*  .  **2**  :\n[e42936. doi:10.2196/42936 (https://doi.org/10.2196%2F42936). ISSN 2817-1705 (https://se](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2817-1705)\n[arch.worldcat.org/issn/2817-1705). PMC 11041459 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11041459)\n[es/PMC11041459). PMID 38875587 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875587).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38875587)\n[S2CID 256681439 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256681439).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256681439)\nBerryhill, Jamie; Heang, Kévin Kok; Clogher, Rob; McBride, Keegan (2019).  *[Hello, World:](https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)*\n*Artificial Intelligence and its Use in the Public Sector*  [ (https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploa](https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n[ds/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF). Paris: OECD Observatory of Public Sector](https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n[Innovation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp](https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n[-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 December](https://web.archive.org/web/20191220021331/https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/AI-Report-Online.pdf)\n2019. Retrieved 9 August 2020.\nBertini, M; Del Bimbo, A; Torniai, C (2006). \"Automatic annotation and semantic retrieval of",
+                    "page_start": 52,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Techniques**\n\n#### **GPT**\n\n[models are prone to generating falsehoods called \"hallucinations\", although this can be reduced with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence))\n[RLHF and quality data. They are used in chatbots, which allow people to ask a question or request a task](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot)\nin simple text. <sup>[122][123]</sup>\n[Current models and services include Gemini (formerly Bard), ChatGPT, Grok, Claude, Copilot, and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot)\n[LLaMA.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLaMA) <sup>[124]</sup> [ Multimodal GPT models can process different types of data (modalities) such as images,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality_(human%E2%80%93computer_interaction))\nvideos, sound, and text. <sup>[125]</sup>\n[In the late 2010s, graphics processing units (GPUs) that were increasingly designed with AI-specific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit)\n[enhancements and used with specialized TensorFlow software had replaced previously used central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)\n[processing unit (CPUs) as the dominant means for large-scale (commercial and academic) machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning)\n[learning models' training.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning) <sup>[126]</sup> [ Specialized programming languages such as Prolog were used in early AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog)\nresearch, <sup>[127]</sup> [ but general-purpose programming languages like Python have become predominant.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)) <sup>[128]</sup>\n[The transistor density in integrated circuits has been observed to roughly double every 18 months—a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit)\n[trend known as Moore's law, named after the Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, who first identified it.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moore)\n[Improvements in GPUs have been even faster.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPUs) <sup>[129]</sup>\nAI and machine learning technology is used in most of the essential applications of the 2020s, including:\n[search engines (such as Google Search), targeting online advertisements, recommendation systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommendation_systems)\n[(offered by Netflix, YouTube or Amazon), driving internet traffic, targeted advertising (AdSense,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense)\n[Facebook), virtual assistants (such as Siri or Alexa), autonomous vehicles (including drones, ADAS and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system)",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n[ar-hungry-ai-campuses-need-new-strategy-to-find-power-fast). Bloomberg.](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-04/nuclear-hungry-ai-campuses-need-new-strategy-to-find-power-fast)\n215. Nicas (2018).\n[216. Rainie, Lee; Keeter, Scott; Perrin, Andrew (22 July 2019). \"Trust and Distrust in America\" (ht](https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/trust-and-distrust-in-america)\n[tps://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/trust-and-distrust-in-america). ](https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/trust-and-distrust-in-america)  *Pew Research*\n*Center*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240222000601/https://www.pewresearch.or](https://web.archive.org/web/20240222000601/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/trust-and-distrust-in-america)\n[g/politics/2019/07/22/trust-and-distrust-in-america) from the original on 22 February 2024.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240222000601/https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/trust-and-distrust-in-america)\n217. Williams (2023).\n218. Taylor & Hern (2023).\n[219. Samuel, Sigal (19 April 2022). \"Why it's so damn hard to make AI fair and unbiased\" (https://](https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22916602/ai-bias-fairness-tradeoffs-artificial-intelligence)\n[www.vox.com/future-perfect/22916602/ai-bias-fairness-tradeoffs-artificial-intelligence). ](https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22916602/ai-bias-fairness-tradeoffs-artificial-intelligence)  *Vox*  .\n[Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170153/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170153/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22916602/ai-bias-fairness-tradeoffs-artificial-intelligence)\n[22916602/ai-bias-fairness-tradeoffs-artificial-intelligence) from the original on 5 October](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170153/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22916602/ai-bias-fairness-tradeoffs-artificial-intelligence)\n2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.\n220. Rose (2023).\n221. CNA (2019).\n222. Goffrey (2008), p. 17.\n223. Berdahl et al. (2023); Goffrey (2008, p. 17); Rose (2023); Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 995)\n224. Christian (2020), p. 25.\n225. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 995.\n226. Grant & Hill (2023).\n227. Larson & Angwin (2016).\n228. Christian (2020), p. 67- 70.\n229. Christian (2020, pp. 67- 70); Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 993- 994)\n230. Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 995); Lipartito (2011, p. 36); Goodman & Flaxman (2017, p. 6);\nChristian (2020, pp. 39- 40, 65)\n231. Quoted in Christian (2020, p. 65).\n232. Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 994); Christian (2020, pp. 40, 80- 81)\n233. Quoted in Christian (2020, p. 80)\n234. Dockrill (2022).\n235. Sample (2017).\n[236. \"Black Box AI\" (https://www.techopedia.com/definition/34940/black-box-ai). 16 June 2023.](https://www.techopedia.com/definition/34940/black-box-ai)\n[Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240615100800/https://www.techopedia.com/definiti](https://web.archive.org/web/20240615100800/https://www.techopedia.com/definition/34940/black-box-ai)\n[on/34940/black-box-ai) from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2024.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240615100800/https://www.techopedia.com/definition/34940/black-box-ai)\n237. Christian (2020), p. 110.\n238. Christian (2020), pp. 88- 91.\n239. Christian (2020, p. 83); Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 997)\n240. Christian (2020), p. 91.\n241. Christian (2020), p. 83.\n242. Verma (2021).\n243. Rothman (2020).\n244. Christian (2020), pp. 105- 108.\n245. Christian (2020), pp. 108- 112.\n[246. Ropek, Lucas (21 May 2024). \"New Anthropic Research Sheds Light on AI's 'Black Box' \" (ht](https://gizmodo.com/new-anthropic-research-sheds-light-on-ais-black-box-1851491333)\n[tps://gizmodo.com/new-anthropic-research-sheds-light-on-ais-black-box-1851491333).](https://gizmodo.com/new-anthropic-research-sheds-light-on-ais-black-box-1851491333)\n*Gizmodo*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170309/https://gizmodo.com/new](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170309/https://gizmodo.com/new-anthropic-research-sheds-light-on-ais-black-box-1851491333)\n[-anthropic-research-sheds-light-on-ais-black-box-1851491333) from the original on 5](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005170309/https://gizmodo.com/new-anthropic-research-sheds-light-on-ais-black-box-1851491333)\nOctober 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.\n247. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 989.\n248. Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 987- 990.\n249. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 988.\n250. Robitzski (2018); Sainato (2015)\n251. Harari (2018).\n[252. Buckley, Chris; Mozur, Paul (22 May 2019). \"How China Uses High-Tech Surveillance to](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html)\n[Subdue Minorities\" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinji](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html)\n[ang.html). ](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html)  *The New York Times*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191125180459/htt](https://web.archive.org/web/20191125180459/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html)\n[ps://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html) from the](https://web.archive.org/web/20191125180459/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html)\noriginal on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.\n[253. \"Security lapse exposed a Chinese smart city surveillance system\" (https://techcrunch.com/](https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/03/china-smart-city-exposed)",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "How can I contact Investor Relations of HON industries through email ?",
+                "target_page": 63,
+                "target_passage": "E-mail: investorrelations@honi.com",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Thomas A. Tolone**\n\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc.\n414 East Third Street\nP.O. Box 1109\nMuscatine, IA 52761-0071\nTelephone: 563.264.7400\nFax: 563.264.7217\nWebsite: www.honi.com\n**I ND EPEND ENT PUBLI C**\n**ACCO UNTANTS**\nPricewaterhouseCoopers LLP\nOne North Wacker Drive\nChicago, IL 60606\n**CO MMO N S TO CK**\nHON INDUSTRIES common stock trades\non the New York Stock Exchange under the\nsymbol: HNI. Stock price quotations can be\nfound in major daily newspapers and  *The*\n*Wall Street Journal*  .\n**TRANS FER AGENT**\nShareholders may report a change of address\nor make inquiries by writing or calling:\nComputershare Investor Services, LLC\n2 North LaSalle Street\nChicago, IL 60602\nTelephone: 312.588.4991\nI NVEST OR  I NFOR MA T I ON\nStatements in this report that are not strictly historical, including statements as to\nplans, objectives, and future financial performance, are “forward-looking” state-\nments that are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities\nLitigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve known and\nunknown risks, which may cause the Company’s actual results in the future to dif-\nfer materially from expected results. These risks include, among others:\n**-**  competition within the office furniture and fireplace industries, including\ncompetition from imported products and competitive pricing;\n**-**  increases in the cost of raw materials, including steel, which is the Company’s\nlargest raw material category;\n**-**  increases in the cost of health care benefits provided by the Company;\n**-**  reduced demand for the Company’s storage products caused by changes in\noffice technology; including the change from paper record storage to electronic\nrecord storage;\n**-**  the effects of economic conditions, on demand for office furniture, customer\ninsolvencies and related bad debts and claims against the Company that it\nreceived preferential payments;\n**-**  changes in demand and order patterns from the Company’s customers, par-\nticularly its top ten customers, which represented approximately 36% of net sales\nin 2003;\n**-**  issues associated with acquisitions and integration of acquisitions;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize cost savings and productivity improve-\nments from its cost containment and business simplification initiatives;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize financial benefits from investments in new\nproducts;\n**-**  the ability of the Company’s distributors and dealers to successfully market\nand sell the Company’s products;\n**-**  the availability and cost of capital to finance planned growth; and\n**-**  other risks, uncertainties, and factors described from time to time in the",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 62,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\nfocused on distinct markets.\nImportant to our company’s success, is a strong Board\nof Directors who bring their individual skills, knowledge, and\nexperience to our company. Their involvement, independence,\nand integrity provide the ongoing foundation for effective gov-\nernance and corporate oversight for you, our shareholders.\nThis year we recognize retiring directors Lorne R.\nWaxlax, Robert W. Cox, and M. Farooq Kathwari. We thank\nthem for their dedication. We are also pleased to welcome\nJoseph Scalzo, President, Personal Care Products, The Gillette\nCompany, to our board.\nOur CEO succession process is progressing smoothly.\nThe appointment of Stan Askren as President of HON\nINDUSTRIES and as a member of the Board of Directors,\nannounced in February 2003, was an important part of\nthis process.\nOur office furniture and hearth businesses are healthy\nand well-positioned for growth; still we continue to face a com-\npetitive business environment. We are confident of our financial\nsecurity, and certain that our transition to becoming a market-\ndriven, operationally excellent company will continue to en-\nhance shareholder value. The transformation continues. We will\nbe seeking shareholder approval, in early May 2004, to change\nthe name of HON INDUSTRIES to HNI Corporation, drawing\non our heritage while remaining true to our culture and values.\nThe new name will serve to better align the corporate identity\nwith the direction of the company, as a strategic manager of\nmultiple, distinct, and independent brands.\nWe thank our member-owners for their continued\ndedication, and look forward to the challenges and opportuni-\nties of 2004.\nJack D. Michaels\nCH A I R MA N A ND CH I EF EXECUT I VE OFFI CER\nStan A. Askren\nP R ESI DENT\n15\nH ON I NDUST R I ES 2 0 0 3\n*(In thousands, except for per share data)*    **2003**  2002                             Change\nI NCOME ST A T EMENT  DA T A\n|  $ 1,755,728  639,215  36.4%  480,744  8,510  149,961  98,105  5.6%  14.5%  $  1.69  1.68  12.19  0.52  |\n|:---|\n| $  462,122  1,021,826  245,816  1.88  $  4,126  0.6%  $  709,889  678,391  216,306  |\n| $  34,842  141,274  58,178,739  26  6,416  8,926  |\nNet sales $ 1,692,622  3.7%\nGross profit 599,879  6.6%\nGross profit as a % of:\nNet sales  35.4%  —\nSelling and administrative expenses  454,189  5.8%",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n\nPurchase of HON INDUSTRIES common stock (15,736) (35,059)\nProceeds from long-term debt  825 36,218\nPayments of note and long-term debt (35,967) (87,365)\nProceeds from sale of HON INDUSTRIES common stock 2,096  9,449\nDividends paid (29,386) (28,373)\nNet cash flows from (to) financing activities (78,168) (105,130)\nNet increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 60,327 75,657\nCash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 78,838  3,181\nCash and cash equivalents at end of year 139,165 78,838\nSUP P LEMENT A L DI SCLOSUR ES OF CA SH  FLOW  I NFOR MA T I ON:\nCash paid during the year for:\nInterest $ 5,062 $ 8,646\nIncome taxes $  48,598 $  40,916\n*The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.*\nCONSOLI DA T ED ST A T EMENT S OF CA SH  FLOWS\n43\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n####### **Nature of Operations**\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc., with its subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a\nprovider of office furniture and hearth products. Both industries are\nreportable segments; however, the Company’s office furniture business\nis its principal line of business. Refer to the Operating Segment\nInformation note for further information. Office furniture products are\nsold through a national system of dealers, wholesalers, mass merchan-\ndisers, warehouse clubs, retail superstores, end-user customers, and to\nfederal and state governments. Dealer, wholesaler, and retail super-\nstores are the major channels based on sales. Hearth products include\nelectric, wood-, pellet-, and gas-burning factory-built fireplaces, fire-\nplace inserts, stoves, and gas logs. These products are sold through a\nnational system of dealers, wholesalers, large regional contractors, and\nCompany-owned retail outlets. The Company’s products are marketed\npredominantly in the United States and Canada. The Company exports\nselect products to a limited number of markets outside North America,\nprincipally Latin America and the Caribbean, through its export subsid-\niary; however, based on sales, these activities are not significant.\n####### **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n* **PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION AND FISCAL YEAR-END** *\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts and trans-\nactions of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts\nand transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.\nThe Company follows a 52/53-week fiscal year which ends\non the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal year 2003 ended on\nJanuary 3, 2004; 2002 ended on December 28, 2002; and 2001 ended",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.:**\n\n7.64% 9.97% 10.21% 10.55% 7.34% 10.21% 9.08%\n$ 50,215 $ 63,796 $ 52,173 $ 37,173 $ 24,419 $ 31,945 $ 26,216\n36.5% 37.50% 37.50% 35.31% 37.27% 37.00% 37.00%\n$ 87,360 $ 106,313 $ 86,955 $ 68,094 $ 41,098 $ 54,393 $ 44,638\n87,360 106,313 86,955 68,094 41,098 54,156 45,127\n4.85% 6.23% 6.38% 6.82% 4.60% 6.43% 5.78%\n$ 23,112 $ 19,730 $ 16,736 $ 14,970 $ 14,536 $ 13,601 $ 12,587\n64,248 86,583 37,838 33,860 18,863 13,563 17,338\n87,360 106,313 86,955 68,094 41,098 54,156 45,127\n18.14% 25.20% 27.43% 29.06% 20.00% 28.95% 26.35%\n$ 65,453 $ 52,999 $ 35,610 $ 25,252 $ 21,416 $ 19,042 $ 16,631\n26.46% 18.56% 19.25% 21.98% 35.37% 25.11% 27.89%\n73.54% 81.44% 80.75% 78.02% 64.63% 74.89% 72.11%\n$ 316,556 $ 290,329 $ 295,150 $ 205,527 $ 194,183 $ 188,810 $ 188,419\n225,123 217,438 200,759 152,553 128,915 111,093 110,759\n91,433 72,891 94,391 52,974 65,268 77,717 77,660\n455,591 444,177 341,030 234,616 210,033 177,844 157,770\n906,723 864,469 754,673 513,514 409,518 372,568 352,405\n16.94% 23.74% 28.27% 25.93% 17.91% 24.72% 22.14%\n$ 124,173 $ 135,563 $ 134,511 $ 77,605 $ 42,581 $ 45,877 $ 45,916\n501,271 462,022 381,662 252,397 216,235 194,640 179,553\n416,034 351,786 265,203 227,365 193,505 174,642 161,079\n1.41 1.34 1.47 1.35 1.51 1.70 1.70\n60,171,753 61,289,618 61,659,316 59,426,530 60,788,674 61,349,206 63,351,692\n60,854,579 61,649,531 59,779,508 60,228,590 60,991,284 62,435,450 64,181,088\n6,737 5,877 5,399 5,319 5,479 5,556 4,653\n$ 71,474 $ 149,717 $ 85,491 $ 44,684 $ 53,879 $ 35,005 $ 27,541\n10,095 9,824 <sup>(b)</sup> 9,390 <sup>(b)</sup> 6,502 <sup>(b)</sup> 5,933 6,131 6,257\n*(a)* *Per SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” the Company has ceased recoding of goodwill and indefinite-lived Intangible amortization.*\n*(b)* *Includes acquisitions completed during year.*\n58\nR EP OR T OF I NDEP ENDENT  A UDI T OR S\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.:**\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity, and cash\nflows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and its subsidiaries at January 3, 2004, and\nDecember 28, 2002, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the fiscal years ended January 3, 2004, and December 28, 2002,\nin conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of\nthe Company’s management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our",
+                    "page_start": 56,
+                    "page_end": 57,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## CORPORATE DATA\n**110**\n**FOR FURTHER INFORMATION,**\n**PLEASE CONTACT**\n**Investor Relations**\n**Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.**\nGlobal Communications, CSR and IR Division\n17-1, Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku\nTokyo 104-8023, Japan\nphone: +81(0)3-5565-2334\nfax: +81(0)3-3546-2669\ne-mail: nissan-ir@mail.nissan.co.jp\n**Corporate Information Website**\nhttp://www.nissan-global.com/\n**Investor Relations Website**\nhttp://www.nissan-global.com/EN/IR/\n**c3**\nThis annual report is printed on recycled paper.",
+                    "page_start": 111,
+                    "page_end": 112,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\n\nthe corporation adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (SFAS\nNo. 142). As discussed in the Goodwill and Intangible Assets note, the Company has presented the transitional disclosures for 2001 required by\nSFAS No. 142. The Arthur Andersen LLP report does not extend to these changes to the 2001 consolidated financial statements. The adjustments\nto the 2001 consolidated financial statements were reported on by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as stated in their report appearing herein.\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001,\nDecember 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders equity, and cash flows for each of\nthe fiscal years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an\nopinion on these financial statements based on our audits.\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that\nwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit\nincludes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing\nthe accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.\nWe believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.\nIn our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001, December 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the results of its operations\nand its cash flows for each of the three fiscal years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.\nArthur Andersen LLP\nChicago, Illinois\nFebruary 1, 2002\n**The December 30, 2000, and January 1, 2000, consolidated financial statements are not required to be presented in the 2003 annual report.*\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n60\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the consolidated financial statements and other financial information presented\nin this report. That responsibility is accomplished using internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the integrity and accuracy",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\nINDUSTRIES’ sales and business develop-\nment outside the United States and Canada.\nOur members in local countries market the\nHON INDUSTRIES’ brands through a global\ndistribution network. With an extensive prod-\nuct selection, HON International is able to\nprovide dealers and customers with the widest\ncollection of “compelling value” office furni-\nture in the world. The international team is\ndedicated to providing customers with world-\nclass service, from initial inquiry to com-\nplete-and-on-time installation. Extensive\ninternational experience helps to ensure cus-\ntomers are provided with solutions for even\ntheir most challenging international needs\nand opportunities.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  A lead exhibitor in the first-ever Office\nFurniture Expo in Mexico City.\n**-**  Successfully completed projects for key\nmultinational accounts in Ireland, Barbados,\nJamaica, Egypt, and Hong Kong, among others.\n**-**  Opened the first HON INDUSTRIES’ show-\nroom outside the United States in Monterrey,\nMexico.\n**W W W . H O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L . C O M**\nMaxon Furniture Inc. targets small to mid-\nsized businesses seeking “planned” offices fea-\nturing workstations and compatible storage\nand seating. Maxon’s customers appreciate\noffice furniture that efficiently organizes space\nand creates a positive working environment.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  Gave the Empower <sup>®</sup> product line a com-\nplete makeover; including a new trim design,\nsegmented panels, and redesigned storage\ncabinets.\n**W W W . M A X O N F U R N I T U R E . C O M**\nPaoli Inc. is a leading provider of wood case\ngoods, modular desking, conference pro-\nducts, and seating through its well-known\nbrands Paoli <sup>®</sup> and Whitehall <sup>®</sup> . Founded in\n1926, it is the newest member of the HON\nINDUSTRIES family, acquired in January\n2004. Outstanding product design at a great\nvalue makes Paoli a highly sought after solu-\ntion in the market for wood private offices.\nPaoli’s production capability and resources\nallow the company to respond quickly to\nchanging market needs. Paoli’s strong, inde-\npendent representative sales and dealer net-\nworks support its broad product offering in the\nmid-market and contract furniture segments.\n**HI GHLI GHTS / AWARD S :**\n**-**  Introduced the Reflect <sup>TM</sup> product line of",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\nJoin us in the dynamic, aggressive, profitable\ngrowth of HON INDUSTRIES.\nT H E B EST  I S YET  T O COME!\nManagement’s Discussion and Analysis ... 32\nConsolidated Financial Statements and Notes ... 39\nEleven-Year Summary ... 56\nReports of Independent Auditors ... 58\nA Message from the Board of Directors ... 61\nBoard of Directors and Officers ... 62\n32\nThe following discussion of the Company’s historical results of opera-\ntions and of its liquidity and capital resources should be read in\nconjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the\nCompany and related notes.\n####### **Overview**\nThe Company has two reportable core operating segments: office furni-\nture and hearth products. The Company is the second largest office\nfurniture manufacturer in the United States and the nation’s leading\nmanufacturer and marketer of gas- and wood-burning fireplaces.\nFrom 2000 to 2003, the office furniture industry experi-\nenced an unprecedented three-year decline due to the challenging\neconomic environment. In 2003, this decline negatively impacted the\nCompany’s office furniture segment. In contrast, the housing market\nwas at record high levels during 2003, which positively impacted the\nCompany’s hearth segment. The Company outperformed its peers in\nboth segments in which it competes. The Company gained market\nshare by providing strong brands, innovative products and services,\nand greater value to its end-users. Fiscal 2003 also included an extra\nweek of activity due to the Company’s 52/53-week fiscal year.\nNet sales were $1.8 billion in 2003, as compared to $1.7 bil-\nlion in 2002. The increase in net sales reflects the 9% increase in the\nhearth segment and the additional week of business activity. In 2003\nand 2002, the Company recorded restructuring charges and accelerated\ndepreciation related to the closure and consolidation of office furniture\nfacilities totaling $15.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Gross\nmargins increased to 36.4% in 2003 from 35.4% in 2002 due to benefits\nfrom restructuring initiatives and its rapid continuous improvement\nprogram, new products, and increased price realization. The Company\nalso invested aggressively in brand building and selling initiatives in\n2003. Net income was $98.1 million or $1.68 per diluted share in 2003,\nas compared to $91.4 million or $1.55 per diluted share in 2002.\nThe Company generated $141.3 million in cash flow from\noperating activities and increased its cash position, including short-\nterm investments, by $48.6 million to $204.2 million. The Company\npaid dividends of $30.3 million and repurchased $21.5 million of its",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Ronald V. Waters, III**\n\nCompensation; Public Policy and Corporate Governance — have consisted entirely of non-management directors for many years.\nDuring 2003, we have given significant attention to the newly released rules emanating from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the\nNew York Stock Exchange listing requirements — rules intended to improve corporate governance across the country. It is gratifying  to report that\nHON INDUSTRIES governance practices were already in accord with the spirit of the rules.\nIt is an honor to serve as directors of HON INDUSTRIES. We are very proud to represent you, the shareholder, as we oversee the man-\nagement of this great company. Please be assured that we intend to remain vigilant and focused on good corporate governance.\nSincerely,\nThe HON INDUSTRIES Board of Directors\nA  MESSA GE FR OM T H E B OA R D OF DI R ECT OR S\nStan A. Askren\nGary M. Christensen\nCheryl A. Francis\nRobert L. Katz\nDennis J. Martin\nJack D. Michaels\nJoseph Scalzo\nAbbie J. Smith\nRichard H. Stanley\nBrian E. Stern\nRonald V. Waters, III\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n62\n**BO ARD  O F D I RECTO RS**\n####### **Stan A. Askren**\nPresident, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.\n####### **Gary M. Christensen**\nRetired President and\nChief Executive Officer,\nPella Corporation\n####### **Cheryl A. Francis**\nAdvisor/Consultant\nFormer Executive Vice President and\nChief Financial Officer,\nRR Donnelley & Sons\n####### **Robert L. Katz**\nPresident,\nRobert L. Katz and Associates\n####### **Dennis J. Martin**\nChairman, President and\nChief Executive Officer,\nGeneral Binding Corporation\n####### **Jack D. Michaels**\nChairman and Chief Executive Officer,\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc.\n####### **Joseph Scalzo**\nVice President and President,\nPersonal Care Products,\nThe Gillette Company\n####### **Abbie J. Smith**\nChaired Professor,\nThe University of Chicago\nGraduate School of Business\n####### **Richard H. Stanley**\nVice Chairman, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.\nChairman, SC Companies, Inc.\nChairman, Stanley Consultants, Inc.\n####### **Brian E. Stern**\nPresident,\nXerox Supplies Technology Enterprises\nXerox Corporation\n####### **Ronald V. Waters, III**\nChief Operating Officer,\nWm. Wrigley Jr. Company\n**CO MMI TTEES  O F THE BO ARD**\n* **AUD I T** *\nCheryl A. Francis, Chairperson\nDennis J. Martin\nRonald V. Waters, III\n* **HUMAN  RES O URCES  AN D** *\n* **CO MPEN S ATI O N** *\nGary M. Christensen, Chairperson\nRobert L. Katz\nAbbie J. Smith\n* **PUBL I C PO LI CY  AN D** *",
+                    "page_start": 60,
+                    "page_end": 61,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Dear Shareholders:**\n\nof the Company’s financial records and to adequately safeguard, verify, and maintain accountability of assets. Such controls are based on estab-\nlished written policies and procedures, are implemented by trained personnel with an appropriate segregation of duties, and are monitored\nthrough a comprehensive internal audit program. These policies and procedures prescribe that the Company and all its members are to maintain\nthe highest ethical and business standards.\nPricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, independent accountants, is retained to audit HON INDUSTRIES’ financial statements. Their accompa-\nnying report is based on audits conducted in accordance with auditing standards, generally accepted in the United States.\nThe Board of Directors exercises its responsibility for these financial statements through its Audit Committee, which consists entirely of\nindependent board members. The Audit Committee meets periodically with the independent accountants and with the Company’s internal audi-\ntors, both privately and with management present, to review accounting, auditing, internal controls, and financial reporting matters.\nJack D. Michaels Jerald K. Dittmer\nCH A I R MA N A ND VI CE P R ESI DENT  A ND\nCH I EF EXECUT I VE OFFI CER CH I EF FI NA NCI A L OFFI CER\n\nMA NA GEMENT ’S R ESP ONSI B I LI T Y FOR\nFI NA NCI A L ST A T EMENT S\n61\n####### **Dear Shareholders:**\nWe, the members of the HON INDUSTRIES Board of Directors, believe that integrity is central to good corporate governance. This belief is\nreflected in the HON INDUSTRIES vision statement (shown on the back of this annual report), adopted many years ago. Our Vision statement\nrepresents much more than a traditional “mission,” and it goes much deeper than company policy. The beliefs and values represented in that\ndocument are the very foundation of our corporate culture, and guide the attitude and actions of every member, every day.\nFrom its beginnings, HON INDUSTRIES has sought to implement its vision through sound policies and practices, and by maintaining\na strong Board composed predominantly of outside directors. We are fully committed to executing our responsibilities, and we will continue to\nmaintain the company’s long-standing tradition of an independent, well-informed, active, and engaged Board of Directors.\nOur board meetings and procedures have been developed and refined to encourage open and informed communication. The company’s\naccounting policies have always been conservative and straightforward. The Board’s three committees — Audit; Human Resources and",
+                    "page_start": 59,
+                    "page_end": 60,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "What explains the decrease in net sales of HON industries in 2002 ?",
+                "target_page": 34,
+                "target_passage": "The decrease in 2002 was due to the decline in the office furniture market due to unstable economic conditions and the deletion of less profitable product lines in the hearth products segment",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\nJoin us in the dynamic, aggressive, profitable\ngrowth of HON INDUSTRIES.\nT H E B EST  I S YET  T O COME!\nManagement’s Discussion and Analysis ... 32\nConsolidated Financial Statements and Notes ... 39\nEleven-Year Summary ... 56\nReports of Independent Auditors ... 58\nA Message from the Board of Directors ... 61\nBoard of Directors and Officers ... 62\n32\nThe following discussion of the Company’s historical results of opera-\ntions and of its liquidity and capital resources should be read in\nconjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the\nCompany and related notes.\n####### **Overview**\nThe Company has two reportable core operating segments: office furni-\nture and hearth products. The Company is the second largest office\nfurniture manufacturer in the United States and the nation’s leading\nmanufacturer and marketer of gas- and wood-burning fireplaces.\nFrom 2000 to 2003, the office furniture industry experi-\nenced an unprecedented three-year decline due to the challenging\neconomic environment. In 2003, this decline negatively impacted the\nCompany’s office furniture segment. In contrast, the housing market\nwas at record high levels during 2003, which positively impacted the\nCompany’s hearth segment. The Company outperformed its peers in\nboth segments in which it competes. The Company gained market\nshare by providing strong brands, innovative products and services,\nand greater value to its end-users. Fiscal 2003 also included an extra\nweek of activity due to the Company’s 52/53-week fiscal year.\nNet sales were $1.8 billion in 2003, as compared to $1.7 bil-\nlion in 2002. The increase in net sales reflects the 9% increase in the\nhearth segment and the additional week of business activity. In 2003\nand 2002, the Company recorded restructuring charges and accelerated\ndepreciation related to the closure and consolidation of office furniture\nfacilities totaling $15.2 million and $3.0 million, respectively. Gross\nmargins increased to 36.4% in 2003 from 35.4% in 2002 due to benefits\nfrom restructuring initiatives and its rapid continuous improvement\nprogram, new products, and increased price realization. The Company\nalso invested aggressively in brand building and selling initiatives in\n2003. Net income was $98.1 million or $1.68 per diluted share in 2003,\nas compared to $91.4 million or $1.55 per diluted share in 2002.\nThe Company generated $141.3 million in cash flow from\noperating activities and increased its cash position, including short-\nterm investments, by $48.6 million to $204.2 million. The Company\npaid dividends of $30.3 million and repurchased $21.5 million of its",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n\nPurchase of HON INDUSTRIES common stock (15,736) (35,059)\nProceeds from long-term debt  825 36,218\nPayments of note and long-term debt (35,967) (87,365)\nProceeds from sale of HON INDUSTRIES common stock 2,096  9,449\nDividends paid (29,386) (28,373)\nNet cash flows from (to) financing activities (78,168) (105,130)\nNet increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 60,327 75,657\nCash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 78,838  3,181\nCash and cash equivalents at end of year 139,165 78,838\nSUP P LEMENT A L DI SCLOSUR ES OF CA SH  FLOW  I NFOR MA T I ON:\nCash paid during the year for:\nInterest $ 5,062 $ 8,646\nIncome taxes $  48,598 $  40,916\n*The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.*\nCONSOLI DA T ED ST A T EMENT S OF CA SH  FLOWS\n43\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n####### **Nature of Operations**\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc., with its subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a\nprovider of office furniture and hearth products. Both industries are\nreportable segments; however, the Company’s office furniture business\nis its principal line of business. Refer to the Operating Segment\nInformation note for further information. Office furniture products are\nsold through a national system of dealers, wholesalers, mass merchan-\ndisers, warehouse clubs, retail superstores, end-user customers, and to\nfederal and state governments. Dealer, wholesaler, and retail super-\nstores are the major channels based on sales. Hearth products include\nelectric, wood-, pellet-, and gas-burning factory-built fireplaces, fire-\nplace inserts, stoves, and gas logs. These products are sold through a\nnational system of dealers, wholesalers, large regional contractors, and\nCompany-owned retail outlets. The Company’s products are marketed\npredominantly in the United States and Canada. The Company exports\nselect products to a limited number of markets outside North America,\nprincipally Latin America and the Caribbean, through its export subsid-\niary; however, based on sales, these activities are not significant.\n####### **Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n* **PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION AND FISCAL YEAR-END** *\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts and trans-\nactions of the Company and its subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts\nand transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.\nThe Company follows a 52/53-week fiscal year which ends\non the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal year 2003 ended on\nJanuary 3, 2004; 2002 ended on December 28, 2002; and 2001 ended",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **CONTINUING OPERATIONS**\nThe Company invested $2.0 million in the Virginia 10 RSA limited partnership in the early 1990’s.  The partnership’s local customer base peaked in early 2000 with nearly 12,000 subscribers, then steadily declined to 6,700 by December 31, 2002.  The decline was the result of competition with digital technologies and increased competition from national carriers in the area.  As a result of the decline in the subscriber base, and the need for extensive capital expenditures to transform the analog network into a digital cellular network, the Company elected to sell its 66% interest in the partnership to one of the minority partners.  The agreement was signed in November 2002, and closing was February 28, 2003.  The Company’s portion of the net income from its operations for 2003, 2002 and 2001 was $1.2 million, $7.4 million and $6.7 million, respectively.\n##### **DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\nIncome from discontinued operations was $22.4 million after taxes, an increase of $15.0 million or 202%.  The income from discontinued operations in 2003 includes the sale of the partnership interest in February 2003 and results from the two months of its operations in 2003.\nThe Company adopted FAS 143 “Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations.” effective January 1, 2003, and as a result recorded a charge to earnings for the cumulative effect of this change in accounting of $76 thousand after taxes.\nNet income was $32.1 million, an increase of $27.6 million or 610%.  The increase is a result of improved operating results in the PCS operations, the 2002 VeriSign stock loss and the sale of the cellular operations.\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nThe Company experienced significant bad debt losses in its PCS operations related to the Sprint Clear PaySM program. The program was initially targeted at customers in sub-prime credit classes and did not require a deposit upon activation of service. As a result of default rates that exceeded projections, the Company experienced a substantial increase in bad debt expense, which rose from $1.2 million in 2001 to $4.4 million in 2002. The reinstatement of deposit requirements in April 2002 caused some moderation in bad debt expense by the end of the year. Total PCS bade debt expense for 2002 was $3.7 million of this expense is associated with several large telecommunications customers who filed bankruptcies in 2002.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.:**\n\n7.64% 9.97% 10.21% 10.55% 7.34% 10.21% 9.08%\n$ 50,215 $ 63,796 $ 52,173 $ 37,173 $ 24,419 $ 31,945 $ 26,216\n36.5% 37.50% 37.50% 35.31% 37.27% 37.00% 37.00%\n$ 87,360 $ 106,313 $ 86,955 $ 68,094 $ 41,098 $ 54,393 $ 44,638\n87,360 106,313 86,955 68,094 41,098 54,156 45,127\n4.85% 6.23% 6.38% 6.82% 4.60% 6.43% 5.78%\n$ 23,112 $ 19,730 $ 16,736 $ 14,970 $ 14,536 $ 13,601 $ 12,587\n64,248 86,583 37,838 33,860 18,863 13,563 17,338\n87,360 106,313 86,955 68,094 41,098 54,156 45,127\n18.14% 25.20% 27.43% 29.06% 20.00% 28.95% 26.35%\n$ 65,453 $ 52,999 $ 35,610 $ 25,252 $ 21,416 $ 19,042 $ 16,631\n26.46% 18.56% 19.25% 21.98% 35.37% 25.11% 27.89%\n73.54% 81.44% 80.75% 78.02% 64.63% 74.89% 72.11%\n$ 316,556 $ 290,329 $ 295,150 $ 205,527 $ 194,183 $ 188,810 $ 188,419\n225,123 217,438 200,759 152,553 128,915 111,093 110,759\n91,433 72,891 94,391 52,974 65,268 77,717 77,660\n455,591 444,177 341,030 234,616 210,033 177,844 157,770\n906,723 864,469 754,673 513,514 409,518 372,568 352,405\n16.94% 23.74% 28.27% 25.93% 17.91% 24.72% 22.14%\n$ 124,173 $ 135,563 $ 134,511 $ 77,605 $ 42,581 $ 45,877 $ 45,916\n501,271 462,022 381,662 252,397 216,235 194,640 179,553\n416,034 351,786 265,203 227,365 193,505 174,642 161,079\n1.41 1.34 1.47 1.35 1.51 1.70 1.70\n60,171,753 61,289,618 61,659,316 59,426,530 60,788,674 61,349,206 63,351,692\n60,854,579 61,649,531 59,779,508 60,228,590 60,991,284 62,435,450 64,181,088\n6,737 5,877 5,399 5,319 5,479 5,556 4,653\n$ 71,474 $ 149,717 $ 85,491 $ 44,684 $ 53,879 $ 35,005 $ 27,541\n10,095 9,824 <sup>(b)</sup> 9,390 <sup>(b)</sup> 6,502 <sup>(b)</sup> 5,933 6,131 6,257\n*(a)* *Per SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” the Company has ceased recoding of goodwill and indefinite-lived Intangible amortization.*\n*(b)* *Includes acquisitions completed during year.*\n58\nR EP OR T OF I NDEP ENDENT  A UDI T OR S\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.:**\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity, and cash\nflows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and its subsidiaries at January 3, 2004, and\nDecember 28, 2002, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the fiscal years ended January 3, 2004, and December 28, 2002,\nin conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of\nthe Company’s management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our",
+                    "page_start": 56,
+                    "page_end": 57,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\nfocused on distinct markets.\nImportant to our company’s success, is a strong Board\nof Directors who bring their individual skills, knowledge, and\nexperience to our company. Their involvement, independence,\nand integrity provide the ongoing foundation for effective gov-\nernance and corporate oversight for you, our shareholders.\nThis year we recognize retiring directors Lorne R.\nWaxlax, Robert W. Cox, and M. Farooq Kathwari. We thank\nthem for their dedication. We are also pleased to welcome\nJoseph Scalzo, President, Personal Care Products, The Gillette\nCompany, to our board.\nOur CEO succession process is progressing smoothly.\nThe appointment of Stan Askren as President of HON\nINDUSTRIES and as a member of the Board of Directors,\nannounced in February 2003, was an important part of\nthis process.\nOur office furniture and hearth businesses are healthy\nand well-positioned for growth; still we continue to face a com-\npetitive business environment. We are confident of our financial\nsecurity, and certain that our transition to becoming a market-\ndriven, operationally excellent company will continue to en-\nhance shareholder value. The transformation continues. We will\nbe seeking shareholder approval, in early May 2004, to change\nthe name of HON INDUSTRIES to HNI Corporation, drawing\non our heritage while remaining true to our culture and values.\nThe new name will serve to better align the corporate identity\nwith the direction of the company, as a strategic manager of\nmultiple, distinct, and independent brands.\nWe thank our member-owners for their continued\ndedication, and look forward to the challenges and opportuni-\nties of 2004.\nJack D. Michaels\nCH A I R MA N A ND CH I EF EXECUT I VE OFFI CER\nStan A. Askren\nP R ESI DENT\n15\nH ON I NDUST R I ES 2 0 0 3\n*(In thousands, except for per share data)*    **2003**  2002                             Change\nI NCOME ST A T EMENT  DA T A\n|  $ 1,755,728  639,215  36.4%  480,744  8,510  149,961  98,105  5.6%  14.5%  $  1.69  1.68  12.19  0.52  |\n|:---|\n| $  462,122  1,021,826  245,816  1.88  $  4,126  0.6%  $  709,889  678,391  216,306  |\n| $  34,842  141,274  58,178,739  26  6,416  8,926  |\nNet sales $ 1,692,622  3.7%\nGross profit 599,879  6.6%\nGross profit as a % of:\nNet sales  35.4%  —\nSelling and administrative expenses  454,189  5.8%",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\n\nWithin other revenues, Internet and 511Virginia contract revenues from the Virginia Department of Transportation, were $5.1 million in 2002, an increase of $1.2 million or 30.4%.  The Company had 18,050 dial-up Internet subscribers at December 31, 2002, compared to 17,423 subscribers at the end of 2001.  Total Internet service revenue was $4.2 million, an increase of $0.6 million or 15.7%.  Services provided under the 511Virginia contract contributed $0.9 million to other revenues, an increase of $0.6 million.  Telecommunications equipment sales, services and lease revenues were $1.2 million, a nominal increase over 2001 results.\nWireline revenues from cable television services were $4.3 million, an increase of $0.5 million or 14.5%.  In December 2001, the Company increased its basic service charge by $6.00 per month, which produced $0.3 million of the increase in cable television revenue.  The remaining $0.2 million was generated by an increased penetration of digital services and increased pay per view sales.\nBilling and collection services contributed $0.4 million to wireline revenues, which was the same as 2001 results. Revenues from this service had declined in recent years, with interexchange carriers now issuing a greater proportion of their bills directly to their customers.\nFacility lease revenue contributed $5.7 million to wireline revenues, a decrease of $0.8 million or 12.6% from 2001. The decrease was primarily the result of declining lease rates associated with competitive pricing pressure, and the economic downturn in the telecommunications industry.\nincreased again on July 1, 2002 to $6.50, and comparable rate increases also impacted business subscribers.  Tied to the SLC rate increases were declines in rates charged to interexchange carriers for interstate minutes of use.  The 2002 results reflect a significantly larger increase in network usage, which more than offset the decline in rates.\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 50\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nprogram. sm\nNet income was $4.5 million, a decrease of $11.9 million or 72.4%.  The decrease is primarily the result of the $21.7 million decline in investment results due to the impact of the VeriSign gain recorded in 2001, and the loss on the sale of the VeriSign stock in 2002.\nIncome from discontinued operations was $7.4 million after taxes, an increase of $0.7 million or 11%.  Increased revenues from use of our cellular network by customers of other wireless providers were the main cause for the increase in net income.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Thomas A. Tolone**\n\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc.\n414 East Third Street\nP.O. Box 1109\nMuscatine, IA 52761-0071\nTelephone: 563.264.7400\nFax: 563.264.7217\nWebsite: www.honi.com\n**I ND EPEND ENT PUBLI C**\n**ACCO UNTANTS**\nPricewaterhouseCoopers LLP\nOne North Wacker Drive\nChicago, IL 60606\n**CO MMO N S TO CK**\nHON INDUSTRIES common stock trades\non the New York Stock Exchange under the\nsymbol: HNI. Stock price quotations can be\nfound in major daily newspapers and  *The*\n*Wall Street Journal*  .\n**TRANS FER AGENT**\nShareholders may report a change of address\nor make inquiries by writing or calling:\nComputershare Investor Services, LLC\n2 North LaSalle Street\nChicago, IL 60602\nTelephone: 312.588.4991\nI NVEST OR  I NFOR MA T I ON\nStatements in this report that are not strictly historical, including statements as to\nplans, objectives, and future financial performance, are “forward-looking” state-\nments that are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities\nLitigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve known and\nunknown risks, which may cause the Company’s actual results in the future to dif-\nfer materially from expected results. These risks include, among others:\n**-**  competition within the office furniture and fireplace industries, including\ncompetition from imported products and competitive pricing;\n**-**  increases in the cost of raw materials, including steel, which is the Company’s\nlargest raw material category;\n**-**  increases in the cost of health care benefits provided by the Company;\n**-**  reduced demand for the Company’s storage products caused by changes in\noffice technology; including the change from paper record storage to electronic\nrecord storage;\n**-**  the effects of economic conditions, on demand for office furniture, customer\ninsolvencies and related bad debts and claims against the Company that it\nreceived preferential payments;\n**-**  changes in demand and order patterns from the Company’s customers, par-\nticularly its top ten customers, which represented approximately 36% of net sales\nin 2003;\n**-**  issues associated with acquisitions and integration of acquisitions;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize cost savings and productivity improve-\nments from its cost containment and business simplification initiatives;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize financial benefits from investments in new\nproducts;\n**-**  the ability of the Company’s distributors and dealers to successfully market\nand sell the Company’s products;\n**-**  the availability and cost of capital to finance planned growth; and\n**-**  other risks, uncertainties, and factors described from time to time in the",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 62,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **Investments in Non-Affiliated Companies**\n\nNet loss from continuing operations was $2.9 million, a decrease of $12.6 million from 2001.  The results are primarily made up of the one-time impact of the losses on the sale of the VeriSign stock and the improvement in operating income.\nThe Company recognized an income tax benefit of $2.1 million on continuing operations in 2002, which is an effective tax rate of 42.2% due to the impact of net operating loss carry forwards generated in several states with higher tax rates, offset by the need for a valuation allowance.\nIncome (loss) from continuing operations before taxes was a $5.0 million loss compared to a profit of $15.5 million in 2001, a decrease of $20.5 million.  Gains and losses on external investments contributed $21.7 million to this change from 2002 to 2001.\nNon-operating income was a loss of $0.1 million, a decrease of $0.3 million, primarily due to losses recorded for the Company’s portfolio of investments, offset by an increase in patronage equity earned from CoBank, the Company’s primary lender.\nNet losses on investments were $10.0 million, compared to a gain of $12.9 million from 2001.  Results in 2002 include the sale of the VeriSign, Inc. stock for a loss of $9.0 million compared to a gain recorded on the VeriSign stock of $12.7 million in 2001.\nInterest expense was $4.2 million, an increase of $0.1 million or 1.4%.  The Company’s average debt outstanding was approximately the same during 2002 as compared to the previous year.\nOther income (expense) is comprised of non-operating income and expenses, interest expense and gain or loss on investments.  Collectively, the net impact of these items to pre-tax income was an expense of $14.3 million for 2002, compared to income of $9.1 million from 2001.  The largest component was the loss on investments that is discussed below.\nOperating income grew to $9.3 million, an increase of $2.9 million or 45.4%.  Revenue growth, primarily in the PCS operation, was greater than the increase in operating expense, and the overall operating margin was 10.0%, compared to 9.4% in 2001.  The elevated bad debt expense in the PCS and telephone operations had a dampening effect on the operating margin improvement.\n##### **Investments in Non-Affiliated Companies**\nThe Company has investments in several available-for-sale securities, which the Company may choose to liquidate from time to time, based on market conditions, capital needs, other investment opportunities, or a combination of any number of these factors.  As a result of the uncertainty of these factors, there is also uncertainty as to what the value of the investments may be when they are sold.",
+                    "page_start": 52,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nDuring 2002 and 2001, sales of investment securities that were classified as available-for-sale totaled $30,077,478\nand $57,925,815, respectively.  Gross realized gains and losses from sales in 2002 were $23,773 and $7,400,\nrespectively.  Gross realized gains and losses from 2001 sales were $104,779 and $36,990, respectively.  Gross\nrealized gains from 2000 sales were $530,097.  The specific identification method was used to determine cost in\ncomputing the realized gains and losses.\nCertain subsidiary banks are required to maintain reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank.  During 2002 and\n2001, such average balances totaled approximately $12,776,000 and $9,017,000, respectively.\n3. LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES:\nMajor classifications of loans are as follows:\nDecember 31,\n2002 2001\nCommercial, financial, and agricultural $311,743,212 $312,053,042\nReal estate - construction 50,911,156 47,173,297\nReal estate - mortgage 375,255,678 350,381,887\nConsumer 226,140,626 230,616,297\n964,050,672 940,224,523\nUnearned income (10,899) (93,548)\nTotal loans $964,039,773 $940,130,975\nThe Company’s recorded investment in impaired loans and the related valuation allowance are as follows:\nDecember 31, 2002 December 31, 2001\nRecorded Valuation Recorded Valuation\nInvestment Allowance Investment Allowance\n$3,734,261 $  752,385 $3,817,683 $  926,636\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-16\nThe average recorded investment in impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2002 and 2001, was\napproximately $3,776,000 and $3,773,000, respectively.   The Company had approximately $4,266,000 and\n$4,824,000 in nonperforming assets at December 31, 2002 and 2001, respectively.  No additional funds are\ncommitted to be advanced in connection with impaired loans.\nInterest payments received on impaired loans are recorded as interest income unless collections of the remaining\nrecorded investment are doubtful, at which time payments received are recorded as reductions of principal.  The\nCompany recognized interest income on impaired loans of approximately $111,000, $136,000 and $213,000 during\nthe years ended December 31, 2002, 2001, and 2000, respectively, of which approximately $2,000, $9,000 and\n$16,000 represented cash interest payments received and recorded as interest income.  If interest on impaired loans\nhad been recognized on a full accrual basis during the years ended December 31, 2002, 2001, and 2000,\nrespectively, such income would have approximated $317,000, $399,000 and $449,000.\nThe allowance for loan losses as of December 31, 2002 and 2001, is presented below.  Management has evaluated\nthe adequacy of the allowance for loan losses by estimating the losses in various categories of the loan portfolio",
+                    "page_start": 78,
+                    "page_end": 79,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\n\nthe corporation adopted the provisions of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (SFAS\nNo. 142). As discussed in the Goodwill and Intangible Assets note, the Company has presented the transitional disclosures for 2001 required by\nSFAS No. 142. The Arthur Andersen LLP report does not extend to these changes to the 2001 consolidated financial statements. The adjustments\nto the 2001 consolidated financial statements were reported on by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as stated in their report appearing herein.\n####### **To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001,\nDecember 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders equity, and cash flows for each of\nthe fiscal years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an\nopinion on these financial statements based on our audits.\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that\nwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit\nincludes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing\nthe accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.\nWe believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.\nIn our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001, December 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the results of its operations\nand its cash flows for each of the three fiscal years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.\nArthur Andersen LLP\nChicago, Illinois\nFebruary 1, 2002\n**The December 30, 2000, and January 1, 2000, consolidated financial statements are not required to be presented in the 2003 annual report.*\nH ON I NDUST R I ES I n c. a n d SUB SI DI A R I ES\n60\nManagement is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the consolidated financial statements and other financial information presented\nin this report. That responsibility is accomplished using internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the integrity and accuracy",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "What operations were discontinued in 1997 by Atrion Corp ?",
+                "target_page": 17,
+                "target_passage": "During 1997, the Company sold all of its natural gas operations. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 28\n\n###### C O R P O R A T E  I N F O R M A T I O N\n####### **C o r p o r a t e  O f f i c e :**\nAtrion Corporation\nOne Allentown Parkway\nAllen, Texas 75002\n(972) 390-9800\nwww.atrioncorp.com\n####### **R e g i s t r a r  a n d  T r a n s f e r  A g e n t**\nAmerican Stock Transfer and Trust Company\n59 Maiden Lane\nNew York, New York 10007\n####### **F o r m  1 0 - K**\nA copy of the Company’s 2003 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange\nCommission, may be obtained by any stockholder without charge by written request to:\n*Corporate Secretary*\n*Atrion Corporation*\n*One Allentown Parkway*\n*Allen, Texas 75002*\n####### **S t o c k  I n f o r m a t i o n**\nThe Company’s common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market (Symbol: ATRI). As of March 8, 2004, there were\napproximately 1,200 stockholders, including beneficial owners holding shares in nominee or “street” name. The table below\nsets forth the high and low closing prices on The Nasdaq Stock Market and the quarterly dividends per share declared by the",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n1 S U M M A R Y  O F  S I G N I F I C A N T  A C C O U N T I N G  P O L I C I E S\nAtrion Corporation designs, develops, manufactures and markets products primarily for the medical and health care industry. The Company markets its\nproducts throughout the United States and internationally. The Company’s customers include hospitals, distributors, and other manufacturers. As of\nDecember 31, 2003, the principal subsidiaries of the Company through which it conducted its operations were Atrion Medical Products, Inc. (“Atrion\nMedical Products”), Halkey-Roberts Corporation (“Halkey-Roberts”) and Quest Medical, Inc. (“Quest Medical”).\n**P R I N C I P L E S  O F  C O N S O L I D AT I O N**\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atrion Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”). All significant intercompany\ntransactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.\n**F A I R  VA L U E**\nThe carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these\nitems. The carrying amount of debt approximates fair value as the interest rate is tied to market rates.\n**E S T I M AT E S**\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management\nto make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates\nof the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.\n**F I N A N C I A L  P R E S E N T AT I O N**\nCertain prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current-year presentation.\n**C A S H  A N D  C A S H  E Q U I VA L E N T S**\nCash equivalents are securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.\n**T R A D E  R E C E I VA B L E S**\nTrade accounts receivable are recorded at the original sales price to the customer. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect\nestimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. On an ongoing basis, the collectibility of accounts receivable is",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 3\n\nOur financial performance earned recognition from  *Investors Business Daily*  , which ranked Atrion sixth\non its list of Market-Leading Medical Stocks in November 2003. During the year, our stock price more than\ndoubled, ending the year at $45.44, up from $22.50 at year-end 2002. Over the last five years, our stock price\nhas increased by 468 percent.\n####### **We make products that meet the specific needs of niche markets.**\nOne of the principal strengths of our company lies in the diversity of our product lines. Atrion makes\nmedical devices and components for end-users and manufacturers throughout the health care industry,\nranging from ophthalmology and cardiovascular products to fluid delivery devices. Our reputation for quality,\nprecision and reliability has helped a number of our products gain the leading market positions in the United\nStates in their respective niches.\nIn the ophthalmic sector, Atrion is a leading U.S. manufacturer of soft contact lens disinfection cases. In\naddition, our LacriCATH <sup>®</sup> balloon catheter positions us as a market leader with a patented product for the\ntreatment of tear duct blockages.\nWe serve the cardiac surgery market as a leading U.S. provider of vacuum relief valves, minimally invasive\nsurgical tapes and check valves. Serving the same market, our MPS <sup>®</sup> Myocardial Protection System continues\nto make headway, as hospitals and surgeons increasingly recognize the value of this proprietary technology.\nThe MPS delivers essential fluids and medications to the heart during open-heart surgery, and it is the only",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 28\n\nCompany for each quarter of 2002 and 2003.\n2002 Quarter Ended High Low Dividends\nMarch 31 $ 38.14\n|  $ 26.91 26.82 18.31 17.31  |  $ — — — —  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Low  | Dividends  |\n| $ 17.95 22.75 26.80 40.00  | $ — — .12 .12 |\nJune 30 32.51\nSeptember 30 28.09\nDecember 31 23.90\n2003 Quarter Ended High\nMarch 31 $ 22.85\nJune 30 30.80\nSeptember 30 45.20\nDecember 31 50.00\nThe Company paid no cash dividends on its common stock during 2002.  In the third quarter of 2003 the Company began paying\nquarterly cash dividends and presently plans to pay quarterly cash dividends in the future.\n*MPS and LacriCATH are registered trademarks of Atrion Corporation*\nA t r i o n  C o r p o r a t i o n\nO n e  A l l e n t o w n  P a r k w a y\nA l l e n ,  T e x a s  7 5 0 0 2\n9 7 2  <sup>-</sup> 3 9 0\n\n<sup>-</sup> 9 8 0 0\nw w w . a t r i o n c o r p . c o m",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 3\n\nsystem that provides integrated control over temperature, pressure, flow rate and the precise delivery of\nmedications to the heart during surgery. Atrion also is the leading U.S. provider of clamps for IV sets, which\nare used in many surgical and medical settings.\nOur expertise and leadership in valve design and manufacturing extend beyond the health care industry.\nWe are the leading domestic manufacturer of valves and inflation devices used in marine and aviation safety\nproducts.\nWe support this stable of solidly performing products with two essential programs. One is a highly\neffective sales and marketing effort that keeps our products moving into the marketplace. Our sales team is\ncomprised of professionals who possess clinical knowledge and specific product experience, and also\nconcentrate on building strong relationships with customers and within the industry.\nOur other essential program is research and development. We believe it is vital to keep a pipeline of\nproducts in various stages of development so that we can take advantage of near- and long-term opportunities\nin our markets. Understandably, proposed new products for the health care industry must undergo stringent\ntesting and rigorous approval procedures. Often, this means that the process of bringing a new product from\nthe design stage to the marketplace is a long and arduous one. A strong, proactive research and development\nprogram ensures that we are committing the resources and time required to successfully stay the course.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\n\nSelling, general and administrative expenses were $26.1 million, an increase of $9.3 million or 55.0%.  Customer support costs were $7.8 million, an increase of $2.8 million or 55.3%.  The growth in Sprint wireless subscribers was the primary driver for this increase.  Advertising expense was $4.3 million, an increase of $1.5 million or 55.8%.  This change was primarily due to the stepped-up and ongoing marketing efforts to support the PCS operations in the Quad State market and particularly the Central Penn market.  PCS sales staff expenses were $2.7 million, an increase of $0.7 million or 32.7%.  The increase was principally due to the full year operations of the three retail locations and adding additional sales staff.\nDepreciation and amortization expense was $14.5 million, an increase of $3.2 million or 28.6%.  The PCS operation had depreciation expense of $8.6 million, an increase of $3.6 million or 72.7%.  The PCS operation added 53 additional base stations during 2002.\nNetwork operating costs were $32.5 million, an increase of $5.8 million or 21.5%.  Line and switching costs were $9.7 million, an increase of $2.6 million or 37.4%, due principally to the impact of the expanded PCS network.  Travel expense, generated by the Company’s PCS subscribers’ use of minutes on other providers’ portions of the Sprint wireless network, was $10.7 million, an increase of $0.9 million or 8.4%. The increase in customer travel usage more than offset the travel rate explained above in travel revenue.  Plant specific costs were $9.6 million, which include the operation, and maintenance of the networks increased $2.3 million or 30.7%.  Tower, building, and land rentals, as well as PCS equipment maintenance, were major contributors to the increase in plant specific expenses.  Other network costs such as power, network administration, and engineering, were $2.7 million, the same as in 2001.\nCost of goods and services was $10.5 million, an increase of $3.1 million or 41.8%.  The PCS cost of goods sold was $8.3 million, an increase of $2.8 million or 50.2%.  This change is due primarily to higher volumes of handsets sold through Company owned stores and PCS handset subsidies paid to third-party retailers.  The cable television programming (cost of service) expense was $1.4 million, an increase of $0.1 million or 4.6%.  The other cost of goods sold increased $0.3 million, compared to the same period in 2001.\nTotal operating expenses were $83.6 million, an increase of $21.3 million or 34.3%.  The continued growth in the PCS operation was principally responsible for the change.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nOperating loss . ( 8 , 0 1 9 ) ( 3 , 8 4 0 ) ( 1 , 0 4 8 ) ( 1 2 , 9 0 7 ) ( 7 , 1 4 1 ) ( 6 , 7 5 0 ) ( 2 6 , 7 9 8 )\nI n t e rest income 4 4 8 . 1 6 . 1 0 3 . 5 6 7 . 1 4 8 . 1 , 2 3 5 . 1 , 9 5 0 .\nI n t e rest expense ( 9 8 1 ) ( 1 0 1 ) ( 5 1 ) ( 1 , 1 3 3 ) — . ( 9 , 7 6 6 ) ( 1 0 , 8 9 9 )\nF o reign exchange (loss)/gain, net ( 3 9 9 ) ( 1 9 ) ( 1 4 6 ) ( 5 6 4 ) 2 . ( 1 , 5 4 8 ) ( 2 , 1 1 0 )\nNet loss before income taxes $ ( 8 , 9 5 1 ) $ ( 3 , 9 4 4 ) $ ( 1 , 1 4 2 ) $ ( 1 4 , 0 3 7 ) $ ( 6 , 9 9 1 ) $ ( 1 6 , 8 2 9 ) $ ( 3 7 , 8 5 7 )\nSegment assets n / a . n / a . n / a . $ 5 6 , 6 5 8 . $ 2 1 , 5 2 7 . $ 1 8 , 6 5 9 . $ 9 6 , 8 4 4 .\nFixed assets n / a . n / a . n / a . 3 5 , 4 3 8 . 1 , 1 1 3 . 1 4 2 . 3 6 , 6 9 3 .\nD e p reciation and amort i z a t i o n n / a . n / a . n / a . 7 , 4 1 0 . 2 , 6 8 3 . 1 4 5 . 1 0 , 2 3 8 .\n4 1\nYear Ended December 31, 1998\nN e t w o r k S o f t w a re C o r p o r a t e S e rvices Solutions S e rvices To t a l",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\n\nWithin other revenues, Internet and 511Virginia contract revenues from the Virginia Department of Transportation, were $5.1 million in 2002, an increase of $1.2 million or 30.4%.  The Company had 18,050 dial-up Internet subscribers at December 31, 2002, compared to 17,423 subscribers at the end of 2001.  Total Internet service revenue was $4.2 million, an increase of $0.6 million or 15.7%.  Services provided under the 511Virginia contract contributed $0.9 million to other revenues, an increase of $0.6 million.  Telecommunications equipment sales, services and lease revenues were $1.2 million, a nominal increase over 2001 results.\nWireline revenues from cable television services were $4.3 million, an increase of $0.5 million or 14.5%.  In December 2001, the Company increased its basic service charge by $6.00 per month, which produced $0.3 million of the increase in cable television revenue.  The remaining $0.2 million was generated by an increased penetration of digital services and increased pay per view sales.\nBilling and collection services contributed $0.4 million to wireline revenues, which was the same as 2001 results. Revenues from this service had declined in recent years, with interexchange carriers now issuing a greater proportion of their bills directly to their customers.\nFacility lease revenue contributed $5.7 million to wireline revenues, a decrease of $0.8 million or 12.6% from 2001. The decrease was primarily the result of declining lease rates associated with competitive pricing pressure, and the economic downturn in the telecommunications industry.\nincreased again on July 1, 2002 to $6.50, and comparable rate increases also impacted business subscribers.  Tied to the SLC rate increases were declines in rates charged to interexchange carriers for interstate minutes of use.  The 2002 results reflect a significantly larger increase in network usage, which more than offset the decline in rates.\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 50\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nprogram. sm\nNet income was $4.5 million, a decrease of $11.9 million or 72.4%.  The decrease is primarily the result of the $21.7 million decline in investment results due to the impact of the VeriSign gain recorded in 2001, and the loss on the sale of the VeriSign stock in 2002.\nIncome from discontinued operations was $7.4 million after taxes, an increase of $0.7 million or 11%.  Increased revenues from use of our cellular network by customers of other wireless providers were the main cause for the increase in net income.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nRegulation D of the Act.  Closing with respect to such sale took place on July 14 and August 29, 2000. The purchase price of each share was\n$6.97. The aggregate amount of proceeds to the Company from the private placement was $6.1 million.\nThe Company leases many of its ATMs under capital lease arrangements that expire between 2001 and 2005. The leases bear interest between\n8% and 12% per annum. As of December 31, 2000 the Company owed $11.5 million under such capital lease arrangements. (See Note 15 to the\nConsolidated Financial Statements - Leases.)\nThe Company expects that its capital re q u i rements will continue in the future but will not be as great as they were in the past, as the Company\nintends to continue to promote its outsourcing capabilities and re-deploy under- p e rf o rming ATMs currently operating in the network. This\nstrategy should reduce the Company’s reliance on capital expenditures in the future as the business continues to gro w. Fixed asset purchases and\ncapital lease payments for 2001 are expected to be approximately $6.2 million in the Company’s existing markets, notably We s t e rn and Central\nE u rope. Acquisitions of related ATM business and investments in new markets in furtherance of the Company’s strategy may re q u i re additional\ncapital expenditures.\nBased on the Company’s current business plan and financial projections, the Company expects to continue to reduce operating losses and net cash\nused in operating activities in 2001. In the Network Services Segment, the Company anticipates that increased transaction levels in its AT M\nnetwork will result in additional revenues without a corresponding increase in expenses. In addition, the Company expects to further expand its\nATM outsourcing services and offer new value-added services, which will provide continued revenue growth without significantly increasing dire c t\noperating expenses or capital investments. In the Software Solutions Segment, the Company expects that the benefits of a re s t ructuring pro g r a m\ncommenced in the first quarter of 2001 will reduce the operating losses and bring operating costs more in line with anticipated revenues. The\nCompany believes that the credit facility, certain asset sales and cash and cash equivalents will provide the Company with sufficient capital until it\nachieves positive cash flow. As a result, the Company believes it has sufficient liquidity re s o u rces to meet current and future cash re q u i rements.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 46\n\nof previously unrecognized tax benefits relating to prior year operating losses of\nOnline.  Included in discontinued operations for the year ended December 31,\n2004 is a gain on the sale of the Golden Nugget Subsidiaries of $8 million and a\ngain on sale of the MGM Grand Australia Subsidiaries of $74 million.\nThe following table summarizes the assets and liabilities of discontinued operations\n(the Golden Nugget Subsidiaries and Online) as of December 31, 2003, included as\nassets and liabilities held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet:\nAt December 31, 2003 (In thousands)\nCash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 15,230\nAccounts receivable, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,024\nInventories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,321\nPrepaid expenses and other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,174\nTotal current assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,749",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 62,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "How much share of Atrion's revenues did its major customer representin in 2003 ? ",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "The Company had one major customer which represented approximately $9.1 million (14.4 percent",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 3\n\nOur financial performance earned recognition from  *Investors Business Daily*  , which ranked Atrion sixth\non its list of Market-Leading Medical Stocks in November 2003. During the year, our stock price more than\ndoubled, ending the year at $45.44, up from $22.50 at year-end 2002. Over the last five years, our stock price\nhas increased by 468 percent.\n####### **We make products that meet the specific needs of niche markets.**\nOne of the principal strengths of our company lies in the diversity of our product lines. Atrion makes\nmedical devices and components for end-users and manufacturers throughout the health care industry,\nranging from ophthalmology and cardiovascular products to fluid delivery devices. Our reputation for quality,\nprecision and reliability has helped a number of our products gain the leading market positions in the United\nStates in their respective niches.\nIn the ophthalmic sector, Atrion is a leading U.S. manufacturer of soft contact lens disinfection cases. In\naddition, our LacriCATH <sup>®</sup> balloon catheter positions us as a market leader with a patented product for the\ntreatment of tear duct blockages.\nWe serve the cardiac surgery market as a leading U.S. provider of vacuum relief valves, minimally invasive\nsurgical tapes and check valves. Serving the same market, our MPS <sup>®</sup> Myocardial Protection System continues\nto make headway, as hospitals and surgeons increasingly recognize the value of this proprietary technology.\nThe MPS delivers essential fluids and medications to the heart during open-heart surgery, and it is the only",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 28\n\n###### C O R P O R A T E  I N F O R M A T I O N\n####### **C o r p o r a t e  O f f i c e :**\nAtrion Corporation\nOne Allentown Parkway\nAllen, Texas 75002\n(972) 390-9800\nwww.atrioncorp.com\n####### **R e g i s t r a r  a n d  T r a n s f e r  A g e n t**\nAmerican Stock Transfer and Trust Company\n59 Maiden Lane\nNew York, New York 10007\n####### **F o r m  1 0 - K**\nA copy of the Company’s 2003 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange\nCommission, may be obtained by any stockholder without charge by written request to:\n*Corporate Secretary*\n*Atrion Corporation*\n*One Allentown Parkway*\n*Allen, Texas 75002*\n####### **S t o c k  I n f o r m a t i o n**\nThe Company’s common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market (Symbol: ATRI). As of March 8, 2004, there were\napproximately 1,200 stockholders, including beneficial owners holding shares in nominee or “street” name. The table below\nsets forth the high and low closing prices on The Nasdaq Stock Market and the quarterly dividends per share declared by the",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 28\n\nCompany for each quarter of 2002 and 2003.\n2002 Quarter Ended High Low Dividends\nMarch 31 $ 38.14\n|  $ 26.91 26.82 18.31 17.31  |  $ — — — —  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Low  | Dividends  |\n| $ 17.95 22.75 26.80 40.00  | $ — — .12 .12 |\nJune 30 32.51\nSeptember 30 28.09\nDecember 31 23.90\n2003 Quarter Ended High\nMarch 31 $ 22.85\nJune 30 30.80\nSeptember 30 45.20\nDecember 31 50.00\nThe Company paid no cash dividends on its common stock during 2002.  In the third quarter of 2003 the Company began paying\nquarterly cash dividends and presently plans to pay quarterly cash dividends in the future.\n*MPS and LacriCATH are registered trademarks of Atrion Corporation*\nA t r i o n  C o r p o r a t i o n\nO n e  A l l e n t o w n  P a r k w a y\nA l l e n ,  T e x a s  7 5 0 0 2\n9 7 2  <sup>-</sup> 3 9 0\n\n<sup>-</sup> 9 8 0 0\nw w w . a t r i o n c o r p . c o m",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n1 S U M M A R Y  O F  S I G N I F I C A N T  A C C O U N T I N G  P O L I C I E S\nAtrion Corporation designs, develops, manufactures and markets products primarily for the medical and health care industry. The Company markets its\nproducts throughout the United States and internationally. The Company’s customers include hospitals, distributors, and other manufacturers. As of\nDecember 31, 2003, the principal subsidiaries of the Company through which it conducted its operations were Atrion Medical Products, Inc. (“Atrion\nMedical Products”), Halkey-Roberts Corporation (“Halkey-Roberts”) and Quest Medical, Inc. (“Quest Medical”).\n**P R I N C I P L E S  O F  C O N S O L I D AT I O N**\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atrion Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”). All significant intercompany\ntransactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.\n**F A I R  VA L U E**\nThe carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these\nitems. The carrying amount of debt approximates fair value as the interest rate is tied to market rates.\n**E S T I M AT E S**\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management\nto make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates\nof the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.\n**F I N A N C I A L  P R E S E N T AT I O N**\nCertain prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current-year presentation.\n**C A S H  A N D  C A S H  E Q U I VA L E N T S**\nCash equivalents are securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.\n**T R A D E  R E C E I VA B L E S**\nTrade accounts receivable are recorded at the original sales price to the customer. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect\nestimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. On an ongoing basis, the collectibility of accounts receivable is",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n###### M A N A G E M E N T ’ S  D I S C U S S I O N\n\nThe Company designs, develops, manufactures, markets, sells and distributes products and components, primarily for the medical and health care industry.\nThe Company markets components to other equipment manufacturers for incorporation in their products and sells finished devices to physicians, hospitals,\nclinics and other treatment centers. The Company’s products and services primarily range from ophthalmology and cardiovascular products to fluid delivery\ndevices, contract manufacturing and kitting services. In 2003 approximately 26 percent of the Company’s sales were outside the U.S.\nThe Company’s products are used in a wide variety of applications by numerous customers, the largest of which accounted for approximately 14 percent\nof net sales in 2003. The Company encounters competition in all of its markets and competes primarily on the basis of product quality, price, engineering,\ncustomer service and delivery time.\nThe Company’s strategy is to provide a broad selection of products and a high level of service in the areas in which it competes. The Company focuses its\nresearch and development efforts to improve current products and develop highly-engineered products that meet customer needs and have the potential\nfor broad market applications and significant sales. Proposed new products may be subject to regulatory clearance or approval prior to commercialization\nand the time period for introducing a new product to the marketplace can be unpredictable. The Company is also focused on controlling costs.\nThe Company does this by investing in modern manufacturing technologies and controlling purchasing processes. Over the past three years, the Company\nhas continued to be faced with increasing costs associated with all lines of insurance, including group health benefits. The Company has been successful\nin consistently generating cash from operations and uses that cash to reduce indebtedness, to fund capital expenditures, to repurchase stock and, starting\nin 2003, to pay dividends. During 2003, the Company reduced debt by approximately $6.0 million.\nThe Company’s strategic objective is to further enhance its position in its served markets by:\n-  Focusing on customer needs\n-  Expanding existing product lines and developing new products\n-  Maintaining a culture of controlling cost\n-  Preserving and fostering a collaborative, entrepreneurial management structure\nFor the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net\nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002.\n**R E S U LT S  O F  O P E R AT I O N S**",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **7,577**\n\n*(in thousands, except per share amounts)*\n7,522\n7,549\n##### **$ 9,761**\n23 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 1\n\nOver the years, we have learned that there are certain clear prerequisites to growth.  Our path to growth is grounded on\nthese basic fundamentals: Managing our assets wisely. Making products that meet specific market needs.  And maintaining\nour keen focus on productivity and profitability.              It is our steady and consistent focus on the fundamentals that has\nenabled us to build strength and create an environment for growth, through favorable or unfavorable conditions in the\nmarket and the economy.\n####### **We manage our assets and resources carefully.**\nOur financial strategy centers on building the strength and stability that will position our company for\nongoing growth. We approach the management of our resources with discipline and diligence, striking the\nbalance that allows us to accomplish our objectives: Funding the current needs of the business, maintaining a\nstrong financial foundation, and investing in the resources, technology and assets that will ensure operating\nefficiency and fuel future growth. The soundness of this strategy was reflected once again in our financial\nresults for 2003.\nFor the fifth consecutive year, Atrion’s earnings per diluted share from continuing operations increased\nby more than 15 percent, rising from $2.18 in 2002 to $2.66 in 2003, a 22 percent improvement.  In light of\nthe economic pressures which have challenged virtually every business in recent years, we view five\nconsecutive years of EPS growth—ranging from 16 percent to over 50 percent—as a sign of solid financial\nstrength and a testament to the viability of our strategy.  Including a gain from discontinued operations of $ .09",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 3\n\nsystem that provides integrated control over temperature, pressure, flow rate and the precise delivery of\nmedications to the heart during surgery. Atrion also is the leading U.S. provider of clamps for IV sets, which\nare used in many surgical and medical settings.\nOur expertise and leadership in valve design and manufacturing extend beyond the health care industry.\nWe are the leading domestic manufacturer of valves and inflation devices used in marine and aviation safety\nproducts.\nWe support this stable of solidly performing products with two essential programs. One is a highly\neffective sales and marketing effort that keeps our products moving into the marketplace. Our sales team is\ncomprised of professionals who possess clinical knowledge and specific product experience, and also\nconcentrate on building strong relationships with customers and within the industry.\nOur other essential program is research and development. We believe it is vital to keep a pipeline of\nproducts in various stages of development so that we can take advantage of near- and long-term opportunities\nin our markets. Understandably, proposed new products for the health care industry must undergo stringent\ntesting and rigorous approval procedures. Often, this means that the process of bringing a new product from\nthe design stage to the marketplace is a long and arduous one. A strong, proactive research and development\nprogram ensures that we are committing the resources and time required to successfully stay the course.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n###### M A N A G E M E N T ’ S  D I S C U S S I O N\n\nOCTOBER 2003 NOVEMBER 2003 TOTAL\nTotal Number of Shares Purchased 8,400 11,800 20,200\nAverage Price Paid Per Share $42.42 $41.02 $41.60\nTotal Number of Shares Purchased\nAs Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program 8,400 11,800 20,200\nMaximum Number of Shares That May Yet\nBe Purchased Under Plan or Program <sup>(a)</sup> 105,800 94,000 94,000\n(a) This program was announced in April 2000 and initially provided for 200,000 shares to be repurchased.\nThe Company received net proceeds of $2.7 million for the exercise of employee stock options during 2003.\nIn September 2003, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had approved a policy for the payment of regular quarterly cash dividends on the\nCompany’s common stock. During 2003 the Company paid dividends totaling $406,000 to its stockholders.\nThe table below summarizes debt, lease and other minimum contractual obligations outstanding at December 31, 2003:\nPAYMENTS DUE BY PERIOD\nCONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 2009 AND\n(IN THOUSANDS) TOTAL 2004 2005 - 2006 2007 - 2008 THEREAFTER\nCredit Facility $ 4,287 — $ 32 $ 4,255 —\nOperating Leases $ 997 $ 409 $ 588 — —\nPurchase Obligations $ 4,586 $ 4,574 $ 12 — —\nTotal $ 9,870 $ 4,983 $ 632 $ 4,255 —\nThe payment schedule for the Credit Facility assumes at maturity, November 2006, the Company would convert this outstanding debt to a two year term\nnote as allowed by the terms of the agreement. The payment schedule for the operating lease assumes the lease expires in May 2006 (see Note 12 of Notes\nto Consolidated Financial Statements).\n###### M A N A G E M E N T ’ S  D I S C U S S I O N\nA N D  A N A L Y S I S  O F  F I N A N C I A L  C O N D I T I O N  A N D  R E S U L T S  O F  O P E R A T I O N S ( C O N T I N U E D )\nThe Company adopted SFAS No. 142 effective January 1, 2002. The required adoption of SFAS No. 142 is considered a change in accounting principle and\nthe cumulative effect of adopting this standard resulted in a $1.6 million non-cash, after-tax charge in 2002. This charge had no effect on the Company’s",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 2003 A N N U A L  R E P O R T\n\n##### In recent years, the economic climate has presented significant\n##### challenges to growth—and, in some cases, survival—for American\n##### businesses. The companies that have fared well are those with solid\n##### financial foundations and sound growth strategies that provide a\n##### measure of protection against the changing winds of the economy.\n##### Atrion is one of those companies. For the past five years, we have\n##### produced earnings per share growth of more than 15 percent each\n##### year. Despite fluctuations in our markets and product demand, we\n##### have continued to return value to our stockholders through strong\n##### earnings growth, year after year. As a leading provider of medical\n##### devices and components to niche markets in the health care\n##### industry, we are committed to doing everything we can to continue\n##### that level of performance.\nF I N A N C I A L  H I G H L I G H T S 1\nL E T T E R  T O  S T O C K H O L D E R S 2\nF I N A N C I A L  I N F O R M A T I O N 7\nC O R P O R A T E  I N F O R M A T I O N 2 8\nRevenues from continuing operations $ 62,803,000\n|  $ 59,533,000 5,782,000 4,065,000 $ 2.18 1,863,000  |\n|:---|\n| 2002  |\n| $ 60,807,000 14,787,000 10,337,000 $ 41,691,000  |\nOperating income 6,923,000\nIncome from continuing operations 4,892,000\nEarnings per diluted share from continuing operations $ 2.66\nWeighted average diluted shares outstanding 1,839,000\nTotal assets $ 60,050,000\nWorking capital 13,803,000\nLong-term debt 4,287,000\nStockholders’ equity $ 44,604,000\nFor the year ended December 31, 2003 2002\nAs of December 31, 2003\n1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003\n.50\n1.00\n1.50\n2.00\n2.50\n$3.00\n60\n$70\n50\n40\n30\n20\n10\n6.0 $7.0\n5.0\n4.0\n3.0\n2.0\n1.0\n*Earnings Per Diluted Share From*\n*Continuing Operations*\n*Revenues*\n*(In millions)*\n*Operating Income*\n*(In millions)*",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf",
+                "query": "What was Atrion's gross profit in 2003 (in thousands) ? ",
+                "target_page": 10,
+                "target_passage": "Gross Profit 22,239",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 7
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 28\n\nCompany for each quarter of 2002 and 2003.\n2002 Quarter Ended High Low Dividends\nMarch 31 $ 38.14\n|  $ 26.91 26.82 18.31 17.31  |  $ — — — —  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Low  | Dividends  |\n| $ 17.95 22.75 26.80 40.00  | $ — — .12 .12 |\nJune 30 32.51\nSeptember 30 28.09\nDecember 31 23.90\n2003 Quarter Ended High\nMarch 31 $ 22.85\nJune 30 30.80\nSeptember 30 45.20\nDecember 31 50.00\nThe Company paid no cash dividends on its common stock during 2002.  In the third quarter of 2003 the Company began paying\nquarterly cash dividends and presently plans to pay quarterly cash dividends in the future.\n*MPS and LacriCATH are registered trademarks of Atrion Corporation*\nA t r i o n  C o r p o r a t i o n\nO n e  A l l e n t o w n  P a r k w a y\nA l l e n ,  T e x a s  7 5 0 0 2\n9 7 2  <sup>-</sup> 3 9 0\n\n<sup>-</sup> 9 8 0 0\nw w w . a t r i o n c o r p . c o m",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 28\n\n###### C O R P O R A T E  I N F O R M A T I O N\n####### **C o r p o r a t e  O f f i c e :**\nAtrion Corporation\nOne Allentown Parkway\nAllen, Texas 75002\n(972) 390-9800\nwww.atrioncorp.com\n####### **R e g i s t r a r  a n d  T r a n s f e r  A g e n t**\nAmerican Stock Transfer and Trust Company\n59 Maiden Lane\nNew York, New York 10007\n####### **F o r m  1 0 - K**\nA copy of the Company’s 2003 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange\nCommission, may be obtained by any stockholder without charge by written request to:\n*Corporate Secretary*\n*Atrion Corporation*\n*One Allentown Parkway*\n*Allen, Texas 75002*\n####### **S t o c k  I n f o r m a t i o n**\nThe Company’s common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market (Symbol: ATRI). As of March 8, 2004, there were\napproximately 1,200 stockholders, including beneficial owners holding shares in nominee or “street” name. The table below\nsets forth the high and low closing prices on The Nasdaq Stock Market and the quarterly dividends per share declared by the",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 3\n\nOur financial performance earned recognition from  *Investors Business Daily*  , which ranked Atrion sixth\non its list of Market-Leading Medical Stocks in November 2003. During the year, our stock price more than\ndoubled, ending the year at $45.44, up from $22.50 at year-end 2002. Over the last five years, our stock price\nhas increased by 468 percent.\n####### **We make products that meet the specific needs of niche markets.**\nOne of the principal strengths of our company lies in the diversity of our product lines. Atrion makes\nmedical devices and components for end-users and manufacturers throughout the health care industry,\nranging from ophthalmology and cardiovascular products to fluid delivery devices. Our reputation for quality,\nprecision and reliability has helped a number of our products gain the leading market positions in the United\nStates in their respective niches.\nIn the ophthalmic sector, Atrion is a leading U.S. manufacturer of soft contact lens disinfection cases. In\naddition, our LacriCATH <sup>®</sup> balloon catheter positions us as a market leader with a patented product for the\ntreatment of tear duct blockages.\nWe serve the cardiac surgery market as a leading U.S. provider of vacuum relief valves, minimally invasive\nsurgical tapes and check valves. Serving the same market, our MPS <sup>®</sup> Myocardial Protection System continues\nto make headway, as hospitals and surgeons increasingly recognize the value of this proprietary technology.\nThe MPS delivers essential fluids and medications to the heart during open-heart surgery, and it is the only",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n1 S U M M A R Y  O F  S I G N I F I C A N T  A C C O U N T I N G  P O L I C I E S\nAtrion Corporation designs, develops, manufactures and markets products primarily for the medical and health care industry. The Company markets its\nproducts throughout the United States and internationally. The Company’s customers include hospitals, distributors, and other manufacturers. As of\nDecember 31, 2003, the principal subsidiaries of the Company through which it conducted its operations were Atrion Medical Products, Inc. (“Atrion\nMedical Products”), Halkey-Roberts Corporation (“Halkey-Roberts”) and Quest Medical, Inc. (“Quest Medical”).\n**P R I N C I P L E S  O F  C O N S O L I D AT I O N**\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atrion Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”). All significant intercompany\ntransactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.\n**F A I R  VA L U E**\nThe carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these\nitems. The carrying amount of debt approximates fair value as the interest rate is tied to market rates.\n**E S T I M AT E S**\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management\nto make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates\nof the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.\n**F I N A N C I A L  P R E S E N T AT I O N**\nCertain prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current-year presentation.\n**C A S H  A N D  C A S H  E Q U I VA L E N T S**\nCash equivalents are securities with original maturities of 90 days or less.\n**T R A D E  R E C E I VA B L E S**\nTrade accounts receivable are recorded at the original sales price to the customer. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts to reflect\nestimated losses resulting from the inability of customers to make required payments. On an ongoing basis, the collectibility of accounts receivable is",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **7,577**\n\n*(in thousands, except per share amounts)*\n7,522\n7,549\n##### **$ 9,761**\n23 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n#### 2 0 0 3  B O A R D  O F  D I R E C T O R S  A N D  E X E C U T I V E  O F F I C E R S\n####### **B O A R D  O F  D I R E C T O R S**\nEmile A. Battat\n*Chairman of the Board and President*\n*Atrion Corporation*\nRichard O. Jacobson\n*Chairman of the Board*\n*Jacobson Companies*\n*Des Moines, Iowa*\nJohn H. P. Maley\n*Chairman of the Board*\n*Compex Technologies, Inc.*\n*Minneapolis, Minnesota*\nHugh J. Morgan, Jr.\n*Private Investor, Former Chairman of the Board*\n*National Bank of Commerce of Birmingham*\n*Birmingham, Alabama*\nRoger F. Stebbing\n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\n*Stebbing and Associates, Inc.*\n*Signal Mountain, Tennessee*\nJohn P. Stupp, Jr.\n*President*\n*Stupp Bros., Inc.*\n*St. Louis, Missouri*\n####### **E X E C U T I V E  O F F I C E R S**\nEmile A. Battat\n*Chairman of the Board and President*\nJeffery Strickland\n*Vice President and Chief Financial*\n*Officer, Secretary and Treasurer*",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 7\n\nS E L E C T E D  F I N A N C I A L  D A T A\n(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS) 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999\nRevenues $ 62,803\n\nIncome from continuing operations 4,892\nNet income 5,057\nTotal assets 60,050\nLong-term debt 4,287\nIncome from continuing operations, per diluted share 2.66\nNet income per diluted share 2.75\nCash dividends per common share .24 <sup>(a)</sup>\nAverage diluted shares outstanding 1,839\n(a) Dividends on outstanding common shares paid in the 3rd and 4th quarter at $.12 per share (see Note 6)\n(b) Includes a $1.6 million after-tax goodwill impairment charge ($ .88 per diluted share) (see Note 2)\n(c) Includes a $5.5 million after-tax gain ($ 2.42 per diluted share) from discontinued operations (see Note 3)\n(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS) 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999\nIncome from continuing operations $ 4,892\n|  $ 4,065 354 1,403 4,384  |  $ 4,262 223 1,803 4,569  |  $ 2,663 654 923 4,119  |  $ 2,128 257 741 3,975  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| $ 10,206  | $ 10,857  | $ 8,359  | $ 7,101  |\n| 1,863 $ 5.48  | 2,272 $ 4.78  | 2,135 $ 3.92  | 2,631 $ 2.70  |\nAdd:\nInterest expense (income), net 126",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 8\n\nFOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,\n(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE AMOUNTS) 2003 2002 2001\nRevenues $ 62,803\n|  $ 59,533 39,236  |  $ 57,605 35,777  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 20,297  | 21,828  |\n| 5,343 6,992 2,180  | 6,248 7,849 1,911  |\n| 14,515  | 16,008  |\n| 5,782 78 (432) 40  | 5,820 77 (300) 468 |\n| 5,468 (1,403)  | 6,065 (1,803)  |\n| 4,065 165 (1,641)  | 4,262 5,492 —  |\n| $ 2,589  | $ 9,754  |\n| $ 2.37 .10 (.96)  | $ 2.10 2.70 —  |\n| $ 1.51  | $ 4.80  |\n| 1,711  | 2,033  |\n| $ 2.18 .09 (.88)  | $ 1.88 2.42 —  |\n| $ 1.39  | $ 4.30  |\nCost of Goods Sold 40,564\nGross Profit 22,239\nOperating Expenses:\nSelling 5,594\nGeneral and administrative 7,576\nResearch and development 2,146\n15,316\nOperating Income 6,923\nInterest Income 69\nInterest Expense (195)\nOther Income (Expense), net (26)\nIncome from Continuing Operations before Provision for Income Taxes 6,771\nIncome Tax Provision (1,879)\nIncome from Continuing Operations 4,892\nGain on Disposal of Discontinued Operations, net of tax 165\nCumulative Effect of Accounting Change, net of tax —\nNet Income $ 5,057\nIncome Per Basic Share:\nContinuing operations $ 2.86\nDiscontinued operations .10\nCumulative effect of accounting change —\nNet Income Per Basic Share $ 2.96\nWeighted Average Basic Shares Outstanding 1,711\nIncome Per Diluted Share:\nContinuing operations $ 2.66\nDiscontinued operations .09\nCumulative effect of accounting change —\nNet Income Per Diluted Share $ 2.75\nWeighted Average Diluted Shares Outstanding 1,839 1,863 2,272\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.\n###### C O N S O L I D A T E D  B A L A N C E  S H E E T S",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 2003 A N N U A L  R E P O R T\n\n##### In recent years, the economic climate has presented significant\n##### challenges to growth—and, in some cases, survival���for American\n##### businesses. The companies that have fared well are those with solid\n##### financial foundations and sound growth strategies that provide a\n##### measure of protection against the changing winds of the economy.\n##### Atrion is one of those companies. For the past five years, we have\n##### produced earnings per share growth of more than 15 percent each\n##### year. Despite fluctuations in our markets and product demand, we\n##### have continued to return value to our stockholders through strong\n##### earnings growth, year after year. As a leading provider of medical\n##### devices and components to niche markets in the health care\n##### industry, we are committed to doing everything we can to continue\n##### that level of performance.\nF I N A N C I A L  H I G H L I G H T S 1\nL E T T E R  T O  S T O C K H O L D E R S 2\nF I N A N C I A L  I N F O R M A T I O N 7\nC O R P O R A T E  I N F O R M A T I O N 2 8\nRevenues from continuing operations $ 62,803,000\n|  $ 59,533,000 5,782,000 4,065,000 $ 2.18 1,863,000  |\n|:---|\n| 2002  |\n| $ 60,807,000 14,787,000 10,337,000 $ 41,691,000  |\nOperating income 6,923,000\nIncome from continuing operations 4,892,000\nEarnings per diluted share from continuing operations $ 2.66\nWeighted average diluted shares outstanding 1,839,000\nTotal assets $ 60,050,000\nWorking capital 13,803,000\nLong-term debt 4,287,000\nStockholders’ equity $ 44,604,000\nFor the year ended December 31, 2003 2002\nAs of December 31, 2003\n1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003\n.50\n1.00\n1.50\n2.00\n2.50\n$3.00\n60\n$70\n50\n40\n30\n20\n10\n6.0 $7.0\n5.0\n4.0\n3.0\n2.0\n1.0\n*Earnings Per Diluted Share From*\n*Continuing Operations*\n*Revenues*\n*(In millions)*\n*Operating Income*\n*(In millions)*",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n###### M A N A G E M E N T ’ S  D I S C U S S I O N\n\nprimarily related to a shift in product mix, which resulted in lower gross margins, and the increase in revenues discussed above.\nGross profit was $22.2 million in 2003, compared with $20.3 million in 2002 and $21.8 million in 2001. The Company’s gross profit in 2003 was 35\npercent of revenues compared with 34 percent of revenues in 2002 and 38 percent of revenues in 2001. The increase in gross profit percentage in 2003\nA N D  A N A L Y S I S  O F  F I N A N C I A L  C O N D I T I O N  A N D  R E S U L T S  O F  O P E R A T I O N S\nfrom the prior year was primarily due to the above-mentioned improvement in manufacturing variances. The decline in gross profit percentage\nin 2002 from the prior year was primarily due to the unfavorable shift in product mix.\nOperating expenses were $15.3 million in 2003, compared with $14.5 million in 2002 and $16.0 million in 2001. The increase in operating expenses in\n2003 from 2002 was primarily attributable to increased general and administrative (“G&A”) and selling (“Selling”) expenses. G&A expenses consist primarily\nof salaries and other related expenses of administrative, executive and financial personnel and outside professional fees. The increase in G&A expenses in\n2003 is primarily attributable to increased insurance costs, compensation and other taxes. The Company anticipates that G&A expenses are likely to increase\nin the foreseeable future but at a rate less than the anticipated rate of increase in revenues. Selling expenses consist primarily of salaries, commissions and\nother related expenses for sales and marketing personnel, marketing, advertising and promotional expenses. The increase in Selling expenses in 2003 is\nprimarily related to increased compensation costs and travel related expenses. The Company anticipates that Selling expenses are likely to increase in the\nforeseeable future but at a rate less than the anticipated rate of increase in revenues. Research and development (“R&D”) expenses consist primarily of\nsalaries and other related expenses of the research and development personnel as well as costs associated with regulatory expenses.  The Company anticipates\nthat R&D expenses will continue at the current level for the foreseeable future. The decrease in operating expenses in 2002 from 2001 was primarily\nattributable to decreased G&A and Selling expenses partially offset by increased R&D expenses. G&A expenses for 2002 were $857,000 lower than G&A",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf",
+                "query": "What the name of the first bridge buildt over Danube ?",
+                "target_page": 16,
+                "target_passage": "he Chain Bridge was the first bridge over the Danube",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nexcluding current installments 8 , 0 3 4 . 6 , 3 9 7 . 6 , 8 0 9 1 1 , 3 3 0 3 , 8 3 4\nNotes payable 7 7 , 1 9 1 . 7 2 , 8 0 0 . 8 3 , 7 2 0 — —\nOther long-term liabilities — . 2 0 2 . — 1 6 9 1 0 3\nTotal liabilities 1 0 5 , 6 9 1 . 1 0 6 , 3 3 7 . 1 0 9 , 2 6 8 2 0 , 8 1 4 6 , 7 9 8\nTotal stockholders’ (deficit)/equity ( 4 4 , 8 0 1 ) ( 9 , 4 9 3 ) 2 4 , 1 7 0 4 9 , 2 1 9 5 , 1 3 6\n$ 6 0 , 8 9 0 . $ 9 6 , 8 4 4 . $ 1 3 3 , 4 3 8 $ 7 0 , 0 3 3 $ 1 1 , 9 3 4\nS u m m a ry Network Data: Number of operational ATMs at end of period 2 , 6 3 4 . 2 , 2 8 3 . 1 , 2 7 1 6 9 3 1 6 6\nATM transactions during the period\n\n5 2 , 6 6 3 , 0 0 0 . 3 2 , 9 3 8 , 0 0 0 . 1 5 , 4 6 7 , 0 0 0 5,758,000              1,138,000\n1 4\n* **CHAIN BRIDGE, Budapest** *\n*The Chain Bridge, built from 1839 to 1849, was the*\n*first bridge over the Danube, linking the cities*\n*Buda and Pest. Measuring 380 meters long and*\n*15.7 meters wide, it is supported by pillars*\n*shaped like antique triumphal arches.*\n**M A N A G E M E N T ’ S D I S C U S S I O N A N D A N A LY S I S O F F I N A N C I A L C O N D I T I O N A N D R E S U LT S O F O P E R AT I O N S**\n**General Overv i e w**\nE u ronet Worldwide is a leading provider of secure electronic financial transaction solutions. The Company provides financial payment",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nTranslation adjustment — . — . — ( 2 , 5 1 5 ) ( 2 , 5 1 5 )\nNet loss for 1999 — . ( 3 0 , 9 1 5 ) — — . ( 3 0 , 9 1 5 )\nBalance December 31, 1999 $ ( 5 0 ) $ ( 7 4 , 2 6 0 ) $ 7 8 4 $ ( 2 , 4 5 0 ) ( 9 , 4 9 3 )\nS h a re options exercised (note 18) — . — . — — . 9 4 9 .\nSale of common stock (note  12) — . — . — — . 1 3 , 0 8 2 .\nWa rrants issue (notes 12 and 13) — . — . — — . 3 7 2 .\nS u b s c r i p t i o n s ( 9 ) . — . — — . ( 9 ) Employee loans for stock (note 25) — . — . — — . 9 6 .\nTranslation adjustment — . — . — ( 2 4 7 ) ( 2 4 7 )\nNet loss for 2000 — . ( 4 9 , 5 5 1 ) — — . ( 4 9 , 5 5 1 )\nBalance December 31, 2000 $ ( 5 9 ) $( 1 2 3 , 8 1 1 ) $ 7 8 4 $ (2,697)            $(44,801)\n*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*\n2 7\n* **B R O O K LYN BRIDGE, New Yo r k** *\n*The Brooklyn Bridge, proudly standing over the East River and*\n*connecting the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan, endures as*\n*one of the most famous bridges in America. When completed in*\n*May 1883, the 5989-foot-long Brooklyn Bridge was the largest*\n*suspension bridge in the world.*\n**E U R O N E T S E RV I C E S I N C . A N D S U B S I D I A R I E S**\n**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\nYear Ended December 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 8\n*(in thousands)*\nNet cash used in operating activities (note 21) $(16,357) $(20,371)               $(22,768)\nCash flows from investing activities:\nFixed asset purc h a s e s ( 3 , 4 2 8 ) ( 8 , 6 8 5 ) ( 9 , 7 4 0 )",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nS e rvices Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2000 and 1999, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in\nthe three-year period ended December 31, 2000 in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.\nWa r s a w, Poland\nF e b ru a ry 9, 2001\n2 3\n* **CHARLES BRIDGE, Prague** *\n*Dating back to the 14th century, the Charles*\n*Bridge is one of the jewels of Gothic architecture.*\n*This stone bridge, built by Charles IV, the Czech*\n*King and Holy Roman Emperor, created a reliable*\n*connection between the Lesser and the Old Town*\n*and gave way to the merging of life of both banks.*\n**E U R O N E T S E RV I C E S I N C . A N D S U B S I D I A R I E S**\n**Consolidated Balance Sheets**\nDecember 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9\nA s s e t s  *(in thousands)*\nC u rrent assets:\nCash and cash equivalents (note 7) $ 7 , 1 5 1 . $ 1 5 , 0 37 .\nRestricted cash (note 6) 2 , 1 0 3 . 1 0 , 9 29 . Investment securities (note 7) — . 7 50 .\nTrade accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful accounts of $740,000 in 2000\nand  $381,000 in 1999, note 17) 9 , 4 8 5 . 7 , 8 88 .\nCosts and estimated earnings in excess of billings on software installation contracts (note 8) 1 , 1 1 7 . 6 67 .\nIncome taxes receivable (note 16) — . 8 18 . P repaid expenses and other current assets 4 , 2 2 9 . 3 , 6 95 .\nTotal current assets 2 4 , 0 8 5 . 3 9 , 7 84 .\nP ro p e rt y, plant, and equipment (note 10 and 15):\nEquipment- Automated teller machines 4 1 , 6 9 1 . 4 1 , 2 53 . Vehicles and office equipment 2 , 4 5 1 . 2 , 3 63 .\nComputers and software 8 , 6 2 8 . 7 , 8 06 .\n5 2 , 7 7 0 . 5 1 , 4 22 .\nLess accumulated depreciation and amort i z a t i o n ( 2 1 , 1 1 3 ) ( 1 4 , 7 2 9 )",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nS h a re compensation expense (note 18) — — . — . 1 27 . — .\nStock options exercised (note 18) 2 2 8 , 5 0 3 4 . — . 3 31 . — . Sale of tre a s u ry stock 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 — . — . 2 74 . 1 .\nWa rrants re p u rchase (note 11) — — . — . ( 1 7 6 ) — .\nEmployee loans for stock (note 25) — — . ( 7 9 4 ) — . — .\nTranslation adjustment — — . — . — . — .\nNet loss for 1999 — — . — . — . — .\nBalance December 31, 1997 1 5 , 5 4 1 , 9 5 6 $ 3 1 1 . $ ( 7 9 4 ) . $ 6 6 , 9 6 9 . $ ( 3 )\nStock options exercised (note 18) 3 9 0 , 2 3 1 8 . — . 9 41 . — .\nSale of common stock (note 12) 1 , 8 8 2 , 7 2 3 3 7 . — . 1 3 , 0 4 5 . — . Wa rrants issue (notes 12 and 13) — — . — . 3 7 2 . — .\nS u b s c r i p t i o n s — — . — . — . — .\nEmployee loans for stock (note 25) — — . 2 3 3 . — . ( 1 3 7 )\nTranslation adjustment — — . — . — . — .\nNet loss for 2000 — — . — . — . — .\nBalance December 31, 2000 1 7 , 8 1 4 , 9 1 0 $ 3 5 6 . $ ( 5 6 1 ) $ 8 1 , 3 2 7 . $ ( 1 4 0 )\n*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*\n2 6\n* **RIVER TYNE BRIDGES, Newcastle** *\n*Six bridges dominate the Tyne between Newcastle*\n*and Gateshead, enabling innovative railway and*\n*roadway advances over the past two centuries. At*\n*the time of its completion in 1929, the Tyne Bridge*\n*was the world’s longest single span bridge.*\n**E U R O N E T S E RV I C E S I N C . A N D S U B S I D I A R I E S**",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n|  Lyon Liyon  (Arpitan)  |\n|:---|\n| Prefecture and commune  |\n| Skyline of Lyon in La Part-Dieu Basilica of Notre- Dame de Fourvière Place des Terreaux with the  Fontaine Bartholdi Parc de la Tête d'or Confluence District Vieux Lyon Pont Lafayette |\n| Flag Coat of arms  |\nMotto(s):  *Avant, avant, Lion le melhor*\n[(old Franco-Provençal for \"Forward, forward,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language)\nLyon the best\") <sup>[a]</sup>\n*Virtute duce, comite fortuna*\n(\"With virtue as guide and fortune as\ncompanion\") <sup>[b]</sup>\n**Location of Lyon**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n#### **Museums**\n\n[The Musée des Confluences from](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Confluences)\nthe Raymond Barre bridge\n[The lake in the Parc de la Tête d'or](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_la_T%C3%AAte_d%27or)\n[La Part-Dieu, the city's central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Part-Dieu)\nbusiness district\n[The Gallo-Roman Museum displaying many valuable objects and artworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_Museum_of_Lyon)\n[found on the site of Roman Lyon (Lugdunum) such as Circus Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_Games_Mosaic)\n[Mosaic, Coligny calendar and the Taurobolic Altar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taurobolic_Altar&action=edit&redlink=1)\n[Centre d'histoire de la résistance et de la déportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d%27histoire_de_la_r%C3%A9sistance_et_de_la_d%C3%A9portation)\n[Musée des Confluences, new museum of sciences and anthropology,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Confluences)\nwhich opened its doors on 20 December 2014\n[La Sucrière, contemporary art centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sucri%C3%A8re)\n[Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon houses the \"Musée des Hospices Civils\", a permanent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Lyon)\nexhibit tracing the history and practice of medicine from the Middle Ages to\nmodern times\n[Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs, decorative arts and textile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Tissus_et_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs)\nmuseum, which is one of the world's larger textile collections with 2.5\nmillion works\nMusée d'art contemporain de Lyon, contemporary art museum\nMusée de L'imprimerie, printing museum\n[Musée Gadagne, museum of the history of Lyon housed in a historic building in Vieux Lyon, which includes a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gadagne)\nlarge collection of marionettes\n[Musée des Automates, museum of automated puppets in Vieux Lyon, open since 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Automates)\n[Musée Miniature & Cinéma, museum featuring miniature movie sets, movie props, and special effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Miniature_%26_Cin%C3%A9ma&action=edit&redlink=1) <sup>[45]</sup>\n[Parc de la Tête d'or, aka Golden Head Park, in central Lyon is the largest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_la_T%C3%AAte_d%27or)\nurban park in France at 117 hectares (290 acres). Located in the 6th\narrondissement, it features a large lake on which boating takes place\nduring the summer months.\n[Jardin botanique de Lyon (8 hectares (20 acres)), included in the Parc de](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_botanique_de_Lyon)\nla Tête d'Or, is a municipal botanical garden and is open weekdays\nwithout charge. The garden was established in 1857 as a successor to\nearlier botanical gardens dating to 1796, and now describes itself as",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Ancestry models of early medieval Europe**\n\nHaving demonstrated that the Twigstats approach can effectively\nimprove resolution and statistical power to test ancestry models and\nestimate proportions, we turn to the history of early medieval Europe.\nIn the first half of the first millennium ce, Roman historians such as\nTacitus and Ammianus Marcellinus described the geographical dis-\ntribution and movements of groups beyond the imperial frontier and\nsuggested a potential role for them in the fall of the western Roman\nEmpire <sup>52</sup> . However, the exact nature and scale of these historically\nattested demographic phenomena—and their genetic impact—\nhave been questioned <sup>53</sup> , and have been difficult to test with genetic\napproaches owing to the close relations shared between many groups\nthat were ostensibly involved. Less is understood at further distances\nfrom the Roman frontier owing to a lack of historical accounts. The\nimproved statistical power of time-restricted ancestry in Twigstats\nthus offers an opportunity to revisit these questions.\nTo develop an ancestry model for early medieval individuals (Supple-\nmentary Table 1), we first need a broad characterization of the ancestry\nof the earlier sources from the early Iron Age (EIA) and Roman periods.\nWe use hierarchical UPGMA clustering based on pairwise clade testing\nbetween all individuals, and formally test the cladality of proposed\nancestry groups with qpWave <sup>5</sup> (cladality in this sense means whether\nthey are consistent with being symmetrically related to all other tested\ngroups; Methods). This resulted in a set of model ancestry sources\nthat included Iron Age and Roman Britain (  *n*  = 11), the Iron Age of cen-\ntral European regions of mostly Germany, Austria and France (  *n*  = 10),",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Expansions of Scandinavian-like ancestry**\n\ncontinuity are strongly rejected, with no one-source model of any pre-\nceding Iron Age or Bronze Age group providing a reasonable fit for the\n**a**\nScandinavian Peninsula EIA\nBritain\nCentral Europe\nPortugal\nHungary and Slovakia\nEastern Europe\nItaly\n0.002\n0\n- 0.002\nDimension 1\n- 0.004\n- 0.002 - 0.001 0 0.001\nDimension 2 0.002 0.003 0.004\nTwigstats  *f* 3 -statistics\nScandinavian Peninsula EIA\nDenmark IA\nEarly medieval,\nincluding Wielbark,\nBaiuvarii,\nLongobards,\nEngland earlyMED,\nSlovakia earlyMED\nEngland Diffeld Terrace\nRegular  *f* 3 -statistics\nDriffeld Terrace\nRoman outlier (second to\nfourth century CE )\n1\nAnatolia_EBA\nAustria_Klosterneuburg_Roman\nBaiuvari_earlyMED\n**Britain.lronRoman**\n**CentraIEurope.IronRoman(l)**\n**CentraIEurope.IronRoman(Il)**\n**CentraIEurope.IronRoman(IIl)**\nCordedWare_EBA\nCroatia.IronRoman_oNorthEurope\nDenmark_BA IrelandOrkney_BA\n**HungarySlovakia.lronRoman**\nHungary_earlyMED(II)\nHungary_earlyMED(I)\nEngland.Driffeld.Terrace.Scandinavia\nEngland_earlyMED_midCNE\nEngland_earlyMED_lowCNE\nEngland_earlyMED_highCNE\nDenmark_IA\nDenmark_EVA\nDimension 2\n0.002 0.003\nTwigstats  *f* 3 -statistics\n0.004\nPoland_BA Saami\n**Russia_Sarmatian**\n**Portugal.lronRoman**\n**PolandUkraine_MLBA(II)**\n**PolandUkraine_MLBA(I)**\nPoland_Wielbark(III)\nPoland_Wielbark(II)\nPoland_Wielbark(I)\nPoland_Middle_Ages(II)\nPoland_Middle_Ages(I) **Scandinavian_Peninsula_EIA(I)**\n**Scandinavian_Peninsula_EIA(II)**\nSlovakia_Zohor_Germanic_Roman\nSlovakia_earlyMED\nSlovenia.lronRoman\nSlovenia.Roman.oNorthEurope\nNetherlands_Friesland_earlyMED\nMontenegro_earlyMED\nLongobard_earlyMED(II)\nLongobard_earlyMED(I)\n**Lithuania.lronRoman**\n**Kyrgyzstan_TianShanHun**\nltaly.lronRepublic\nltaly.lmperial(ll)\n**Italy.lmperial(l)**\n0.001 0 - 0.001 - 0.002\n\n- 0.004\n- 0.002\n0\nItaly\n0.002\nDimension 1\nPortugal\nCentral\nEurope\nBritain\nHungary and Slovakia\nEastern Europe\n28\n2\n3 13\n3.3\nI II III 6\nWielbark, Poland\n(frst to third century CE )\nMedieval Poland (tenth\nto eleventh century CE )\n2\nIron Age, Denmark\n(frst to third century CE )\nFriesland, the Netherlands\n(ffth to sixth century CE )\nBaiuvarii\n(ffth century CE )\nLongobard\n(sixth century CE )\nEarly medieval\nSlovakia\n(third to ffth century CE )\nZohor, Slovakia\n(frst to second\ncentury CE )\nLa Tène, Slovakia\n(frst century BCE\nto frst century CE )\n2.1\nLow CNE Mid CNE High CNE\nEarly medieval England\n(ffth to eighth century CE )\n9\nI II 7\n4.7\n1\n3\n**b c**\n**d**\nIron Age, Denmark Early Viking, Salme\nDriffeld Terrace\nRoman outlier\nEarly\nmedieval England\nWielbark, Poland\nEarly medieval Zohor\nLongobard Baiuvarii Friesland, the\nNetherlands Mid CNE Low CNE\nI II",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n[Sainte Marie de La Tourette monastery (1960) designed by Le Corbusier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier)\n[Saint-Exupéry International Airport (formerly Satolas Airport), designed by Guillaume Gillet](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Gillet_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1)\n[Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1994) by Santiago Calatrava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Calatrava)\n[Palais des congrès de Lyon (1998), designed by Renzo Piano and a group of buildings for various functions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano)\n[Tour du Crédit Lyonnais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_du_Cr%C3%A9dit_Lyonnais)\n[Tour Oxygène](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Oxyg%C3%A8ne)\n[Tour Incity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Incity)\n[Great mosque of Lyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Lyon)\n[Palais de la Bourse, Lyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_la_Bourse,_Lyon)\n\n[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Fourvi%C3%A8re)\n[Metallic tower of Fourvière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_tower_of_Fourvi%C3%A8re)\n\n[Fountain, place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Jacobins)\n[des Jacobins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Jacobins)\n\n[Palais de justice historique de Lyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_justice_historique_de_Lyon)\n\n[Arch-epsicopal](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arch-epsicopal_palace_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1)\n[palace of Lyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arch-epsicopal_palace_of_Lyon&action=edit&redlink=1)\n(5th district public\nlibrary)\n[Théâtre des Célestins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_C%C3%A9lestins)\n\n[Museum of Institut Lumière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re)\n\n[Grande mosquée de Lyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Lyon)\n[Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon (](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_beaux-arts_de_Lyon)  *Fine Arts Museum*  ), main museum of the city and one of the larger art\ngalleries in France. Housed in the Palais Saint Pierre, a former 17th-century convent, it displays a major\n[collection of paintings by artists (including Tintoretto; Paolo Veronese; Nicolas Poussin; Rubens; Rembrandt;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt)\n[Zurbaran; Canaletto; Delacroix; Monet; Gauguin; Van Gogh; Cézanne; Matisse; Picasso; Francis Bacon...);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(painter))\ncollections of sculptures, drawings and printings, decorative arts, Roman and Greek antiquities; the second\n[largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in France after that of the Louvre; and a medal cabinet of 50.000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre)\nmedals and coins.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Online content**\n\nin Europe.  *Science*    **336**  , 466- 469 (2012).\n16. Allentoft, M. E. et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia.  *Nature*    **522**  , 167- 172\n(2015).\n17. Skoglund, P. et al. Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian\nforagers and farmers.  *Science*    **344**  , 747- 750 (2014).\n18. Yüncü, E. et al. False discovery rates of qpAdm-based screens for genetic admixture.\nPreprint at  *bioRxiv*  [ https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.25.538339 (2023).](https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.25.538339)\n19. Reich, D., Thangaraj, K., Patterson, N., Price, A. L. & Singh, L. Reconstructing Indian\npopulation history.  *Nature*    **461**  , 489- 494 (2009).\n20. Reich, D. et al. Reconstructing Native American population history.  *Nature*    **488**  , 370- 374\n(2012).\n21. Patterson, N. et al. Ancient admixture in human history.  *Genetics*    **192**  , 1065- 1093 (2012).\n22. Durand, E. Y., Patterson, N., Reich, D. & Slatkin, M. Testing for ancient admixture between\nclosely related populations.  *Mol. Biol. Evol.*    **28**  , 2239- 2252 (2011).\n23. Harney, É., Patterson, N., Reich, D. & Wakeley, J. Assessing the performance of qpAdm:\na statistical tool for studying population admixture.  *Genetics*    **217**  , iyaa045 (2021).\n24. Antonio, M. L. et al. Ancient Rome: a genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean.\n*Science*    **366**  , 708- 714 (2019).\n25. Leslie, S. et al. The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population.  *Nature*    **519**  , 309\n(2015).\n26. Ringbauer, H. et al. Accurate detection of identity-by-descent segments in human ancient\nDNA.  *Nat. Genet.*    **56**  , 143- 151 (2024).\n27. Mallick, S. et al. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR): a curated compendium of\nancient human genomes.  *Sci. Data*    **11**  , 182 (2023).\n28. Lewanski, A. L., Grundler, M. C. & Bradburd, G. S. The era of the ARG: an introduction to\nancestral recombination graphs and their significance in empirical evolutionary\ngenomics.  *PLoS Genet.*    **20**  , e1011110 (2024).\n29. Brandt, D. Y. C., Huber, C. D., Chiang, C. W. K. & Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D. The promise of\ninferring the past using the ancestral recombination graph.  *Genome Biol. Evol.*    **16**  , evae005\n(2024).\n30. Rasmussen, M. D., Hubisz, M. J., Gronau, I. & Siepel, A. Genome-wide inference of\nancestral recombination graphs.  *PLoS Genet.*    **10**  , e1004342 (2014).\n31. Speidel, L. et al. Inferring population histories for ancient genomes using genome-wide\ngenealogies.  *Mol. Biol. Evol.*    **38**  , 3497- 3511 (2021).\n32. Speidel, L., Forest, M., Shi, S. & Myers, S. R. A method for genome-wide genealogy",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the total amount of operating expenses of 2000 by Network Wordwide in 2000 ?",
+                "target_page": 17,
+                "target_passage": "Total operating expenses increased to $88.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 3
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nOperating expenses:\nTotal operating expenses for re p o rtable segments $ 8 8 , 3 16 . $ 6 8 , 4 50 . $ 3 4 , 5 0 7 .\nElimination of inter-segment expenses ( 1 8 0 ) ( 1 8 0 ) ( 1 5 )\nTotal consolidated operating expenses $ 8 8 , 1 36 . $ 6 8 , 2 70 . $ 3 4 , 4 9 2 .\nTotal revenues and long-lived assets for the years ended December 31, 200, 1999 and 1998 for the Company analyzed by geographical\nlocation is as follows:\nTotal Revenues Long-lived Assets\nYear ended December 31, December  31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9\n*(in thousands)*\nUnited States $ 1 7 , 4 4 2 $ 1 6 , 1 7 2 $ 3 5 6 $ 9 8 4 $ 1 , 1 5 5\nG e rm a n y 9 , 9 8 4 1 1 , 1 6 0 2 , 3 9 4 4 , 8 0 0 6 , 6 3 5\nH u n g a ry 6 , 5 2 4 5 , 6 0 6 5 , 9 3 6 5 , 8 7 8 9 , 1 1 4\nP o l a n d 9 , 1 4 7 5 , 7 9 8 2 , 7 8 7 9 , 8 2 4 1 0 , 9 9 1\nO t h e r 9 , 6 4 3 2 , 7 3 6 4 0 8 1 0 , 1 7 1 8 , 7 9 8\nTo t a l $ 5 2 , 7 4 0 $ 4 1 , 4 7 2 $ 1 1 , 8 8 1 $ 3 1 , 6 5 7 $ 3 6 , 6 9 3\nTotal revenues are attributed to countries based on location of customer for the ATM and related service segment. For revenues generated by\nthe Euronet USA software solutions segment, all revenues are attributed to the United States. Long lived assets consist of pro p e rt y, plant,\nand equipment, net of accumulated depreciation.\n4 2\n**(20) Financial Instruments**\nMost of Euro n e t ’s financial instruments (cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, investment securities, prepaid expenses and",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nRestricted re s e rve (note 5) 7 8 4 . 7 84 .\nAccumulated other comprehensive loss ( 2 , 6 9 7 ) ( 2 , 4 5 0 )\nTotal stockholders’ deficit ( 4 4 , 8 0 1 ) ( 9 , 4 9 3 )\nTotal liabilities and stockholders’ deficit $ 6 0 , 8 9 0 . $ 9 6 , 8 44 .\n*See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.*\n2 4\n**E U R O N E T S E RV I C E S I N C . A N D S U B S I D I A R I E S**\n**Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss**\nYear Ended December 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 8\n*(in thousands, except per share data)*\nR e v e n u e s :\nATM network and related re v e n u e $ 3 6 , 9 1 3 . $ 2 6 , 5 03 . $ 1 1 , 5 25 . S o f t w a re, maintenance and related re v e n u e 1 5 , 8 2 7 . 1 4 , 9 69 . 3 56 .\nTotal re v e n u e s 5 2 , 7 4 0 . 4 1 , 4 72 . 1 1 , 8 81 .\nOperating expenses:\nD i rect operating costs 2 4 , 9 8 8 . 2 2 , 8 30 . 1 0 , 0 36 . Salaries and benefits (note 18) 2 9 , 2 6 5 . 2 4 , 4 77 . 9 , 8 31 .\nSelling, general and administrative 1 1 , 5 3 1 . 1 0 , 7 25 . 8 , 6 50 .\nD e p reciation and amort i z a t i o n 1 0 , 3 8 4 . 1 0 , 2 38 . 4 , 9 55 .\nI n - p rocess re s e a rch and development write-off (note 4) — . — . 1 , 0 20 .\nAsset write down (note 10) 1 1 , 9 6 8 . — . — .\nTotal operating expenses 8 8 , 1 3 6 . 6 8 , 2 70 . 3 4 , 4 92 .",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\na c q u i red in the Euronet USA acquisition in 1998, and the SBK and Dash acquisitions in 1999.\n**Current Liabilities**  C u rrent liabilities decreased to $20.5 million at December 31, 2000 from $26.9 million at December 31, 1999. This decre a s e\nis due primarily to decreases in accrued expenses, billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on software installation costs and settlement of\nthe forw a rd foreign exchange contracts.\n**Capital Lease**  Total capital lease obligations including current installments increased to $11.5 million at December 31, 2000 from $10.6 million\nat December 31, 1999. This increase is due primarily to additional capital leases resulting from the Company's purchase of Budapest Bank’s AT M\nnetwork, consisting of 147 ATMs on May 1, 2000.\n**Notes Payable**  Notes payable increased to $77.2 million at December 31, 2000 from $72.8 million at December 31, 1999. This is the result of\nseveral transactions as follows:\n*(in millions)*\nBalance at December 31, 1999 $ 7 2 . 8 .\nU n realized foreign exchange gain (DEM vs. US$) (4.4)\nA c c retion of bond intere s t 8 . 8 .\nBalance at December 31, 2000 $ 7 7 . 2 .\n**S t o c k h o l d e r’s Deficit**  Stockholders’ deficit increased to $44.8 million at December 31, 2000 from $9.5 million at December 31, 1999. This is\ndue to the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2000 of $49.6 million which was offset by an increase in additional paid in capital of $14.4\nmillion due to the sale of 1,882,723 shares of common stock for proceeds of $13.0 million, the issue of $400,000 of warrants and the exercise of\n390,231 stock options for proceeds of $900,000.\n**Year 2000 Compliance**\nThe Company’s European and U.S. Year 2000 compliance teams re p o rted no material Year 2000 problems during the advent of the year 2000,\neither with Euro n e t ’s own systems or the systems of its customers. The Company is unaware of any material Year 2000 complications to date.\n**Impact of New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted**\n**S FAS 133**  The Company is re q u i red to adopt Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 133 “Accounting for Derivative\nI n s t ruments and Hedging Activities” as amended by SFAS No. 138 for US GAAP re p o rting as of 1 January 2001. SFAS 133 and 138 establish",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nended December 31, 1998. The increase in revenues from 1999 to 2000 is primarily due to two\nfactors: (1) a $10.4 million increase in Network Services Segment revenues resulting from the\ni n c rease in transaction volumes in the Company owned ATMs and an increase in the number of AT M s\noperated by the Company during this period; and (2) an increase of $800,000 in Software Solutions\nSegment revenues. The increase in revenues from 1998 to 1999 is primarily due to two factors: (1) a\n$15.0 million increase in Network Services Segment revenues resulting from the increase in\ntransaction volume attributable to an increase in the number of ATMs operated by the Company\nduring this period; and (2) the addition of $14.6 million of Software Solutions Segment re v e n u e s .\nRevenues for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 are discussed more fully in the Segment\nResults of Operations sections below.\n**Operating Expenses**  Total operating expenses increased to $88.1 million for the year ended\nDecember 31, 2000 from $68.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 and from $34.5\nmillion for the year ended December 31, 1998. The increase from 1999 to 2000 can be broken down\nby segment as follows: (1) a $3.5 million increase in Network Services Segment operating costs due to growth in the size of the network\noperations; (2) a $15.2 million increase in Software Services Segment due to write down of intangibles of $11.2 million and investment in\npersonnel and re s o u rces; and (3) a $1.1 million increase in Corporate Services Segment operating costs due to the expended operations. The\ni n c rease from 1998 to 1999 can be broken down by segment as follows: (1) a $13.0 million increase in Network Services Segment operating costs,\n(2) the addition of $19.6 million of Software Solutions Segment operating costs, and (3) a $1.2 million increase in Corporate Services Segment\noperating costs. Operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 are discussed more fully in the Segment Results of\nOperations sections below.\n**Operating Loss**  The Company generated an operating loss of $35.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to $26.8 million\nfor the year ended December 31, 1999 and $22.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The increased operating loss from 1999 to 2000",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nNet pro p e rt y, plant, and equipment 3 1 , 6 5 7 . 3 6 , 6 93 .\nIntangible assets, net (notes 9 and 10) 2 , 6 0 4 . 1 6 , 2 59 . Deposits 4 5 . 1 , 3 55 .\nD e f e rred income taxes (note 16) 4 2 4 . 4 60 .\nOther assets, net (notes 3(i)) 2 , 0 7 5 . 2 , 2 93 .\nTotal assets $ 6 0 , 8 9 0 . $ 9 6 , 8 44 .\nLiabilities and Stockholders’ Deficit\nC u rrent liabilities:\nTrade accounts payable $ 5 , 2 3 3 . $ 5 , 7 68 .\nC u rrent installments of obligations under capital leases (note 15) 3 , 4 6 6 . 4 , 1 88 . A c c rued expenses and other current liabilities 6 , 3 9 7 . 1 2 , 6 31 .\nAdvance payments on contracts 2 , 1 5 5 . 1 , 3 21 .\nIncome taxes payable (note 16) 3 5 0 . — .\nBillings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on software installation contracts (note 8) 2 , 8 7 5 . 3 , 0 30 .\nTotal current liabilities 2 0 , 4 6 6 . 2 6 , 9 38 .\nObligations under capital leases, excluding current installments (note 15) 8 , 0 3 4 . 6 , 3 97 .\nNotes payable (note 11) 7 7 , 1 9 1 . 7 2 , 8 00 .\nOther long-term liabilities — . 2 02 .\nTotal liabilities 1 0 5 , 6 9 1 . 1 0 6 , 3 37 .\nStockholders’ deficit (note 4):\nCommon stock, $0.02 par value. Authorized 30,000,000 shares;\nissued and outstanding 17,814,910 shares in 2000 and  15,541,956 shares in 1999 (note 12) 3 5 6 . 3 11 .\nAdditional paid in capital (note 11) 8 1 , 3 2 7 . 6 6 , 9 69 .\nTre a s u ry stock ( 1 4 0 ) ( 3 ) Employee loans for stock (note 25) ( 5 6 1 ) ( 7 9 4 )\nSubscription re c e i v a b l e ( 5 9 ) ( 5 0 )\nAccumulated deficit ( 1 2 3 , 8 1 1 ) ( 7 4 , 2 6 0 )",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nSelling, general and administrative 1 1 , 5 3 1 . 1 0 , 7 2 5 . 8 , 6 5 0 . 4 , 4 6 8 . 2 , 4 5 9 .\nD e p reciation and amort i z a t i o n 1 0 , 3 8 4 . 1 0 , 2 3 8 . 4 , 9 5 5 . 1 , 7 3 1 . 4 8 1 .\nI n - p rocess re s e a rch and development write-off — . — . 1 , 0 2 0 . — . — . Asset write down 1 1 , 9 6 8 . — . — . — . — .\nS h a re compensation expense — . 1 2 7 . 1 0 8 . 1 0 8 . 4 , 1 7 2 .\nTotal operating expenses 8 8 , 1 3 6 . 6 8 , 2 70 . 3 4 , 4 9 2 . 1 3 , 8 2 0 . 8 , 9 2 8 .\nOperating loss ( 3 5 , 3 9 6 ) ( 2 6 , 7 9 8 ) ( 2 2 , 6 1 1 ) ( 8 , 5 3 0 ) ( 7 , 6 6 7 )\nOther income/expenses:\nI n t e rest income 1 , 0 8 9 . 1 , 9 50 . 2 , 5 1 4 . 1 , 6 0 9 . 2 2 5 .\nI n t e rest expense ( 1 0 , 8 2 9 ) ( 1 0 , 8 9 9 ) ( 7 , 8 2 6 ) ( 1 , 1 5 2 ) ( 3 7 8 )\nF o reign exchange (loss)/gain, net ( 3 , 2 2 7 ) ( 2 , 1 1 0 ) ( 1 , 9 1 1 ) 8 . ( 7 9 )\nLoss before income tax benefit/(expense) ( 4 8 , 3 6 3 ) ( 3 7 , 8 5 7 ) ( 2 9 , 8 3 4 ) ( 8 , 0 6 5 ) ( 7 , 8 9 9 )\n( 1 , 1 8 8 ) 4 , 1 82 . ( 1 , 4 3 0 ) 1 0 0 . 3 2 3 .",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nDecember 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9\nH e l d - t o - m a t u r i t y :  *(in thousands)*\nU.S. Federal Agency obligations $ — $ 7 5 0\nCorporate debentures — 2 , 3 0 5\nTotal investments $ — $ 3 , 0 5 5\nSecurities totaling $2,305,000 and $750,000 have been re c o rded in cash and cash equivalents and investment securities, re s p e c t i v e l y, on the\nbalance sheet at December 31, 1999. In 2000 and 1999 the Company re c o rded a realized loss of $0 and $40,780, re s p e c t i v e l y, resulting fro m\nthe sale of available-for-sale securities.\n**( 8 ) Contracts in Progress**\nAmounts included in the consolidated financial statements which relate to recoverable costs and accrued profits not yet billed on contracts are\nclassified as current assets under costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on software installation contracts. Amounts received fro m\ncustomers in excess of revenues recognized to date are classified as current liabilities under billings in excess of cost and estimated earnings of\ns o f t w a re installation contracts.\nThe software installation contracts in pro g ress consist of the following:\nDecember 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9\n*(in thousands)*\nCosts and estimated earnings on software\ninstallation contracts 1 1 , 9 1 1 . 7 , 8 72 .\nLess billings to date ( 1 3 , 6 6 9 ) ( 1 0 , 2 3 5 )\n$ ( 1 , 7 5 8 ) $ ( 2 , 3 6 3 )\nComponents are included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets under the following captions:\nDecember 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9\n*(in thousands)*\nCosts and estimated earnings in excess of billings\non software installation contracts $ 1 , 1 1 7 . $ 6 67 .\nBillings in excess of costs and estimated earn i n g s\non software installation contracts ( 2 , 8 7 5 ) ( 3 , 0 3 0 )\n$ ( 1 , 7 5 8 ) $ ( 2 , 3 6 3 )\n**( 9 ) I n t a n g i b l e s**",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\ncosts is primarily attributable to costs associated with operating the increased number of ATMs in the network during the periods. Also,\ni n t e rcompany allocations were made to charge the ATM operations with transaction switching and bank connection fees associated with the\noperations central processing center in Budapest. These allocations totalled $3.5 million and $2.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2000\nand 1999, re s p e c t i v e l y. Direct operating costs for 2000 include a one-time gain of $1.2 million due to a change in Hungarian law that eliminates a\nmajor portion of the Company’s liability for import taxes on ATM hard w a re. Direct operating costs also include a $657,000 gain realized in 1999\nf rom the sale of the Croatian network assets. The components of direct operating costs for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 were:\n*(in thousands)*  Years ending December 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9\nATM communication $ 4 , 1 8 3 $ 3 , 9 8 2\nATM cash filling and interest on network cash 7 , 4 2 6 5 , 9 0 0\nATM maintenance 3 , 9 8 7 2 , 9 6 7\nATM site re n t a l 2 , 2 5 8 2 , 4 2 1\nATM installation 6 7 5 7 8 3 Transaction processing and ATM monitoring 5 , 2 4 2 4 , 2 0 5\nO t h e r 6 0 0 1 , 6 6 3\nTotal direct operating expenses $ 2 4 , 3 7 1 $ 2 1 , 9 2 1\nAs a percentage of network revenue, direct operating costs fell from 83% for the year ended December 31, 1999 to 66% for the year ended\nDecember 31, 2000. On a per ATM basis the direct operating costs fell from $12,782 per ATM for the year ended December 31, 1999 to $9,807\nper ATM for the year ended December 31, 2000, an improvement of 23%. On a per transaction basis the direct operating costs fell from $0.66\nper transaction for the year ended December 31, 1999 to $0.46 per transaction for the year ended December 31, 2000, an improvement of 30%.\nSegment salaries and benefits increased to $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $7.2 million for the year ended December",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nd e c reased to $2.3 million for year ended December 31, 2000 compared to a loss of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an\ni m p rovement of 39%, as a result of the factors discussed above. The Other ATM Operations Sub-segment incurred an operating loss of $700,000\nfor the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to a loss of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an improvement of 30%, as a\nresult of the factors discussed above.\nSoftware Solutions Segment\n**Software Solutions Revenue**  Revenues from the Software Solutions Segment totaled $16.0 million before inter-segment eliminations for the\nyear ended December 31, 2000 as compared to revenue of $15.1 for the year ended December 31, 1999. Software revenues are grouped into four\nb road categories: software license fees, professional service fees, maintenance fees and hard w a re sales. Software license fees are the initial fees\nc h a rged by the Company for the licensing of its pro p r i e t a ry application software to customers. Professional service fees are charged for\ncustomization, installation and consulting services provided to customers. Software maintenance fees are the ongoing fees charged to customers\nfor the maintenance of the software products. Hard w a re sales revenues are derived from the sale of computer products and are re p o rted net of\ncost of sales. The components of software solutions revenue for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 were:\n*(in thousands)*  Years ending December 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9\nS o f t w a re license fees $ 4 , 1 1 7 $ 2 , 4 3 0\nP rofessional service fees 6 , 8 6 7 8 , 2 9 8\nMaintenance fees 4 , 4 8 7 4 , 0 5 1\nH a rd w a re sales 5 3 5 3 7 0\nTotal direct operating expenses $ 1 6 , 0 0 6 $ 1 5 , 1 4 9\nThe increases in software license fees from 1999 to 2000 can be attributed to an increased number of software sales contracts signed in 2000 as\nc o m p a red to 1999, primarily in the first half of the year 2000. Sales of the Company’s core software products have dropped off substantially in\nthe third and fourth quarter of 2000 and are expected to be soft again during 2001. The Company believes that revenues of the Software",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\n\nSelling, general and administrative expenses were $26.1 million, an increase of $9.3 million or 55.0%.  Customer support costs were $7.8 million, an increase of $2.8 million or 55.3%.  The growth in Sprint wireless subscribers was the primary driver for this increase.  Advertising expense was $4.3 million, an increase of $1.5 million or 55.8%.  This change was primarily due to the stepped-up and ongoing marketing efforts to support the PCS operations in the Quad State market and particularly the Central Penn market.  PCS sales staff expenses were $2.7 million, an increase of $0.7 million or 32.7%.  The increase was principally due to the full year operations of the three retail locations and adding additional sales staff.\nDepreciation and amortization expense was $14.5 million, an increase of $3.2 million or 28.6%.  The PCS operation had depreciation expense of $8.6 million, an increase of $3.6 million or 72.7%.  The PCS operation added 53 additional base stations during 2002.\nNetwork operating costs were $32.5 million, an increase of $5.8 million or 21.5%.  Line and switching costs were $9.7 million, an increase of $2.6 million or 37.4%, due principally to the impact of the expanded PCS network.  Travel expense, generated by the Company’s PCS subscribers’ use of minutes on other providers’ portions of the Sprint wireless network, was $10.7 million, an increase of $0.9 million or 8.4%. The increase in customer travel usage more than offset the travel rate explained above in travel revenue.  Plant specific costs were $9.6 million, which include the operation, and maintenance of the networks increased $2.3 million or 30.7%.  Tower, building, and land rentals, as well as PCS equipment maintenance, were major contributors to the increase in plant specific expenses.  Other network costs such as power, network administration, and engineering, were $2.7 million, the same as in 2001.\nCost of goods and services was $10.5 million, an increase of $3.1 million or 41.8%.  The PCS cost of goods sold was $8.3 million, an increase of $2.8 million or 50.2%.  This change is due primarily to higher volumes of handsets sold through Company owned stores and PCS handset subsidies paid to third-party retailers.  The cable television programming (cost of service) expense was $1.4 million, an increase of $0.1 million or 4.6%.  The other cost of goods sold increased $0.3 million, compared to the same period in 2001.\nTotal operating expenses were $83.6 million, an increase of $21.3 million or 34.3%.  The continued growth in the PCS operation was principally responsible for the change.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the share of revenues of Netwrok Wordwide made in Poland and Hungary in 2000 ?",
+                "target_page": 24,
+                "target_passage": "In 2000, 30% of the Company’s revenues were generated in Poland and Hungary",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nw o rds believe, expect, anticipated, intend, estimate and similar expressions.\nInvestors are cautioned that any such forw a rd looking statements are not guarantees of future perf o rmance and involve risks and uncert a i n t i e s .\nActual results may materially differ from those in the forw a rd-looking statements as a result of various factors, including: technological and\nbusiness developments in the local card and electronic banking markets affecting the transaction and other fees which the Company is able to\nc h a rge for its services; foreign exchange fluctuations; competition from bank owned ATM networks, outsource providers of ATM services and\ns o f t w a re providers; the Company’s relationships with its major customers, sponsor banks in various markets and International Card Org a n i z a t i o n ;\nand changes in laws and regulations affecting the Company’s business. These risks, and other risks are described elsewhere in this document and\nthe Company’s periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.\n**Q U A N T I TAT I V E A N D Q U A L I TAT I V E D I S C L O S U R E S A B O U T M A R K E T R I S K**\n**Foreign Exchange Exposure**\nI n 2000, 30% of the Company’s revenues were generated in Poland and Hungary, as compared to 27% in 1999 and 73% in 1998. The 2000\nf i g u re has increased due to the increase in revenues for the Polish operations. In Hungary the majority of revenues received are denominated in\nHungarian Forint and in Poland, the majority of revenues are denominated in Polish Zloty. However the majority of these foreign curre n c y\ndenominated contracts are linked either to inflation or the retail price index. While it remains the case that a significant portion of the Company’s\ne x p e n d i t u res are made in or are denominated in U.S. Dollars the Company is also striving to achieve more of its expenses in local currencies to\nmatch its revenues.\nThe Company estimates that a further 10% depreciation in foreign exchange rates of the Deutsche Mark, Hungarian Forint, Polish Zloty and the\nBritish Pound Sterling against the U.S. dollar, would have the combined effect of a $7.1 million decrease in the re p o rted net loss. This was",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nthe Company’s wholly owned Hungarian subsidiary, Bank Tech. In order to segregate corporate assets from those of the Hungarian\noperations, these assets were transferred as of December 31, 1999, from Bank Tech to an existing Hungarian shell company, Administrative\nS e rvices. Those assets are now shown under the Other Operations Sub-segment.\nThe following tables present the segment results of the Company’s operations for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998.\nYear Ended December 31, 2000\nNetwork Serv i c e s\nN e t w o r k\nCentral We s t e rn S e rvices S o f t w a re C o r p o r a t e\nE u rope E u rope O t h e r To t a l Solutions S e rvices To t a l\n*(in thousands)*\nTotal Revenues $ 1 8 , 5 9 9 . $ 1 6 , 6 1 5 . $ 1 , 7 0 0 . $ 3 6 , 9 1 4 . $ 1 6 , 0 0 6 . $ — . $ 5 2 , 9 2 0 .\nTotal operating expenses ( 2 1 , 6 6 9 ) ( 1 8 , 9 0 1 ) ( 2 , 4 0 9 ) ( 4 2 , 9 7 9 ) ( 3 7 , 4 7 5 ) ( 7 , 8 6 2 ) ( 8 8 , 3 1 6 )\nOperating loss . ( 3 , 0 7 0 ) ( 2 , 2 8 6 ) ( 7 0 9 ) ( 6 , 0 6 5 ) ( 2 1 , 4 6 9 ) ( 7 , 8 6 2 ) ( 3 5 , 3 9 6 )\nI n t e rest income 2 8 9 . 6 5 . 1 9 0 . 5 4 4 . 1 0 3 . 4 4 2 . 1 , 0 8 9 .\nI n t e rest expense ( 1 , 0 1 6 ) ( 1 6 8 ) ( 1 5 0 ) ( 1 , 3 3 4 ) — . ( 9 , 4 9 5 ) ( 1 0 , 8 2 9 )\nF o reign exchange (loss)/gain, net ( 6 1 6 ) ( 4 9 4 ) ( 1 5 5 ) ( 1 , 2 6 5 ) 1 . . ( 1 , 9 6 3 ) ( 3 , 2 2 7 )",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **10**\n**The Promise of**\n**Emerging Markets**\n*Expanding Poland’s*\n*Payment*\n*Infrastructure*\n*Although still under-*\n*developed compared to western economies,*\n*Poland is one of the most dynamic and*\n*promising markets in all of Europe.*\n*Since entering Poland in 1995, Euronet*\n*Worldwide has become one of the largest*\n*transaction processing service providers in*\n*the country, establishing a network of over*\n*600 ATMs and providing software to eight*\n*major banks. Our agreement for electronic*\n*airtime distribution with all three mobile*\n*phone operators in the country -  ERA GSM,*\n*Plus GSM and IDEA Centertel -  further*\n*confirms that Euronet is embedded in the*\n*financial payments fabric in Poland.*\n### W\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\n00-697 Wa r s a w, Poland\n**Transfer Agent**\nE q u i S e r v e\nP.O. Box 9187\nCanton, Massachusetts 02021-9187\nShareholder Inquiries:\nTel: 877-282-1169 (within the US)\nTel: 781-575-3226 (outside the US)\n**Investor Information**\nCopies of Euronet Services Inc.’s Form\n10-K, as filed with the Securities and\nExchange Commission, are available\nfrom the Company at no charge.\nRequests for copies of Form 10-K and\nother investor information should be\naddressed to:\n**James McCroy**\nManaging Director Investor Relations\nEuronet Services Inc.\nTel:  913-327-4232\nFax:  913-327-1921\nj m c c r o y @ e u r o n e t w o r l d w i d e . c o m\n**Common Stock Information**\nThe table below sets forth the high and\nlow closing sales prices for the stock as\nreported by Nasdaq.\n**2000                            High          Low**\nFirst Quarter              $ 10.63      $   6.00\nSecond Quarter         $ 10.00      $   5.25\nThird Quarter             $   9.13      $   6.94\nFourth Quarter           $   8.25      $   4.00\n**1999                            High          Low**\nFirst Quarter              $   3.13     $   1.81\nSecond Quarter         $  2.25      $   1.94\nThird Quarter             $  3.38      $   2.00\nFourth Quarter          $  7.56      $   2.25\n**1998                            High          Low**\nFirst Quarter              $ 13.25      $   6.50\nSecond Quarter        $ 7.50      $   3.75\nThird Quarter             $ 4.50      $   1.81\nFourth Quarter          $ 4.00      $   2.13\n**Corporate Headquarters**\n4601 College Boulevard, Suite 300\nLeawood, Kansas 66211\nTel: 913-327-4200\nFax: 913-327-1921\n**Corporate Offices**\n**Global Sales Offices**\n**European Headquarters**\nHorvát u. 14-24.\n1027 Budapest, Hungary\nTel: 36-1-224-1000\nFax: 36-1-224-1013\n**Software Division**\n17500 Chenal Parkway\nLittle Rock, Arkansas 72223-9138\nTel: 501-218-7300\nFax: 501-218-7302\n**C r o a t i a**\nZelinska 3/5\n10000 Zagreb, Croatia\nTel: 385-1-63-26-777\nFax: 385-1-63-26-778\n**Czech Republic**\nIBC - Pobrezní 3\n186 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic\nTel: 420-2-2483-2252\nFax: 420-2-2323-954\n**F r a n c e**\n120 avenue Charles de Gaulle\n92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France\nTel: 33-1-41-92-95-55\nFax: 33-1-47-22-32-82\n**G e r m a n y**\nCharlottenstrasse 18\n10117 Berlin, Germany\nTel: 49-30-2039-6800\nFax: 49-30-2039-6855\n**G r e e c e**\n90, Kifissias Av e n u e\n15125 Marousi\nAthens, Greece\nTel: 301-809-9688\nFax: 301-809-9700\n**H u n g a r y**\nHorvát u. 14-24.\n1027 Budapest, Hungary\nTel: 36-1-224-1000\nFax: 36-1-224-1013\n**Middle East**\n11 Gamal El Dine Abou El Mahasen\nGarden City - Cairo - Egypt\nTel: 20 - 10 - 136 - 6774\nFax: 44 - 845 - 127 - 4748",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nrespect to such sale took place on July 14, 2000 and August 29, 2000. These agreements were signed with accredited investors in\ntransactions exempt from registration pursuant to the exemptions provided in Section 4(2) and Regulation D of the Act. The purchase price\nof each share was $6.97. The aggregate amount of proceeds to the Company from the private placement was $6.1 million.\nIn April 2000, the Company entered into two separate subscription agreements for the sale of an aggregate of 354,777 new common share s\nof the Company. Of the total new shares, closing with respect to 254,777 shares took place on April 10, 2000, and closing with respect to\n100,000 shares took place on May 4, 2000. These agreements were signed with certain foreign persons in transactions exempt fro m\nregistration under the United States Securities Act of 1933 (the “Act”) pursuant the exemption provided in Regulation S of the Act. The\nweighted average purchase price of each share was $7.50. The aggregate amount of proceeds to the Company from the private placement\nwas $2.7 million. Under each of the agreements, for each two shares of common stock purchased in the private placement, the accre d i t e d\ninvestors were issued one warrant, expiring in each case on the one year anniversary date of the subscription agreement, to purchase a share\nof Euronet common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $12.50.\nIn Febru a ry 2000, the Company entered into two subscription agreements for the sale of an aggregate of 650,000 new common shares of the\nC o m p a n y. Closing under these agreements took place on March 13, 2000. These agreements were signed with certain accredited investors in\ntransactions exempt from registration pursuant to the exemptions provided in Section 4(2) and Regulation D of the Act. The purchase price\nof each share was $6.615, which re p resents 90% of the average closing price for the ten trading days prior to and including Febru a ry 15,\n2000. The aggregate amount of proceeds to the Company from the private placement was $4.3 million. Under each of the agreements, for\neach two shares of common stock purchased in the private placement, the purchasers were issued one warrant to purchase a share of Euro n e t\ncommon stock at an exercise price of $11.615, expiring in each case on the one year anniversary date of the subscription agreement.",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\na c q u i red in the Euronet USA acquisition in 1998, and the SBK and Dash acquisitions in 1999.\n**Current Liabilities**  C u rrent liabilities decreased to $20.5 million at December 31, 2000 from $26.9 million at December 31, 1999. This decre a s e\nis due primarily to decreases in accrued expenses, billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on software installation costs and settlement of\nthe forw a rd foreign exchange contracts.\n**Capital Lease**  Total capital lease obligations including current installments increased to $11.5 million at December 31, 2000 from $10.6 million\nat December 31, 1999. This increase is due primarily to additional capital leases resulting from the Company's purchase of Budapest Bank’s AT M\nnetwork, consisting of 147 ATMs on May 1, 2000.\n**Notes Payable**  Notes payable increased to $77.2 million at December 31, 2000 from $72.8 million at December 31, 1999. This is the result of\nseveral transactions as follows:\n*(in millions)*\nBalance at December 31, 1999 $ 7 2 . 8 .\nU n realized foreign exchange gain (DEM vs. US$) (4.4)\nA c c retion of bond intere s t 8 . 8 .\nBalance at December 31, 2000 $ 7 7 . 2 .\n**S t o c k h o l d e r’s Deficit**  Stockholders’ deficit increased to $44.8 million at December 31, 2000 from $9.5 million at December 31, 1999. This is\ndue to the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2000 of $49.6 million which was offset by an increase in additional paid in capital of $14.4\nmillion due to the sale of 1,882,723 shares of common stock for proceeds of $13.0 million, the issue of $400,000 of warrants and the exercise of\n390,231 stock options for proceeds of $900,000.\n**Year 2000 Compliance**\nThe Company’s European and U.S. Year 2000 compliance teams re p o rted no material Year 2000 problems during the advent of the year 2000,\neither with Euro n e t ’s own systems or the systems of its customers. The Company is unaware of any material Year 2000 complications to date.\n**Impact of New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted**\n**S FAS 133**  The Company is re q u i red to adopt Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 133 “Accounting for Derivative\nI n s t ruments and Hedging Activities” as amended by SFAS No. 138 for US GAAP re p o rting as of 1 January 2001. SFAS 133 and 138 establish",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nmillion, $3.2 million and $153,000 for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998, re s p e c t i v e l y. In 2000, $1.0 million was\ncapitalized and appears on the Company’s balance sheet in prepaid expenses and other assets, net of accumulated amortization of $137,000.\nIn 1999, $322,000 was capitalized, net of accumulated amortization of $70,000.\n**(25) Employee Loans for Common Stock Program**\nIn October 1999 the Company’s Board of Directors approved and implemented a Loan Agreement Program (“Program”) for cert a i n\nemployees under which the Company has loaned sums of money to participating employees in order for them to purchase shares of the\nC o m p a n y ’s stock on the open market. The shares are pledged to the Company to secure the loans. As of December 31, 2000 166,195 share s\na re held by the Company as collateral for the loans. The loans carry five-year terms are non-recourse, non-interest bearing loans. The share s\nvest to the employees in five equal tranches of 20 percent of the shares for five years, commencing at the date each employee began\nemployment with the Company. As the shares vest, the employees are entitled to pay off the loans and free the shares of the pledge. These\nloans are considered an award of stock options as the loans are non-recourse and the employee is not obligated to pay any interest on the\nloans. The loans have been accounted for as a separate component of stockholders’ deficit. In the event that any one of the employees\ndefaults on the term of the loans, the shares received by the Company will be re c o rded as tre a s u ry stock.\n**(26) Sale of Croatian Network**\nOn November 19, 1999, the Company completed the sale of its Croatian ATM network to Raiffeisenbank Austria, d.d., a Croatian financial\ninstitution (“RBA”), for consideration of $2.7 million. The carrying value of the Croatian assets was $2.0 million, resulting in a gain to the\nCompany of $657,000, re c o rded as an offset to operating costs. Subsequent to the sale of the network assets, the Company and RBA entere d\ninto an ATM services agreement whereby the Company will provide ATM management and other related services to RBA for an initial term\nof 15 years.\n**(27) Employee Benefit Plans**\nE u ronet has established a Profit Sharing and 401(k) plan for all employees who have completed six months of service and are not otherw i s e",
+                    "page_start": 45,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\n**1 1 . 5**\n**5 . 3**\n**1 . 3 0 . 1**\nThe Company re c o rded an $800,000 write-down of certain ATM hard w a re assets associated with the\np u rchase of the Budapest Bank ATM network in May 2000 and the Service Bank ATM network in\nM a rch 1999 (see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements -  Asset Write Down). In addition,\nthe Company re c o rded a one-time gain in its Central European Sub-segment of $1.2 million. The\ngain is related to a change in Hungarian law that eliminates a major portion of the Company’s\nliability for import taxes on ATM hard w a re to the Hungarian government. The gain is included as an\nelement of direct operating costs.\nThe operating expenses for the Central European Sub-segment totaled $21.7 million for the year\nended December 31, 2000 as compared to $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an\ni n c rease of 5%. The increase in operating expenses is largely the result of an increase in the number\nof ATMs operated by the Company from 1,203 at December 31, 1999 to 1,391 at December 31,\n2000, and increased transaction volumes.\nThe operating expenses for the We s t e rn European Sub-segment totaled $18.9 million for the year\nended December 31, 2000 as compared to $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an increase of 15%. The increase in operating\nexpenses is largely the result of an increase in the number of ATMs operated by the Company from 621 at December 31, 1999 to 787 at\nDecember 31, 2000, and increased transaction volumes.\nThe operating expenses for the Other ATM Operations Sub-segment were $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 as compared to\n$2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an increase of 9%. The operating expenses from this segment are the result of the acquisition\nof the Dash network located in the United States in August 1999 and the unallocated costs associated with the Company's processing facilities.\nD i rect operating costs in the Network Services Segment consist primarily of: ATM installation costs; ATM site rentals; and costs associated with\nmaintaining ATMs, ATM telecommunications, interest on network cash and cash delivery and security services to ATMs. Such costs increased to\n$24.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase in direct operating",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nM a rch 1, 2001, the Company had not made any draws under the Credit Agreement.\nOn Febru a ry 25, 2000 the Company entered into two subscription agreements for the sale of an aggregate of 650,000 new common shares of the\nC o m p a n y. Closing under those agreements took place on March 13, 2000. These agreements were signed with certain accredited investors in\ntransactions exempt from registration under the exemptions provided in Section 4(2) and Regulation D of the Act. The purchase price of each\ns h a re was $6.615, which re p resents ninety percent of the average closing price for the ten trading days prior to and including Febru a ry 15, 2000.\nThe aggregate amount of proceeds to the Company from the private placement was $4.3 million. Under each of the agreements, for each two\ns h a res of common stock purchased in the private placement, the purchasers were issued one warrant to purchase a share of Euronet common\nstock at an exercise price of $11.615, expiring in each case on the one year anniversary date of the subscription agreement.\nIn April 2000 the Company entered into two separate subscription agreements for the sale of an aggregate of 354,777 new common shares of the\nC o m p a n y. Of the total new shares, closing with respect to 254,777 shares took place on April 10, 2000, and closing with respect to 100,000 share s\ntook place on May 4, 2000. These agreements were signed with certain foreign persons in transactions exempt from registration under the\nexemption provided in Regulation S of the Act. The weighted average purchase price of each share was $7.50. The aggregate amount of pro c e e d s\nto the Company from the private placement was $2.7 million. Under each of the agreements, for each two shares of common stock purchased in\nthe private placement, the purchaser was issued one warrant to purchase a share of Euronet common stock at a weighted average exercise price of\n$12.50, expiring in each case on the one year anniversary date of the subscription agreement.\nIn July 2000 the Company entered into subscription agreements for the sale of 877,946 new common shares of the Company. These agre e m e n t s\nw e re signed with accredited investors in transactions exempt from registration pursuant to the exemptions provided in Section 4(2) and",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nfair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired of $3.2 million was re c o rded as goodwill and is\na m o rtized over seven years.\nOn August 13, 1999, Euronet USA purchased the remaining 66 2/3% interest in Dash for a consideration of $800,000 payable in 24 equal\nmonthly installments commencing on July 1, 1999. Euronet USA has delivered letters of credit to each of the sellers in the amount of the\ne n t i re unpaid balance of the purchase price of Dash. As payments are made, the outstanding credit risk exposures related to the letters of\nc redit are reduced pro p o rt i o n a t e l y. Euronet USA now owns a 100% interest in Dash.\nThe acquisition was accounted for as a purchase; accord i n g l y, the results of operations have been included in the accompanying consolidated\nfinancial statements since July 1, 1999. The purchase price was allocated to assets acquired of $680,000 based on their fair values. The\nexcess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired of $120,000 has been re c o rded as goodwill and is amortized over\nten years.\nOn November 30, 1998, the Company acquired the outstanding common stock of Euronet USA for purchase consideration of appro x i m a t e l y\n$17.9 million (including incidental costs of $90,000 and fair value of stock options of $96,000). Euronet USA, with headquarters in Little\nRock, Arkansas, sells payment and transaction delivery systems worldwide. Its main software products include ATM and network pro c e s s i n g ,\ne l e c t ronic funds transfer interfaces, electronic funds transfer switch control, credit/debit card processing and corporate cash management and\npersonal financial management access products. Euronet USA is the software provider to Euro n e t ’s ATM transaction processing center in\nCentral Europe.\nThe acquisition was accounted for as a purchase; accord i n g l y, the results of operations are included in the accompanying consolidated\nfinancial statements since the date of acquisition. The purchase price was allocated to assets acquired ($7.5 million) and liabilities assumed\n($6.0 million) based on their fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired of $16.4 million was",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf",
+                "query": "Under which name was the Applied company initially fouded ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "The Company was founded in 1923 by Joseph M. Bruening as The Ohio Ball Bearing Company",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **90 Years**\n\n##### **of Strength in**\n##### **Distribution**\nIn January 2013, Applied\nIndustrial Technologies\nwill celebrate its 90th\nanniversary.  The Company\nwas founded in 1923 by\nJoseph M. Bruening as\nThe Ohio Ball Bearing\nCompany, a distributor\nof bearings to customers\nin Cleveland, Ohio.  Over\nthe years, the Company\ngrew to become a regional\ndistributor of bearings,\nthen an international\ndistributor of a wide range\nof industrial technologies\nand components.  Today,\nnearly 90 years since our\nbeginning, customers\nserved by Applied\nbenefit from our years of\naccumulated experience,\nexpertise and exceptional\nability to improve our\ncustomers’ operations.\nJoin us as we kick-off a\nyear-long celebration of\nour strength in distribution.\nWe thank all of you, our\nstakeholders, for making\nit possible.\n\n1\n\nOVERVIEW\nWith more than 4,600 associates across North America, Applied\nIndustrial Technologies (“Applied,” the “Company,” “We,” “Us”\nor “Our”) is a leading industrial distributor serving MRO and OEM\ncustomers in virtually every industry.  In addition, Applied\nprovides engineering, design and systems integration for\nindustrial and fluid power applications, as well as customized\nmechanical, fabricated rubber and fluid power shop services.\nApplied also offers maintenance training and inventory\nmanagement solutions that provide added value to its customers.\nWe have a long tradition of growth dating back to 1923, the year\nour business was founded in Cleveland, Ohio.  At June 30, 2012,\nbusiness was conducted in the United States, Canada, Mexico\nand Puerto Rico from 476 facilities.\nWhen reviewing the discussion and analysis set forth below,\nplease note that the majority of SKUs we sell in any given year\nwere not sold in the prior year, resulting in the inability to\nquantify certain commonly used comparative metrics analyzing\nsales, such as changes in product mix and volume.\nOur fiscal 2012 sales were $2.4 billion, an increase of $162.6\nmillion or 7.3% compared to the prior year.  Net sales from\nacquired businesses added $16.6 million or 0.7% to the current",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## 10 YEAR SUMMARY\n\n**is available at our website at**\n**www.Applied.com.  It is also available**\n**without charge upon written request to the**\n**Vice President -  Chief Financial Officer &**\n**Treasurer at the address shown.**\n**ANNUAL MEETING**\nThe Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held\nat 10:00 a.m., Tuesday, October 23, 2012, at the\nCorporate Headquarters of Applied Industrial\nTechnologies, 1 Applied Plaza, East 36th and\nEuclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115.\n**2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012**\nApplied Industrial Technologies, Inc. $100.00 $83.63 $70.22 $92.62 $133.17 $141.07\nStandard & Poor’s 500 100.00 86.88 64.11 73.36 95.88 101.10\nPeer Group 100.00 86.96 74.77 100.34 148.47 170.81\nAssumes $100 invested at the close of trading 6/30/07 in\nApplied Industrial Technologies, Inc. common stock, Standard\n& Poor’s 500, and Peer Group.\nCumulative total return assumes reinvestment of dividends.\nThe returns of the companies in the Peer Group are weighted\nbased on the companies’ relative stock market capitalization.\nPeer Group companies selected on a line-of-business basis\ninclude: DXP Enterprises, Inc.; Fastenal Company; Genuine\nParts Company;  W. W. Grainger, Inc.; Kaman Corporation;\nLawson Products, Inc.; MSC Industrial Direct Co., Inc.; and\nWESCO International, Inc.\nSource: Value Line Publishing LLC\nApplied Industrial Technologies, Inc., Standard & Poor’s 500, and Peer Group\n(Performance Results from 7/1/2007 through 6/30/2012)\nApplied Industrial Technologies, Inc. common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol AIT.  The Company is identified in most\nfinancial listings as “AppliedIndlTch.”\n**BB&T CAPITAL MARKETS**\nHolden Lewis, 703/471-3894\n**CJS SECURITIES**\nJonathan Tanwanteng, 914/287-7600\n**CLEVELAND RESEARCH COMPANY**\nAdam Uhlman, 216/649-7241\n**KEYBANC CAPITAL MARKETS**\nJeffrey D. Hammond, 216/689-0236\n**SIDOTI & CO.**\nJoseph Mondillo, 212/894-3339\n**GREAT LAKES REVIEW -  Division of**\n**Wellington Shields & Co.**\nElliott Schlang, 216/767-1340\n**STEPHENS INC.**\nMatt Duncan, 501/377-3723\n**WELLS FARGO SECURITIES, LLC**\nAllison Poliniak-Cusic, 212/214-5062\n**WUNDERLICH SECURITIES**\nBrent D. Rakers, 901/251-2236\n**RESEARCH ON APPLIED INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES IS AVAILABLE THROUGH:**\n**COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN**\n$0.00\n$50.00\n$100.00\n$150.00\n$200.00\n2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012\nApplied Industrial Technologies, Inc.\nStandard & Poor's 500\nPeer Group\nCorporate Headquarters\n1 Applied Plaza\nCleveland, Ohio 44115\n216/426-4000\n**Applied.com**",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY\n\n(In thousands, except per share amounts)\nNOTE 1: BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES\nBusiness\nApplied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company” or “Applied”) is a leading industrial distributor serving\nMaintenance Repair Operations (MRO) and Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) customers in virtually every industry.  In\naddition, Applied provides engineering, design and systems integration for industrial and fluid power applications, as well as\ncustomized mechanical, fabricated rubber and fluid power shop services.  Applied also offers maintenance training and inventory\nmanagement solutions that provide added value to its customers.  Although the Company does not generally manufacture the\nproducts it sells, it does assemble and repair certain products and systems.\nConsolidation\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries.\nIntercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.  The financial results of the Company’s Canadian\nand Mexican subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial statements for the twelve months ended May 31.\nStatements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income\nAccounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 220 \"Comprehensive Income\" requires the reporting of comprehensive income in\naddition to net income.  Effective for fiscal 2012 and retrospective for fiscal 2011 and 2010, the Company has elected to include a\nstatement of consolidated comprehensive income as part of its basic consolidated financial statements.  Prior to inclusion of the\nstatement of consolidated comprehensive income, comprehensive income, other comprehensive income and the components of\nother comprehensive income were reported as part of the statement of consolidated shareholders' equity.\nForeign Currency\nThe financial statements of the Company’s Canadian and Mexican subsidiaries are measured using local currencies as their\nfunctional currencies.  Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates, while income and expenses are\ntranslated at average exchange rates.  Translation gains and losses are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) in the",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n### To Our Shareholders:\n\n1 Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries\n$1.5 $1.5\n$1.7\n$1.9 $2.0 $2.1\n$1.9 $1.9\n$2.2\n$2.4\n$0.0\n$0.5\n$1.0\n$1.5\n$2.0\n$2.5\n03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12\n####### **Net Sales**\n(Dollars in Billions)\n$307.9 $339.5 $393.3 $414.8 $451.0 $502.1 $508.1 $555.0 $633.6 $672.1\n$0\n$100\n$200\n$300\n$400\n$500\n$600\n$700\n$800\n03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12\n####### **Shareholders’ Equity**\n(Dollars in Millions)\n$0.46 $0.71\n$1.20\n$1.57\n$1.93 $2.19\n$0.99\n$1.54\n$2.24\n$2.54\n$0.0\n$0.5\n$1.0\n$1.5\n$2.0\n$2.5\n$3.0\n03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12\n####### **Net Income Per Share**\n(Dollars)\n* The goodwill impairment charge in fiscal 2009\nreduced net income per share by $0.54.\n2\n###### Customers:\n###### *Expanding Our Value-Add*\nAt every level of the organization, our associates are\ncommitted to our customers’ success.  Simply stated, we\nkeep industry running -  productively -  and our efforts and\nperformance are regularly acknowledged.  For the twelfth\nconsecutive year, we earned Supplier of the Year status from\nVulcan Materials Company for our strong execution in the\nareas of product quality, service, support, ease of transaction\nand value.  And, just recently, Applied was named the\nrecipient of Excellence, Innovation, and Sustainability awards\nfrom Eastman Chemical Company.  This marks the first time",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n### Applied at a Glance\n\nFiscal 2012 was a successful year on multiple fronts\nfor Applied Industrial Technologies.  Our business\nperformance resulted from sound operating discipline\nand a focus on operational excellence, including:\n*2012 Financial Highlights:*\n-  Record sales of $2.4 billion   *-  an increase of 7.3%*\n-  Record net income of $108.8 million, or $2.54\nper share   *-  an EPS increase of 13.4%*\n-  Operating margin of 7.1%  *-  solid improvement*\n*over last year’s 6.8%*\n-  Cash generated from operations of $90.4\nmillion  *-  adding to our financial strength and*\n*flexibility*\n-  Return of $64.8 million to shareholders in\ndividends and share repurchases  *-  providing*\n*enhanced shareholder value*\n-  Improved after-tax return on assets of 11.8%   *-*\n*evidence of our continued focus on asset*\n*management*\n*When combined with results from*\n*prior years and viewed over time,*\n*these achievements equate to:*\n-  10 consecutive quarters of growth  *-  upon*\n*which we can build*\n-  Excellent cash generation   *-  to support*\n*our growth initiatives*\n-  Ongoing reinforcement of our Four\nCornerstones  *-  Margin Enhancement, Asset*\n*Management, Cost Control and Profitable*\n*Sales Growth*\nOur Financial Highlights provide a snapshot of our\nnoteworthy achievements; however, there’s much more\nto our story.  Throughout Applied, we have a shared\nbelief that we can and will profitably grow our business.\nThe future we envision for the Company is made possible\nby our strong foundation and financial position, by our\ndedicated associates, by our best-in-class suppliers,\nand, of course, by our strong customer base.  We are\nconfident and committed to expanding our value-add,\nextending our reach, and enhancing our technology to\nserve our customers and generate shareholder value.\nBENJAMIN J. MONDICS\nNEIL A. SCHRIMSHER",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n*PURPOSE*\n*PRODUCT*\n*PERFORMANCE*\n*PEOPLE*\n**Headquarters:**   Cleveland, Ohio, USA\n**Operating Facilities:**  More than 500 in the\nUnited States, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico,\nAustralia and New Zealand\n**E-Commerce:**   www.Applied.com\n**Distribution Centers:**   9\n**Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) Available**\n**to Customers:**   More than 4 million\n**Product Manufacturers:**   More than 2,000\n**Stock Ticker Symbol:**   AIT, listed on the\nNew York Stock Exchange\n**Employee Associates:**   Approximately 4,900\nData current as of August 1, 2012\nThis report contains statements that are forward-looking, as that term\nis defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission in its rules,\nregulations and releases.  Applied intends that such forward-looking\nstatements be subject to the safe harbors created thereby.  All forward-\nlooking statements are based on current expectations regarding\nimportant risk factors, including those identified on page 12 of this\nreport and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended\nJune 30, 2012.  Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from\nthose expressed in the forward-looking statements, and the making of\nsuch statements should not be regarded as a representation by Applied\nor any other person that results expressed therein will be achieved.\n*PURPOSE*\n*PRODUCT*\n*PERFORMANCE*\n*PEOPLE*\nApplied Industrial Technologies is a leading\nindustrial distributor that offers more than four\nmillion parts to serve the needs of MRO and\nOEM customers in virtually every industry. In\naddition, Applied <sup>®</sup> provides engineering, design\nand systems integration for industrial and fluid\npower applications, as well as customized\nmechanical, fabricated rubber and fluid power\nshop services. Applied also offers maintenance\ntraining and inventory management solutions\nthat provide added value to its customers.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **90 Years**\n\n#### OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Continued)\n\n3\n\nYEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2011 vs. 2010\nThe following table is included to aid in review of Applied’s\nstatements of consolidated income.\n\nYear Ended June 30,\nAs a % of Net Sales\nChange in\n$'s Versus\nPrior Period\n2011  2010 % Increase\nNet Sales\n100.0 %  100.0 % 16.9 %\nGross Profit  27.7 %  27.2 % 18.9 %\nSelling, Distribution & Administrative 20.9 %  21.4 % 14.0 %\nOperating Income  6.8 %  5.8 % 37.0 %\nNet Income\n4.4 %  3.5 % 46.8 %\nNet sales in fiscal 2011 were $2.2 billion, which was\n$319.6 million or 16.9% above the prior year driven by\nimprovements in the industrial economy.  Incremental net sales\nfrom companies acquired in fiscal 2011 contributed\napproximately $40.8 million or 1.8%.  Currency translation\nincreased fiscal year 2012 sales by approximately $16.3 million or\n0.7%.  In local currency, net sales from our Canadian operations\nwere up 23.1% from fiscal 2010, including 8.4% from\nacquisitions.  In local currency, net sales from our Mexican\noperations were up 17.9%.  The number of selling days in fiscal\n2011 was the same as in fiscal 2010.\nNet sales of our Service Center Based Distribution segment\nincreased $234.3 million, or 15.2%, compared to fiscal year 2010\nled by improvements in the industrial economy, with acquisitions\nadding $40.8 million or 2.7%.  Net sales of our Fluid Power\nBusinesses segment increased $85.4 million or 23.9%, driven by\nimprovements in the industrial economy.\nThe sales product mix for fiscal 2011 was 70.5% industrial\nproducts and 29.5% fluid power products compared to 71.7%\nindustrial and 28.3% fluid power in the prior year.\nAt June 30, 2011, we had a total of 474 operating facilities in the\nU.S., Canada and Mexico versus 455 at June 30, 2010.  The\nincrease in operating facilities represented 11 new locations due\nto acquisitions, the opening of 2 new locations, the impact of\nredefining certain shop operations which added 11 locations, and\nthe merger of 5 locations with other locations.\nOur gross profit margin increased to 27.7% in fiscal 2011 from\n27.2% in fiscal 2010.  LIFO benefits had a negative 1.0% impact\non gross profit margin in fiscal 2011 versus fiscal 2010.  LIFO\nbenefits recorded during fiscal year 2011 totaled $5.3 million\nwhich provided an overall benefit in our gross profit percent of\n0.2%.  This compares to a LIFO benefit of $23.5 million in fiscal",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## our value-add and generating success for our customers.\n\n3 Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries\nMost recently, in April 2012, we announced our expansion\ninto Australia and New Zealand with the definitive\nagreement to acquire the distribution businesses of\nSKF.  We completed the acquisition effective August 1,\n2012, subsequent to our year end.  As one of the largest\nbearing suppliers in these markets, the SKF Distribution\nbusiness provides an excellent foundation for growth.\nBoth geographies present attractive markets, growing\neconomies, and many common global customers.  The\nbusiness offers broad geographic coverage of Australia and\nNew Zealand, with 37 locations reaching targeted vertical\nmarkets such as mining, steel, pulp and paper, agriculture,\nconstruction, and food and beverage.  Furthermore,\nwe have significant growth prospects by extending\ncomplementary product lines and solutions to these\nvalued customers.\nBy completing this acquisition, we increase our footprint\nto more than 500 facilities across North America, Australia\nand New Zealand.  Looking forward, acquisitions will\ncontinue to provide an excellent opportunity to extend\nour reach and serve our customers.  We are a committed,\nstrategic acquirer focused on clear priorities around our\ncore industrial distribution business.  With our strong\nfinancial position and proven integration capabilities, we\nare confident that we will generate sustained, long-term\nvalue for our shareholders.\n###### Technology: *Enhancing Our Capabilities*\nWith hundreds of service centers and plans for future",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM\n41 Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)\n\nUnrealized loss (gain)  on assets held in rabbi trust for a non-qualified\ndeferred compensation plan **$ 36** $ (2,016 )  $ (1,012 )\nBenefit from payouts on corporate-owned life insurance policies  —\n(1,722 ) —\nForeign currency transaction losses (gains)   **1,592**\n(541 ) 36\nLoss  on cross-currency swap  —\n368\n510\nOther, net   **(50 )**  118\n41\nTotal other  expense (income), net   **$ 1,578**\n$ (3,793 )  $ (425 )\nThe Company is the owner and beneficiary under life insurance policies acquired in conjunction with a fiscal 1998 acquisition, with\nbenefits in force of $12,300 and a net cash surrender value of $3,200 at June 30, 2012.  In January 2011, the Company received\ndeath benefits under two of these policies and realized a gain of $1,722.\nNOTE 15:  SUBSEQUENT EVENT\nOn August 1, 2012, the Company acquired SKF's company-owned distribution businesses in Australia and New Zealand for cash\nconsideration.  These businesses will expand Applied's global capabilities and are part of the Service Center Based Distribution\nsegment.  The Company funded the acquisition from its available cash and existing revolving credit facilities.  Results of operations\nacquired will be included in the Company's results of operations from the date of closing.\n\n37 Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf",
+                "query": "By how much does Applied company plan to contribute to its pension benefits between 2018 and 2022 ?",
+                "target_page": 36,
+                "target_passage": "2018 through 2022 15,200",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)\n\n(In thousands, except per share amounts)\nThe following table provides information for pension plans with projected benefit obligations and accumulated benefit obligations in\nexcess of plan assets:\nPension Benefits\nJune 30,   **2012**  2011\nProjected benefit obligations   **$ 47,151**\n$ 53,490\nAccumulated benefit obligations   **47,151**\n43,528\nFair value of plan assets   **6,439**\n6,056\nThe net periodic costs are as follows:\nPension Benefits  Retiree Health Care Benefits\nYear Ended June 30,   **2012 --**   2011 --  2010 --   **2012 --**   2011 --  2010 --\nService cost   **$ 289**\n$ 460\n$ 574\n**$ 30**\n$ 39\n$ 52\nInterest cost   **2,047**\n2,232\n2,911\n**237**\n235\n259\nExpected return on plan assets   **(396 )**  (385 ) (351 ) —\n—\n—\nRecognized net actuarial loss (gain)   **644**\n1,449\n924\n**(72 )**  (83 ) (87 )\nAmortization of prior service cost   **412**\n710\n797\n**139**\n139\n148\nRecognition of prior service cost upon plan curtailment   **3,117**\n—\n—\n—\n—\n—\nNet periodic cost   **$ 6,113**\n$ 4,466\n$ 4,855\n**$ 334**\n$ 330\n$ 372\nThe estimated net actuarial loss and prior service cost for the pension plans that will be amortized from accumulated other\ncomprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year are $735 and $83, respectively.  The estimated\nnet actuarial gain and prior service cost for the retiree health care benefits that will be amortized from accumulated other\ncomprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year are $(53) and $107, respectively.\nAssumptions\nThe discount rate is used to determine the present value of future payments.  In general, the Company’s liability increases as the\ndiscount rate decreases and decreases as the discount rate increases.  The Company computes a weighted-average discount rate\ntaking into account anticipated plan payments and the associated interest rates from the Citigroup Pension Discount Yield Curve.",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)\n\n1,756\nOther  0 - 20%  **322**\n424\nTotal  100%  **$ 6,439**\n$ 6,056\nEquity securities do not include any Company common stock.\nThe Company has established an investment policy and regularly monitors the performance of the assets of the trust maintained in\nconjunction with the Qualified Defined Benefit Retirement Plan.  The strategy implemented by the trustee of the Qualified Defined\nBenefit Retirement Plan is to achieve long-term objectives and invest the pension assets in accordance with ERISA and fiduciary\nstandards.  The long-term primary objectives are to provide for a reasonable amount of long-term capital, without undue exposure\nto risk; to protect the Qualified Defined Benefit Retirement Plan assets from erosion of purchasing power; and to provide investment\nresults that meet or exceed the actuarially assumed long-term rate of return.  The expected long-term rate of return on assets\nassumption was developed by considering the historical returns and the future expectations for returns of each asset class as well as\nthe target asset allocation of the pension portfolio.\nCash Flows\nEmployer Contributions\nThe Company expects to contribute $6,000 to its pension benefit plans and $240 to its retiree health care benefit plans in\n2013.  Contributions do not equal estimated future payments as certain payments are made from plan assets.\nEstimated Future Benefit Payments\nThe following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as applicable, are expected to be paid in each of the next\nfive years and in the aggregate for the subsequent five years:\nDuring Fiscal Years Pension Benefits Retiree Health Care\nBenefits\n2013  $ 6,200\n$ 240\n2014  5,900\n240\n2015  5,700\n240\n2016  4,500\n240\n2017  1,700\n260\n2018 through 2022  15,200\n1,420\n\n34",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Postretirement Health Care**\n\n*Outstanding at December 28, 2002*   1,403,250   $ 23.03\nGranted   446,500   26.78\nExercised  (362,000)   23.10\nForfeited  (18,500)   23.57\n*Outstanding at January 3, 2004*     **1,469,250 $ 24.15**\nOptions exercisable at:\nJanuary 3, 2004   **202,250 $ 25.47**\nDecember 28, 2002   **156,250 25.02**\nDecember 29, 2001   **105,000 24.86**\nThe following table summarizes information about fixed stock options\noutstanding at January 3, 2004:\nOptions\nOptions Outstanding  Exercisable\nWeighted- Weighted- Number\nAverage Average Exercisable\nRange of Number Remaining Exercise  at January 3,\nExercise Prices Outstanding Contractual Life Price 2004\n$24.50- $28.25 31,000  2.9 years $ 25.71 31,000\n$32.22 20,000  4.1 years $ 32.22 20,000\n$23.47 101,250  5.1 years $ 23.47 101,250\n$18.31- $26.69 411,000  6.6 years $ 20.42 50,000\n$23.32- $25.27 223,500  7.1 years $ 23.41  -\n$25.75- $25.77 261,000  8.1 years $ 25.77  -\n$25.50- $42.98 421,500  9.2 years $ 26.83  -\n####### **Retirement Benefits**\nThe Company has defined contribution profit-sharing plans cover-\ning substantially all employees who are not participants in certain\ndefined benefit plans. The Company’s annual contribution to the de-\nfined contribution plans is based on employee eligible earnings and\nresults of operations and amounted to $26,489,000, $23,524,000,\nand $24,826,000 in 2003, 2002, and 2001, respectively.\nThe Company sponsors defined benefit plans which include\na limited number of salaried and hourly employees at certain subsidiar-\nies. The Company’s funding policy is generally to contribute annually\nthe minimum actuarially computed amount. Net pension costs relating\nto these plans were $176,000; $0; and $0 for 2003, 2002, and 2001,\nrespectively. The actuarial present value of obligations, less related plan\nassets at fair value, is not significant.\nThe Company also participates in a multiemployer plan,\nwhich provides defined benefits to certain of the Company’s union\nemployees. Pension expense for this plan amounted to $309,000,\n$309,000, and $310,000 in 2003, 2002, and 2001, respectively.\n####### **Postretirement Health Care**\nIn accordance with the guidelines of revised SFAS No. 132, “Employers’\nDisclosures about Pensions and other Postretirement Benefits,” the fol-\nlowing table sets forth the funded status of the plan, reconciled to the\naccrued postretirement benefits cost recognized in the Company’s bal-\nance sheet at:\n*(In thousands)*    **2003**   2002 2001\n*Change in benefit obligation*\nBenefit obligation at beginning\nof year $ 17,351 $ 12,229\n|  $ 17,617  249  1,105  (1,206)  566  -  |\n|:---|\n| $ 18,331  |\n| $  -  11,456  (1,206)  |\n| $ 10,250  |\n| $ (8,081)  1,105  5,361  1,122  |\n| $  (493)  |\n| $  (493)  |\nService cost  398  278",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)\n\nThe Company uses a June 30 measurement date for all plans.\nThe following table sets forth the changes in benefit obligations and plan assets during the year and the funded status for the\npostemployment plans at June 30:\nPension Benefits Retiree Health Care Benefits\n**2012**  2011  **2012**  2011 .\n**Change in benefit obligation:**\nBenefit obligation at beginning of the year  **$ 53,490**\n$ 51,114\n**$ 4,667**\n$ 4,593\nService cost  **289**\n460\n**30**\n39\nInterest cost  **2,047**\n2,232\n**237**\n235\nPlan participants ’ contributions —\n—\n**47**\n37\nBenefits paid  **(4,144 )**  (1,856 )  **(256 )**  (227 )\nAmendments  **150**\n151\n—\n—\nActuarial loss (gain)  during year  **4,179**\n1,389\n**423**\n(10 )\nCurtailment  **(8,860 )**  —\n—\n—\nBenefit obligation at end of year  **$ 47,151**\n$ 53,490\n**$ 5,148**\n$ 4,667\n**Change in plan assets:**\nFair value of plan assets at beginning of year  **$ 6,056**\n$ 5,229\n**$**   —\n$ —\nActual (loss) gain on plan assets  **(30 )**  984\n—\n—\nEmployer contributions  **4,557**\n1,699\n**209**\n190\nPlan participants ’ contributions —\n—\n**47**\n37\nBenefits paid  **(4,144 )**  (1,856 )  **(256 )**  (227 )\nFair value of plan assets at end of year  **$ 6,439**\n$ 6,056\n**$**  —\n$ —\n**Funded status at end of year $ (40,712 )**  $ (47,434 )  **$ (5,148 )**  $ (4,667 )\n\nThe amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets and in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the\npostemployment plans were as follows:\nPension Benefits Retiree Health Care Benefits\nJune 30,  **2012**  2011  **2012**  2011 .\n**Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets:**\nOther current liabilities  **$ 6,018**\n$ 4,151\n**$ 220**\n$ 220\nPostemployment benefits  **34,694**\n43,283\n**4,928**\n4,447\nNet amount recognized   **40,712**\n$ 47,434\n**$ 5,148**\n$ 4,667\n**Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):**\nNet actuarial (loss)  gain   **(10,112 )**  $ (15,012 )  **$ 398**  $ 892\nPrior service cost  **(279 )**  (3,808 )  **(135 )**  (274 )\nTotal amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)    **(10,391 )**  $ (18,820 )  **$ 263**\n$ 618\n\n32",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **3,009**\n\n### STATEMENTS OF CONSOLIDATED SHAREHOLDERS ’ EQUITY\n\n#### NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)\n\nThe weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost for the plans were\nas follows:\nPension Benefits Retiree Health Care Benefits\nJune 30,  **2012**  2011  **2012**  2011\nAssumptions used to determine benefit obligations at year end:\nDiscount rate  **2.8 %**  4.5 %  **4.0 %**  5.5 %\nRate of compensation increase  **N/A**  5.5 %  **N/A**  N/A\nAssumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost:\nDiscount rate  **3.5 %**  4.3 %  **5.5 %**  5.5 %\nExpected return on plan assets  **7.5 %**  7.5 %  **N/A**  N/A\nRate of compensation increase  **5.5 %**  5.5 %  **N/A**  N/A\nDue to freezing participant benefits in the SERP plan, the rate of compensation increase is no longer applicable.  The assumed health\ncare cost trend rates used in measuring the accumulated benefit obligation for retiree health care benefits were 7.5% and 8% as of\nJune 30, 2012 and 2011, respectively, decreasing to 5% by 2018.\nA one-percentage point change in the assumed health care cost trend rates would have had the following effects as of June 30,\n2012 and for the year then ended:\nOne-Percentage Point\nIncrease Decrease\nEffect on total service and interest cost components of periodic expense $ 48\n$ (39 )\nEffect on postretirement benefit obligation 854\n(701 )\n\n33 Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries\nPlan Assets\nThe fair value of each major class of plan assets for the Company’s Qualified Benefit Retirement Plan are valued using quoted market\nprices in active markets for identical instruments, or Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.  Following are the fair values and target\nallocation as of June 30:\nTarget Allocation Fair Value\n**2012**  2011\nAsset Class:\n\nEquity securities  40 - 70%  **$ 3,735**\n$ 3,876\nDebt securities  20 - 50%  **2,382**",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 3. \u0007Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements\n\n### 24. Employee benefits and share-based payments\n\nProvision for employee benefits -  current 3,797 2,993\nProvision for employee benefits -  non-current 5,416 4,482\nTotal employee provisions 9,213 7,475\nShare-based payments\nThe following share-based payments were made during the year:\n〉 〉 performance and deferred rights issued to employees $917,397 (2012: nil); and\n〉 〉 shares issued as part consideration of a legal dispute $1,512,000 (2012: $3,024,000).\nSuperannuation\nThe Group makes contributions on behalf of employees to externally managed defined contribution superannuation funds. Contributions are based on\npercentages of employee’s wages and salaries and include any salary-sacrifice amounts. Contributions to defined contribution plans for 2013 were $964,000\n(2012: $752,000).\nKingsgate executive option plan\nThe terms of the options issued pursuant to the plan are as follows:\ni. each option will entitle the holder to subscribe for one ordinary share of the Company;\nii. options are granted under the plan for no consideration; and\niii. options granted under the plan carry no dividend or voting rights.\nNotes to the Financial Statements\n**96**\nSet out below are summaries of options under the plans.\nGrant date Expiry date\nExercise\nprice\n$\nBalance\nstart of year\nNumber\nGranted\nduring year\nNumber\nExpired\nduring year\nNumber\nBalance\nend of year\nNumber\nVested and\nexercisable at\nend of year\nNumber\nYear ended 30 June 2013 -  Employees\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $6.00 481,000 - (481,000) - -\nTotal 481,000 - (481,000) - -\nWeighted average exercise price $6.00 - $6.00 - -\nYear ended 30 June 2012 -  Employees\n07 Jul 2006 01 Jul 2011 $6.00 50,000 - (50,000) - -\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $4.68 58,535 - (58,535) - -\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $6.00 566,001 - (85,001) 481,000 481,000\nTotal 674,536 - (193,536) 481,000 481,000\nWeighted average exercise price $5.89 - $5.60 $6.00 $6.00\n\nThe fair value of shares issued on the exercise of options is the weighted average price at which the Company’s shares were traded on the Australian",
+                    "page_start": 96,
+                    "page_end": 97,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\nlocated outside the United States. A summary of revenues by geographic territory for the three years 2003, 2002 and 2001 is as follows (in thousands):\nYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,\n2003 2002 2001\nUnited States $ 46,721\n|  $ 44,454 6,938 1,693 6,448  |  $ 38,805 10,635 2,182 5,983  |\n|:---|:---|\n| $ 59,533  | $ 57,605  |\nCanada 8,620\nUnited Kingdom 1,547\nOther 5,915\nTotal $ 62,803\n9\n10\n11\nN O T E S  T O  C O N S O L I D A T E D  F I N A N C I A L  S T A T E M E N T S ( C O N T I N U E D )\nE M P L O Y E E  R E T I R E M E N T  A N D  B E N E F I T  P L A N S\nA noncontributory defined benefit retirement plan is maintained for all regular employees of the Company except those of Quest Medical. This plan was\namended effective January 1, 1998 to become a cash balance pension plan. The Company’s funding policy is to make the annual contributions required by\napplicable regulations and recommended by its actuary. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for the plan.\nThe changes in the plan’s projected benefit obligation (“PBO”) as of December 31, 2003 and 2002 are as follows (in thousands):\n2003 2002\n**C H A N G E  I N  B E N E F I T  O B L I G AT I O N :**\nBenefit obligation, January 1 $ 4,170\n|  $ 4,599 320 307 (616) (93) (347)  |\n|:---|\n| $ 4,170  |\nService cost 214\nInterest cost 298\nAmendments —-\nActuarial (gain)/loss 529\nBenefits paid (333)\nBenefit obligation, December 31 $ 4,878\nIn December 2002, the plan was amended to reduce benefit accruals for future service by plan participants by approximately 50 percent. This amendment\ncaused a reduction in the PBO of approximately $616,000, and is reflected as a reduction in pension expense over the estimated employee service lives.\nThe changes in the fair value of plan assets, funded status of the plan and the status of the prepaid pension benefit recognized, which is included in the\nCompany’s balance sheets as of December 31, 2003 and 2002 are as follows (in thousands):",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n2003 2002\n**C H A N G E  I N  P L A N  A S S E T S :**\nFair value of plan assets, January 1 $ 4,383\n|  $ 4,550 (750) 930 (347)  |\n|:---|\n| $ 4,383  |\n| $ 213 2,154 (539) (132)  |\n| $ 1,696  |\nActual return on plan assets 963\nEmployer contributions 400\nBenefits paid (333)\nFair value of plan assets, December 31 $ 5,413\nFunded status of plan $ 535\nUnrecognized actuarial loss 1,941\nUnrecognized prior service cost (502)\nUnrecognized net transition obligation (88)\nNet amount recognized as other assets $ 1,886\nThe accumulated benefit obligation for the pension plan was $4,801,000 and $4,170,000 at December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively. The components\nof net periodic pension cost for 2003, 2002 and 2001 were as follows (in thousands):\nYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,\n2003 2002 2001\n**C O M P O N E N T S  O F  N E T  P E R I O D I C  P E N S I O N  C O S T:**\nService cost $ 214\n|  $ 320 307 (405) 7 28 (44)  |  $ 369 296 (477) 6 — (44)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| $ 213  | $ 150  |\nInterest cost 298\nExpected return on assets (349)\nPrior service cost amortization (37)\nActuarial loss 128\nTransition amount amortization (44)\nNet periodic pension cost $ 210\nActuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 were as follows:\n2003 2002\nDiscount rate 6.50% 7.00%\nRate of compensation increase 5.00% 5.00%\nActuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost were as follows:\nYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,\n2003 2002 2001\nDiscount rate 7.00%\n\nExpected long-term return on assets 8.00%\nRate of compensation increase 5.00%\nThe Company’s expected long-term rate of return assumption is based upon the plan’s actual long-term investment results as well as the long-term outlook\nfor investment returns in the marketplace at the time the assumption is made. The reduction in the Company’s assumption for this expected return rate in\nthe beginning of 2003 to 8 percent from 9 percent reflected the major downturn in returns on debt and equity investments that occurred in the investment\nmarkets in 2001 and 2002.\nThe Company’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2003 and 2002 were invested in the following asset categories:\n2003 2002\n**A S S E T  C AT E G O R Y:**",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **8. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS**\n\n2002, 2003 and 2004:\n**Weighted-Average**\n**Shares Exercise Price**\nUnits outstanding at December 31, 2001 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 12.4 $16.22\nGranted ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 2.3 17.45\nExercisedÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (1.9) 15.18\nCancelled ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (.2) 15.39\nUnits outstanding at December 31, 2002 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 12.6 16.61\nGranted ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 2.0 19.30\nExercisedÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (2.5) 16.21\nCancelled ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (.3) 16.02\nUnits outstanding at December 31, 2003 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 11.8 17.18\nGranted ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 1.8 24.65\nExercisedÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (2.3) 16.24\nCancelled ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (.2) 19.72\nUnits outstanding at December 31, 2004 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 11.1 $18.51\nThe following table summarizes information about the Company's outstanding and exercisable stock\noptions at December 31, 2004:\n**Outstanding Exercisable**\n**Weighted-**\n**Average Weighted- Weighted-**\n**Remaining Average Average**\n**Contractual Exercise Exercise**\n**Range of Exercise Price Shares Life (Yrs.) Price Shares Price**\n$10.16 Ì $13.55 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ .6 3.5 $11.87 .6 $11.87\n$13.56 Ì $16.93 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 1.3 4.9 14.68 .9 14.73\n$16.94 Ì $20.32 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 7.3 4.8 18.12 5.1 17.93\n$20.33 Ì $33.88 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 1.8 8.6 26.05 .2 24.78\n11.0 5.4 18.68 6.8 17.13\nThe Company also maintains the Republic Services 401(k) Plan (the \"\"Plan''), which is a deÑned\ncontribution plan covering all eligible employees. Under the provisions of the Plan, participants may direct the\nCompany to defer a portion of their compensation to the Plan, subject to a maximum of 15% of eligible\ncompensation, as deÑned. In general, the Company provides matching contributions of 50% of the amount\ncontributed by each participant up to 4% of the employee's salary. The employer match is generally made in\nshares of the Company's common stock. Both employee and Company contributions vest immediately. During\n2004, the Company contributed shares of its common stock valued at $3.5 million to the Plan.\n79\n####### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n####### **NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n####### **(All tables in millions, except per share data) Ì (Continued)**",
+                    "page_start": 86,
+                    "page_end": 87,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\nChange in benefit obligation:  *(in thousands)*\nBenefit obligation, beginning **$ -**\nService cost **22**\nInterest cost **23**\nActuarial loss **278**\nPlan adoption **546**\nBenefit obligation, ending **$ 869**\nFunded status **(869)**\nUnrecognized net loss **278**\nAdditional minimum liability **(380)**\nIntangible asset **380**\nUnrecognized prior service cost **521**\nAccrued benefit cost **$ (70)**\nComponents of net periodic benefit costs:\nService cost **$ 22**\nInterest cost **23**\nAmortization of prior service costs **25**\nNet periodic benefit cost **$ 70**\nAssumptions used by the Company in the determination of the Supplemental Retirement Plan information consisted of the following at December 31, 2003:\n**2003** Discount rate **6.00%** Rate of increase in compensation levels **4.50%**\n##### **Note 10.  Stock Incentive Plan**\nThe Company has a shareholder approved Company Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), providing for the grant of incentive compensation to essentially all employees in the form of stock options.  The Plan authorizes grants of options to purchase up to 480,000 shares of common stock over a ten-year period beginning in 1996.  The option price for all grants has been at the current market price at the time of the grant.  The grants have generally provided that one-half of the options exercisable on each of the first and second anniversaries of the date of grant, with the options expiring five years after they are granted.  In 2003, the Company issued grants where the options are vested over a five-year period beginning on the third anniversary date of the grant of the options.  The participant may exercise 20% of the total grant after each anniversary date through the eighth year, with the options expiring after ten years.\nThe fair value of each grant is estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:\n*(in thousands)*",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf",
+                "query": "What does Applied has to say regarding the potential creadit risk it could be exposed to ?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "The Company has a broad customer base representing many diverse industries primarily across North America. As such, the Company does not believe that a significant concentration of credit risk exists in its accounts receivable",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **customers and our business could still be exposed to risk.**\n\nour reputation and our business.\n**Even if we take appropriate measures to safeguard our information security and privacy environment from security breaches, our**\n####### **customers and our business could still be exposed to risk.**\nOur Retail and Credit segments involve the collection, storage and transmission of customers’ personal information, consumer preferences\nand credit card information. In addition, our operations involve the collection, storage and transmission of employee information and company\nfinancial and strategic data. Any measures we implement to prevent a security or cybersecurity threat may not be totally effective and may\nhave the potential to harm relations with our customers or decrease activity on our websites by making them more difficult to use. In addition,\nthe regulatory environment surrounding information security, cybersecurity and privacy is increasingly demanding, with new and constantly\nchanging requirements. Security breaches and cyber incidents and their remediation, whether at our company, our third-party providers or\nother retailers, could expose us to a risk of loss or misappropriation of this information, litigation, potential liability, reputation damage and\nloss of customers’ trust and business, which could adversely impact our sales. Any such breaches or incidents could subject us to\ninvestigation, notification and remediation costs, and if there is additional information that is later discovered related to such security breach\nor incident, there could be further loss of customers’ trust and business, based upon their reactions to this additional information. Additionally,\nas a credit card issuer, we could be subject to credit card fraud losses due to external credit card fraud.\n**If we fail to appropriately manage our capital, we may negatively impact our operations and shareholder return.**\nWe utilize capital to finance our operations, make capital expenditures and acquisitions, manage our debt levels and return value to our\nshareholders through dividends and share repurchases. If our access to capital is restricted or our borrowing costs increase, our operations\nand financial condition could be adversely impacted. Further, if we do not properly allocate our capital to maximize returns, our operations,\ncash flows and returns to shareholders could be adversely affected.\n8\n**Our customer and employee relationships could be negatively affected if we fail to maintain our corporate culture and reputation.**\nWe have a well-recognized culture and reputation that consumers may associate with a high level of integrity, customer service and quality\nmerchandise, and it is one of the reasons customers shop with us and employees choose us as a place of employment. Any significant",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**\n\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 56\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nThe third component of interest rate risk is marked increases in interest rates which may adversely impact the rate at which the Company may borrow funds for growth in the future.  Although this risk is real, it is not significant at this time as the Company has adequate cash for operations, payment of debt and near-term capital projects.\nManagement does not view market risk as having a significant impact on the Company's results of operations, although future results could be adversely impacted if interest rates were to escalate markedly and the company required external financing.  Since the Company does not currently have significant investments in publicly traded stock, currently there is limited risk related to the Company’s available for sale securities.  General economic conditions impacted by regulatory changes, competition or other external influences may play a higher risk to the Company’s overall results.\nAs of December 31, 2003, the Company has $7.3 million invested in privately held companies directly or through investments with portfolio managers.  Most of the companies are early stage and significant increases in interest rates could have an adverse impact on their results, ability to raise capital and viability.  The Company’s market risk is limited to the funds previously invested and an additional $1.8 million committed under contracts the Company has signed with portfolio managers.\n##### **Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures**\nThe Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.\nAs of the end of the period covered by this report, December 31, 2003 (the “Evaluation Date”), we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures.  Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the Evaluation Date.",
+                    "page_start": 57,
+                    "page_end": 57,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# PURPOSE PRODUCT PERFORMANCE PEOPLE\n\n## **90 Years**\n\n#### OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Continued)\n\nfor all unpaid medical claims including those incurred but not\nreported based on historical experience and other assumptions.\nAlthough management believes that the estimated liabilities for\nself-insurance are adequate, the estimates described above may\nnot be indicative of current and future losses.  In addition, the\nactuarial calculations used to estimate self-insurance liabilities are\nbased on numerous assumptions, some of which are subjective.\nWe will continue to adjust our estimated liabilities for self-\ninsurance, as deemed necessary, in the event that future loss\nexperience differs from historical loss patterns.\nPension and Other Postemployment\nBenefit Plans\nThe measurement of liabilities related to pension plans and\nother postemployment benefit plans is based on management’s\nassumptions related to future events including interest rates,\nreturn on pension plan assets, and healthcare cost trend rates.\nWe evaluate these assumptions and adjust them as necessary.\nChanges to these assumptions could result in a material change\nto the Company’s pension obligation causing a related increase\nor decrease in reported net operating results in the period of\nchange in the estimate.  At June 30, 2012, a 1% point change\nwould have the following effects (in thousands):\nOne-Percentage Point\nEffect of change in: - Increase Decrease\nDiscount rate on liability $ (3,501)\n)\n$ 3,965\nDiscount rate on net periodic benefit cost (117)\n)\n130\nEffective December 31, 2011, participant benefits and entry into\nthe SERP was frozen.  As such, compensation increases no longer\nhave an impact on the postemployment liability or the associated\nperiodic benefit cost.  Additionally, a 1% change in the return on\nassets is not material since most of the plans are non-qualified\nand unfunded.\nIncome Taxes\nDeferred income taxes are recorded for estimated future tax effects\nof differences between the bases of assets and liabilities for\nfinancial reporting and income tax purposes, giving consideration\nto enacted tax laws.  As of June 30, 2012, the Company had\nrecognized $34.4 million of net deferred tax assets.  This includes a\n$0.2 million valuation allowance recorded related to estimated\nlimitations in the deductibility of certain expenses.  Management\nbelieves that sufficient income will be earned in the future to\nrealize its deferred income tax assets.  The realization of these\ndeferred tax assets can be impacted by changes to tax laws,\nstatutory tax rates and future taxable income levels.\n\n11 Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. and Subsidiaries",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **5 Major context developments and their influence on**\n\n### **5.2 Technological developments -  influence on OSH**\n\nspecific EU and international legislation on specific aspects such as chemicals in waste, storage and\ntransport, in specific products like batteries and cars, in specific sectors like agriculture, in natural\nenvironments like in water and soil, and in consumer products like food, detergents and cosmetics).\n**Biological agents have always**  been a risk at workplaces in several sectors, particularly in health and\ncare, in agriculture and the food industry, in laboratories, and in wastewater treatment, waste disposal\nand recycling. Also, climate change will raise the risks from biological agents in Europe, due to the\nexpected warming that allows biological agents from tropical and subtropical regions to migrate to\nEurope.  <sup>296</sup> An increasing resistance of bacteria towards antibiotic treatment is a particular risk in\nhospitals and care institutions.\n\nThe  **COVID-19 pandemic**  made the public aware of the powerful impact of these risks, and also of the\nhigh risks of infections in some occupations. During the pandemic, the above-mentioned list of\nworkplaces with well-known risks from biological agents was significantly extended; practically all\nworkplaces with direct human- human communication were included, for example, workers in education,\nworkers in public transport, sales and restaurant personnel and so on.\nDuring the pandemic preventive measures for workplaces were introduced that  **might change future**\n**prevention**  practices towards biological agents, for example, the obligation to wear PPE might be\napplied for  **many more worker groups and for more circumstances**  , more rules for the organisation\nof personal contacts and communication at work have been developed and tested in practice, stronger\nventilation might be implemented, and the measures might include a significantly higher use of\ndisinfecting chemicals. The future development — be it regional or national outbreaks or worldwide\npandemics — is unforeseeable. The connections between global societies due to international supply\nand transport chains and tourism will definitely increase the risk of future worldwide pandemics.\n\n© pressmaster/Adobe Stock",
+                    "page_start": 106,
+                    "page_end": 107,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Directors’ Report\n\nbe able to sustain production beyond the\ncurrent mine lives, based on current production\nrates.\nMining risks and insurance risks\nThe mining industry is subject to significant\nrisks and hazards, including environmental\nhazards, industrial accidents, unusual or unex-\npected geological conditions, unavailability of\nmaterials and unplanned equipment failures.\nThese risks and hazards could result in signifi-\ncant costs or delays that could have a material\nadverse impact on the Group’s financial perfor-\nmance and position.\nThe Group maintains insurance to cover some of\nthese risks and hazards at levels that are\nbelieved to be appropriate for the circumstances\nsurrounding each identified risk, however there\nremains the possibility that the level of insur-\nance may not provide sufficient coverage for\nlosses related to specific loss events.\ncontinued\nDirectors’ Report\n**46**\nProduction and cost estimates\nThe Group prepares estimates of future produc-\ntion, cash costs and capital costs of production\nfor each operation though there is a risk that\nsuch estimates will not be achieved. Failure to\nachieve production or cost estimates or material\nincreases in costs could have an adverse impact\non future cash flows, profitability, results of\noperations and financial position.\nEnvironmental, health and safety\nregulations\nThe Group’s mining and processing operations\nand exploration activities are subject to exten-\nsive laws and regulations. Delays in obtaining\nor failure to obtain government permits and\napprovals may adversely affect operations,\nincluding the ability to continue operations.\nCommunity relations\nThe Group has established community relations\nfunctions that have developed a community\nengagement framework, including a set of\nprinciples, policies and procedures designed to\nprovide a structured and consistent approach\nto community activities.\nA failure to appropriately manage local commu-\nnity stakeholder expectations may lead to\ndisruptions in production and exploration\nactivities.\nRisk management\nThe Group manage the risks listed above, and\nother day-to-day risks, through an established\nmanagement framework. The Group has policies\nin place to manage risk in the areas of health and\nsafety, environment and equal employment\nopportunity.\nManagement and the Board regularly review the\nrisk portfolio of the business and the effective-\nness of the Group’s management of those risks.\nFinance\nCorporate loan and convertible loan\nfacilities\nThe Group has a three year secured loan facility\nwith a limit of A$40,000,000 (30 June 2012:\nA$50,000,000), of which A$20,000,000 has\nbeen drawn down as at 30 June 2013 (30 June\n2012: A$40,000,000).\nThe Group also has a five year A$35,000,000",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.2 Physical health risks at work**\n\nRisks at work that can result in physical harm can be divided into  **safety**  and  **health risks**  .\nThe main result of insufficient safety is a work accident. A  **work accident**  has as immediate\nconsequences either a personal injury, a disease, or death of one or more workers. Eurostat\ndistinguishes between non-fatal and fatal work accidents, and for the majority of sectors it provides also\nthe duration of the absence due to the accident — an indicator for the severity of the injury. Non-fatal\naccidents at work can cause medium- or long-term health consequences, and in the worst case a\npermanent disability.\nILO Definition of accident: ‘An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence,\nincluding acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work, which results in one or more workers\nincurring a personal injury, disease or death.’ <sup>51</sup>\n**Physical health risks**  can be caused by a  **variety of circumstances and exposures**  or by  **inadequate**\n**ergonomics**  . Natural  **circumstances**  at work can pose such health risks, that is, temperature, storms\nand floods, unsafe terrain, biological agents and so on; or the risks are due to manmade circumstances,\nthat is, work in buildings, on roofs and towers, on traffic routes, under artificial ventilation.  **Exposure**  is\na general term to describe the interaction between environment / emissions / contaminants and the\nhuman organism. In a workplace context, ‘exposure’ mainly covers emissions from machinery or from\ntools and materials, for example, noise, vibration, dust, electromagnetic fields and chemical substances.\nRisks from  **inadequate ergonomics**  harm in particular the musculoskeletal system. Ergonomic risks of\nmanual work are typically caused by repetitive hand and arm movements, tiring positions, for example,\npermanent kneeling or overhead work, lifting and moving of heavy loads, or of patients and so on. A\ncertain ergonomic risk is  **physical inactivity**  , in practice sitting most of the working time. Not only\nadministrative tasks but also many occupations in service or industry require permanent sitting, for\nexample, drivers, cashiers, part assembly operators and so on (often called ‘sedentary occupations’).",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES**\n\n####### **Restricted Cash and Marketable Securities, and Other Financial Guarantees**\n\ndirectors and oÇcers liability, worker's compensation and employer's liability coverage, as well as umbrella\nliability policies to provide excess coverage over the underlying limits contained in these primary policies. The\nCompany also carries property insurance.\nThe Company's insurance programs for worker's compensation, general liability, vehicle liability and\nemployee-related health care beneÑts are eÅectively self-insured. Claims in excess of self-insurance levels are\nfully insured subject to policy limits. Accruals are based on claims Ñled and estimates of claims incurred but\nnot reported.\nDuring 2003, the Company experienced an increase in expense associated with self-insurance. This\nincrease was attributable to the expansion of the Company's operations and various changes in estimates as a\nresult of continued negative trends through the 2003 policy year, based upon recent actuarial claims\nexperience, expected claims development and medical cost inÖation.\nThe Company's liabilities for unpaid and incurred but not reported claims at December 31, 2004 was\n$143.8 million under its current risk management program and are included in other current and other\nliabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. While the ultimate amount of claims incurred\nare dependent on future developments, in management's opinion, recorded reserves are adequate to cover the\nfuture payment of claims. However, it is reasonably possible that recorded reserves may not be adequate to\ncover the future payment of claims. Adjustments, if any, to estimates recorded resulting from ultimate claim\npayments will be reÖected in results of operations in the periods in which such adjustments are known.\n####### **Guarantees of Subsidiary Debt**\nThe Company has guaranteed the tax-exempt bonds of its subsidiaries. If a subsidiary fails to meet its\nobligations associated with tax-exempt bonds as they come due, the Company will be required to perform\nunder the related guarantee agreement. No additional liability has been recorded for these guarantees because\nthe underlying obligations are reÖected in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. (For further\ninformation, see Note 5, Debt).\n####### **Restricted Cash and Marketable Securities, and Other Financial Guarantees**\nIn the normal course of business, the Company is required by regulatory agencies, governmental entities",
+                    "page_start": 91,
+                    "page_end": 91,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\ntransmission network and services,\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n**41.**  A person—\n(a)  who is engaged in the installation, maintenance or repair of subsea fibre optic\ntelecommunications infrastructure;\n(b)  whose role directly supports the installation, maintenance or repair of subsea fibre optic\ntelecommunications infrastructure,\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n**42.**  —(1) A person ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom and who pursues a work-related\nactivity in another country to which they usually travel at least once a week which is certified by\ntheir employer, or in the case of a self-employed person certified by them, as being—\n(a)  an activity that cannot be done remotely; and\n(b)  critical.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), an activity is critical if—\n(a)  it would be defined as critical, or equivalent terminology, in legislation or guidance in use\nin that country; or\n(b)  if the country has no such definition, if a person is pursuing an activity which would fall\nunder one of the other paragraphs in this Schedule if it were carried out in the United\nKingdom.\n**43.**  —(1) A person who has an offer of employment for seasonal work to carry out specified\nactivities in edible horticulture on a specified farm.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “seasonal work” is employment which fluctuates or is restricted due to the season or time\nof the year;\n(b)  “edible horticulture” means growing—\n(i)  protected vegetables grown in glasshouse systems,\n(ii)  field vegetables grown outdoors, including vegetables, herbs, leafy salads and\npotatoes,\n(iii)  soft fruit grown outdoors or under cover,\n(iv)  trees that bear fruit,\n(v)  vines and bines,\n(vi)  mushrooms;\n(c)  “specified farm” means the farm named in that person’s passenger information;\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2018/506.\n(  **b**  ) 2003 c. 21. The definition of “electronic communications network” was amended by S.I. 2011/1210.\n(d)  “specified activities” means—\n(i)  crop maintenance,\n(ii)  crop harvesting,\n(iii)  tunnel construction and dismantling,\n(iv)  irrigation installation and maintaining,\n(v)  crop husbandry,\n(vi)  packing and processing of crops on employer’s premises,\n(vii)  preparing and dismantling growing areas and media,\n(viii)  general primary production work in edible horticulture,\n(ix)  activities relating to supervising teams of horticulture workers.\n**44.**  —(1) A domestic elite sportsperson, an international elite sportsperson, a domestic ancillary",
+                    "page_start": 45,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Optional testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Form C: unclear test result**\n\nin accordance with sub-paragraph (3).\n(3)  The notification of P’s test result must include P’s name, date of birth, passport number, or\ntravel document reference number (as appropriate), the name and contact details of the test\nprovider and P’s test reference number, and must be conveyed using one of the following forms of\nwords, as appropriate—\n###### **Form A: negative test result**\nYour coronavirus test result is negative. You did not have the virus when the test was done. If you\nare self-isolating as an international arrival from an amber-list country, region or territory you may\nstop self-isolating.\n\nYou should self-isolate if:\n\nyou get symptoms of coronavirus (you should get an NHS coronavirus test and self-isolate until\nyou get the results)\n\nyou are going into hospital (self-isolating until the date you go in)\n\nsomeone you live with tests positive\n\nyou have been traced as a contact of someone who tested positive\n\nFor advice on when you might need to self-isolate and what to do, go to\nwww.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19 and read ‘Self-isolation and treating symptoms’.\n\nIt is a legal requirement to self-isolate when you arrive in the UK from an amber-list country,\nterritory or region. If you are contacted by the enforcement authorities or the police after you have\nreceived this negative result please show them this notification.\n\n###### **Form B: positive test result**\nYour coronavirus test result is positive. You had the virus when the test was done.\n\nIf you have not had symptoms of coronavirus, you must self-isolate for 10 days from the day after\nyour test date. If you have symptoms of coronavirus, you must self-isolate for 10 days from the\nday your symptoms started, if earlier than when you took your test.\n\nPeople you live with or are travelling with should also self-isolate for 10 days from the day after\nyou took the test.\n\nYou may be contacted for contact tracing and to check that you, and those who you live or are\ntravelling with, are self-isolating.\n\nYou must not travel, including to leave the UK, during self-isolation.\n\nContact 111 if you need medical help. In an emergency dial 999.\n\n###### **Form C: unclear test result**\nYour coronavirus test result is unclear. It is not possible to say if you had the virus when the test",
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+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n##### **RISKS**\n\nThe Company is dependent on Sprint for the reporting of a significant majority of PCS revenues, particularly travel and service revenue.  Controls and processes are continually refined, so the Company can monitor, review, test, and validate information being reported to the Company by Sprint.  It is the Company’s policy to estimate and reflect the information supplied by Sprint in the financial statements in the respective periods.  Corrections, if any, are made no earlier than the period in which the parties agree to the corrections and as noted in these financial statements, there are several dispute settlements, true-ups of estimates and corrections which are recorded in the period the issue has been resolved.  The Company is at risk for reporting errors that may be made by Sprint.\nThe Company is one of eleven PCS Affiliates of Sprint, and accordingly, is impacted by decisions and requirements adopted by Sprint in regard to its wireless operation.  Management continually reviews its relationship with Sprint as new developments and requirements are added.  Note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contains a detailed description of the significant contractual relationship.\n##### **RISKS**\nStatement will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2005. The effective date has been deferred indefinitely for certain other types of mandatorily redeemable financial instruments.  The Company currently does not have any financial instruments that are within the scope of this Statement.\nIn December 2003, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued FASB Statement No. 132(R).  Statement No. 132(R) is a revision of Statement No. 132, “Employers’ Disclosures about Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits.”  SFAS 132(R) is effective for financial statements with fiscal years ending after December 15, 2003.  SFAS 132(R) requires additional disclosures including information describing the types of plan assets, investment strategy, measurement date(s), plan obligations, cash flows, and components of net periodic benefit cost recognized during interim periods.  The objectives of the revisions are to provide qualitative information about the items in the financial statements, quantitative information about items recognized or disclosed in the financial statements, information that enables users of financial statements to assess the effect that pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans have on entities’ results of operations, and information to facilitate assessments of future earnings and cash flows. The Company has adopted this statement effective December 31, 2003 with disclosures included in Note 9.\nfor instruments entered into or modified after May 31, 2003 and otherwise will be effective as of January 1, 2004, except for mandatorily redeemable financial instruments. For certain mandatorily redeemable financial instruments, the",
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+                "query": "To what system of logic do OWL ontologies belong to ?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "OWL ontologies are an implementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies?\n\nOntologies are used to capture knowledge about some domain of interest. An ontology describes the concepts in the domain and also the relationships that hold between those concepts. Different ontology languages provide different facilities. The most recent development in standard ontology languages is OWL from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).  A good primer on the basic concepts of OWL can be found at: [https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/)\nOWL makes it possible to describe concepts in an unambiguous manner based on set theory and logic. Complex concepts can be built up out of simpler concepts. The logical model allows the use of a reasoner which can check whether all of the statements and definitions in the ontology are mutually consistent and can also recognize which concepts fit under which definitions. The reasoner can therefore help to maintain the hierarchy correctly. This is particularly useful when dealing with cases where classes can have more than one parent. The reasoner can also infer additional information. For example, if two properties are inverses only one value needs to be asserted by the user and the inverse value will be automatically inferred by the reasoner.\n3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies An OWL ontology consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals. OWL ontologies are an implementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic. A class in OWL is a set, a property is a binary relation, and an individual is an element of a set. Other concepts from set theory are also implemented in OWL such as Disjoint sets, the Empty set ( owl:Nothing ), inverse\n\n1 [http://protege.stanford.edu](http://protege.stanford.edu/)\n7\nrelations, transitive relations, and many more. An understanding of the basic concepts of set theory will help the user get the most out of OWL but is not required. One of the benefits of Protégé is that it presents an intuitive GUI that enables domain experts to define models without a background in set theory. However, developers are encouraged to refresh their knowledge on logic and set theory. A good source is the first 3 chapters in Elements of the Theory of Computation by Lewis and Papadamitrious. Another good source is the PDF document  *Overview of Set Theory*  available at: [https://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/owl-theoretical-basics](https://www.michaeldebellis.com/post/owl-theoretical-basics)",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 22: Create a Defined Class called VegetarianPizza**\n\nIn most languages using the CWA we assume that everything that is currently known about the system is already in the database. However, OWL was meant to be a language to bring semantics to the Internet so the language designers chose the OWA. The open world assumption means that we cannot assume\nsomething doesn’t exist just because it isn’t currently in the ontology. The Internet is an open system. The\ninformation could be out there in some data source that hasn’t yet been integrated into our ontology. Thus, we can’t conclude some information doesn’t exist unless it is  *explicitly stated that it does not exist*  . In other words, because something hasn’t been stated to be true, it cannot be assumed to be false — it is assumed that the knowledge just hasn’t been added to the knowledge base. In the case of our pizza ontology, we have stated that MargheritaPizza has toppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping\nand also kinds of TomatoTopping . Because of the open world assumption, until we explicitly say that a\nMargheritaPizza only has these kinds of toppings, it is assumed by the reasoner that a\nMargheritaPizza could have other toppings. To specify explicitly that a MargheritaPizza has\ntoppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping or kinds of TomatoTopping and only kinds of\nMozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping , we must add what is known as a closure axiom on the\nhasTopping property.\nIn situations like the above example, a common mistake is to use an intersection instead of a\nunion. For example, CheeseTopping   *and*   VegetableTopping .  Although CheeseTopping\nand Vegetable might be a natural thing to say in English, this logically means something that\nis simultaneously a kind of CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping . This is incorrect\nbecause we have stated that CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping are disjoint classes\nand hence no individual can be an instance of both. If we used such a definition the reasoner\nwould detect the inconsistency.\nIn the above example it might have been tempting to create two universal restrictions — one\nfor CheeseTopping  ( ∀ hasTopping CheeseTopping) and one for\nVegetableTopping ( ∀ hasTopping VegetableTopping) . However, when multiple\nrestrictions are used (for any type of restriction) the total description is taken to be the",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 1 Introduction\n\nThis introduces Protégé 5 for creating OWL ontologies as well as various plugins. If you have questions specific to this tutorial, please feel free to email me directly: [mdebellissf@gmail.com](mailto:mdebellissf@gmail.com) However, if you have general questions about Protégé, OWL, or plugins you should subscribe to and send an email to the User Support for Protégé and Web Protégé email list. This list has many people (including me) who monitor it and can contribute their knowledge to help you understand how to get the most out of this technology. To subscribe to the list, go to: [https://protege.stanford.edu/support.php](https://protege.stanford.edu/support.php) and click on the first orange Subscribe button. That will enable you to subscribe to the list and give you the email to send questions to.\nThis chapter covers licensing and describes conventions used in the tutorial. Chapter 2 covers the requirements for the tutorial and describes the Protégé user interface. Chapter 3 gives a brief overview of the OWL ontology language. Chapter 4 focuses on building an OWL ontology with classes and object properties. Chapter 4 also describes using a Description Logic Reasoner to check the consistency of the ontology and automatically compute the ontology class hierarchy.\nChapter 5 describes data properties. Chapter 6 describes design patterns and shows one design pattern: adding an order to an enumerated class. Chapter 7 describes the various concepts related to the name of an OWL entity.\nChapter 8 introduces an extended version of the Pizza tutorial developed in chapters 1-7. This ontology has a small number of instances and property values already created which can be used to illustrate the tools in the later chapters for writing rules, doing queries, and defining constraints.\nChapter 9 describes two tools for doing queries: Description Logic queries and SPARQL queries. Chapter 10 introduces the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) and walks you through creating SWRL and SQWRL rules. Chapter 11 introduces the Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) and discusses the difference between defining logical axioms in Description Logic and data integrity constraints  in SHACL. Chapter 12 has some concluding thoughts and opinions and Chapter 13 provides a bibliography.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 4 Building an OWL Ontology\n\nThere are no mandatory naming conventions for OWL entities.  In chapter 7, we will discuss\nnames and labels in more detail. A best practice is to select one set of naming conventions and\nthen abide by that convention across your organization. For this tutorial we will follow the\nstandard where class and individual names start with a capital letter for each word and do not\ncontain spaces. This is known as CamelBack notation. For example: Pizza , PizzaTopping ,\netc. Also, we will follow the standard that class names are always singular rather than plural.\nE.g., Pizza rather than Pizzas, PizzaTopping rather than PizzaToppings .\n5. One last thing we want to do is to configure the reasoner. By default, the reasoner does not perform all possible inferences because some inferences can take a long time for large and complex ontologies. In this tutorial we will always be dealing with small and simple ontologies so we want to see everything the reasoner can do. Go to: Reasoner>Configure. This will bring up a dialog with several check boxes of\ninferences that the reasoner can perform. If they aren’t all checked then check them all. You may receive\na warning that some inferences can take a lot of time, but you can ignore those since your ontology will be small.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n#### [A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351037551_A_Practical_Guide_to_Building_OWL_Ontologies_Using_Protege_55_and_Plugins?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf)\n**Preprint**  · April 2021\nCITATIONS\n0\nREADS\n36,030\n**1 author:**\n[Michael Debellis](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Debellis?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_5&_esc=publicationCoverPdf)\n**21**   PUBLICATIONS   **194**   CITATIONS\n[SEE PROFILE](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Debellis?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_7&_esc=publicationCoverPdf)\nAll content following this page was uploaded by [Michael Debellis](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Debellis?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_10&_esc=publicationCoverPdf) on 21 April 2021.\nThe user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.\n1",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies?\n\n3.1.1 Individuals Individuals represent objects in the domain of interest. An important difference between OWL and most programming and knowledge representation languages is that OWL does not use the Unique Name Assumption (UNA). This means that two different names could actually refer to the same individual. For\nexample, “Queen Elizabeth”, “The Queen” and “Elizabeth Windsor” might all refer to the same\nindividual. In OWL, it must be explicitly stated that individuals are the same as each other, or different from each other. Figure 3.1 shows a representation of some individuals in a domain of people, nations, and relations — in this tutorial we represent individuals as diamonds.\n\nFigure 3.1: Representation of Individuals\nMichael\nJenna\nDiane\nTim\nUSA\nIndia\nItaly\nIndividuals are also known as  *instances*  .   Individuals can be referred to as  *instances of classes*  .\nFigure 3.2: Representation of Properties\nMichael\nBiswanath\nlivesIn\nIndia\nhasFriend\n8\n3.1.2 Properties Properties are binary relations between individuals. I.e., properties link two individuals together. For example, the property hasFriend might link the individual Biswanath to the individual Michael , or\nthe property hasChild might link the individual Michael to the individual Oriana . Properties can have\ninverses. For example, the inverse of hasChild is hasParent . Properties can be limited to having a\nsingle value -  i.e., to being functional. They can also be transitive or symmetric. These property characteristics are explained in detail in Section 4.8. Figure 3.2 shows a representation of some properties.\n\n3.1.3 Classes OWL classes are sets that contain individuals. They are described using formal (mathematical) descriptions that rigorously define the requirements for membership of the class. For example, the class Cat would contain all the individuals that are cats in our domain of interest. <sup>2</sup> Classes may be organized\ninto a superclass-subclass hierarchy, which is also known as a taxonomy. However, taxonomies are often trees. I.e., each node has only one parent node. Class hierarchies in OWL are not restricted to be trees and multiple inheritance can be a powerful tool to represent data in an intuitive manner.",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies?\n\nSubclasses specialize (aka  *are subsumed by*  ) their superclasses. For example, consider the classes Animal\nand Dog - Dog might be a subclass of Animal (so Animal is the superclass of Dog ). This says that  *All*\n*dogs are animals*  ,  *All members of the class*  Dog  *are members of the class*  Animal . OWL and Protégé\n\n2 Individuals can belong to more than one class and classes can have more than one superclass. Unlike OOP where\nmultiple inheritance is typically unavailable or discouraged it is common in OWL.\nProperties are similar to properties in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).  However, there are\nimportant differences between properties in OWL and OOP.   The most important difference is that OWL\nproperties are first class entities that exist independent of classes. OOP developers are encouraged to\nread: [https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/](https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/)\nMichael\nOriana\nhasChild\nPerson Country\nUSA\nItaly India\nlivesIn\nBuddy\nRover\nDog\nhasPet\nFigure 3.3: Representation of Classes containing Individuals\n9\nprovide a language that is called Description Logic or DL for short. One of the key features of DL is that these superclass-subclass relationships (aka subsumption relationships) can be computed automatically by a reasoner -  more on this later. Figure 3.3 shows a representation of some classes containing individuals - classes are represented as ovals, like sets in Venn diagrams.\nIn OWL classes can be built up of descriptions that specify the conditions that must be satisfied by an individual for it to be a member of the class. How to formulate these descriptions will be explained as the tutorial progresses.",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Michael DeBellis\n\n4.5 Create a PizzaTopping Hierarchy ..................................................................................................... 19\n4.6 OWL Properties ................................................................................................................................ 22\n4.7 Inverse Properties .............................................................................................................................. 23\n4.8 OWL Object Property Characteristics .............................................................................................. 24\n4.8.1 Functional Properties ................................................................................................................. 24\n4.8.2 Inverse Functional Properties ..................................................................................................... 25\n4.8.3 Transitive Properties .................................................................................................................. 25\n4.8.4 Symmetric and Asymmetric Properties ..................................................................................... 25\n4.8.5 Reflexive and Irreflexive Properties .......................................................................................... 26\n4.8.6 Reasoners Automatically Enforce Property Characteristics ...................................................... 26\n4.9 OWL Property Domains and Ranges ................................................................................................ 26\n4.10 Describing and Defining Classes .................................................................................................... 29\n4.10.1 Property restrictions ................................................................................................................. 29\n4.10.2 Existential Restrictions ............................................................................................................ 31\n4.10.3 Creating Subclasses of Pizza .................................................................................................... 33\n4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can’t Have Members ............................................................................ 37\n4.11 Primitive and Defined Classes (Necessary and Sufficient Axioms) ............................................... 38\n4.12 Universal Restrictions ..................................................................................................................... 41\n4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning .................................................................. 42\n3\n4.14 Defining an Enumerated Class ........................................................................................................ 44\n4.15 Adding Spiciness as a Property ....................................................................................................... 45\n4.16 Cardinality Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 46\nChapter 5 Datatype Properties .................................................................................................................... 48\n5.1 Defining a Data Property .................................................................................................................. 48\n5.2 Customizing the Protégé User Interface ........................................................................................... 50\nChapter 6 Adding Order to an Enumerated Class ....................................................................................... 58\nChapter 7 Names: IRI’s, Labels, and Namespaces ..................................................................................... 60\nChapter 8 A Larger Ontology with some Individuals ................................................................................. 62\n8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology ............................................................................................. 63\nChapter 9 Queries: Description Logic and SPARQL ................................................................................. 66\n9.1 Description Logic Queries ................................................................................................................ 66\n9.2 SPARQL Queries .............................................................................................................................. 67\n9.21 Some SPARQL Pizza Queries ........................................................................................................ 67\n9.22 SPARQL and IRI Names ................................................................................................................ 70\nChapter 10 SWRL and SQWRL ................................................................................................................. 72\nChapter 11 SHACL ..................................................................................................................................... 76\n11.1 OWA and Monotonic Reasoning .................................................................................................... 76\n11.2 The Real World is Messy ................................................................................................................ 76\n11.3 Basic SHACL Concepts .................................................................................................................. 77\n11.4 The Protégé SHACL Plug-In .......................................................................................................... 77\nChapter 12 Web Protégé ............................................................................................................................. 83\nChapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions ............................................................... 88\nChapter 14 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 89\n14.1 W3C Documents ............................................................................................................................. 89\n14.2 Web Sites, Tools, And Presentations. ............................................................................................. 89\n14.3 Papers .............................................................................................................................................. 89\n14.4 Books .............................................................................................................................................. 90\n14.5 Vendors ........................................................................................................................................... 90\n\n4",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 12 Web Protégé\n\nTo start we need to export the ontology to a file. Note that one of the tabs at the top is History. Select that tab. This tab shows a list of each version of the ontology. There should be 2 versions labelled R1 and R2 (in the right corner of each version). The most recent version is always at the top since that is typically what you want although it is also possible to roll back changes to previous versions. We want to export the latest version R2. Click on the R2 icon. This should give you a drop-down menu with two options: Revert changes in revision 2 and Download revision 2. Select Download revision 2. This will prompt you with the standard file browser for your OS to save a zip file with the new ontology. The ontology is saved with a zip file because ontologies can be large and since Web Protégé is working over a network we may want to limit the network traffic for large ontologies. Select the appropriate place to save the Zip archive file on the machine where you have Protégé. Do the standard things you would do to unzip the file and load it into Protégé. Note that when you unzip the file it will create a directory as well, so the file won’t be directly under whatever directory you save it to. Instead, there will be a directory titled something like pizza-with-data-ontologies-owl-REVISION-2 that the OWL file will be in.\nLoad the downloaded file into Protégé. Go to the Class hierarchy tab and navigate to the new ChicagoPizza class under NamedPizza. Add the axiom (refer back to chapter 4 if you need to remember how to add axioms to classes) hasBase some DeepPanBase. Save the file. Now go back to Web Protégé and your version of the Pizza ontology there. Note that in the upper right corner of the window there are links (drop down menus) such as Display and Project. Select Project and from the drop down menu select Apply External Edits. This will give you a small dialog titled Upload ontologies with a little button to Choose File.  Click on Choose File. That will give you the standard OS dialog for selecting a file. Navigate to the file you saved from Protégé and select that then choose OK. That should result in a new pop-up window titled Merge ontologies where you will see the changes (in this case only the addition of the ChicagoPizza axiom) and a text box where you can describe the changes. Add an appropriate",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 4.3 Disjoint Classes\n\nHaving added the classes Pizza , PizzaTopping , and PizzaBase to the ontology, we now want to say\nthat these classes are  *disjoint*  . I.e., no individual can be an instance of more than one of those classes. In set theory terminology the intersection of these three classes is the empty set: owl:Nothing .\n###### **Exercise 6: Make Pizza, PizzaTopping, and PizzaBase disjoint from each other**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select the class Pizza in the class hierarchy.\n2. Find the Disjoint With option in the Description view and select the (+) sign next to it.  See the red circle in figure 4.6.\n3. This should bring up a dialog with two tabs: Class hierarchy and Expression editor. You want Class hierarchy for now (we will use the expression editor later). This gives you an interface to select a class that is identical to the Class hierarchy view. Use it to navigate to PizzaBase. Hold down the shift key and select PizzaBase and PizzaTopping. Select OK.\n4. Do a Reasoner>Synchronize reasoner.  Then look at PizzaBase and PizzaTopping . You should see\nthat they each have the appropriate disjoint axioms defined to indicate that each of these classes is disjoint with the other two.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n\nFigure 4.6: The Disjoint Option in the Class Description View\n\n4.4 Using Create Class Hierarchy In this section we will use Tools>Create class hierarchy to create multiple classes at once.\nOWL classes are assumed to overlap, i.e., by default they are not disjoint. This is often useful\nbecause in OWL, unlike in most object-oriented models, multiple inheritance is not discouraged\nand can be a powerful tool to model data. If we want classes to be disjoint, we must explicitly\ndeclare them to be so.  It is often a good development strategy to start with classes that are not\ndisjoint and then make them disjoint once the model is more fully fleshed out as it is not always\nobvious which classes are disjoint from the beginning.\n\nFigure 4.7: The Create class hierarchy wizard\n\n###### **Exercise 7: Use the Create class hierarchy tool to create subclasses of PizzaBase**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________",
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+                "query": "Concerning ontologies, what is an anonymous class ?",
+                "target_page": 30,
+                "target_passage": "They are created by the reasoner when you use class expressions. For example, if you define the range of a property to be PizzaTopping or PizzaBase then the reasoner will create an anonymous class representing the intersection of those two classes",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Figure 4.12 Inverse Properties\n\n#### to denote existential restrictions.\n\n-  Universal restrictions describe classes of individuals that for a given property  *only*  have relations along a property to individuals that are members of a specific class. For example, the class of individuals that only have hasTopping relations to instances of the class VegetableTopping .\nIn OWL they keyword only is used for universal restrictions.\n\nLet’s take a closer look at an example of an existential restriction. The restriction hasTopping  some\nMozzarellaTopping is an existential restriction (as indicated by the some keyword), which restricts the\nhasTopping property, and has a filler MozzarellaTopping . This restriction describes the class of\nindividuals that have at least one hasTopping relationship to an individual that is a member of the class\nMozzarellaTopping .\n\n6 These have the same meaning as existential and universal quantification in First Order Logic.\nA restriction always describes a class. Sometimes (as we will soon see) it can be a defined class.\nOther times it may be an anonymous class. In all cases the class contains all of the individuals\nthat satisfy the restriction, i.e., all of the individuals that have the relationships required to be a\nmember of the class. In section 9.2 one of our SPARQL queries will return several anonymous\nclasses.\n\nThe restrictions for a class are displayed and edited using the Class Description View shown in Figure 4.17. The Class Description View holds most of the information used to describe a class. The Class Description View is a powerful way of describing and defining classes. It is one of the most important differences between describing classes in OWL and in other models such as most object-oriented programming languages. In other models there is no formal definition that describes why one class is a subclass of another, in OWL there is. Indeed, the OWL classifier can actually redefine the class hierarchy based on the logical restrictions defined by the user. We will see an example of this later in the tutorial.\n\n4.10.2 Existential Restrictions An existential restriction describes a class of individuals that have at least one (some) relationship along a specified property to an individual that is a member of a specified class or datatype. For example, hasBase  some  PizzaBase describes all of the individuals that have at least one relationship along the\nhasBase property to an individual that is a member of the class PizzaBase — in more natural English,",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 22: Create a Defined Class called VegetarianPizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select the Pizza  in the Classes tab.  Create a subclass of Pizza and name it VegetarianPizza .\n2. Make sure VegetarianPizza is selected. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the SubClass Of field in the Description view.\n3. Select the Class expression editor tab from the pop-up window.  Type in the Description Logic axiom: hasTopping only (VegetableTopping or CheeseTopping). Click on OK.\n4. Make sure VegetarianPizza is still selected. Run the Edit>Convert to defined class command.\n5. VegetarianPizza should now have three horizontal lines through it just as CheesyPizza does.\nAlso, the Equivalent To field in the Description view should have: Pizza and (hasTopping only (CheeseTopping or VegetableTopping)). Note that another way to create defined classes is to enter the Description Logic axiom directly into the Equivalent To field.\n6. Synchronize the reasoner.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n\nThis means that if something is a member of the class VegetarianPizza it is necessary for it\nto be a kind of Pizza and it is necessary for it to only ( ∀ universal quantifier) have toppings that\nare kinds of CheeseTopping or kinds of VegetableTopping . In other words, all\nhasTopping relationships that individuals which are members of the class VegetarianPizza\nparticipate in must be to individuals that are either members of the class CheeseTopping or\nVegetableTopping . The class VegetarianPizza also contains individuals that are Pizzas\nand do not participate in any hasTopping relationships.\n\n4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning Make sure that the reasoner is synchronized (the little text in the lower right corner should say Reasoner active). Now switch from the Class hierarchy tab to the Class hierarchy (inferred) tab. You may notice something that seems perplexing. The classes MargheritaPizza and SohoPizza both only have\nvegetable and cheese toppings. So one might expect that the reasoner would classify them as subclasses of VegetarianPizza as it recently (in section 4.11) classified them and others as subclasses of\nCheesyPizza . The reason this didn’t happen is something called the Open World Assumption (OWA).\nThis is one of the concepts of OWL that can be most confusing for new and even experienced users because it is different than the Close World Assumption (CWA) used in most other programming and knowledge representation languages.",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\n###### **Exercise 33: Try Some Description Logic Queries**\n\nThe foundation for RDF graphs are triples consisting of a subject, predicate, and object. This results in what is called an undirected or network graph because objects can be subjects and vice versa. Whenever you define a property in OWL you are defining a predicate. An individual can be a subject or an object (or both). E.g., in our ontology Customer1  purchasedPizza  AmericanaHotPizza1 . In this example\nCustomer1 is the subject, purchasedPizza is the predicate and AmericanaHotPizza1 is the object.\nHowever, classes and properties themselves are also represented as triples. So for example, when you create the class Pizza what Protégé does for you is to add the triple: Pizza rdf:type owl:Class to\nthe ontology. I.e., the Pizza entity is of type (is an instance of) owl:Class . Similarly when you add\nNamedPizza as a subclass of Pizza , Protégé adds the triple: NamedPizza rdfs:  **s**  ubClassOf\nPizza .\nHopefully, now you can make some sense of this initial query. The query is looking for all the entities that are the subjects of triples where the predicate is rdfs:  **s**  ubClassOf and the object is any other\nentity. The  *?*  before a name indicates that the name is a wildcard that can match anything that fits with the rest of the pattern. This is part of the power of SPARQL, one can match a Subject, an Object, a Predicate or even all three. Making all 3 parts of the pattern wildcards would return every triple in the graph (in this case our entire Pizza ontology) being searched. You may notice that in some cases the object is simply the name of a class while in others it is a class expression with an orange circle in front of it. This is because when defining classes using DL axioms Protégé creates anonymous classes that correspond to various DL axioms.\nThe SELECT part of a SPARQL query determines what data to display. The WHERE part of a query determines what to match in the query. If you want to display everything matched in the WHERE clause you can just use a * for the SELECT clause. The initial default query in this tab is set up with no knowledge of the specific ontology. I.e., it will return all the classes that are subclasses of other classes regardless of the ontology. To get information about Pizzas the first thing we need to do is to add",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 24: Create an Enumerated Class to Represent the Spiciness of a Pizza**\n\nFigure 4.23 The Reasoner Inferred that Margherita and Soho Pizzas are subclasses of VegetarianPizza\n4.14 Defining an Enumerated Class A powerful tool in the object-oriented programming (OOP) community is the concept of design patterns. The idea of a design pattern is to capture a reusable model that is at a higher level of abstraction than a specific code library. One of the first and most common design patterns was the Model-View-Controller pattern first used in Smalltalk and now almost the default standard for good user interface design. Since there are significant differences between OWL and standard OOP the many excellent books on OOP design patterns don’t directly translate into OWL design patterns. Also, since the use of OWL is more recent than OOP there does not yet exist the excellent documentation of OWL patterns that the OOP community has. However, there are already many design patterns that have been documented for OWL and that can provide users with ways to save time and to standardize their designs according to best practices.\nOne of the most common OWL design patterns is an enumerated class. When a property has only a few possible values it can be useful to create a class to represent those values and to explicitly define the class by listing each possible value. We will show an example of such an enumerated class by creating a new\nproperty called hasSpiciness with only a few possible values ranging from Mild to Hot .  In this\nsection we will also create the first individuals in our ontology.\n###### **Exercise 24: Create an Enumerated Class to Represent the Spiciness of a Pizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Create a new subclass of owl:Thing called Spiciness .\n2. Make sure that Spiciness is selected. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the Instances field in the Description view.\n3. You will be prompted with a window that looks like figure 4.24. The diamond icon at the top is for creating a new individual. The circle with an X through it is for deleting an individual. Use the diamond icon to create 3 individuals: Hot, Medium, and Mild, so your UI looks like figure 4.24, then click on OK.\n4. You may notice that only one of the new individuals was actually created as an instance of Spiciness . That’s okay. The next step will supply the reasoner with enough information to make the",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\nFinally, viewing the Individuals by class tab will help to understand the additional data in the ontology. If you go to that tab, you will see many new individuals. In addition to Employees and Customers there\nare instances of the Pizza class. You can see all these individuals in the Individuals by type (inferred)\nview in the upper right corner.\nNow with more instances you can see the value of the Individuals by type (inferred) view. You can expand and contract various classes and see the instances for them <sup>10</sup> .   Notice that the 4 HighCaloriePizzas are also instances of Pizza but they aren’t shown under Pizza because all\ninstances of HighCaloriePizza are always instances of the Pizza class. There is only one instance of\nthe Pizza class displayed because all the other instances of Pizza are also instances of subclasses of\nPizza so they are shown under those subclasses rather than under Pizza . If there are two or more\nclasses that an Individual is an instance of that aren’t subclasses of each other then they will all be shown.\nFor example, MargheritaPizza1 is an instance of both MargheritaPizza and LowCaloriePizza\nand it shows up under each class because neither is a subclass of the other. It is possible for a Pizza to be\na LowCaloriePizza and not be a MargheritaPizza and vice-versa.\n\n10 Note that if you have an instance of a class selected in the Individuals by type (inferred) view, you won’t be able\nto collapse that class. E.g., in figure 8.2 we wouldn’t be able to collapse the Employee class because one of its\ninstances ( Chef ) is selected. To collapse it just select a different instance that isn’t an instance of the class you\nwant to collapse.\n\nFigure 8.2 Viewing the New Instances in the Individuals by Class tab\nChapter 9 Queries: Description Logic and SPARQL Now that we have some individuals in our ontology, we can do some interesting queries. There are several tools for doing queries in Protégé.\n9.1 Description Logic Queries To start with the most straight forward one based on what you have already learned are Description Logic (DL) queries. These are essentially the same kind of statements you have been using to define classes. However, in addition to using such statements to define a class you can use it as a query.",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 22: Create a Defined Class called VegetarianPizza**\n\nIn most languages using the CWA we assume that everything that is currently known about the system is already in the database. However, OWL was meant to be a language to bring semantics to the Internet so the language designers chose the OWA. The open world assumption means that we cannot assume\nsomething doesn’t exist just because it isn’t currently in the ontology. The Internet is an open system. The\ninformation could be out there in some data source that hasn��t yet been integrated into our ontology. Thus, we can’t conclude some information doesn’t exist unless it is  *explicitly stated that it does not exist*  . In other words, because something hasn’t been stated to be true, it cannot be assumed to be false — it is assumed that the knowledge just hasn’t been added to the knowledge base. In the case of our pizza ontology, we have stated that MargheritaPizza has toppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping\nand also kinds of TomatoTopping . Because of the open world assumption, until we explicitly say that a\nMargheritaPizza only has these kinds of toppings, it is assumed by the reasoner that a\nMargheritaPizza could have other toppings. To specify explicitly that a MargheritaPizza has\ntoppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping or kinds of TomatoTopping and only kinds of\nMozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping , we must add what is known as a closure axiom on the\nhasTopping property.\nIn situations like the above example, a common mistake is to use an intersection instead of a\nunion. For example, CheeseTopping   *and*   VegetableTopping .  Although CheeseTopping\nand Vegetable might be a natural thing to say in English, this logically means something that\nis simultaneously a kind of CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping . This is incorrect\nbecause we have stated that CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping are disjoint classes\nand hence no individual can be an instance of both. If we used such a definition the reasoner\nwould detect the inconsistency.\nIn the above example it might have been tempting to create two universal restrictions — one\nfor CheeseTopping  ( ∀ hasTopping CheeseTopping) and one for\nVegetableTopping ( ∀ hasTopping VegetableTopping) . However, when multiple\nrestrictions are used (for any type of restriction) the total description is taken to be the",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 4.3 Disjoint Classes\n\nHaving added the classes Pizza , PizzaTopping , and PizzaBase to the ontology, we now want to say\nthat these classes are  *disjoint*  . I.e., no individual can be an instance of more than one of those classes. In set theory terminology the intersection of these three classes is the empty set: owl:Nothing .\n###### **Exercise 6: Make Pizza, PizzaTopping, and PizzaBase disjoint from each other**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select the class Pizza in the class hierarchy.\n2. Find the Disjoint With option in the Description view and select the (+) sign next to it.  See the red circle in figure 4.6.\n3. This should bring up a dialog with two tabs: Class hierarchy and Expression editor. You want Class hierarchy for now (we will use the expression editor later). This gives you an interface to select a class that is identical to the Class hierarchy view. Use it to navigate to PizzaBase. Hold down the shift key and select PizzaBase and PizzaTopping. Select OK.\n4. Do a Reasoner>Synchronize reasoner.  Then look at PizzaBase and PizzaTopping . You should see\nthat they each have the appropriate disjoint axioms defined to indicate that each of these classes is disjoint with the other two.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n\nFigure 4.6: The Disjoint Option in the Class Description View\n\n4.4 Using Create Class Hierarchy In this section we will use Tools>Create class hierarchy to create multiple classes at once.\nOWL classes are assumed to overlap, i.e., by default they are not disjoint. This is often useful\nbecause in OWL, unlike in most object-oriented models, multiple inheritance is not discouraged\nand can be a powerful tool to model data. If we want classes to be disjoint, we must explicitly\ndeclare them to be so.  It is often a good development strategy to start with classes that are not\ndisjoint and then make them disjoint once the model is more fully fleshed out as it is not always\nobvious which classes are disjoint from the beginning.\n\nFigure 4.7: The Create class hierarchy wizard\n\n###### **Exercise 7: Use the Create class hierarchy tool to create subclasses of PizzaBase**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Figure 4.12 Inverse Properties\n\n#### to denote existential restrictions.\n\n###### **Exercise 21: Convert CheesyPizza from a Primitive Class to a Defined Class**\n\n###### **Exercise 21: Convert CheesyPizza from a Primitive Class to a Defined Class**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Make sure CheesyPizza is selected.\n2. Select the menu option:  Edit>Convert to defined class.\n3. Synchronize the reasoner.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\nYour screen should now look similar to figure 4.21. Note that when a class is a defined class it is shown in the UI with three horizontal stripes in the circle next to its name.\nSo far we have seen the reasoner do simple things such as propagate disjoint axioms from super classes down to subclasses. However, the reasoner is capable of doing much more. Now that we have a defined class we can see an example of this. Notice that there are two tabs in the Class hierarchy view. The one shown in figure 4.21 is the asserted hierarchy. This is the hierarchy as defined by user declared axioms. The other tab is the Class hierarchy (inferred) tab. This is the hierarchy as inferred by the reasoner. Up until we created a defined class the two tabs would be identical because we had only primitive classes in the ontology. Now that we have a defined class the inferred hierarchy will look different. Select the Class hierarchy (inferred) tab. Make sure that the reasoner is synchronized (it should say Reasoner active as in figure 4.21). Also, make sure to expand the CheesyPizza class in this tab. You should see a screen\nsimilar to figure 4.22. As you should see in the inferred tab the reasoner has inferred that all the Pizza\nclasses with a cheese topping are subclasses of CheesyPizza .\nNote that if you just type a few characters, the number of possible completions may be large\nresulting in an unwieldy menu.  Also, Protégé doesn’t do things like type checking on possible\ncompletions.  For example, if you type “Chee” and do <control><space> you will be prompted\nwith CheeseTopping and CheesyPizza as possible completions even though a Pizza is not\nin the range of hasTopping .  This is where the reasoner can also help. If you enter a class that\nis not in the range of hasTopping the reasoner will signal an inconsistency.\nFigure 4.21 CheesyPizza as a Defined Class\n\nFigure 4.22 Classes Inferred by the Reasoner to be subclasses of CheesyPizza\n4.12 Universal Restrictions All of the restrictions we have created so far have been existential restrictions (defined using the some",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 23: Add a Closure Axiom on the hasTopping Property for MargheritaPizza**\n\nintersection of the individual restrictions. This would have therefore been equivalent to one\nrestriction with a filler that is the intersection of MozzarellaTopping   *and*   TomatoTopping\n— as explained above this would have been logically incorrect.\nA closure axiom on a property consists of a universal restriction that says that a property can only be filled by specified fillers. The restriction has a filler that is the union of the fillers that occur in the existential restrictions for the property. For example, the closure axiom on the hasTopping property for\nMargheritaPizza is a universal restriction that acts along the hasTopping property, with a filler that\nis the union of MozzarellaTopping and also TomatoTopping . i.e. hasTopping only\n(MozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping) .\n###### **Exercise 23: Add a Closure Axiom on the hasTopping Property for MargheritaPizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Make sure that MargheritaPizza is selected in the class hierarchy in the Classes tab.\n2. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the SubClass Of field in the Description view.\n3. Select the Class expression editor tab from the pop-up window.  Type in the Description Logic axiom: hasTopping only (MozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping).\n4. Click on OK.\n5. Repeat steps 1-4 but this time click on SohoPizza and use the axiom: hasTopping only (MozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping or ParmesanTopping or OliveTopping).\n6. Synchronize the reasoner.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\nThe previous axioms said that for example that it was necessary for any Pizza that was a\nMargheritaPizza to have a MozzarellaTopping and a TomatoTopping . The new axioms say that\na MargheritaPizza can  *only*  have these toppings and similarly for SohoPizza and its toppings. This\nshould supply the needed information for the reasoner to now make them both subclasses of VegetarianPizza .   Go to the Class hierarchy (inferred) tab. You should now see that\nMargheritaPizza and SohoPizza are both classified as subclasses of VegetarianPizza . Your UI\nshould now look similar to figure 4.23. Note the various axioms highlighted in yellow. Those are all additional inferences supplied by the reasoner. For experience you might want to click on some of the ? icons next to these inferences to see the explanations generated by the reasoner. As you develop more complex ontologies this is a powerful tool to debug and design your ontology.",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Figure 4.12 Inverse Properties\n\n#### to denote existential restrictions.\n\n###### **Exercise 15: Create Restrictions that define a MargheritaPizza**\n\nontology tidy, we will group our different pizzas under the class NamedPizza .\n###### **Exercise 14: Create Subclasses of Pizza: NamedPizza and MargheritaPizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select Pizza from the class hierarchy on the Classes tab.\n2. Click on the Add subclass icon at the top left of the Classes tab (look back at figure 4.4 if you aren’t certain). You can also move your mouse over the icons and you will see a little pop-up hint for each icon.\n3. Protégé will prompt you for the name of the new subclass. Call it NamedPizza.\n4. Repeat steps 1-3 this time starting with NamedPizza to create a subclass of NamedPizza. Call it MargheritaPizza.\n5. Add a comment to the class MargheritaPizza using the Annotations view. This is above the\nDescription view. Add the comment: A pizza that only has Mozzarella and Tomato toppings. Remember that annotation properties are meta-data that can be asserted about any entity whereas object and data properties can only be asserted about individuals. There are a few predefined annotation properties that are included in all Protégé ontologies such as the comment property.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\nHaving created the class MargheritaPizza we now need to specify the toppings that it has. To do this we will add two restrictions to say that a MargheritaPizza has the toppings MozzarellaTopping and TomatoTopping.\n###### **Exercise 15: Create Restrictions that define a MargheritaPizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select MargheritaPizza from the class hierarchy on the Classes tab.\n2. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the SubClass Of field in the Description view for Pizza.\n3. This again brings up the restriction dialogue. This time rather than use the Object restriction creator we will use the Class expression editor tab. Select that tab.\n4. Type hasTopping some Mo into the field.  Rather than type the rest of the name of the topping now hit <control><space> (hold down the control key and hit the space bar). Protégé should auto-complete the name for you and the field should now contain: hasTopping some MozzarellaTopping. This is a useful technique for any part of the Protégé UI. Whenever you enter the name of some entity you can do\n<control><space>. If there is only one possible completion for the string then Protégé will fill in the appropriate name. If there are multiple possible completions Protégé will create a menu with all the possible completions and allow you to select the one you want.",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 24: Create an Enumerated Class to Represent the Spiciness of a Pizza**\n\nFigure 4.23 The Reasoner Inferred that Margherita and Soho Pizzas are subclasses of VegetarianPizza\n4.14 Defining an Enumerated Class A powerful tool in the object-oriented programming (OOP) community is the concept of design patterns. The idea of a design pattern is to capture a reusable model that is at a higher level of abstraction than a specific code library. One of the first and most common design patterns was the Model-View-Controller pattern first used in Smalltalk and now almost the default standard for good user interface design. Since there are significant differences between OWL and standard OOP the many excellent books on OOP design patterns don’t directly translate into OWL design patterns. Also, since the use of OWL is more recent than OOP there does not yet exist the excellent documentation of OWL patterns that the OOP community has. However, there are already many design patterns that have been documented for OWL and that can provide users with ways to save time and to standardize their designs according to best practices.\nOne of the most common OWL design patterns is an enumerated class. When a property has only a few possible values it can be useful to create a class to represent those values and to explicitly define the class by listing each possible value. We will show an example of such an enumerated class by creating a new\nproperty called hasSpiciness with only a few possible values ranging from Mild to Hot .  In this\nsection we will also create the first individuals in our ontology.\n###### **Exercise 24: Create an Enumerated Class to Represent the Spiciness of a Pizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Create a new subclass of owl:Thing called Spiciness .\n2. Make sure that Spiciness is selected. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the Instances field in the Description view.\n3. You will be prompted with a window that looks like figure 4.24. The diamond icon at the top is for creating a new individual. The circle with an X through it is for deleting an individual. Use the diamond icon to create 3 individuals: Hot, Medium, and Mild, so your UI looks like figure 4.24, then click on OK.\n4. You may notice that only one of the new individuals was actually created as an instance of Spiciness . That’s okay. The next step will supply the reasoner with enough information to make the",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 6 Adding Order to an Enumerated Class\n\nIn this chapter we will expand on the enumerated class that we created to model spiciness in chapter 4.14. This chapter will highlight some of the power of object properties in OWL. We are going to create an ordering for the instances of Spiciness . I.e., Hot isSpicierThan Medium which isSpicierThan\nMild . To start go to the Object properties tab. Create a new property that is a sub-property of\nowl:topObjectProperty. Call this property isSpicierThan. Make its domain and range the Spiciness class. Make the property transitive. Transitive means that if X isSpicierThan Y and Y isSpicierThan Z\nthen X isSpicierThan Z. This is of course similar to the greater than and less than relations in math.\nCreate another property called isMilderThan. Make one property the inverse of the other. It doesn’t matter which one, you only have to specify that one property is the inverse of another, and the reasoner will realize that both are inverses. Run the reasoner. You will see that the reasoner has inferred the domain and range for isMilderThan than as well as the fact that it is transitive and the inverse of isSpicierThan .\nFigure 6.1 Setting isSpicierThan property in the Individuals by class tab\n\nNext go back to the Individuals by class tab. Go to the Individuals by type (inferred) view. You should see the individuals that exist right now. So far we have the example Pizzas you created and the instances of Spiciness: Hot , Medium , and Mild . Click on Hot. Notice that in the Property assertions view in the\nlower right corner the title should now say: Property assertions: Hot.  Click on the (+) icon next to Object property assertions. You will be prompted with a form with two areas to input values. The name of the property goes in the left hand side and the value in the right hand side (see figure 6.1). Type in isSpicierThan as the name of the property.  Remember you can use auto-complete so you should only need to type  *isS*  and type <control><space> and Protégé will fill in the name of the property. Enter Medium as the value. Your UI should look similar to figure 6.1. Select OK. Now click on Medium and set its isSpicierThan value to be Mild . That is all the data entry you need to do. Now run the reasoner",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
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+                },
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 4.3 Disjoint Classes\n\nHaving added the classes Pizza , PizzaTopping , and PizzaBase to the ontology, we now want to say\nthat these classes are  *disjoint*  . I.e., no individual can be an instance of more than one of those classes. In set theory terminology the intersection of these three classes is the empty set: owl:Nothing .\n###### **Exercise 6: Make Pizza, PizzaTopping, and PizzaBase disjoint from each other**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select the class Pizza in the class hierarchy.\n2. Find the Disjoint With option in the Description view and select the (+) sign next to it.  See the red circle in figure 4.6.\n3. This should bring up a dialog with two tabs: Class hierarchy and Expression editor. You want Class hierarchy for now (we will use the expression editor later). This gives you an interface to select a class that is identical to the Class hierarchy view. Use it to navigate to PizzaBase. Hold down the shift key and select PizzaBase and PizzaTopping. Select OK.\n4. Do a Reasoner>Synchronize reasoner.  Then look at PizzaBase and PizzaTopping . You should see\nthat they each have the appropriate disjoint axioms defined to indicate that each of these classes is disjoint with the other two.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n\nFigure 4.6: The Disjoint Option in the Class Description View\n\n4.4 Using Create Class Hierarchy In this section we will use Tools>Create class hierarchy to create multiple classes at once.\nOWL classes are assumed to overlap, i.e., by default they are not disjoint. This is often useful\nbecause in OWL, unlike in most object-oriented models, multiple inheritance is not discouraged\nand can be a powerful tool to model data. If we want classes to be disjoint, we must explicitly\ndeclare them to be so.  It is often a good development strategy to start with classes that are not\ndisjoint and then make them disjoint once the model is more fully fleshed out as it is not always\nobvious which classes are disjoint from the beginning.\n\nFigure 4.7: The Create class hierarchy wizard\n\n###### **Exercise 7: Use the Create class hierarchy tool to create subclasses of PizzaBase**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\n###### **Exercise 33: Try Some Description Logic Queries**\n\n###### **Exercise 33: Try Some Description Logic Queries**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. To begin with navigate to the DL Query tab. If it doesn’t exist create it using: Window>Tabs>DL Query.\n2.  At the top right of this tab you should see a view that says DL query: and below it Query (class expression).\n3 You can enter any DL statement you want in this box and then see all the entities that are subclasses, superclasses, and instances of it. As an example, enter:  Customer and purchasedPizza some (hasTopping some (hasSpiciness value Hot)). I.e., all Customers who have purchased a Pizza that hasSpiciness\nHot . At first you may not see anything but don’t worry there is one more step.\n4. Look at the check boxes on the right under Query for. Check Superclasses, Subclasses (although it should already be checked by default) and Instances. Now your UI should look like figure 9.1. You may notice that owl:Nothing shows up as a subclass. Don’t worry that is actually expected. Remember that\nowl:Nothing is the empty set and the empty set is a subset of every set (including itself) so just as\nowl:Thing is a superclass of every class owl:Nothing is a subclass of every class. If you don’t want to\nsee owl:Nothing you can uncheck the box toward the bottom right that says Display owl:Nothing.\n5. Try some additional DL queries such as:  hasTopping some (hasSpiciness value Hot) and VegetarianPizza and (hasTopping some (hasSpiciness some (isMilderThan value Hot))). Note that with this last query you are taking advantage of the transitive order you defined for the instances of the Spiciness class in chapter 6.\n6. You can also do queries for strings in the names of your entities. For example, first do a query simply with Pizza in the query window. Then type in Hot in the Name contains field. This should give you all the classes and individuals with  *Hot*  in their name.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\nFigure 9.1 The DL Query Tab\n\n9.2 SPARQL Queries SPARQL is a powerful language, and one could write a whole book about it. In fact, there are books written about it. The best one I have seen is the O’Reilly book Learning SPARQL by Bob DuCharme. This is an excellent book that not only goes into SPARQL but into topics such as RDF/RDFS and how triples are used to represent all information in OWL. I will only touch on those issues here, there is much more to say about them and DuCharme’s book is a great place to learn more. If some of the following is a",
+                    "page_start": 66,
+                    "page_end": 67,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\n###### **Exercise 33: Try Some Description Logic Queries**\n\nSuppose you wanted to see all of the things that are objects of Customer ?  With a couple of new\nconstructs this is simple. First, in SPARQL a shortcut to identify the type of any entity is to use the keyword a as the predicate. This is just shorthand for rdf:type . Second, when you have multiple\nstatements in a WHERE clause you need to end each one with a period.\nReplace the current query with the following:\nSELECT *\nWHERE { ?customer a pizza:Customer.\n?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\nThis will provide a long list of everything in the graph that is an object of some instance of the Customer\nclass. I.e., any entity that is the object of a predicate with a Customer as the subject.\nSuppose you wanted to count the number of Pizzas purchased by Customers so far. For this you use the SPARQL function COUNT. Here is what it would look like:\nSELECT (COUNT(?pizza) AS ?pcount)\nWHERE {?customer pizza:purchasedPizza ?pizza}\nPaste that into the SPARQL query view and hit Execute and you should see the returned value: 15. However, remember this isn’t really all the Pizzas because a few of the purchases were recorded on the\nPizza rather than on the Customer . To get the full number we can take advantage of the fact that we\nhave recorded the number of pizzas that each customer has purchased and use the SPARQL SUM function. That query would be:\nSELECT (SUM(?pnumber) AS ?psum)\nWHERE { ?customer pizza:numberOfPizzasPurchased ?pnumber}\nThis should give you the correct number of 17.\n9.22 SPARQL and IRI Names If you recall, at the beginning of the tutorial we changed the preference for creating new entities to  *user* *supplied name*  rather than  *auto-generated name*  which is the default. Now that you have seen examples of using SPARQL we can explain why. With auto-generated names rather than have names such as Customer or purchasedByCustomer our entities would have names such as\nOWLPropertyA4257yri73ff90rmbx and OWLClass23gkb0tk5kd30tm . Thus, the first query would\nbe something like:\nSELECT * WHERE {?customer pizza:OWLPropertyA4257yri73ff90rmbx ?pizza}\nand the second query would be:\nSELECT *\nWHERE {?customer a pizza:OWLClass23gkb0tk5kd30tm.\n?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use auto- generated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: [https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/](https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/)",
+                    "page_start": 70,
+                    "page_end": 71,
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 22: Create a Defined Class called VegetarianPizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select the Pizza  in the Classes tab.  Create a subclass of Pizza and name it VegetarianPizza .\n2. Make sure VegetarianPizza is selected. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the SubClass Of field in the Description view.\n3. Select the Class expression editor tab from the pop-up window.  Type in the Description Logic axiom: hasTopping only (VegetableTopping or CheeseTopping). Click on OK.\n4. Make sure VegetarianPizza is still selected. Run the Edit>Convert to defined class command.\n5. VegetarianPizza should now have three horizontal lines through it just as CheesyPizza does.\nAlso, the Equivalent To field in the Description view should have: Pizza and (hasTopping only (CheeseTopping or VegetableTopping)). Note that another way to create defined classes is to enter the Description Logic axiom directly into the Equivalent To field.\n6. Synchronize the reasoner.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n\nThis means that if something is a member of the class VegetarianPizza it is necessary for it\nto be a kind of Pizza and it is necessary for it to only ( ∀ universal quantifier) have toppings that\nare kinds of CheeseTopping or kinds of VegetableTopping . In other words, all\nhasTopping relationships that individuals which are members of the class VegetarianPizza\nparticipate in must be to individuals that are either members of the class CheeseTopping or\nVegetableTopping . The class VegetarianPizza also contains individuals that are Pizzas\nand do not participate in any hasTopping relationships.\n\n4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning Make sure that the reasoner is synchronized (the little text in the lower right corner should say Reasoner active). Now switch from the Class hierarchy tab to the Class hierarchy (inferred) tab. You may notice something that seems perplexing. The classes MargheritaPizza and SohoPizza both only have\nvegetable and cheese toppings. So one might expect that the reasoner would classify them as subclasses of VegetarianPizza as it recently (in section 4.11) classified them and others as subclasses of\nCheesyPizza . The reason this didn’t happen is something called the Open World Assumption (OWA).\nThis is one of the concepts of OWL that can be most confusing for new and even experienced users because it is different than the Close World Assumption (CWA) used in most other programming and knowledge representation languages.",
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+                    "page_end": 42,
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 4 Building an OWL Ontology\n\nThere are no mandatory naming conventions for OWL entities.  In chapter 7, we will discuss\nnames and labels in more detail. A best practice is to select one set of naming conventions and\nthen abide by that convention across your organization. For this tutorial we will follow the\nstandard where class and individual names start with a capital letter for each word and do not\ncontain spaces. This is known as CamelBack notation. For example: Pizza , PizzaTopping ,\netc. Also, we will follow the standard that class names are always singular rather than plural.\nE.g., Pizza rather than Pizzas, PizzaTopping rather than PizzaToppings .\n5. One last thing we want to do is to configure the reasoner. By default, the reasoner does not perform all possible inferences because some inferences can take a long time for large and complex ontologies. In this tutorial we will always be dealing with small and simple ontologies so we want to see everything the reasoner can do. Go to: Reasoner>Configure. This will bring up a dialog with several check boxes of\ninferences that the reasoner can perform. If they aren’t all checked then check them all. You may receive\na warning that some inferences can take a lot of time, but you can ignore those since your ontology will be small.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 5 Datatype Properties\n\n###### **Exercise 29: Assign a Data Property Values**\n\nontology yet the usefulness of this new view isn’t that obvious but as we add more instances and as you deal with larger real ontologies in the future, this view can be very helpful to find specific instances of  a class. Note that the UI just shows the most direct class (or classes) that the Individual is an instance of. For example, we currently just have three individuals, the three instances of Spiciness : Hot , Medium ,\nand Mild . These are also instances of owl:Thing (as are  *all*  instances) however the UI only displays\nthem as instances of Spiciness since it is implicit that they are also instances of all the superclasses of\nSpiciness .\n\n8 Your particular Protégé UI may look slightly different than some of the screen snapshots depending on if your\norganization or another user has already customized the Protégé UI.  If you ever want to return a major tab to its\ndefault configuration select that tab and use Window>Reset selected tab to default configuration.\nFigure 5.2 Adding a new view to the Individuals by class tab\n\nFigure 5.3 A Customized Individuals by class tab\n\n###### **Exercise 28: Create Example Pizza Individuals**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. We will now add our first actual Pizza. Remain in the Individuals by class tab.\n2. Use the Class hierarchy view in the upper left to navigate to  MargheritaPizza and select it. There is a view directly under the Class hierarchy tab called Direct instances. Click the little diamond in that view. This will prompt you for the name of your new individual. Call it MargheritaPizza1.\n3. Your UI should now look similar to figure 5.4.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n\nFigure 5.4 Creating Our First Pizza\n\n###### **Exercise 29: Assign a Data Property Values**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Remain in the Individuals by class tab. Click on MargheritaPizza1. You should see in the Description view that it is an instance of MargheritaPizza . Now you will use the Property assertions view to set\nthe caloric content of MargheritaPizza1 . This view can be used to set object and data properties.\n2.  Click on the (+) icon next to Data property assertions in the Property assertions view in the lower right.",
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\nFinally, viewing the Individuals by class tab will help to understand the additional data in the ontology. If you go to that tab, you will see many new individuals. In addition to Employees and Customers there\nare instances of the Pizza class. You can see all these individuals in the Individuals by type (inferred)\nview in the upper right corner.\nNow with more instances you can see the value of the Individuals by type (inferred) view. You can expand and contract various classes and see the instances for them <sup>10</sup> .   Notice that the 4 HighCaloriePizzas are also instances of Pizza but they aren’t shown under Pizza because all\ninstances of HighCaloriePizza are always instances of the Pizza class. There is only one instance of\nthe Pizza class displayed because all the other instances of Pizza are also instances of subclasses of\nPizza so they are shown under those subclasses rather than under Pizza . If there are two or more\nclasses that an Individual is an instance of that aren’t subclasses of each other then they will all be shown.\nFor example, MargheritaPizza1 is an instance of both MargheritaPizza and LowCaloriePizza\nand it shows up under each class because neither is a subclass of the other. It is possible for a Pizza to be\na LowCaloriePizza and not be a MargheritaPizza and vice-versa.\n\n10 Note that if you have an instance of a class selected in the Individuals by type (inferred) view, you won’t be able\nto collapse that class. E.g., in figure 8.2 we wouldn’t be able to collapse the Employee class because one of its\ninstances ( Chef ) is selected. To collapse it just select a different instance that isn’t an instance of the class you\nwant to collapse.\n\nFigure 8.2 Viewing the New Instances in the Individuals by Class tab\nChapter 9 Queries: Description Logic and SPARQL Now that we have some individuals in our ontology, we can do some interesting queries. There are several tools for doing queries in Protégé.\n9.1 Description Logic Queries To start with the most straight forward one based on what you have already learned are Description Logic (DL) queries. These are essentially the same kind of statements you have been using to define classes. However, in addition to using such statements to define a class you can use it as a query.",
+                    "page_start": 64,
+                    "page_end": 66,
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+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\n###### **Exercise 33: Try Some Description Logic Queries**\n\nThe foundation for RDF graphs are triples consisting of a subject, predicate, and object. This results in what is called an undirected or network graph because objects can be subjects and vice versa. Whenever you define a property in OWL you are defining a predicate. An individual can be a subject or an object (or both). E.g., in our ontology Customer1  purchasedPizza  AmericanaHotPizza1 . In this example\nCustomer1 is the subject, purchasedPizza is the predicate and AmericanaHotPizza1 is the object.\nHowever, classes and properties themselves are also represented as triples. So for example, when you create the class Pizza what Protégé does for you is to add the triple: Pizza rdf:type owl:Class to\nthe ontology. I.e., the Pizza entity is of type (is an instance of) owl:Class . Similarly when you add\nNamedPizza as a subclass of Pizza , Protégé adds the triple: NamedPizza rdfs:  **s**  ubClassOf\nPizza .\nHopefully, now you can make some sense of this initial query. The query is looking for all the entities that are the subjects of triples where the predicate is rdfs:  **s**  ubClassOf and the object is any other\nentity. The  *?*  before a name indicates that the name is a wildcard that can match anything that fits with the rest of the pattern. This is part of the power of SPARQL, one can match a Subject, an Object, a Predicate or even all three. Making all 3 parts of the pattern wildcards would return every triple in the graph (in this case our entire Pizza ontology) being searched. You may notice that in some cases the object is simply the name of a class while in others it is a class expression with an orange circle in front of it. This is because when defining classes using DL axioms Protégé creates anonymous classes that correspond to various DL axioms.\nThe SELECT part of a SPARQL query determines what data to display. The WHERE part of a query determines what to match in the query. If you want to display everything matched in the WHERE clause you can just use a * for the SELECT clause. The initial default query in this tab is set up with no knowledge of the specific ontology. I.e., it will return all the classes that are subclasses of other classes regardless of the ontology. To get information about Pizzas the first thing we need to do is to add",
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+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg246915.pdf",
+                "query": "Howcan I specify to Content Manager OnDemand to store the data on the server on which the program runs ?",
+                "target_page": 121,
+                "target_passage": "Local: Content Manager OnDemand stores data in a primary storage node on the server on which the data loading program runs",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **enChoice**\n\n### **2.1  Introduction**\nA  *Content Manager OnDemand instance*  is a logical server environment. The base system\ncomponents are a library server and one or more object servers. Optional components\ninclude one or more archive managers and one or more Full Text servers.",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
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+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Chapter 1. Overview and concepts**\n\n### **1.2  Content Manager OnDemand concepts**\n\n#### **1.2.3  Application, application group, folder, and cabinet**\n\nThe terms  *application*  ,  *application group*  ,  *f*   *older*  ,  and  *cabinet*  represent how Content\nManager OnDemand stores, manages, distributes, retrieves, displays, and prints reports and\nindex data. When you define a report or type of data to Content Manager OnDemand, an\nadministrator must perform the following tasks:\n� Create an application and assign the application to an application group.\n� Create or update a folder to use the application group and application so that users can\nsearch for and retrieve documents.\n� Optionally, create or update a cabinet. *Cabinets*  are containers for collections of folders.\nThey allow users to manage and navigate folders more easily.\n**Application**\nAn  *application*  describes the physical characteristics of a report to Content Manager\nOnDemand. Typically, you define an application for each program that produces output to be\nstored in Content Manager OnDemand. The application includes information about the format\nof the data, the orientation of data on the page, the paper size, the record length, and the\ncode page of the data. The application also includes parameters that the indexing program\nuses to locate and extract index data and processing instructions that Content Manager\nOnDemand uses to load index data in the database and documents on storage volumes.\n**Application group**\nAn  *application group*  contains the storage management attributes of and index fields for the\ndata that you load into Content Manager OnDemand. When you load a report into Content\nManager OnDemand, you must identify the application group where Content Manager\nOnDemand loads the index data and stores the documents.\nAn application group is a collection of one or more Content Manager OnDemand applications\nwith common indexing and storage management attributes. You typically group several",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n### **2.4  Implementing a Content Manager OnDemand instance on**\n\n#### **2.4.2  Changing an instance configuration**\n\n/QIBM/UserData/OnDemand/  *instancename*  directory (where  *instancename*  is the name of the\ninstance that you want to review). For example, you might use the following Edit File\ncommand:\nEDTF '/QIBM/UserData/OnDemand/MYINSTANCE/ARS.CFG'\nIf the instance is created in an IASP that is named IASP2, use the following command:\nEDTF '/IASP2/QIBM/UserData/OnDemand/MYINSTANCE/ARS.CFG'\nYou can change these values:\n� ARS_LANGUAGE=ENU : Specifies the language in which this instance runs. The ' ENU ' value\nindicates the usage of the English language. Valid languages are listed in the “Locales”\nsection in the  *IBM Content Manager OnDemand for i - Common Server Administration*\n*Guide*  , SC19-2792.\n� ARS_MSGS_LANGUAGE=ENU : Specifies the language that is used for server messages. The\n' ENU ' value indicates the usage of the English language. Valid languages are listed in the\n“Locales” section in the  *IBM Content Manager OnDemand for i - Common Server*\n*Administration Guide*  , SC19-2792.\n� ARS_AUTOSTART_INSTANCE=1 : Specifies whether to automatically start the server for this\ninstance when you use the Start TCP/IP Server (  **STRTCPSVR**  ) command. Set this value to 1\nto automatically start this instance’s server; set this value to 0 if you do not want to\nautomatically start this instance’s server. For more information about controlling the\nservers that start automatically, see the “Starting and stopping servers” section in the  *IBM*\n*Content Manager OnDemand for i - Common Server Planning and Installation Guide*  ,\nSC19-2790.\nDo not modify any of the other values in these instance definition files without first consulting\nwith Content Manager OnDemand Support.\nYou must end and restart the instance server after you make any changes.",
+                    "page_start": 56,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Chapter 1. Overview and concepts**\n\n### **1.1  Overview of Content Manager OnDemand**\n\nfile.\n**Content Manager OnDemand Client programs**\nContent Manager OnDemand Client programs operate on various environments, including\npersonal computers that are running on Windows, web browsers, and mobile devices. By\nusing the client program, users can search for and retrieve reports that are stored on the\nsystem. Specifically, users can construct queries and search for reports, retrieve documents\nfrom Content Manager OnDemand, view, print, and fax copies or pages of documents, and\nattach electronic notes to the pages of a document.\nNetwork\nOnDemand Client\nOnDemand Object Server\nOnDemand Library Server Full Text Search Server\nOnDemand Archive\nCache Storage\n**6**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\nContent Manager OnDemand servers manage control information and index data, store and\nretrieve documents and resource group files, and process query requests from Content\nManager OnDemand Client programs. The documents can be on disk and tape storage\nvolumes. New reports can be loaded into Content Manager OnDemand every day. This way,\nContent Manager OnDemand can retrieve the latest information that is generated by\napplication programs.\nWhen a user submits a query, the client program sends a search request to the Content\nManager OnDemand library server. The library server returns a list of the documents that\nmatch the query to the user. When the user selects a document for viewing, the client\nprogram retrieves a copy of the document from the object server where the document is\nstored, opens a viewing window, and displays the document.\nFull text search allows users to search the full content of stored documents. For example,\nusers can perform wildcard searches, fuzzy (or similar) searches, proximity searches, and\nboolean searches.\nDocuments or reports can also be automatically distributed to users through email or network\nprinters. The distributions can be scheduled to occur at the time that the data is loaded or at\nspecific times during the day.",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## Chapter 2. Setting up a Content Manager OnDemand instance  **17**\n\n### **2.3  Implementing a Content Manager OnDemand instance on a**\n\n#### **2.3.1  Defining a single instance**\n\nBy default, the initial instance on any library server is named archive . Creating a single\ninstance can be summarized by the following steps:\n1. Creating a user\n2. Creating a DB2 instance\n3. Installing IBM Global Security Kit\n4. Setting up Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)\n5. Storing user IDs and passwords in a stash file\n6. Installing and configuring Tivoli Storage Manager\n7. Configuring the instance\n8. Creating a Content Manager OnDemand database\n9. Initializing the system log and system load facility\n**Creating a user**\nNew installations (instances) of Content Manager OnDemand can be configured to run under\na user other than the root user. If you plan to run an instance under a user other than root,\ncomplete the following steps:\n1. Create the user for the Content Manager OnDemand instance owner that is a member of\nthe database owners group.\n2. Give the user administrator authority to the database.\n3. Set permissions for the cache storage file systems.\n4. Set permissions for the Content Manager OnDemand configuration and script files.\n5. Give the instance owner permission to write to the system console.\n6. Specify the instance owner in the ARS.INI file.\nIf you plan to run a distributed library and object server system, with one or more object\nservers on different workstations or nodes than the library server, you must also configure\nContent Manager OnDemand on the object servers.\nTo configure Content Manager OnDemand on the object servers, complete the following\nsteps:\n1. Create a group and user for the Content Manager OnDemand instance owner.\n2. Give ownership of the cache storage file systems that are listed in the ARS.CACHE file to the\ngroup and user for the Content Manager OnDemand instance owner.\n**20**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n3. Give permission to read the following files to the Content Manager OnDemand instance\nowner:\n- ARS.CACHE\n- ARS.CFG\n- ARS.INI\n- ARS.DBFS\n4. Give permission to write to the console to the Content Manager OnDemand instance\nowner.\n**Creating a DB2 instance**\nWhen you create a DB2 instance, you must install DB2 on the server. Complete the following",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n### **2.4  Implementing a Content Manager OnDemand instance on**\n\n**IBM i**\nAlways refer to the product documentation of your release for the specific steps to follow. A\nContent Manager OnDemand instance is a logical server environment with its own library that\ncontains a unique set of database files. An instance is defined in the ARS.INI file by naming\nthe instance, which identifies the name of the library that is used by the instance. All of the\ndatabase files that belong to an instance are created in only one Coded Character Set ID\n(CCSID).\nYou can run multiple instances on the same server, with each instance configured differently:\n� For separate test and production environments\n� For databases that use different CCSIDs\nIn addition, each Content Manager OnDemand for i instance must run in a single CCSID.\n**30**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\nWhen you work with more than one instance, you must identify the instance name when you\nrun Content Manager OnDemand commands, such as  **ADDRPTOND**  and  **STRMONOND**  . You can\nspecify the instance name as a command parameter each time that you run a command. Or,\nyou can set up a data area on your system that identifies the default instance name and then\nspecify only the instance name as a command parameter when you must specify a name\nother than the default.\nEach instance has different security from other instances on the same machine. You define\nusers and groups to each instance and set application group and folder permissions for users\nin each instance. Each instance has its own system log.",
+                    "page_start": 52,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# /opt/ibm/odfts/V9.0/bin/configTool.sh printToken\n\n### **16.3  Applying and releasing holds**\n\n#### **16.4.2  Load holds**\n\nplan.\nContent Manager OnDemand handles a high volume of document ingestion to the system,\ntypically of a static nature, such as credit card or bank statements. Each document ingestion\nmight contain thousands of individual documents or pages. Content Manager OnDemand\noffers a retention feature so that you can set the document retention for a fixed period at the\ndocument ingestion time, for example, an investment company that applies a simple retention\npolicy of eight years to all of their customer statements.\nContent Manager OnDemand does not apply an event-based retention policy that is based\non, for example, the date that the customer closed an account. In this scenario, the clock\ndoes not begin the eight-year period until the customer closes the account. By enabling\nrecords federation services by using Content Federation Services for Content Manager\nOnDemand, you can manage Content Manager OnDemand content in a manner that is\nconsistent with your organization’s records retention policies.\nWhen Content Manager OnDemand content is federated and declared as a record in\nEnterprise Records, Content Manager OnDemand content can be tied to dynamic retention\npolicies, such as account closure, policy termination, contract execution, or any other event.\nIn these circumstances, records federation services can allow your organization to retain\ncontent for a certain amount of time, starting on the date of the event. Companies must\ndesign their policies carefully to manage a large collection of data correctly when the\ncompany deals with various regulatory policies and litigation.\nWhen it is time to expire data, with federated and declared content by using Content\nFederation Services for Content Manager OnDemand, Content Manager OnDemand can\ndelete the original load (which contained multiple documents) and at the same time reingest\nthose documents that must be retained.\nWhen you use Enhanced Retention Management, you enable the holding documents\nimmediately and prevent expiration. Although this feature is powerful, it does not position your\nbusiness to make a Content Manager OnDemand captured report or document a compliant\nrecord to meet government regulations. You must enable the feature that meets your business\nrequirements:\n� Use Enhanced Retention Management in Content Manager OnDemand to hold\ndocuments and prevent expiration.\n� Use Enterprise Records to make documents into compliant records and to enable them for\nevent-based expiration.\nA situation might exist where both features are enabled because of many different\nline-of-business requirements.",
+                    "page_start": 389,
+                    "page_end": 389,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n### **12.3  High availability**\n\n#### **13.1.1  Content Manager OnDemand configuration**\nHow reports are defined, indexed, and stored within Content Manager OnDemand greatly\ninfluences the speed at which Content Manager OnDemand can retrieve them. Various hints\nand tips for the optimum way to define reports within Content Manager OnDemand are\ndescribed in Chapter 3, “Administration” on page 45.",
+                    "page_start": 321,
+                    "page_end": 321,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#include \"apkexits.h\"\n\n### **11.4  System administration**\n\n#### **11.4.1  System log exit for Multiplatforms**\n\nThe Content Manager OnDemand system log is a tool that is used by administrators. You can\nuse the Content Manager OnDemand Administrator Client to configure Content Manager\nOnDemand to record information, warning, and error messages in the system log. Content\nManager OnDemand records messages, such as when users log on and log off the system.\nContent Manager OnDemand also records messages for application group activity, such as\nwhen clients query and retrieve data. Each operation that is performed by a user that involves\na connection to the Content Manager OnDemand server can be logged. The detail that is\ncaptured within the system log can be configured so that only certain messages are retained,\nand other messages can be discarded.\nIn addition, you can configure Content Manager OnDemand to send these messages to the\n**arslog**  exit. The system log exit is supplied in the arslog file that is in the bin directory of the\nContent Manager OnDemand installation root for each platform. If the arslog file is opened in\na text editor, it contains comments that provide a brief description of the exit and the order of\nthe parameters that Content Manager OnDemand supplies to this exit. By default, the system\nlog exit is not initialized within Content Manager OnDemand. Therefore, if you edit the arslog\nfile to capture information, the exit does not run automatically.\nTo activate the system log exit, complete the following steps:\n1. Start the Administrator Client and log on to the server on which you intend to use the\nsystem logging exit.\n2. Right-click the name of the server in the list and select  **System Parameters**  , as shown in\nFigure 11-1 on page 251.\nChapter 11. Exits\n*Figure 11-1   Select Content Manager OnDemand system parameters*\n3. To choose a User Exit Logging option, select the option.",
+                    "page_start": 273,
+                    "page_end": 274,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# /opt/ibm/odfts/V9.0/bin/configTool.sh printToken\n\n### OnDemand. Content Federation Services for Content Manager OnDemand is a mid-tier\nprocess that enhances your ability to manage content more efficiently.\nFigure 17-6 on page 373 shows the high-level access path to declare records from Content\nManager OnDemand, Content Navigator, and Content Manager OnDemand clients.\nChapter 17. Content Federation Services for Content Manager OnDemand and IBM Enterprise Records\n*Figure 17-6   High-level access path to declared records by using FileNet Content Federation Services*",
+                    "page_start": 395,
+                    "page_end": 396,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg246915.pdf",
+                "query": "Does the XML indexer of Content Manager OnDemand support large objects ?",
+                "target_page": 188,
+                "target_passage": "No",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n## **Chapter 3. Administration**\n\n### **3.1  Report administration**\n\n#### **3.1.3  Applications**\n\nnumber of users that are concurrently accessing Content Manager OnDemand and the\nsizes of the documents that are being retrieved determine the overall load in the network.\n� Response time requirements. The goal of Content Manager OnDemand large objects is to\nprovide better performance and usability. Large object support clearly provides enhanced\nusability. However, you must implement large object support so that dividing your\ndocuments into parts provides better overall performance than other methods of\nsegmenting the input data.\nWhen you choose a large object, Content Manager OnDemand displays the Number of\nPages field. Specify the number of pages that you want Content Manager OnDemand to\ndivide documents into in the Number of Pages field.\nTo generate large objects, the indexer that is specified on the Indexing Information page must\nbe AFP Conversion and Indexing Facility (ACIF), OS/390, or OS/400. When you select the\nLarge Object check box, Content Manager OnDemand automatically adds the INDEXOBJ=ALL\nparameter to the indexing parameters (which causes the indexing program to generate the\nlarge object indexing information).\n* **Exporting an application** *\nIt is not possible to export an application to application groups with different database fields or\nattributes. However, you can export applications to a different server if the application group\non the target server is identical to the application group on the source server (the server on\nwhich the applications are defined).\nEnsure that no existing application has the same application ID in the target application\ngroup. For more information, see the section “Adding items to a server” in the  *IBM Content*\n*Manager OnDemand for Multiplatforms, V9.5, Administration Guide*  , SC19-3352.\n* **Selecting font by line data graphical indexer** *\nThe font that is used by the line data graphical indexer to display a document can be changed\nfrom within the line data graphical indexer at the Content Manager OnDemand Administrator\nClient.\n**54**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\nFor more information, see Technote 1215957, which is available at the following web address:\n[http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21215957](http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21215957)",
+                    "page_start": 76,
+                    "page_end": 77,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Chapter 1. Overview and concepts**\n\n### **1.3  Content Manager OnDemand server and its components**\n\n#### **1.3.2  Content Manager OnDemand server components**\n\nOnDemand servers. The download facility is not applicable to the IBM i server.\n� *Data indexing and conversion programs*  can create index data, collect required resources,\nand optionally convert Line Data reports to AFP data. Content Manager OnDemand\nprovides several indexing programs:\n- The *Advanced Function Presentation (AFP) Conversion and Indexing Facility*  (ACIF)\ncan be used to index IBM z/OS Line Data, ASCII data, and AFP files, collect resources\nthat are necessary to view the reports, and convert Line Data files to AFP data.\n- The *IBM OS/390 Indexer*  is a high-performance indexer that can be used to index\nvarious data types and is available on both IBM z/OS and IBM AIX®.\n- The *IBM OS/400 Indexer*  can be used to index various data types. It is the most\ncommon Content Manager OnDemand indexer for IBM i spooled files.\n- The *Content Manager OnDemand PDF Indexer*  can be used to create index data for\nAdobe Portable Document File (PDF) files.\n- The *Content Manager OnDemand Generic Index File Format*   can be used to provide\nindex data for almost any other type of data, such as HTML documents,\nword-processing documents, and Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) files.\n**12**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n- The  *XML Indexer*  allows the rapid increase in XML archiving mandates that are based\non ISO 20022 standards with XML (including SEPA in Europe). The XML Indexer is\noptimized for high-volume batch archiving of XML, batch PDF, AFP, Line Data, and\ncheck images.\n- The *Full Text Indexer*  provides the capability to index the full text of a document (or\nreport). You can search through an indexed document.\n� *Data loading programs*  can be set up to automatically store report data into application",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Chapter 1. Overview and concepts**\n\n### **1.2  Content Manager OnDemand concepts**\n\n#### **1.2.4  Indexing methods**\n\nContent Manager OnDemand provides two methods of indexing data:\n� Document indexing\n� Report indexing\nApplication Group(s)\nApplication(s)\nFolder A folder is the object with which users\nquery and retrieve reports. A folder can\nquery more than one application group,\nprovided the application groups have the\nsame database fields.\nThe application group is where you define\nthe database, cache storage, and archive\nstorage requirements for reports. An\napplication group can contain more than\none application, provided the applications\nhave the same database and storage\nmanagement attributes.\nEach application represents a report that\nyou want to define to the system. You\nmust assign an application to an\napplication group.\nCabinet\nA cabinet is a container for folders. You\ncan use cabinets to manage folders and\nenable users to navigate to folders more\neasily. A folder can belong to one or more\ncabinets..\n**10**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n**Document indexing**\n*Document indexing*  is used for reports that contain logical items, such as customer name or\nnumber. Each of the items in a report can be individually indexed on values, such as account\nnumber, customer name, and balance. Content Manager OnDemand supports up to 128\nindex values per item. With document indexing, the user is not necessarily required to know\nabout reports or report cycles to retrieve a document from Content Manager OnDemand.\n**Report indexing**\n*Report indexing*  is used for reports that contain many pages of the same type of data, such as\na transaction log. Each line in the report usually identifies a specific transaction, and it is not\ncost-effective to index each line. Content Manager OnDemand stores the report as groups of\npages and indexes each group.\nWhen reports include a sorted transaction value (for example, transaction date and number),\nContent Manager OnDemand can index the data on the transaction value. This indexing is\ndone by extracting the beginning and ending transaction values for each group of pages and\nstoring the values in the database. This type of indexing lets users retrieve a specific\ntransaction value directly.",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 7. Indexing and loading\n\n### **7.7  Getting started with XML Indexing**\n\nThe XML indexer enables the high-volume archiving of XML data in a scalable and extensible\nmanner.\nThe XML indexer was developed to support the growing need to efficiently and effectively\nstore large quantities of XML data, for example:\n� The European Union’s implementation of a Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). SEPA\nreplaced the existing domestic retail credit transfers and direct debits with standardized\nEuropean payments that are based on Extensible Markup Language (XML) International\nOrganization for Standardization (ISO) 20022 messages. ISO 20022 provides a more\nefficient way of developing and implementing messaging standards that financial\ninstitutions and clients use to exchange massive amounts of transactional information.\n� Other XML standards exist and continued to be developed, such as ACORD (Insurance\nindustry), AgXML (Agriculture), and Health Level Seven (Health industry).\n� XML document formats were developed, such as Office Open XML (OOXML) and Open\nDocument (OASIS).\nWith XML indexing, you can automatically batch index and archive XML transactional\nmessages and statements into the Content Manager OnDemand repository. Documents are\nidentified and extracted during indexing. Resources are extracted, and, together with the\ndata, compressed and archived. Multiple stylesheets can be specified to meet device and\naccessibility requirements.\nXML steeliest (resource) archiving is critical. Content Manager OnDemand optimizes the\nstorage of XML data by storing only a single version of a resource and then associating it with\nall of the archived documents. Document resources can be automatically collected and\nmanaged.\nOS/400\nIndexer\nIndex Object\n.ind\nData Object\n.out\nAFP Resource\nObject .res\nOnDemand\nDatabase\nDisk\nStorage\nManager\nCache\nArchive\nStorage Manager\nArchive\nMedia\nApplication\nProgram\nDatabase Manager\nSpooled File Indexer\nParameters\nChapter 7. Indexing and loading\nXML data is loaded into Content Manager OnDemand by using the  **arsload**  command. For\nexample, the following statement loads the bamboo.in file and its .res file (if found):\narsload -I localhost -u userName -p load.stach -g ci_stmts bamboo,in\nThe XML indexer uses the “Generic XML Index File Format” (GXIFF). The GXIFF format is\nfunctionally similar to the Generic Index File Format in that it allows the loading of any type of\ndata into Content Manager OnDemand.\nFor more information about using the XML indexer, see  *IBM Content Manager OnDemand -*\n*Indexing Reference*  , SC19-3354.",
+                    "page_start": 205,
+                    "page_end": 206,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 6. Security\n\n### **6.8  Summary**\n\n“Account 1234”. One or more index values identify a unique document in Content Manager\nOnDemand.\nAn *indexer*  extracts the index values and optionally stores them in the index file by examining\nthe documents and copying the index values into the index file according to criteria that are\nspecified by the user. Depending on the indexer that is used, the data and indexes are either\ndirectly loaded into Content Management OnDemand or are stored in a set of files that are\nthen read by the load process to store the data to Content Manager OnDemand. The indexer\ncreates the following files:\n� Output file (. out file extension), which contains the documents to load\n� Index file (. ind file extension), which contains the index values for the documents\nThe indexer might also create a resource file with a .res extension, which contains the\nresources that are extracted from the documents.\nOperationally, the loading process  **arsload**  calls the indexer that is specified on the Indexer\nInformation tab for the specified application. Depending on the indexer type,  **arsload**\nperforms one of the following tasks:\n� Creates a set of files that is then loaded by the  **arsload**  program into the Content Manager\nOnDemand System\n� Directly passes the indexing and document information to the arsload program so that\nthey can be loaded into the Content Manager OnDemand System\nOn Content Manager OnDemand for i,  **arsload**  is embedded within the (  **ADDPRPTOND**  ) user\ninterface. Therefore, run the Add Report to Content Manager OnDemand (  **ADDPRPTOND**  )\ncommand instead of  **ARSLOAD**  .\nIt is possible for the indexing to complete successfully but for the load to fail. The following\nreasons are the most common reasons for a loading failure:\n� Using insufficient system resources\n� Connecting to the wrong database\n� Extracting the wrong index value from the document\nFor information about investigating and resolving common load failures, see 18.1.2, “Indexing\nand loading issues” on page 379.",
+                    "page_start": 185,
+                    "page_end": 185,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n## **Chapter 3. Administration**\n\n### **3.1  Report administration**\n\n#### **3.1.3  Applications**\n\nWith large object support, the statements can be divided into parts of 100 pages. When a\nuser views a statement, Content Manager OnDemand retrieves and uncompresses the first\npart of the statement. To view a specific page of a statement, the user can choose the Go To\ncommand in the viewer window and enter the page number. Content Manager OnDemand\nautomatically retrieves and uncompresses the part of the statement that contains the\nrequested page. When the user moves from page to page of a statement, Content Manager\nOnDemand automatically retrieves and uncompresses parts of the statement as needed.\nWhen you use large object support, users experience consistent response time when they\nmove from page to page of the document.\nChapter 3. Administration  **53**\nYou must consider several factors when you use large object support:\n� The report must be indexed with an indexing program that generates a large object by\ndividing large documents into smaller parts and defining the indexing information that is\nused to retrieve the documents.\n� The amount of data per page and the number of pages that you divide documents into\naffects retrieval and viewing response time. The number of bytes per page typically\ndictates the number of pages that you can divide documents into. In general, the larger the\npage size in bytes, the smaller the number of pages that you can divide your documents\ninto. For example, if the average page in the document contains 2.5 KB of data, choose\n100 - 1000 pages per Large Object (LO) segment; if the average page in the document\ncontains 50 KB of data, choose 1 - 100 pages per LO segment.\n� The capacity of your network and the traffic in the network might determine the number of\npages that you need to divide your documents into. Larger document sizes (large byte size\neven when compressed) require more network bandwidth (or more time if the bandwidth is\nnot available) to transfer from a Content Manager OnDemand server to a client. The",
+                    "page_start": 75,
+                    "page_end": 76,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n### **12.3  High availability**\n\n#### **13.1.1  Content Manager OnDemand configuration**\nHow reports are defined, indexed, and stored within Content Manager OnDemand greatly\ninfluences the speed at which Content Manager OnDemand can retrieve them. Various hints\nand tips for the optimum way to define reports within Content Manager OnDemand are\ndescribed in Chapter 3, “Administration” on page 45.",
+                    "page_start": 321,
+                    "page_end": 321,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Chapter 1. Overview and concepts**\n\n### **1.2  Content Manager OnDemand concepts**\n\n#### **1.2.3  Application, application group, folder, and cabinet**\n\nThe terms  *application*  ,  *application group*  ,  *f*   *older*  ,  and  *cabinet*  represent how Content\nManager OnDemand stores, manages, distributes, retrieves, displays, and prints reports and\nindex data. When you define a report or type of data to Content Manager OnDemand, an\nadministrator must perform the following tasks:\n� Create an application and assign the application to an application group.\n� Create or update a folder to use the application group and application so that users can\nsearch for and retrieve documents.\n� Optionally, create or update a cabinet. *Cabinets*  are containers for collections of folders.\nThey allow users to manage and navigate folders more easily.\n**Application**\nAn  *application*  describes the physical characteristics of a report to Content Manager\nOnDemand. Typically, you define an application for each program that produces output to be\nstored in Content Manager OnDemand. The application includes information about the format\nof the data, the orientation of data on the page, the paper size, the record length, and the\ncode page of the data. The application also includes parameters that the indexing program\nuses to locate and extract index data and processing instructions that Content Manager\nOnDemand uses to load index data in the database and documents on storage volumes.\n**Application group**\nAn  *application group*  contains the storage management attributes of and index fields for the\ndata that you load into Content Manager OnDemand. When you load a report into Content\nManager OnDemand, you must identify the application group where Content Manager\nOnDemand loads the index data and stores the documents.\nAn application group is a collection of one or more Content Manager OnDemand applications\nwith common indexing and storage management attributes. You typically group several",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Contents**\n\n3.3  Content Manager OnDemand XML Batch Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72\n3.3.1  Using the XML Batch Administration program  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72\n3.3.2  Special features of the XML batch program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74\n3.3.3  Tips on using the ARSXML command  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75\n**Chapter 4.  Database structure**  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77\n4.1  System control tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78\n4.2  Main data table structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80\n4.3  Relationship between tables when data is loaded  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82\n4.4  Search sequence  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84\n4.5  System log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n## **Chapter 4. Database structure**\n\n### **4.2  Main data table structures**\n\n*Table 4-3   AG_internal_id table structure*\nThe application group data table is indexed on one or more of the user-defined fields, from\nfield_1 to field_n.\nFour major factors influence the amount of storage that is needed for the Content Manager\nOnDemand database:\n� The number of index and filter fields\n� The size of the index and filter fields\n� The number of indexed items per month\n� The number of months (years) Content Manager OnDemand keeps the indexes in the\ndatabase\n|  Column  name  |  Data  type  |  Size  |  Index  |  Description  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| field_1  | Varies  | Varies  | N  | First user-defined field in the application group.  |\n| field_n  | Varies  | Varies  | N  | Last user-defined field in the application group. You  can have up to 128 index fields that are defined in  Content Manager OnDemand. |\n| doc-name  | varchar  | 11  | Y  | Document name (object name).  |\n| doc_off  | integer  | 4  | N  | Document that is offset in the object.  |\n| doc_len  | integer  | 4  | N  | Document length.  |\n**82**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\nThree more tables might grow rapidly during the lifetime of a Content Manager OnDemand\nsystem:\n� The annotation table (ARSANN) grows in proportion to the volume of the annotations that\nare added to the documents. The system creates one row for every annotation. Therefore,\nevery yellow sticker and every graphical annotation add one row to this table.\n� The resource table (ARSRES) grows in proportion to the volume of AFP data that is\narchived and the resources’ (such as formdef, page segments, and overlays) frequency of\nchange.\n� The load table (ARSLOAD) grows in proportion to the number of  **arsload**  jobs/tasks that\nare run. The Content Manager OnDemand system creates one row for each load job/task\nthat is run. The load table (see Table 4-4) can grow to a multimillion row table during the\nlifetime of a Content Manager OnDemand system.\nTable 4-4 shows the first four columns for the ARSLOAD table structure.\n*Table 4-4   ARSLOAD table structure*",
+                    "page_start": 104,
+                    "page_end": 105,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg246915.pdf",
+                "query": "Considering storage efficiency, should I store my AFP documents as PDF to distribute them over the web ?",
+                "target_page": 232,
+                "target_passage": "If a requirement exists to present AFP documents in the Portable Document Format (PDF) format over the web, from a storage perspective, it is more efficient to store the documents in their native format and then convert them to PDF at retrieval tim",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 8. User clients\n\n### **8.3  Client API overview**\n\n#### **9.1.2  When to convert data streams**\n\nThe decision of  *when*  to convert data streams relies mainly on the use of the system.\nTypically, converting data at load time requires more time to process the print stream file, and\nconverting data at retrieval time causes the user retrieval to be a little slower. The decision\nmight depend on how many documents are retrieved, compared to how many documents are\nloaded daily. It might also depend on legal requirements about the format of stored data.\n**AFP to PDF**\nIf a requirement exists to present AFP documents in the Portable Document Format (PDF)\nformat over the web, from a storage perspective, it is more efficient to store the documents in\ntheir native format and then convert them to PDF at retrieval time. AFP documents are stored\nmore efficiently than PDF documents.\nThe PDF print stream, when it is divided into separate customer statements, is larger than\nAFP because each statement contains its own set of structures that are required by the PDF\narchitecture to define a document.\nElapsed time and processor time are also essential factors in the decision-making process.\nThe amount of time (elapsed and CPU) that is needed to convert the document depends on\nhow large the document is and how many resources or fonts are associated with the\ndocument.",
+                    "page_start": 231,
+                    "page_end": 231,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 13. Performance\n\n### **13.4  Performance issues that are based on data type**\n\n#### **13.4.1  PDF data**\n\nPortable Document Format (PDF) data is an increasingly common data type that can be\narchived within Content Manager OnDemand. The following key advantages are available by\nusing this data type as a document format:\n� It is a read-only format that does not require any external resources, such as images or\nfonts. It is self-contained.\n� The viewer for PDF can be downloaded at no charge from the Adobe website and the\nbrowser plug-ins for PDF are also available at no charge.\nDuring PDF document creation, resources, such as images and custom fonts, are placed in\nthe data stream once and then referenced many times from within the PDF file. If a large\nreport is produced from many small documents, that report requires only one copy of the\nresources.\nHowever, when the PDF is indexed, the PDF Indexer creates many PDF documents from the\ninput file. Each of these documents requires a certain number of PDF structures, which define\na document. These documents are concatenated together in the .out file, and then loaded\ninto Content Manager OnDemand as separate documents. Because the resources are\nextracted and placed into a separate resource file, they are not included in each document.\nFor an illustration of the process, see Figure 13-3.\n*Figure 13-3   PDF indexing*\nIf no resources are collected, the size of the .out file, which contains all of the individual",
+                    "page_start": 331,
+                    "page_end": 331,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 13. Performance\n\n### **13.4  Performance issues that are based on data type**\n\n#### **13.4.3  AFP data**\n\nwith the resource group serves only to increase network traffic when transferring the resource\nto the workstation. A more practical option for server printing is to store the font in a fontlib\nand to keep only the reference (path) to the fontlib . Although the font is accessible on the\nserver, Print Services Facility (PSF) or InfoPrint does not need the font to be inline (stored in\nthe resource group). The use of this approach also allows all AFP data that references the\nfont to use the single instance of the font without redundant inline storage.\nFigure 13-5 on page 311 shows the indexer information in the application where you can\nselect the resources to collect with the Restype= parameter. Unless reprints to AFP printers\nwith 100% fidelity is a requirement, do not collect the fonts.\nChapter 13. Performance\n*Figure 13-5   Collecting AFP fonts*\nThe Content Manager OnDemand for i server does not collect the fonts and it does not give\nthe administrator that option. The Resource Information window (under Indexer Properties) is\nnot available to the Content Manager OnDemand for i administrator. If you are reprinting to an\nAFP printer, the fonts must be available on the IBM i server, or font substitution is performed.",
+                    "page_start": 333,
+                    "page_end": 334,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 13. Performance\n\n### **13.2  Data loading performance**\n\n#### **13.2.2  Recommendations**\n\nthe application group uses ASM, caches the data, and specifies the migration of data at\nload time, two copies of the data are stored during the load. One copy is stored in cache,\nand one copy is stored in the ASMREQUEST directory.\nTo avoid storing a duplicate set of documents in cache for non-AFP data, change Cache\nData to No on the Storage Management tab of your application group definition. To avoid\nstoring a duplicate set of documents in cache for AFP data, you might change Document\nData to No Cache but leave Resource Data in cache for faster retrieval.\n� For IBM i, every user that loads data must have a home directory. If users do not have a\nhome directory, the temporary files are stored in the root directory of the integrated file\nsystem (IFS).\n� If the data source is on a remote system, you can load the data into Content Manager\nOnDemand on the remote system and directly store the export data to the specified\nContent Manager OnDemand library and object server.\nOr, if the data source is on a remote system, you also can upload the data to the specified\nContent Manager OnDemand server through FTP and then load the data on the selected\nContent Manager OnDemand system.\n� For Multiplatforms and z/OS, all file systems must be dedicated file systems that are\nmounted on their own mount points.\n� For z/OS, when you load PDF reports (by using the PDF Indexer), placing the input report\nin the HFS or zFS causes the load to run nearly 50 times faster that compared to the input\nreport that is placed in a VSAM file.",
+                    "page_start": 326,
+                    "page_end": 326,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 13. Performance\n\n### **13.4  Performance issues that are based on data type**\n\n#### **13.4.3  AFP data**\n\nAFP data is a multi-part data type. In addition to the variable data, external resources, such\nas images, fonts, and logos, are also referenced by the AFP data stream. When Content\nManager OnDemand stores AFP data, the resources are also archived. When the data is\nviewed, the referenced resources are displayed.\nIt is a common misconception that if fonts are collected when the data is loaded, they are\navailable for viewing in the Windows client. However, Windows does not recognize AFP fonts.\nIt is not possible to use these fonts even if they are sent to the client as part of the resource.\nWindows clients require a mapping from AFP fonts to Adobe Type Manager (ATM) fonts or\nTrueType (TT) fonts. Content Manager OnDemand provides this mapping for most standard\nfonts. For more information about mapping custom fonts, see  *IBM Content Manager -*\n*Windows Client Customization Guide and Reference*  , SC27-0837.\nOne possibly useful implementation of storing fonts with the resource group is when server\nreprint is necessary. If the fonts are stored with the resource group, they can be retrieved from\nContent Manager OnDemand and used by AFP printers. However, if fonts are collected, they\nare also sent to the client as part of the resources group and then discarded. Storing the fonts",
+                    "page_start": 333,
+                    "page_end": 333,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# /opt/ibm/odfts/V9.0/bin/configTool.sh printToken\n\n### **17.4  Deployment considerations**\n\nUnderstanding the difference between Enhanced Retention Management and IBM Enterprise\nRecords is critical to choosing the correct solution:\n� Enhanced Retention Management provides for the lockdown of documents and prevents\nexpiration.\n� Enterprise Records declares documents as records that immediately become part of a\ncorporate file plan. Enterprise Records notifies the Content Manager OnDemand\nrepository when it reaches its event-based expiration. This action passes control to\nContent Manager OnDemand to delete the document unless Enhanced Retention\nManagement is also enabled for the same document. If Enhanced Retention Management\nis also managing the document, it waits until the hold is released before the document is\neligible for deletion.\nWhen you use Enhanced Retention Management or Enterprise Records, Content Manager\nOnDemand must be in complete control of expiration processing. Therefore, if you use IBM\nTivoli Storage Manager or object access method (OAM), you must disable the ability for either\nof these storage managers to expire data. Also, you can use Enhanced Retention\nManagement and FileNet P8 Content Federation Services for Content Manager OnDemand\nonly against application groups that have an expiration type of LOAD. For those application\ngroups that have expiration types of DOCUMENT, SEGMENT, or STORAGE MANAGER,\nutilities are available to convert those application groups to LOAD. We recommend that you\nengage IBM Lab Services to provide these services.\n**OnDemand**\n**Repository**\n**OnDemand**\n**Repository**\n**P8 CM/RM P8 CM/RM**\n**Federated**\n**Document**\n**Federated**\n**Document**\n**RECORD CFS**\n**WEBI & OD**\n**Clients**\n**OnDemand**\n**Applications**\n**OnDemand**\n**Applications**\n**WEBI & OD**\n**Clients**\n**OnDemand**\n**Applications**\n**WEBI & OD**\n**Clients**\n**OnDemand**\n**Applications**\n**WEBI & OD**\n**Clients**\n**OnDemand**\n**Applications**\n**CFS**\n**Content Navigator and**\n**OnDemand Clients**\n**OnDemand**\n**Applications**\n**ODWEK Content**\n**Navigator**\n**P8-Based**\n**Applications**\n**Source**\n**Document**\n**Source**\n**Document**\n�  **Retrieve Content**\n�  **Lockdown Security**\n�  **Delete/Dispose**\n�  **Users**\n�  **ODWEK Apps**\nA new parameter was added to the  **arsmaint -d**  and  **arsadmin**  unload commands. The  **-D**\n**<**   * **pct_max** *   **>**  parameter instructs the Content Manager OnDemand expiration process at what",
+                    "page_start": 396,
+                    "page_end": 397,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 13. Performance\n\n### **13.4  Performance issues that are based on data type**\n\n#### **13.4.1  PDF data**\n\ndocuments, might be larger than the original file. For tips about how to reduce the size of the\noutput file, see 7.3.5, “PDF indexing: Using internal indexes (Page Piece Dictionary)” on\npage 173.\nConverted to\nDocument Resources\nOne PDF file with documents and resources\nMany separate PDF documents with resources removed in the .out file\nChapter 13. Performance\nThe size of the input file and the output file can create problems during the load process:\n� The temporary space that is used during indexing can be too small and the load fails.\n� The maximum input file size that the PDF Indexer can process is 4 GB, but the\nrecommended maximum size for a single document (after indexing) is 50 MB. If this size is\nexceeded, the system might run out of disk space or memory.\nCreate PDF data with the base 14 fonts, which do not need to be included in the PDF file.\nBecause they are not included in the PDF file, they are not extracted during resource\ncollection, which improves performance. For more information about the PDF data stream\nand fonts, see 7.3.1, “PDF fonts and output file size” on page 166.",
+                    "page_start": 331,
+                    "page_end": 332,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 14. Report distribution\n\n### *Figure 14-2   Content Manager OnDemand Distribution Facility overview*\n\nFigure 14-2 shows that the Content Manager OnDemand server and its operation did not\nchange. Reports and documents are loaded into the server, and system users continue to\nview and print their documents normally. The only addition to the library server is a set of ODF\ntables that define the documents that are to be distributed to which users and when. The ODF\nprocess reads the ODF tables and collects the required documents and bundles them for\neach recipient. ODF then send out the “bundles” to the appropriate destinations (email, file,\nand print). Alternatively, ODF can send each recipient (based on system definitions) an email\nnotification that the report and document were loaded and are available for viewing.\nDifferent organizations have different report and document load and retrieval patterns. In\ncertain cases, documents are loaded and never retrieved. In other cases, a loaded document\nis retrieved multiple times by multiple users. In other cases, it is known that when a specific\nreport or document is loaded, one or more copies must be distributed to one or more\ndestinations. What benefit does automating this distribution process provide?\nThe biggest benefit is that as reports are loaded into Content Manager OnDemand regularly,\nthey can be delivered automatically to one or more users as they are loaded. Also, after the\ndistribution is set up, no other changes are required, such as changing the document\nselection criteria to identify the latest data that is loaded.\nFor example, suppose that your organization generates monthly statements for your\ncustomers. You must store these documents in Content Manager OnDemand, and you must",
+                    "page_start": 340,
+                    "page_end": 340,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 7. Indexing and loading\n\n### **7.2  Getting started with PDF indexing**\n\nPDF is a standard that is specified by Adobe Systems, Incorporated, for the electronic\ndistribution of documents. PDF files are compact. They can be distributed globally through\nemail, the web, intranets, or CD-ROM, and viewed with Adobe Reader.\nPDF is a data type or file format that is platform (hardware, operating system)-independent. A\nPDF file contains a complete PDF document that is composed of text, graphics, and the\nresources that are referenced by that document.\nTwo PDF file layouts are possible:\n� Non-Linear (not “optimized”)\nThis file layout is optimized for space savings. Storing a PDF file by using a Non-Linear\nlayout consumes less disk space than storing the same PDF file linearly. It is slower to\naccess or display this type of layout because portions of the data that is required to\nassemble pages of the document are scattered throughout the PDF file, so the whole PDF\nfile must be downloaded and accessed before the file can be displayed.\n� Linear (“optimized” or “web optimized”)\nIn this file format, the PDF file is created in a linear (in page order) fashion. This file format\nallows the PDF viewer to start displaying the PDF document pages when they are\ndownloading without waiting for the whole PDF file to be downloaded.",
+                    "page_start": 188,
+                    "page_end": 188,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 10. Advanced features for storage efficiency  **405**\n\n### **10.4  Data Reduction Pools**\n\n#### **10.4.1  Introduction to DRPs**\n\n� Fully allocated\nThis type provides no storage efficiency.\n� Thin-provisioned\nThis type provides some storage efficiency but no compression or deduplication. Volume\ncapacity is allocated on demand as storage is first written.\n**Note:**  This book provides only an overview of DRP aspects. For more information, see\n*Introduction and Implementation of Data Reduction Pools and Deduplication*  , SG24-8430.\nChapter 10. Advanced features for storage efficiency  **421**\n� Thin and Compressed\nIn addition to on-demand space allocation, data is compressed before being written to\nstorage.\n� Thin and Deduplicated\nIn addition to on-demand space allocation, duplicates of data blocks are detected and are\nreplaced with references to the first copy.\n� Thin, Compressed, and Deduplicated\nThese types provides maximum storage efficiency and capacity savings by combining\nthin, compressed, and deduplicated.\nThe following software and hardware requirements are needed for DRP compression and\ndeduplication:\n� Enabled Compression license\n� V8.1.3.2 or higher\n� Nodes must have at least 32 GB memory to support deduplication\nRandom Access Compression Engine (RACE) compression and DRP compressed volumes\ncan coexist in the same I/O group. However, deduplication is not supported in the same I/O\ngroup as RACE compressed volumes.",
+                    "page_start": 441,
+                    "page_end": 442,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf",
+                "query": "Where can I consult a summary of the impact of the International tax compliance regulations  ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "A Tax Information and Impact Note covering the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 was published on 18th March 2015 and is available on the HMRC website at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-administration-regulations-to-implement-the- uks-automatic-exchange-of-information-agreements",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Amendments to the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015**\n\n**2.**  —(1) The International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015(  **b**  ) are amended as follows.\n(2)  In regulation 1(3)(b)(i), for “16th May 2019” substitute “19th April 2020”(  **c**  ).\n(3)  In regulation 3(4A)(a), at the beginning insert “subject to regulation 24(3)”.\n(4)  In regulation 24—\n(a)  in the table in paragraph (2), in the column headed “the CRS”—\n(i)  at the beginning of the entry for “new account” insert “subject to paragraph (3)”, and\n(ii)  at the beginning of the entry for “pre-existing account” insert “subject to regulation\n3(4A)(a) and paragraph (3)”, and\n(b)  after paragraph (2) insert—\n“(3) In respect of the accounts listed in paragraph (4)—\n\n(  **a**  ) 2013 c. 29; section 222 was amended by section 50 of the Finance (No. 2) Act 2015 (c. 33) but the amendments are not\nrelevant to these Regulations.\n(  **b**  ) S.I. 2015/878 (referred to in these footnotes as “the principal Regulations”); relevant amending instruments are S.I.\n2017/598, 2018/490 and 2019/881.\n(  **c**  ) In accordance with the common reporting standard for automatic exchange of financial account information developed by\nthe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and adopted by the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom\nexchanges information received from financial institutions under the principal Regulations with a territory which is a\n“Reportable Jurisdiction” under the CRS and with which the United Kingdom has entered into international exchange",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThe Regulations amend the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 (“the principal\nRegulations”) which give effect to agreements and arrangements reached between the United\nKingdom and other jurisdictions to improve international tax compliance.\nRegulation 2(2) extends the application of the principal Regulations to arrangements entered into\nby the United Kingdom for the exchange of financial account information with other jurisdictions\nup to 19th April 2020, the date before the Regulations are made.\nRegulation 2(5) omits various accounts from the category of excluded accounts. Regulation\n2(4)(b) amends the definitions of “new account” and “pre-existing account” in relation to those\n\n(  **a**  ) “Financial account” and “reporting financial institution” are defined in the table in regulation 24(2) of the principal\nRegulations.\n(  **b**  ) “The DAC” is defined in regulation 1(3)(a) of the principal Regulations.\naccounts so that these terms are defined by reference to the date that those accounts ceased to be\nexcluded accounts. Regulation 2(3) and (4)(a) make consequential amendments.\nRegulation 3 makes a transitional provision for the calendar year 2020 in relation to accounts\nwhich were previously excluded accounts.\nA Tax Information and Impact Note covering the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015\nwas published on 18th March 2015 and is available on the HMRC website at\nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-administration-regulations-to-implement-the-\nuks-automatic-exchange-of-information-agreements. It remains an accurate summary of the\nimpacts that apply to this instrument.\n\n© Crown copyright 2020\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n£4.90\nUK202004201005   04/2020   19585\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2020/438",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Citation and commencement**\n**1.**  These Regulations may be cited as the International Tax Compliance (Amendment)\nRegulations 2020 and come into force on 13th May 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Amendments to the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015**\n\narrangements for that year. Reportable Jurisdictions are identified in a published list available at https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-\ninternal-manuals/international-exchange-of-information/ieim402340. A hard copy of this list is available for inspection at\nthe offices of HMRC at 10 South Colonnade, 9th Floor, Canary Wharf, London E14 4PU.\n(a) “new account” means a financial account maintained by a reporting financial\ninstitution(  **a**  ) opened on or after 13th May 2020;\n(b) “pre-existing account” means—\n(i) a financial account maintained by a reporting financial institution as of 12th\nMay 2020, or\n(ii) a financial account within Section VIII(C)(9)(b) of Annex 1 of the DAC(  **b**  ),\nbut in the application of that provision the references to “subparagraph\nC(9)(a)” are to be read as references to paragraph (i) of this sub-paragraph.\n(4) The accounts are—\n(a) non-registered pension arrangements where the annual contributions are limited to\n£50,000 and funds contributed cannot be accessed before the age of 55 except in\ncircumstances of serious ill health;\n(b) Premium Bonds issued by the UK National Savings and Investments;\n(c) Fixed Interest Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and\nInvestments; and\n(d) Index Linked Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and\nInvestments.”.\n(5)  In Schedule 2, omit paragraphs 2, 6, 8 and 9.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n*Made*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *20th April 2020*\n*Laid before the House of Commons*    *21st April 2020*\n*Coming into force*    *-*    *-*    *13th May 2020*\nThe Treasury make these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by section 222 of the\nFinance Act 2013(  **a**  ):",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\nS T A T U T O R Y  I N S T R U M E N T S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Transitional provision**\n**3.**  —(1) For the purposes of the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015, in relation to an\naccount that by virtue of regulation 2(5) ceases to be an excluded account, the calendar year 2020\nis treated as beginning on 13th May 2020 and ending on 31st December 2020.\n(2)  Where in consequence of paragraph (1) it is necessary to apportion an amount for the\ncalendar year 2020 to the period ending immediately before 13th May 2020 and the period\nbeginning with that date, it is to be apportioned—\n(a)  on a time basis according to the respective length of the periods, or\n(b)  if that method would produce a result that is unjust or unreasonable, on a just and\nreasonable basis.\n\n*David Rutley*\n*Maggie Throup*\n20th April 2020 Two of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **on our operations.**\n\nnegatively impact our sales, staffing shortages in our stores, distribution centers or corporate offices, interruptions in the flow of merchandise\nto our stores, disruptions in the operations of our merchandise vendors or property developers, increased costs, and a negative impact on\nour reputation and long-term growth plans.\n####### **RISKS DUE TO LEGAL AND REGULATORY FACTORS**\n**We are subject to certain laws, litigation, regulatory matters and ethical standards, and our failure to comply with or adequately**\n####### **address developments as they arise could adversely affect our reputation and operations.**\nOur policies, procedures and practices and the technology we implement are designed to comply with federal, state, local and foreign laws,\nrules and regulations, including those imposed by the SEC and other regulatory agencies, the marketplace, the banking industry and foreign\ncountries, as well as responsible business, social and environmental practices, all of which may change from time to time. Significant\nlegislative changes, including those that relate to employment matters and health care reform, could impact our relationship with our\nworkforce, which could increase our expenses and adversely affect our operations. In addition, if we fail to comply with applicable laws and\nregulations or implement responsible business, social, environmental and supply chain practices, we could be subject to damage to our\nreputation, class action lawsuits, legal and settlement costs, civil and criminal liability, increased cost of regulatory compliance, restatements\nof our financial statements, disruption of our business and loss of customers. Any required changes to our employment practices could result\nin the loss of employees, reduced sales, increased employment costs, low employee morale and harm to our business and results of\noperations. In addition, political and economic factors could lead to unfavorable changes in federal, state and foreign tax laws, which may\nincrease our tax liabilities. An increase in our tax liabilities could adversely affect our results of operations. We are also regularly involved in\nvarious litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation or regulatory developments could adversely affect our\nbusiness and financial condition.\n**We continue to face uncertainties due to financial services industry regulation and supervision that could have an adverse affect**\n####### **on our operations.**\nFederal and state regulation and supervision of the financial industry has increased in recent years due to implementation of consumer\nprotection and financial reform legislation such as the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 (“CARD Act”) and",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nProtection Act 1994. Applicable legislation and requisite environmental licences are specified in the entity’s Environmental, Health and Safety\nCompliance Database, which forms part of the consolidated entity’s overall Environmental Management System. Compliance performance is monitored\non a regular basis and in various forms, including environmental audits conducted by regulatory authorities and by the Company, either through\ninternal or external resources. During the financial year, except as mentioned below, no fines were imposed, no prosecutions were instituted and no\nnotice of non-compliance with the above referenced regulations was received from a regulatory body. A directive was issued by the Northern Territory\nDepartment of Business, Industry and Resource Development in December 2004 in relation to flaring of gas at Mereenie under Clause 619 of the\nSchedule of Onshore Petroleum Exploration and Production Requirements 1993 issued under the Northern Territory Petroleum Act 1984. A report was\nsubmitted to the Department regarding this incident. A show cause notice was received from the Department of Primary Industries and Resources,\nSouth Australia, in June 2004 in relation to the Keleary to Merrimelia oil pipeline under the South Australian Petroleum Act 2000. The pipeline has\nbeen assessed and a management strategy has been agreed with the Department.\n**7. Events Subsequent to Balance Date**\nExcept as mentioned below, in the opinion of the Directors there has not arisen in the interval between the end of the financial year and the date of\nthis report any matter or circumstance that has significantly affected or may significantly affect the operations of the consolidated entity, the results\nof those operations, or the state of affairs of the consolidated entity in future financial years.\nDividends declared after 31 December 2004 are set out in Item 4 of this Directors’ Report and Note 20 to the financial statements.\nOn 17 February 2005, the Company entered into a contract to acquire Basin Oil Pty Ltd effective 1 January 2005. Basin Oil Pty Ltd has a 2.1%\ninterest in the South Australia Cooper Basin, a 40% interest in Patricia-Baleen and Sole and a 33.3% interest in Golden Beach and Vic/P55.\nAnnual Report 2004 49\n**8. Likely Developments**\nCertain likely developments in the operations of the consolidated entity and the expected results of those operations in future financial years are\nreferred to at pages 2 to 7, 11 to 12, 16 to 23 and 26 to 28 of this Annual Report. Further information about likely developments in the operations",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nE x t r a o rd i n a ry item — . — . ( 1 , 4 8 8 ) Stockholders’ (deficit)/equity for\ncompensation expense for tax purposes\nin excess of amounts recognized for\nfinancial re p o rting purposes — . — . 9 51 .\n$ ( 1 , 1 8 8 ) $ 4 , 1 8 2 $ ( 1 , 9 6 7 )\nThe income tax benefit/(expense) from operations consisted of the following:\nYear Ended December 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 8\n*(in thousands)*\nC u rrent tax (expense)/benefit:\nU.S. Federal $ ( 8 3 8 ) $ 1 , 8 2 8 $ ( 1 , 4 3 0 )\nE u ro p e ( 3 5 0 ) — . — .\nTotal curre n t ( 1 , 1 8 8 ) 1 , 8 2 8 ( 1 , 4 3 0 )\nD e f e rred tax benefit/(expense):\nU.S. Federal — . 2 , 3 5 4 — .\nTotal deferre d — . 2 , 3 5 4 — .\nTotal tax benefit/(expense) $ ( 1 , 1 8 8 ) $ 4 , 1 8 2 $ ( 1 , 4 3 0 )\nYear Ended December 31,\n2 0 0 0 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 8\n*(in thousands)*\nIncome tax benefit at statutory rates $ 1 6 , 4 4 3 . $ 1 1 , 9 33 . $ 1 0 , 1 43 .\nP e rmanent diff e re n c e s ( 1 8 6 ) 1 , 0 78 . ( 1 , 1 9 1 )\nTax-exempt intere s t — . — . 5 20 . Stock options exerc i s e d — . — . ( 9 3 1 )\nTax rate diff e re n c e s ( 1 , 7 5 7 ) ( 9 3 8 ) ( 6 3 8 )\nAdjustment to deferred tax asset for\nenacted changes in tax rates ( 1 , 9 0 9 ) ( 4 4 3 ) ( 1 9 1 )\n(Expiration)/utilization of tax loss c a rried forw a rd ( 7 1 6 ) ( 1 , 7 0 0 ) 9 7 1 .",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the muscle volume of the knee flexors of the 2024 word's strongest man ?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "Knee flexors 3,060 ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### DISCUSSION\n\n##### control participants\n\nWorld ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift champion and comparative elite sprinters, subelite sprinters, and untrained\n##### control participants\nMuscle Group/Muscle or Compartment\nMuscle Volume, cm <sup>3</sup>\nWSM Elite Sprinters ( n 5 5) Subelite Sprinters ( n 5 26) Untrained ( n 5 11)\nAll muscles 14,922 11,323 ± 1,328 9,164 ± 1,207 7,628 ± 1,548\nHip fl exors 1,704 1,620 ± 200 1,314 ± 216 1,031 ± 151\nHip extensors 4,724 4,002 ± 489 3,029 ± 422 2,257 ± 220\nKnee fl exors 3,060 2,304 ± 178 1,859 ± 301 1,460 ± 196\nKnee extensors 4,386 3,218 ± 400 2,636 ± 401 2,202 ± 315\nPlantar fl exors 1,888 1,112 ± 181 943 ± 156 860 ± 172\nIliopsoas 681 702 ± 97 618 ± 101 514 ± 75\nSartorius 429 306 ± 46 209 ± 50 142 ± 25\nTensor fasciae latae 142 135 ± 41 86 ± 25 73 ± 24\nAdductor magnus 1,334 1,056 ± 83 828 ± 128 624 ± 81\nGracilis 235 180 ± 37 142 ± 37 98 ± 23\nGluteus maximus 1,980 1,797 ± 376 1,257 ± 197 931 ± 108\nGluteus medius and minimus 1,172 626 ± 129 575 ± 97 583 ± 76\nRectus femoris 453 476 ± 45 401 ± 78 303 ± 55\nVastus lateralis 1,508 1,132 ± 180 925 ± 156 743 ± 98\nVastus intermedius 1,336 962 ± 145 789 ± 140 680 ± 115\nVastus medialis 1,088 649 ± 97 521 ± 79 476 ± 111\nSemimembranosus 392 359 ± 60 327 ± 59 262 ± 18\nSemitendinosus 563 449 ± 70 350 ± 79 219 ± 39\nBiceps femoris long head 454 340 ± 31 267 ± 47 221 ± 42\nBiceps femoris short head 135 167 ± 26 131 ± 34 110 ± 28\nPopliteus 27 23 ± 5 17 ± 5 19 ± 6",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### DISCUSSION\n\n##### control participants\n\nLateral gastrocnemius 310 202 ± 34 170 ± 37 156 ± 41\nMedial gastrocnemius 515 300 ± 38 262 ± 58 251 ± 52\nSoleus 1,063 610 ± 137 510 ± 76 453 ± 95\nAnterior compartment 445 302 ± 59 273 ± 47 291 ± 47\nLateral compartment 253 147 ± 32 161 ± 42 153 ± 35\nPosterior compartment 406 401 ± 76 345 ± 71 326 ± 93\nIndividual measurements are the average of both sides/legs (i.e., unilateral). All muscles are the sum of muscle volumes from all the\nindividual muscles/compartments listed. Muscle volume data are presented as group means ± SD, except for the WSM ( n 1⁄4 1). Untrained control participants from Miller et al. ( 13 ).\n795\nAlthough it was anticipated that the WSM would possess a\nlarger total lower-body muscle volume/mass than untrained\ncontrols and other athletic/trained groups we have previ-\nously measured, the magnitude and pattern of the differen-\nces were unknown. The results indicated that the total\nvolume of the measured muscles was almost twice that of av-\nerage untrained participants and 32 - 63% larger than subelite\nand elite sprinters. Pronounced development of the anti-\ngravity muscles (i.e., hip extensors, knee extensors, and plan-\ntar fl exors) was perhaps not that surprising given the WSM ’ s\nbackground in heavy lifting events (including being a double\ndeadlift world champion and record holder). However, the\nhip fl exors appear less important in these tasks, possibly\nexplaining their more modest size, which was inferior to that\nof three elite 100-m sprinters we have previously assessed.\nThe WSM ’ s plantar fl exors were particularly large relative to\nuntrained controls ( þ 120%). This could be due to the plan- tar fl exors being the smallest of the antigravity muscle\ngroups that may experience very high mechanical stress",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **E**\n**RF volume (cm <sup>3</sup> )**\n0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400\nUntrained control\nSub-elite sprint runners\nElite sprint runners\nLong-term resistance-trained\nWSM",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **A**\n**HAMS volume (cm <sup>3</sup> )**\n0 100 200 300 400 500\nUntrained control\nSub-elite sprint runners\nElite sprint runners\nLong-term resistance-trained\nWSM",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **C**\n**ST volume (cm <sup>3</sup> )**\n0 100 200 300 400 500 600\nUntrained control\nSub-elite sprint runners\nElite sprint runners\nLong-term resistance-trained\nWSM",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\nHip flexors Knee extensors Hip extensors Knee flexors Plantar flexors\nAll muscles\n###### **Difference in muscle volume (%)**\n+95.6%\n+119.5%\n+109.6%\n+109.3%\n+99.2%\n+65.3%\n+201.9%\n+157.1%\n+139.8%\n+134.6%\n+128.6%\n+113.8%\n+112.7%\n+105.4%\n+103.0%\n+98.8%\n+96.5%\n+94.1%\n+65.6%\n**Difference:**\n+52.9%\n+49.8%\n+49.6%\n+42.2%\n+32.4%\n+24.6%\n+23.1%\n+101.0%\n+105.2%\nFigure 3. Percentage differences in muscle volumes of all muscles, 5 func-\ntional muscle groups, and 23 individual muscles/compartments between\nthe World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift champion (WSM; n 1⁄4 1) and untrained control participants ( n 1⁄4 11) from the work by Miller et al. ( 13 ). A positive value indicates greater muscle volume of WSM relative to the\ngroup mean of the untrained controls. The functional muscle groups and\nindividual muscles are ordered according to the magnitude of the percent-\nage differences for absolute muscle volume.\n794\nassessed ( Fig. 5 B ). BFsh volume (135 cm <sup>3</sup> ) of the WSM was a\nmodest 26% greater than that of our pool of untrained control\nparticipants (107±31 cm <sup>3</sup> ; Fig. 5 E ) but smaller than that of\nboth long-term resistance-trained individuals ( � 1%; 136±27 cm <sup>3</sup> ) and elite sprinters ( � 19%; 167±26 cm <sup>3</sup> ; Fig. 5 E ).\n##### Patella Tendon Cross-Sectional Area and Moment Arm\nThe patellar tendon mean CSA of the WSM (133.8 mm <sup>2</sup> ) was\nlarger than that of average untrained ( þ 30%; 103.2±12.5 mm <sup>2</sup> ) and long-term resistance-trained individuals ( þ 27%; 105.4±13.0 mm <sup>2</sup> ; Fig. 6 A ) but was smaller than the largest\nindividual we have measured from these groups (149.5 mm <sup>2</sup> ).\nThe WSM ’ s patellar tendon moment arm (51.5 mm) was also\nlarger than that of average untrained ( þ 18%; 43.8±2.7 mm) or long-term resistance-trained groups ( þ 12%; 45.8±2.5 mm; Fig. 6 B ) as well as being 3% greater than the highest individ-\nual moment arm we have previously assessed within these\ngroups (49.9 mm).",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n**VM volume (cm <sup>3</sup> )**\n0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **E**\n**BFsh volume (cm <sup>3</sup> )**\nFigure 5. Overall hamstrings (HAMS; A ),\nsemimembranosus (SM; B ), semitendino-\nsus (ST; C ), biceps femoris long head\n(BFlh; D ), and biceps femoris short head\n(BFsh; E ) muscle volume of a World ’ s\nStrongest Man and deadlift champion\n(WSM) compared with long-term resist-\nance trained [ n 1⁄4 16, from the work by Maden-Wilkinson et al. ( 10 )], elite sprint\nrunners [ n 1⁄4 5, from the work by Miller et al. ( 13 )], subelite sprint runners [ n 1⁄4 26, from the work by Miller et al. ( 13 )], and\nuntrained control populations [ n 1⁄4 50, pooled population from the works by\nMiller et al. ( 13 ) ( n 1⁄4 11) and Balshaw et al. ( 14 ) (pretest data n 1⁄4 39)].\n60 80 100 120 140 160\nUntrained control\nLong-term resistance-trained\nWSM",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### DISCUSSION\n\nThis study is the fi rst to document the lower-body muscle\nand tendon morphology of a World ’ s Strongest Man and\ndeadlift champion (i.e., an exceptionally strong individual),\nand these are presented alongside functional whole body\nassessments, which exceeded the highest IMTP force (gross\nand net) and CMJ power values previously reported by 54%,\n100%, and 164%, respectively. The WSM had overall lower-\nbody muscularity approximately twice that of untrained con-\ntrols ( þ 96%) and 32% greater than that of elite 100-m sprint- ers. However, there was substantial anatomical variability in\nthe magnitude of the differences, ranging from the plantar\nfl exors ( þ 120% vs. untrained) to the hip fl exors ( þ 65% vs. untrained). Similarly, some speci fi c muscles, such as the guy\nrope muscles that stabilize the femur and pelvis, were 2.5 - 3.0\ntimes the volume of untrained individuals (gracilis þ 140%, semitendinosus þ 157%, and sartorius þ 202%) but others dis- played more marginal differences (BFsh þ 23%, iliopsoas þ 32% vs. untrained). Considering the knee extensors, the WSM had both quadriceps femoris volume greater than or\nequal to twofold that of untrained controls and a greater pa-\ntella tendon moment arm than we have previously measured\n( þ 18% vs. untrained), which would be expected to combine to facilitate extraordinary strength. Furthermore, despite the\nWSM ’ s extremely large quadriceps femoris, their patellar ten-\ndon CSA was only 30% greater than that of untrained controls\nand not outside the range of tendons we have previously\nassessed. The results of this study provide novel insights into\nthe muscle and tendon characteristics, as well as the strength\nand power capabilities, of an extraordinarily strong individual\nthat may be toward the upper limit of human variation in\nthese characteristics.\nTable 2. Muscle volume of all muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, and 22 individual muscles/compartments of a",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### Abstract\n\nThis study compared the muscle and tendon morphology of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift\nchampion (WSM), with that of various other athletic, trained, and untrained populations. The WSM completed the following: 1 ) 3.0-T\nMRI scans, to determine the volume of 22 individual lower limb muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, patellar tendon (PT) cross-sec-\ntional area (CSA), and PT moment arm; and 2 ) countermovement jumps (CMJ) and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) contractions. The\nWSM was compared with previously assessed groups from our laboratory (muscle and tendon) and the wider research literature\n(CMJ and IMTP). The WSM ’ s CMJ peak power (9,866 W) and gross (9,171 N) and net (7,480 N) IMTP peak forces were higher than\nany previously published values. The WSM ’ s overall measured leg muscle volume was approximately twice that of untrained controls\n( þ 96%) but with pronounced anatomical variability in the extent of muscular development. The plantar fl exor group ( þ 120%) and the guy rope muscles (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: þ 140% to þ 202%), which stabilize the pelvis and femur, demonstrated the largest differences relative to that of untrained controls. The WSM ’ s pronounced quadriceps size (greater than or equal to twofold vs.\nuntrained) was accompanied by modest PT moment arm differences and, notably, was not matched by an equivalent difference in PT\nCSA ( þ 30%). These results provide novel insight into the musculotendinous characteristics of an extraordinarily strong individual, which may be toward the upper limit of human variation, such that the WSM ’ s very pronounced lower limb muscularity also exhibited\ndistinct anatomical variability and with muscle size largely uncoupled from tendon size.\nNEW & NOTEWORTHY Lower-body muscle size of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift\nchampion (WSM), was approximately twice that of controls but was underpinned by pronounced anatomical variability in the\nextent of muscular development ( þ 23 - 202%): the plantar fl exor group and guy rope muscles demonstrating the largest differen- ces. The WSM ’ s quadriceps size (more than or equal to twice that of controls) contrasted with modest differences in patella ten-\ndon moment arm ( þ 18%) and was uncoupled from patellar tendon size ( þ 30%).\nisometric force; magnetic resonance imaging; power; strength",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the nutritionnal added components to the word's strongest man regime ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The WSM’s nutritional supplement consumption included protein, branched-chain amino acids, and electrolytes",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### INTRODUCTION\n\nFeats of strength have fascinated man since the early stages\nof human civilization, as shown by the archeological evidence\nof inscribed heavy stones at Olympia and Thera in Greece,\ndated to the 6th century BC, detailing the way they were lifted\nby Bybon and Eumastus, respectively ( 1 ). Over the centuries,\nmany types of strength competitions have existed; some of\nwhich have been codi fi ed and endured within modern sport-\ning competitions (e.g., weightlifting, powerlifting, and shot\nput). In addition, professional strongman competitions, such\nas the annually contested “ World ’ s Strongest Man ” event,\ngenerate extensive global interest ( 2 ). Moreover, scienti fi c\nunderstanding of muscular strength is important because of\nits role in athletic performance ( 3 ), injury prevention ( 4 ), and\nhealthy aging ( 5 ). However, our knowledge of extreme human\nstrength is limited.\nTo date, there is little scienti fi c information on the charac-\nteristics of extremely strong humans in terms of laboratory-\nbased tests of strength and power, particularly the size and dis-\ntribution of their muscle mass, as well as tendon size and joint\nmechanics (moment arm). Kraemer et al. ( 6 ) examined the\nbody composition of elite strongman competitors using dual-\nenergy X-ray absorptiometry scanning and found that they\nhad a body mass (153±19 kg) and lean mass (118±12 kg)\napproximately twice that of an average untrained healthy\nyoung man. Whole body skeletal muscle mass of athletes from\nstrength- and power-based sports has also been estimated\nusing ultrasound measurements at a limited number of ana-\ntomical locations ( 7 , 8 ). However, neither ultrasound-derived",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### REFERENCES\n\n1. Crowther NB. Weightlifting in antiquity: achievement and training.\nGreece Rome 24: 111 - 120, 1977. doi: [10.1017/s0017383500018416](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500018416) .\n2. Dixon E. How Wave.tv is making the World ’ s Strongest Man think\nbigger with its digital plans (Online). SportsPro, 2020. [https://www.](https://www.sportspromedia.com/insights/analysis/worlds-strongest-man-wavetv-the-pump-snapchat-brian-verne-interview/)\n[sportspromedia.com/insights/analysis/worlds-strongest-man-wavetv-](https://www.sportspromedia.com/insights/analysis/worlds-strongest-man-wavetv-the-pump-snapchat-brian-verne-interview/)\n[the-pump-snapchat-brian-verne-interview/](https://www.sportspromedia.com/insights/analysis/worlds-strongest-man-wavetv-the-pump-snapchat-brian-verne-interview/) [Apr 6, 2024].\n3. Suchomel TJ , Nimphius S , Stone MH. The importance of muscular\nstrength in athletic performance. Sports Med 46: 1419 - 1449, 2016.\ndoi: [10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0) .\n4. Opar DA , Williams MD , Timmins RG , Hickey J , Duhig SJ , Shield AJ.\nEccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian\nfootballers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47: 857 - 865, 2015. doi: [10.1249/](https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000465)\n[mss.0000000000000465](https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000465) .\n5. McLeod M , Breen L , Hamilton DL , Philp A. Live strong and prosper:\nthe importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing.\nBiogerontology 17: 497 - 510, 2016. doi: [10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7) .\n6. Kraemer WJ , Caldwell LK , Post EM , DuPont WH , Martini ER ,\nRatamess NA , Szivak TK , Shurley JP , Beeler MK , Volek JS , Maresh\nCM , Todd JS , Walrod BJ , Hyde PN , Fairman C , Best TM. Body com-\nposition in elite strongman competitors. J Strength Cond Res 34:\n3326 - 3330, 2020. doi: [10.1519/jsc.0000000000003763](https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003763) .\n7. Abe T , Buckner SL , Dankel SJ , Jessee MB , Mattocks KT , Mouser\nJG , Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass in human athletes: what is\nthe upper limit? Am J Hum Biol 30: e23102, 2018. doi: [10.1002/](https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23102)\n[ajhb.23102](https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23102) .\n798\n8. Abe T , Buckner SL , Mattocks KT , Jessee MB , Dankel SJ , Mouser\nJG , Bell ZW , Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass and architecture\nof the world ’ s strongest raw powerlifter: a case study. Asian J Sports\nMed 9: e61763, 2018. doi: [10.5812/asjsm.61763](https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.61763) .\n9. Powell PL , Roy RR , Kanim P , Bello MA , Edgerton VR. Predictability\nof skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in\nguinea pig hindlimbs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol\n57: 1715 - 1721, 1984. doi: [10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1715](https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1715) .\n10. Maden-Wilkinson TM , Balshaw TG , Massey G , Folland JP. What",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n##### Participant\nThe WSM ’ s achievements included one World ’ s Strongest\nMan title (14 mo prior to measurement), fi ve Britain ’ s\nStrongest Man titles (the most recent 6 mo prior to measure-\nment), twice being World Deadlift Champion and Deadlift\nWorld Record holder (500 kg; at the time of measurement),\nand second place at Europe ’ s Strongest Man. Prior to agreeing\nto participate, the purpose of the research study and the test-\ning procedures were explained to the participant along with\nthe risks and bene fi ts of taking part. The participant gave his\nwritten informed consent to participate in the study that was\napproved by the Loughborough University Ethical Advisory\nCommittee (Ethics Number R18-P090). Included in the writ-\nten consent was a statement providing permission for publi-\ncation of the collected data and the likelihood that their\nidentity may be evident based on their achievements and\ncharacteristics, despite anonymization.\n##### Training History\nThe WSM had been continuously involved in systematic,\nregular upper- and lower-body resistance training for 15 yr at\nthe time of testing. In the 12 mo prior to testing, the partici-\npant ’ s resistance training consisted of the following typical\nexercises: lower body: squats, deadlifts, leg press, and knee\nextension; and upper body: bench press, shoulder press,\ndumbbell/barbell rows, and lat pull-down. The proportion of\nthe participant ’ s training within the following repetition\nranges over the last 12 mo was as follows: near maximum\nloads [1 - 5 repetition maximum (RM)]: 10%; heavy loads (6 -\n14 RM): 80%; and moderate loads ( � 15 RM): 10%. The partici- pant reported only occasional ( < 1 � /week) use of advanced resistance training practices (i.e., complex training and ac-\ncommodating resistance method) but frequently ( > 3 � / week) executed training repetitions with the intention to\nmove the load as fast as possible. The WSM ’ s nutritional\nsupplement consumption included protein, branched-chain\namino acids, and electrolytes.\n##### Overview\nThe WSM reported for a single test session that involved\nthe following assessments (listed in order): axial T1 weighted\n3.0-T MRI scans from T12 to the lateral malleolus [to assess\nmuscle size throughout the lower body (left and right sides)],",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### DISCUSSION\n\nThis study is the fi rst to document the lower-body muscle\nand tendon morphology of a World ’ s Strongest Man and\ndeadlift champion (i.e., an exceptionally strong individual),\nand these are presented alongside functional whole body\nassessments, which exceeded the highest IMTP force (gross\nand net) and CMJ power values previously reported by 54%,\n100%, and 164%, respectively. The WSM had overall lower-\nbody muscularity approximately twice that of untrained con-\ntrols ( þ 96%) and 32% greater than that of elite 100-m sprint- ers. However, there was substantial anatomical variability in\nthe magnitude of the differences, ranging from the plantar\nfl exors ( þ 120% vs. untrained) to the hip fl exors ( þ 65% vs. untrained). Similarly, some speci fi c muscles, such as the guy\nrope muscles that stabilize the femur and pelvis, were 2.5 - 3.0\ntimes the volume of untrained individuals (gracilis þ 140%, semitendinosus þ 157%, and sartorius þ 202%) but others dis- played more marginal differences (BFsh þ 23%, iliopsoas þ 32% vs. untrained). Considering the knee extensors, the WSM had both quadriceps femoris volume greater than or\nequal to twofold that of untrained controls and a greater pa-\ntella tendon moment arm than we have previously measured\n( þ 18% vs. untrained), which would be expected to combine to facilitate extraordinary strength. Furthermore, despite the\nWSM ’ s extremely large quadriceps femoris, their patellar ten-\ndon CSA was only 30% greater than that of untrained controls\nand not outside the range of tendons we have previously\nassessed. The results of this study provide novel insights into\nthe muscle and tendon characteristics, as well as the strength\nand power capabilities, of an extraordinarily strong individual\nthat may be toward the upper limit of human variation in\nthese characteristics.\nTable 2. Muscle volume of all muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, and 22 individual muscles/compartments of a",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **E**\n**BFsh volume (cm <sup>3</sup> )**\nFigure 5. Overall hamstrings (HAMS; A ),\nsemimembranosus (SM; B ), semitendino-\nsus (ST; C ), biceps femoris long head\n(BFlh; D ), and biceps femoris short head\n(BFsh; E ) muscle volume of a World ’ s\nStrongest Man and deadlift champion\n(WSM) compared with long-term resist-\nance trained [ n 1⁄4 16, from the work by Maden-Wilkinson et al. ( 10 )], elite sprint\nrunners [ n 1⁄4 5, from the work by Miller et al. ( 13 )], subelite sprint runners [ n 1⁄4 26, from the work by Miller et al. ( 13 )], and\nuntrained control populations [ n 1⁄4 50, pooled population from the works by\nMiller et al. ( 13 ) ( n 1⁄4 11) and Balshaw et al. ( 14 ) (pretest data n 1⁄4 39)].\n60 80 100 120 140 160\nUntrained control\nLong-term resistance-trained\nWSM",
+                    "page_start": 8,
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### Abstract\n\nThis study compared the muscle and tendon morphology of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift\nchampion (WSM), with that of various other athletic, trained, and untrained populations. The WSM completed the following: 1 ) 3.0-T\nMRI scans, to determine the volume of 22 individual lower limb muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, patellar tendon (PT) cross-sec-\ntional area (CSA), and PT moment arm; and 2 ) countermovement jumps (CMJ) and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) contractions. The\nWSM was compared with previously assessed groups from our laboratory (muscle and tendon) and the wider research literature\n(CMJ and IMTP). The WSM ’ s CMJ peak power (9,866 W) and gross (9,171 N) and net (7,480 N) IMTP peak forces were higher than\nany previously published values. The WSM ’ s overall measured leg muscle volume was approximately twice that of untrained controls\n( þ 96%) but with pronounced anatomical variability in the extent of muscular development. The plantar fl exor group ( þ 120%) and the guy rope muscles (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: þ 140% to þ 202%), which stabilize the pelvis and femur, demonstrated the largest differences relative to that of untrained controls. The WSM ’ s pronounced quadriceps size (greater than or equal to twofold vs.\nuntrained) was accompanied by modest PT moment arm differences and, notably, was not matched by an equivalent difference in PT\nCSA ( þ 30%). These results provide novel insight into the musculotendinous characteristics of an extraordinarily strong individual, which may be toward the upper limit of human variation, such that the WSM ’ s very pronounced lower limb muscularity also exhibited\ndistinct anatomical variability and with muscle size largely uncoupled from tendon size.\nNEW & NOTEWORTHY Lower-body muscle size of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift\nchampion (WSM), was approximately twice that of controls but was underpinned by pronounced anatomical variability in the\nextent of muscular development ( þ 23 - 202%): the plantar fl exor group and guy rope muscles demonstrating the largest differen- ces. The WSM ’ s quadriceps size (more than or equal to twice that of controls) contrasted with modest differences in patella ten-\ndon moment arm ( þ 18%) and was uncoupled from patellar tendon size ( þ 30%).\nisometric force; magnetic resonance imaging; power; strength",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n**Patellar tendon moment arm (mm)**\nFigure 6. Patellar tendon mean cross-sec-\ntional area ( A ) and patellar tendon moment\narm ( B ) of a World ’ s Strongest Man and\ndeadlift champion (WSM) compared with\nlong-term resistance trained [ n 1⁄4 16, from the work by Massey et al. ( 15 )] and untrained\ncontrol populations [ n 1⁄4 39, from the work by Massey et al. ( 15 )].\n797\nchanges in response to functional overload/resistance\ntraining. For example, we previously found patellar ten-\ndon CSA to show very subtle changes after 15 wk (45 train-\ning sessions) of heavy resistance training [ þ 1.4% ( 41 )] and no differences between long-term resistance-trained indi-\nviduals and untrained controls ( 15 ).\n##### Limitations\nAlthough the current investigation provides a detailed\nassessment of an individual at/toward the upper limit of\nhuman strength performance, it is important to appreciate\nstudy limitations. First, the participant was not measured im-\nmediately before their World ’ s Strongest Man championship\nsuccess or other landmark performances, and it is entirely pos-\nsible the functional and structural characteristics we assessed\nmay have been even higher directly prior to peak performan-\nces. Despite using a wide-bore MRI scanner, due to the size of\nthe WSM ’ s shoulders and arms, it was not possible to scan their\nupper body. Thus, we were not able to investigate this aspect of\nthe WSM ’ s muscle morphology; although given that greater hy-\npertrophy occurs in the upper body compared with the lower\nbody ( 42 ), it is possible that the WSM ’ s upper-body muscle size\nrelative to untrained controls may have been even more pro-\nnounced than what we have documented for the lower body.\nIn the current study to provide the most representative data on\nuntrained control participants, the largest available untrained\ncontrol populations were used for each category of measure-\nments. Thus, different untrained control populations were\nused [e.g., comparison of quadricep and hamstring size ( n 1⁄4 102) vs. comparison of all the leg muscles ( n 1⁄4 11)], which led to some subtle discrepancies in the contrasts between these\ngroups and the WSM [e.g., quadriceps femoris/knee extensors,\nþ 127% and þ 99% relative to our large pooled ( n 1⁄4 102) and smaller ( n 1⁄4 11) untrained control samples, respectively]. Importantly, however, this discrepancy does not appear to",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### REFERENCES\n\nmakes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A com-\nparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint\nmechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 1000 - 1011, 2019. doi: [10.1152/](https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2019)\n[japplphysiol.00224.2019](https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2019) .\n11. Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Massey GJ , Folland JP. The\nhuman muscle size and strength relationship: effects of architecture,\nmuscle force, and measurement location. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53:\n2140 - 2151, 2021. doi: [10.1249/mss.0000000000002691](https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002691) .\n12. Baxter JR , Piazza SJ. Plantar fl exor moment arm and muscle volume\npredict torque-generating capacity in young men. J Appl Physiol\n(1985) 116: 538 - 544, 2014. doi: [10.1152/japplphysiol.01140.2013](https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01140.2013) .\n13. Miller R , Balshaw TG , Massey GJ , Maeo S , Lanza MB , Johnston\nM , Allen SJ , Folland JP. The muscle morphology of elite sprint\nrunning. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: 804 - 815, 2021. doi: [10.1249/](https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002522)\n[mss.0000000000002522](https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002522) .\n14. Balshaw TG , Funnell MP , McDermott E , Maden-Wilkinson TM ,\nAbela S , Quteishat B , Edsey M , James LJ , Folland JP. The effect of\nspeci fi c bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remod-\neling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237:\ne13903, 2023 [Erratum in Acta Physiol (Oxf) 237:e13952, 2023].\ndoi: [10.1111/apha.13903](https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13903) .\n15. Massey GJ , Balshaw TG , Maden-Wilkinson TM , Folland JP.\nTendinous tissue properties after short- and long-term functional\noverload: differences between controls, 12 weeks and 4 years of re-\nsistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 222: e13019, 2018. doi: [10.1111/](https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13019)\n[apha.13019](https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.13019) .\n16. Sugisaki N , Kobayashi K , Tsuchie H , Kanehisa H. Associations\nbetween individual lower-limb muscle volumes and 100-m sprint\ntime in male sprinters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13: 214 - 219, 2018.\ndoi: [10.1123/ijspp.2016-0703](https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0703) .\n17. Seynnes OR , Erskine RM , Maganaris CN , Longo S , Simoneau EM ,\nGrosset JF , Narici MV. Training-induced changes in structural and\nmechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle\nhypertrophy but not to strength gains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 107:\n523 - 530, 2009. doi: [10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2009](https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2009) .\n18. Beckham GK , Sato K , Santana HAP , Mizuguchi S , Haff GG , Stone\nMH. Effect of body position on force production during the isometric",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n##### within this study for the purposes of providing comparative muscle and tendon morphology data\n\njump device records vertical ground reaction force at a sam-\npling frequency of 500 Hz and calculates jump height and\npeak power using integration/double integration of the force\nsignal (Quattro jump software, type 2822A1-1, version 1.1.1.4)\nto derive velocity (multiplied by force to calculate power)\nand displacement (jump height).\n##### Isometric Midthigh Pull\nIMTP contractions were performed within an isometric\nrig consisting of a base plate with stainless steel uprights\n(ESP Fitness, Loughborough, UK), which facilitated barbell\nTable 1. Descriptive characteristics of a World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift champion and populations featured\n##### within this study for the purposes of providing comparative muscle and tendon morphology data\nn Age, yr Height, m Body Mass, kg Source of Comparative Data\nWSM 1 30.6 1.90 172.0\nOverall muscle morphology\nElite sprint runners 5 27.4 ± 4.1 1.83 ± 0.06 86.4 ± 6.7 Miller et al. ( 13 )\nSubelite sprint runners 26 22.0 ± 2.2 1.78 ± 0.06 75.4 ± 7.3\nUntrained controls 11 25.8 ± 2.6 1.80 ± 0.08 75.2 ± 5.6\nQuadriceps femoris muscle morphology\nLong-term resistance-trained 16 22 ± 2 1.83 ± 0.06 91 ± 10 Maden-Wilkinson et al. ( 10 )\nUntrained controls 102 25 ± 3 1.78 ± 0.08 73 ± 10 Pooled sample from Miller et al. ( 13 ) ( n 1⁄4 11), Balshaw et al. ( 11 ) ( n 1⁄4 52), and pretest of Balshaw et al. ( 14 ) ( n 1⁄4 39) Hamstrings muscle morphology\nLong-term resistance-trained 16 22 ± 2 1.83 ± 0.06 91 ± 10 Unpublished observations from the sample\nin Maden-Wilkinson et al. ( 10 )\nUntrained controls 50 26 ± 4 1.79 ± 0.08 75 ± 11 Pooled sample from Miller et al. ( 13 ) ( n 1⁄4 11) and pretest of Balshaw et al. ( 14 ) ( n 1⁄4 39) Patellar tendon CSA and moment arm\nLong-term resistance-trained 16 22 ± 2 1.83 ± 0.06 90 ± 10 Massey et al. ( 15 )\nUntrained controls 39 25 ± 2 1.76 ± 0.06 72 ± 9\nValues for comparative populations are means ± SD. CSA, cross-sectional area.\n791\nadjustment to different heights. A bar height producing a\nknee joint angle of 145 <sup>�</sup> (measured by a manual goniometer)",
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **E**\n**RF volume (cm <sup>3</sup> )**\n0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400\nUntrained control\nSub-elite sprint runners\nElite sprint runners\nLong-term resistance-trained\nWSM",
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+                "query": "Why constraint made the scanning of the word's strongest man's upper body impossible using a MRI ?",
+                "target_page": 10,
+                "target_passage": "Despite using a wide-bore MRI scanner, due to the size of the WSM’s shoulders and arms, it was not possible to scan their upper body",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n##### and Moment Arm\n\naxial and sagittal T1-weighted MRI scans of both knees [to\nassess patellar tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and patellar\ntendon moment arm], maximum countermovement jumps\n(CMJ), and maximum isometric midthigh pulls (IMTPs). The\nmuscle size, patellar tendon CSA, and patellar tendon\nmoment arm of the WSM were compared with various popu-\nlations measured within our laboratory, as indicated in\nTable 1 , alongside participant descriptives ( 10 , 11 , 13 - 15 ). In\naddition, the IMTP and CMJ measures were compared with\nexisting published literature (included studies are summar-\nized in Supplemental Materials 1 and 2, alongside participant\ndescriptives).\n##### MRI Measurement of Muscle Tendon Unit Morphology\n##### and Moment Arm\nThe participant reported for their MRI scan [3.0-T\nDiscovery MR750W (70-cm-wide bore), GE Medical] having\nnot completed any strenuous physical activity in � 24 h and had received prior instruction to arrive in a relaxed state hav-\ning eaten and drunk normally. The participant sat quietly for\n15 min prior to their scan. The participant lay supine for the\nMRI scan of the lower-body musculature from T12 to the lat-\neral malleolus. A body coil (GE Medical) allowed axial T1-\nweighted images (time of repetition/time to echo 600/8.144\nms, image matrix 512 � 512, fi eld of view 500 � 500 mm, pixel size 0.9766 � 0.9766 mm, slice thickness 5 mm, and interslice gap 5 mm) to be acquired in fi ve overlapping\nblocks. Images of both sides of the body were acquired\nwithin a single scan for blocks 1 (T12 to pelvis), 4 (knee joint\nspace to midshank), and 5 (midshank to lateral malleolus).\nHowever, due to the size of the participant ’ s thighs, it was\nnecessary to scan each thigh individually for blocks 2 (pelvis\nto midthigh) and 3 (midthigh to knee joint space); this\ninvolved the radiographer repositioning the fi eld of view\nbetween scanning the fi rst and the second thigh but not\nphysically moving the coil or the participant. Oil- fi lled cap-\nsules were secured to the surface of the participant ’ s skin\nwith Transpore tape at intervals along the length of the lower\nbody prior to the scan and in an of fl ine analysis used to ver-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\nmeaningfully affect the interpretation of the fi ndings. There\nwere subtle differences in the precise scanning and analysis\napproaches used with the reference populations featured in\nthis study, including 1 ) magnetic fi eld strength [1.5 T ( 10 , 11 , 15 )\nvs. 3.0 T, WSM and ( 13 , 14 )]; 2 ) the interslice distance used to\nquantify quadriceps femoris and hamstrings muscle volume\n[1.5 cm ( 10 , 11 , 14 ) vs. 2.0 cm, WSM and ( 13 )]; 3 ) the calculation\nof muscle volume [area under the cubic spline ACSA-muscle\nlength curve: ( 10 , 11 , 14 ) vs. the equation detailed earlier: WSM\nand ( 13 )]; and 4 ) the use of unilateral MRI measures derived\nfrom one limb ( 10 , 11 , 14 , 15 ) or collapsed across two limbs\n[WSM and ( 13 )]. However, it seems likely that these subtle dif-\nferences would have had at most a very minor effect on the\nfi ndings. Finally, it is also important to highlight that the differ-\nences documented between the WSM and comparative popula-\ntions for the various measures included in the current study\ncannot be assumed to be anything other than a combination of\nboth innate (genetic) and environmental (training and nutri-\ntion) factors.\n##### Conclusions\nIn conclusion, this novel investigation documented the\nmuscle and tendon morphology and whole body strength\nand power characteristics of an exceptionally strong individ-\nual, relative to comparative athletic, trained, and untrained\npopulations. Overall leg muscle volume of the WSM was\napproximately twice that of untrained controls but with pro-\nnounced anatomical variability in the extent of muscular de-\nvelopment. The plantar fl exor muscle group and the guy\nrope muscles (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: þ 140 to þ 202%), which stabilize the pelvis and femur, demon- strated the largest differences. The pronounced quadriceps\nfemoris size of the WSM (greater than or equal to twice that\nof untrained) was accompanied by a more modest difference\nin patella tendon moment arm ( þ 18%) and was not matched by a proportional difference in tendon size ( þ 30%).",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n**Patellar tendon moment arm (mm)**\nFigure 6. Patellar tendon mean cross-sec-\ntional area ( A ) and patellar tendon moment\narm ( B ) of a World ’ s Strongest Man and\ndeadlift champion (WSM) compared with\nlong-term resistance trained [ n 1⁄4 16, from the work by Massey et al. ( 15 )] and untrained\ncontrol populations [ n 1⁄4 39, from the work by Massey et al. ( 15 )].\n797\nchanges in response to functional overload/resistance\ntraining. For example, we previously found patellar ten-\ndon CSA to show very subtle changes after 15 wk (45 train-\ning sessions) of heavy resistance training [ þ 1.4% ( 41 )] and no differences between long-term resistance-trained indi-\nviduals and untrained controls ( 15 ).\n##### Limitations\nAlthough the current investigation provides a detailed\nassessment of an individual at/toward the upper limit of\nhuman strength performance, it is important to appreciate\nstudy limitations. First, the participant was not measured im-\nmediately before their World ’ s Strongest Man championship\nsuccess or other landmark performances, and it is entirely pos-\nsible the functional and structural characteristics we assessed\nmay have been even higher directly prior to peak performan-\nces. Despite using a wide-bore MRI scanner, due to the size of\nthe WSM ’ s shoulders and arms, it was not possible to scan their\nupper body. Thus, we were not able to investigate this aspect of\nthe WSM ’ s muscle morphology; although given that greater hy-\npertrophy occurs in the upper body compared with the lower\nbody ( 42 ), it is possible that the WSM ’ s upper-body muscle size\nrelative to untrained controls may have been even more pro-\nnounced than what we have documented for the lower body.\nIn the current study to provide the most representative data on\nuntrained control participants, the largest available untrained\ncontrol populations were used for each category of measure-\nments. Thus, different untrained control populations were\nused [e.g., comparison of quadricep and hamstring size ( n 1⁄4 102) vs. comparison of all the leg muscles ( n 1⁄4 11)], which led to some subtle discrepancies in the contrasts between these\ngroups and the WSM [e.g., quadriceps femoris/knee extensors,\nþ 127% and þ 99% relative to our large pooled ( n 1⁄4 102) and smaller ( n 1⁄4 11) untrained control samples, respectively]. Importantly, however, this discrepancy does not appear to",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n##### within this study for the purposes of providing comparative muscle and tendon morphology data\n\nwas selected, and the participant was instructed to keep his\ntorso upright while completing the IMTP efforts. Two cali-\nbrated 10-kN-capacity force platforms (model 9286B, Kistler\nInstruments, Ltd., London, UK), one underneath each foot,\nwere placed on top of the isometric rig ’ s base plate, and verti-\ncal force signals from the eight individual load cells across the\ntwo force platforms were outputted (External Control Unit\nmodel 5233 A, Kistler Instruments, Ltd.) and sampled at 2,000\nHz using an external analog-to-digital converter (Micro 1401;\nCED, Cambridge, UK) and recorded with Spike 2 computer\nsoftware (CED, Cambridge, UK).\nFollowing a warm-up consisting of a series of incremental\nwarm-up contractions of � 5 s duration ranging from 50% to 90% of maximum perceived effort, two maximum IMTP\nefforts of 3 - 5 s duration were performed under the instruc-\ntion to “ pull as hard as possible. ” Six minutes separated the\nmaximum efforts, based on a self-selected recovery period.\nWrist wraps were worn to remove the in fl uence of grip\nstrength from the assessment. Real-time overall feedback\nfrom the force platforms (the sum of the force signals from\nFigure 1. Example axial MRI images from\nthe World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift\nchampion (WSM; A - C ) and an untrained\ncontrol participant ( D - F ) from the hip\n( A and D ), thigh ( B and E ), and lower leg ( C\nand F ). Image location relative to femur\nand shank length was matched between\nthe WSM and the untrained control as fol-\nlows: hip image is at approximately midfe-\nmoral head, thigh image is at � 52% of femur length (0% is distal end of femur,\n100% is greater trochanter), and lower leg\nimage is at � 70% of shank length (0% is lateral malleolus, 100% is proximal end of\ntibia). The untrained control participant\ndisplayed was from the work by Miller et al.\n( 13 ) and had a total measured muscle vol-\nume of all measured muscles that was 5.1%\nsmaller than the mean of the untrained\ngroup within that study.\n792\nthe load cells across the two platforms) was displayed in\nfront of the participant during the IMTP efforts, and a hori-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n##### Participant\nThe WSM ’ s achievements included one World ’ s Strongest\nMan title (14 mo prior to measurement), fi ve Britain ’ s\nStrongest Man titles (the most recent 6 mo prior to measure-\nment), twice being World Deadlift Champion and Deadlift\nWorld Record holder (500 kg; at the time of measurement),\nand second place at Europe ’ s Strongest Man. Prior to agreeing\nto participate, the purpose of the research study and the test-\ning procedures were explained to the participant along with\nthe risks and bene fi ts of taking part. The participant gave his\nwritten informed consent to participate in the study that was\napproved by the Loughborough University Ethical Advisory\nCommittee (Ethics Number R18-P090). Included in the writ-\nten consent was a statement providing permission for publi-\ncation of the collected data and the likelihood that their\nidentity may be evident based on their achievements and\ncharacteristics, despite anonymization.\n##### Training History\nThe WSM had been continuously involved in systematic,\nregular upper- and lower-body resistance training for 15 yr at\nthe time of testing. In the 12 mo prior to testing, the partici-\npant ’ s resistance training consisted of the following typical\nexercises: lower body: squats, deadlifts, leg press, and knee\nextension; and upper body: bench press, shoulder press,\ndumbbell/barbell rows, and lat pull-down. The proportion of\nthe participant ’ s training within the following repetition\nranges over the last 12 mo was as follows: near maximum\nloads [1 - 5 repetition maximum (RM)]: 10%; heavy loads (6 -\n14 RM): 80%; and moderate loads ( � 15 RM): 10%. The partici- pant reported only occasional ( < 1 � /week) use of advanced resistance training practices (i.e., complex training and ac-\ncommodating resistance method) but frequently ( > 3 � / week) executed training repetitions with the intention to\nmove the load as fast as possible. The WSM ’ s nutritional\nsupplement consumption included protein, branched-chain\namino acids, and electrolytes.\n##### Overview\nThe WSM reported for a single test session that involved\nthe following assessments (listed in order): axial T1 weighted\n3.0-T MRI scans from T12 to the lateral malleolus [to assess\nmuscle size throughout the lower body (left and right sides)],",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### INTRODUCTION\n\nFeats of strength have fascinated man since the early stages\nof human civilization, as shown by the archeological evidence\nof inscribed heavy stones at Olympia and Thera in Greece,\ndated to the 6th century BC, detailing the way they were lifted\nby Bybon and Eumastus, respectively ( 1 ). Over the centuries,\nmany types of strength competitions have existed; some of\nwhich have been codi fi ed and endured within modern sport-\ning competitions (e.g., weightlifting, powerlifting, and shot\nput). In addition, professional strongman competitions, such\nas the annually contested “ World ’ s Strongest Man ” event,\ngenerate extensive global interest ( 2 ). Moreover, scienti fi c\nunderstanding of muscular strength is important because of\nits role in athletic performance ( 3 ), injury prevention ( 4 ), and\nhealthy aging ( 5 ). However, our knowledge of extreme human\nstrength is limited.\nTo date, there is little scienti fi c information on the charac-\nteristics of extremely strong humans in terms of laboratory-\nbased tests of strength and power, particularly the size and dis-\ntribution of their muscle mass, as well as tendon size and joint\nmechanics (moment arm). Kraemer et al. ( 6 ) examined the\nbody composition of elite strongman competitors using dual-\nenergy X-ray absorptiometry scanning and found that they\nhad a body mass (153±19 kg) and lean mass (118±12 kg)\napproximately twice that of an average untrained healthy\nyoung man. Whole body skeletal muscle mass of athletes from\nstrength- and power-based sports has also been estimated\nusing ultrasound measurements at a limited number of ana-\ntomical locations ( 7 , 8 ). However, neither ultrasound-derived",
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### Abstract\n\nThis study compared the muscle and tendon morphology of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift\nchampion (WSM), with that of various other athletic, trained, and untrained populations. The WSM completed the following: 1 ) 3.0-T\nMRI scans, to determine the volume of 22 individual lower limb muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, patellar tendon (PT) cross-sec-\ntional area (CSA), and PT moment arm; and 2 ) countermovement jumps (CMJ) and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) contractions. The\nWSM was compared with previously assessed groups from our laboratory (muscle and tendon) and the wider research literature\n(CMJ and IMTP). The WSM ’ s CMJ peak power (9,866 W) and gross (9,171 N) and net (7,480 N) IMTP peak forces were higher than\nany previously published values. The WSM ’ s overall measured leg muscle volume was approximately twice that of untrained controls\n( þ 96%) but with pronounced anatomical variability in the extent of muscular development. The plantar fl exor group ( þ 120%) and the guy rope muscles (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: þ 140% to þ 202%), which stabilize the pelvis and femur, demonstrated the largest differences relative to that of untrained controls. The WSM ’ s pronounced quadriceps size (greater than or equal to twofold vs.\nuntrained) was accompanied by modest PT moment arm differences and, notably, was not matched by an equivalent difference in PT\nCSA ( þ 30%). These results provide novel insight into the musculotendinous characteristics of an extraordinarily strong individual, which may be toward the upper limit of human variation, such that the WSM ’ s very pronounced lower limb muscularity also exhibited\ndistinct anatomical variability and with muscle size largely uncoupled from tendon size.\nNEW & NOTEWORTHY Lower-body muscle size of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World ’ s Strongest Man and deadlift\nchampion (WSM), was approximately twice that of controls but was underpinned by pronounced anatomical variability in the\nextent of muscular development ( þ 23 - 202%): the plantar fl exor group and guy rope muscles demonstrating the largest differen- ces. The WSM ’ s quadriceps size (more than or equal to twice that of controls) contrasted with modest differences in patella ten-\ndon moment arm ( þ 18%) and was uncoupled from patellar tendon size ( þ 30%).\nisometric force; magnetic resonance imaging; power; strength",
+                    "page_start": 0,
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### DISCUSSION\n\nThis study is the fi rst to document the lower-body muscle\nand tendon morphology of a World ’ s Strongest Man and\ndeadlift champion (i.e., an exceptionally strong individual),\nand these are presented alongside functional whole body\nassessments, which exceeded the highest IMTP force (gross\nand net) and CMJ power values previously reported by 54%,\n100%, and 164%, respectively. The WSM had overall lower-\nbody muscularity approximately twice that of untrained con-\ntrols ( þ 96%) and 32% greater than that of elite 100-m sprint- ers. However, there was substantial anatomical variability in\nthe magnitude of the differences, ranging from the plantar\nfl exors ( þ 120% vs. untrained) to the hip fl exors ( þ 65% vs. untrained). Similarly, some speci fi c muscles, such as the guy\nrope muscles that stabilize the femur and pelvis, were 2.5 - 3.0\ntimes the volume of untrained individuals (gracilis þ 140%, semitendinosus þ 157%, and sartorius þ 202%) but others dis- played more marginal differences (BFsh þ 23%, iliopsoas þ 32% vs. untrained). Considering the knee extensors, the WSM had both quadriceps femoris volume greater than or\nequal to twofold that of untrained controls and a greater pa-\ntella tendon moment arm than we have previously measured\n( þ 18% vs. untrained), which would be expected to combine to facilitate extraordinary strength. Furthermore, despite the\nWSM ’ s extremely large quadriceps femoris, their patellar ten-\ndon CSA was only 30% greater than that of untrained controls\nand not outside the range of tendons we have previously\nassessed. The results of this study provide novel insights into\nthe muscle and tendon characteristics, as well as the strength\nand power capabilities, of an extraordinarily strong individual\nthat may be toward the upper limit of human variation in\nthese characteristics.\nTable 2. Muscle volume of all muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, and 22 individual muscles/compartments of a",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n#### MATERIALS AND METHODS\n\n##### Countermovement Jump\n\ncoil (GE Medical) was used to acquire unilateral T1-weighted\naxial (time of repetition/time to echo 650/9.476 ms, image\nmatrix 512 � 512, fi eld of view 180 � 180 mm, pixel size 0.3516 � 0.3516 mm, slice thickness 2 mm, and interslice gap 0 mm) and sagittal images (time of repetition/time to echo\n606/9.512 ms, image matrix 512 � 512, fi eld of view 180 � 180 mm, pixel size 0.3516 � 0.3516 mm, slice thickness 2 mm, and interslice gap 1⁄4 0 mm) from both knee joints. The axial images were obtained perpendicular to the line of the tendon\nfrom � 2 cm superior to the apex of the patella to � 2 cm\ninferior to the patellar tendon ’ s inferior insertion. Patellar\ntendon CSA was measured in each contiguous image along\nthe length of the tendon (i.e., from the fi rst image where the\npatella was no longer visible to the fi nal image before the tib-\nial insertion). The axial images of the patellar tendon were\nviewed in grayscale, sharpened, and the perimeter manually\noutlined. The average of all measured axial patellar tendon\nCSAs was calculated to produce a mean tendon CSA (mm <sup>2</sup> )\nfor each leg. The moment arm length of the patellar tendon\nfor each leg was estimated from sagittal plane images as the\nperpendicular distance from the patellar tendon to the mid-\npoint of tibiofemoral contact ( 17 ).\n##### Countermovement Jump\nFollowing an � 10-min self-selected whole body loaded barbell-based warm-up and three submaximum warm-up\nCMJs performed with � 50% of perceived maximum effort, the WSM performed three maximal effort CMJs, with 30 s of\nrest between jumps, on a portable Kistler force plate (Quattro\nJump, Type 9290AD, Kistler, Switzerland), interfaced with a\npersonal computer. Prior to all jumps, the participant was\ninstructed to stand still on the force plate in an upright pos-\nture with their arms by their sides. Sampling was initiated\nwhen they provided an indication they were ready to begin,\nand after a 2-s pause to collect the force due to body mass\nand a 3-s countdown, the participant performed a CMJ for\nmaximal height, with arm movement and the depth of coun-\ntermovement self-selected by the participant. The Quattro",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n## Muscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion\n\n### **B**\n\n#### DISCUSSION\n\n##### control participants\n\nLateral gastrocnemius 310 202 ± 34 170 ± 37 156 ± 41\nMedial gastrocnemius 515 300 ± 38 262 ± 58 251 ± 52\nSoleus 1,063 610 ± 137 510 ± 76 453 ± 95\nAnterior compartment 445 302 ± 59 273 ± 47 291 ± 47\nLateral compartment 253 147 ± 32 161 ± 42 153 ± 35\nPosterior compartment 406 401 ± 76 345 ± 71 326 ± 93\nIndividual measurements are the average of both sides/legs (i.e., unilateral). All muscles are the sum of muscle volumes from all the\nindividual muscles/compartments listed. Muscle volume data are presented as group means ± SD, except for the WSM ( n 1⁄4 1). Untrained control participants from Miller et al. ( 13 ).\n795\nAlthough it was anticipated that the WSM would possess a\nlarger total lower-body muscle volume/mass than untrained\ncontrols and other athletic/trained groups we have previ-\nously measured, the magnitude and pattern of the differen-\nces were unknown. The results indicated that the total\nvolume of the measured muscles was almost twice that of av-\nerage untrained participants and 32 - 63% larger than subelite\nand elite sprinters. Pronounced development of the anti-\ngravity muscles (i.e., hip extensors, knee extensors, and plan-\ntar fl exors) was perhaps not that surprising given the WSM ’ s\nbackground in heavy lifting events (including being a double\ndeadlift world champion and record holder). However, the\nhip fl exors appear less important in these tasks, possibly\nexplaining their more modest size, which was inferior to that\nof three elite 100-m sprinters we have previously assessed.\nThe WSM ’ s plantar fl exors were particularly large relative to\nuntrained controls ( þ 120%). This could be due to the plan- tar fl exors being the smallest of the antigravity muscle\ngroups that may experience very high mechanical stress",
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+                }
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+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf",
+                "query": "What is typical age at which multiple sclerosis is diagnosed ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30– 40 years of ag",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.5 Recruitment and participants\nPrior to recruitment, the study was introduced to individuals\nwith multiple sclerosis (pwMS) through a seminar hosted by the\nNordland MS Association. Additionally, seminars were\nconducted for health professionals in community healthcare and\nat the regional hospital. Written information about this study\n(and the RCT) was sent from the MS clinic at the regional\nhospital by post to all eligible individuals af fi liated with the\nhospital. Individuals who wished to participate signed the\nattached consent form and returned it in the pre-stamped\nenvelope. The inclusion criteria were as follows: had been\ndiagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability\nStatus Scale (EDSS) ( 29 ) of ≤ 3.5, was ≥ 18 years, was employed\n(10% - 100% of full-time) and residential address in the two\nprede fi ned municipalities. The exclusion criteria were as follows:\npregnancy, exacerbation of symptoms within two weeks prior to\nenrollment and other serious conditions compromising balance,\nwalking or work capacity. All participants in the intervention\ngroup of the RCT ( n = 15) were included ( Table 3 ).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 1 Introduction\n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive in fl ammatory disease of\nthe central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30 -\n40 years of age ( 1 ). A great concern is the signi fi cantly lower levels\nof physical activity (PA) in people with MS (pwMS) across\ndisability levels than in their healthy counterparts ( 2 , 3 ).\nEarly promotion of PA and exercise is recommended due to\nnumerous established bene fi ts in health, symptom management\nand well-being for pwMS ( 4 ). In particular, high-intensity\ntraining is endorsed, as it has possible neuroprotective effects in\nthe disease course ( 5 , 6 ). In addition, exercises addressing\nsensorimotor impairments (e.g., reduced muscle strength,\nreduced neuromuscular control) are recommended, as they target\nindividuals ’ capability to remain physically active ( 7 ).\nSensorimotor impairments can in fl uence trunk control, which is\ncommonly disturbed in pwMS, even when disability is low ( 8 , 9 ),\nand correlate with impaired balance, walking capacity and\ndistance ( 10 , 11 ). PwMS ’ s knowledge of exercise bene fi ts,\nattitudes and motivations, as well as contextual aspects such as\nlack of optimal exercise interventions, accessibility and support,\naffect the level of PA and exercise participation ( 12 ).\nCoreDISTparticipation ( Table 1 ) is a new comprehensive\nintervention addressing sensorimotor function, trunk control,\nhigh-intensity running/walking and work participation in pwMS\nwith low disability ( 13 ). It is based on the GroupCoreDIST <sup>1</sup>\nintervention, which has been shown to have signi fi cant short-\nand long-term effects on trunk control, balance and walking\namong pwMS ( 14 , 15 ). However, no effects of the intervention\non objectively measured PA have been identi fi ed, even though\nthe participants reported perceptions of new possibilities to be\nphysically active as their sensorimotor impairments improved\n( 16 ). To address PA challenges in pwMS, GroupCoreDIST was\nfurther developed to include a four-week period of outdoor\ntraining, in which high-intensity walking/running and\nGroupCoreDIST exercises are integrated ( Table 2 ). To our\nknowledge, combinations of high-intensity training and\nrehabilitation of speci fi c sensorimotor functions have been\nsparsely explored. Patient perspectives are essential for the\nevaluation of healthcare interventions ( 17 ); however, the new",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### References\n\n1. Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, et al. Rising\nprevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third\nedition. Mult Scler . (2020) 26(14):1816 - [21. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520970841)\n2. Casey B, Coote S, Galvin R, Donnelly A. Objective physical activity levels in\npeople with multiple sclerosis: meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports . (2018) 28\n(9):1960 - [9. doi: 10.1111/sms.13214](https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13214)\n3. Kinnett-Hopkins D, Adamson B, Rougeau K, Motl RW. People with MS are less\nphysically active than healthy controls but as active as those with other chronic\ndiseases: an updated meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord . (2017) 13:38 - 43.\n[doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.01.016](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.01.016)\n4. Hoang PD, Lord S, Gandevia S, Menant J. Exercise and sports science Australia\n(ESSA) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple\nsclerosis. J Sci Med Sport . (2022) 25(2):146 - [54. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.015](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.015)\n5. Dalgas U, Langeskov-Christensen M, Stenager E, Riemenschneider M, Hvid LG.\nExercise as medicine in multiple sclerosis — time for a paradigm shift: preventive,\nsymptomatic, and disease-modifying aspects and perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci\nRep . (2019) 19(11):1 - [12. doi: 10.1007/s11910-019-1002-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-019-1002-3)\n6. Riemenschneider M, Hvid LG, Ringgaard S, Nygaard MKE, Eskildsen SF,\nGaemelke T, et al. Investigating the potential disease-modifying and neuroprotective\nef fi cacy of exercise therapy early in the disease course of multiple sclerosis: the early\nmultiple sclerosis exercise study (EMSES). Mult Scler . (2022) 28(10):1620 - [9. doi: 10.](https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221079200)\n[1177/13524585221079200](https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221079200)\n7. Kalb R, Brown TR, Coote S, Costello K, Dalgas U, Garmon E, et al. Exercise and\nlifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis\nthroughout the disease course. Mult Scler . (2020) 26(12):1459 - [69. doi: 10.1177/](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520915629)\n[1352458520915629](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520915629)\n8. Moreno-Navarro P, Manca A, Martinez G, Ventura L, Barbado D, Vera-García FJ,\net al. Test-retest reliability and known-groups validity of trunk muscle tests in people\nwith multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Phys Ther . (2021) 101\n(5):1 - [9. doi: 10.1093/ptj/ptzab049](https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/ptzab049)\n9. Raats J, Arntzen EC, Lamers I, Feys P, Normann B. What is the distribution of\ntrunk impairments and its relationship with disability level in individuals with\nmultiple sclerosis? Mul Scler Relat Disord [. (2021) 57:103325. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103325)\n[2021.103325](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103325)\n10. Normann B, Arntzen EC. What are the relationships between trunk control,\nbalance and walking in individuals with multiple sclerosis with minor to moderate\ndisability? Eur J Physiother . (2021) 23(6):377 - [83. doi: 10.1080/21679169.2020.1772870](https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2020.1772870)",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\nThe mode age of initiation has shifted from around 18 to around 25 and there is an older age profile throughout.  Rises in average age of initiation have also been reported recently in cohorts of Australian injecting drug users (Horyniak et al., 2015). There appear to be two possible explanations.\n- There is a genuine shift towards new initiates being older, and for them to present to treatment much faster than in previous years.\n- There is a consistent, but small number of individuals who mis-report their age of onset when attending treatment i.e. who report that they have only been using opiates/crack for a short period when in fact they have been using for a far longer period, and that this is starting to really bias the numbers for recent cohorts because attendees from the original epidemic are becoming smaller.\nIt is possible then that the flattening we observe in the incidence trend is due to a small in-flux of older initiates, although mis-reporting may also explain that phenomenon. Either way though, as this analysis has made clear throughout, absolute numbers of new OCUs appear to be small - probably fewer than 10,000 per annum and the numbers of those involved with crime will be smaller still. In addition, despite a flattening in the probable trend in new users, there is currently no sign that it is likely to tip upwards. If anything, the data suggest the downward trend is set to resume, though clearly it remains important to monitor the situation.",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\nThis section uses treatment data from the National Database Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) to estimate the number of new OCUs annually. The NDTMS captures data on the numbers of people presenting to services with problem drug misuse and information about the drug treatment they receive. All drug treatment agencies in England provide a basic level of information to the NDTMS on their activities each month. The data for this report included all unique individuals presenting to treatment with opiates or crack-cocaine listed as their primary drug between 2005 and 2014. All individuals whose age of first use was listed as below ten or before 2005 were then excluded. Excluding individuals who started using opiates/crack before 2005 resulted in a large number of records being left out, due to the fact that the majority of the treatment population, even in 2013/14, initiated in the 1980s and 1990s when heroin and crack use surged in the UK. However, this exclusion is necessary for the incidence methodology, as explained later in this section. The remaining dataset included 52,829 individuals, as shown in Table 10.\n**Table 10: Descriptive statistics from the NDTMS data.**\n|  Reason for exclusion  |  Number of  individuals  excluded  |  Total number  of individuals  analysed  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| Initial sample prior to exclusion  | 0  | 243,588  |\n| No age at first use recorded or age  was below 10 or higher than age at  first treatment | 443  | 243,145  |\n| Year of first use before 2005  | 190,316  | 52,829  |\n| Percentage of total sample  initiating 2005- 14  | n/a  | 21.7%  |\n\nThe majority of those presenting for treatment between 2005 and 2014 started using opiates/crack before 2005 (around four in five). Only 52,829 individuals said they had an opiate/crack initiation date between 2005 and 2014. This suggests an average of just under 5,000 new starters per year during this period. But this would be an under-estimate of incidence because it is likely that some of those who began use between 2005 and 2014 would not yet have come to treatment during that period.\nTo correct for this, we use two variants of a methodology employed by researchers in Millar  *et* *al*  . (2001) and Hickman  *et al*  . (2001). These papers discuss the methodology in detail.\nIn brief, the method uses the lag-to-treatment distribution for the sample coupled with the number of new treatment presentations in a given year to estimate OCU incidence in that year. So, when presenting to treatment, all individuals are asked to provide the year in which they first began using their primary drug, which for this analysis was limited to opiates and/or crack-",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 4 Discussion\n\n#### 4.3 Methodological considerations\nThe design and methods were adequate for deriving\nknowledge from individuals ’ experiences. The participants self-\nreferred to the intervention and were recruited based on pre-set\ncriteria. This approach yielded rich information from people\nwith mild to moderate disabilities due to MS who were\nmotivated for physical activity (PA), employed, and residing in\nnorthern Norway. Ethnicity or socio-economic class were not\nrecorded. However, considering that all these factors can\nin fl uence PA engagement ( 46 ), it is possible that additional\naspects of the phenomenon could be uncovered in a different\nsample ( 48 ). There was a higher percentage of women\nparticipating than men; however, this corresponds to the gender\ndistribution in the MS population ( 1 ).\nThe use of enactive theory was innovative within the fi eld and\nallowed for, in particular, new aspects of importance for self-\nef fi cacy to be identi fi ed. Transference of our results to similar\npopulations can be achieved through theoretical generalization ( 28 ).",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\ncocaine. From this information it is possible to create a distribution, for all presentations, of the lag-time between initiation and their first presentation at treatment. This might show -  for example -  that only ten per cent of all individuals presenting to treatment do so in the first year of use, but that 25 per cent present within two years, and so on. This means that for each year, we can estimate the number of individuals who have begun an opiate-crack career  *but who* *have yet to come to treatment*  . Adding these to the numbers who began in that year and have come to treatment gives our total incidence estimate for each year.\nThe first model uses NDTMS data for the cohort starting use in 2005 (n=8,960), the lag-time distribution for those initiating use in 2005 and presenting to treatment between 2005 and 2014 <sup>18</sup> is shown below.\n**Table 11: Time-to-treatment distribution for those initiating use in 2005 and presenting to treatment between 2005 and 2014. <sup>19</sup>**\n|  Lag time to  treatment (years)  |  0-1  |  1-2  |  2-3  |  3-4  |  4-5  |  5-6  |  6-7  |  7-8  |  8-9  |  9-10  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Percentage  | 15%  | 17%  | 17%  | 14%  | 10%  | 9%  | 6%  | 5%  | 4%  | 4%  |\n| Cumulative  percentage  | 15%  | 31%  | 49%  | 62%  | 73%  | 82%  | 88%  | 92%  | 96%  | 100%  |\n\nTable 11 shows that 15 per cent of the individuals who started use in 2005 and had presented for treatment by 2014, presented within one year of initiation. A further 17 per cent presented between one and two years after initiation, prior to coming to treatment, meaning that overall 31 per cent of the sample said they came to treatment within two years of first using opiates/crack. (The fact this is not 32% is simply due to rounding).\nAs a basis for the total lag-to-treatment distribution, the main limitation with the above analysis is that it assumes all individuals coming to treatment do so within ten years. Examining data from earlier cohorts suggests this is inaccurate, as a small proportion of OCUs will continue to use these drugs for a long time, sometimes two decades or more, before seeking treatment, and some never will. However, we cannot use an earlier cohort for the distribution because this is equivalent to using out-of-date data. The average lag-to-treatment is likely to have reduced over time given the expansion of treatment places and the influence of DIP. Using old data will miss this and bias the estimates. Even using the 2005 cohort’s distribution contains the assumption that the time-to-treatment lag has not altered significantly between 2005 and 2013/14. So, to try and obtain the most accurate model, we used the figures from the 2005 cohort for the first ten years, as above, on the basis that this covers the majority of individuals and for that we want the most up-to-date data possible whilst maintaining a long enough time period. We then index the trend at that point to an older cohort, and use data from that cohort to model the ‘tail’ of the distribution -  i.e. those who take longer than ten years to reach treatment. <sup>20</sup> The result is a 20-year lag-to-treatment distribution, shown in Table 12 below.",
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+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\nThe fifth row in Table 1 shows that the total number of opiate and opiate/cocaine tests over the period was 364,537. Table 2 shows descriptive statistics for the individuals providing these tests (noting that the same individual may be included several times if they gave multiple positive tests).\n**Table 2: Descriptive statistics on all positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\nOpiate/opiate+cocaine positive tests in England 2004- 2013 (all positive tests including repeats by the same individual)\nAge Year of birth\n|  Number of tests  |  364,537  |  Number of tests  |  364,537  |\n|:---|---:|:---|---:|\n| Mean  |  32  | Mean  |  1977  |\n| Median  |  31  | Median  |  1977  |\n| Mode  |  28  | Mode  |  1979  |\n| Minimum  |  18  | Minimum  |  1960  |\n| Maximum  |  53  | Maximum  |  1995  |\n\nThe mean age at test is 32 and the mean year of birth is 1977, implying that most of these individuals were in their mid-to-late teens during the crime peak of the mid-1990s. <sup>9</sup> Given evidence suggesting that the average age of initiation for opiate/crack use is around 18- 20 (Millar  *et al*  ., 2001), this age profile would tentatively suggest that OCU incidence also peaked in the 1990s and that this created a large cohort of users who would be approaching 40 today.\nThe minimum and maximum years of birth are fixed by construction, because anyone born\n\n9 Note that the dataset counts tests, not unique individuals, so the same person can appear more than once.\nbefore 1960 was removed and because DIP tests are only administered to those aged 18 and over, so only using data to 2013 means it would not be possible for anyone to be born in 1996 or afterwards to be included. Even so, it is clear from the year-of-birth distribution (Figure 2) that positive opiate tests drop off sharply for those born after 1982. This is in line with other evidence suggesting that the number of  *new*  users of opiates decreased sharply in the 2000s. This needs to be considered when interpreting the analysis that follows. When DIP and the NDTMS treatment system began in the mid-2000s, there already existed a cohort of around 320,000 OCUs, according to available estimates by Hay  *et al*  ., (2013). And most of these individuals began using opiates/crack during the epidemic years of the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of data capture this means it is hard to separate the gradual inclusion of more and more individuals from this original cohort from genuinely new users of these drugs.",
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### References\n\n11. Unluer NO, Ozkan T, Yasa ME, Ates Y, Anlar O. Investigation of the\nrelationship between trunk motor control and balance, functional mobility, and gait\ncapacity in patients with multiple sclerosis/multipl sklerozlu hastalarda govde motor\nkontrolu ile denge, fonksiyonel mobilite ve yuruyus kapasitesi arasindaki iliskinin\nincelenmesi. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi [. (2021) 27(3):283. doi: 10.4274/tdn.2021.41017](https://doi.org/10.4274/tdn.2021.41017)\n12. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Physical activity and exercise training in multiple\nsclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived\ndeterminants and consequences. Disabil Rehabil . (2016) 38(13):1227 - [42. doi: 10.](https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1077397)\n[3109/09638288.2015.1077397](https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1077397)\n13. Fikke HK, Normann B, Sivertsen M, Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC. Optimizing\nsensorimotor function, physical activity and employment for people with MS — a\nfeasibility study. Fysioterapeuten . (2023) 90(1):32 - 42. doi: [10.52705/](https://doi.org/10.52705/c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd)\n[c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd](https://doi.org/10.52705/c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd)\n14. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based,\nindividualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides\nimmediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple\nsclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(1):e1798.\n[doi: 10.1002/pri.1798](https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.1798)\n15. Arntzen EC, Straume BK, Odeh F, Feys P, Zanaboni P, Normann B. Group-\nbased individualized comprehensive core stability intervention improves balance in\npersons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther . (2019) 99\n(8):1027 - [38. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz017](https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz017)\n16. Arntzen EC, Øberg GK, Gallagher S, Normann B. Group-based, individualized\nexercises can provide perceived bodily changes and strengthen aspects of self in\nindividuals with MS: a qualitative interview study. Physiother Theory Pract . (2019)\n37(10):1080 - [95. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923](https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923)\n17. Florio-Smith J, Ayer M, Colhoun S, Daykin N, Hamill B, Liu X, et al. The\nimportance of the patient ’ s perspective in decision-making in multiple sclerosis:\nresults of the OwnMS patient perspectives study. Mult Scler Relat Disord . (2023)\n[75:104757. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757)\n18. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity:\nimplications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res . (2008)\n51(1):225 - [39. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018)](https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018))\n19. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and The Sciences of Mind .\nCambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (2007).\n20. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception . London: Routledge Classics\n(2008).\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)\n[Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences) 10 [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/)\n21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency — a phenomenological\nconsequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16\n(2):207 - [36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7)\n22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\nbetween March 2011 and March 2015 can also be seen in the raw numbers for total new OCU treatment presentations. <sup>22</sup>\n**Figure 10: New treatment presentations for opiate/crack use.**\n\nFigure 10 shows that, rather than increasing in the current year, new presentations for opiate/crack use have actually fallen slightly from 48,154 in 2013/14 to 47,241 in 2014/15, a decrease of 1.9%. However, given that the early signs of previous opiate/crack use epidemics have been missed before (see Morgan, 2014), and the potential social harm that a fresh increase in new OCUs could cause, further analysis was conducted on the most recent data to try and determine whether the apparent flattening in trends was actually caused by the early stages of a significant surge in new users.\nThe treatment data was broken down by age to check whether the slight fall in total new presentations in 2014/15 masked an increase in younger treatment presentations. This showed instead that opiate/crack presentations by those aged 18-24 had fallen from 3,579 in 2013/14 to 3,021 in 2014/15, a fall of 15.6%. In other words, younger new presentations have fallen at a faster rate over the last year than for those aged over-25. Furthermore, separate statistics produced for those in treatment aged 18-and-under also show a fall in aggregate numbers in treatment for opiates and crack.\nWe also looked at trends at the local level, given that previous epidemics have started in very specific areas and have taken several years to spread nationally. This means that the start of an epidemic can be hidden in the national data because it has not reached enough areas to register.\n\n22 Note that this series counts the start of any new treatment journey, regardless of whether an individual has been in treatment before. So unlike our definition of ‘new’ elsewhere it includes individuals who have been to treatment previously.\nThe analysis showed that of the 149 Drug Action Team areas in England, 72 per cent had decreases in new OCU treatment numbers in the year to September 2014 compared to the previous year. Furthermore, of the 42 areas showing an increase, only 11 also showed a rise for the 12 months to September 2010 compared with the 12 months to September 2014, and most of these involved small numbers of individuals.\nOverall then, the very recent data on treatment presentations do not currently suggest that the number of new OCUs is on the verge of increasing, merely that it flattened for a period.",
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+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the average year of the group that participated to the study concerning the impact of outdoor pysiotherapy on patient with multiple sclerosis",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Age in years Mean 47.6",
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.5 Recruitment and participants\nPrior to recruitment, the study was introduced to individuals\nwith multiple sclerosis (pwMS) through a seminar hosted by the\nNordland MS Association. Additionally, seminars were\nconducted for health professionals in community healthcare and\nat the regional hospital. Written information about this study\n(and the RCT) was sent from the MS clinic at the regional\nhospital by post to all eligible individuals af fi liated with the\nhospital. Individuals who wished to participate signed the\nattached consent form and returned it in the pre-stamped\nenvelope. The inclusion criteria were as follows: had been\ndiagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability\nStatus Scale (EDSS) ( 29 ) of ≤ 3.5, was ≥ 18 years, was employed\n(10% - 100% of full-time) and residential address in the two\nprede fi ned municipalities. The exclusion criteria were as follows:\npregnancy, exacerbation of symptoms within two weeks prior to\nenrollment and other serious conditions compromising balance,\nwalking or work capacity. All participants in the intervention\ngroup of the RCT ( n = 15) were included ( Table 3 ).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.3 Study context\n\n|  Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  |  Consultation with the MS nurse  (20 min) to address work-related issues based on a structured guide comprising the following themes: knowledge of MS at the workplace, experienced work-related challenges due to MS, potential needs and facilitators .  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  | Physiotherapy assessment  (60 min) to explore the potential for changes in balance and walking aiming to turn focus toward possibilities and thus, motivate the patient .  |\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  | Based on these assessments the MS nurse and the physiotherapist indicated the aspects of importance on a standardized form to inform the municipal physiotherapist.  |\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  | Standardized testing  (baseline, for the RCT).  |\n| Week 2 -  5: Municipality  | Physiotherapy assessment  (60 -  90 min) to explore the patient ’ s impairments and potential for improvements in a clinical examination prior to group-training.  |\n| Week 2 -  5: Municipality  | Indoor group  (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). There were three to  fi ve participants in each group and one physiotherapist. Trunk control, balance and physical activity were addressed (GroupCoreDIST). Participants received a link to  CoreDIST digital exercise-videos  and were advised to do them 1 × weekly throughout the intervention. (videos can be accessed here:  https://www.nord.no/en/node/35,098 ) |\n| Week 2 -  5: Municipality  | Digital meeting with a multidisciplinary team  (pwMS, employer, physiotherapist & MS nurse) (20 min) regarding barriers to work participation and needs for adaptations regarding work and physical activity, according to a structured meeting-guide (one meeting).  |\n| Week 6  | Standardized testing  (midway, for the RCT).  |\n| Week 7 -  10: Municipality  | Outdoor group  (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). A maximum of ten participants and two physiotherapists were included in each group. Trunk control and balance (GroupCoreDIST exercises) were addressed, and high-intensity walking or running was performed. The intervention was conducted in a city park where both  fl at and uneven surfaces and hilly terrain were available ( Table 2 ).  |\n| Week 7 -  10: Municipality  | Additionally, participants were encouraged to comply with the exercise-videos through a weekly SMS-reminder.  |\n| Week 11 -  14  | Standardized testing  ( fi nal, for the RCT) and  qualitative interviews.  |\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 1 Introduction\n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive in fl ammatory disease of\nthe central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30 -\n40 years of age ( 1 ). A great concern is the signi fi cantly lower levels\nof physical activity (PA) in people with MS (pwMS) across\ndisability levels than in their healthy counterparts ( 2 , 3 ).\nEarly promotion of PA and exercise is recommended due to\nnumerous established bene fi ts in health, symptom management\nand well-being for pwMS ( 4 ). In particular, high-intensity\ntraining is endorsed, as it has possible neuroprotective effects in\nthe disease course ( 5 , 6 ). In addition, exercises addressing\nsensorimotor impairments (e.g., reduced muscle strength,\nreduced neuromuscular control) are recommended, as they target\nindividuals ’ capability to remain physically active ( 7 ).\nSensorimotor impairments can in fl uence trunk control, which is\ncommonly disturbed in pwMS, even when disability is low ( 8 , 9 ),\nand correlate with impaired balance, walking capacity and\ndistance ( 10 , 11 ). PwMS ’ s knowledge of exercise bene fi ts,\nattitudes and motivations, as well as contextual aspects such as\nlack of optimal exercise interventions, accessibility and support,\naffect the level of PA and exercise participation ( 12 ).\nCoreDISTparticipation ( Table 1 ) is a new comprehensive\nintervention addressing sensorimotor function, trunk control,\nhigh-intensity running/walking and work participation in pwMS\nwith low disability ( 13 ). It is based on the GroupCoreDIST <sup>1</sup>\nintervention, which has been shown to have signi fi cant short-\nand long-term effects on trunk control, balance and walking\namong pwMS ( 14 , 15 ). However, no effects of the intervention\non objectively measured PA have been identi fi ed, even though\nthe participants reported perceptions of new possibilities to be\nphysically active as their sensorimotor impairments improved\n( 16 ). To address PA challenges in pwMS, GroupCoreDIST was\nfurther developed to include a four-week period of outdoor\ntraining, in which high-intensity walking/running and\nGroupCoreDIST exercises are integrated ( Table 2 ). To our\nknowledge, combinations of high-intensity training and\nrehabilitation of speci fi c sensorimotor functions have been\nsparsely explored. Patient perspectives are essential for the\nevaluation of healthcare interventions ( 17 ); however, the new",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 4 Discussion\n\n#### 4.3 Methodological considerations\nThe design and methods were adequate for deriving\nknowledge from individuals ’ experiences. The participants self-\nreferred to the intervention and were recruited based on pre-set\ncriteria. This approach yielded rich information from people\nwith mild to moderate disabilities due to MS who were\nmotivated for physical activity (PA), employed, and residing in\nnorthern Norway. Ethnicity or socio-economic class were not\nrecorded. However, considering that all these factors can\nin fl uence PA engagement ( 46 ), it is possible that additional\naspects of the phenomenon could be uncovered in a different\nsample ( 48 ). There was a higher percentage of women\nparticipating than men; however, this corresponds to the gender\ndistribution in the MS population ( 1 ).\nThe use of enactive theory was innovative within the fi eld and\nallowed for, in particular, new aspects of importance for self-\nef fi cacy to be identi fi ed. Transference of our results to similar\npopulations can be achieved through theoretical generalization ( 28 ).",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 3 Results\n\n#### 3.3 An engaging environment\n\nMost participants reported that their performances were\npositively in fl uenced and motivated by the group setting, for\nexample, through cooperating in exercises with balls, seeing other\nindividuals in the group who were “ doing well ” , cheering each\nother and competing when running and walking next to each\nother. However, one participant emphasized that observing\npeople with visible disabilities from MS was distressing, as it\nrevealed negative thoughts about one ’ s own future. It was\nemphasized that mastering challenges in the group sessions\nadded more meaning than doing the same alone:\nI think this particular exercise is hard work, and then it becomes\nvery tiring to do it on my own. However, when I did it in the\ngroup and we could laugh a bit in between and so on, it was\neasier because of the social element. (ID12, EDSS: 1.5)\nBeing active outdoors was preferred by many participants\nbecause of the fresh air and the natural and varied environment:\nIt was an added positive experience to use our city park and\nnotice all the other people who were there ... it is something\nabout challenging our comfort-zone . (ID4, EDSS: 0)\nThe natural environment was also described as taking focus\naway from MS symptoms. Cold, rainy or snowy weather\nconditions required planning of adequate clothing; in addition,\nthese conditions led some participants to use cautious behavior\nwhen the ground was slippery and led a few to omit sessions.\nHowever, mastering outdoor exercise was highlighted in positive\nterms, such as discovering new ways to become active.\n3.4 Professional leadership, tailoring and\nco-creation of enjoyment\nThe way the physiotherapists led the group and, in particular,\ninteracted with each participant were regarded as helpful for\nimproving their bodily functions and activity levels. Some\nparticipants reported being afraid to try out new activities or\ntraining at high intensities after being diagnosed with MS but felt\nsafe to explore when supervised by the physiotherapist because of\ntheir trust in the relationship between them and in the\nphysiotherapist ’ s professional knowledge.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
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+                },
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### References\n\n11. Unluer NO, Ozkan T, Yasa ME, Ates Y, Anlar O. Investigation of the\nrelationship between trunk motor control and balance, functional mobility, and gait\ncapacity in patients with multiple sclerosis/multipl sklerozlu hastalarda govde motor\nkontrolu ile denge, fonksiyonel mobilite ve yuruyus kapasitesi arasindaki iliskinin\nincelenmesi. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi [. (2021) 27(3):283. doi: 10.4274/tdn.2021.41017](https://doi.org/10.4274/tdn.2021.41017)\n12. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Physical activity and exercise training in multiple\nsclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived\ndeterminants and consequences. Disabil Rehabil . (2016) 38(13):1227 - [42. doi: 10.](https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1077397)\n[3109/09638288.2015.1077397](https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1077397)\n13. Fikke HK, Normann B, Sivertsen M, Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC. Optimizing\nsensorimotor function, physical activity and employment for people with MS — a\nfeasibility study. Fysioterapeuten . (2023) 90(1):32 - 42. doi: [10.52705/](https://doi.org/10.52705/c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd)\n[c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd](https://doi.org/10.52705/c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd)\n14. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based,\nindividualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides\nimmediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple\nsclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(1):e1798.\n[doi: 10.1002/pri.1798](https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.1798)\n15. Arntzen EC, Straume BK, Odeh F, Feys P, Zanaboni P, Normann B. Group-\nbased individualized comprehensive core stability intervention improves balance in\npersons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther . (2019) 99\n(8):1027 - [38. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz017](https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz017)\n16. Arntzen EC, Øberg GK, Gallagher S, Normann B. Group-based, individualized\nexercises can provide perceived bodily changes and strengthen aspects of self in\nindividuals with MS: a qualitative interview study. Physiother Theory Pract . (2019)\n37(10):1080 - [95. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923](https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923)\n17. Florio-Smith J, Ayer M, Colhoun S, Daykin N, Hamill B, Liu X, et al. The\nimportance of the patient ’ s perspective in decision-making in multiple sclerosis:\nresults of the OwnMS patient perspectives study. Mult Scler Relat Disord . (2023)\n[75:104757. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757)\n18. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity:\nimplications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res . (2008)\n51(1):225 - [39. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018)](https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018))\n19. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and The Sciences of Mind .\nCambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (2007).\n20. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception . London: Routledge Classics\n(2008).\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)\n[Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences) 10 [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/)\n21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency — a phenomenological\nconsequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16\n(2):207 - [36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7)\n22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### References\n\n1. Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, et al. Rising\nprevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third\nedition. Mult Scler . (2020) 26(14):1816 - [21. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520970841)\n2. Casey B, Coote S, Galvin R, Donnelly A. Objective physical activity levels in\npeople with multiple sclerosis: meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports . (2018) 28\n(9):1960 - [9. doi: 10.1111/sms.13214](https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13214)\n3. Kinnett-Hopkins D, Adamson B, Rougeau K, Motl RW. People with MS are less\nphysically active than healthy controls but as active as those with other chronic\ndiseases: an updated meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord . (2017) 13:38 - 43.\n[doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.01.016](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.01.016)\n4. Hoang PD, Lord S, Gandevia S, Menant J. Exercise and sports science Australia\n(ESSA) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple\nsclerosis. J Sci Med Sport . (2022) 25(2):146 - [54. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.015](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.015)\n5. Dalgas U, Langeskov-Christensen M, Stenager E, Riemenschneider M, Hvid LG.\nExercise as medicine in multiple sclerosis — time for a paradigm shift: preventive,\nsymptomatic, and disease-modifying aspects and perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci\nRep . (2019) 19(11):1 - [12. doi: 10.1007/s11910-019-1002-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-019-1002-3)\n6. Riemenschneider M, Hvid LG, Ringgaard S, Nygaard MKE, Eskildsen SF,\nGaemelke T, et al. Investigating the potential disease-modifying and neuroprotective\nef fi cacy of exercise therapy early in the disease course of multiple sclerosis: the early\nmultiple sclerosis exercise study (EMSES). Mult Scler . (2022) 28(10):1620 - [9. doi: 10.](https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221079200)\n[1177/13524585221079200](https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221079200)\n7. Kalb R, Brown TR, Coote S, Costello K, Dalgas U, Garmon E, et al. Exercise and\nlifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis\nthroughout the disease course. Mult Scler . (2020) 26(12):1459 - [69. doi: 10.1177/](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520915629)\n[1352458520915629](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520915629)\n8. Moreno-Navarro P, Manca A, Martinez G, Ventura L, Barbado D, Vera-García FJ,\net al. Test-retest reliability and known-groups validity of trunk muscle tests in people\nwith multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Phys Ther . (2021) 101\n(5):1 - [9. doi: 10.1093/ptj/ptzab049](https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/ptzab049)\n9. Raats J, Arntzen EC, Lamers I, Feys P, Normann B. What is the distribution of\ntrunk impairments and its relationship with disability level in individuals with\nmultiple sclerosis? Mul Scler Relat Disord [. (2021) 57:103325. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103325)\n[2021.103325](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103325)\n10. Normann B, Arntzen EC. What are the relationships between trunk control,\nbalance and walking in individuals with multiple sclerosis with minor to moderate\ndisability? Eur J Physiother . (2021) 23(6):377 - [83. doi: 10.1080/21679169.2020.1772870](https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2020.1772870)",
+                    "page_start": 9,
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 4 Discussion\n\n#### 4.2 Interactions and environment shape\n\nmaking in the world ( 35 ). The bene fi ts of these individualized\nparticipant-physiotherapist interactions are also described in\nspeci fi c core-stability exercises in indoor groups ( 16 , 43 ) and are\nin line with the theoretical framework of facilitation of\nmovement through hands-on interaction previously proposed\n( 44 , 45 ). Our study informs new knowledge of physiotherapist-\nparticipant interactions to achieve the recommended high-\nintensity training and calls for physiotherapy clinical reasoning\nthrough bodily and verbal communication skills adapted to the\nparticipants ’ responses in an ongoing and situated way.\nEnjoyment has previously been reported to promote PA\nin pwMS, and our study brings requested knowledge of what\ncan constitute enjoyment in an exercise intervention ( 46 ):\nplayful group-exercise tasks, a cheerful physiotherapist, and the\noutdoor environment.\nThe appreciation of being active outdoors in the study sample\naligns with that in the general population ( 47 ). The outdoors\nprovided a natural environment, which both invited participants to\nactively explore abilities thought of as left behind after their\ndiagnosis with MS, such as running, and provided an appreciated\nbreak from focusing on MS symptoms. We also suggest that the\npositive experiences of mastering the challenging weather\nconditions and the added meaning of exercising among other\npeople in the city park can be explained according to such terms.\nThese positive experiences show how we are enmeshed in our\nhistory, context and social encounters ( 35 ) and how these aspects\nshould also be accounted for when designing exercise interventions.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.3 Study context\n\nThis interview study was nested within a randomized\ncontrolled trial (RCT) comparing the CoreDISTparticipation\nintervention to usual care ( 26 ) and conducted at a regional\nhospital MS-outpatient clinic (Nordland Hospital Trust) and in\ntwo af fi liated municipalities in the northern Norway. The current\nstudy investigates participants in the intervention group ’ s\nexperiences of the four-week outdoor group, which was part of\nthis new intervention ( Table 2 ). The outdoor sessions were\nconducted by three trained physiotherapists working in the\nTABLE 2 Description of the outdoor group.\n|  Content  |  Purpose  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Warm-up and recording one ’ s own balance  | Warm-up and recording one ’ s own balance  |\n| Exercises for detailed sensorimotor activation, larger muscle groups, muscle length and balance while standing.  | Preparation.  |\n| Exercises for detailed sensorimotor activation, larger muscle groups, muscle length and balance while standing.  | Experience one ’ s own balance and record eventual changes.  |\n| Dual task: motor (using spiky balls and medicine balls individually, in pairs and in the group) and cognitive (singing, rhymes and counting).  |  |\n| Main part  | Main part  |\n| (1) High-intensity training (85% -  95% maxHR/min 16 RPE) × 4 min: Running or walking with long strides and large arm movements. Participants chose their own route, marking it with a cone, and picked up a bean bag for each new lap to count how many laps for each interval.  | Improve stamina.  |\n| (1) High-intensity training (85% -  95% maxHR/min 16 RPE) × 4 min: Running or walking with long strides and large arm movements. Participants chose their own route, marking it with a cone, and picked up a bean bag for each new lap to count how many laps for each interval.  | Experience one ’ s own opportunities for high-intensity physical activity.  |\n| (1) High-intensity training (85% -  95% maxHR/min 16 RPE) × 4 min: Running or walking with long strides and large arm movements. Participants chose their own route, marking it with a cone, and picked up a bean bag for each new lap to count how many laps for each interval.  | Improve sensorimotor control and balance as prerequisites for walking and running. |\n| (2) Moderate-intensity detailed exercises (approx. 70% maxHR) × 3 min. CoreDIST exercises while standing approximately (10 repetitions × 2 set). Examples of exercises: squat, one legged stance, rise on toes, reaching, turning and rolling down to touch the ground in standing.  | Improve sensorimotor control and balance as prerequisites for walking and running. |\n| Progressions was individually tailored (during both running/walking and the detailed exercises) through instructions, demonstration and hands-on facilitations by the physiotherapists. Quality and ef fi ciency of movement were addressed by the physiotherapists. Optimalization of trunk control during movement were emphasised. | Improve sensorimotor control and balance as prerequisites for walking and running. |\n| A combination of high-intensity and CoreDIST exercises was repeated 3 -  4 times during one session.  | Improve sensorimotor control and balance as prerequisites for walking and running. |\n| Cool-down and recording one ’ s own balance  | Cool-down and recording one ’ s own balance  |\n| Hold/relax muscle contraction.  | Experience one ’ s own balance and record eventual changes.  |\n| Balance on one leg.  | Experience one ’ s own balance and record eventual changes.  |\nTABLE 1 Overview of the CoreDISTparticipation intervention.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 4 Discussion\n\n#### 4.2 Interactions and environment shape\n\nmeaning making\nParticipants perceived the group setting to increase motivation,\nsupport, and commitment, which has been found in previously\npublished work ( 16 , 31 ).\nThe physiotherapist-participant interaction is acknowledged in\nexercise interventions for pwMS, pointing to professionals ’ role in\ninforming participants of exercise bene fi ts in the management of\nMS, including the prescribing mode, frequency, intensity, and\nduration of exercise ( 40 ). Tailored interventions are supported\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)\n[Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences) 08 [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/)\ngiven the heterogenic pathology and symptoms of MS ( 41 , 42 ).\nHowever, our fi ndings illuminate qualitative aspects of how to\nachieve tailored and meaningful intersubjective interactions in an\nexercise intervention.\nWe consider the instances of the physiotherapist running\ntogether with the participant, which were perceived as important\nfor participants ’ performance, to be an example of “ participatory\nsense-making ” ( 22 ) . As participants appreciated being guided or\neven pushed by the physiotherapists, it appears that the\nphysiotherapists were trusted in directing this interaction. As\nsuch, we argue that the physiotherapists ’ ability to adapt to\nparticipants ’ movements, speech and gestures — tailoring the\ninteraction to their needs — was important for this ability to be\nperceived as purposeful. This is supported by the few negative\nincidents described where the participant-physiotherapist\ninteraction seemed to not be jointly coordinated and appeared to\nfail. The reported mutual in fl uences of sensorimotor capabilities\nand interpersonal coordination, with the physiotherapists but\nalso the group, are in accordance with sensorimotor capacities\nand intersubjective interactions being important for sense-",
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+                "query": "What were the prerequisites allowing to be involved in the study concerning the impact of outdoor sport on patients witg multiple sclerosis ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "The inclusion criteria were as follows: had been diagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (29) of ≤3.5, was ≥18 years, was employed (10%–100% of full-time) and residential address in the two predefined municipalities",
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.5 Recruitment and participants\nPrior to recruitment, the study was introduced to individuals\nwith multiple sclerosis (pwMS) through a seminar hosted by the\nNordland MS Association. Additionally, seminars were\nconducted for health professionals in community healthcare and\nat the regional hospital. Written information about this study\n(and the RCT) was sent from the MS clinic at the regional\nhospital by post to all eligible individuals af fi liated with the\nhospital. Individuals who wished to participate signed the\nattached consent form and returned it in the pre-stamped\nenvelope. The inclusion criteria were as follows: had been\ndiagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability\nStatus Scale (EDSS) ( 29 ) of ≤ 3.5, was ≥ 18 years, was employed\n(10% - 100% of full-time) and residential address in the two\nprede fi ned municipalities. The exclusion criteria were as follows:\npregnancy, exacerbation of symptoms within two weeks prior to\nenrollment and other serious conditions compromising balance,\nwalking or work capacity. All participants in the intervention\ngroup of the RCT ( n = 15) were included ( Table 3 ).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.3 Study context\n\n|  Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  |  Consultation with the MS nurse  (20 min) to address work-related issues based on a structured guide comprising the following themes: knowledge of MS at the workplace, experienced work-related challenges due to MS, potential needs and facilitators .  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  | Physiotherapy assessment  (60 min) to explore the potential for changes in balance and walking aiming to turn focus toward possibilities and thus, motivate the patient .  |\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  | Based on these assessments the MS nurse and the physiotherapist indicated the aspects of importance on a standardized form to inform the municipal physiotherapist.  |\n| Week 1: MS outpatient clinic  | Standardized testing  (baseline, for the RCT).  |\n| Week 2 -  5: Municipality  | Physiotherapy assessment  (60 -  90 min) to explore the patient ’ s impairments and potential for improvements in a clinical examination prior to group-training.  |\n| Week 2 -  5: Municipality  | Indoor group  (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). There were three to  fi ve participants in each group and one physiotherapist. Trunk control, balance and physical activity were addressed (GroupCoreDIST). Participants received a link to  CoreDIST digital exercise-videos  and were advised to do them 1 × weekly throughout the intervention. (videos can be accessed here:  https://www.nord.no/en/node/35,098 ) |\n| Week 2 -  5: Municipality  | Digital meeting with a multidisciplinary team  (pwMS, employer, physiotherapist & MS nurse) (20 min) regarding barriers to work participation and needs for adaptations regarding work and physical activity, according to a structured meeting-guide (one meeting).  |\n| Week 6  | Standardized testing  (midway, for the RCT).  |\n| Week 7 -  10: Municipality  | Outdoor group  (60 min × 2 weekly, for 4 weeks). A maximum of ten participants and two physiotherapists were included in each group. Trunk control and balance (GroupCoreDIST exercises) were addressed, and high-intensity walking or running was performed. The intervention was conducted in a city park where both  fl at and uneven surfaces and hilly terrain were available ( Table 2 ).  |\n| Week 7 -  10: Municipality  | Additionally, participants were encouraged to comply with the exercise-videos through a weekly SMS-reminder.  |\n| Week 11 -  14  | Standardized testing  ( fi nal, for the RCT) and  qualitative interviews.  |\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### References\n\n1. Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, et al. Rising\nprevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third\nedition. Mult Scler . (2020) 26(14):1816 - [21. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520970841)\n2. Casey B, Coote S, Galvin R, Donnelly A. Objective physical activity levels in\npeople with multiple sclerosis: meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports . (2018) 28\n(9):1960 - [9. doi: 10.1111/sms.13214](https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13214)\n3. Kinnett-Hopkins D, Adamson B, Rougeau K, Motl RW. People with MS are less\nphysically active than healthy controls but as active as those with other chronic\ndiseases: an updated meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord . (2017) 13:38 - 43.\n[doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.01.016](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.01.016)\n4. Hoang PD, Lord S, Gandevia S, Menant J. Exercise and sports science Australia\n(ESSA) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple\nsclerosis. J Sci Med Sport . (2022) 25(2):146 - [54. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.015](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.015)\n5. Dalgas U, Langeskov-Christensen M, Stenager E, Riemenschneider M, Hvid LG.\nExercise as medicine in multiple sclerosis — time for a paradigm shift: preventive,\nsymptomatic, and disease-modifying aspects and perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci\nRep . (2019) 19(11):1 - [12. doi: 10.1007/s11910-019-1002-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-019-1002-3)\n6. Riemenschneider M, Hvid LG, Ringgaard S, Nygaard MKE, Eskildsen SF,\nGaemelke T, et al. Investigating the potential disease-modifying and neuroprotective\nef fi cacy of exercise therapy early in the disease course of multiple sclerosis: the early\nmultiple sclerosis exercise study (EMSES). Mult Scler . (2022) 28(10):1620 - [9. doi: 10.](https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221079200)\n[1177/13524585221079200](https://doi.org/10.1177/13524585221079200)\n7. Kalb R, Brown TR, Coote S, Costello K, Dalgas U, Garmon E, et al. Exercise and\nlifestyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis\nthroughout the disease course. Mult Scler . (2020) 26(12):1459 - [69. doi: 10.1177/](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520915629)\n[1352458520915629](https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458520915629)\n8. Moreno-Navarro P, Manca A, Martinez G, Ventura L, Barbado D, Vera-García FJ,\net al. Test-retest reliability and known-groups validity of trunk muscle tests in people\nwith multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional, case-control study. Phys Ther . (2021) 101\n(5):1 - [9. doi: 10.1093/ptj/ptzab049](https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/ptzab049)\n9. Raats J, Arntzen EC, Lamers I, Feys P, Normann B. What is the distribution of\ntrunk impairments and its relationship with disability level in individuals with\nmultiple sclerosis? Mul Scler Relat Disord [. (2021) 57:103325. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103325)\n[2021.103325](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103325)\n10. Normann B, Arntzen EC. What are the relationships between trunk control,\nbalance and walking in individuals with multiple sclerosis with minor to moderate\ndisability? Eur J Physiother . (2021) 23(6):377 - [83. doi: 10.1080/21679169.2020.1772870](https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2020.1772870)",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 4 Discussion\n\n#### 4.3 Methodological considerations\nThe design and methods were adequate for deriving\nknowledge from individuals ’ experiences. The participants self-\nreferred to the intervention and were recruited based on pre-set\ncriteria. This approach yielded rich information from people\nwith mild to moderate disabilities due to MS who were\nmotivated for physical activity (PA), employed, and residing in\nnorthern Norway. Ethnicity or socio-economic class were not\nrecorded. However, considering that all these factors can\nin fl uence PA engagement ( 46 ), it is possible that additional\naspects of the phenomenon could be uncovered in a different\nsample ( 48 ). There was a higher percentage of women\nparticipating than men; however, this corresponds to the gender\ndistribution in the MS population ( 1 ).\nThe use of enactive theory was innovative within the fi eld and\nallowed for, in particular, new aspects of importance for self-\nef fi cacy to be identi fi ed. Transference of our results to similar\npopulations can be achieved through theoretical generalization ( 28 ).",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### References\n\n11. Unluer NO, Ozkan T, Yasa ME, Ates Y, Anlar O. Investigation of the\nrelationship between trunk motor control and balance, functional mobility, and gait\ncapacity in patients with multiple sclerosis/multipl sklerozlu hastalarda govde motor\nkontrolu ile denge, fonksiyonel mobilite ve yuruyus kapasitesi arasindaki iliskinin\nincelenmesi. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi [. (2021) 27(3):283. doi: 10.4274/tdn.2021.41017](https://doi.org/10.4274/tdn.2021.41017)\n12. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Physical activity and exercise training in multiple\nsclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived\ndeterminants and consequences. Disabil Rehabil . (2016) 38(13):1227 - [42. doi: 10.](https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1077397)\n[3109/09638288.2015.1077397](https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1077397)\n13. Fikke HK, Normann B, Sivertsen M, Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC. Optimizing\nsensorimotor function, physical activity and employment for people with MS — a\nfeasibility study. Fysioterapeuten . (2023) 90(1):32 - 42. doi: [10.52705/](https://doi.org/10.52705/c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd)\n[c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd](https://doi.org/10.52705/c14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd)\n14. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based,\nindividualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides\nimmediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple\nsclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int . (2019) 25(1):e1798.\n[doi: 10.1002/pri.1798](https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.1798)\n15. Arntzen EC, Straume BK, Odeh F, Feys P, Zanaboni P, Normann B. Group-\nbased individualized comprehensive core stability intervention improves balance in\npersons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther . (2019) 99\n(8):1027 - [38. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz017](https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz017)\n16. Arntzen EC, Øberg GK, Gallagher S, Normann B. Group-based, individualized\nexercises can provide perceived bodily changes and strengthen aspects of self in\nindividuals with MS: a qualitative interview study. Physiother Theory Pract . (2019)\n37(10):1080 - [95. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923](https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923)\n17. Florio-Smith J, Ayer M, Colhoun S, Daykin N, Hamill B, Liu X, et al. The\nimportance of the patient ’ s perspective in decision-making in multiple sclerosis:\nresults of the OwnMS patient perspectives study. Mult Scler Relat Disord . (2023)\n[75:104757. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757)\n18. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity:\nimplications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res . (2008)\n51(1):225 - [39. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018)](https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018))\n19. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and The Sciences of Mind .\nCambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press (2007).\n20. Merleau-Ponty M. Phenomenology of Perception . London: Routledge Classics\n(2008).\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)\n[Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences) 10 [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/)\n21. Buhrmann T, Di Paolo E. The sense of agency — a phenomenological\nconsequence of enacting sensorimotor schemes. Phenomenol Cogn Sci . (2017) 16\n(2):207 - [36. doi: 10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-015-9446-7)\n22. De Jaegher H, Di Paolo E. Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 1 Introduction\n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive in fl ammatory disease of\nthe central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30 -\n40 years of age ( 1 ). A great concern is the signi fi cantly lower levels\nof physical activity (PA) in people with MS (pwMS) across\ndisability levels than in their healthy counterparts ( 2 , 3 ).\nEarly promotion of PA and exercise is recommended due to\nnumerous established bene fi ts in health, symptom management\nand well-being for pwMS ( 4 ). In particular, high-intensity\ntraining is endorsed, as it has possible neuroprotective effects in\nthe disease course ( 5 , 6 ). In addition, exercises addressing\nsensorimotor impairments (e.g., reduced muscle strength,\nreduced neuromuscular control) are recommended, as they target\nindividuals ’ capability to remain physically active ( 7 ).\nSensorimotor impairments can in fl uence trunk control, which is\ncommonly disturbed in pwMS, even when disability is low ( 8 , 9 ),\nand correlate with impaired balance, walking capacity and\ndistance ( 10 , 11 ). PwMS ’ s knowledge of exercise bene fi ts,\nattitudes and motivations, as well as contextual aspects such as\nlack of optimal exercise interventions, accessibility and support,\naffect the level of PA and exercise participation ( 12 ).\nCoreDISTparticipation ( Table 1 ) is a new comprehensive\nintervention addressing sensorimotor function, trunk control,\nhigh-intensity running/walking and work participation in pwMS\nwith low disability ( 13 ). It is based on the GroupCoreDIST <sup>1</sup>\nintervention, which has been shown to have signi fi cant short-\nand long-term effects on trunk control, balance and walking\namong pwMS ( 14 , 15 ). However, no effects of the intervention\non objectively measured PA have been identi fi ed, even though\nthe participants reported perceptions of new possibilities to be\nphysically active as their sensorimotor impairments improved\n( 16 ). To address PA challenges in pwMS, GroupCoreDIST was\nfurther developed to include a four-week period of outdoor\ntraining, in which high-intensity walking/running and\nGroupCoreDIST exercises are integrated ( Table 2 ). To our\nknowledge, combinations of high-intensity training and\nrehabilitation of speci fi c sensorimotor functions have been\nsparsely explored. Patient perspectives are essential for the\nevaluation of healthcare interventions ( 17 ); however, the new",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.4 Research team and re fl exivity\nAll researchers on the team are clinical specialists in\nneurological physiotherapy. BN and ECA developed the\nCoreDISTparticipation intervention, and SSHD contributed to\nthe development of the outdoor part.\nThe researchers ’ closeness to the intervention and the\nclinical fi eld may have strengthened the depth and relevance\nof their interpretations in this study ( 27 ), as it was easy to\nunderstand what participants described and helped form\nfollow-up questions during the interviews. However, closeness\nmay also produce a risk of “ blind spots ” , as the researchers\nmay prejudice participants ’ experiences, omitting questions\nwhere the answers are believed to be obvious ( 27 ). Thus,\nthroughout the process, trustworthiness and rigor were\nenhanced by discussing the methodology, fi ndings, and\ninterpretations with external researchers (including specialists\nin enactive theory), as well as user representatives. The\npresented theoretical framework (enactive theory) enhanced\nthe distance to the material, as recommended in qualitative\nresearch ( 28 ).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 3 Results\n\n#### 3.3 An engaging environment\n\nMost participants reported that their performances were\npositively in fl uenced and motivated by the group setting, for\nexample, through cooperating in exercises with balls, seeing other\nindividuals in the group who were “ doing well ” , cheering each\nother and competing when running and walking next to each\nother. However, one participant emphasized that observing\npeople with visible disabilities from MS was distressing, as it\nrevealed negative thoughts about one ’ s own future. It was\nemphasized that mastering challenges in the group sessions\nadded more meaning than doing the same alone:\nI think this particular exercise is hard work, and then it becomes\nvery tiring to do it on my own. However, when I did it in the\ngroup and we could laugh a bit in between and so on, it was\neasier because of the social element. (ID12, EDSS: 1.5)\nBeing active outdoors was preferred by many participants\nbecause of the fresh air and the natural and varied environment:\nIt was an added positive experience to use our city park and\nnotice all the other people who were there ... it is something\nabout challenging our comfort-zone . (ID4, EDSS: 0)\nThe natural environment was also described as taking focus\naway from MS symptoms. Cold, rainy or snowy weather\nconditions required planning of adequate clothing; in addition,\nthese conditions led some participants to use cautious behavior\nwhen the ground was slippery and led a few to omit sessions.\nHowever, mastering outdoor exercise was highlighted in positive\nterms, such as discovering new ways to become active.\n3.4 Professional leadership, tailoring and\nco-creation of enjoyment\nThe way the physiotherapists led the group and, in particular,\ninteracted with each participant were regarded as helpful for\nimproving their bodily functions and activity levels. Some\nparticipants reported being afraid to try out new activities or\ntraining at high intensities after being diagnosed with MS but felt\nsafe to explore when supervised by the physiotherapist because of\ntheir trust in the relationship between them and in the\nphysiotherapist ’ s professional knowledge.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.3 Study context\n\n[Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences) 03 [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/)\ncommunity healthcare in the two municipalities. The project team\nincluded three individuals representing users from the Nordland\nMS Association, along with an MS nurse and a neurologist from\nthe MS-outpatient clinic, and three physiotherapists/ researchers.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### Ethics statement\nThis study involving humans was approved by Regional\nCommittee for Medical Research Ethics in North Norway (REK\nNorth: 174,837) and the Data Protection Of fi cer at\nNordlandssykehuset Hospital Trust, Norway. This study was\nconducted in accordance with the local legislation and\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)\n[Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences) 09 [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/)\ninstitutional requirements. The participants provided their written\ninformed consent to participate in this study.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the sales revenue of Santos in 2004 ?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": " Sales  revenue was a record $1,501  million",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "Annual Report 2004 TAPPING INTO THE ENERGY... INSIDE Santos Ltd ABN 80 007 550 923 CHAIRMAN’S REVIEW  **2** Stephen Gerlach comments on Santos’ performance in 2004. 2004 ACHIEVEMENTS 2005 AND BEYOND  **3** Key achievements in 2004 and three-year performance, plus what to look for in the near-term future. MANAGING DIRECTOR’S REVIEW  **4** John Ellice-Flint reviews Santos’ 50th year, where the values embodied in the great explorers of yesteryear are shaping Santos today. THE WORLD OF SANTOS  **8** Locations of Santos’ global exploration, development and production activities. ANALYSING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE  **10** Putting the numbers in perspective and explaining the 2004 financial results. LEVERAGING BASE BUSINESS  **12** Production results for 2004 plus a review of activities that are creating value in Santos’ base business. CREATING OPPORTUNITIES  **15** Exploration strategy, results and acreage acquisitions, 2005 program and new venture opportunities.\nCAPTURING AND DELIVERING GROWTH  **18** Progress on Santos’ development projects and gas commercialisation highlights. MANAGING OPTIONS  **22** Strategic projects, portfolio management activities and reserves movements in 2004. SUSTAINABILITY  **26** Sustainability activities undertaken in 2004, including safety and environmental performance, employees and communities. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE  **29** Details of the main corporate governance practices Santos has in place. DIRECTORS’ AND SENIOR EXECUTIVES’ REMUNERATION  **37** Remuneration details for Directors and key executives. BOARD OF DIRECTORS  **41** Directors’ biographical details. GROUP INTERESTS  **42** Santos licence areas and percentage interests. 10 YEAR SUMMARY  **44** Statistical summary of financial performance.\nDIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT  **47** Directors’ shareholdings, meetings, activities and emoluments. FINANCIAL REPORT  **50** Statements of financial performance, financial position and cash flows and notes to the financial statements. STOCK EXCHANGE AND SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION  **90** Listing of top 20 shareholders, analysis of shares and voting rights. INFORMATION FOR SHAREHOLDERS  **92** Annual General Meeting, final dividend, shareholder enquiries and information resources for shareholders. GLOSSARY  **93** Most frequently used terms explained. BACK COVER Corporate directory",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\n31 December 2004 and since the end of the year the Company has paid, or agreed to pay, premiums in respect of such contracts for the year ending\n31 December 2005. The insurance contracts insure against certain liability (subject to exclusions) persons who are or have been directors or officers\nof the Company and controlled entities. A condition of the contracts is that the nature of the liability indemnified and the premium payable not be\ndisclosed.\n**11. Rounding**\nAustralian Securities and Investments Commission Class Order 98/100, dated 10 July 1998, applies to the Company and accordingly amounts have\nbeen rounded off in accordance with that Class Order, unless otherwise indicated.\nThis report is made on 23 February, 2005 in accordance with a resolution of the Directors.\nDirector Director\n23 February, 2005\nAnnual Report 2004 50\nSTATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE\nfor the year ended 31 December 2004\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\nNote  **$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\nProduct sales 2  **1,500.9**  1,465.0  **568.8**  616.3\nCost of sales 3  **(1,049.8)**  (974.4)  **(414.5)**  (356.6)\nGross profit  **451.1**  490.6  **154.3**  259.7\nOther revenue 2  **252.3**  154.4  **858.0**  126.2\nOther expenses 3  **(129.0)**  (179.5)  **(221.0)**  (108.3)\nBorrowing costs 4  **(33.6)**  (34.6)  **(91.1)**  (84.0)\n**Profit from ordinary activities before income tax expense 540.8**  430.9  **700.2**  193.6\nIncome tax expense relating to ordinary activities 6  **(160.9)**  (103.9)  **(57.1)**  (10.7)\n**Net profit after income tax attributable to the shareholders of Santos Ltd 379.9**  327.0  **643.1**  182.9\nNet exchange differences relating to self-sustaining foreign operations 19  **(0.2)**  (4.7)  **-**  -\n**Total changes in equity from non-owner related transactions attributable**\n**to the shareholders of Santos Ltd 379.7**  322.3  **643.1**  182.9\n**Earnings per share (cents)**\nBasic 21  **58.6**  52.1\nDiluted 21  **58.5**  51.5\nThe statements of financial performance are to be read in conjunction with the notes to the financial statements.\nAnnual Report 2004 51\nSTATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION\nas at 31 December 2004\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\nNote  **$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\n**Current assets**\nCash  **128.0**  111.1  **39.3**  52.9\nReceivables 7  **409.1**  171.7  **1,917.7**  1,410.3\nInventories 8  **117.3**  112.4  **58.8**  53.2\nOther 9  **21.5**  14.3  **10.0**  7.4\n**Total current assets 675.9**  409.5  **2,025.8**  1,523.8\n**Non-current assets**\nExploration and development expenditure 10  **3,210.3**  2,945.3  **905.8**  903.6\nLand and buildings, plant and equipment 11  **2,058.7**  1,840.8  **665.4**  673.1\nOther financial assets 12  **1.2**  11.7  **2,530.7**  2,295.9\nIntangibles 13  **4.0**  8.5  **-**  -",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## THE WORLD OF SANTOS\n\n**United States**\nSouth Texas, Texas/\nLouisiana Gulf Coast\nDeer Creek Montana\nUnited States Egypt West Natuna Basin East Java\nHoutman Basin Duntroon Basin Otway Basin Sorell Basin\n**KEY TO MAPS**\nExploration\nProduction\nOil field\nGas field\nOil pipeline\nGas pipeline\nAnnual Report 2004 9\n**Egypt**\nGulf of Suez\n**Gippsland Basin**\nPatricia-Baleen, Sole, Kipper,\nGolden Beach\n**Surat/Bowen Basins**\nMoonie, Roma, Scotia, Lytton\n**Amadeus Basin**\nMereenie, Palm Valley, Brewer Estate\n**Papua New Guinea & West Papua**\nHides, SE Gobe\n**Timor Sea**\nJabiru-Challis, Evans Shoal\n**East Java Basin**\nMaleo, Oyong, Wunut\n**Cooper/Eromanga Basins**\nBallera, Jackson, Moomba\n**Otway Basin**\nCasino, Minerva\n**Duntroon Basin**\n**Houtman Basin**\n**Sorell Basin**\n**Carnarvon Basin**\nBarrow Island, East Spar,\nLegendre, Stag, Thevenard\nIsland, John Brookes,\nMutineer-Exeter\n**West Natuna Basin** Kakap\n**Bonaparte Basin**\nPetrel, Tern **Browse Basin**\n**Kutei Basin**\n**Joint Petroleum Development Area**\nBayu-Undan, Elang-Kakatua\nKutei Basin West Papua & Papua New Guinea Northern Australia Carnarvon Basin\nGippsland Basin Surat/Bowen Basins Cooper/Eromanga Basins Amadeus Basin\nAnnual Report 2004 10\n**2004 WAS A YEAR OF GOOD**\n**OPERATING RESULTS**\nOverall the increase in 2004 profit\nof 16% reflected a year of sound\noperating performance. Sales\nrevenue was a record $1,501\nmillion, up 2.5% on 2003,\nreflecting higher prices across\nmost products and was achieved\ndespite lower production as a\nresult of the Moomba incident\nand declining output from late\nlife fields.\nSantos benefited from higher\nworld oil prices and realised\nUS$51.83 per boe in 2004, an\nincrease of 19% over 2003. The\nbenefit of higher world oil prices\nsubstantially offset the impact\nof lower production volumes.\nSantos was also able to negotiate\nhigher domestic gas prices (up\n4% on average) and deliver new\nrevenue streams from project\nstart-ups and acquisitions during\nthe year.\n**PRODUCTION HAMPERED BY**\n**MOOMBA INCIDENT**\n2004 production was lower due\nto the Moomba incident, which\nreduced production by 4.6 million",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## ANALYSING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE\n\n**‘The sound operating results**\n**achieved in 2004 underline**\n**the changing face of Santos**\n**towards a higher value, higher**\n**margin business. We ended the**\n**year with a strong financial**\n**position and our financial**\n**flexibility intact.’**\n**PETER WASOW**\nChief Financial Officer\n’01 ’02 ’03 **’04**\n**PRODUCTION AND SALES REVENUE**\nRevenue Net profit after tax Production\n1,460\n445 322 327 **380**\n1,478 1,465\n54.2 57.3 55.7\n**1,501**\n**47.1**\n0\n500\n1000\n1500\n2000\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n$million mmboe\nAnnual Report 2004 11\n**DEPRECIATION, DEPLETION AND**\n**AMORTISATION**\nAll things being equal, DD&A\ncould have been expected to\nbe lower this year, as Santos\nproduced lower volumes and had\nwritten off the Heytesbury plant\nin the onshore Otway Basin\nlast year.\nHowever, two factors caused an\nincrease in 2004 DD&A. Firstly,\nwhile reserve revisions were\npositive overall, negative\nrevisions were predominantly in\nproducing areas which increased\ndepletion rates in 2004, while\npositive reserve revisions were in\nareas where Santos is not yet\nproducing or where straight line\ndepreciation is dominant; for\nexample, Casino and John\nBrookes.\nSecondly, on the future\ndevelopment cost side, depletion\nis up partly because Santos is\nstarting to factor in higher steel\nand service company costs into\nlong-term economic models.\n**CASH FLOW LOWER**\nWhile Santos had a strong profit\nyear, this is not fully reflected in\ncash flows.\nThere were large movements\nin trade debtors between years,\nreflecting the timing of liftings\nand the payments for them.\nIn addition, Santos has not yet\nbeen paid for the insurance claim\nrelating to the Moomba incident.\nA total of $117 million was\nrecognised in sundry income,\nwhich represents an estimate\nof the amount receivable from\ninsurers for lost revenue,\nadditional costs and replacement\nplant and equipment. At year end\nthe money was still owed and so\nis not shown as part of operating\ncash flow. The final quantification\nof the claim with insurers is\nprogressing.\n**RECORD CAPITAL EXPENDITURE**\nCapital expenditure ended\nright on target at $930 million -\na record year for Santos -\napproaching a level which is",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nof Egypt up to a maximum of US$46.9 million.\nAnnual Report 2004 84\nNOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS\nfor the year ended 31 December 2004\n**32. Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure**\n**(a) Foreign exchange risk exposure**\nThe Santos Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk principally through the sale of liquid petroleum products denominated in US dollars,\nUS dollar borrowings and US dollar expenditure. In order to hedge this foreign exchange risk, the Santos Group has from time to time entered\ninto forward foreign exchange, foreign currency swap and foreign currency option contracts.\nAt 31 December 2004 the Santos Group has one open forward foreign currency exchange contract which has expired in January 2005. If closed\nout at balance date a loss of $0.2 million would have resulted.\nUS dollar denominated borrowings are either swapped into Australian dollar exposure (2004: US$321.4 million; 2003: US$115.0 million) or\ndesignated as a hedge of US dollar denominated investments in self-sustaining overseas controlled entities (2004: US$313.0 million;\n2003: US$323.6 million) or as a hedge of future US denominated sales revenues (2004: US$146.4 million; 2003: US$219.4 million). As a result,\nthere were no net foreign currency gains or losses arising from translation of US denominated dollar borrowings recognised in the statements\nof financial performance in 2004. Accordingly, $37.4 million of unrealised foreign currency gains were deferred as at 31 December 2004\n(2003: gains of $66.3 million). The ultimate foreign currency gains or losses will be included in the measurement of the specific hedged US dollar\ndenominated sales revenues to be realised in the years 2005 through 2006.\nThe Australian dollar equivalents of foreign currency monetary items included in the statements of financial position to the extent that they are\nnot effectively hedged are:\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\n**$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\nCurrent assets -  United States dollars  **126.4**  82.7  **32.9**  41.3\nCurrent liabilities -  United States dollars  **60.5**  35.4  **6.5**  8.5\nNon-current liabilities -  United States dollars  **26.5**  -  **-**  -\nAnnual Report 2004 85\n**32. Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure (continued)**\n**(b) Interest rate risk exposure**\nTo manage interest rate risk the Santos Group has entered into interest rate swap contracts with maturities ranging from one to eighteen years.\nAt 31 December 2004 the Santos Group has open interest rate swap contracts which if closed out would have resulted in a gain of $44.2 million\n(2003: gain of $63.3 million).",
+                    "page_start": 84,
+                    "page_end": 86,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Leveraging Base Business\n\n**Sales revenue ($million) 1,500.9**  1,465.0\nExploration is a key growth driver\nfor Santos and success with the\ndrill bit is vital to adding value\nfor Santos shareholders. During\nthe past four years Santos has\nbeen working to build exploration\nopportunities by:\n-  acquiring new\nexploration acreage\n-  adding material\nexploration prospects\n-  drilling wildcat\nexploration wells.\n**SUCCESS RATE OF 44% IN 2004**\nSantos’ 2004 exploration effort\nproduced good results, as the\nCompany high graded its\nexploration acreage and started\ndrilling one of the most exciting\nportfolios in the industry.\nSantos discovered hydrocarbons\nin seven of the sixteen wildcat\nwells that were drilled, achieving\nan impressive success rate\nof 44%.\nThe program added at least\n93 million boe (including the\npre-drill estimate for Jeruk) of\nrecoverable resources that will be\nfurther evaluated by delineation\nand, in some cases, production\nhistory to determine 1P and 2P\nreserve additions.\nImportantly, these results were\nachieved with financial discipline,\nspending $126 million which was\nsubstantially less than forecast.\nThe most significant drilling\nresult for the year was the Jeruk\noil discovery in the Sampang PSC\noffshore East Java, Indonesia.\nThe Jeruk discovery is still under\nevaluation but its commercial\nsignificance appears encouraging.\nSantos has confirmed an oil\ncolumn of at least 379 metres\nwith a likely gross recoverable\nresource in excess of the pre-drill\nestimate of 170 million barrels.\nSantos also had further\nexploration successes in the\nCooper Basin in central Australia\nwhere four of six wildcat wells\nwere cased and suspended as\ngas discoveries.\nThere was also success in the\noffshore Otway Basin with the\nMartha gas discovery near the\nCasino field, which is currently\nbeing evaluated to determine\nits commercial significance.\nAdditional drilling is planned to\noccur nearby in 2005 to follow\nup this encouraging result.\nSantos discovered gas in the\nUnited States at the Torres 1A\nonshore well, which was brought\nonto production only two months\nafter drilling was completed.\nOther wells in the offshore Otway\nBasin included the deep water\nAmrit 1 well, which was plugged\nand abandoned after failing to\nintersect economic hydrocarbons,\nand Callister 1 which was also\nplugged and abandoned with\ngas shows.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## SANTOS GROUP INTERESTS\n\n25 Related Parties 74\n26 Specified Director and Specified Executive Disclosures 75\n27 Remuneration of Auditors 80\n28 Segment Information 80\n29 Commitments for Expenditure 82\n30 Superannuation Commitments 82\n31 Contingent Liabilities 83\n32 Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure 84\n33 Economic Dependency 86\n34 Post Balance Date Events 86\n35 Australian Equivalents to International Reporting Standards 86\n**Directors Declaration 88**\n**Independent Audit Report 89**\nAnnual Report 2004 47\n**The Directors present their report together with the financial report of Santos Ltd (“the Company”) and the consolidated financial report of**\n**the consolidated entity, being the Company and its controlled entities, for the financial year ended 31 December 2004, and the auditor**\n**report thereon. Information in this Annual Report referred to by page number in this report or contained in a Note to the financial**\n**statements referred to in this report is to be read as part of this report.**\n**1. Directors, Directors’ Shareholdings and Directors’ Meetings**\nThe names of Directors of the Company in office at the date of this report and details of the relevant interest of each of those Directors in shares in\nthe Company at that date are as set out below:\n**Surname Other Names Shareholdings in**\n**Santos Ltd**\n**Ordinary Franked**\n**Shares Unsecured**\n**Equity**\n**Listed**\n**Securities**\nBarnett Peter Charles 12,394 -\nEllice-Flint John Charles\n(Managing Director) 1,000,000* -\nGerlach Stephen\n(Chairman) 42,305 -\n**Surname Other Names Shareholdings in**\n**Santos Ltd**\n**Ordinary Franked**\n**Shares Unsecured**\n**Equity**\n**Listed**\n**Securities**\nHarding Richard Michael - -\nMcGregor Graeme William 10,000 1,200\nO’Leary Michael Anthony 4,725 -\nSloan Judith 5,000 195\nThe above named Directors held office during and since the end of the\nfinancial year except for Mr RM Harding, who was appointed a Director\non 1 March 2004.\nExcept where otherwise indicated, all shareholdings are of fully paid\nordinary shares.\n*These shares are Restricted Shares issued on the terms described in\nNote 18 to the financial statements.\nNo Director holds shares in any related body corporate, other than in\ntrust for the Company.\nAt the date of this report, Mr J C Ellice-Flint holds 3,000,000 options under the Santos Executive Share Option Plan and subject to the further terms",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nmarket value at balance date. As at 31 December 2004, counterparty default of foreign currency swaps, foreign currency option contracts, oil\nprice swap contracts and interest rate swap contracts would result in a loss of $37.2 million (2003: loss of $61.9 million).\nThe Santos Group controls credit risk on derivative financial instruments by setting exposure limits related to the credit worthiness of\ncounterparties, all of which are selected banks or institutions with a Standard and Poor’s rating of A or better.\nAnnual Report 2004 86\nNOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS\nfor the year ended 31 December 2004\n**32. Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure (continued)**\n**(e) Net fair values of financial assets and liabilities**\nThe carrying amounts of all financial assets and liabilities including hedges approximate net fair value.\nAt 31 December 2004 the Santos Group has open derivative financial instruments contracts relating to future operating profit which if closed out\nat their market rates would have resulted in a gain of $32.8 million (2003: gain of $61.5 million).\n**33. Economic Dependency**\nThere are in existence long-term contracts for the sale of gas, but otherwise the Directors believe there is no economic dependency.\n**34. Post Balance Date Events**\nThe following events occurred subsequent to 31 December 2004, the financial effects of which have not been brought to account in the financial\nstatements for the year ended 31 December 2004:\n(a) For dividends declared after 31 December 2004 refer note 20;\n(b) On 17 February 2005, the Company entered into a contract to acquire Basin Oil Pty Ltd effective 1 January 2005. Basin Oil Pty Ltd has a 2.1%\ninterest in SA Cooper Basin, 40% interests in Patricia-Baleen and Sole, and 33.3% interests in Golden Beach and Vic/P55.\n**35. Australian Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards**\nFollowing the implementation by the Australian Accounting Standards Board (���AASB”) of the Financial Reporting Council’s policy of adopting the\naccounting standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), the Santos Group must comply with the Australian\nequivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (“A-IFRS”) from 1 January 2005. Accordingly, the Santos Group will prepare a financial\nreport under A-IFRS for the first time for the half-year ending 30 June 2005. The prior period comparatives in that report will be based on an\nopening A-IFRS statement of financial position dated 1 January 2004 except for the A-IFRS pertaining to financial instruments described below.",
+                    "page_start": 86,
+                    "page_end": 87,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nShares issued (g)  **6,000,000**  -  **600.0**  -\nShare issue cost  **-**  -  **(10.5)**  -\nTransfer from reset convertible preference shares  **-**  -  **(7.7)**  -\nBalance at the end of the year  **6,000,000**  -  **581.8**  -\nThe market price of the Company’s ordinary shares on 31 December 2004 was $8.48 (2003: $6.87).\n**(a) Santos Executive Share Plan**\nThe Santos Executive Share Plan was approved by shareholders at a general meeting held on 22 December 1987.\nUnder the terms of the Plan, shares were initially issued as partly paid shares, paid to one cent. While partly paid, the Plan Shares are not\ntransferable, carry no voting right and no entitlement to dividend but are entitled to participate in any bonus or rights issue.\nShares were issued principally on: 22 December 1987; 7 February and 5 December 1989; and 24 December 1990. In 1997 the Board determined\nthat the Plan be discontinued and, accordingly, there has been no further issues of shares under the Plan.\nAt the beginning of the financial year there were 231,000 Plan Shares on issue. During the financial year 50,000 Plan Shares were fully paid and\naggregate proceeds of $138,200 received by the Company. As at 31 December 2004 there were 181,000 Plan Shares outstanding.\n**(b) Santos Employee Share Acquisition Plan**\nThe Santos Employee Share Acquisition Plan was approved by shareholders at the Annual General Meeting on 15 May 1997 and its continuation,\nwith amendment, approved at the Annual General Meeting on 5 May 2000.\nBroadly, permanent eligible employees with at least a minimum period of service determined by Directors as at the offer date (one year of completed\nservice for issues so far) are entitled to acquire shares under this Plan. Executives participating in the Santos Executive Share Option Plan (refer\nnote 18(d)) or in the Executive Long Term Incentive Plan in 2004, casual employees and Directors of the Company are excluded from participating in\nthis Plan. Employees are not eligible to participate under the Plan while they are resident overseas unless the Board decides otherwise.\nThe Plan provides for grants of fully paid ordinary shares in the capital of the Company up to a value determined by the Board which, to date,\nhas been $1,000 per annum per eligible employee. A trustee is funded by the Santos Group to acquire shares directly from the Company or on\nmarket. The shares are then held by the trustee on behalf of eligible employees who have made applications under the Plan.",
+                    "page_start": 63,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\n7 March 2002 17,200 - - 17,200 7 March 2003 -\n2 September 2002 40,600 - - 40,600 2 September 2003 -\n7 March 2003 - 7,800 5.61 - - 7,800\n8 September 2003 - 15,400 5.77 - - 15,400\n22 December 2003 - 129,664 6.38 - - 129,664\n57,800 152,864 57,800 152,864\nThe fair value per share for shares granted during the year and the consideration received by the Company per share is Market Value (as defined\nabove) less, in the case of General Employee Participation, the discount of 5% referred to above.\nThe amounts recognised in the financial statements of the Santos Group and the Company in relation to the Santos Employee Share Purchase\nPlan during the year were:\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\n**$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\nIssued ordinary share capital  **0.9**  1.0  **0.9**  1.0\nAt 31 December 2004, the total number of shares acquired under the Plan since its commencement was 930,112.\nAnnual Report 2004 65\n**18. Contributed Equity (continued)**\n**(d) Santos Executive Share Option Plan**\nThe Santos Executive Share Option Plan was approved by shareholders at the Annual General Meeting on 15 May 1997 and its continuation, with\namendment, approved at the Annual General Meeting on 5 May 2000.\nThe Plan provides for the grant of options to subscribe for or purchase ordinary shares in the capital of the Company to eligible executives\nselected by the Board. Participation will be limited to those executives who, in the opinion of the Board, are able to significantly influence the\ngeneration of shareholder wealth. Directors envisage the Plan applying to up to 50 executives.\nEach option is a right to acquire one share, subject to adjustment in accordance with the Rules of the Plan. The options entitle the holder to\nparticipate in any bonus issue conducted by the Company, upon exercise of the options. The exercise price of each option will be adjusted in the\nevent of a rights issue.\nThere are no voting or dividend rights attached to the options. There are no voting rights attached to the unissued ordinary shares. Voting rights\nwill be attached to the unissued ordinary shares when the options have been exercised.\nThe exercise price of the options and other conditions, including any performance hurdles, will be determined by the Board. No consideration is\nprovided by Executives for the options. The Plan provides for options with a life of up to ten years.",
+                    "page_start": 65,
+                    "page_end": 66,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf",
+                "query": "How have been confirmed nonvanishing neutrino ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The nonvanishing neutrino masses have been confirmed by various neutrino oscillation  phenomena and indicate the evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 6
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## I. INTRODUCTION\n\nthe origin of neutrino masses.\nAlthough such a TeV scale model is interesting and appealing, one might think that the\nabsence of dark matter (DM) candidate is a shortcoming of this model. A sterile RH neutrino\nwith mass of the order of MeV is one possibility [9]. In this paper, we propose a very simple\nidea to introduce the DM candidate in the minimal gauged U (1) B − L model. We introduce\nthe Z 2 parity into the model and impose one of three RH neutrinos to be odd, while the\nothers even. In this way, the Z 2 -odd RH neutrino becomes stable and the DM candidate.\nNote that two RH neutrinos are enough to reconcile with the observed neutrino oscillation\ndata, with a prediction of one massless light neutrino. Therefore, without introducing any\nadditional new dynamical degrees of freedom, the DM particle arises in the minimal gauged\nU (1) B − L model.\nThe paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we briefly describe our model. In\nsection III, we estimate the thermal relic density of the RH neutrino and identify the model\n2\nparameter to be consistent with the current observations. We also calculate the scattering\ncross section between the DM particle and nucleon and discuss the implication for the direct\nDM search experiments. We summarize our results in the section IV. Our notations and the\nformulas used in our analysis are listed in Appendix.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nequation for the number density of RH neutrino n N ;\ndn N dt  <sup>+ 3</sup> <sup>Hn</sup> <sup>N</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−⟨</sup> <sup>σv</sup> <sup>⟩</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>−</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>2</sup> EQ <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (15)\nand the Friedmann equation\nH <sup>2</sup> ≡ �  ̇ a\na � 2\n= 8 π\n3 M <sup>2</sup> P\nρ, (16)\nwith n EQ and a ( t ) being the equilibrium number density and the scale factor, under the\nradiation dominated Universe with the energy density ρ = ρ rad [14].\n5\nFig. 1 shows the relic density Ω N h <sup>2</sup> as a function of the DM mass m N for a set of\nparameters: ( v <sup>′</sup> , M h , M H , M Z ′ , sin θ ) = (4000 GeV , 120 GeV , 200 GeV , 1000 GeV , 0 . 7), for\nexample. Willkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe measured the value of DM abundance as\nΩ DM h <sup>2</sup> ≃ 0 . 1 [15]. The figure shows that a desired DM relic abundance can be obtained for\nonly near Higgs resonances, m N ≈ M h / 2 or M H / 2.\nFig. 2 shows the relic density Ω N h <sup>2</sup> as a function of the DM mass m N for a smaller Higgs\nmixing sin θ = 0 . 3 (others are the same as in Fig. 1). Compared with Fig. 1, for m N ≲ M W\nwhere the DM particles dominantly annihilate into f  <sup> ̄</sup> f , the relic density further increases\nbecause of the small mixing angle. When the DM is heavier, the annihilation mode into\nHiggs boson pairs is opened and the relic density slightly deceases, but the reduction is not",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### B. Direct detection of dark matter\n\nOur RH neutrino DM can elastically scatter off with nucleon, unlike another RH neutrino\nDM model has been proposed by Krauss et. al. [21] and studied [22, 23]. The main process\nis Higgs exchange and the resultant cross section for a proton is given by\nσ <sup>(</sup> <sup>p</sup> <sup>)</sup> SI  <sup>= 4</sup> π � m p m N\nm p + m N � 2\nf  <sup>2</sup> p <sup>,</sup> (17)\nwith the hadronic matrix element\nf p\nm p\n= � q = u,d,s\nf  <sup>(</sup> <sup>p</sup> <sup>)</sup> Tq\nα q\nm q\n+ <sup>2</sup> 27 <sup>f</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>p</sup> <sup>)</sup> TG � c,b,t\nα q\nm q\n, (18)\nand the effective vertex (see Appendix for notations)\nα q = − λ N y q � ∂ Φ\n∂h\n1\nM <sup>2</sup> h\n∂ Ψ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Φ</sup> ∂H\n1\nM <sup>2</sup> H\n∂ Ψ\n∂H � , (19)\nwhere m q is a mass of a quark with a Yukawa coupling y q , and f  <sup>(</sup> <sup>p</sup> <sup>)</sup> Tq  <sup>and</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>p</sup> <sup>)</sup> TG  <sup>are constants.</sup>\n7\nFrom Eq. (19), one can see that σ <sup>(</sup> <sup>p</sup> <sup>)</sup> SI  <sup>∝</sup> <sup>(sin 2</sup> <sup>θ/v</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>for a given DM mass</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>N</sup> <sup>. Fig. 3 shows</sup> the spin-independent cross section of RH neutrino with a proton. The resultant cross section\nis found to be far below the current limits reported by XENON10 [24] and CDMSII [25]:\nσ SI ≲ 4 × 10 <sup>−</sup> <sup>8</sup> − 2 × 10 <sup>−</sup> <sup>7</sup> pb, for a DM mass of 100 GeV-1 TeV. Future experiments such\nas XENON1T [26] can reach the cross section predicted in our model.\n10 <sup>-10</sup>\n10 <sup>-9</sup>\n10 <sup>-8</sup>\n60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200\nσ\np [pb]\nm N [GeV]\nFIG. 3: The spin independent scattering cross section with a proton. All parameters are same as\nthose used in the previous section. The upper and lower lines correspond to sin θ = 0 . 7 and 0 . 3,\nrespectively.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n#### b. Annihilation into ν s , ν s (heavy sterile-like neutrinos)\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � cos <sup>2</sup> θ �\n+4 λ <sup>2</sup> N <sup>λ</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂ Ψ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂ Ψ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s <sup>)</sup> <sup>.</sup>\n(B3)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## IV. SUMMARY\nWe have proposed a scenario of the RH neutrino dark matter in the context of the minimal\ngauged U (1) B − L model. We have introduced a discrete Z 2 parity in the model, so that one\nRH neutrino assigned as Z 2 -odd can be stable and, hence, the DM candidate, while the other\ntwo RH neutrinos account for neutrino masses and mixings through the seesaw mechanism.\nNo additional degrees of freedom are necessary to be added. We have evaluated the relic\ndensity of the dark matter particle. The dominant annihilation modes are via the Higgs\nboson exchange processes in the s -channel and thus, our model can be called Higgs portal\nDM model. It has been found that the relic density consistent with the current observation\n8\ncan be achieved only when the annihilation processes are enhanced by Higgs resonances.\nTherefore, the mass of the RH neutrino DM should be around a half of Higgs boson masses.\nWe have also calculated the elastic scattering cross section between the DM particle and a\nproton and found it within the reach of future experiments for the direct DM search.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n#### a. Annihilation into ν a , ν a (light active-like neutrinos)\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν a � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν a � cos <sup>2</sup> θ � . (B2)\n10",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## I. INTRODUCTION\n\nThe nonvanishing neutrino masses have been confirmed by various neutrino oscillation\nphenomena and indicate the evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. The most\nattractive idea to naturally explain the tiny neutrino masses is the seesaw mechanism [1], in\nwhich the right-handed (RH) neutrinos singlet under the SM gauge group are introduced.\nThe minimal gauged U (1) B − L model based on the gauge group SU (3) C × SU (2) L × U (1) Y × U (1) B − L [2] is an elegant and simple extension of the SM, in which the RH neutrinos of\nthree generations are necessarily introduced because of the gauge and gravitational anomaly\ncancellations. In addition, the mass of RH neutrinos arises associated with the U (1) B − L\ngauge symmetry breaking.\nAlthough the scale of the B − L gauge symmetry breaking is basically arbitrary as long as\nphenomenological constraints are satisfied, one interesting option is to take it to be the TeV\nscale [3]. It has been recently pointed out [4] that when the classical conformal invariance\nis imposed on the minimal U (1) B − L model, the symmetry breaking scale appears to be the TeV scale naturally. If this is the case, all new particles, the Z <sup>′</sup> gauge boson, the B − L\nHiggs boson H and the RH neutrinos appear at the TeV scale unless the U (1) B − L gauge\ncoupling is extremely small, and they can be discovered at Large Hadron Collider [5- 8].\nThen we may be able to understand the relation between the gauge symmetry breaking and",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nThe DM RH neutrino interacts with the SM particles through couplings with B − L\ngauge and B − L Higgs bosons. Note that neutrino Dirac Yukawa interactions are absent\nbecause of the Z 2 parity. The most of annihilation of the RH neutrinos occurs via Z <sup>′</sup> , H and\nh exchange processes in the s -channel. In practice, the dominant contributions come from\nthe Higgs ( h and H ) exchange diagrams, because the Z <sup>′</sup> exchange processes are suppressed\nby the inverse square of the B − L Higgs VEV v <sup>′</sup> ≳ 3 TeV. Thus, we obtain Higgs portal DM\nof RH neutrino effectively. The relevant annihilation modes are the annihilation into f  <sup> ̄</sup> f ,\nW  <sup>+</sup> W  <sup>−</sup> , ZZ , and h ( H ) h ( H ). Since RH neutrino DM couples to only B − L Higgs Ψ while\na SM particle does to SM Higgs Φ, the DM annihilation occurs only through the mixing\nbetween these two Higgs bosons. Although it is not so severe, the precision electroweak\nmeasurements [12] as well as the unitarity bound [13] give constraints on the mixing angle\nand mass spectrum of the Higgs bosons.\nThe thermal relic abundance of DM\nΩ N h <sup>2</sup> = 1 . 1 × 10 <sup>9</sup> m N /T d √ g ∗ M P ⟨ σv ⟩ GeV <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> , (14)\nwith the Planck mass M P , the thermal averaged product of the annihilation cross section\nand the relative velocity ⟨ σv ⟩ , the total number of relativistic degrees of freedom in the\nthermal bath g ∗ , and the decoupling temperature T d , is evaluated by solving the Boltzmann",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n[arXiv:1002.2525v2  [hep-ph]  13 Feb 2010](http://arxiv.org/abs/1002.2525v2)\nHGU-CAP 002\nHiggs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged U (1) B − L model\nNobuchika Okada <sup>∗</sup>\nDepartment of Physics and Astronomy,\nUniversity of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA\nOsamu Seto <sup>†</sup>\nDepartment of Architecture and Building Engineering,\nHokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo 062-8605, Japan\nAbstract\nWe propose a scenario of the right-handed neutrino dark matter in the context of the minimal\ngauged U (1) B − L model by introducing an additional parity which ensures the stability of dark\nmatter particle. The annihilation of this right-handed neutrino takes place dominantly through the\ns -channel Higgs boson exchange, so that this model can be called Higgs portal dark matter model.\nWe show that the thermal relic abundance of the right-handed neutrino dark matter with help of\nHiggs resonance can match the observed dark matter abundance. In addition we estimate the cross\nsection with nucleon and show that the next generation direct dark matter search experiments can\nexplore this model.\nPACS numbers:\n∗ [Electronic address: okadan@ua.edu](mailto:okadan@ua.edu)\n† [Electronic address: seto@phyics.umn.edu](mailto:seto@phyics.umn.edu)\n1",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\nDue to the Z 2 parity, one of RH neutrino N 3 (we denote it as N hereafter) in our model\ncan be the DM candidate. We first estimate its relic abundance and identify the model\n4\nparameters to be consistent with the current observations. Next we calculate the scattering\ncross section between the DM particle and a proton and discuss the implication for the direct\nDM search experiments.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the dominant contributions in thermal relic density ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "In practice, the dominant contributions come from the Higgs (h and H) exchange diagrams.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nequation for the number density of RH neutrino n N ;\ndn N dt  <sup>+ 3</sup> <sup>Hn</sup> <sup>N</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−⟨</sup> <sup>σv</sup> <sup>⟩</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>−</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>2</sup> EQ <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (15)\nand the Friedmann equation\nH <sup>2</sup> ≡ �  ̇ a\na � 2\n= 8 π\n3 M <sup>2</sup> P\nρ, (16)\nwith n EQ and a ( t ) being the equilibrium number density and the scale factor, under the\nradiation dominated Universe with the energy density ρ = ρ rad [14].\n5\nFig. 1 shows the relic density Ω N h <sup>2</sup> as a function of the DM mass m N for a set of\nparameters: ( v <sup>′</sup> , M h , M H , M Z ′ , sin θ ) = (4000 GeV , 120 GeV , 200 GeV , 1000 GeV , 0 . 7), for\nexample. Willkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe measured the value of DM abundance as\nΩ DM h <sup>2</sup> ≃ 0 . 1 [15]. The figure shows that a desired DM relic abundance can be obtained for\nonly near Higgs resonances, m N ≈ M h / 2 or M H / 2.\nFig. 2 shows the relic density Ω N h <sup>2</sup> as a function of the DM mass m N for a smaller Higgs\nmixing sin θ = 0 . 3 (others are the same as in Fig. 1). Compared with Fig. 1, for m N ≲ M W\nwhere the DM particles dominantly annihilate into f  <sup> ̄</sup> f , the relic density further increases\nbecause of the small mixing angle. When the DM is heavier, the annihilation mode into\nHiggs boson pairs is opened and the relic density slightly deceases, but the reduction is not",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nenough to reach Ω N h <sup>2</sup> ≃ 0 . 1.\n0.001\n0.01\n0.1\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200\nΩ\nN h 2\nm N [GeV]\nFIG. 1: The thermal relic density of RH neutrino DM as a function of its mass for a parameter\nset: ( v <sup>′</sup> , M h , M H , M Z ′ , sin θ ) = (3000 GeV , 120 GeV , 200 GeV , 1000 GeV , 0 . 7).\nOur model is quite analogous to the so-called gauge singlet scalar dark matter [16- 18].\nSome recent studies can be found in Refs. [19, 20]. In the gauge singlet scalar DM model, the\nthermal abundance is mainly controlled by the interactions between the SM Higgs boson and\nthe DM particle. In our model, B − L Higgs VEV v <sup>′</sup> can play the same role for m N < M W ,\nnamely a larger v <sup>′</sup> corresponds to weaker coupling between DM and Higgs for a fixed DM\nmass. On the other hand, for m N > M W the difference appears. Even if the annihilation\n6\n0.001\n0.01\n0.1\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200\nΩ\nN h\n2\nm N [GeV]\nFIG. 2: The same as Fig. 1 but for sin θ = 0 . 3.\nmode into W -boson pair becomes kinematically available, it is not possible to obtain the\ndesired DM abundance without the Higgs resonant annihilation because the bound on v <sup>′</sup>\ngiven by Eq. (12) is stringent.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nThe DM RH neutrino interacts with the SM particles through couplings with B − L\ngauge and B − L Higgs bosons. Note that neutrino Dirac Yukawa interactions are absent\nbecause of the Z 2 parity. The most of annihilation of the RH neutrinos occurs via Z <sup>′</sup> , H and\nh exchange processes in the s -channel. In practice, the dominant contributions come from\nthe Higgs ( h and H ) exchange diagrams, because the Z <sup>′</sup> exchange processes are suppressed\nby the inverse square of the B − L Higgs VEV v <sup>′</sup> ≳ 3 TeV. Thus, we obtain Higgs portal DM\nof RH neutrino effectively. The relevant annihilation modes are the annihilation into f  <sup> ̄</sup> f ,\nW  <sup>+</sup> W  <sup>−</sup> , ZZ , and h ( H ) h ( H ). Since RH neutrino DM couples to only B − L Higgs Ψ while\na SM particle does to SM Higgs Φ, the DM annihilation occurs only through the mixing\nbetween these two Higgs bosons. Although it is not so severe, the precision electroweak\nmeasurements [12] as well as the unitarity bound [13] give constraints on the mixing angle\nand mass spectrum of the Higgs bosons.\nThe thermal relic abundance of DM\nΩ N h <sup>2</sup> = 1 . 1 × 10 <sup>9</sup> m N /T d √ g ∗ M P ⟨ σv ⟩ GeV <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> , (14)\nwith the Planck mass M P , the thermal averaged product of the annihilation cross section\nand the relative velocity ⟨ σv ⟩ , the total number of relativistic degrees of freedom in the\nthermal bath g ∗ , and the decoupling temperature T d , is evaluated by solving the Boltzmann",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix C: Thermal averaged annihilation cross section\n\nIn partial wave expansion, the thermal averaged cross section is given by\n⟨ σv ⟩ = 1\nm <sup>2</sup> N � w ( s ) − <sup>3</sup> 2 � 2 w ( s ) − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N\ndw\nds � T\nm N ����� s =4 m <sup>2</sup> N\n(C1)\n= 6  <sup>dw</sup> ds ���� s =4 m <sup>2</sup> N\nT\nm N\n, (C2)\nwith\n4 w ( s ) ≡ � d LIPS � |M| <sup>2</sup> = <sup>1</sup> 8 π � s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> final\ns � d cos θ\n2 � |M| <sup>2</sup> , (C3)\nwhere m final is the mass of final state particle.\n[1] T. Yanagida, in Proceedings of Workshop on the Unified Theory and the Baryon Number in\nthe Universe , Tsukuba, Japan, edited by A. Sawada and A. Sugamoto (KEK, Tsukuba, 1979),\np 95; M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, in Supergravity , Proceedings of Workshop,\n12\nStony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (North-\nHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 ,\n912 (1980).\n[2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 ,\n1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n[3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n[4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007\n(2009).\n[5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n[6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix C: Thermal averaged annihilation cross section\n\n[7] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 055030\n(2009).\n[8] P. F. Perez, T. Han and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D 80 , 073015 (2009).\n[9] S. Khalil and O. Seto, JCAP 0810 , 024 (2008).\n[10] M. S. Carena, A. Daleo, B. A. Dobrescu and T. M. P. Tait, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 093009 (2004).\n[11] G. Cacciapaglia, C. Csaki, G. Marandella and A. Strumia, Phys. Rev. D 74 , 033011 (2006).\n[12] S. Dawson and W. Yan, Phys. Rev. D 79 , 095002 (2009).\n[[13] L. Basso, A. Belyaev, S. Moretti and G. M. Pruna, arXiv:1002.1939 [hep-ph].](http://arxiv.org/abs/1002.1939)\n[14] E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner, The Early Universe , Addison-Wesley (1990).\n[15] D. N. Spergel et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. 170 , 377 (2007).\n[16] J. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 50 , 3637 (1994).\n[17] C. P. Burgess, M. Pospelov and T. ter Veldhuis, Nucl. Phys. B 619 , 709 (2001).\n[18] H. Davoudiasl, R. Kitano, T. Li and H. Murayama, Phys. Lett. B 609 , 117 (2005).\n[19] T. Kikuchi and N. Okada, Phys. Lett. B 665 , 186 (2008).\n[20] C. E. Yaguna, JCAP 0903 , 003 (2009).\n[21] L. M. Krauss, S. Nasri and M. Trodden, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 085002 (2003).\n[22] E. A. Baltz and L. Bergstrom, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 043516 (2003).\n[23] K. Cheung and O. Seto, Phys. Rev. D 69 , 113009 (2004).\n[24] J. Angle et al. [XENON Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 021303 (2008).\n[25] Z. Ahmed et al. [ [The CDMS-II Collaboration], arXiv:0912.3592 [astro-ph.CO].](http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.3592)\n[[26] http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/.](http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/)\n13",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n#### b. Annihilation into ν s , ν s (heavy sterile-like neutrinos)\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � cos <sup>2</sup> θ �\n+4 λ <sup>2</sup> N <sup>λ</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂ Ψ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂ Ψ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s <sup>)</sup> <sup>.</sup>\n(B3)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 5. Annihilation into hh\n\n� − 4 +  <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>+</sup> <sup>A</sup>\n2 b ln ���� A + 2 b\nA − 2 b ���� � , (B9)\nwhere θ is the scattering angle in the center of mass frame. The auxiliary functions appear\nabove are defined as\nI 22 ( s ) ≡ 4 <sup>(</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>a</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>+ 4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> A <sup>2</sup> − 4 b <sup>2</sup> , (B10)\nJ 22 ( s, m h ) ≡ 1\nAb � 2 A ( A + 2 a ) − A ( s + 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>) +</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>a</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)(</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h <sup>)</sup>\n+3 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � , (B11)\nA ( s, m h ) ≡− <sup>s</sup> 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h <sup>,</sup> (B12)\nb ( s, m N , m h ) ≡ � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>.</sup> (B13)",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 4. Annihilation into ZZ\n|M| <sup>2</sup> = 8 λ <sup>2</sup> N � 1 4 <sup>(</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>v</sup> � 2 ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂φ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂φ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 1 + 1\n2 M <sup>4</sup> Z � s 2  <sup>−</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>2</sup> Z � 2 <sup>�</sup> . (B5)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 3. Annihilation into W  <sup>+</sup> W  <sup>−</sup>\n|M| <sup>2</sup> = 8 λ <sup>2</sup> N � 1 2 <sup>g</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>v</sup> � 2 ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂φ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂φ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 1 + 1\n2 M <sup>4</sup> W � s 2  <sup>−</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>2</sup> W � 2 <sup>�</sup> . (B4)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n#### a. Annihilation into ν a , ν a (light active-like neutrinos)\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν a � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν a � cos <sup>2</sup> θ � . (B2)\n10",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf",
+                "query": "What happend to the annihilation and the relic density when the DM is heavier ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "When the DM is heavier, the annihilation mode into Higgs boson pairs is opened and the relic density slightly deceases",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nequation for the number density of RH neutrino n N ;\ndn N dt  <sup>+ 3</sup> <sup>Hn</sup> <sup>N</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−⟨</sup> <sup>σv</sup> <sup>⟩</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>−</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>2</sup> EQ <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (15)\nand the Friedmann equation\nH <sup>2</sup> ≡ �  ̇ a\na � 2\n= 8 π\n3 M <sup>2</sup> P\nρ, (16)\nwith n EQ and a ( t ) being the equilibrium number density and the scale factor, under the\nradiation dominated Universe with the energy density ρ = ρ rad [14].\n5\nFig. 1 shows the relic density Ω N h <sup>2</sup> as a function of the DM mass m N for a set of\nparameters: ( v <sup>′</sup> , M h , M H , M Z ′ , sin θ ) = (4000 GeV , 120 GeV , 200 GeV , 1000 GeV , 0 . 7), for\nexample. Willkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe measured the value of DM abundance as\nΩ DM h <sup>2</sup> ≃ 0 . 1 [15]. The figure shows that a desired DM relic abundance can be obtained for\nonly near Higgs resonances, m N ≈ M h / 2 or M H / 2.\nFig. 2 shows the relic density Ω N h <sup>2</sup> as a function of the DM mass m N for a smaller Higgs\nmixing sin θ = 0 . 3 (others are the same as in Fig. 1). Compared with Fig. 1, for m N ≲ M W\nwhere the DM particles dominantly annihilate into f  <sup> ̄</sup> f , the relic density further increases\nbecause of the small mixing angle. When the DM is heavier, the annihilation mode into\nHiggs boson pairs is opened and the relic density slightly deceases, but the reduction is not",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nenough to reach Ω N h <sup>2</sup> ≃ 0 . 1.\n0.001\n0.01\n0.1\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200\nΩ\nN h 2\nm N [GeV]\nFIG. 1: The thermal relic density of RH neutrino DM as a function of its mass for a parameter\nset: ( v <sup>′</sup> , M h , M H , M Z ′ , sin θ ) = (3000 GeV , 120 GeV , 200 GeV , 1000 GeV , 0 . 7).\nOur model is quite analogous to the so-called gauge singlet scalar dark matter [16- 18].\nSome recent studies can be found in Refs. [19, 20]. In the gauge singlet scalar DM model, the\nthermal abundance is mainly controlled by the interactions between the SM Higgs boson and\nthe DM particle. In our model, B − L Higgs VEV v <sup>′</sup> can play the same role for m N < M W ,\nnamely a larger v <sup>′</sup> corresponds to weaker coupling between DM and Higgs for a fixed DM\nmass. On the other hand, for m N > M W the difference appears. Even if the annihilation\n6\n0.001\n0.01\n0.1\n1\n10\n100\n1000\n60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200\nΩ\nN h\n2\nm N [GeV]\nFIG. 2: The same as Fig. 1 but for sin θ = 0 . 3.\nmode into W -boson pair becomes kinematically available, it is not possible to obtain the\ndesired DM abundance without the Higgs resonant annihilation because the bound on v <sup>′</sup>\ngiven by Eq. (12) is stringent.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix C: Thermal averaged annihilation cross section\n\nIn partial wave expansion, the thermal averaged cross section is given by\n⟨ σv ⟩ = 1\nm <sup>2</sup> N � w ( s ) − <sup>3</sup> 2 � 2 w ( s ) − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N\ndw\nds � T\nm N ����� s =4 m <sup>2</sup> N\n(C1)\n= 6  <sup>dw</sup> ds ���� s =4 m <sup>2</sup> N\nT\nm N\n, (C2)\nwith\n4 w ( s ) ≡ � d LIPS � |M| <sup>2</sup> = <sup>1</sup> 8 π � s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> final\ns � d cos θ\n2 � |M| <sup>2</sup> , (C3)\nwhere m final is the mass of final state particle.\n[1] T. Yanagida, in Proceedings of Workshop on the Unified Theory and the Baryon Number in\nthe Universe , Tsukuba, Japan, edited by A. Sawada and A. Sugamoto (KEK, Tsukuba, 1979),\np 95; M. Gell-Mann, P. Ramond, and R. Slansky, in Supergravity , Proceedings of Workshop,\n12\nStony Brook, New York, 1979, edited by P. Van Nieuwenhuizen and D. Z. Freedman (North-\nHolland, Amsterdam, 1979), p 315; R. N. Mohapatra and G. Senjanovic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 ,\n912 (1980).\n[2] R. N. Mohapatra and R. E. Marshak, Phys. Rev. Lett. 44 , 1316 (1980) [Erratum-ibid. 44 ,\n1643 (1980)]; R. E. Marshak and R. N. Mohapatra, Phys. Lett. B 91 , 222 (1980).\n[3] S. Khalil, J. Phys. G 35 , 055001 (2008).\n[4] S. Iso, N. Okada and Y. Orikasa, Phys. Lett. B 676 , 81 (2009); Phys. Rev. D 80 , 115007\n(2009).\n[5] W. Emam and S. Khalil, Eur. Phys. J. C 522 , 625 (2007).\n[6] K. Huitu, S. Khalil, H. Okada and S. K. Rai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 181802 (2008).",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## III. RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO DARK MATTER\n\n### A. Thermal relic density\n\nThe DM RH neutrino interacts with the SM particles through couplings with B − L\ngauge and B − L Higgs bosons. Note that neutrino Dirac Yukawa interactions are absent\nbecause of the Z 2 parity. The most of annihilation of the RH neutrinos occurs via Z <sup>′</sup> , H and\nh exchange processes in the s -channel. In practice, the dominant contributions come from\nthe Higgs ( h and H ) exchange diagrams, because the Z <sup>′</sup> exchange processes are suppressed\nby the inverse square of the B − L Higgs VEV v <sup>′</sup> ≳ 3 TeV. Thus, we obtain Higgs portal DM\nof RH neutrino effectively. The relevant annihilation modes are the annihilation into f  <sup> ̄</sup> f ,\nW  <sup>+</sup> W  <sup>−</sup> , ZZ , and h ( H ) h ( H ). Since RH neutrino DM couples to only B − L Higgs Ψ while\na SM particle does to SM Higgs Φ, the DM annihilation occurs only through the mixing\nbetween these two Higgs bosons. Although it is not so severe, the precision electroweak\nmeasurements [12] as well as the unitarity bound [13] give constraints on the mixing angle\nand mass spectrum of the Higgs bosons.\nThe thermal relic abundance of DM\nΩ N h <sup>2</sup> = 1 . 1 × 10 <sup>9</sup> m N /T d √ g ∗ M P ⟨ σv ⟩ GeV <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> , (14)\nwith the Planck mass M P , the thermal averaged product of the annihilation cross section\nand the relative velocity ⟨ σv ⟩ , the total number of relativistic degrees of freedom in the\nthermal bath g ∗ , and the decoupling temperature T d , is evaluated by solving the Boltzmann",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n#### b. Annihilation into ν s , ν s (heavy sterile-like neutrinos)\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � cos <sup>2</sup> θ �\n+4 λ <sup>2</sup> N <sup>λ</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂ Ψ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂ Ψ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s <sup>)</sup> <sup>.</sup>\n(B3)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 4. Annihilation into ZZ\n|M| <sup>2</sup> = 8 λ <sup>2</sup> N � 1 4 <sup>(</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>v</sup> � 2 ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂φ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂φ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 1 + 1\n2 M <sup>4</sup> Z � s 2  <sup>−</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>2</sup> Z � 2 <sup>�</sup> . (B5)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 5. Annihilation into hh\n\n� − 4 +  <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>+</sup> <sup>A</sup>\n2 b ln ���� A + 2 b\nA − 2 b ���� � , (B9)\nwhere θ is the scattering angle in the center of mass frame. The auxiliary functions appear\nabove are defined as\nI 22 ( s ) ≡ 4 <sup>(</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>a</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>+ 4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> A <sup>2</sup> − 4 b <sup>2</sup> , (B10)\nJ 22 ( s, m h ) ≡ 1\nAb � 2 A ( A + 2 a ) − A ( s + 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>) +</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>a</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)(</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h <sup>)</sup>\n+3 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � , (B11)\nA ( s, m h ) ≡− <sup>s</sup> 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h <sup>,</sup> (B12)\nb ( s, m N , m h ) ≡ � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>.</sup> (B13)",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n#### a. Annihilation into ν a , ν a (light active-like neutrinos)\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν a � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν a � cos <sup>2</sup> θ � . (B2)\n10",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## IV. SUMMARY\nWe have proposed a scenario of the RH neutrino dark matter in the context of the minimal\ngauged U (1) B − L model. We have introduced a discrete Z 2 parity in the model, so that one\nRH neutrino assigned as Z 2 -odd can be stable and, hence, the DM candidate, while the other\ntwo RH neutrinos account for neutrino masses and mixings through the seesaw mechanism.\nNo additional degrees of freedom are necessary to be added. We have evaluated the relic\ndensity of the dark matter particle. The dominant annihilation modes are via the Higgs\nboson exchange processes in the s -channel and thus, our model can be called Higgs portal\nDM model. It has been found that the relic density consistent with the current observation\n8\ncan be achieved only when the annihilation processes are enhanced by Higgs resonances.\nTherefore, the mass of the RH neutrino DM should be around a half of Higgs boson masses.\nWe have also calculated the elastic scattering cross section between the DM particle and a\nproton and found it within the reach of future experiments for the direct DM search.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 3. Annihilation into W  <sup>+</sup> W  <sup>−</sup>\n|M| <sup>2</sup> = 8 λ <sup>2</sup> N � 1 2 <sup>g</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>v</sup> � 2 ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂φ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂φ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 1 + 1\n2 M <sup>4</sup> W � s 2  <sup>−</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>2</sup> W � 2 <sup>�</sup> . (B4)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the aim of LLM routers ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "LLM routers aim to balance quality and cost of generation by classifying queries and routing them to  a cheaper or more expensive LLM depending on their complexity. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **7 Rerouting Commercial Routers**\n\n**Martian.**  This router is supposed to let the user provide a list of models and to specify the maximum amount the user is willing to pay for a query or for 1M tokens. Unfortunately, as of November 14, 2024, the router appears to ignore the list models provided by the user, and forwards the input to the same LLM regardless of it. We tested this in settings including one, two, or multiple models. While responses do not specify which LLM was used, they were identical across settings, so we excluded Martian from our evaluation. We notified Martian about the seemingly buggy behavior.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\n(d)  *R* *LLM*\nFigure 4: Convergence of gadget generation against different routing algorithms.\n*R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM* Upgrade Strong Upgrade Strong Upgrade Strong Upgrade Strong\nMT-Bench 100  *±*  0 81  *→*  100  *±*  0 100  *±*  0 58  *→*  100  *±*  0 100  *±*  0 67  *→*  100  *±*  0 73  *±*  5 57  *→*  88  *±*  2 MMLU 90  *±*  1 43  *→*  94  *±*  1 78  *±*  4 53  *→*  90  *±*  2 100  *±*  0 47  *→*  100  *±*  0 95  *±*  1 53  *→*  98  *±*  1 GSM8K 98  *±*  0 52  *→*  99  *±*  0 100  *±*  0 54  *→*  100  *±*  0 100  *±*  0 56  *→*  100  *±*  0 94  *±*  3 53  *→*  97  *±*  1\nTable 1: The white-box attack’s rerouting success rate. “Upgrade” is the percentage of “Weak” queries successfully rerouted to the strong model by adding a confounder gadget. “Strong” shows the change in the percentage of queries that are routed to the strong LLM  *M* s before and after our rerouting attack.\nfastest (50 iterations on average),  *R* *MF*  the slowest (66 iterations on average). Interestingly, the score of *R* *SW*  does not increase much during optimization but is still sufficient for a successful attack.\nRuntime varies significantly when generating gadgets against different routing methods. On a machine with one A40 GPU, 4 CPUs, and 180G RAM, a single iteration takes 36  *.*  9 s, 8  *.*  4 s, 0  *.*  8 s, and 6  *.*  9 s for the  *R* *SW*   *, R*   *MF*   *, R*   *CLS* , and  *R* *LLM* routers, respectively. On average, it takes around 31 minutes to generate a gadget for the  *R* *SW*  router, 9 minutes for *R* *MF*  , 50s for  *R* *CLS* , and 6 minutes for  *R* *LLM* .\n**Rerouting success rates.**  Recall that our attack adds the same confounder gadget to all queries. We start by evaluating the reroute  *success rates*  : What fraction of confounded queries does the target router send to the strong model  *M* s ? We show the results for our attack in Table 1. Focusing first on the columns labeled ‘Strong’, the notation “  *X*   *→*   *Y*   *±*   *Z*  ” relays that for unmodified queries,  *X*  % are routed to the strong model  *M* s , and that for the  *n*  = 10 confounders we achieved an average of  *Y*  % of queries sent to  *M* s . The standard error is  *Z*  . Note that while calibration targets  *ε*  = 0  *.*  5 , we see some natural variance in  *X*  for the test sets.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **10 Conclusion**\n\nLLM routers balance quality and cost of LLM inference by routing different queries to different LLMs. They are an example of a broader, emerging class of systems we call “LLM control planes” that aim to achieve various quality, efficiency, and cost objectives by orchestrating use of multiple LLMs to respond to a query.\n17\nWe introduced and defined a new safety property,  *LLM control plane integrity*  . Informally, this property holds if an adversarial user cannot influence routing decisions made by the control plane. To show that existing LLM routers do not satisfy this property, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a black-box optimization method for generating query- independent “confounder gadgets.” When added to any query, the confounder gadget confuses the router into routing the query to the adversary-chosen LLM.\nWe evaluated the efficacy of confounder gadgets on multiple open-source and commercial routers and demonstrated that they successfully reroute queries without a negative impact on the quality of responses. We also discussed defenses against these attacks and indicated directions for future research.\n**Acknowledgments**\nThis research was supported in part by the Google Cyber NYC Institutional Research Program, the Israel Science Founda- tion (Grant No. 1336/22), and the European Union (ERC, FTRC, 101043243). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.\n18\n**References**\n[1] “Chatbot Arena LLM Leaderboard: [Community-driven evaluation for best LLM and AI chatbots,” https://](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/chatbot-arena-leaderboard) [huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/chatbot-arena-leaderboard, accessed: 2024-11-14.](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/chatbot-arena-leaderboard)\n[[2] “Hello gpt-4o,” https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/, published: 2024-05-23.](https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/)\n[[3] “Introducing Llama 3.1: Our most capable models to date,” https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/, published:](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/) 2024-07-23.\n[4] “Introducing Meta Llama 3: [The most capable openly available LLM to date,” https://ai.meta.com/blog/](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/) [meta-llama-3/, published: 2024-04-18.](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/)\n[[5] “Martian LLM router,” https://withmartian.com/.](https://withmartian.com/)\n[[6] “New embedding models and API updates,” https://openai.com/index/new-embedding-models-and-api-updates,](https://openai.com/index/new-embedding-models-and-api-updates) published: 2024-01-25.\n[[7] “Notdiamond LLM router,” https://www.notdiamond.ai/.](https://www.notdiamond.ai/)\n[8] “OpenAI and others seek new path to smarter AI as current meth- ods hit limitations,” [https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/](https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/openai-rivals-seek-new-path-smarter-ai-current-methods-hit-limitations-2024-11-11) [openai-rivals-seek-new-path-smarter-ai-current-methods-hit-limitations-2024-11-11, published: 2024-11-15.](https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/openai-rivals-seek-new-path-smarter-ai-current-methods-hit-limitations-2024-11-11)\n[[9] “OpenAI, Google and Anthropic are struggling to build more advanced AI,” https://www.bloomberg.com/news/](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-13/openai-google-and-anthropic-are-struggling-to-build-more-advanced-ai?sref=CrGXSfHu) [articles/2024-11-13/openai-google-and-anthropic-are-struggling-to-build-more-advanced-ai?sref=CrGXSfHu,](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-13/openai-google-and-anthropic-are-struggling-to-build-more-advanced-ai?sref=CrGXSfHu) published: 2024-11-13.\n[[10] “OpenAI shifts strategy as rate of ‘GPT’ AI improvements slows,” https://www.theinformation.com/articles/](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openai-shifts-strategy-as-rate-of-gpt-ai-improvements-slows) [openai-shifts-strategy-as-rate-of-gpt-ai-improvements-slows, published: 2024-11-9.](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openai-shifts-strategy-as-rate-of-gpt-ai-improvements-slows)\n[[11] “Openrouter LLM router,” https://openrouter.ai/.](https://openrouter.ai/)\n[[12] “Unify LLM router,” https://unify.ai/.](https://unify.ai/)\n[[13] “What is a control plane?” https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/control-plane, published: 2024-10-31.](https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/control-plane)",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **2 LLM Control Planes and Routing**\n\nNon-prescriptive routing [15, 20, 68] uses the responses from one or more underlying LLMs to determine which response to return to the user. For example, FrugalGPT [20] submits the query to a sequence of models (ordered by price) called a cascade, stopping when it obtains a response classified by the router as sufficient.\n2\nIn contrast to routers motivated by controlling costs, several LLM router designs focus solely on improving quality of responses [31, 45, 57, 58].\nThe LLM routers described thus far do not modify the queries or individual LLM responses. Other types of control planes do. Ensemble approaches such as mixture-of-expert (MoE) [29, 30, 52, 56] architectures select a subset of underlying models to apply to each token of a query and merge their responses. LLM synthesis [40] architectures operate similarly, but route the entire query to a subset of underlying LLMs and merge their responses. These approaches reduce inference costs by using fewer and/or less complex underlying models.\n**Applications of LLM routers.**  A key use case for LLM routers is to help LLM-based application reduce cost. Several commercial routers, including Unify [12], Martian [5], NotDiamond [7], and others, offer this as a service. By replacing a few lines of code, the application can send user queries to a router service, rather than directly to some LLM provider. The service selects the optimal LLM and forwards the queries. Commercial router services claim that this results in significant cost savings: up to 98% in the case of Martian [5], and 10  *×*  in the case of NotDiamond [7].",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **5 Open-Source Routers: Experimental Setup**\n\nTo evaluate efficacy of confounder gadgets generated using the method from Section 4, we perform experiments with several LLM routers. This section explains our experimental setup for the open-source routers proposed in the research literature [47]; results of this evaluation appear in Section 6. In Section 7, we discuss experiments with proprietary, commercial routers. Figure 3 shows the summary of our experimental setup.\n6\n**Routers Notation** Similarity-weighted ranking  *R* *SW* Matrix factorization  *R* *MF* BERT classifier  *R* *CLS* LLM scoring  *R* *LLM*\n**LLM pair Strong (**   *M* s **) Weak (**   *M* w **)** 1 Llama-3.1-8B 4-bit Mixtral 8x7B 2 Llama-3.1-8B Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3 3 Llama-3.1-8B Llama-2-7B-chat-hf 4 GPT-4-1106-preview 4-bit Mixtral 8x7B\n**Benchmark Description** MT-Bench [71] 160 open-ended questions MMLU [35] 14,042 multi-choice questions GSM8K [24] 1,319 grade-school math problems\nFigure 3: Summary of our setup for routers, underlying LLMs, and benchmark datasets used in the experiments.\nIn all experiments, we assume that the adversary’s goal is to reroute queries to the strong model. In Appendix E, we evaluate efficacy of the attack when the goal is to reroute to the weak model.\n**Target routers.**  We focus our evaluation on the four prescriptive routing algorithms proposed by Ong et al. [47], which provides open-source code and trained parameters, and does so for a representative variety of routing ap- proaches: similarity-based classification [41, 59], an MLP constructed via matrix factorization [59], BERT-based clas- sification [27, 53, 59], and a fine-tuned LLM.\nThe routers we evaluate were trained in a supervised fashion using a set of reference (training) queries whose performance score on each of the considered models is known. The scores were computed from a collection of human pairwise rankings of model answers for each of the queries. We note that while the routers we consider are all learned using this training set, there is no reason to believe a non-learning-based approach (e.g., rule based) to routing would be more adversarially robust.\nWe now outline the routing methods considered in this work. See Ong et al. [47] for their full implementation details.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\nLLM pair 2\nMT-Bench 8  *.*  4 8  *.*  3  *±*  0  *.*  1 MMLU 62 66  *±*  0 GSM8K 38 63  *±*  2 LLM pair 3\n\nMT-Bench 8  *.*  1 8  *.*  2  *±*  0  *.*  1 MMLU 59 66  *±*  1 GSM8K 37 64  *±*  1\n\nTable 4: Average benchmark-specific scores of responses to the original and confounded queries with Mistral-7B-Instruct- v0.3 (LLM pair 2) or Llama-2-7B-chat-hf (LLM pair 3) as the weak model, in the white-box setting. Results further emphasize that the rerouting attack improves quality of responses when there is a significant gap between the weak and strong LLMs.\nSurrogate ˆ *R* *LLM*\n|  ˆ R SW R MF R CLS R LLM  |  ˆ R MF R SW R CLS R LLM  |  ˆ R CLS R SW S F M R LLM  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| 99  ±  1 88  ±  5 45  ±  5 66  ±  5 44  ±  11 81  ±  3 99  ±  1 72  ±  11 63  ±  4 | 100  ±  0 96  ±  2 39  ±  3 82  ±  4 56  ±  7 74  ±  2 92  ±  2 88  ±  3 62  ±  4 | 100  ±  0 79  ±  9 51  ±  5 64  ±  6 16  ±  7 80  ±  5 76  ±  6 60  ±  9 65  ±  8 |\nTarget *R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS*\nMT-Bench 100  *±*  0 83  *±*  5 85  *±*  7 MMLU 53  *±*  4 20  *±*  5 46  *±*  11 GSM8K 60  *±*  8 70  *±*  7 73  *±*  10\nTable 5: Average upgrade rates for our attack in the black-box setting. This is the average percentage of queries rerouted from the weak to strong model under the target router due to a confounder gadget generated using the surrogate. The average downgrade rate (i.e., strong-to-weak rerouting) is 1  *.*  2% across all routers. Upgrade rates are lower than in the white-box setting but still high, indicating that the attack transfers.\nabnormal about the query. Intuitively, this reflects the fact that while LLMs are built to be robust to noisy inputs, the router itself is not.\nIn summary, the attack is highly successful at rerouting queries from the weak to the strong model. Overall, quality improves if there is a significant gap between the strong and weak LLMs used by the router. Either way, confounding has no negative impact on the quality of responses.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\n*-*  GSM8K: similar to MMLU except questions are math rather than multiple choice, thus we parse the answers accord- ing to the expected format.\nTable 3 shows that, according to these metrics, in most cases responses to the confounded queries are no worse, and in some cases even better, than responses to the original queries. We attribute the improvement on the GSM8K benchmark to the fact that the strong model performs significantly better than the weak model on this benchmark ( 57% vs. 33% ). On the MT-bench and MMLU benchmarks, strong and weak models have comparable performance ( 8  *.*  5 vs. 7  *.*  6 for MT-bench and 66% vs. 64% for MMLU), thus routing does not degrade quality of responses and, consequently, the attack cannot improve it.\nTo further demonstrate that the attack improves the quality of responses when there is a significant gap between the weak and strong LLMs, we perform an additional evaluation with Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3 [38] and Llama-2-7B-chat-hf [63] as the weak LLMs (LLM pairs 2 and 3). Mistral-7B achieves 7  *.*  4 , 57% , and 25% on MT-bench, MMLU, and GSM8K, respectively. Llama-2-7B achieves 6  *.*  4 , 44% , and 21% . Table 4 shows that the rerouting attack improves quality of responses when either of these LLMs is the weak model, and in particular for the weaker Llama-2-7B model.\nLLM responses are sometimes affected by the confounder gadget. In some cases, the LLM responded with, for example, “I can’t answer that question as it appears to be a jumbled mix of characters”. Still, the response continued with “However, I can help you with the actual question you’re asking,” followed by the actual answer. We observed very few cases where an LLM refused to answer due to the presence of the gadget. In most cases, the response did not mention anything\n1 Some responses had abnormally high perplexity values (  *>*  100 ), which we found do not correlate with quality, but these variations disproportionately contribute to the average. We thus filter out such high-perplexity responses as outliers in both benign and attack settings. We provide examples of filtered responses in Appendix D.\n10\n*R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM* Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf. Orig. Conf.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **7 Rerouting Commercial Routers**\n\nWe evaluate our rerouting attack on several commercial routers: Unify [12], NotDiamond [7], OpenRouter [11], and Martian [5]. These routers are available through black-box APIs. Therefore, we use our black-box attack with the 40 gadgets optimized for the open-sourced routers  *R* *SW*   *, R*   *MF*   *, R*   *CLS* , and  *R* *LLM*  ( 10 per router). We perform this evaluation using the MT-bench benchmark.\n**Unify.**  This router lets users specify a list of models from different providers and a metric configuration for routing decisions. The available metrics are quality, time to first token, inter-token latency, and cost. The user can specify the weight for each metric. Time, latency, and cost metrics are static and precomputed. The quality metric is computed for\n12\n*R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM*\nMT-Bench 100 100 100 100 MMLU 100 96 100 100\nGSM8K 100 100 100 100\nTable 8: Upgrade rates for query-specific gadgets, in the white-box setting. Results are nearly perfect, i.e. nearly all confounded queries are routed to the strong model.\nSurrogate ˆ *R* *LLM* Target  *R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS*\n|  ˆ R SW R MF R CLS R LLM  |  ˆ R MF R SW R CLS R LLM  |  ˆ R CLS R SW S F M R LLM  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| 100 83 71 96 57 89 100 68 74 | 100 83 48 95 43 83 100 73 68 | 100 73 52 74 13 83 81 65 70 |\nMT-Bench 100 67 83 MMLU 77 11 30 GSM8K 88 54 64\nTable 9: Upgrade rates for query-specific gadgets, in the black-box setting. In most cases results are better than in the query-independent setting, at the cost of a more resource intensive process.\neach query using a neural scoring function that was trained on prompts from several open datasets (e.g., Open Hermes [62]) and labeled using an LLM-as-a-judge [71].\nFor our evaluation, we configure the router to choose between GPT-4o [2] as the strong model and Mixtral 8x7B [39] as the weak model. We focus on the cost and quality metrics, and set the weight of time and latency to 0 so that they are not factored into routing decisions. We manually calibrate the weights to 1 for the quality metric and 0  *.*  02 for the cost metric. These weights result in 49% of the original, unmodified queries being routed to the strong model and 51% to the weak model, resulting in a total cost of $0  *.*  13 for the 72 MT-bench queries. Adding confounder gadgets generated for the four open-sourced evaluated routers results in upgrade rates of 79%  *,*  88%  *,*  91% , and 89% , respectively, averaged across 10 gadgets. The downgrade rate is zero in all cases. In terms of costs, the addition of the confounder gadget increased the cost to $0  *.*  22  *,*  $0  *.*  23  *,*  $0  *.*  22 , and $0  *.*  21 , respectively, averaged across 10 gadgets. In other words, the rerouting attack increased the cost of processing the queries, on average, by a factor of 1  *.*  7  *×*  .",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\n**Black-box attack results.**  Next, we consider the black-box attack, where the attacker does not know the algorithm used by the target router. We assume that the attacker has access to another, surrogate router that it can use to generate confounder gadgets. In effect, we evaluate transferability of the attack from a known, white-box router to unknown, black-box routers.\nTable 5 shows the results for all combinations of surrogate (denoted by  <sup>ˆ</sup> *R*  ) and target routers. For conciseness we focus on the upgrade and downgrade rates for the remainder of this work. Upgrade rates are lower than in the white-box setting but still high, indicating that the attack transfers. The LLM-based routing algorithm  *R* *LLM*  has the lowest rates, perhaps because it is the most complex of the four. The downgrade rate is 0 in most cases and is 1  *.*  2% on average.\nTable 6 shows that the black-box attack does not increase the average perplexity of responses as generated by LLM pair 1. Table 7 shows that the attack does not decrease benchmark-specific scores, other than some small decrease in some cases for the MMLU benchmark. For GSM8K, similar to the behaviour observed in the white-box setting, we see an improvement with our attack due to the performance difference between the strong and weak models for this task. This indicates that confounding affects only the routing, not the quality of responses. When the weak model is significantly weaker than the strong model, i.e., LLM pairs 2 and 3, the attack can improve the quality of responses significantly.\n**Query-specific gadgets.**  By default, our gadget generation method is query-independent and the same gadget can be used to reroute any query. An adversary with more resources may instead generate a dedicated gadget for each query (using the same algorithm).\nTable 8 and Table 9 show the results for the white-box and black-box settings, respectively. (Here, percentage numbers are not averaged and there is no standard error since we used a single gadget per query.) The white-box results are nearly perfect; the black-box results are often better but sometimes somewhat worse than those for query-independent gadgets. We conjecture that this is due to some level of overfitting.\n11\nSurrogate ˆ *R* *SW* ˆ *R* *MF* ˆ *R* *CLS* ˆ *R* *LLM* Target  *R* *MF* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM* *R* *SW* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM* *R* *SW* *S* *F M* *R* *LLM* *R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS*",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **5 Open-Source Routers: Experimental Setup**\n\nTo allow our evaluation to scale, we use as the strong model  *M* s the open-sourced Llama-3.1-8B [3] and as *M* w the 4-bit quantized version of Mixtral 8x7B (for efficiency reasons). This reduced the cost of our experiments by avoiding expensive GPT API calls and lowering the computational costs of Mixtral. Unless mentioned otherwise, all of our results\n7\nwill be evaluated with respect to this pair, which we refer to as LLM pair 1. We performed more limited experiments with the original strong, weak model pair (LLM pair 4) and had similar success in rerouting.\nWe additionally performed experiments with two further weaker models, in order to better evaluate the case where weak models produce much lower-quality responses for queries (compared to the strong model). In particular, we define LLM pair 2 as the strong model plus Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3 [38] and LLM pair 3 as the strong model plus Llama-2-7B-chat- hf [63]. The weaker models in pairs 2 and 3 were chosen to represent smaller (Mistral 7B) and older-generation (Llama-2) models: according to the Chatbot Arena LLM ranking leaderboard [1, 21], Llama-3.1-8B is ranked in the 58th place, Mixtral 8x7B at the 88th place, Mistral-7B at the 108th place, and Llama-2-7B at the 125th place.\nThe LLM strong-weak pairs with which we performed experiments are summarized in Figure 3.\n**Evaluation datasets.**  We will evaluate our attacks using three standard LLM benchmarks as workloads: MT-Bench [71], a dataset of 160 open-ended questions, MMLU [35], a dataset of 14,042 multi-choice questions, and GSM8K [24], a dataset of 1,319 grade-school math problems. Note that Ong et al. [47] flagged that some data points are “contaminated”, i.e., they are too similar to the ones used in their training of the routers. We use these datasets without these contaminated elements, resulting in 72 MT-bench queries, 14,037 MMLU queries, and 1,307 GSM8K queries.\nFor MMLU and GSM8K, we will require that the LLMs respond in a predefined format so we can parse and compare the responses to ground-truth answers. To facilitate this, we prepended formatting instructions to the query, inserted as a prefix before the gadget in the case of confounded queries. In other words, a confounded query ends up defined as",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf",
+                "query": "What is an LLM control plane ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": " An LLM control plane Rω is a potentially randomized algorithm.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **3 LLM Control Plane Integrity**\n\nIn this section, we define  *LLM control plane integrity*  . Informally, it means that decisions made about underlying LLM queries made by the control plane algorithms cannot be subverted by adversarial queries. Looking ahead, we will focus on one class of control plane: predictive LLM routing as used to manage cost.\n**Formalizing control planes.**  An LLM control plane  *R* *ω*  is a potentially randomized algorithm. It is parameterized by a string  *ω*  , called the parameters. It utilizes some number  *n*  of LLMs denoted by  *M*  . We will mostly focus on the case of  *n*  = 2 , and, for reasons that will be clear in a moment, use  *M* s (“strong”) and *M* w (“weak”) to denote the two underlying LLMs. Then inference on an input  *x*   *∈X*  for some set  *X*  of allowed queries is performed by computing a response via  *y*   *←*  <sup>$</sup>  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>. Here we use</sup>  *<sup>←</sup>*  <sup>$</sup> <sup>to denote running</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>with fresh random coins; we use</sup>  *<sup>←</sup>*  <sup>when</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>is</sup> deterministic. We focus on inference for a single query, but it is straightforward to extend our abstraction for control planes to include sessions: the controller would maintain state across invocations, potentially adapting its behavior as a function of a sequence of queries and responses.\nLLM control planes should, in general, be relatively computationally lightweight, at least compared to the underlying LLMs. This is particularly so in the cost-motivated usage of control planes, as a computationally or financially expensive control plane would eat into cost savings incurred by utilizing cheaper underlying LLMs for some queries. For example, predictive binary routers use relatively simple classifiers to determine which of  *M* s or *M* w should be used to respond to a query.\n**Inference flow.**  Given a set of LLMs  *M*  , a control plane  *R* *ω* , and an input  *x*  , an LLM inference flow is the sequence of LLM invocations  *M* *i* *j* (  *z* *j* ) for 1  *≤*   *j*   *≤*   *m*  and  *i* *j*   *∈{* w  *,*  s  *}*  made when executing  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>. Here</sup>  *<sup>m</sup>*  <sup>is the total number of</sup> LLM invocations, and  *z* 1 *, . . . , z* *m*  are the queries made to the underlying LLMs. Should *R*  be randomized, the sequence and its length are random variables. An inference flow can be written as a transcript",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **3 LLM Control Plane Integrity**\n\n**Control plane integrity.**  A  *control plane integrity adversary*  is a randomized algorithm  *A*  that seeks to maliciously guide inference flow.\nIn an unconstrained LLM control plane integrity attack, the adversary  *A*  seeks to generate inputs  *⃗x*  =  *⃗x* 1 *, . . . , ⃗x* *q*  such that running  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>⃗x</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>generates a transcript for which</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>((</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*  <sup>1</sup>  *<sup>, i</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>, . . . ,</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*   *<sup>q</sup>*   *<sup>, i</sup>*   *<sup>q</sup>*  <sup>)) = 0</sup> <sup>. This attack could be launched by an</sup> adversary who wants to maximize inference costs for a victim application using an LLM router.\nA harder setting requires input adaptation, where the adversary is given inputs  *x* 1 *, . . . , x* *q*  and it must find new inputs ˆ  *x* 1 *, . . . ,*  ˆ  *x* *q*  for which the transcript resulting from *P*  ((ˆ  *x* 1 *, i* 1 )  *, . . . ,*  (ˆ  *x* *q* *, i* *q* )) = 0 . There will be some competing constraint,\nsuch as that  *x* *j*  and ˆ  *x* *j*  are very similar for each *j*  , or that the outputs  *y* *j*   *←*  <sup>$</sup>  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>and</sup> <sup>ˆ</sup>  *<sup>y</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*    *<sup>←</sup>*  <sup>$</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(ˆ</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>are close. In the</sup> routing context, the adversary’s goal is to increase the fraction of queries that get routed to the strong model, in order to improve the overall quality of responses, drive up the victim application’s inference costs, or both.\n**Relationship to evasion attacks.**  Evasion attacks [25, 43, 60] against an inference system (also called adversarial exam- ples [32, 48, 49]) would, in our setting, seek to find a small modification ∆ to an input  *x*  such that  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*  <sup>+ ∆)</sup>  *<sup≯</sup>*  <sup>=</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>x</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> where addition is appropriately defined based on input type (e.g., slight changes to text).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **3 LLM Control Plane Integrity**\n\n*T*  = (  *i* 1 *, z* 1 )  *,*  (  *i* 2 *, z* 2 )  *, . . . ,*  (  *i* *m* *, z* *m* )\nof pairs of model indexes  *i* *j*   *∈{* w  *,*  s  *}*  and model inputs  *z* *j* . Note that for simplicity we ignore the potential for paral- lelization, assuming execution proceeds serially. For binary routers, we have  *m*  = 1 and  *T*   *∈{*  ( w  *, x*  )  *,*  ( s  *, x*  )  *}*  . We write submitting a sequence of inferences  *⃗x*  =  *⃗x* 1 *, . . . , ⃗x* *q*  to a control plane as\n*R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>⃗x</sup>*  <sup>) = (</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>⃗x</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>, . . . , R</sup>*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>⃗x</sup>*   *<sup>q</sup>*  <sup>))</sup>\nwhere note that each invocation could result in multiple underlying LLM invocations. In the binary router case, however, each invocation results in a single LLM invocation.\nAn  *inference flow policy*  dictates the control plane designer’s intention regarding use of the underlying models. For example, an application may want to ensure that only a small fraction of queries go to the expensive model  *M* s . We can define this as a predicate over a sequence of transcripts. In our binary router example, the policy can be more simply defined as a predicate  *P*  over (input, model) pairs (  *⃗x* 1 *, i* 1 )  *, . . . ,*  (  *⃗x* *q* *, i* *q* ) since this fully defines the sequence of transcripts. For example, a policy might specify that the strong model is used in at most an  *ε*  fraction of inferences:\n*P*  ((  *⃗x* 1 *, i* 1 )  *, . . . ,*  (  *⃗x* *q* *, i* *q* )) =  \n*q* � *j*  =1\nI (  *i* *j* )\n*q* *≤*   *ε*  \n3\nwhere I (  *i* *j* ) = 1 if  *i* *j*  = s and I (  *i* *j* ) = 0 if  *i* *j*  = w . In other words, the predicate is that the fraction of queries routed to the strong model is bounded by  *ε*  .",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **3 LLM Control Plane Integrity**\n\nWe now discuss adversarial capabilities. We assume that our victim application’s prompt includes a substring that can be controlled by the adversary. This represents many real-world apps such as chatbots, coding assistants, writing assistants, and others, that insert user inputs into an LLM prompt. In crafting adversarial portions of prompts, an adversary may have various levels of knowledge about the victim application’s router. We consider the following knowledge settings:\n*-*   *White-box setting*  : The adversary knows the control plane algorithm and its parameters  *ω*  .\n*-*   *Black-box (transfer) setting*  : The adversary does not know the control plane algorithm  *R*  and  *ω*  for the target model, but knows instead another control plane algorithm  *R*   *<sup>′</sup>* *ω*   *<sup>′</sup>*  <sup>and its parameters. We refer to</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*   *<sup>′</sup>* *ω*   *<sup>′</sup>*  <sup>as the</sup>  *<sup>surrogate</sup>*  <sup>. For</sup> example, this could arise if an adversary trains their own router using available data. In this setting our attacks are also  *zero-shot*  in that they do not require any interaction with the target control plane before the query that is being rerouted.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **10 Conclusion**\n\nLLM routers balance quality and cost of LLM inference by routing different queries to different LLMs. They are an example of a broader, emerging class of systems we call “LLM control planes” that aim to achieve various quality, efficiency, and cost objectives by orchestrating use of multiple LLMs to respond to a query.\n17\nWe introduced and defined a new safety property,  *LLM control plane integrity*  . Informally, this property holds if an adversarial user cannot influence routing decisions made by the control plane. To show that existing LLM routers do not satisfy this property, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a black-box optimization method for generating query- independent “confounder gadgets.” When added to any query, the confounder gadget confuses the router into routing the query to the adversary-chosen LLM.\nWe evaluated the efficacy of confounder gadgets on multiple open-source and commercial routers and demonstrated that they successfully reroute queries without a negative impact on the quality of responses. We also discussed defenses against these attacks and indicated directions for future research.\n**Acknowledgments**\nThis research was supported in part by the Google Cyber NYC Institutional Research Program, the Israel Science Founda- tion (Grant No. 1336/22), and the European Union (ERC, FTRC, 101043243). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.\n18\n**References**\n[1] “Chatbot Arena LLM Leaderboard: [Community-driven evaluation for best LLM and AI chatbots,” https://](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/chatbot-arena-leaderboard) [huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/chatbot-arena-leaderboard, accessed: 2024-11-14.](https://huggingface.co/spaces/lmarena-ai/chatbot-arena-leaderboard)\n[[2] “Hello gpt-4o,” https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/, published: 2024-05-23.](https://openai.com/index/hello-gpt-4o/)\n[[3] “Introducing Llama 3.1: Our most capable models to date,” https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/, published:](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-1/) 2024-07-23.\n[4] “Introducing Meta Llama 3: [The most capable openly available LLM to date,” https://ai.meta.com/blog/](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/) [meta-llama-3/, published: 2024-04-18.](https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3/)\n[[5] “Martian LLM router,” https://withmartian.com/.](https://withmartian.com/)\n[[6] “New embedding models and API updates,” https://openai.com/index/new-embedding-models-and-api-updates,](https://openai.com/index/new-embedding-models-and-api-updates) published: 2024-01-25.\n[[7] “Notdiamond LLM router,” https://www.notdiamond.ai/.](https://www.notdiamond.ai/)\n[8] “OpenAI and others seek new path to smarter AI as current meth- ods hit limitations,” [https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/](https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/openai-rivals-seek-new-path-smarter-ai-current-methods-hit-limitations-2024-11-11) [openai-rivals-seek-new-path-smarter-ai-current-methods-hit-limitations-2024-11-11, published: 2024-11-15.](https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/openai-rivals-seek-new-path-smarter-ai-current-methods-hit-limitations-2024-11-11)\n[[9] “OpenAI, Google and Anthropic are struggling to build more advanced AI,” https://www.bloomberg.com/news/](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-13/openai-google-and-anthropic-are-struggling-to-build-more-advanced-ai?sref=CrGXSfHu) [articles/2024-11-13/openai-google-and-anthropic-are-struggling-to-build-more-advanced-ai?sref=CrGXSfHu,](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-11-13/openai-google-and-anthropic-are-struggling-to-build-more-advanced-ai?sref=CrGXSfHu) published: 2024-11-13.\n[[10] “OpenAI shifts strategy as rate of ‘GPT’ AI improvements slows,” https://www.theinformation.com/articles/](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openai-shifts-strategy-as-rate-of-gpt-ai-improvements-slows) [openai-shifts-strategy-as-rate-of-gpt-ai-improvements-slows, published: 2024-11-9.](https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openai-shifts-strategy-as-rate-of-gpt-ai-improvements-slows)\n[[11] “Openrouter LLM router,” https://openrouter.ai/.](https://openrouter.ai/)\n[[12] “Unify LLM router,” https://unify.ai/.](https://unify.ai/)\n[[13] “What is a control plane?” https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/control-plane, published: 2024-10-31.](https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/control-plane)",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **3 LLM Control Plane Integrity**\n\nOur attack setting is not the same. The control plane integrity adversary seeks to maliciously control the inference  *flow*  , not necessarily the  *output*  of inference. In an unconstrained attack, the adversary does not care what outputs are generated. In the input adaptation attack, the adversary seeks to craft inputs that modify the inference flow yet do  *not*  change the responses of the strong underlying LLM to the extent possible. Looking ahead, we will use evasion techniques in our adaptation attacks against learned control plane routers, but, importantly, not the overall inference.\nIn the other direction, undermining LLM control plane integrity could be a stepping stone toward evasion attacks. For example, if  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>is used to classify malicious content by combining LLMs each tuned to different types of harm categories,</sup> then modifying inputs to force inference flows away from appropriate models could aid evasion. We leave evaluation of how control-plane integrity attacks can enable evasion to future work.\n**Threat models.**  Within the context of control plane integrity attacks against LLM routers, we identify several threat models that differ in terms of the adversary’s goals and their knowledge about the target control plane  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>.</sup>\nIn terms of goals, an adversary may seek to  *inflate the costs*  of a victim application that utilizes an LLM control plane. As a kind of denial-of-service attack, such cost inflation would penalize the application developer who expects routing to control costs. Another adversarial goal could be  *arbitrage*  : consider an application that charges  *X*  dollars per query, whereas directly using  *M* s costs *Y > X*  . The application’s lower rate  *X*  makes economic sense assuming it uses a router to route the bulk of queries to a cheaper model  *M* w . An input adaptation attack in this setting can gain (indirect) access to\n*M* s , obtaining an arbitrage advantage of  *Y*   *−*   *X*  per query. To be effective, this arbitrage adversary would want to ensure that adaptations do not lower response quality (i.e., it extracts all the value out of rerouting to  *M* s ). As before, the victim in this case is the application that relies on routing to lower its costs (unsuccessfully, under this attack).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **2 LLM Control Planes and Routing**\n\nInference using large language models (LLMs) is traditionally monolithic: a single model is applied to an input or se- quence of inputs. This methodology can be sub-optimal for various reasons. State-of-the-art models are often expensive, with API access to LLMs costing as much as several dollars for each query. Elsewhere, distinct LLMs may excel at dif- ferent tasks, and selectively using them may improve overall quality on a diverse workload. Finally, combining multiple LLMs, even all trained for similar tasks, may become increasingly prevalent as performance improvements of individual LLMs plateaus [8- 10].\nResearchers and practitioners are therefore now developing inference architectures that use multiple LLMs to answer queries. These LLMs are orchestrated by what we call an  *LLM control plane*  (borrowing the terminology from network- ing [13]). The control plane may route queries or parts of queries to different LLMs, derive new strings to query to underlying LLMs, combine answers from underlying LLMs, and more.\n**LLM routers.**  A prominent example of this emerging class of LLM control planes are  *LLM routers*  [27, 41, 47, 53, 59]. LLM routers decide which of the two (or, sometimes, more) LLMs to use to answer a query. In prescriptive routing, the router applies some lightweight classifier to the input query that determines which underlying LLM to utilize for a response. The classifier is itself a learned function that scores the complexity of the query. Deployments can then configure a score threshold for when to route a query to the more expensive LLM. This threshold can be tuned using representative workloads to achieve a desired cost-performance trade-off. Figure 1 shows the basic workflow of binary LLM routers.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **9 Related Work**\n\n**Evasion attacks against ML systems.**  A large body of work has investigated evasion attacks against ML systems [25, 43, 60], also referred to as adversarial examples [32, 48, 49], and these attacks are now being explored in the context of multi-modal LLMs [28] as well as text-only LLMs (for just one example, see [22]). We discussed in Section 3 how our results compare: LLM control plane integrity is a distinct AI safety issue, but related in that: (1) control plane integrity attacks may use evasion-style techniques, and (2) control plane integrity attacks might be useful for performing evasion.\n**Prompt injection against LLMs.**  Prompt injection is a class of attacks against LLMs in which the adversary manipulates the prompt, i.e., the textual input fed directly to the LLM, causing the LLM to generate outputs that satisfy some adver- sarial objective [50, 64]. Evasion attacks as discussed above can use prompt injection, jailbreaking attacks being a widely explored example in which the adversary aims to bypass some safety guardrail included in the LLM system, such as “do not output expletives” [23, 42, 54, 66, 72, 73].\nPrompt injection is also used for extraction attacks that aim to infer some information from or about the model, for example, the system prompt [50, 54, 70], training data samples [46], or model parameters [18]. In indirect prompt injection attacks [33], the adversaries do not directly interact with the target LLM, and instead inject adversarial inputs into third- party data, which is then added to the LLM prompt (intentionally or unintentionally) by the victim application and/or its users. This relates to another category of attacks that target LLM-based applications, such as RAG systems, and invalidate their integrity by exploiting the weaknesses of the underlying LLM [19, 55].",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **2 LLM Control Planes and Routing**\n\nNon-prescriptive routing [15, 20, 68] uses the responses from one or more underlying LLMs to determine which response to return to the user. For example, FrugalGPT [20] submits the query to a sequence of models (ordered by price) called a cascade, stopping when it obtains a response classified by the router as sufficient.\n2\nIn contrast to routers motivated by controlling costs, several LLM router designs focus solely on improving quality of responses [31, 45, 57, 58].\nThe LLM routers described thus far do not modify the queries or individual LLM responses. Other types of control planes do. Ensemble approaches such as mixture-of-expert (MoE) [29, 30, 52, 56] architectures select a subset of underlying models to apply to each token of a query and merge their responses. LLM synthesis [40] architectures operate similarly, but route the entire query to a subset of underlying LLMs and merge their responses. These approaches reduce inference costs by using fewer and/or less complex underlying models.\n**Applications of LLM routers.**  A key use case for LLM routers is to help LLM-based application reduce cost. Several commercial routers, including Unify [12], Martian [5], NotDiamond [7], and others, offer this as a service. By replacing a few lines of code, the application can send user queries to a router service, rather than directly to some LLM provider. The service selects the optimal LLM and forwards the queries. Commercial router services claim that this results in significant cost savings: up to 98% in the case of Martian [5], and 10  *×*  in the case of NotDiamond [7].",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **9 Related Work**\n\nOur attacks also modify queries, but with a different aim than the above types of attacks: undermining the integrity of the control plane routing, rather than the LLM itself. Future work might investigate indirect control plane integrity attacks that, analogously to indirect prompt injection, serve to somehow trick users of a routing system into forming control- plane-confounding queries.\n**Attacks against MoE.**  Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures enable using multiple expert modules for processing a given query with a lower computational cost by including an inner routing mechanism that in every layer routes different tokens to a small number of experts [29, 30, 52, 56]. This can be thought of as an internal router within a single LLM, rather than an external control plane that orchestrates multiple LLMs. MoE has increased in popularity as it allows to build larger models at a fixed compute budget—not all parameters are used at the same time.\nHayes et al. [34] identified a vulnerability in MoE that can be exploited for a denial-of-service attack against MoE. Thus control plane integrity issues appear to extend to the context of single-LLM MoE systems, and future work could explore this connection further.\nYona et al. [67] presented a side-channel attack on MoE that enables an attacker to reveal other users’ prompts. We expect that side-channel attacks against LLM control planes exist as well, for example, to infer which models are used via timing of responses. Such attacks, which target confidentiality, are outside the scope of control plane integrity.",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf",
+                "query": "What is a confounder gadget ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": " Given a query xi, we prepend a confounder gadget ci, which is a  short sequence of adversarially chosen tokens.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **4 Confounding Control Planes with Gadgets**\n\n**Query-independent confounders.**  One downside of the per-query approach is that the adversary must repeat, for each query, the search for a good confounder. In practice, the adversary might prefer a  *query-independent*  attack. Our con- founder gadget approach extends to this setting readily: perform the search routine above for an empty query. In other words, just ignore  *x* *i*  in the query-dependent attack above, replacing *S* *θ* (  *c*   *∥*   *x* *i* ) in Eq. 1 with  *S* *θ* (  *c*  ) . This finds a sin- gle query-independent confounder  *c*  that can be prefixed to all queries, i.e., ˆ  *x* *i*  = *c*   *∥*   *x* *i* . We will show that this works surprisingly well.\nIt is tempting to assume the reason a query-independent confounder works well is that a good scoring function should be roughly monotonic in query extensions, i.e., one might expect that  *S* *θ* (  *c*   *∥*   *x*  )  *≥*   *S* *θ* (  *c*  ) for almost any suffix  *x*  . This intuition is not correct. In our experiments, we found that  *S* *θ* (  *c*   *∥*   *x*  )  *< S* *θ* (  *c*  ) for many  *x*  and some of the routers discussed below. Nevertheless, by ensuring that  *S* *θ* (  *c*  ) is pretty high (set the number of iterations  *T*  higher) the resulting query-independent confounder works well. That is, we at least get that  *S* *θ* (  *c*   *∥*   *x*  )  *> S* *θ* (  *x*  ) .\n**The black-box setting: confounders that transfer.**  Finally, the attacks so far are in the white-box setting, where the attacker can optimize directly against  *S* *θ* . While in some cases routing control planes will be public knowledge, in others, including the proprietary control planes we explore in Section 7, they are hidden. This gives rise to the black-box setting. While an attacker might seek to perform model extraction attacks [43, 65] to learn  *θ*  , we instead explore attacks that transfer from one router to another.\nIn more detail, we assume the adversary has access to a router  *R*   *<sup>′</sup>* *ω*   *<sup>′</sup>*  <sup>, called the</sup>  *<sup>surrogate</sup>*  <sup>, that is trained on data similar to</sup> that used for the target router. Then the attack is the same as above, except that we use the surrogate’s scoring function *S*   *<sup>′</sup>* *θ*   *<sup>′</sup>*  <sup>instead of the target’s</sup>  *<sup>S</sup>*   *<sup>θ</sup>*  <sup>. Again, we will see that this works surprisingly well: the query-independent confounders</sup> found for the surrogate transfer to successfully reroute queries against the target router.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **4 Confounding Control Planes with Gadgets**\n\n**Putting it all together.**  In summary, our methodology for input adaptation attacks is:\n(1) (Preprocessing) Develop a single query-independent confounder gadget  *c*  , using either the target router or surrogate to score the confounder.\n(2) (Input adaptation) For each query  *x* *i* , submit ˆ  *x* *i*  = *c*   *∥*   *x* *i*  instead to obtain a response ˆ  *y* *i* .\nThe confounder is applied to all queries, i.e., the adversary does not need to guess whether the original query would have been routed to the weak or strong model. In the rest of the paper, we demonstrate the confounders rarely result in “downgrades,” i.e., rerouting of queries from the strong to weak model.\nWe have experimented with variations of this approach that don’t work quite as well, for example adding  *c*  as a suffix instead of a prefix. See Appendix B for details.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **4 Confounding Control Planes with Gadgets**\n\nThen, we perform a hill-climbing style approach to find a good confounder for  *x* *i* . For each iteration  *t*   *∈*  [  *T*  ] , where  *T*  is the total number of iterations, do the following:\n(1) Select a target index  *j*   *∈*  [1  *, n*  ] uniformly.\n(2) Generate a set  *B*  of  *B*  + 1 candidates. First set  ̃  *c* 0 = *c*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *i*   <sup>, the current confounder. To generate</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>additional</sup> candidates, select replacement tokens from  *I*  uniformly, forming the set  *{*   *t* *b*   *←I}*   *<sup>B</sup>* *b*  =1 <sup>. Replace the</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>th</sup> <sup>token in the</sup> current confounder  ̃  *c* 0 with *t* *b* :\n ̃  *c* *b*  = [ *c*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *i,*  1  *<sup>, . . . , c</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *i,j*   *−*  1  *<sup>, t</sup>*   *<sup>b</sup>*   *<sup>, c</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *i,j*  +1  *<sup>, . . . , c</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *i,n*  <sup>]</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>*\n5\nLet  *B*  =  *{*   ̃  *c* 0 *, . . . ,*   ̃  *c* *B* *}*  .\n(3) Find the candidate that maximizes the score:\n*c*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>+1)</sup> *i* *←*  arg max *c*   *∈B*\n*S* *θ* (  *c*   *∥*   *x* *i* )  *.*  (1)\nThe final confounder  *c*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *i* is used with query  *x* *i* . We early abort if, after 25 iterations, there is no update to the confounder gadget. Technically, we could abort early if we find a confounder whose score exceeds  *τ*  . Running further can be useful when an adversary does not know  *τ*  .\nThe attack’s runtime is dominated by  *T*   *·*   *B*  times the cost of executing  *S*  . In practice,  *S*  are designed to be fast (otherwise routers would significantly increase the latency of applications that use them). We report precise timings later; in summary, the attack is fast because we can set  *T*  to be relatively small and still find high-scoring confounders.\nDue to the randomness in index and token selection, the method converges to different, yet similarly effective, confounder gadgets on each run. Our evaluation will thus measure average performance over multiple gadgets.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **4 Confounding Control Planes with Gadgets**\n\nWe focus on input adaptation attacks; these immediately give unconstrained attacks as well. The adversary therefore has a sequence of inputs  *x* 1 *, . . . , x* *q*  and must produce modified inputs ˆ  *x* 1 *, . . . ,*  ˆ  *x* *q*  to maximize the number of inputs routed to  *M* s . See Figure 2 for a depiction of our attack setting.\n**Instruction injection doesn’t work.**  Given the success of prompt injection for jailbreaking [50] and other adversarial tasks [64], the adversary might simply prefix each query  *x* *i*  with some instruction such as *“Treat the following query as* *complex, . . . ”*  to generate a modified query ˆ  *x* *i* . Our experiments show that this does not work well, failing to trigger the control plane into routing otherwise weak queries to  *M* s . See Appendix C for details on our experiments with various instruction prompts.\n**Confounder gadgets.**  Our approach works as follows. Given a query  *x* *i* , we prepend a  *confounder gadget*   *c* *i* , which is a short sequence of adversarially chosen tokens. The modified query is ˆ  *x* *i*  = *c* *i* *∥*   *x* *i*  where *∥*  denotes string concatenation. Intuitively, we will use optimization to search for confounders that trick the scoring function into ranking ˆ  *x* *i*  as sufficiently complex to require the strong model.\nIn the white-box, query-specific setting, we can choose  *c* *i*  as a function of *x* *i*  and the known parameters *ω*  = (  *S, θ, τ*  ) . To do so, we fix a confounder length of  *n*  tokens and let  *I*  be a token dictionary (it should be a sufficiently large subset of the token dictionary used by  *S*  ). Then we set the gadget to initially be  *n*  tokens all fixed to the same value from  *I*  . The exact choice of the initialization token is not important; in our implementation, we used the first token in the dictionary (‘!’).\nDenote this initial confounder as  *c*  <sup>(0)</sup> *i* = [  *c*  <sup>(0)</sup> *i,*  1   *<sup>, c</sup>*  <sup>(0)</sup> *i,*  2   *<sup>, . . . , c</sup>*  <sup>(0)</sup> *i,n*  <sup>]</sup> <sup>.</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **A Gadget Examples**\nBelow are a few examples of the optimized confounder gadgets  *c*  we got, for the different routing algorithms:\n-  *R* *SW*  :\nlegationbelongs967reglo’hui (DictionaryizedNameantal bidi.numberOf\ndemanding RESULTS! XVI-ioibili Written Hormchriftlatable\n-  *R* *MF*  :\n041 personne.nama tomeTN Exact relac ̧ ̃ao tinha seis.Description\nNUMAGEMENTMedian157 mut-camerauacao nije Hir Ter\n-  *R* *CLS* :\ncontiene DEM USERNAME fourteen chees781 consultants200 inici DOJ\n571: Ord:nth Norwegian Mercer docs Abr226 METADATA\n-  *R* *LLM* :\ndated:frameifyumi345 Kurdasciiuzeiphertext\nMidnightexecution431!784 below1 unwrap : / n / n",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **E Rerouting to the Weak Model**\nIn this section we evaluate the generality of our attack and show that generation of confounder gadgets can be optimized for the opposite objective from what we consider so far: reroute queries to the weak model. For this, we repeat the same optimization process as in Section 4 but  *minimize*  the router’s score. Table 16 shows the upgrade and downgrade rates for this variant of the attack, in the white-box setting. In most cases we see a significant downgrade rate and a minimal upgrade rate, meaning that most of the modified queries were routed to the weak model. One notable exception is the LLM-based router  *R* *LLM* , for which the attack does not work well. Future work will be needed to explore improving confounder generation for this setting further.\n25",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **C Optimization-Free Gadget Generation**\n\nWe evaluate optimization-free alternatives to our black-box optimization method for generating confounder gadgets.\n**Fixed gadget.**  A simple way to create a gadget without resorting to optimization is to repeat  *n*  tokens. We use ! as the initialization token, so the gadget in this case is !!!!!!!!!! . Another possibility is to select  *n*  tokens uniformly at random. Table 14 shows the upgrade rates for both options, were in the latter setting we repeat the process 10 times and report the average result and the standard error. While they are non-negligible, especially for the randomly sampled gadgets, they significantly underperform the upgrade rates reported in Table 1 for optimized gadgets.\n**Instruction injection.**  Prompt injection is a known attack on LLMs [50, 64], thus we consider a gadget consisting of a direct instruction to the router to treat the query as a complex one and obtain a high-quality response.\nWe evaluated 4 differently phrased instructions: two created manually and two generated by, respectively, Gemini [61] and GPT-4o [2], denoted as “ours-1”, “ours-2”, “Gemini”, and “GPT”.\nTable 15 reports the results. This method works well in a few cases but poorly in most. This highlights the difference between attacking LLMs and attacking LLM routers.",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\nMT-Bench 0  *.*  8  *−*  0  *.*  6 0  *.*  0 MMLU 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  2 0  *.*  9\n\nGSM8K 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  3 1  *.*  7\nTable 6: Differences between average perplexity of responses to the original and confounded queries, in the black-box setting, when the confounder gadget was generated for a different surrogate router than the target, for LLM pair 1. Positive values indicate a lower average perplexity (more natural) of responses to the confounded queries; higher values are better for the attacker. Standard errors were omitted for readability but are 0  *.*  2 on average. As in the white-box setting, the attack does not increase the average response perplexity.\nSurrogate ˆ *R* *LLM* Target  *R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS*\n\nLLM pair 1\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  1  *−*  0  *.*  2 MMLU 2  *.*  6  *−*  0  *.*  9 0  *.*  3 GSM8K 13  *.*  6 11  *.*  3 10  *.*  4\n\nLLM pair 2\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  2 MMLU 5  *.*  2  *−*  0  *.*  9 3  *.*  8 GSM8K 11  *.*  3 8  *.*  4 10  *.*  8\n\nLLM pair 3\nMT-Bench  *−*  0  *.*  1 0  *.*  1  *−*  0  *.*  1 MMLU 7  *.*  8 0  *.*  1 7  *.*  2 GSM8K 16  *.*  7 15  *.*  2 14  *.*  2\n\nTable 7: Differences between average benchmark specific scores of responses to the original and confounded queries, when the confounder gadget was generated for a different surrogate router than the target (black-box setting) for three LLM pairs. Positive values indicate a higher average score for responses to the confounded queries; higher values are better for the attacker. Results are averaged across gadgets. Standard errors were omitted for readability and are on average 0  *.*  1  *,*  0  *.*  8 , and 1  *.*  8 for MT-bench, MMLU and GSM8K, respectively. Aligned with the white-box setting, results show almost no decrease in performance, and improvement when there is a performance gap for the LLM pair.\n**Results for LLM pair 4.**  As discussed in Section 5, we replace the strong model that was used by Ong et al. [47], GPT-4- 1106-preview (rank 28 in the Chatbot Arena leaderboard [1, 21]), with the open-sourced Llama-3.1-8B (rank 58) to reduce the costs of our extensive set of evaluations. In this section we perform a smaller-scale evaluation of the quality-enhancing attack performance when using GPT as the strong model, i.e., LLM pair 4. We evaluate this setting using three of the *n*  = 10 confounder gadgets for each router.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **6 Rerouting Open-Source Routers**\n\nTo breakdown success further, we additionally report the  *upgrade rate*  , which focuses on the percentage of queries that were (a) originally routed to the weak model, and (b) routed to the strong model after they were modified with the confounder gadget. Because in our attacks few queries get “downgraded” (confounders cause them to be rerouted to the weak model instead of strong), the upgrade rate dictates the success rate.\nAs can be seen, the gadgets reroute almost all weak queries to the strong model. In most cases we see 100% success, or close to it. The worst case still achieves 88% rerouting success, boosting the fraction of queries sent to the strong LLM by 1.5x. Rerouting fails only for some queries that even after confounding are sent to the weak model: the fixed gadget did not sufficiently increase the router’s estimate of those queries’ complexity. This is the only source of error for the attack: *no*  queries in these experiments got “downgraded”, i.e., a query that would otherwise be sent to  *M* s ends up rerouted to *M* w . This also means that adding the confounder to every single query does not have negative impact on rerouting efficacy. We report standard error values for both the upgrade rates and the total percentage of queries routed to the strong model. The maximal standard error is in the low single digits, indicating similar success rates across gadgets.\n**Quality of attack responses.**  We now turn to evaluating the quality of the responses generated by the attack. Note that because we have calibrated the routers to target  *ε*  = 0  *.*  5 , our attacks can improve response quality by rerouting to the stronger model. In the other direction, our attacks add confounder gadgets which might degrade response quality.\n9\n*R* *SW* *R* *MF* *R* *CLS* *R* *LLM* Original Confounded Original Confounded Original Confounded Original Confounded\nMT-Bench 13  *.*  8 12  *.*  3  *±*  0  *.*  2 12  *.*  6 12  *.*  3  *±*  0  *.*  2 13  *.*  1 12  *.*  1  *±*  0  *.*  2 12  *.*  7 12  *.*  7  *±*  0  *.*  4 MMLU 20  *.*  4 20  *.*  1  *±*  0  *.*  1 20  *.*  0 20  *.*  3  *±*  0  *.*  1 20  *.*  2 20  *.*  5  *±*  0  *.*  1 21  *.*  0 19  *.*  6  *±*  0  *.*  1 GSM8K 17  *.*  1 15  *.*  1  *±*  0  *.*  3 17  *.*  0 15  *.*  2  *±*  0  *.*  3 17  *.*  0 15  *.*  0  *±*  0  *.*  2 16  *.*  4 15  *.*  2  *±*  0  *.*  3",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **4 Confounding Control Planes with Gadgets**\n\nWe now turn to our main contribution: a methodology for attacking LLM control plane integrity. The key insight is that an adversary can modify queries to mislead or “confound” the routing logic into routing these queries to an LLM of the adversary’s choosing. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that these attacks can be black-box and  *query-independent*  , i.e., a single modification works for all queries and does not require advance knowledge of the specific router being attacked.\n4\nFigure 2: Overview of our attack on LLM routing control plane integrity. The attack adds to each query a prefix (repre- sented by the gear), called a “confounder gadget,” that causes the router to send the query to the strong model.\nWe focus on the binary router setting in which the router applies a learned scoring function to input queries and routes any query whose score exceeds some threshold  *τ*  to the strong LLM  *M* s . This setting has been the focus of several prior works [27, 41, 47] and is used in the control planes that are deployed in practice (see Section 7).\nMore formally, we consider a router  *R*   *<sup>M</sup>* *ω*   <sup>for</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>=</sup>  *<sup>{</sup>*   *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>w</sup>  *<sup>, M</sup>*  <sup>s</sup>  *<sup>}</sup>*  <sup>, where</sup>  *<sup>ω</sup>*  <sup>consists of a scoring function</sup>  *<sup>S</sup>*  <sup>, scoring function’s</sup> parameters  *θ*  , and a threshold  *τ*   *∈*  R <sup>+</sup> . For notational brevity we just write  *R* *ω*  below, with *M*  clear from context. Here *S*  and  *θ*  define a scoring function  *S* *θ*  : *X →*  R <sup>+</sup> . Since our focus is LLMs, we assume that queries  *X*  are strings of text tokens. The routing algorithm then works as follows:\n*R* *ω* (  *x*  ) = � *M* w (  *x*  ) if  *S* *θ* (  *x*  )  *< τ*\n*M* s (  *x*  ) otherwise\nwhere  *ω*  = (  *S, θ, τ*  ) . We will detail scoring functions in Section 5; prior work has suggested linear models, light-weight LLMs, and more. Note that, consistent with this application, scoring functions are computationally efficient and cheap (as compared to  *M* s *, M* w ). Deployments calibrate  *τ*  to limit the fraction of queries routed to the strong model  *M* s , giving rise to the type of control plane integrity policy discussed in Section 3.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf",
+                "query": "What is called bad-cavity Ramsey laser ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "We considerthe case of a two-level  atomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity  of separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode  linewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus  we call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n[19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **102**  , 163601 (2009) [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia  **8**  , 85 (1972). [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am.  **68**  , 1634 (1978). [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR  **32**  , 455 (1972). [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys.  **9**  , 171 (1976). [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **38**  , 159 (1977). [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys.  **68**  , 127 (1996). [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A  **47**  , 1431 (1993). [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb,  *Laser Physics* (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974). [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci,  *Dynamic In-* *stabilities and Pulsations in Lasers*  , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988). [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B  **13**  , 2231 (1980). [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A  **56**  , 1662(1997). [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev.  **84**  , 506(1951).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nIn this Letter, we propose a new scheme called Ramsey laser with bad cavity. Distinct from any previous applications of conventional Ramsey separated oscillating fields method [1], which focuses on the absorption spectrum, we here fo-\ncus on the stimulated emission spectrum via multiple coher- ent interactions inside the cavity. We find this Ramsey laser can provide a stimulated-emission spectrum with a linewidth much narrower than that of any conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy, which is commonly applied in optical atomic clock. Our results also show that a subnatural linewidth spectroscopy, superior to any other available subnat- ural spectroscopy technique at present [3- 10], can be reached by this kind of laser, if a suitable atomic level structure is cho- sen. Thus, this method can provide an e ff ective subnatural spectroscopy, and the possibilities for the new optical clock scheme [15] and atom interferometers [2].\n*Theoretical framework:*  We consider the case of a two-level atomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity of separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode linewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus we call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. All atoms are pumped onto the upper lasing state  **a**  before entering the first cavity of seperated field, and the lower lasing state is  **b**  . We assume all the atoms have the same velocities υ , that means what we consider here is a homogeneous laser system. And for the sake of simplicity, we consider the two-standing waves linear optical Ramsey configuration with a grid as spatial selector [20, 21]. Our treatment can be extended to other configura- tions as in [22- 24]. The length of each oscillating part is  *l*  , and the length of the free drift region is  *L*  . The corresponding Hamiltonian is\n*H*  = ħ ω ˆ  *a*  <sup>†</sup> ˆ  *a*  + ħ � *j*\n[ ω  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>ω</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>]</sup>\n+ ħ  *g* � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )(ˆ  *a*  <sup>†</sup> ˆ σ  *<sup>j</sup>* −  *<sup>e</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>k</sup>*  <sup>·</sup> <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>r</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>ˆ</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* + <sup>ˆ</sup>  *<sup>ae</sup>*   *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>k</sup>*  <sup>·</sup> <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>r</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (1)\nwhere ˆ  *a*  , ˆ  *a*  <sup>†</sup> are the annihilation and creation operators of the field mode inside the cavity, with the frequency ω , σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*   <sup>=</sup> ( |  *a*  ⟩⟨  *a*  | )   *<sup>j</sup>* and σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*   <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>are the projection operators for the</sup> jth atom corresponding to the upper and lower lasing levels,",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nwhere Ω *R* is the Rabi frequency on resonance,\n*D* *S T* =  *g*  <sup>2</sup> <sup> ̃</sup> *N* *ass* /  *I* 0 γ *ab* ,  *D* *Ram* =  *g*  <sup>2</sup> *R*  / 2  *I* 0 γ <sup>2</sup> *ab*  <sup>,</sup> and ∆ 2 = ω − ( ω *a*  2 − ω *b*  2 ) presents the detuning in the free drift region.  *p*  is a parameter, which characterizes the pump- ing statistics: a Poissonian excitation statistics corresponds to *p*  = 0 , and for a regular statistics we have  *p*  = 1. Then the linewidth of Ramsey laser with bad cavity is given by\n*D*  = γ <sup>2</sup> *ab* ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>S T</sup>*  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>Ram</sup>*  <sup>[2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup> <sup>}</sup> <sup>.</sup> (11) Since  *D* *S T* /  *D* *Ram*  ≪ 1 in our situation, and in the case of max- imal photon number, the steady state value of <sup> ̃</sup> *N* *ass*  is about *R*  τ/ 2. Then we get the\n*D*  ≈ <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>g</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> κ  <sup>[2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup> <sup>.</sup> (12)\nFrom the expression above, we find that the pumping statis- tic can influence the linewidth. For regular injection (  *p*  = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection (  *p*  = 0), the linewidth is the broadest. But even for regular injection, the linewidth is larger than the case of one cavity. That means the mechanism of separated-field does not play the role in reducing the linewidth as in the conventional opti- cal Ramsey method, which is counter-intuitive. However, the separated fields are indispensable for any phase detection like atom interferometry. The details about the method of active atom interferometry will appear elsewhere. Our method of Ramsey laser is suitable for any atoms with metastable energy level, as an example, we choose the tran- sition from the metastable state 4  *s*  4  *p*   <sup>3</sup> *P* 1 to the ground state 4  *s*  <sup>2 1</sup> *S*  0 of <sup>40</sup> Ca to check the striking feature of this laser: sub- natural linewidth. As mentioned in [29], the corresponding natural linewidth of the metastable state 4  *s*  4  *p*   <sup>3</sup> *P* 1 is 320Hz. As in the recently proposed active optical clock with atomic beam [15], the velocity of the atoms in thermal atomic beam is about 500m / s, and the length of the interaction region is about 1mm, then the time for the atom to traverse each coherent- interaction region is on the order of magnitude of 1 μ s. If a bad cavity with κ is on the order of 10 <sup>7</sup> Hz, the relation κ/ 2 ≫ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> is satisfied. Then when  *g*  is on the order of the magnitude of kHz, which can be easily achieved for current technique [30], from the linewidth expression of Eq.(16) the order of magnitude of linewidth is below 1 Hz. This means the linewidth of a Ramsey laser can be more than two or- ders of magnitude narrower than the atomic natural linewidth, therefore our Ramsey method provides a new subnatural spec- troscopy technique. And since it is stimulated-emission spec- trum, it overcomes the di ffi culty in other subnatural linewidth spectroscopy schemes where the quick reduction of signal to noise ratio is a formidable limit. We should point out that this Ramsey laser does not escape the limitation of all active optical clock: in order to pump atoms to the excited state ef- fectively and to be stimulated emit photon during the lifetime of a metastable state, this new method will only be applicable to some special transitions [17].",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω = <sup>1</sup> *I* 0 ( δ  *Y*  <sup>2</sup> ) ω .\nIn the region γ *ab*  ≪ *T*   <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ κ/ 2, as in the recently proposed active optical clock [15] with atomic beam. The phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations can be expressed as\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω\n≈ ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup>\n*I* 0 ω <sup>2</sup> [( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> + ω <sup>2</sup> ]\n*g*  <sup>2</sup>\n4( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>γ</sup>  *<sup>ab</sup>*  <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>ass</sup>* + 2  *R*  [(  *A* 0 + *B* 0 ) + (  *A* 2 + *B* 2 )]\n+  *Rp*  [(  *C* 0 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 0 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 1 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>]</sup> <sup>}</sup> <sup>.</sup> (9)\nSince the time τ and  *T*  is much shorter than the time scale of the atomic dampings, we can neglect the dampings when calculate  *A* *i* ,  *B* *i* ,  *C* *i* . By using\n*A* 0 = cos <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,  *A* 1 = cos <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,\n*A* 2 = 1 − sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) cos <sup>2</sup> � ∆ 2 2   *<sup>T</sup>* � ,  *B* 0 = sin <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,\n*B* 1 = sin <sup>2</sup> ��� Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,  *B* 2 = sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) cos <sup>2</sup> � ∆ 2 *T*\n2 � ,\n(  *C* 0 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 0 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 1 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n(  *C* 2 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\nwe get\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω = ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup>\nω <sup>2</sup> [( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> + ω <sup>2</sup> )]\nγ <sup>2</sup> *ab* ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>S T</sup>* +  *D* *Ram* [2 −  *p*  sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) sin <sup>2</sup> ( ∆ 2 *T*  )] } , (10)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nYang Li, Wei Zhuang, Jinbiao Chen, <sup>∗</sup> and Hong Guo <sup>†</sup> *CREAM Group, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication*\n*Systems and Networks (Peking University) and Institute of Quantum Electronics,*\n*School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science,*\n*and Center for Computational Science and Engineering (CCSE), Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China* (Dated: October 29, 2018)\nWe investigate a new laser scheme by using Ramsey separated-field technique with bad cavity. By studying the linewidth of the stimulated-emission spectrum of this kind of laser inside the cavity, we find its linewidth is more than two orders of magnitude narrower than atomic natural linewidth, and it is far superior to that of conventional optical Ramsey method and any other available subnatural linewidth spectroscopy at present. Since any cavity related noise is reduced to cavity-pulling e ff ect in bad cavity laser, this Ramsey laser provides the possibility of precision subnatural linewidth spectroscopy, which is critical for the next generation of optical clock and atom interferometers.\nPACS numbers: 42.55.Ah, 42.50.Ar, 42.60.Da, 32.30.-r\n*Introduction:*  Since the invention of the separated-field technique [1], it has played an important role in the field of precision spectroscopy due to its linewidth narrowing e ff ect via multiple coherent interaction. Atomic clocks based on this technique have greatly extended our ability for frequency measurement, further, almost all the atom interferometers are based on this technique [2].\nThough, the natural linewidth of quantum transition was regarded as the ultimate limit to high-resolution laser spec- troscopy [4], several methods of subnatural linewidth spec- troscopy have been proposed to gain subnatural linewidth [3- 10]. However, in all these e ff orts, including optical Ramsey spectroscopy, subnatural line is realized at the expense of a quick reduction in signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio due to the ex- ponential decaying of signal, thus all these schemes can only get the linewidth several times narrower than the atomic nat- ural linewidth. In the past three decades, this situation does not change in the field of the precision laser spectroscopy. On the other hand, the thermal noise of the cavity mirrors is the main obstacle for further linewidth reduction of a laser [11, 12], and it is a challenge to substantially reduce this noise further[13]. Recently, a new scheme, called active optical clock [14- 18], was proposed to substantially reduce the laser linewidth. With lattice trapped atoms, it is possible to reach mHz linewidth laser based on the mechanism of active optical clock [14, 15, 19]. The principal mechanism of active optical clock is to directly extract light emitted from the ultranarrow atomic transition with a cavity mode linewidth much wider than that of lasing. This bad cavity ensures that any frequency shift due to cavity noise reduces to cavity-pulling e ff ect [15- 17], then the thermal noise is not the major obstacle again for reducing the linewidth. This means the bad cavity can play an indispensable role in new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n*Conclusion:*  In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by us- ing Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interac- tion with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavity- related noise as discussed in active optical clock [15- 19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3- 10]. Considering one have to ap- ply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord  *e*   ́interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim. We acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Re- search and Development (863) Program.\n∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn. [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev.  **76**  , 996 (1949). [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In  *Atom Interferometry*  , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997). [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys.  **50**  , 667 (1978). [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **44**  , 1254 (1980). [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. **13**  4345 (1980). [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A  **24**  , 1914 (1981). [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A  **28**  , 2248 (1983). [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Tr ̈ager, and M. Vollmer, Phys. Rev.\nLett.  **48**  , 871 (1982). [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A  **40**  , 5516 (1989). [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics  **34**  , 297 (1995) [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett,  **93**  , 250602 (2004). [12] A. D. Ludlow  *et al.*  , Opt. Lett.  **32**  , 641 (2007). [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **101**  , 260602 (2008). [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In  *Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Inter-* *national Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition*  , (IEEE, 2005), p.608. [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bul- letin  **54**  , 348 (2009). [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A  **78**  , 013846 (2008). [17] J. Chen, In  *Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings* *of the 7th Symposium*  , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009). [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin  **54**  , 347 (2009).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(4)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(5)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(6)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(7)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(8)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (8)\nwhere <sup> ̃</sup> *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>are the c-number Langevin di</sup> <sup>ff</sup> <sup>usion coe</sup> <sup>ffi</sup> <sup>cients,</sup> related to quantum Langevin di ff usion coe ffi cients  *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>as in</sup> [27].\n*Steady-state solutions:*  The steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser op- eration are obtained by dropping the noise terms of the c- number Langevin equations and setting the time derivatives equal to zero. The analytical solutions are very complex, and one could numerically solve the steady-state equations. In this paper, we only care about the bad cavity limit γ *max*  ≪ *T*   <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ κ/ 2. Since the atomic transit time is much shorter than the damping times of atomic variables, one could ignore the e ff ect of the spontaneous emission of the atom. By the stan- dard way [25], We get the following steady-state values:\n���  ̃ *A* *ss* ��� 2 = *R* (1 −  *A* 0 + *A* 1 − *A* 2 )\nκ =   *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> κ ,\n ̃ *N* *ass*  = *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> 2 � 1 +   *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *g*  τ � κ\n*R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) � ,\n ̃ *N* *bss*  = *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> 2 � 1 −  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *g*  τ � κ\n*R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) � .\nA detailed analysis about the stability of the steady-state can be found such as in [28]. In this paper, we assume the steady- state solution is stable. *Laser linwidth:*  Suppose the quantum fluctuation is small, the evolution of the fluctuations can be obtained by making a linearization of the c-number Langevin equations around the steady-state solution. Then the measured spectra of field fluc- tuations will be directly related to these quantities. By Fourier transformations of the linearized equation, we get the ampli- tude and phase quadrature components δ  *X*  ( ω ) and δ  *Y*  ( ω ) [26]. Well above threshold, one can neglect the amplitude fluctu- ations, and the linewidth inside the cavity is related to the phase-di ff usion coe ffi cient [25]. For small fluctuation of laser phase, the spectrum of phase fluctuations is simply related to the spectrum of the phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations, namely,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n ̇ *N* *b* (  *t*  ) = −  *R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) − γ *b* *N* *b* (  *t*  ) + γ <sup>′</sup> *a*   *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  *g*  [  *a*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *M*  (  *t*  ) +  *M*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *a*  (  *t*  )] +  *F* *b* (  *t*  ) , (5)\n ̇ *M*  (  *t*  ) = −  *R*  (  *C* 0 − *C* 1 + *C* 2 ) − γ *ab* *M*  (  *t*  )\n+  *g*  [  *N* *a* (  *t*  ) −  *N* *b* (  *t*  )]  *a*  (  *t*  ) +  *F* *M* (  *t*  ) , (6)\nwhere the macroscopic noise operators are defined as\n*F* *a* (  *t*  ) = � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  ) σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 0  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 1  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n*F* *b* (  *t*  ) = � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  ) σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* *b*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n*F* *M* (  *t*  ) = −  *i* � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  )  ̃ σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup>  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup>  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>* � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* σ <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\nwith  *A* 0 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *A* 1 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*A* 2 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *B* 0 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*B* 1 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *B* 2 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*C* 0 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *C* 1 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nwith frequency ω  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*   <sup>and</sup> <sup>ω</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>, and</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>is the “spin-</sup> flip” operator for the jth atom, with its adjoint σ  *<sup>j</sup>* +  <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>.</sup> The coupling constant  *g*  is given by  *g*  = μ  <sup>√</sup> ω/ 2 ħ ǫ 0 *V*  , where μ is the magnitude of the atomic dipole moment, and  *V*  is the e ff ective volume of the cavity. In order to denote the finite-time interaction between the atoms and Ramsey separated field, we introduce the function\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  ) = Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  ) − Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − τ ) +Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − τ −  *T*  ) − Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − 2 τ −  *T*  ) , (2) where Θ (  *t*  ) is the Heaviside step function [ Θ (  *t*  ) = 1 for  *t*  > 0, Θ (  *t*  ) = 1 / 2 for  *t*  = 0, and Θ (  *t*  ) = 0 for  *t*  < 0].  *T*  is the free drift time of the atoms, and τ is the interacting time between the atom and one cavity. By the standard way [25], we can get the Heisenberg- Langevin equations of the motion for the single-atom and filed operators. By introducing the macroscopic atomic oper- ator,  *M*  (  *t*  ) = −  *i*   <sup>�</sup> *j*   <sup>Γ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>),</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>�</sup> *j*   <sup>Γ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *aa*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>),</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>=</sup>\n� *j*   <sup>Γ</sup> *j*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *bb*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>), the dynamic equations for the field and macro-</sup> scopic atomic operators yield\n ̇  *a*  (  *t*  ) = − <sup>κ</sup> 2  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>gM</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>κ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (3)\n ̇ *N* *a* (  *t*  ) =  *R*  (1 −  *A* 0 + *A* 1 − *A* 2 ) − ( γ *a*  + γ <sup>′</sup> *a*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n−  *g*  [  *M*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *a*  (  *t*  ) +  *a*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *M*  (  *t*  )] +  *F* *a* (  *t*  ) , (4)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n*C* 2 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>.</sup>  *R*  is the mean pumping rate, which is defined in [26]. It is very easy to check that the average values of the above Langevin forces are all zero.\nBy using the above definitions of the noise operators, we find the correlation functions of macroscopic noise forces can be generally written in the form\n� *F* *k* (  *t*  )  *F* *l* (  *t* ′ ) � =  *D*  <sup>(0)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(1)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(2)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(3)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(4)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(5)</sup> *kl*   <sup>��</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(6)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(7)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(8)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (7)\nwhere  *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>k</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>=</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>†</sup> <sup>;</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>=</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2) are the quantum dif-</sup> fusion coe ffi cients.\n*c-number correlation functions:*  By choosing some partic- ular ordering for products of atomic and field operators, one could derive the c-number stochastic Langevin equations from the quantum Langevin equations derived above, and all of the dynamic equations for c-number stochastic variables are the same as in [26]. The di ff erences are from the correlation func- tions. On the other hand, we convert the quantum noise oper- ators into the c-number noise variables <sup> ̃</sup> *F* *k* (  *t*  )(  *k*  =  *a*  ,  *b*  ,  *M*  ,  *M*  <sup>†</sup> ), whose correlation functions are expressed as\n�  ̃ *F* *k* (  *t*  )  ̃  *F* *k* (  *t* ′ ) � =  ̃ *D*  <sup>(0)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(1)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(2)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(3)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf",
+                "query": "How the steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser operation are obtained ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser operation are obtained by dropping the noise terms of the c-number Langevin equations and setting the time derivatives  equal to zero.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 8
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n*C* 2 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>.</sup>  *R*  is the mean pumping rate, which is defined in [26]. It is very easy to check that the average values of the above Langevin forces are all zero.\nBy using the above definitions of the noise operators, we find the correlation functions of macroscopic noise forces can be generally written in the form\n� *F* *k* (  *t*  )  *F* *l* (  *t* ′ ) � =  *D*  <sup>(0)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(1)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(2)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(3)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(4)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(5)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(6)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(7)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(8)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (7)\nwhere  *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>k</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>=</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>†</sup> <sup>;</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>=</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2) are the quantum dif-</sup> fusion coe ffi cients.\n*c-number correlation functions:*  By choosing some partic- ular ordering for products of atomic and field operators, one could derive the c-number stochastic Langevin equations from the quantum Langevin equations derived above, and all of the dynamic equations for c-number stochastic variables are the same as in [26]. The di ff erences are from the correlation func- tions. On the other hand, we convert the quantum noise oper- ators into the c-number noise variables <sup> ̃</sup> *F* *k* (  *t*  )(  *k*  =  *a*  ,  *b*  ,  *M*  ,  *M*  <sup>†</sup> ), whose correlation functions are expressed as\n�  ̃ *F* *k* (  *t*  )  ̃  *F* *k* (  *t* ′ ) � =  ̃ *D*  <sup>(0)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(1)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(2)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(3)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nwith frequency ω  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*   <sup>and</sup> <sup>ω</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>, and</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>is the “spin-</sup> flip” operator for the jth atom, with its adjoint σ  *<sup>j</sup>* +  <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>.</sup> The coupling constant  *g*  is given by  *g*  = μ  <sup>√</sup> ω/ 2 ħ ǫ 0 *V*  , where μ is the magnitude of the atomic dipole moment, and  *V*  is the e ff ective volume of the cavity. In order to denote the finite-time interaction between the atoms and Ramsey separated field, we introduce the function\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  ) = Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  ) − Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − τ ) +Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − τ −  *T*  ) − Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − 2 τ −  *T*  ) , (2) where Θ (  *t*  ) is the Heaviside step function [ Θ (  *t*  ) = 1 for  *t*  > 0, Θ (  *t*  ) = 1 / 2 for  *t*  = 0, and Θ (  *t*  ) = 0 for  *t*  < 0].  *T*  is the free drift time of the atoms, and τ is the interacting time between the atom and one cavity. By the standard way [25], we can get the Heisenberg- Langevin equations of the motion for the single-atom and filed operators. By introducing the macroscopic atomic oper- ator,  *M*  (  *t*  ) = −  *i*   <sup>�</sup> *j*   <sup>Γ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>),</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>�</sup> *j*   <sup>Γ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *aa*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>),</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>=</sup>\n� *j*   <sup>Γ</sup> *j*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *bb*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>), the dynamic equations for the field and macro-</sup> scopic atomic operators yield\n ̇  *a*  (  *t*  ) = − <sup>κ</sup> 2  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>gM</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>κ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (3)\n ̇ *N* *a* (  *t*  ) =  *R*  (1 −  *A* 0 + *A* 1 − *A* 2 ) − ( γ *a*  + γ <sup>′</sup> *a*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n−  *g*  [  *M*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *a*  (  *t*  ) +  *a*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *M*  (  *t*  )] +  *F* *a* (  *t*  ) , (4)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω = <sup>1</sup> *I* 0 ( δ  *Y*  <sup>2</sup> ) ω .\nIn the region γ *ab*  ≪ *T*   <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ κ/ 2, as in the recently proposed active optical clock [15] with atomic beam. The phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations can be expressed as\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω\n≈ ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup>\n*I* 0 ω <sup>2</sup> [( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> + ω <sup>2</sup> ]\n*g*  <sup>2</sup>\n4( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>γ</sup>  *<sup>ab</sup>*  <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>ass</sup>* + 2  *R*  [(  *A* 0 + *B* 0 ) + (  *A* 2 + *B* 2 )]\n+  *Rp*  [(  *C* 0 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 0 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 1 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>]</sup> <sup>}</sup> <sup>.</sup> (9)\nSince the time τ and  *T*  is much shorter than the time scale of the atomic dampings, we can neglect the dampings when calculate  *A* *i* ,  *B* *i* ,  *C* *i* . By using\n*A* 0 = cos <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,  *A* 1 = cos <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,\n*A* 2 = 1 − sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) cos <sup>2</sup> � ∆ 2 2   *<sup>T</sup>* � ,  *B* 0 = sin <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,\n*B* 1 = sin <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,  *B* 2 = sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) cos <sup>2</sup> � ∆ 2 *T*\n2 � ,\n(  *C* 0 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 0 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 1 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n(  *C* 2 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\nwe get\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω = ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup>\nω <sup>2</sup> [( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> + ω <sup>2</sup> )]\nγ <sup>2</sup> *ab* ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>S T</sup>* +  *D* *Ram* [2 −  *p*  sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) sin <sup>2</sup> ( ∆ 2 *T*  )] } , (10)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nwhere Ω *R* is the Rabi frequency on resonance,\n*D* *S T* =  *g*  <sup>2</sup> <sup> ̃</sup> *N* *ass* /  *I* 0 γ *ab* ,  *D* *Ram* =  *g*  <sup>2</sup> *R*  / 2  *I* 0 γ <sup>2</sup> *ab*  <sup>,</sup> and ∆ 2 = ω − ( ω *a*  2 − ω *b*  2 ) presents the detuning in the free drift region.  *p*  is a parameter, which characterizes the pump- ing statistics: a Poissonian excitation statistics corresponds to *p*  = 0 , and for a regular statistics we have  *p*  = 1. Then the linewidth of Ramsey laser with bad cavity is given by\n*D*  = γ <sup>2</sup> *ab* ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>S T</sup>*  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>Ram</sup>*  <sup>[2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup> <sup>}</sup> <sup>.</sup> (11) Since  *D* *S T* /  *D* *Ram*  ≪ 1 in our situation, and in the case of max- imal photon number, the steady state value of <sup> ̃</sup> *N* *ass*  is about *R*  τ/ 2. Then we get the\n*D*  ≈ <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>g</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> κ  <sup>[2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup> <sup>.</sup> (12)\nFrom the expression above, we find that the pumping statis- tic can influence the linewidth. For regular injection (  *p*  = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection (  *p*  = 0), the linewidth is the broadest. But even for regular injection, the linewidth is larger than the case of one cavity. That means the mechanism of separated-field does not play the role in reducing the linewidth as in the conventional opti- cal Ramsey method, which is counter-intuitive. However, the separated fields are indispensable for any phase detection like atom interferometry. The details about the method of active atom interferometry will appear elsewhere. Our method of Ramsey laser is suitable for any atoms with metastable energy level, as an example, we choose the tran- sition from the metastable state 4  *s*  4  *p*   <sup>3</sup> *P* 1 to the ground state 4  *s*  <sup>2 1</sup> *S*  0 of <sup>40</sup> Ca to check the striking feature of this laser: sub- natural linewidth. As mentioned in [29], the corresponding natural linewidth of the metastable state 4  *s*  4  *p*   <sup>3</sup> *P* 1 is 320Hz. As in the recently proposed active optical clock with atomic beam [15], the velocity of the atoms in thermal atomic beam is about 500m / s, and the length of the interaction region is about 1mm, then the time for the atom to traverse each coherent- interaction region is on the order of magnitude of 1 μ s. If a bad cavity with κ is on the order of 10 <sup>7</sup> Hz, the relation κ/ 2 ≫ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> is satisfied. Then when  *g*  is on the order of the magnitude of kHz, which can be easily achieved for current technique [30], from the linewidth expression of Eq.(16) the order of magnitude of linewidth is below 1 Hz. This means the linewidth of a Ramsey laser can be more than two or- ders of magnitude narrower than the atomic natural linewidth, therefore our Ramsey method provides a new subnatural spec- troscopy technique. And since it is stimulated-emission spec- trum, it overcomes the di ffi culty in other subnatural linewidth spectroscopy schemes where the quick reduction of signal to noise ratio is a formidable limit. We should point out that this Ramsey laser does not escape the limitation of all active optical clock: in order to pump atoms to the excited state ef- fectively and to be stimulated emit photon during the lifetime of a metastable state, this new method will only be applicable to some special transitions [17].",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n ̇ *N* *b* (  *t*  ) = −  *R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) − γ *b* *N* *b* (  *t*  ) + γ <sup>′</sup> *a*   *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  *g*  [  *a*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *M*  (  *t*  ) +  *M*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *a*  (  *t*  )] +  *F* *b* (  *t*  ) , (5)\n ̇ *M*  (  *t*  ) = −  *R*  (  *C* 0 − *C* 1 + *C* 2 ) − γ *ab* *M*  (  *t*  )\n+  *g*  [  *N* *a* (  *t*  ) −  *N* *b* (  *t*  )]  *a*  (  *t*  ) +  *F* *M* (  *t*  ) , (6)\nwhere the macroscopic noise operators are defined as\n*F* *a* (  *t*  ) = � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  ) σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 0  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 1  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n*F* *b* (  *t*  ) = � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  ) σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* *b*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n*F* *M* (  *t*  ) = −  *i* � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  )  ̃ σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup>  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup>  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>* � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* σ <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\nwith  *A* 0 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *A* 1 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*A* 2 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *B* 0 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*B* 1 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *B* 2 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*C* 0 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *C* 1 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n*Conclusion:*  In summary, we propose a new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by us- ing Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of stimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interac- tion with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser is subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the bad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavity- related noise as discussed in active optical clock [15- 19]. Our results show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy is superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy technique at present [3- 10]. Considering one have to ap- ply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in Ramsey-Bord  *e*   ́interferometer [2], to investigate the e ff ects of phase di ff erences between the two oscillating fields [31] in this stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural linewidth will be our next research aim. We acknowledge Yiqiu Wang and Deshui Yu for fruitful discussions. This work is supported by MOST of China (grant 2005CB724500, National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 60837004, 10874009), National Hi-Tech Re- search and Development (863) Program.\n∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn † E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn. [1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev.  **76**  , 996 (1949). [2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In  *Atom Interferometry*  , edited by P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997). [3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys.  **50**  , 667 (1978). [4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **44**  , 1254 (1980). [5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. **13**  4345 (1980). [6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A  **24**  , 1914 (1981). [7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A  **28**  , 2248 (1983). [8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Tr ̈ager, and M. Vollmer, Phys. Rev.\nLett.  **48**  , 871 (1982). [9] H. J. Carmichael, R. J. Brecha, M. G. Raizen, H. J. Kimble, and P. R. Rice, Phys. Rev. A  **40**  , 5516 (1989). [10] U. W. Rathe, M. O. Scully, Letters in Mathematical Physics  **34**  , 297 (1995) [11] K. Numata, A. Kemery, J. Camp, Phys Rev Lett,  **93**  , 250602 (2004). [12] A. D. Ludlow  *et al.*  , Opt. Lett.  **32**  , 641 (2007). [13] H. J. Kimble, B. L. Lev, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **101**  , 260602 (2008). [14] J. Chen, and X.Chen, In  *Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Inter-* *national Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition*  , (IEEE, 2005), p.608. [15] J. Chen, e-print arXiv:0512096 quant-ph; Chinese Science Bul- letin  **54**  , 348 (2009). [16] D. Yu and J. Chen, Phys. Rev. A  **78**  , 013846 (2008). [17] J. Chen, In  *Frequency Standards and Metrology: Proceedings* *of the 7th Symposium*  , edited by Maleki Lute (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2009). [18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin  **54**  , 347 (2009).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nIn this Letter, we propose a new scheme called Ramsey laser with bad cavity. Distinct from any previous applications of conventional Ramsey separated oscillating fields method [1], which focuses on the absorption spectrum, we here fo-\ncus on the stimulated emission spectrum via multiple coher- ent interactions inside the cavity. We find this Ramsey laser can provide a stimulated-emission spectrum with a linewidth much narrower than that of any conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field spectroscopy, which is commonly applied in optical atomic clock. Our results also show that a subnatural linewidth spectroscopy, superior to any other available subnat- ural spectroscopy technique at present [3- 10], can be reached by this kind of laser, if a suitable atomic level structure is cho- sen. Thus, this method can provide an e ff ective subnatural spectroscopy, and the possibilities for the new optical clock scheme [15] and atom interferometers [2].\n*Theoretical framework:*  We consider the case of a two-level atomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity of separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode linewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus we call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. All atoms are pumped onto the upper lasing state  **a**  before entering the first cavity of seperated field, and the lower lasing state is  **b**  . We assume all the atoms have the same velocities υ , that means what we consider here is a homogeneous laser system. And for the sake of simplicity, we consider the two-standing waves linear optical Ramsey configuration with a grid as spatial selector [20, 21]. Our treatment can be extended to other configura- tions as in [22- 24]. The length of each oscillating part is  *l*  , and the length of the free drift region is  *L*  . The corresponding Hamiltonian is\n*H*  = ħ ω ˆ  *a*  <sup>†</sup> ˆ  *a*  + ħ � *j*\n[ ω  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>ω</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>]</sup>\n+ ħ  *g* � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )(ˆ  *a*  <sup>†</sup> ˆ σ  *<sup>j</sup>* −  *<sup>e</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>k</sup>*  <sup>·</sup> <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>r</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>ˆ</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* + <sup>ˆ</sup>  *<sup>ae</sup>*   *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>k</sup>*  <sup>·</sup> <sup>⃗</sup>  *<sup>r</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (1)\nwhere ˆ  *a*  , ˆ  *a*  <sup>†</sup> are the annihilation and creation operators of the field mode inside the cavity, with the frequency ω , σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*   <sup>=</sup> ( |  *a*  ⟩⟨  *a*  | )   *<sup>j</sup>* and σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*   <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>are the projection operators for the</sup> jth atom corresponding to the upper and lower lasing levels,",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nrived, in the infinite dilution limit, from an average of\nthe contributing ion interactions. In Fourier space,\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 3 i  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> � V  <sup>SR</sup> 1 i + V  <sup>SR</sup> 2 i � ( k ) , i = 1 , 2 (2a)\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 33  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> V  <sup>SR</sup> 11  <sup>+</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 22  <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 12 � ( k ) (2b)\nwhere � w ( r ) is the pair probability distribution � w ( r ) = K <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 0  <sup>e</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> (2c)\n� V int ( r ) is the internal part of the pair potential (see\nFig. 3 ), and K 0 is the association constant, defined as:\nK 0 = � ∞\n0\nd r 4 πr <sup>2</sup> e <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> = 0 . 43 L . mol <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (3)\nThe excess free-energy density of the original system\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v is that of the three component mixture β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v plus a\ncorrection term\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v = β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v  <sup>−</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>ρ</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>ln</sup> <sup>K</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> (4) which is due to the change in standard chemical potential\nbetween the two component and three component mod-\nels. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an\nadditional parameter in the minimization scheme, which\nserves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this rep-\nresentation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere\n(MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since\n0 0.5 1 1.5\nc 1/2 (mol.L -1 ) 1/2\n-1.5\n-1\n-0.5\n0\nβ f v ex (mol.L -1\n)\nMC MSA2 MSA3 BIMSA3 DHLL Exp\n0 0.5 1\n0.1\n0.2\nPair Fraction\nFIG. 4: (Color online) Excess free-energy density βf  <sup>ex</sup> v as\na function of the square root of the concentration  <sup>√</sup> c . (dia-\nmond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dashed) MSA3,\n(solid) BIMSA3, (dot) DHLL, and (cross) experiments. The\ninset gives the fraction of pairs (MSA3, BIMSA3) as a func-\ntion of  <sup>√</sup> c .\nwe have no additional information, we consider only sym-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(4)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(5)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(6)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(7)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(8)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (8)\nwhere <sup> ̃</sup> *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>are the c-number Langevin di</sup> <sup>ff</sup> <sup>usion coe</sup> <sup>ffi</sup> <sup>cients,</sup> related to quantum Langevin di ff usion coe ffi cients  *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>as in</sup> [27].\n*Steady-state solutions:*  The steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser op- eration are obtained by dropping the noise terms of the c- number Langevin equations and setting the time derivatives equal to zero. The analytical solutions are very complex, and one could numerically solve the steady-state equations. In this paper, we only care about the bad cavity limit γ *max*  ≪ *T*   <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ κ/ 2. Since the atomic transit time is much shorter than the damping times of atomic variables, one could ignore the e ff ect of the spontaneous emission of the atom. By the stan- dard way [25], We get the following steady-state values:\n���  ̃ *A* *ss* ��� 2 = *R* (1 −  *A* 0 + *A* 1 − *A* 2 )\nκ =   *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> κ ,\n ̃ *N* *ass*  = *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> 2 � 1 +   *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *g*  τ � κ\n*R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) � ,\n ̃ *N* *bss*  = *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> 2 � 1 −  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *g*  τ � κ\n*R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) � .\nA detailed analysis about the stability of the steady-state can be found such as in [28]. In this paper, we assume the steady- state solution is stable. *Laser linwidth:*  Suppose the quantum fluctuation is small, the evolution of the fluctuations can be obtained by making a linearization of the c-number Langevin equations around the steady-state solution. Then the measured spectra of field fluc- tuations will be directly related to these quantities. By Fourier transformations of the linearized equation, we get the ampli- tude and phase quadrature components δ  *X*  ( ω ) and δ  *Y*  ( ω ) [26]. Well above threshold, one can neglect the amplitude fluctu- ations, and the linewidth inside the cavity is related to the phase-di ff usion coe ffi cient [25]. For small fluctuation of laser phase, the spectrum of phase fluctuations is simply related to the spectrum of the phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations, namely,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\n4\n6\n8\n4 6 8\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n4 6 8\n|  0.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |  1.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 1.5 mol.L -1 g 11 (r)  | 1.5 mol.L -1 g 22 (r)  |\nFIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations\n(diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed)\nat two concentrations.\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with\nthe MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5 . Our BIMSA3\nmodel accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP\nand provides the correct distances of minimal approach;\nwhereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former\nand gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger sep-\narations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the os-\ncillations observed in the MC simulations, but the cor-\nresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials\nare less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the\nreference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The\nperturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully ana-\nlytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters\nand the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy\nand the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA so-\nlutions, as described above. While the procedure we have\nfollowed uses two different approximations for the refer-\nence and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are\nknown to be accurate for the systems under consideration\nand do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with\nLPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions\nwhich account for the molecular nature of the solvent.\nThe final result is fully analytical and it yields the ther-\nmodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in\nagreement with the original molecular description. The\nmethodology can in principle be adapted to any molecu-\nlar description of the system (MD simulations involving\ninteraction potentials accounting for polarization effects\nor Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long\nas the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized\nto study interfaces. The method appears to be a promis-\ning approach toward the description of the specific effects\nof ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the consequences on the linewidth for regular and Poissonian injections ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": " For regular injection (p = 1),  the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection  (p = 0), the linewidth is the broadest.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n ̇ *N* *b* (  *t*  ) = −  *R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) − γ *b* *N* *b* (  *t*  ) + γ <sup>′</sup> *a*   *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  *g*  [  *a*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *M*  (  *t*  ) +  *M*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *a*  (  *t*  )] +  *F* *b* (  *t*  ) , (5)\n ̇ *M*  (  *t*  ) = −  *R*  (  *C* 0 − *C* 1 + *C* 2 ) − γ *ab* *M*  (  *t*  )\n+  *g*  [  *N* *a* (  *t*  ) −  *N* *b* (  *t*  )]  *a*  (  *t*  ) +  *F* *M* (  *t*  ) , (6)\nwhere the macroscopic noise operators are defined as\n*F* *a* (  *t*  ) = � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  ) σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 0  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 1  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>A</sup>* 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n*F* *b* (  *t*  ) = � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  ) σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* *b*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n*F* *M* (  *t*  ) = −  *i* � *j*\n ̇ Γ  *j*  (  *t*  )  ̃ σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup>  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup>  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>* � *j*\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  )  *f*    *<sup>j</sup>* σ <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\nwith  *A* 0 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *A* 1 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*A* 2 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>* *j*   <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *B* 0 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*B* 1 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *B* 2 = � σ  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>\n*C* 0 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>  *C* 1 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>,</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n*C* 2 = � −  *i*  σ  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>j</sup>* <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> � *q*  <sup>.</sup>  *R*  is the mean pumping rate, which is defined in [26]. It is very easy to check that the average values of the above Langevin forces are all zero.\nBy using the above definitions of the noise operators, we find the correlation functions of macroscopic noise forces can be generally written in the form\n� *F* *k* (  *t*  )  *F* *l* (  *t* ′ ) � =  *D*  <sup>(0)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(1)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(2)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(3)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(4)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(5)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(6)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(7)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> +  *D*  <sup>(8)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (7)\nwhere  *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>k</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>=</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>M</sup>*  <sup>†</sup> <sup>;</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>=</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2) are the quantum dif-</sup> fusion coe ffi cients.\n*c-number correlation functions:*  By choosing some partic- ular ordering for products of atomic and field operators, one could derive the c-number stochastic Langevin equations from the quantum Langevin equations derived above, and all of the dynamic equations for c-number stochastic variables are the same as in [26]. The di ff erences are from the correlation func- tions. On the other hand, we convert the quantum noise oper- ators into the c-number noise variables <sup> ̃</sup> *F* *k* (  *t*  )(  *k*  =  *a*  ,  *b*  ,  *M*  ,  *M*  <sup>†</sup> ), whose correlation functions are expressed as\n�  ̃ *F* *k* (  *t*  )  ̃  *F* *k* (  *t* ′ ) � =  ̃ *D*  <sup>(0)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(1)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(2)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(3)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nwhere Ω *R* is the Rabi frequency on resonance,\n*D* *S T* =  *g*  <sup>2</sup> <sup> ̃</sup> *N* *ass* /  *I* 0 γ *ab* ,  *D* *Ram* =  *g*  <sup>2</sup> *R*  / 2  *I* 0 γ <sup>2</sup> *ab*  <sup>,</sup> and ∆ 2 = ω − ( ω *a*  2 − ω *b*  2 ) presents the detuning in the free drift region.  *p*  is a parameter, which characterizes the pump- ing statistics: a Poissonian excitation statistics corresponds to *p*  = 0 , and for a regular statistics we have  *p*  = 1. Then the linewidth of Ramsey laser with bad cavity is given by\n*D*  = γ <sup>2</sup> *ab* ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>S T</sup>*  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>Ram</sup>*  <sup>[2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup> <sup>}</sup> <sup>.</sup> (11) Since  *D* *S T* /  *D* *Ram*  ≪ 1 in our situation, and in the case of max- imal photon number, the steady state value of <sup> ̃</sup> *N* *ass*  is about *R*  τ/ 2. Then we get the\n*D*  ≈ <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>g</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> κ  <sup>[2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup> <sup>.</sup> (12)\nFrom the expression above, we find that the pumping statis- tic can influence the linewidth. For regular injection (  *p*  = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection (  *p*  = 0), the linewidth is the broadest. But even for regular injection, the linewidth is larger than the case of one cavity. That means the mechanism of separated-field does not play the role in reducing the linewidth as in the conventional opti- cal Ramsey method, which is counter-intuitive. However, the separated fields are indispensable for any phase detection like atom interferometry. The details about the method of active atom interferometry will appear elsewhere. Our method of Ramsey laser is suitable for any atoms with metastable energy level, as an example, we choose the tran- sition from the metastable state 4  *s*  4  *p*   <sup>3</sup> *P* 1 to the ground state 4  *s*  <sup>2 1</sup> *S*  0 of <sup>40</sup> Ca to check the striking feature of this laser: sub- natural linewidth. As mentioned in [29], the corresponding natural linewidth of the metastable state 4  *s*  4  *p*   <sup>3</sup> *P* 1 is 320Hz. As in the recently proposed active optical clock with atomic beam [15], the velocity of the atoms in thermal atomic beam is about 500m / s, and the length of the interaction region is about 1mm, then the time for the atom to traverse each coherent- interaction region is on the order of magnitude of 1 μ s. If a bad cavity with κ is on the order of 10 <sup>7</sup> Hz, the relation κ/ 2 ≫ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> is satisfied. Then when  *g*  is on the order of the magnitude of kHz, which can be easily achieved for current technique [30], from the linewidth expression of Eq.(16) the order of magnitude of linewidth is below 1 Hz. This means the linewidth of a Ramsey laser can be more than two or- ders of magnitude narrower than the atomic natural linewidth, therefore our Ramsey method provides a new subnatural spec- troscopy technique. And since it is stimulated-emission spec- trum, it overcomes the di ffi culty in other subnatural linewidth spectroscopy schemes where the quick reduction of signal to noise ratio is a formidable limit. We should point out that this Ramsey laser does not escape the limitation of all active optical clock: in order to pump atoms to the excited state ef- fectively and to be stimulated emit photon during the lifetime of a metastable state, this new method will only be applicable to some special transitions [17].",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(4)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(5)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(6)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*  <sup>(7)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n+  ̃ *D*  <sup>(8)</sup> *kl*   <sup>δ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (8)\nwhere <sup> ̃</sup> *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>are the c-number Langevin di</sup> <sup>ff</sup> <sup>usion coe</sup> <sup>ffi</sup> <sup>cients,</sup> related to quantum Langevin di ff usion coe ffi cients  *D*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>i</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *kl*   <sup>as in</sup> [27].\n*Steady-state solutions:*  The steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser op- eration are obtained by dropping the noise terms of the c- number Langevin equations and setting the time derivatives equal to zero. The analytical solutions are very complex, and one could numerically solve the steady-state equations. In this paper, we only care about the bad cavity limit γ *max*  ≪ *T*   <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ κ/ 2. Since the atomic transit time is much shorter than the damping times of atomic variables, one could ignore the e ff ect of the spontaneous emission of the atom. By the stan- dard way [25], We get the following steady-state values:\n���  ̃ *A* *ss* ��� 2 = *R* (1 −  *A* 0 + *A* 1 − *A* 2 )\nκ =   *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>B</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> κ ,\n ̃ *N* *ass*  = *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> 2 � 1 +   *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *g*  τ � κ\n*R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) � ,\n ̃ *N* *bss*  = *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> 2 � 1 −  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>0</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *g*  τ � κ\n*R*  (  *B* 0 − *B* 1 + *B* 2 ) � .\nA detailed analysis about the stability of the steady-state can be found such as in [28]. In this paper, we assume the steady- state solution is stable. *Laser linwidth:*  Suppose the quantum fluctuation is small, the evolution of the fluctuations can be obtained by making a linearization of the c-number Langevin equations around the steady-state solution. Then the measured spectra of field fluc- tuations will be directly related to these quantities. By Fourier transformations of the linearized equation, we get the ampli- tude and phase quadrature components δ  *X*  ( ω ) and δ  *Y*  ( ω ) [26]. Well above threshold, one can neglect the amplitude fluctu- ations, and the linewidth inside the cavity is related to the phase-di ff usion coe ffi cient [25]. For small fluctuation of laser phase, the spectrum of phase fluctuations is simply related to the spectrum of the phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations, namely,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω = <sup>1</sup> *I* 0 ( δ  *Y*  <sup>2</sup> ) ω .\nIn the region γ *ab*  ≪ *T*   <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ τ <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ≪ κ/ 2, as in the recently proposed active optical clock [15] with atomic beam. The phase quadrature component of the field fluctuations can be expressed as\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω\n≈ ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup>\n*I* 0 ω <sup>2</sup> [( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> + ω <sup>2</sup> ]\n*g*  <sup>2</sup>\n4( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>γ</sup>  *<sup>ab</sup>*  <sup> ̃</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>ass</sup>* + 2  *R*  [(  *A* 0 + *B* 0 ) + (  *A* 2 + *B* 2 )]\n+  *Rp*  [(  *C* 0 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 0 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 1 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>]</sup> <sup>}</sup> <sup>.</sup> (9)\nSince the time τ and  *T*  is much shorter than the time scale of the atomic dampings, we can neglect the dampings when calculate  *A* *i* ,  *B* *i* ,  *C* *i* . By using\n*A* 0 = cos <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,  *A* 1 = cos <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,\n*A* 2 = 1 − sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) cos <sup>2</sup> � ∆ 2 2   *<sup>T</sup>* � ,  *B* 0 = sin <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,\n*B* 1 = sin <sup>2</sup> � Ω *R* 2  <sup>τ</sup> � ,  *B* 2 = sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) cos <sup>2</sup> � ∆ 2 *T*\n2 � ,\n(  *C* 0 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 0 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> <sup>−</sup>  *<sup>C</sup>*  <sup>∗</sup> 1 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\n(  *C* 2 − *C*  <sup>∗</sup> 2 <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>Ω</sup>  *<sup>R</sup>*  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>) sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>T</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup>\nwe get\n( δφ <sup>2</sup> ) ω = ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup>\nω <sup>2</sup> [( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> + ω <sup>2</sup> )]\nγ <sup>2</sup> *ab* ( κ/ 2 + γ *ab* ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>{</sup>  *<sup>D</sup>*   *<sup>S T</sup>* +  *D* *Ram* [2 −  *p*  sin <sup>2</sup> ( Ω *R* τ ) sin <sup>2</sup> ( ∆ 2 *T*  )] } , (10)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\n[19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **102**  , 163601 (2009) [20] F. Strumia, Metrologia  **8**  , 85 (1972). [21] G. Kramer, J. Opt. Soc. Am.  **68**  , 1634 (1978). [22] V. S. Letokhov and B. D. Pavlik, Opt. Spectrosc. USSR  **32**  , 455 (1972). [23] Ye. V. Baklanov, B. Ya, Dubetsky, V. P. Chebotayev, Appl. Phys.  **9**  , 171 (1976). [24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett.  **38**  , 159 (1977). [25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys.  **68**  , 127 (1996). [26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, Phys. Rev. A  **47**  , 1431 (1993). [27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb,  *Laser Physics* (Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974). [28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci,  *Dynamic In-* *stabilities and Pulsations in Lasers*  , Progress in Optics XXV, edited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988). [29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, J. Phys. B  **13**  , 2231 (1980). [30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A  **56**  , 1662(1997). [31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev.  **84**  , 506(1951).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity\n\n## **The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nwith frequency ω  *<sup>j</sup>* *a*   <sup>and</sup> <sup>ω</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *b*  <sup>, and</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>is the “spin-</sup> flip” operator for the jth atom, with its adjoint σ  *<sup>j</sup>* +  <sup>=</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>|</sup>  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>⟩⟨</sup>  *<sup>b</sup>*  <sup>|</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>.</sup> The coupling constant  *g*  is given by  *g*  = μ  <sup>√</sup> ω/ 2 ħ ǫ 0 *V*  , where μ is the magnitude of the atomic dipole moment, and  *V*  is the e ff ective volume of the cavity. In order to denote the finite-time interaction between the atoms and Ramsey separated field, we introduce the function\nΓ  *j*  (  *t*  ) = Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  ) − Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − τ ) +Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − τ −  *T*  ) − Θ (  *t*  −  *t*   *j*  − 2 τ −  *T*  ) , (2) where Θ (  *t*  ) is the Heaviside step function [ Θ (  *t*  ) = 1 for  *t*  > 0, Θ (  *t*  ) = 1 / 2 for  *t*  = 0, and Θ (  *t*  ) = 0 for  *t*  < 0].  *T*  is the free drift time of the atoms, and τ is the interacting time between the atom and one cavity. By the standard way [25], we can get the Heisenberg- Langevin equations of the motion for the single-atom and filed operators. By introducing the macroscopic atomic oper- ator,  *M*  (  *t*  ) = −  *i*   <sup>�</sup> *j*   <sup>Γ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* − <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>),</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>�</sup> *j*   <sup>Γ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *aa*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>),</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>* *b*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>=</sup>\n� *j*   <sup>Γ</sup> *j*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>σ</sup>  *<sup>j</sup>* *bb*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>), the dynamic equations for the field and macro-</sup> scopic atomic operators yield\n ̇  *a*  (  *t*  ) = − <sup>κ</sup> 2  *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>gM</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>κ</sup> <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (3)\n ̇ *N* *a* (  *t*  ) =  *R*  (1 −  *A* 0 + *A* 1 − *A* 2 ) − ( γ *a*  + γ <sup>′</sup> *a*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>N</sup>*   *<sup>a</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>\n−  *g*  [  *M*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *a*  (  *t*  ) +  *a*  <sup>†</sup> (  *t*  )  *M*  (  *t*  )] +  *F* *a* (  *t*  ) , (4)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Calculate the PSIS LOO\n\n## **References**\n\nISSN: 2640-3498.\n40. Hoffman, M.D.; Gelman, A. The No-U-Turn Sampler: Adaptively Setting Path Lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo.\n2014. Available online: [ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://jmlr.org/](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://jmlr.org/papers/volume15/hoffman14a/hoffman14a.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjPzP32seCKAxXLENAFHRziJ-0QFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3adSH1tmvDJ1-6CEuitKet)\n[papers/volume15/hoffman14a/hoffman14a.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjPzP32seCKAxXLENAFHRziJ-0QFnoECBcQAQ&usg=](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://jmlr.org/papers/volume15/hoffman14a/hoffman14a.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjPzP32seCKAxXLENAFHRziJ-0QFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3adSH1tmvDJ1-6CEuitKet)\n[AOvVaw3adSH1tmvDJ1-6CEuitKet](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://jmlr.org/papers/volume15/hoffman14a/hoffman14a.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjPzP32seCKAxXLENAFHRziJ-0QFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3adSH1tmvDJ1-6CEuitKet) (accessed on 17 May 2024).\n41. Mathys, C.; Weber, L. Hierarchical Gaussian Filtering of Sufficient Statistic Time Series for Active Inference. In  *Active Inference*  ;\nVerbelen, T., Lanillos, P., Buckley, C.L., De Boom, C., Eds.; Communications in Computer and Information Science; Springer:\nCham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 52- 58. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64919-7_7) ]\n42. Rescorla, R.A. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non-reinforcement.  *Class.*\n*Cond. Curr. Res. Theory*   **1972**  ,  *2*  , 64- 69.\n43. Frässle, S.; Aponte, E.A.; Bollmann, S.; Brodersen, K.H.; Do, C.T.; Harrison, O.K.; Harrison, S.J.; Heinzle, J.; Iglesias, S.; Kasper,\nL.; et al. TAPAS: An Open-Source Software Package for Translational Neuromodeling and Computational Psychiatry.  *Front.*\n*Psychiatry*   **2021**  ,  *12*  , 680811. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.680811) ]\n44. Smith, R.; Schwartenbeck, P.; Parr, T.; Friston, K.J. An Active Inference Approach to Modeling Structure Learning: Concept\nLearning as an Example Case.  *Front. Comput. Neurosci.*   **2020**  ,  *14*  , 41. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2020.00041) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32508611) ]\n45. Neacsu, V.; Mirza, M.B.; Adams, R.A.; Friston, K.J. Structure learning enhances concept formation in synthetic Active Inference\nagents.  *PLoS ONE*   **2022**  ,  *17*  , e0277199. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277199) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36374909) ]\n46. Xia, R.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Yang, B. A survey of sum- product networks structural learning.  *Neural Netw.*   **2023**  ,  *164*  , 645- 666.\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2023.05.010) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37245478) ]\n47. Friston, K.J.; Da Costa, L.; Tschantz, A.; Kiefer, A.; Salvatori, T.; Neacsu, V.; Koudahl, M.; Heins, C.; Sajid, N.; Markovic, D.; et al.\nSupervised structure learning.  *arXiv*   **2023**  , arXiv:2311.10300. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108891) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39433209) ]\n48. Serrano, S.A.; Santiago, E.; Martinez-Carranza, J.; Morales, E.F.; Sucar, L.E. Knowledge-Based Hierarchical POMDPs for Task\nPlanning.  *J. Intell. Robot. Syst.*   **2021**  ,  *101*  , 82. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-021-01348-8) ]\n49. Friston, K.J.; Rosch, R.; Parr, T.; Price, C.; Bowman, H. Deep temporal models and active inference.  *Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.*   **2017**  ,\n*77*  , 388- 402. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.009) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28416414) ]\n50. Friston, K.; Mattout, J.; Trujillo-Barreto, N.; Ashburner, J.; Penny, W. Variational free energy and the Laplace approximation.\n*NeuroImage*   **2007**  ,  *34*  , 220- 234. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.035) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17055746) ]",
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+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsum rule. In Fig. 3 we plot for this case ∆ W ( ω c ) as a\nfunction of the cutoff ω c for different Γ <sup>′</sup> s . The plot shows\nthe two well known features: zero-crossing point is below\n2∆in the clean limit Γ << ∆and is roughly 2Γ in the dirty limit <sup>21,40</sup> The magnitude of the ‘dip’ decreases quite\nrapidly with increasing Γ. Still, there is always a point\nof zero crossing and ∆ W ( ω c ) at large ω c approaches zero\nfrom below.\nWe now perform the same calculations in the presence\nof lattice dispersion. The results are summarized in Figs\n4,5, and 6.\nFig 4 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) in the NS and the SCS\nand Kubo sums W K plotted against impurity scattering\nΓ. We see that the optical integral in the NS is always\ngreater than in the SCS. The negative sign of ∆ W K is\nsimply the consequence of the fact that n k is larger in the\nNS for ǫ k < 0 and smaller for ǫ k < 0, and ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k closely follows − ε ⃗k for our choice of dispersion <sup>38</sup> ), Hence n k is\nlarger in the NS for ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k > 0 and smaller for ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k < 0 and the Kubo sum rule, which is the integral of the\nproduct of n k and ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k (Eq. 3), is larger in the normal state.\nWe also see from Fig. 4 that ∆ W K decreases with Γ\nreflecting the fact that with too much impurity scattering\nthere is little difference in n k between NS and SCS.\nFig 5 shows the optical sum in NS and SCS in clean\nand dirty limits (the parameters are stated in the fig-\nure). This plot shows that the Kubo sums are almost\ncompletely recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth\nof 1 eV : the recovery is 95% in the clean limit and ∼ 90%\nin the dirty limit. In Fig 6 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function\nof ω c in clean and dirty limits. ∆ W ( ∞ ) is now non-zero,\nin agreement with Fig. 4 and we also see that there is",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf",
+                "query": "Give me the advantages of Ferromagnetic semiconductors",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductors offer the prospect  of combining high-density storage and gate-controlled  logic in a single material.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 4
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nThis is around a factor of three thinner than in Ref. <sup>7</sup> ,\nwhich could be due to the lower Mn concentration or the\ndifferent preparation method of the present samples.\nIn summary, we have demonstrated antiferromagnetic\ncoupling between Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers in bilayer\nstructures. A markedly different coupling is observed for\nthe bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As layer and for Mn moments\nin the near-interface region. A thickness-dependent ex-\nchange bias field is observed to affect the whole of the\nbulk (Ga,Mn)As layer, which aligns antiparallel to the\nFe layer at low fields, and switches to parallel when the\nexternal field is large enough to overcome the bias field\nand the magnetocrystalline anisotropy fields. In contrast,\nthe interfacial Mn moments remain aligned antiparallel\nto the Fe layer even at 20 kOe, the largest field studied,\nand are polarized at temperatures well above the T C of\nthe bulk (Ga,Mn)As layer. The latter observation con-\nfirms the recently reported result of Ref. 7, in which\nthe Fe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayers were produced by a different\nmethod but showed qualitatively similar behavior of the\ninterfacial moments. Our results shed new light on the\nmagnetic coupling in Fe/(Ga,Mn)As hybrid layers which\nare of potential interest for room temperature spintron-\nics, and also offer a means of controlling the spin orien-\ntation in a FM semiconductor.\nWe acknowledge support from EU grants\nSemiSpinNet-215368 and NAMASTE-214499, and\nSTFC studentship grant CMPC07100. The Advanced\nLight Source is supported by the U.S. Department of\nEnergy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.\nWe thank Leigh Shelford for help during the Diamond\nbeamtime.\n1 T. Jungwirth, W. A. Atkinson, B. H. Lee, and A. H. Mac-\nDonald, Phys. Rev. B 59 , 9818 (1999); P. Sankowski and\nP. Kacman, Phys. Rev. B 71 , 201303(R) (2005); A. D.\nGiddings, T. Jungwirth, and B. L. Gallagher, Phys. Rev.\nB 78 , 165312 (2008); K. Szalowski and T. Balcerzak, Phys.\nRev. B 79 , 214430 (2009). 2 J.-H. Chung, S. J. Chung, S. Lee, B. J. Kirby, J. A.\nBorchers, Y. J. Cho, X. Liu, and J. K. Furdyna, Phys.\nRev. Lett. 101 , 237202 (2008). 3 M. Wang, R. P. Campion, A. W. Rushforth, K. W. Ed-\nmonds, C. T. Foxon, and R. P. Campion, Appl. Phys. Lett.\n93 , 132103 (2008). 4 M. Zhu, M. J. Wilson, B. L. Sheu, P. Mitra, P. Schiffer,",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nand N. Samarth, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 , 192503 (2007); M.\nZhu, M. J. Wilson, P. Mitra, P. Schiffer, and N. Samarth,\nPhys. Rev. B 78 , 195307 (2008). 5 S. Mark, C. Gould, K. Pappert, J. Wenisch, K. Brunner,\nG. Schmidt, and L. W. Molenkamp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 ,\n017204 (2009). 6 G. Wastlbauer and J.A.C. Bland, Adv. Phys. 54 , 137\n(2005). 7 F. Maccherozzi, M. Sperl, G. Panaccione, J. Minar, S.\nPolesya, H. Ebert, U. Wurstbauer, M. Hochstrasser, G.\nRossi, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider, and C. H. Back,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 267201 (2008). 8 R. P. Campion, K. W. Edmonds, L. X. Zhao, K. Y. Wang,\nC. T. Foxon, B. L. Gallagher, and C. R. Staddon, J. Crys-\ntal Growth 247 , 42 (2003). 9 F. Maccherozzi, G. Panaccione, G. Rossi, M. Hochstrasser,\nM. Sperl, M. Reinwald, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider,\nand C. H. Back, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 104421 (2006). 10 Ch. Binek, S. Polisetty, X. He and A. Berger, Phys. Rev.\nLett. 96 , 067201 (2006). 11 C. Won, Y.Z. Wu, E. Arenholz, J. Choi, J. Wu, and Z. Q.\nQiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 077203 (2007). 12 J. Nogues and I. K. Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 192 ,\n203 (1999). 13 K. F. Eid, M. B. Stone, K. C. Ku, O. Maksimov, P. Schiffer,\nN. Samarth, T. C. Shih and C. J. Palmstrom, Appl. Phys.\nLett. 85 , 1556 (2004). 14 B. T. Thole, P. Carra, F. Sette, and G. van der Laan,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. 68 , 1943 (1992); P. Carra, B. T. Thole,\nM. Altarelli, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 , 694 (1993). 15 T. Jungwirth, J. Masek, K. Y. Wang, K. W. Edmonds,\n0 40 80 4\n5\n-1000 0 1000\n-4\n-2\n0\n2\n4\nH E (Oe)\nApplied f ield (Oe)\nMom ent (10 -5 em u)\n0 20 40 0\n100\n200\n300\n\nd (nm)\nH  =  0.5  k Oe\nH = 0\n\nT (K)\n\nFIG. 1. (color) Main figure: Major (red/black) and minor\n(green) hysteresis loops along the [110] axis at 5 K, for a\nFe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film, and the hysteresis loop\nfor a control (Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film along the same axis",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n(blue). Left inset: Magnetization versus temperature for the\nFe/(Ga,Mn)As film at remanence (black) and under a 500 Oe\napplied field (red). Right inset: Exchange bias field versus\nthickness d of the (Ga,Mn)As film (points) and fit showing\n1/ d dependence (dashed line).\nM. Sawicki, M. Polini, J. Sinova, A. H. MacDonald, R. P.\nCampion, L. X. Zhao, N. R. S. Farley, T. K. Johal, G. van\nder Laan, C. T. Foxon, and B. L. Gallagher, Phys. Rev. B\n73 , 165205 (2006). 16 K. W. Edmonds, A. A. Freeman, N. R. S. Farley, K. Y.\nWang, R. P. Campion, B. L. Gallagher, C. T. Foxon, G.\nvan der Laan, and E. Arenholz, J. Appl. Phys. 102 , 023902\n(2007).\n-0.004\n0.000\n0.004\n|  (a) Fe TEY  |\n|:---|\n| (b) Mn TEY  |\n| (c) Mn FY  |\n\n-0.2\n-0.1\n0.0\n0.1\n0.2\n\nXMCD asymmetry\n-250 0 250 500 750 1000\n-0.004\n0.000\n0.004\nField  (Oe)\n\nFIG. 2. (color online) XMCD asymmetry versus applied field\nalong the [110] axis at 2 K, for a Fe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As\n(10 nm) film. (a) Fe L 3 , total electron yield; (b) Mn L 3 ,\ntotal electron yield; (c) Mn L 3 , fluorescent yield. Black and\nred points are data for increasing and decreasing fields respec-\ntively; lines are to guide the eye.\n640 650\n0.9\n1.0\n(d) H = 2 kOe, T = 300K\n(c) H = 1 kOe, T = 2K\n(a) absorption\n(b) H = 0, T = 2K\n\nX-ray absorption  (arb. units)\nX-ray energy  (eV)\nXMCD  (arb. units)\nFIG. 3. (color online) (a) Polarization-averaged Mn L 2 , 3 spec- trum for a Fe/(Ga,Mn)As film; (b) XMCD spectra measured\nin remanence at 2 K; (c) XMCD spectra measured under a\n1000 Oe applied field at 2 K; (d) XMCD spectrum measured\nunder a 2000 Oe applied field at 300 K. XMCD spectra are\nobtained using TEY (thick red lines) and FY (thin blue lines)\ndetection.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nprevious measurements on well-characterized (Ga,Mn)As\nsamples <sup>15</sup> , the projected Mn 3 d magnetic moments are\nobtained as − 1.4 μ B and +0.8 μ B per ion at remanence\nand 1000 Oe, respectively.\nThe difference between these values can be understood\nas being due to an interface layer which is strongly anti-\nferromagnetically coupled to the Fe layer. At zero field,\nboth the interfacial and bulk Mn are aligned antiparallel\nto the Fe layer. At high fields, the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As\nlayer away from the interface is re-oriented into the exter-\nnal field direction. However, the interfacial Mn remains\nantiparallel to the Fe layer and thus partially compen-\nsates the XMCD signal from the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As.\nFrom the size of the remanent and 1000 Oe magnetic\nmoments, it can be estimated that around 25-30% of the\nTEY XMCD signal can be ascribed to the interfacial Mn\nwhich is strongly coupled to the Fe moments.\nThe interfacial Mn moments are ascribed to the prox-\nimity polarization of the (Ga,Mn)As interface by the Fe\nlayer, such as was shown previously by XMCD as well as ab initio theory <sup>7</sup> . Evidence for this can be observed from\nmeasurement of the Mn L 2 , 3 XMCD signal at tempera-\ntures above the (Ga,Mn)As T C . Similar to the previous\nstudy <sup>7</sup> , we observe a small but not negligible signal at\nroom temperature (Fig. 3), with opposite sign to the Fe\nL 2 , 3 XMCD. Its spectral shape is characteristic of a local- ized electronic configuration close to d <sup>5</sup> , similar to bulk (Ga,Mn)As <sup>7,9,15</sup> but in contrast to Mn in more metallic\nenvironments such as Mn x Fe 1 − x <sup>7</sup> or MnAs <sup>16</sup> . A slight\nbroadening is observed on the low energy side of the Mn\nL 3 peak, which may be due to the different screening in-\nduced by proximity to the Fe layer. Since the measured\nintensity is attenuated with distance z from the surface\nas I = I 0 exp( − z/λ T EY ), the thickness of the strongly\ncoupled interface layer is estimated to be ∼ 0.7 nm or 2-3\nmonolayers, assuming a uniform distribution of Mn ions\nand magnetic moments throughout the (Ga,Mn)As film.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nK. Olejnik, <sup>1, 2</sup> P. Wadley, <sup>3</sup> J. Haigh, <sup>3</sup> K. W. Edmonds, <sup>3</sup> R. P. Campion, <sup>3</sup> A. W. Rushforth, <sup>3</sup> B. L. Gallagher, <sup>3</sup> C. T. Foxon, <sup>3</sup> T. Jungwirth, <sup>2, 3</sup> J. Wunderlich, <sup>1, 2</sup> S. S. Dhesi, <sup>4</sup> S. Cavill, <sup>4</sup> G. van der Laan, <sup>4</sup> and E. Arenholz <sup>5</sup>\n1 Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom 2 Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Cukrovarnicka 10, 16253 Praha 6, Czech Republic 3 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom 4 Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus,\nDidcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom 5 Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA\n(Dated: August 24, 2018)\nWe demonstrate an exchange bias in (Ga,Mn)As induced by antiferromagnetic coupling to a thin\noverlayer of Fe. Bias fields of up to 240 Oe are observed. Using element-specific x-ray magnetic\ncircular dichroism measurements, we distinguish a strongly exchange coupled (Ga,Mn)As interface\nlayer in addition to the biassed bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As film. The interface layer remains polarized\nat room temperature.\nPACS numbers: 75.70.Cn, 75.50.Pp, 75.50.Bb\nFerromagnetic (FM) semiconductors offer the prospect\nof combining high-density storage and gate-controlled\nlogic in a single material. The realization of spin-valve\ndevices from FM semiconductors requires the controlled\nswitching of magnetization in adjacent layers between\nantiferromagnetic (AFM) and FM configurations. This\nhas motivated several theoretical investigations of inter-\nlayer coupling in all-semiconductor devices <sup>1</sup> , and AFM\ncoupling has recently been demonstrated in (Ga,Mn)As\nmultilayers separated by p -type non-magnetic spacers <sup>2</sup> .\nHowever, the Curie temperature T C of (Ga,Mn)As is currently limited to 185 K in single layers <sup>3</sup> , and is\ntypically much lower for layers embedded within a\nheterostructure <sup>2</sup> , which is an obstacle to the practical\nimplementation of semiconductor spintronics.\nThe development of FM metal/FM semiconductor het-\nerostructures has the potential to bring together the\nbenefits of metal and semiconductor based spintron-\nics, offering access to new functionalities and physi-\ncal phenomena. Recent studies of MnAs/(Ga,Mn)As\nand NiFe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayer films have shown FM in-\nterlayer coupling and independent magnetization be-\nhavior, respectively <sup>4,5</sup> . Of particular interest is the\nFe/(Ga,Mn)As system, since the growth of epitaxial\nFe/GaAs(001) films is well-established <sup>6</sup> . Remarkably, a",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nreduced to ∼ 0 <sup>◦</sup> C, before depositing a 2 nm Fe layer,\nplus a 2 nm Al capping layer. In-situ reflection high\nenergy electron diffraction and ex-situ x-ray reflectivity\nand diffraction measurements confirmed that the layers\nare single-crystalline with sub-nm interface roughness.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were performed us-\ning a Quantum Design Magnetic Property Measurement\nSystem. Mn and Fe L 2 , 3 x-ray absorption and XMCD\nmeasurements were performed on beamline I06 at the\nDiamond Light Source, and on beamline 4.0.2 at the Ad-\nvanced Light Source. Total-electron yield (TEY) and\nfluorescence yield (FY) were monitored simultaneously\nusing the sample drain current and the photocurrent of a\ndiode mounted at 90 <sup>◦</sup> to the incident beam, respectively.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were\nfirst performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and\n(Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples, grown under the\nsame conditions as the bilayers, to determine the\nmagnetic anisotropies of the individual layers and the\nCurie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The Fe film\nhas a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along\nthe [110] orientation, similar to previous studies <sup>6</sup> . For\nthe (Ga,Mn)As control sample, there is a competition\nbetween cubic and uniaxial magnetic anisotropies, with\nthe former dominant at low temperatures and favoring\neasy axes along the in-plane ⟨ 100 ⟩ orientations, and the\nlatter dominant close to T C ( ∼ 35 K) giving an easy axis\nalong the [1 <sup> ̄</sup> 10] orientation. Figure 1 shows [110] magne-\ntization versus temperature curves and low temperature\nhysteresis loops for a bilayer film containing a 20 nm\nthick (Ga,Mn)As layer. The total remnant moment of\nthe bilayer film decreases on cooling under zero magnetic\nfield below the T C of the (Ga,Mn)As, indicating that\nthis layer aligns antiparallel to the Fe magnetization\nat zero field. The hysteresis curve shows a two-step\nmagnetization reversal, indicating different behavior of\nthe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers, with the smaller loop\nattributed to the dilute moment (Ga,Mn)As film. The\nminor hysteresis loop shown in Fig. 1 clearly shows a\nshift from zero field by a bias field H E , indicating that\nthe Fe layer induces an exchange bias in the magnetic\nsemiconductor. The shape and size of the minor loop\nis in agreement with the hysteresis loop for the control\n(Ga,Mn)As sample, also shown in Fig. 1. This strongly",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nrecent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study\nhas shown that Fe may induce a proximity polariza-\ntion in the near-surface region of (Ga,Mn)As, antipar-\nallel to the Fe moment and persisting even above room\ntemperature <sup>7</sup> . Devices incorporating Fe/(Ga,Mn)As\ntherefore offer the prospect of obtaining non-volatile\nroom temperature spin-polarization in a semiconductor.\nUntil now, no information has been revealed about the\ncoupling of Fe to (Ga,Mn)As layers away from the near-\nsurface region. At the surface, the (Ga,Mn)As layer may\nbe highly non-stoichiometric and Mn-rich, due to its non-\nequilibrium nature <sup>8,9</sup> . Previously, Fe/(Ga,Mn)As layers\nwere produced by a process including exposure to air fol-\nlowed by sputtering and annealing prior to Fe deposition,\nwhich may further disrupt the interface order. The ori-\ngin of the interface magnetism then had to be inferred by\ncomparison to a series of reference samples <sup>7</sup> . Demonstra- tion of coupling between the bulk of the layers, i.e. , an\nexchange bias effect, would provide direct evidence of the\ninterface magnetic order. Moreover, such coupling would\noffer new means of manipulating the FM semiconductor\nspin state and utilizing the proximity polarization effect\nin a spintronic device.\nHere, we demonstrate an antiferromagnetic coupling\nand exchange bias in Fe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayer films, by\ncombining element-specific XMCD measurements and\nbulk-sensitive superconducting quantum interference de-\nvice (SQUID) magnetometry. As with previous studies of FM metal/FM semiconductor bilayers <sup>4,5</sup> (and in con-\ntrast to AFM coupled FM metal/FM metal exchange bias\nstructures <sup>10,11</sup> ) the layers are in direct contact without\na non-magnetic spacer in between. We distinguish in-\nterface and bulk (Ga,Mn)As layers that are respectively\nstrongly and weakly antiferromagnetically coupled to the\nFe overlayer. In agreement with Ref. <sup>7</sup> , the interface layer\nremains polarized at room temperature.\nThe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers of the present study\nwere both grown by molecular beam epitaxy in the same\nultra-high vacuum system, in order to ensure a clean in-\nterface between them. The (Ga,Mn)As layer of thickness\n10 to 50 nm was deposited on a GaAs(001) substrate\nat a temperature of 260 <sup>◦</sup> C, using previously established\nmethods <sup>3,8</sup> . A low Mn concentration of x ≈ 0 . 03 was\nchosen in order to avoid the formation of compensating\nMn interstitials. The substrate temperature was then",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nindicates that the exchange bias affects the whole of the\n(Ga,Mn)As layer in the bilayer sample.\nSimilar behavior is observed for bilayer samples con-\ntaining a 10 nm or 50 nm (Ga,Mn)As layer, with a\nbias field which is approximately inversely proportional\nto the thickness d of the ferromagnetic semiconductor\nlayer (Fig. 1, inset). This 1/ d dependence of H E was found previously for MnAs/(Ga,Mn)As bilayers <sup>4</sup> , and\nis generally observed in exchanged-biased thin films <sup>12</sup> .\nFrom this dependence it is possible to describe the ex-\nchange bias in terms of an interface energy per unit area,\n∆ E = M F S H E d = 0 . 003 erg/cm <sup>2</sup> . This value is rather\nsmall compared to typical exchange bias systems <sup>12</sup> , re-\nflecting the low moment density M F S of the diluted\nFM semiconductor layer. However, the bias field for a\ngiven (Ga,Mn)As thickness is larger than is observed for\nMnO/(Ga,Mn)As structures <sup>13</sup> , while the reproducibility\nand flexibility of the present structures is much higher\ndue to the single-crystalline ferromagnetic nature of the\nFe layer.\nTo confirm the presence of AFM interlayer coupling,\nwe performed XMCD measurements at the Mn and Fe\nL 2 , 3 absorption edges in order to determine the magnetic\nresponse of the individual elements. In L 2 , 3 XMCD, elec-\ntrons are excited from a 2 p core level to the unoccupied\n3 d valence states of the element of interest by circularly\npolarized x-rays at the resonance energies of the transi-\ntions. The difference in absorption for opposite polariza-\ntions gives a direct and element-specific measurement of\nthe projection of the 3 d magnetic moment along the x-\nray polarization vector. The absorption cross-section is\nconventionally obtained by measuring the decay products\n-  either fluorescent x-rays or electrons -  of the photoex-\ncited core hole. The type of decay product measured\ndetermines the probing depth of the technique. For Mn\nL 2 , 3 absorption, the probing depths for FY and TEY de-\ntection are λ F Y ≈ 100 nm and λ T EY ≈ 3 nm. In the\ncurrent experiment, the Mn XMCD measured using FY\nand TEY are thus sensitive to the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nfilm and the near-interface layers, respectively.\nFigure 2(a)-(c) shows the magnetic field dependence of\nXMCD asymmetry, defined as ( I l − I r ) / ( I l + I r ) where\nI l ( r ) is the absorption for left- (right-) circularly polarized\nx-rays. This is measured at the Fe and Mn L 3 absorption\npeaks for a Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(10 nm) sample at 2 K.\nThe external field is applied along the photon incidence\ndirection, which is at 70 <sup>◦</sup> to the surface normal with\nan in-plane projection along the [110] axis. The XMCD\ndata show that the Fe film displays a square hysteresis\nloop with a single magnetization switch, as expected for\na monocrystalline Fe film with strong uniaxial magnetic\nanisotropy. The Mn XMCD shows a more complicated\nloop due to the effect of the interlayer coupling. The pro-\njected Mn moment aligns antiparallel to the Fe moment\nat remanence, and undergoes a magnetization reversal of\nopposite sign to the Fe. With further increase of the ex-\nternal magnetic field, the Mn moment gradually rotates\naway from antiparallel alignment with the Fe layer, and\ninto the field direction. Qualitatively similar behavior\nis observed for the Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(20 nm) sam-\nple: the (Ga,Mn)As layer is aligned antiparallel to the\nFe layer at zero field, although the bias field is lower by\napproximately a factor of two.\nClear differences are observed between the Mn XMCD\nhysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection\nmodes. For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar\n(but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag-\nnetic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx-\nimately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe. The\nMn L 2 , 3 XMCD spectra recorded at remanence and at\n1000 Oe, shown in Fig. 3, confirm this result. At re-\nmanence the FY and TEY detected XMCD have similar\nmagnitudes. However, under a large external field the\nXMCD is substantially smaller in TEY than in FY, con-\nfirming that the net magnetization of the Mn ions near\nthe interface is significantly less than in the bulk of the\n(Ga,Mn)As film. This is the case even up to the high-\nest field applied (20 kOe). By applying the XMCD sum rules <sup>14</sup> to the TEY data, and by comparing the spectra to",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\naction range only.\nWe now move to describe and discuss MC simulation\ndata for thinner samples. A graphical synthesis of the\nresults obtained for n = 8 in reported in Fig. 4a-d. The\nspecific heat c v , shown in Figs. 4a, reveals very small\nfinite-size effects, which, however, cannot be unambigu-\nously detected for the largest lattice size ( L = 64), as\nthey fall comfortably within the error range. Surpris-\ningly, the specific heat maximum is located close to the\nbulk transition temperature as found for n = 16, and\n0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 *n*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\n140\n*T* *N*\n*(n) , T* *C*\n*(n)*\n(K)\n*T* *N* *(n)*\n*T* *C* *(n)*\n*T* *N*\n*bulk*\nFIG. 5: Transition temperatures T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. film\nthickness n .\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu-\nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in\nfigure), which is located at T C (8) = 133 . 3(3)K. These\ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all\nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the\nsame temperature; such property has been observed for\nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that T C ( n )\nresults quite n -independent (see also Fig. 5) .\nAlthough the layer subtraction does not seem to mod-\nify T C ( n ), the onset of helical arrangement is observed to\nshift at lower temperatures as n decreases. The chirality\nκ defined in Eq. (4) is reported in Fig 4b for n = 8. As the\ntemperature decreases, around T ∼ 80 K we can identify\na finite-size behaviour of κ which, at variance with the\nprevious one, can be easily recognized as typical of an\neffective phase transition. Such conclusion is confirmed\nby the analysis of the chiral susceptibility χ κ (Fig. 4c),\nwhich for the largest L has a maximum at T = 85 K. As-\nsuming that the order parameter (4) is the relevant one\nto single out the onset of the fan arrangement, we can\nget a more accurate estimate of T N (8) by looking at the\nBinder cumulant u 4 ( κ ), reported in Fig. 4d. By making",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf",
+                "query": "I do not remember on wich samples SQUID  magnetometry  measurements  were  first performed",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "SQUID  magnetometry  measurements  were  first performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and  (Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nreduced to ∼ 0 <sup>◦</sup> C, before depositing a 2 nm Fe layer,\nplus a 2 nm Al capping layer. In-situ reflection high\nenergy electron diffraction and ex-situ x-ray reflectivity\nand diffraction measurements confirmed that the layers\nare single-crystalline with sub-nm interface roughness.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were performed us-\ning a Quantum Design Magnetic Property Measurement\nSystem. Mn and Fe L 2 , 3 x-ray absorption and XMCD\nmeasurements were performed on beamline I06 at the\nDiamond Light Source, and on beamline 4.0.2 at the Ad-\nvanced Light Source. Total-electron yield (TEY) and\nfluorescence yield (FY) were monitored simultaneously\nusing the sample drain current and the photocurrent of a\ndiode mounted at 90 <sup>◦</sup> to the incident beam, respectively.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were\nfirst performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and\n(Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples, grown under the\nsame conditions as the bilayers, to determine the\nmagnetic anisotropies of the individual layers and the\nCurie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The Fe film\nhas a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along\nthe [110] orientation, similar to previous studies <sup>6</sup> . For\nthe (Ga,Mn)As control sample, there is a competition\nbetween cubic and uniaxial magnetic anisotropies, with\nthe former dominant at low temperatures and favoring\neasy axes along the in-plane ⟨ 100 ⟩ orientations, and the\nlatter dominant close to T C ( ∼ 35 K) giving an easy axis\nalong the [1 <sup> ̄</sup> 10] orientation. Figure 1 shows [110] magne-\ntization versus temperature curves and low temperature\nhysteresis loops for a bilayer film containing a 20 nm\nthick (Ga,Mn)As layer. The total remnant moment of\nthe bilayer film decreases on cooling under zero magnetic\nfield below the T C of the (Ga,Mn)As, indicating that\nthis layer aligns antiparallel to the Fe magnetization\nat zero field. The hysteresis curve shows a two-step\nmagnetization reversal, indicating different behavior of\nthe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers, with the smaller loop\nattributed to the dilute moment (Ga,Mn)As film. The\nminor hysteresis loop shown in Fig. 1 clearly shows a\nshift from zero field by a bias field H E , indicating that\nthe Fe layer induces an exchange bias in the magnetic\nsemiconductor. The shape and size of the minor loop\nis in agreement with the hysteresis loop for the control\n(Ga,Mn)As sample, also shown in Fig. 1. This strongly",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n12 the conductivities and the optical integrals for the\noriginal MFLI model.\n0.2 0.6 1\n0\n0.1\n0.2\nω in eV\nσ ( ω )\nConductivities (Original MFLI)\nNS\nSC\n∆ + ω 1\n0 50 100 120\n130\n140\nΓ (meV)\nOriginal MFLI\nW K (meV)\nSC\nNS\nα =0.75\nFIG. 10: Top - the conductivities in the NS and SCS in the\noriginal MFLI model of Ref.30. We set Γ = 70 meV , α = 0 . 75,\n∆= 32 meV , ω 1 = 71 meV . Note that σ <sup>′</sup> ( ω ) in the SCS\nbegins at Ω= ∆+ ω 1 . Bottom -  the behavior of W K with Γ.\nIn Fig 10 we plot the conductivities in the NS and the\nSCS and Kubo sums W K vs Γ at α = 0 . 75 showing that\nthe spectral weight in the SCS is indeed larger than in the\nNS. In Fig 11 we show the behavior of the optical sums\nW ( ω c ) in NS and SCS. The observation here is that only\n∼ 75 − 80% of the Kubo sum is recovered up to the scale of\nthe bandwidth implying that there is indeed a significant\nspectral weight well beyond the bandwidth. And in Fig\n12 we show the behavior of ∆ W ( w c ). We see that it does\nnot change sign and remain positive at all ω c , very much\nunlike the BCS case. Comparing the behavior of W ( w c )\nwith and without a lattice (solid and dashed lines in Fig.\n12) we see that the ‘finite bandwidth effect’ just shifts the\ncurve in the positive direction. We also see that the solid\nline flattens above roughly half of the bandwidth, i.e., at\nthese frequencies ∆ W ( ω c ) ≈ ∆ W K . Still, we found that\n∆ W continues going down even above the bandwidth\nand truly saturates only at about 2 eV (not shown in the\nfigure) supporting the idea that there is ‘more’ left to\nrecover from higher frequencies.\nThe rationale for ∆ W K > 0 in the original MFLI\nmodel has been provided in Ref. 30. They argued that\nthis is closely linked to the absence of quasiparticle peaks",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nand N. Samarth, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 , 192503 (2007); M.\nZhu, M. J. Wilson, P. Mitra, P. Schiffer, and N. Samarth,\nPhys. Rev. B 78 , 195307 (2008). 5 S. Mark, C. Gould, K. Pappert, J. Wenisch, K. Brunner,\nG. Schmidt, and L. W. Molenkamp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 ,\n017204 (2009). 6 G. Wastlbauer and J.A.C. Bland, Adv. Phys. 54 , 137\n(2005). 7 F. Maccherozzi, M. Sperl, G. Panaccione, J. Minar, S.\nPolesya, H. Ebert, U. Wurstbauer, M. Hochstrasser, G.\nRossi, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider, and C. H. Back,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 267201 (2008). 8 R. P. Campion, K. W. Edmonds, L. X. Zhao, K. Y. Wang,\nC. T. Foxon, B. L. Gallagher, and C. R. Staddon, J. Crys-\ntal Growth 247 , 42 (2003). 9 F. Maccherozzi, G. Panaccione, G. Rossi, M. Hochstrasser,\nM. Sperl, M. Reinwald, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider,\nand C. H. Back, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 104421 (2006). 10 Ch. Binek, S. Polisetty, X. He and A. Berger, Phys. Rev.\nLett. 96 , 067201 (2006). 11 C. Won, Y.Z. Wu, E. Arenholz, J. Choi, J. Wu, and Z. Q.\nQiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 077203 (2007). 12 J. Nogues and I. K. Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 192 ,\n203 (1999). 13 K. F. Eid, M. B. Stone, K. C. Ku, O. Maksimov, P. Schiffer,\nN. Samarth, T. C. Shih and C. J. Palmstrom, Appl. Phys.\nLett. 85 , 1556 (2004). 14 B. T. Thole, P. Carra, F. Sette, and G. van der Laan,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. 68 , 1943 (1992); P. Carra, B. T. Thole,\nM. Altarelli, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 , 694 (1993). 15 T. Jungwirth, J. Masek, K. Y. Wang, K. W. Edmonds,\n0 40 80 4\n5\n-1000 0 1000\n-4\n-2\n0\n2\n4\nH E (Oe)\nApplied f ield (Oe)\nMom ent (10 -5 em u)\n0 20 40 0\n100\n200\n300\n\nd (nm)\nH  =  0.5  k Oe\nH = 0\n\nT (K)\n\nFIG. 1. (color) Main figure: Major (red/black) and minor\n(green) hysteresis loops along the [110] axis at 5 K, for a\nFe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film, and the hysteresis loop\nfor a control (Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film along the same axis",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nuse of the MH technique, we locate the crossing point at\nT N (8) = 92(2) K. Finally, it is worthwhile to observe as\nthe specific heat does not show any anomaly at T N (8),\nbeing the entropy substantially removed at T C (8).\nThe scenario just outlined for n = 8 results to be cor-\nrect in the thickness range 6 ≤ n ≲ 15, where a clear\nseparation between T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) can be easily fig-\nured out. In such temperature window, the strong sur-\nface effects produce a quasi -FM set-up of the magnetic\nfilm structure along the z -direction. While leaving to the\nnext Section a more detailed discussion of this regime, we\nreport in Fig. 5 a plot of T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. n for all\nthe simulated thicknesses. The separation between the\ntwo critical temperatures is maximum for n = 6, where\nT N (6) = 38(4), that is T N (6) ∼ <sup>1</sup> 3 <sup>T</sup> <sup>C</sup> <sup>(6). For films with</sup> less than six layers no fan order is observed, i.e. for n = 5\nand below the chirality does not display any typical fea-\nture of fan ordering at any temperature below T C ( n ). As\na representative quantity we finally look at the rotation\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n∆φ *l*\n(deg.)\n*T*  =10K\n*T*  =20K\n*T*  =30K\n*T*  =40K\n*T=*  50K\n0 1 2 3 4 5 *l*\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n**(a)**   *n =*  6\n**(b)**   *n =*  5\nFIG. 6: Rotation angle ∆ φ l between magnetic moments on\nNN layers ( l + 1 , l ) at some low temperatures, for thickness\nn = 5 and n = 6, and lateral dimension L = 64.\nangle of the magnetization between nearest planes:\n∆ φ l = φ l +1 − φ l = arccos � M  <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>M</sup> <sup>x</sup> l +1  <sup>+</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l +1 � (10)\nwhere ( M  <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>, M</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>) is the magnetic vector profile for each</sup> plane l . ∆ φ l is displayed in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b, for\nn = 6 and n = 5, respectively. In Fig. 6a, a quite clear",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nfilm and the near-interface layers, respectively.\nFigure 2(a)-(c) shows the magnetic field dependence of\nXMCD asymmetry, defined as ( I l − I r ) / ( I l + I r ) where\nI l ( r ) is the absorption for left- (right-) circularly polarized\nx-rays. This is measured at the Fe and Mn L 3 absorption\npeaks for a Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(10 nm) sample at 2 K.\nThe external field is applied along the photon incidence\ndirection, which is at 70 <sup>◦</sup> to the surface normal with\nan in-plane projection along the [110] axis. The XMCD\ndata show that the Fe film displays a square hysteresis\nloop with a single magnetization switch, as expected for\na monocrystalline Fe film with strong uniaxial magnetic\nanisotropy. The Mn XMCD shows a more complicated\nloop due to the effect of the interlayer coupling. The pro-\njected Mn moment aligns antiparallel to the Fe moment\nat remanence, and undergoes a magnetization reversal of\nopposite sign to the Fe. With further increase of the ex-\nternal magnetic field, the Mn moment gradually rotates\naway from antiparallel alignment with the Fe layer, and\ninto the field direction. Qualitatively similar behavior\nis observed for the Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(20 nm) sam-\nple: the (Ga,Mn)As layer is aligned antiparallel to the\nFe layer at zero field, although the bias field is lower by\napproximately a factor of two.\nClear differences are observed between the Mn XMCD\nhysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection\nmodes. For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar\n(but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag-\nnetic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx-\nimately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe. The\nMn L 2 , 3 XMCD spectra recorded at remanence and at\n1000 Oe, shown in Fig. 3, confirm this result. At re-\nmanence the FY and TEY detected XMCD have similar\nmagnitudes. However, under a large external field the\nXMCD is substantially smaller in TEY than in FY, con-\nfirming that the net magnetization of the Mn ions near\nthe interface is significantly less than in the bulk of the\n(Ga,Mn)As film. This is the case even up to the high-\nest field applied (20 kOe). By applying the XMCD sum rules <sup>14</sup> to the TEY data, and by comparing the spectra to",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\naction range only.\nWe now move to describe and discuss MC simulation\ndata for thinner samples. A graphical synthesis of the\nresults obtained for n = 8 in reported in Fig. 4a-d. The\nspecific heat c v , shown in Figs. 4a, reveals very small\nfinite-size effects, which, however, cannot be unambigu-\nously detected for the largest lattice size ( L = 64), as\nthey fall comfortably within the error range. Surpris-\ningly, the specific heat maximum is located close to the\nbulk transition temperature as found for n = 16, and\n0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 *n*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\n140\n*T* *N*\n*(n) , T* *C*\n*(n)*\n(K)\n*T* *N* *(n)*\n*T* *C* *(n)*\n*T* *N*\n*bulk*\nFIG. 5: Transition temperatures T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. film\nthickness n .\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu-\nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in\nfigure), which is located at T C (8) = 133 . 3(3)K. These\ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all\nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the\nsame temperature; such property has been observed for\nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that T C ( n )\nresults quite n -independent (see also Fig. 5) .\nAlthough the layer subtraction does not seem to mod-\nify T C ( n ), the onset of helical arrangement is observed to\nshift at lower temperatures as n decreases. The chirality\nκ defined in Eq. (4) is reported in Fig 4b for n = 8. As the\ntemperature decreases, around T ∼ 80 K we can identify\na finite-size behaviour of κ which, at variance with the\nprevious one, can be easily recognized as typical of an\neffective phase transition. Such conclusion is confirmed\nby the analysis of the chiral susceptibility χ κ (Fig. 4c),\nwhich for the largest L has a maximum at T = 85 K. As-\nsuming that the order parameter (4) is the relevant one\nto single out the onset of the fan arrangement, we can\nget a more accurate estimate of T N (8) by looking at the\nBinder cumulant u 4 ( κ ), reported in Fig. 4d. By making",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nneighboring layers of a BCT lattice.\nIn the following we will denote with n the film thick-\nness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction,\nand with L × L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L\nis the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In\nour simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were con-\nsidered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to\n64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x\nand y , while free boundaries were obviously taken along\nthe film growth direction z .\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual\nMetropolis algorithm <sup>19</sup> , supplemented by the over- relaxed technique <sup>20</sup> in order to speed-up the sampling\nof the spin configuration space: a typical “Monte Carlo\nstep” was composed by four Metropolis and four-five\nover-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of\nmoves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium\nand to minimize the correlation “time” between succes-\nsive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in-\ndependence of different samples during the measurement\nstage. For each temperature we have usually performed\nthree independent simulations, each one containing at least 2 × 10 <sup>5</sup> measurements, taken after discarding up to 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> Monte Carlo steps in order to assure thermal equi-\nlibration.\nIn the proximity of the critical region the multiple his-\ntogram (MH) technique was also employed <sup>21</sup> , as it allows\nus to estimate the physical observables of interest over a\nwhole temperature range in a substantially continuous\nway by interpolating results obtained from sets of simu-\nlations performed at some different temperatures.\nFor all the quantities of interest, the average value and\nthe error estimate were obtained by the bootstrap re- sampling method <sup>22</sup> given that, as pointed out in Ref. 23,\nfor a large enough number of measurements, this method\nturns out to be more accurate than the usual blocking\ntechnique. In our implementation, we pick out randomly\na sizable number of measurements (typically, between 1 and 1 × 10 <sup>3</sup> for the single simulation, and between 1 and 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> for the MH technique), and iterate the re-sampling\nat least one hundred times.\nThe thermodynamic observables we have investigated\ninclude the FM order parameter for each plane l :\nm l = � ( m <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+ (</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> (2)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nwhere ∆ W K is the variation of the r.h.s. of Eq. 3,\nand ∆ f ( ω c ) is the variation of the cutoff term. Because\nconductivity changes with T at all frequencies, ∆ f ( ω c )\nalso varies with temperature. It then becomes the issue\nwhether the experimentally observed ∆ W ( ω c ) is predom-\ninantly due to “intrinsic” ∆ W K , or to ∆ f ( ω c ). [A third\npossibility is non-applicability of the Kubo formula be-\ncause of the close proximity of other bands, but we will\nnot dwell on this.] For the NS, previous works <sup>21,22</sup> on particular models\nfor the cuprates indicated that the origin of the temper-\nature dependence of W ( ω c ) is likely the T dependence\nof the cutoff term f ( ω c ). Specifically, Norman et. al. <sup>22</sup>\napproximated a fermionic DOS by a constant (in which\ncase, as we said, W K does not depend on temperature)\nand analyzed the T dependence of W ( ω c ) due to the T\ndependence of the cut-off term. They found a good agree-\nment with the experiments. This still does not solve the\nproblem fully as amount of the T dependence of W K in\nthe same model but with a lattice dispersion has not been\nanalyzed. For a superconductor, which of the two terms\ncontributes more, remains an open issue. At small fre-\nquencies, ∆ W ( ω c ) between a SCS and a NS is positive\nsimply because σ (Ω) in a SCS has a δ − functional term.\nIn the models with a constant DOS, for which ∆ W K = 0, previous calculations <sup>21</sup> show that ∆ W ( ω c ) changes sign\nat some ω c , becomes negative at larger ω c and approaches\nzero from a negative side. The frequency when ∆ W ( ω c )\nchanges sign is of order ∆at weak coupling, but increases\nas the coupling increases, and at large coupling becomes\ncomparable to a bandwidth ( ∼ 1 eV ). At such frequencies\nthe approximation of a DOS by a constant is question-\nable at best, and the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) should gen-\nerally be influenced by a nonzero ∆ W K . In particular,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nin the NS and their restoration in the SCS state because\nthe phase space for quasiparticle scattering at low ener-\ngies is smaller in a superconductor than in a normal state.\n0 0.5 1 0\n0.2\n0.4\n0.6\n0.8\n1\nω c in eV\nW( ω c )/W( ∞ )\nNS (Original MFLI)\n0 0.5 1\n0.2\n0.6\n1\nω c in eV\nW( ω c\n)/W( ∞ )\nSCS (Original MFLI)\nFIG. 11: The evolution of the optical integral in the NS (top)\nand the SCS (bottom) in the original MFLI model. Parame-\nters are the same as above. Note that only ∼ 75 − 80% of the spectral weight is recovered up to 1 eV .\n0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1\n0\n10\n20\nω c in eV\nW SC ( ω c\n) − W NS ( ω c\n)\nNS and SCS ∆ W (Original MFLI)\nwith lattice\nwithout lattice\n∆ W K\nFIG. 12: Evolution of the difference of the optical integrals in\nthe SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c . Parameters are\nthe same as before. Observe that the optical sum in the SCS\nis larger than in the NS and that ∆ W has not yet reached\n∆ W K up to the bandwidth. The dashed line is the FGT\nresult.\nThis clearly affects n k because it is expressed via the full\nGreen’s function and competes with the conventional ef-\nfect of the gap opening. The distribution function from\nthis model, which we show in Fig.2b brings this point\nout by showing that in a MFLI model, at ǫ < 0, n k in a\nsuperconductor is larger than n k in the normal state, in\nclear difference with the BCSI case.\nWe analyzed the original MFLI model for various pa-\nrameters and found that the behavior presented in Fig.\n12, where ∆ W ( ω c ) > 0 for all frequencies, is typical but\n0 20 40 175\n185\n195\nΓ in meV\nW K (meV)\nOriginal MFLI in BCS limit\nSC\nNS\nα =0.05\nFIG. 13: Behavior of W K with Γ for the original MFLI model\nat very small α = 0 . 05. We set ω 1 = ∆= 32 meV . Observe\nthe inconsistency with W K in the BCSI model in Fig 4.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nwhen K decreases, W K increases.\nA good amount of experimental effort has been put into\naddressing the issue of the optical sum rule in the c − axis <sup>7</sup> and in-plane conductivities  <sup>8- 16</sup> in overdoped, optimally\ndoped, and underdoped cuprates. The experimental re-\nsults demonstrated, above all, outstanding achievements\nof experimental abilities as these groups managed to de-\ntect the value of the optical integral with the accuracy\nof a fraction of a percent. The analysis of the change\nof the optical integral between normal and SCS is even\nmore complex because one has to (i) extend NS data to\nT < T c and (ii) measure superfluid density with the same\naccuracy as the optical integral itself.\nThe analysis of the optical integral showed that in over-\ndoped cuprates it definitely decreases below T c , in con-\nsistency with the expectations at weak coupling <sup>11</sup> . For\nunderdoped cuprates, all experimental groups agree that\na relative change of the optical integral below T c gets\nmuch smaller. There is no agreement yet about the sign of the change of the optical integral : Molegraaf et al. <sup>8</sup> and Santander-Syro et al. <sup>9</sup> argued that the optical inte-\ngral increases below T c , while Boris et al. <sup>10</sup> argued that\nit decreases. Theoretical analysis of these results <sup>21,22,25,28,30</sup> added\none more degree of complexity to the issue. It is tempt-\ning to analyze the temperature dependence of W K and\nrelate it to the observed behavior of the optical integral, and some earlier works <sup>25,28,30</sup> followed this route. In the\nexperiments, however, optical conductivity is integrated\nonly up to a certain frequency ω c , and the quantity which\nis actually measured is\nW ( ω c ) = � ω c\n0\nRe σ (Ω) d Ω= W K + f ( ω c )\nf ( ω c ) = − � ′ ∞ ′\nω c\nRe σ (Ω) d Ω (4)\nThe Kubo formula, Eq. (3) is obtained assuming that\nthe second part is negligible. This is not guaranteed,\nhowever, as typical ω c ∼ 1 − 2 eV are comparable to the\nbandwidth.\nThe differential sum rule ∆ W is also a sum of two\nterms\n∆ W ( ω c ) = ∆ W K + ∆ f ( ω c ) (5)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the differences observed between the Mn XMCD  hysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection  modes ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar  (but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag netic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx imately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe.",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nfilm and the near-interface layers, respectively.\nFigure 2(a)-(c) shows the magnetic field dependence of\nXMCD asymmetry, defined as ( I l − I r ) / ( I l + I r ) where\nI l ( r ) is the absorption for left- (right-) circularly polarized\nx-rays. This is measured at the Fe and Mn L 3 absorption\npeaks for a Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(10 nm) sample at 2 K.\nThe external field is applied along the photon incidence\ndirection, which is at 70 <sup>◦</sup> to the surface normal with\nan in-plane projection along the [110] axis. The XMCD\ndata show that the Fe film displays a square hysteresis\nloop with a single magnetization switch, as expected for\na monocrystalline Fe film with strong uniaxial magnetic\nanisotropy. The Mn XMCD shows a more complicated\nloop due to the effect of the interlayer coupling. The pro-\njected Mn moment aligns antiparallel to the Fe moment\nat remanence, and undergoes a magnetization reversal of\nopposite sign to the Fe. With further increase of the ex-\nternal magnetic field, the Mn moment gradually rotates\naway from antiparallel alignment with the Fe layer, and\ninto the field direction. Qualitatively similar behavior\nis observed for the Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(20 nm) sam-\nple: the (Ga,Mn)As layer is aligned antiparallel to the\nFe layer at zero field, although the bias field is lower by\napproximately a factor of two.\nClear differences are observed between the Mn XMCD\nhysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection\nmodes. For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar\n(but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag-\nnetic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx-\nimately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe. The\nMn L 2 , 3 XMCD spectra recorded at remanence and at\n1000 Oe, shown in Fig. 3, confirm this result. At re-\nmanence the FY and TEY detected XMCD have similar\nmagnitudes. However, under a large external field the\nXMCD is substantially smaller in TEY than in FY, con-\nfirming that the net magnetization of the Mn ions near\nthe interface is significantly less than in the bulk of the\n(Ga,Mn)As film. This is the case even up to the high-\nest field applied (20 kOe). By applying the XMCD sum rules <sup>14</sup> to the TEY data, and by comparing the spectra to",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nprevious measurements on well-characterized (Ga,Mn)As\nsamples <sup>15</sup> , the projected Mn 3 d magnetic moments are\nobtained as − 1.4 μ B and +0.8 μ B per ion at remanence\nand 1000 Oe, respectively.\nThe difference between these values can be understood\nas being due to an interface layer which is strongly anti-\nferromagnetically coupled to the Fe layer. At zero field,\nboth the interfacial and bulk Mn are aligned antiparallel\nto the Fe layer. At high fields, the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As\nlayer away from the interface is re-oriented into the exter-\nnal field direction. However, the interfacial Mn remains\nantiparallel to the Fe layer and thus partially compen-\nsates the XMCD signal from the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As.\nFrom the size of the remanent and 1000 Oe magnetic\nmoments, it can be estimated that around 25-30% of the\nTEY XMCD signal can be ascribed to the interfacial Mn\nwhich is strongly coupled to the Fe moments.\nThe interfacial Mn moments are ascribed to the prox-\nimity polarization of the (Ga,Mn)As interface by the Fe\nlayer, such as was shown previously by XMCD as well as ab initio theory <sup>7</sup> . Evidence for this can be observed from\nmeasurement of the Mn L 2 , 3 XMCD signal at tempera-\ntures above the (Ga,Mn)As T C . Similar to the previous\nstudy <sup>7</sup> , we observe a small but not negligible signal at\nroom temperature (Fig. 3), with opposite sign to the Fe\nL 2 , 3 XMCD. Its spectral shape is characteristic of a local- ized electronic configuration close to d <sup>5</sup> , similar to bulk (Ga,Mn)As <sup>7,9,15</sup> but in contrast to Mn in more metallic\nenvironments such as Mn x Fe 1 − x <sup>7</sup> or MnAs <sup>16</sup> . A slight\nbroadening is observed on the low energy side of the Mn\nL 3 peak, which may be due to the different screening in-\nduced by proximity to the Fe layer. Since the measured\nintensity is attenuated with distance z from the surface\nas I = I 0 exp( − z/λ T EY ), the thickness of the strongly\ncoupled interface layer is estimated to be ∼ 0.7 nm or 2-3\nmonolayers, assuming a uniform distribution of Mn ions\nand magnetic moments throughout the (Ga,Mn)As film.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nreduced to ∼ 0 <sup>◦</sup> C, before depositing a 2 nm Fe layer,\nplus a 2 nm Al capping layer. In-situ reflection high\nenergy electron diffraction and ex-situ x-ray reflectivity\nand diffraction measurements confirmed that the layers\nare single-crystalline with sub-nm interface roughness.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were performed us-\ning a Quantum Design Magnetic Property Measurement\nSystem. Mn and Fe L 2 , 3 x-ray absorption and XMCD\nmeasurements were performed on beamline I06 at the\nDiamond Light Source, and on beamline 4.0.2 at the Ad-\nvanced Light Source. Total-electron yield (TEY) and\nfluorescence yield (FY) were monitored simultaneously\nusing the sample drain current and the photocurrent of a\ndiode mounted at 90 <sup>◦</sup> to the incident beam, respectively.\nSQUID magnetometry measurements were\nfirst performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and\n(Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples, grown under the\nsame conditions as the bilayers, to determine the\nmagnetic anisotropies of the individual layers and the\nCurie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The Fe film\nhas a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along\nthe [110] orientation, similar to previous studies <sup>6</sup> . For\nthe (Ga,Mn)As control sample, there is a competition\nbetween cubic and uniaxial magnetic anisotropies, with\nthe former dominant at low temperatures and favoring\neasy axes along the in-plane ⟨ 100 ⟩ orientations, and the\nlatter dominant close to T C ( ∼ 35 K) giving an easy axis\nalong the [1 <sup> ̄</sup> 10] orientation. Figure 1 shows [110] magne-\ntization versus temperature curves and low temperature\nhysteresis loops for a bilayer film containing a 20 nm\nthick (Ga,Mn)As layer. The total remnant moment of\nthe bilayer film decreases on cooling under zero magnetic\nfield below the T C of the (Ga,Mn)As, indicating that\nthis layer aligns antiparallel to the Fe magnetization\nat zero field. The hysteresis curve shows a two-step\nmagnetization reversal, indicating different behavior of\nthe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers, with the smaller loop\nattributed to the dilute moment (Ga,Mn)As film. The\nminor hysteresis loop shown in Fig. 1 clearly shows a\nshift from zero field by a bias field H E , indicating that\nthe Fe layer induces an exchange bias in the magnetic\nsemiconductor. The shape and size of the minor loop\nis in agreement with the hysteresis loop for the control\n(Ga,Mn)As sample, also shown in Fig. 1. This strongly",
+                    "page_start": 0,
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+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nrecent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study\nhas shown that Fe may induce a proximity polariza-\ntion in the near-surface region of (Ga,Mn)As, antipar-\nallel to the Fe moment and persisting even above room\ntemperature <sup>7</sup> . Devices incorporating Fe/(Ga,Mn)As\ntherefore offer the prospect of obtaining non-volatile\nroom temperature spin-polarization in a semiconductor.\nUntil now, no information has been revealed about the\ncoupling of Fe to (Ga,Mn)As layers away from the near-\nsurface region. At the surface, the (Ga,Mn)As layer may\nbe highly non-stoichiometric and Mn-rich, due to its non-\nequilibrium nature <sup>8,9</sup> . Previously, Fe/(Ga,Mn)As layers\nwere produced by a process including exposure to air fol-\nlowed by sputtering and annealing prior to Fe deposition,\nwhich may further disrupt the interface order. The ori-\ngin of the interface magnetism then had to be inferred by\ncomparison to a series of reference samples <sup>7</sup> . Demonstra- tion of coupling between the bulk of the layers, i.e. , an\nexchange bias effect, would provide direct evidence of the\ninterface magnetic order. Moreover, such coupling would\noffer new means of manipulating the FM semiconductor\nspin state and utilizing the proximity polarization effect\nin a spintronic device.\nHere, we demonstrate an antiferromagnetic coupling\nand exchange bias in Fe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayer films, by\ncombining element-specific XMCD measurements and\nbulk-sensitive superconducting quantum interference de-\nvice (SQUID) magnetometry. As with previous studies of FM metal/FM semiconductor bilayers <sup>4,5</sup> (and in con-\ntrast to AFM coupled FM metal/FM metal exchange bias\nstructures <sup>10,11</sup> ) the layers are in direct contact without\na non-magnetic spacer in between. We distinguish in-\nterface and bulk (Ga,Mn)As layers that are respectively\nstrongly and weakly antiferromagnetically coupled to the\nFe overlayer. In agreement with Ref. <sup>7</sup> , the interface layer\nremains polarized at room temperature.\nThe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers of the present study\nwere both grown by molecular beam epitaxy in the same\nultra-high vacuum system, in order to ensure a clean in-\nterface between them. The (Ga,Mn)As layer of thickness\n10 to 50 nm was deposited on a GaAs(001) substrate\nat a temperature of 260 <sup>◦</sup> C, using previously established\nmethods <sup>3,8</sup> . A low Mn concentration of x ≈ 0 . 03 was\nchosen in order to avoid the formation of compensating\nMn interstitials. The substrate temperature was then",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nindicates that the exchange bias affects the whole of the\n(Ga,Mn)As layer in the bilayer sample.\nSimilar behavior is observed for bilayer samples con-\ntaining a 10 nm or 50 nm (Ga,Mn)As layer, with a\nbias field which is approximately inversely proportional\nto the thickness d of the ferromagnetic semiconductor\nlayer (Fig. 1, inset). This 1/ d dependence of H E was found previously for MnAs/(Ga,Mn)As bilayers <sup>4</sup> , and\nis generally observed in exchanged-biased thin films <sup>12</sup> .\nFrom this dependence it is possible to describe the ex-\nchange bias in terms of an interface energy per unit area,\n∆ E = M F S H E d = 0 . 003 erg/cm <sup>2</sup> . This value is rather\nsmall compared to typical exchange bias systems <sup>12</sup> , re-\nflecting the low moment density M F S of the diluted\nFM semiconductor layer. However, the bias field for a\ngiven (Ga,Mn)As thickness is larger than is observed for\nMnO/(Ga,Mn)As structures <sup>13</sup> , while the reproducibility\nand flexibility of the present structures is much higher\ndue to the single-crystalline ferromagnetic nature of the\nFe layer.\nTo confirm the presence of AFM interlayer coupling,\nwe performed XMCD measurements at the Mn and Fe\nL 2 , 3 absorption edges in order to determine the magnetic\nresponse of the individual elements. In L 2 , 3 XMCD, elec-\ntrons are excited from a 2 p core level to the unoccupied\n3 d valence states of the element of interest by circularly\npolarized x-rays at the resonance energies of the transi-\ntions. The difference in absorption for opposite polariza-\ntions gives a direct and element-specific measurement of\nthe projection of the 3 d magnetic moment along the x-\nray polarization vector. The absorption cross-section is\nconventionally obtained by measuring the decay products\n-  either fluorescent x-rays or electrons -  of the photoex-\ncited core hole. The type of decay product measured\ndetermines the probing depth of the technique. For Mn\nL 2 , 3 absorption, the probing depths for FY and TEY de-\ntection are λ F Y ≈ 100 nm and λ T EY ≈ 3 nm. In the\ncurrent experiment, the Mn XMCD measured using FY\nand TEY are thus sensitive to the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nand N. Samarth, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 , 192503 (2007); M.\nZhu, M. J. Wilson, P. Mitra, P. Schiffer, and N. Samarth,\nPhys. Rev. B 78 , 195307 (2008). 5 S. Mark, C. Gould, K. Pappert, J. Wenisch, K. Brunner,\nG. Schmidt, and L. W. Molenkamp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 ,\n017204 (2009). 6 G. Wastlbauer and J.A.C. Bland, Adv. Phys. 54 , 137\n(2005). 7 F. Maccherozzi, M. Sperl, G. Panaccione, J. Minar, S.\nPolesya, H. Ebert, U. Wurstbauer, M. Hochstrasser, G.\nRossi, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider, and C. H. Back,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. 101 , 267201 (2008). 8 R. P. Campion, K. W. Edmonds, L. X. Zhao, K. Y. Wang,\nC. T. Foxon, B. L. Gallagher, and C. R. Staddon, J. Crys-\ntal Growth 247 , 42 (2003). 9 F. Maccherozzi, G. Panaccione, G. Rossi, M. Hochstrasser,\nM. Sperl, M. Reinwald, G. Woltersdorf, W. Wegscheider,\nand C. H. Back, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 104421 (2006). 10 Ch. Binek, S. Polisetty, X. He and A. Berger, Phys. Rev.\nLett. 96 , 067201 (2006). 11 C. Won, Y.Z. Wu, E. Arenholz, J. Choi, J. Wu, and Z. Q.\nQiu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 077203 (2007). 12 J. Nogues and I. K. Schuller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 192 ,\n203 (1999). 13 K. F. Eid, M. B. Stone, K. C. Ku, O. Maksimov, P. Schiffer,\nN. Samarth, T. C. Shih and C. J. Palmstrom, Appl. Phys.\nLett. 85 , 1556 (2004). 14 B. T. Thole, P. Carra, F. Sette, and G. van der Laan,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. 68 , 1943 (1992); P. Carra, B. T. Thole,\nM. Altarelli, and X. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 , 694 (1993). 15 T. Jungwirth, J. Masek, K. Y. Wang, K. W. Edmonds,\n0 40 80 4\n5\n-1000 0 1000\n-4\n-2\n0\n2\n4\nH E (Oe)\nApplied f ield (Oe)\nMom ent (10 -5 em u)\n0 20 40 0\n100\n200\n300\n\nd (nm)\nH  =  0.5  k Oe\nH = 0\n\nT (K)\n\nFIG. 1. (color) Main figure: Major (red/black) and minor\n(green) hysteresis loops along the [110] axis at 5 K, for a\nFe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film, and the hysteresis loop\nfor a control (Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film along the same axis",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nThis is around a factor of three thinner than in Ref. <sup>7</sup> ,\nwhich could be due to the lower Mn concentration or the\ndifferent preparation method of the present samples.\nIn summary, we have demonstrated antiferromagnetic\ncoupling between Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers in bilayer\nstructures. A markedly different coupling is observed for\nthe bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As layer and for Mn moments\nin the near-interface region. A thickness-dependent ex-\nchange bias field is observed to affect the whole of the\nbulk (Ga,Mn)As layer, which aligns antiparallel to the\nFe layer at low fields, and switches to parallel when the\nexternal field is large enough to overcome the bias field\nand the magnetocrystalline anisotropy fields. In contrast,\nthe interfacial Mn moments remain aligned antiparallel\nto the Fe layer even at 20 kOe, the largest field studied,\nand are polarized at temperatures well above the T C of\nthe bulk (Ga,Mn)As layer. The latter observation con-\nfirms the recently reported result of Ref. 7, in which\nthe Fe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayers were produced by a different\nmethod but showed qualitatively similar behavior of the\ninterfacial moments. Our results shed new light on the\nmagnetic coupling in Fe/(Ga,Mn)As hybrid layers which\nare of potential interest for room temperature spintron-\nics, and also offer a means of controlling the spin orien-\ntation in a FM semiconductor.\nWe acknowledge support from EU grants\nSemiSpinNet-215368 and NAMASTE-214499, and\nSTFC studentship grant CMPC07100. The Advanced\nLight Source is supported by the U.S. Department of\nEnergy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.\nWe thank Leigh Shelford for help during the Diamond\nbeamtime.\n1 T. Jungwirth, W. A. Atkinson, B. H. Lee, and A. H. Mac-\nDonald, Phys. Rev. B 59 , 9818 (1999); P. Sankowski and\nP. Kacman, Phys. Rev. B 71 , 201303(R) (2005); A. D.\nGiddings, T. Jungwirth, and B. L. Gallagher, Phys. Rev.\nB 78 , 165312 (2008); K. Szalowski and T. Balcerzak, Phys.\nRev. B 79 , 214430 (2009). 2 J.-H. Chung, S. J. Chung, S. Lee, B. J. Kirby, J. A.\nBorchers, Y. J. Cho, X. Liu, and J. K. Furdyna, Phys.\nRev. Lett. 101 , 237202 (2008). 3 M. Wang, R. P. Campion, A. W. Rushforth, K. W. Ed-\nmonds, C. T. Foxon, and R. P. Campion, Appl. Phys. Lett.\n93 , 132103 (2008). 4 M. Zhu, M. J. Wilson, B. L. Sheu, P. Mitra, P. Schiffer,",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nneighboring layers of a BCT lattice.\nIn the following we will denote with n the film thick-\nness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction,\nand with L × L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L\nis the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In\nour simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were con-\nsidered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to\n64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x\nand y , while free boundaries were obviously taken along\nthe film growth direction z .\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual\nMetropolis algorithm <sup>19</sup> , supplemented by the over- relaxed technique <sup>20</sup> in order to speed-up the sampling\nof the spin configuration space: a typical “Monte Carlo\nstep” was composed by four Metropolis and four-five\nover-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of\nmoves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium\nand to minimize the correlation “time” between succes-\nsive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in-\ndependence of different samples during the measurement\nstage. For each temperature we have usually performed\nthree independent simulations, each one containing at least 2 × 10 <sup>5</sup> measurements, taken after discarding up to 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> Monte Carlo steps in order to assure thermal equi-\nlibration.\nIn the proximity of the critical region the multiple his-\ntogram (MH) technique was also employed <sup>21</sup> , as it allows\nus to estimate the physical observables of interest over a\nwhole temperature range in a substantially continuous\nway by interpolating results obtained from sets of simu-\nlations performed at some different temperatures.\nFor all the quantities of interest, the average value and\nthe error estimate were obtained by the bootstrap re- sampling method <sup>22</sup> given that, as pointed out in Ref. 23,\nfor a large enough number of measurements, this method\nturns out to be more accurate than the usual blocking\ntechnique. In our implementation, we pick out randomly\na sizable number of measurements (typically, between 1 and 1 × 10 <sup>3</sup> for the single simulation, and between 1 and 5 × 10 <sup>4</sup> for the MH technique), and iterate the re-sampling\nat least one hundred times.\nThe thermodynamic observables we have investigated\ninclude the FM order parameter for each plane l :\nm l = � ( m <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+ (</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> (2)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\naction range only.\nWe now move to describe and discuss MC simulation\ndata for thinner samples. A graphical synthesis of the\nresults obtained for n = 8 in reported in Fig. 4a-d. The\nspecific heat c v , shown in Figs. 4a, reveals very small\nfinite-size effects, which, however, cannot be unambigu-\nously detected for the largest lattice size ( L = 64), as\nthey fall comfortably within the error range. Surpris-\ningly, the specific heat maximum is located close to the\nbulk transition temperature as found for n = 16, and\n0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 *n*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n100\n120\n140\n*T* *N*\n*(n) , T* *C*\n*(n)*\n(K)\n*T* *N* *(n)*\n*T* *C* *(n)*\n*T* *N*\n*bulk*\nFIG. 5: Transition temperatures T N ( n ) and T C ( n ) vs. film\nthickness n .\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu-\nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in\nfigure), which is located at T C (8) = 133 . 3(3)K. These\ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all\nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the\nsame temperature; such property has been observed for\nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that T C ( n )\nresults quite n -independent (see also Fig. 5) .\nAlthough the layer subtraction does not seem to mod-\nify T C ( n ), the onset of helical arrangement is observed to\nshift at lower temperatures as n decreases. The chirality\nκ defined in Eq. (4) is reported in Fig 4b for n = 8. As the\ntemperature decreases, around T ∼ 80 K we can identify\na finite-size behaviour of κ which, at variance with the\nprevious one, can be easily recognized as typical of an\neffective phase transition. Such conclusion is confirmed\nby the analysis of the chiral susceptibility χ κ (Fig. 4c),\nwhich for the largest L has a maximum at T = 85 K. As-\nsuming that the order parameter (4) is the relevant one\nto single out the onset of the fan arrangement, we can\nget a more accurate estimate of T N (8) by looking at the\nBinder cumulant u 4 ( κ ), reported in Fig. 4d. By making",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\n## Exchange bias of a ferromagnetic semiconductor by a ferromagnetic metal\n\nK. Olejnik, <sup>1, 2</sup> P. Wadley, <sup>3</sup> J. Haigh, <sup>3</sup> K. W. Edmonds, <sup>3</sup> R. P. Campion, <sup>3</sup> A. W. Rushforth, <sup>3</sup> B. L. Gallagher, <sup>3</sup> C. T. Foxon, <sup>3</sup> T. Jungwirth, <sup>2, 3</sup> J. Wunderlich, <sup>1, 2</sup> S. S. Dhesi, <sup>4</sup> S. Cavill, <sup>4</sup> G. van der Laan, <sup>4</sup> and E. Arenholz <sup>5</sup>\n1 Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom 2 Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Cukrovarnicka 10, 16253 Praha 6, Czech Republic 3 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom 4 Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus,\nDidcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom 5 Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA\n(Dated: August 24, 2018)\nWe demonstrate an exchange bias in (Ga,Mn)As induced by antiferromagnetic coupling to a thin\noverlayer of Fe. Bias fields of up to 240 Oe are observed. Using element-specific x-ray magnetic\ncircular dichroism measurements, we distinguish a strongly exchange coupled (Ga,Mn)As interface\nlayer in addition to the biassed bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As film. The interface layer remains polarized\nat room temperature.\nPACS numbers: 75.70.Cn, 75.50.Pp, 75.50.Bb\nFerromagnetic (FM) semiconductors offer the prospect\nof combining high-density storage and gate-controlled\nlogic in a single material. The realization of spin-valve\ndevices from FM semiconductors requires the controlled\nswitching of magnetization in adjacent layers between\nantiferromagnetic (AFM) and FM configurations. This\nhas motivated several theoretical investigations of inter-\nlayer coupling in all-semiconductor devices <sup>1</sup> , and AFM\ncoupling has recently been demonstrated in (Ga,Mn)As\nmultilayers separated by p -type non-magnetic spacers <sup>2</sup> .\nHowever, the Curie temperature T C of (Ga,Mn)As is currently limited to 185 K in single layers <sup>3</sup> , and is\ntypically much lower for layers embedded within a\nheterostructure <sup>2</sup> , which is an obstacle to the practical\nimplementation of semiconductor spintronics.\nThe development of FM metal/FM semiconductor het-\nerostructures has the potential to bring together the\nbenefits of metal and semiconductor based spintron-\nics, offering access to new functionalities and physi-\ncal phenomena. Recent studies of MnAs/(Ga,Mn)As\nand NiFe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayer films have shown FM in-\nterlayer coupling and independent magnetization be-\nhavior, respectively <sup>4,5</sup> . Of particular interest is the\nFe/(Ga,Mn)As system, since the growth of epitaxial\nFe/GaAs(001) films is well-established <sup>6</sup> . Remarkably, a",
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+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "What is Kingsgate ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Kingsgate is a highly successful gold  mining, development and exploration  company with two operating gold mines  and two advanced development projects.",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Senior Management\n\nSenior Management\nKingsgate’s executives have a comprehensive\nrange of skills and experience including mine\ndevelopment and operations, exploration, finance\nand administration. They are supported by highly\nqualified specialists, whose backgrounds cover\nthe full scope of mining resources activities.\nSenior members of Kingsgate’s management\nteam are:\nGavin Thomas\nBSc (Geology), FAusIMM\nManaging Director and Chief Executive Officer\nGavin Thomas was appointed Chief Executive\nOfficer of Kingsgate in 2004 and joined the\nKingsgate Board on 16th November 2007. Gavin\nhas had a successful career in developing mining\ncompanies from the exploration phase into\nmid-tier gold or copper producers. He has over\n42 years of international experience in exploring\nfor, evaluating, developing, operating and\nreclaiming mines in North and South America,\nAustralia, the Southwest Pacific, Asia and\nEurope. Amongst Gavin’s credits is the discovery\nof “Lihir” in Papua New Guinea, one of the\nlargest gold deposits in the world. In particular,\nhe has extensive experience in Thailand and\nSouth America.\nDuane Woodbury\nBEc (Hons)\nChief Financial Officer\nDuane Woodbury was appointed Chief Financial\nOfficer of Kingsgate on 1 September 2011.\nDuane has a BEc (Hons) Degree and has worked\nin various financial, accounting and advisory\nroles during his career in a number of locations,\nincluding London, New York and Singapore.  He\nhas been assisting Kingsgate in its business\ndevelopment initiatives since August 2007 and\nbrings over 20 years of experience in financial\nmarkets and corporate finance transactions,\nprincipally with the Macquarie Group.\nTim Benfield\nDip CSM (mining), MBA, MAusIMM\nChief Operating Officer\nTim Benfield joined Kingsgate in February 2012\nas Chief Operating Officer. Tim is a mining\nengineer with over 21 years underground and\nopen pit experience in the mining industry in\nboth operational and corporate roles. He has\noperational and project development experience\nin Australia, Africa and Saudi Arabia. This\nincludes 10 years with Barrick Gold of Australia\nwhere he provided support to four operating\nmines and two development projects. Tim was\nmost recently General Manager of the Pajingo",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Notes to the Financial Statements\n**68**\n**Notes to the Financial Statements**\nfor the year ended 30 June 2013\nThe Financial Report of Kingsgate Consolidated\nLimited (Kingsgate or the “Company”) for the\nyear ended 30 June 2013 was authorised for\nissue in accordance with a resolution of\nDirectors on 23 September 2013.\nKingsgate is a Company limited by shares incor-\nporated in Australia whose shares are publicly\ntraded on the Australian Securities Exchange\nusing the ASX code KCN. The consolidated\nfinancial statements of the Company as at and\nfor the year ended 30 June 2013 comprise the\nCompany and its subsidiaries (together referred\nto as the “Group” and individually as “Group\nentities”). A description of the nature of the\nGroup’s operations and its principal activities\nis included in the Directors’ Report.",
+                    "page_start": 69,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Exploration Report\n\nwww.kingsgate.com.au\n**Exploration Report**\nSummary\nKingsgate has a portfolio of exploration tene-\nments and applications in Thailand, Chile and Lao\nPDR. Following the sale of exploration tenements\nto Caravel Minerals, exploration in Australia is\ncurrently only conducted in the vicinity of the\nChallenger Mine in South Australia and the\nBowdens Silver Project in New South Wales.\nKingsgate’s South East Asian exploration team\ncontinued their exploration activities on Thailand\nand surrounding countries. Strategically the\nteam has turned the majority of their attention\nto projects which have the capacity to add value\nto the Company through exploration drilling\nsubsequent resource expansion. These projects\ninclude the granted Mining Leases at Chatree\nand the granted Sayabouly Concession in the\nLao PDR.\nOutside of these active areas, the South East\nAsian exploration team continues to review new\nopportunities throughout Thailand, Laos and\ntheir neighbouring countries.\n**31**\nExploration Report\nExploration Report\ncontinued\nSayabouly Project -  Lao PDR\nWith the grant of the prospecting and explora-\ntion permit in early 2012, exploration activity\nfocused on the definition of an extensive copper\n(Cu), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni)\nstream sediment anomaly within the permit\narea.  Surface geochemistry and mapping has\ndefined an extensive multi-element soil anomaly\nover 16 kilometres in length and 700 metres\nwidth with peak values of 829ppm copper (Cu),\n1.05% nickel (Ni), 1.54 ppm platinum (Pt), and\n0.27% cobalt (Co) and 0.57 ppm palladium (Pd).\nThe style of mineralisation is thought to be\nsimilar to Cu, Platinum Group Element deposits\nsuch as  the Great Dyke (Zimbabwe) Deposits.\nThree broad spaced trenches were completed\nwith another two trenched partially completed\nup until the commencement of the wet season\nwith results 2.0m @ 1.73 ppm Pt and a broad\nzone nickel mineralisation including 51 m (853-\n904 m) @ 0.96% Ni.  In addition to this prospect,\nseveral gold occurrences are beginning to take\nshape and recent high grade rockchip samples\n(96.0 g/t Au, 82.7 g/t Au, 53.3 g/t Au, 44.7 g/t\nAu, 30.0 g/t Au and 18.8 g/t Au) in several adja-\ncent creeks appear to be defining a gold target\nthat will also require drilling at the end of the\nwet season.\n** Chatree data as at 30 April 2013 \b*   *Detailed individual Mineral Resources and Ore Reserve reports for each project are available on the company website.*\nwww.kingsgate.com.au\n**32**",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## dd. Parent entity financial information\nThe financial information for the parent entity\nKingsgate Consolidated Limited, disclosed in\nNote 32 has been prepared on the same basis as\nthe consolidated financial statements except as\nset out below:\nInvestments in subsidiaries\nInvestments in subsidiaries are accounted for at\ncost in the financial statements of Kingsgate.\nShare-based payments\nThe issue by the Company of equity instruments\nto extinguish liabilities of a subsidiary under-\ntaking in the Group is treated as a capital contri-\nbution to that subsidiary undertaking.",
+                    "page_start": 76,
+                    "page_end": 76,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Senior Management\n\nGold mine in Queensland for Evolution Mining\nLimited.\nRoss Coyle\nBA, FCPA, FCIS\nGeneral Manager Finance and Administration\nCompany Secretary\nRoss Coyle joined Kingsgate in March 2011\nfollowing the Company’s acquisition of Dominion\nMining Limited and was with the Dominion\ngroup for over 25 years. He is a qualified\naccountant and has over 30 years experience in\nfinance and accounting within the resource\nindustry. He was Finance Director of Dominion\nfrom 1996. Ross was appointed Kingsgate’s\nCompany Secretary in September 2011.\nJoel Forwood\nBsc (Hons) FFin\nGeneral Manager Corporate and Markets\nJoel Forwood joined Kingsgate in November\n2010 and has over 27 years experience in the\nresource and investment industries covering\ninvestor relations, funds management and\nexploration. For over 12 years, he has been\nleading investor relations at a number of listed\ncompanies, most recently for Lihir Gold Limited.\nPrior to this he was a fund manager with\nQueensland Investment Corporation (QIC)\nfollowing his early career in mineral exploration\nwith BHP and corporate development with RGC.\nRonald James\nBSc (Geology), MAusIMM, MAIG\nGeneral Manager Exploration and Resource\nDevelopment\nRon James has 30 years of experience in explora-\ntion and mining at management level inclusive\nof setting up gold mines and exploration\nprojects from their earliest stages through to\ndevelopment and sustainability. Before joining\nKingsgate, he was Chief Mine Geologist at the\nGold Ridge Mine in the Solomon Islands and\nlater Group Exploration Manager for Ross Mining\nNL. Ron is familiar with the technical and oper-\nating requirements for emerging projects in a\nvariety of terrains and environments and has a\nstrong focus on maximising returns from ore\nbodies through optimum waste and ore classifi-\ncation as well as increasing reserves from near-\nmine resource development.\n**Senior Management**\ncontinued\n**40**\nSenior Management\nBrett Dunstone\nDip. Catering and Hotel Management -  William\nAngliss College, B.Bus. Victoria University (part\ncomplete)\nGeneral Manager -  Human Resources\nBrett Dunstone joined Kingsgate in December\n2012 and has over 25 years experience in senior",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Directors’ Report\n\n**41**\n**Directors' Report   .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .    42**\nRemuneration Report   .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .   49\n**Auditor's Independence Declaration  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .   62**\nDirectors’ Report\n**42**\nYour Directors present their report on the Group consisting of Kingsgate Consolidated Limited and the entities it controlled at the end of,\nor during, the year ended 30 June 2013.\nDirectors\nThe following persons were Directors of\nKingsgate Consolidated Limited during the\nwhole of the financial year and up to the date of\nthis report.\n〉 〉 Ross Smyth-Kirk Chairman\n〉 〉 Peter Alexander Non-Executive Director\n〉 〉 Craig Carracher Non-Executive Director\n〉 〉 Peter McAleer Non-Executive Director\n〉 〉 Gavin Thomas Executive Director\nPrincipal activities\nThe principal activities of Kingsgate\nConsolidated Limited are mining and mineral\nexploration in Australia, South East Asia and\nSouth America.\nDividends\nDividends paid to members during the financial\nyear were as follows:\n2013\n$’000 2012\n$’000\nFinal dividend declared for the year ended 30 June 2012 of\n10 cents per fully paid share paid on 1 October 2012 15,148 6,829\nInterim dividend declared for the year ended 30 June 2013 of\n5 cents per fully paid share paid on 12 April 2013 7,591 15,196\nTotal dividends 22,739 22,025\nReview of operations and results\nOperational performance\nKingsgate is a gold mining, development and\nexploration company based in Sydney, Australia.\nKingsgate owns and operates two gold mines,\nthe world class Chatree Mine in Thailand and the\nunderground Challenger Mine in South Australia.\nIn addition, the Company has two advanced\ndevelopment projects, the Nueva Esperanza\nSilver / Gold Project, in the highly prospective\nMaricunga Gold / Silver Belt in Chile, and the\nBowdens Silver Project in New South Wales,\nAustralia. From this operating and development\nplatform, Kingsgate aims to build value for all\nshareholders.\nGroup gold production was 199,897 ounces, a\ndecrease of 4% on the previous corresponding\nyear. The contribution from Chatree was\n133,681 ounces with 66,216 ounces from\nChallenger.\nChatree gold production was 10% higher than\nthe previous corresponding period as a result of\nan increase in throughput from the expanded\nChatree process plant and access to higher\ngrade oxide ore from Q Prospect.\nChallenger gold production was 24% lower than\nthe previous corresponding year given additional",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Directors’ Report\n\nconvertible loan facility entered into in a prior\nperiod to provide funding for the Bowdens\nacquisition. Kingsgate has the option to make a\nprepayment against the facility with an issue of\nKingsgate shares.\nAs indicated previously in the Preliminary Final\nreport, at balance date it was the Group’s inten-\ntion to restructure and amalgamate these\nfacilities in the next financial year. This relates to\nthe potential for completion of the Initial Public\nOffering (“IPO”) of Akara on the Stock Exchange\nof Thailand and the updated mine plan for\nChallenger. Any restructure would optimise the\nGroup’s anticipated balance sheet liquidity and\noperational cash flows. Accordingly, the Group\nclassified the total amount drawn down under\nthese facilities of $55,000,000 as a current\nliability at 30 June 2013. In addition as a result of\nthe intended restructure, $3,900,000 of previ-\nously capitalised borrowing costs relating to the\nconvertible loan and corporate loan facilities has\nbeen expensed at year end.\nSubsequent to the end of the financial year, the\nGroup has received from its lenders a credit\napproved term sheet (subject to formal docu-\nmentation) for the restructure of the corporate\nloan and convertible loan facilities. Following\ncompletion of the restructure the total amount\noutstanding will be reduced to $40,000,000.\nThis loan will be provided through a single senior\ncorporate facility which will consist of two\ntranches:\n〉 〉 Tranche one will be a $25,000,000 Akara\nPre IPO Bond with a maturity date of 31 July\n2015. The current intention is for this\ntranche to be repaid as part of the Akara IPO\nalthough at Kingsgate’s election repayment\ncan be made by either cash or in Kingsgate’s\nshares.\n〉 〉 Tranche two is an amortising facility with\n$5,000,000 to be repaid during the 2014\nfinancial year and the balance of\n$10,000,000 repaid during the 2015\nfinancial year.\nConvertible revolving credit facility\nThe Group also has a three year $25,000,000\nConvertible Revolving Credit Facility available.\nAt the date of this report the facility is undrawn.\nUnder the terms of this facility, Kingsgate has\nthe option of repaying any funds drawn down\nunder the facility through either cash or by\nissuing ordinary shares. It is intended that this\nfacility will be utilised during the 2014 financial\nyear for corporate and working capital purposes.\nIt is the current intention of the Company to\nrepay any cash drawdown under the facility by\nthe issuance of fully paid ordinary shares which",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Directors’ Report\n\nMinerals Limited (“Caravel”), an Australian\ncompany listed on the ASX.\nKingsgate received 135,000,000 fully paid\nordinary shares in the issued capital of Caravel\nand 20,000,000 unlisted options to acquire\nCaravel shares exercisable at 10 cents on or\nbefore three years from the date of issue.\nSubsequent to the sale, Kingsgate became the\nlargest shareholder in Caravel with 35.54% held\nat 30 June 2013. Kingsgate’s holding in Caravel\nreduced to 27.04% post 30 June 2013 following\na rights issue by Caravel that Kingsgate did not\nparticipate in.\n\ncontinued\nDirectors’ Report\n**44**\nFinancial results\nKingsgate made an after tax loss of $323.7 million for the full year to 30 June 2013 compared to an after tax profit of $75.0 million for the\nprevious corresponding year. The result for the year reflected an impairment of $311.9 million pre-tax ($291.3 million post-tax) against the\nChallenger Mine and associated assets and an impairment of $20.4 million against greenfield exploration projects in Australia and Thailand.\n2013 2012 2011 2010 2009\nNet (loss) / profit after tax ($’000) (323,726) 75,006 20,879 73,066 32,522\nDividends paid (Cash and DRP) ($’000) 22,739 22,026 33,647 29,082 -\nShare price 30 June ($) 1.27 4.85 8.00 9.47 6.70\nBasic (loss) / earnings per share (Cents) (213.3) 52.5 18.7 75.2 34.9\nDiluted (loss) / earnings per share (Cents) (213.3) 52.5 18.6 74.5 34.9\nEBITDA before significant items\nBefore pre-tax significant items, the pre-tax profit of the Group was $17.2 million. Pre-tax significant items are detailed below.\nEBITDA before significant items was $115.8 million down from $168.6 million in the previous year.\nConsolidated 2013\n$’000 2012\n$’000\n(Loss) / Profit before tax (339,615) 91,277\nSignificant items (pre-tax)\nForeign exchange (gain) / loss 745 (1,268)\nDominion acquisition costs - 964\nWrite off of capitalised borrowing fees 5,722 -\nChange in fair value of undesignated gold contracts held for trading (1,414) 425\nChange in fair value of available-for-sale financial assets 855 260\nShare of loss in associate 1,353 -\nLoss on sale of exploration assets (Quadrio Resources Limited) 16,709 -\nImpairment Challenger Gold Project 311,850 -\nImpairment of capitalised exploration 20,421 -\nImpairment of associate 537 -\nProfit before tax and significant items 17,163 91,658\nFinance costs 13,087 9,372\nDepreciation and amortisation 85,595 67,553\nEBITDA before significant items 115,845 168,583\n\nEBITDA before significant items is a financial measure which is not prescribed by International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and\nrepresents the profit under IFRS adjusted for specific significant items. The table above summarises key items between statutory profit",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\nprepayment against the facility with an issue of\nKingsgate shares.\nRestructure of corporate loan and\nconvertible loan facilities\nAs indicated previously in the Preliminary Final\nreport, at balance date it was the Group’s inten-\ntion to restructure and amalgamate these\nfacilities in the next financial year. This relates to\nthe potential for completion of the Initial Public\nOffering (“IPO”) of Akara on the Stock Exchange\nof Thailand and the updated mine plan for\nChallenger. Any restructure would optimise the\nGroup’s anticipated balance sheet liquidity and\noperational cash flows. Accordingly, the Group\nclassified the total amount drawn down under\nthese facilities of $55 million as a current liability\nat 30 June 2013.\nSubsequent to the end of the financial year, the\nGroup received from its lenders a credit\napproved term sheet (subject to formal docu-\nmentation) for the restructure of the corporate\nloan and convertible loan facilities. Following\ncompletion of the restructure the total amount\noutstanding will be reduced to $40 million. This\nloan will be provided through a single senior\ncorporate facility which will consist of two\ntranches:\n〉 〉 Tranche one will be a $25 million Akara Pre\nIPO Bond with a maturity date of 31 July\n2015. The current intention is for this\ntranche to be repaid as part of the Akara IPO,\nalthough at Kingsgate’s election repayment\ncan be made by either cash or in Kingsgate’s\nshares.\n〉 〉 Tranche two is an amortising facility with $5\nmillion to be repaid during the 2014 financial\nyear and the balance of $10 million repaid\nduring the 2015 financial year.\nConvertible revolving credit facility\nThe Group also has a three year $25 million\nConvertible Revolving Credit Facility available.\nAs at the date of this report the facility is\nundrawn. Under the terms of this facility,\nKingsgate has the option of repaying any funds\ndrawn down under the facility through either\ncash or by issuing ordinary shares. It is intended\nthat this facility will be utilised during the 2014\nfinancial year for corporate and working capital\npurposes. It is the current intention of the\ncompany to repay any cash drawdown under the\nfacility by the issuance of fully paid ordinary\nshares which would rank parri pasu with all\nexisting ordinary shares, although this position\nwill be reviewed at the appropriate time. The",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 3. \u0007Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements\n\n### 23. Related parties\nTransaction with related parties\nInformation on remuneration of Directors and Key Management Personnel is disclosed in Note 29.\nControlling entity\nThe ultimate parent entity of the Group is Kingsgate Consolidated Limited.",
+                    "page_start": 96,
+                    "page_end": 96,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "What does demonstatre the feasibility study on the Nueva Esperanza Project ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "The study demonstrated that  open pit mining at two million tonnes per year  and processing by milling and agitation leaching  in cyanide was technically feasible, although  high capital and power costs negatively  impacted project economic returns. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## **Nueva Esperanza Project**\n\nChile\nSummary\nThe Nueva Esperanza Project is 100% owned\nby Kingsgate since February 2012. Nueva\nEsperanza is located in the Maricunga Gold Belt\nnear Copiapó, a regional mining centre in\nNorthern Chile. The silver-rich mineralisation is\nhosted by the Esperanza high-sulphidation\nepithermal alteration system associated with\nthe Cerros Bravos volcanic complex.\nThe project consists of three well-defined miner-\nalised deposits and a number of undeveloped\nexploration targets. The main deposits are\nArqueros, Chimberos and Teterita. Arqueros was\npreviously mined on a limited scale by under-\nground methods and Chimberos was exploited\nas an open pit mine, delivering about 40 million\nounces of silver in 1998/99. All three deposits\ncurrently have a combined Mineral Resources of\nabout 93 million ounces of silver equivalent or\n1.6 million ounces of gold equivalent (EQ60) <sup>1</sup> .\nA feasibility study for a decision to mine the\nArqueros portion of Nueva Esperanza was\ncompleted in late 2012, demonstrating that open\npit mining at two million tonnes per year and\nprocessing by milling and agitation leaching in\ncyanide was technically feasible. Work remained\nto integrate the Teterita and Chimberos deposits\ninto the project, as well as to test lower cost\noptions for processing. Continued metallurgical\ntestwork has shown that mineralisation from all\nthree deposits by heap leaching is technically and\neconomically feasible and the preferred alterna-\ntive for development.\nEnvironmental approvals to commence\nconstruction and mining at Nueva Esperanza\nwere granted in July 2013 for the original\nArqueros project. Work is underway to modify\nand update the environmental assessment to\nincorporate the heap leach process.\nu\n1 \u0007Equivalence is based on gold/silver price ratio\nof 60. Gold equivalence = gold content plus\n(silver content  *divided*  by 60), whereas Silver\nequivalent silver content plus (gold content\nmultiplied by 60).\n**29**\nProjects Report\nGeology\nThe silver and gold mineralisation is hosted\nwithin tertiary-aged volcanic units at Arqueros\nand Teterita, and in Paleozoic sediments at",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## **Nueva Esperanza Project**\n\nthe Teterita and Chimberos deposits resulted in\nan expansion of the feasibility study to incorpo-\nrate their resources.\nIn late 2012, a decision was taken to examine\nlower cost options for processing using heap\nleaching. With major engineering already done,\ntechnical studies focussed on metallurgical\ntestwork and heap leach design. It has been\nestablished that the mineralisation from the\nthree deposits can be processed by HPGR (High\nPressure Grinding Rolls) crushing and heap\nleaching with silver and gold recoveries of the\norder of 70% to 75% for silver and 65% to 70%\nfor gold. The project development plan is now\nfocussed on a 3 million tonne per annum heap\nleach operation with an initial mine life of over 6\nyears. Annualised production levels (post ramp-\nup) are estimated at 6.0- 8.0 million ounces of\nsilver and 18,000- 22,000 ounces of gold, at an\nindicative start-up capital cost between\nUS$130- 150 million (inclusive of 25%\ncontingency).\nThese project parameters are based on prelimi-\nnary results only and are insufficient to provide\nassurance as to the economic development of\nthe project at this stage and these parameters\nmay also change following completion of the\nDefinitive Feasibility Study.\nWith the technical and economical feasibility of\nheap leaching being established, the project will\nnow move into the final feasibility and design\nstage with results expected to be available\nduring the March quarter 2014.\nThe environmental permitting process for the\noriginal Arqueros project has been completed,\nwith approval to commence construction and\nmining granted by the Chilean authorities.\nA modification of the environmental assessment\nis being prepared to have the approvals modified\nfor heap leaching and on-site power generation.\nExtensive community consultation has been\nundertaken with positive outcomes, and rela-\ntionships with indigenous rural and urban\ncommunities remain a priority.\nProjects Report\n**30**",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\nduring the year with the completion of a draft\nfeasibility study. This study included a decision\nto mine the Arqueros and Teterita portions of\nNueva Esperanza. The study demonstrated that\nopen pit mining at two million tonnes per year\nand processing by milling and agitation leaching\nin cyanide was technically feasible, although\nhigh capital and power costs negatively\nimpacted project economic returns.\nAs a consequence, feasibility work has tran-\nsitioned to assess a lower capital cost and lower\npower requirement options, namely the poten-\ntial for heap leach processing. Metallurgical\ntestwork recently completed demonstrated\nthat processing of mineralisation from all three\ndeposits by heap leaching has the potential to\nbe technically and economically feasible and as\na consequence may become the preferred\nalternative for development.\nEnvironmental approval for the original Arqueros\nProject was granted in July 2013.\nFinancials\nKingsgate made an after tax loss of $323.7\nmillion for the full year to 30 June 2013 compared\nto an after tax profit of $75.0  million for the\nprevious corresponding year. The result for the\nyear reflected an impairment of $311.9 million\npre-tax ($291.3 million post-tax) against the\nChallenger Mine and associated assets and an\nimpairment of $20.4 million against greenfield\nexploration projects in Australia and Thailand.\n**Financial Summary** 2013\n$000 2012\n$000\nTotal sales revenue 329,282 357,372\nEBITDA before significant items 115,845 168,583\n(Loss) / profit before tax (339,615) 91,277\nIncome tax benefit / (expense) 15,889 (16,271)\n(Loss) / profit after income after tax (323,726) 75,006\nDividend declared (¢/share) 5 20\n**5**\nManaging Director and CEO’s Report\nExploration\nWith the approvals of the Special Prospecting\nLicence (“SPL”) applications in Thailand still\nawaiting the Minister of Industry’s consent,\nexploration attention over the past 12 months\nhas focused on new exploration opportunities\nand Mineral Resource enhancement targets\nwithin the Mining Leases. This exploration\nformed part of a strategic exploration program\nwithin the mining leases at Chatree that\ncommenced in late 2012. The program has\nsuccessfully defined several new areas of miner-\nalisation within the Mining Lease, most notably\nat Q and A North Prospects, and has also\nupgraded several larger areas of Inferred\nResources to the Measured and Indicated\nMineral Resource category.\nLooking Ahead\nOver the current financial year and beyond,\nKingsgate remains focused on optimising\nproduction within an uncertain metal price\nenvironment, continuing to build resources",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Projects Report\n\nments and agencies in February 2013, the DGR’s\nwere issued in late February 2013. The DGR\ndocument combines the elements of the\nconceptual project development plan (CPDP)\nand sets out environmental assessment require-\nments for the proposed project development.\nThe preparation for lodgement of an\nEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS) to the\nNSW Department of Planning (“Planning”)\ncontinues. It is envisaged that the EIS will be\ncompleted and lodged in 2014. Data for flora\nand fauna, surface water, groundwater, meteor-\nology, ambient noise and dust levels are\ncollected routinely. Further investigations of\ncultural heritage, social-economic impact, traffic\nimpact, soil type and agricultural suitability have\nalso been undertaken on site.\nThere have been no serious safety incidents\nreported to date. At the end of June there were\nover 600 days Lost Time Injury free since\nKingsgate exploration and pre-development\nactivities began on site.\nEnvironmental, regulatory and NSW Govern-\nment approvals remain the key determinants to\nthe timing of project development at Bowdens.\nOf particular note were two recent NSW Land\nand Environment Court decisions relating to the\noverturning of existing mining approvals that will\nrequire extra diligence and consideration as the\nBowdens Project moves forward. Community\nrelations was undertaken throughout the year\nutilising a variety of techniques including:\nletters, telephone calls, attendance at trade\nshows, industry presentations, site tours,\nCommunity Liaison Group meetings, govern-\nmental meetings and two open days.\nThe open days were highly successful in\nengaging with the community with more than\n200 local people providing feedback on a range\nof topics. Sentiment capture and management\nremains an important aspect for the project as\npart of the ongoing community relations\nprogram, and a full time Community and\nGovernment Relations Manager has been\nengaged on that basis.\n70°\n50°\n20°\n30°\n40°\n3\nCOPIAPO\nNUEVA ESPERANZA\nCOPIAPO\nNUEVA ESPERANZA\nSantiago\nLa Serena\nAntofagasta\nChañaral\nA R G E N T I N A\nB O L I V I A\nP E R U\n**28**\nProjects Report",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## **Nueva Esperanza Project**\n\nChimberos. The alteration and mineralisation\nare all Miocene in age and associated with the\nCerros Bravos paleovolcano.\nMineralisation comprises two main compo-\nnents. Silver-rich horizontal units termed\n‘mantos’ (Spanish for blanket) and a series of\nnear-vertical, cross-cutting gold-rich structures.\nThe mantos silver mineralisation is hosted by\nvuggy silica within dacitic lapilli tuff. Mantos\noccurs at Arqueros and Teterita where the\nmineralising process has replaced horizontal\nporous tuffs. At Chimberos, silver mineralisation\nis hosted in vuggy silica hydrothermal breccia\nsuperimposed on folded Paleozoic sediments.\nThe vertical gold-rich mineralisation, also charac-\nterised by vuggy silica, is well-developed at\nArqueros. It has been interpreted as feeders for\nmineralising fluids. Nonetheless, this style of\nmineralisation has not yet been observed at\nTeterita and is poorly preserved at Chimberos.\nResource\nKingsgate has updated the project resource\nbase to incorporate the recent drilling on the\nChimberos project and using the current gold/\nsilver ratio of 60 (previously 45) for its gold\nequivalent (AuEq60) and silver equivalent\n(AgEq60) calculations.The combined Measured,\nIndicated and Inferred mineral resource for the\nNueva Esperanza Project is based on resource\nblock modelling of Arqueros, Chimberos and\nTeterita, and has been estimated at a cut-off\ngrade of 0.5 grams per tonne (g/t), gold equiva-\nlent (AuEq60) to be 28.9 million tonnes at\n0.27 g/t gold and 84 g/t silver.\nThis represents about 250,000 ounces of gold\nand 78.5 million ounces of silver.\nThe Measured, Indicated and Inferred resource\nmay be expressed in gold or silver equivalent\nounces as:\n〉 〉 Gold equivalent ounces (AuEQ60): 1.6\nmillion ounces at 1.7 g/t gold equivalent; and\n〉 〉 Silver equivalent ounces (AgEQ60): 93.5\nmillion ounces at 100 g/t silver equivalent.\nFeasibility Study\nA Definitive Feasibility Study commenced on the\nproject at the end of May 2011 with the focus\non Arqueros, and open pit mining of that deposit\nwith processing by traditional mill and agiitation\nleaching in cyanide. Subsequent acquisition of",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\n### **2.3. Open Data in Latin America, Asia and Africa**\n\n*\"descriptions of how the money was spent\"*  .\nEven with these difficulties, the Latin America Open Data/Civic Information landscape is active\nand definitely worthwhile following. The list of interesting Civic Information projects in Latin\nAmerica include (from Sasaki's [Access to Information: Is Mexico a Model for the Rest of the ](http://informacioncivica.info/mexico/access-to-information/)\n[World?](http://informacioncivica.info/mexico/access-to-information/) :\n- Mexico\n- [Mexican Farm Subsidies](http://www.subsidiosalcampo.org.mx/index.html/)   - an online tool to analyze how the federal government\nallocates those subsidies\n- [Compare Your School](http://www.comparatuescuela.org/)   : compares aggregate test results from any school with the\nmunicipal, regional, and national averages\n- [Rebellion of the Sick](http://www.sonoraciudadana.org.mx/)   built for patients with chronic diseases whose expenses are not\ncovered by the government subsidized health coverage.\n- Argentina: [Public Spending in Bahía](http://gastopublicobahiense.org/acerca-de-gpb/) analyzes how public funds are used.\n- Colombia: [Visible Congress](http://www.congresovisible.org/) monitors the actions of the Colombian congress\n- Brazil\n- [Eleitor 2010](http://eleitor2010.com/)   : a website to submit reports of electoral fraud during the Brazil 2010\n*9/34*\nelections\n- [Open Congress](http://www.congressoaberto.com.br/)   : a tool for political scientists to track the work and effectiveness of\nthe Brazilian congress\n- Paraguay: [Who Do We Choose?](http://www.aquieneselegimos.org.py/) : lists profiles of all candidates for many public posts.\nIn Brazil, the principle that  *\"what is not confidential should be available on the Internet in the open*\n*data format\"*  is already discussed and, in principle, accepted, by some departments of the Brazilian\nfederal government. However, the preferred practice for now is (if there are no other obstacles) to\nonly publish data that have been explicitly requested by some citizens.\nA  report  presented  in  May  2011  at  the [First  Global  Conference  on  Transparency  Research ](http://www.freedominfo.org/2011/05/researchers-examine-future-of-open-data-in-latin-america/)\nmentioned a couple of Open Data issues in Latin America that are worth noting, because they're\npresent  even  in  Europe  and  North  America,  in  spite  of  the  different  historical  and  social\nbackground:\n- \"Better coordination is needed between right to information campaigners and open data\nactivists.\"\n- \"If activist manage to target particular topics to add \"value\" to the discussion, demand for\nopen data could eventually increase in the region.\"",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources\n\nInferred 6.1 0.3 68 - - 1.43 86 0.06 13.3 0.28 16.9\nTotal 28.9 0.27 84 - - 1.68 101 0.25 78.5 1.56 93.5\nBowdens Measured 23.6 - 56.6 0.31 0.41 1.64 74.5 - 43.0 1.25 57.0\nIndicated 28.4 - 48.0 0.27 0.36 1.40 63.6 - 43.8 1.28 58.0\nInferred 36.0 - 41.0 0.30 0.40 1.27 58.0 - 47.5 1.47 68.0\nTotal 88.0 - 47.4 0.29 0.39 1.41 64.4 - 134.1 4.00 182\nTotal Mineral Resources 116.9 0.07 57 - - 1.48 73 0.25 213 5.56 276\nGroup Total Mineral Resources 307.4 - - - - - - 5.02 246 10.64 774\nChallenger and Chatree* Ore Reserves\nChallenger and Chatree* Mineral Resources (inclusive of Ore Reserves)\nNueva Esperanza and Bowdens Mineral Resources\n**Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources**\nas at 30 June 2013\n**33**\nOre Reserves and Mineral Resources\nOre Reserves and Mineral Resources *Notes to the Ore Reserves and Mineral*\n*Resources Table:*\n*Some rounding of figures may cause numbers*\n*to not add correctly.*\n*(1)*   *Nueva Esperanza equivalent factors:*\n*-  \u0007Silver equivalent: AgEq (g/t) = Ag (g/t)*\n*+ Au(g/t) x 60;*\n*-  \u0007Gold Equivalent: AuEq (g/t) = Au (g/t)*\n*+ Ag (g/t) / 60;*\n*-  \u0007Calculated from prices of US$1,380/*\n*oz Au and US$21.50/oz Ag, and*\n*metallurgical recoveries of 70% Au*\n*and 75% Ag estimated from test work*\n*by Kingsgate, and metallurgical*\n*recoveries of 85% Au and 78% Ag*\n*estimated from test work by*\n*Kingsgate and Laguna.*\n*(2)*   *Bowdens equivalent factors:*\n*-  \u0007Silver equivalent: AgEq (g/t) = Ag (g/t)*\n*+ 22.4 x Pb (%) + 25.5 x Zn (%);*\n*-  \u0007Gold equivalent: AuEq (g/t) = AgEq*\n*(g/t) /45 ;*\n*-  \u0007Calculated from prices of US$28/oz*\n*Ag, US$1250/oz Au, US$2200/t Pb,*\n*US$2200/t Zn and metallurgical*\n*recoveries of 81% Ag, 73% Pb, and*\n*83% Zn estimated from test work by*\n*Silver Standard, and assuming*\n*consistent metallurgical recoveries for*\n*gold and silver of 81%.*\n*(3)*   *Chatree equivalent factors:*\n*-  \u0007Chatree gold equivalent: AuEq/t = Au*\n*(g/t) + Ag (g/t) /105;*\n*-  \u0007Silver equivalent: AgEq g/t = Au (g/t)*",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\nground that is currently under application. Any\ndiscoveries within these application areas should\nsubstantially extend the mine life at Chatree.\nChallenger gold production of 66,216 ounces was\n24 percent lower than last year due to additional\ndilution and depletion at Challenger Deeps and a\nshortfall in planned development. Following the fall\nin the gold price, a strategic review of Challenger\nwas implemented that has resulted in a new mine\nplan to focus primarily on the higher grade\nChallenger West orebody. The new mine plan will\nbe implemented during the first three months of\nthe 2014 financial year.\nThe development projects continued to advance\nduring the year. At Nueva Esperanza, the feasibility\nwork shifted to focus on identifying the lowest\ncost and lowest power consumption development\nalternatives. This included reviewing a heap leach\nprocess option with on-site power generation.\nFurther work is expected to be completed in the\ncurrent financial year. At Bowdens, the feasibility\nwork has confirmed the optimum process route.\nCompletion of the technical feasibility study\nincluding mine planning, infrastructure and metal-\nlurgy, and lodging of the Environmental Impact\nStatement (“EIS”) are scheduled for 2014.\nThe Board of Kingsgate is determined to re-\nestablish the path to building shareholder wealth\nvia profits and dividends despite a difficult\nexternal environment. Shareholders can look\nforward to a steady performance from Chatree\nand a turn-around at Challenger coupled with the\ncompletion of feasibility studies at the two major\ndevelopment projects over the coming year.\nI would also like to thank our Chief Executive\nOfficer and Managing Director, Gavin Thomas,\nKingsgate management and all of the Kingsgate,\nAkara and Challenger personnel and the project\nteams for their part in delivering the operational\nperformance during what was a difficult year for\nyour Company.\n* **The Board** * * **of Kingsgate is** * * **determined to** * * **re-establish the** * * **path to building** * * **shareholder wealth** * * **via profits and** * * **dividends...** *\nRoss Smyth-Kirk\nDirector\n**Chairman’s Review**\nKingsgate had a solid year with gold production\nof 199,897 ounces at a total cash cost of\nUS$888 per ounce (including royalties).\nChatree had a strong year following receipt of\nthe final approvals for the expansion plant and\nthe combined plant has been operating at a\nsteady rate of 6.2 million tonnes per annum,",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Capturing and Delivering Growth\n\nFollowing the discovery of oil at\nJeruk, Santos is moving rapidly to\nevaluate the significance of the\nfield and development options. To\nthis end, a 3D seismic survey over\nJeruk and Santos’ surrounding\ninterests was initiated in late\n2004. In addition, a focused\nmulti-disciplinary team has been\nassembled to assess all\ndevelopment options, including\nthe potential for early production.\nSantos' development conveyor\nis functioning well, with the\nnumber of significant projects\nin the pre-development and\ndevelopment stages at a\nrecord level.\nAnnual Report 2004 19\n**DEVELOPMENT CONVEYOR**  at 31 December 2004\nPercent complete\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\n100 Minerva 100%\nMutineer-Exeter 89% Bayu-Undan LNG Pipeline 82%\nBayu-Undan LNG 67%\nJohn Brookes 44%\nCasino 25%\nOyong, Maleo, Jeruk, Sole, Kipper, Golden Beach\nBayu-Undan\nLiquids 100%\nProject Lifecycle\n**MODEC Venture II Floating**\n**Production, Storage and Offloading**\n**vessel, en route to Mutineer-**\n**Exeter oil fields, Carnarvon Basin,**\n**offshore Western Australia.**\nAnnual Report 2004 20\nOn top of exploration and new\nventures growth opportunities,\nSantos has a large inventory of\ngas fields that are yet to be\ncommitted to gas contracts.\nThese fields, known as contingent\nresources, represent significant\nopportunities for Santos.\nEach year Santos works towards\ncommercialising these fields by\nfinding new gas contracts or\nextending existing contracts\nso that they can be booked as\nProven (1P) or Proven plus\nProbable (2P) reserves.\nSantos’ contingent gas resources\nare largely located offshore\nsouthern Australia and Western\nAustralia, in the Bonaparte Basin\noffshore northern Australia and\nonshore Papua New Guinea.\nSantos continued to deliver on\ngas commercialisation during\n2004, commercialising 27 million\nboe during the year. Santos also\nachieved positive contract price\nreviews for gas sales that were\nwell above the indexed levels.\n**UNIQUE ENERGY HUBS DELIVER**\n**GAS SWAPS**\nSome of the most important gas\ncommercialisation achievements\nfor the year were the innovative\ngas swaps agreements that were\nonly possible because of Santos’\nunique spread of assets across key\nAustralian gas hubs.\nSantos and the other South\nWest Queensland Gas Producers\nannounced a coal seam methane\ngas swap in May to allow each\nparty to supply the other party’s\ncontractual obligations in\ndifferent states via the Moomba",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Capturing and Delivering Growth\n\nAustralian market, and the ability\nto rapidly commercialise new\ndiscoveries.\nAn ongoing development and\ndelineation program was carried\nout during the year, yielding\nbetter than planned production.\nThe exploration initiative also\ncontinued to seek higher risk\nbut more material prospects,\naimed at enhancing the move\ninto the shallow water area of\nthe Gulf of Mexico. Exploration\nresults in this area during 2005\nwill shape Santos’ future strategy\nin the US.\n**TIGHT GAS**\nHydrocarbons contained in traps\nwith poor permeability are known\nas ‘tight gas’. Large tight gas\nresources are known to exist in\nthe Cooper Basin. Under current\ncircumstances, this gas cannot\nbe economically developed but,\nwith the combination of improved\nproduction techniques and better\ncommercial terms, could prove\nattractive.\nSantos assessed the resources\nand potential technologies that\ncould be applied to unlock these\nresources during 2004 and is now\nworking up a range of possible\nevaluation projects to be\nundertaken in 2005.\n**NORTHERN AUSTRALIA GAS**\nSantos has a significant existing\ngas resource base and some\npromising exploration acreage\nin the waters offshore Darwin,\nwhere it intends to drill a gas\nexploration well later this year.\nThe Company currently operates\nthe Mereenie gas field in the\nAmadeus Basin in central\nAustralia, which supplies gas to\nDarwin. Santos’ first offshore gas\nproduction in northern Australia\nbegins in 2006, sending Bayu-\nUndan gas to Darwin for\nconversion to LNG. Santos plans\nto build upon its growing\nposition in the region to target\nfurther development which could\nensure long-term gas supplies\nfor the current market, or an\nexpanded Northern Territory\ndomestic market, or for export.\n**PAPUA NEW GUINEA GAS**\nSantos is in active discussions\nwith the PNG Gas Project\nparticipants to potentially\nre-enter the PNG Gas Project.\nSantos has a significant interest\nin a large part of the liquids-rich\nHides gas field which is integral\nto the development of\nthe Project.\nAnnual Report 2004 22\n**‘Our objective is to derive value**\n**from undeveloped assets which**\n**have been outside of Santos’**\n**base business.’**\n**BRUCE WOOD**\nVice President\nStrategic Projects",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the Kingsgate net cash outflows from finiancing activities in 2013 ?",
+                "target_page": 11,
+                "target_passage": " Net cash outflows from financing activities was   $1.7 million",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 9
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## **Statement of Financial Position**\n\nas at 30 June 2013\n**66**\nFinancial Statements\nwww.kingsgate.com.au\nNote\nContributed\nequity\n$’000\nReserves\n$’000\nRetained\nprofits\n$’000\nTotal\n$’000\nNon-\ncontrolling\ninterests\n$’000\nTotal equity\n$’000\nBalance at 1 July 2011 482,874 (26,528) 143,468 599,814 7,109 606,923\n(Loss) / profit after income tax - - 75,159 75,159 - 75,159\nTotal other comprehensive income for the year - 1,605 - 1,605 - 1,605\nTotal comprehensive income for the year 19b - 1,605 75,159 76,764 - 76,764\nTransaction with owners in their capacity\nas owners:\nContributions of equity, net of transaction costs 18 2,068 - - 2,068 - 2,068\nInstitutional share placement 18 70,000 - - 70,000 - 70,000\nIssue of ordinary shares related to Bowdens\nacquisition of subsidiaries and assets 18 30,000 - - 30,000 - 30,000\nIssue of ordinary shares as part consideration\nfor the settlement of a legal dispute 18 3,024 - - 3,024 - 3,024\nIssue of ordinary shares related to loan facility\nrepayment 18 11,652 - - 11,652 - 11,652\nDividends provided for or paid 22 - - (22,025) (22,025) - (22,025)\nMovement in share-based payment reserve 19a - 8,919 - 8,919 - 8,919\nTotal transactions with owners 116,744 8,919 (22,025) 103,638 - 103,638\nTotal contribution by and distribution to\nowners of Kingsgate Consolidated Limited 599,618 (16,004) 196,602 780,216 7,109 787,325\nAcquisition of non-controlling interests - (4,403) - (4,403) (7,109) (11,512)\nBalance at 30 June 2012 599,618 (20,407) 196,602 775,813 - 775,813\nBalance at 1 July 2012 599,618 (20,407) 196,602 775,813 - 775,813\n(Loss) / Profit after income tax - - (323,726) (323,726) - (323,726)\nTotal other comprehensive income for the year - 40,364 - 40,364 - 40,364\nTotal comprehensive income for the year 19b\n\n- 40,364 (323,726) (283,362) - (283,362)\nTransaction with owners in their capacity\nas owners:\nContributions of equity, net of transaction costs 18 4,374 - - 4,374 - 4,374\nIssue of ordinary shares as part consideration\nfor the settlement of a legal dispute 18 1,512 - - 1,512 - 1,512\nDividends provided for or paid 22 - - (22,739) (22,739) - (22,739)\nMovement in share-based payment reserve 19a - (1,638) - (1,638) - (1,638)\nTotal transactions with owners 5,886 (1,638) (22,739) (18,491) - (18,491)\nBalance at 30 June 2013 605,504 18,319 (149,863) 473,960 - 473,960\nThe above Statement of Changes in Equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.",
+                    "page_start": 66,
+                    "page_end": 67,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n|  40,226  |  5,148  |  10,391  |  32,119  |  59,696  |  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| 16,397  | 13,756  | 10,805  | 12,162  | 14,162  |  |\n| 146,626  | 206,082  | 143,401  | 91,727  | 69,555  |  |\n| 203,249  | 224,986  | 164,597  | 136,008  | 143,413  |  |\n| 1,599  | 21,220  | -  | -  | -  |  |\n| 20,637  | 19,532  | 36,589  | 14,779  | 8,367  |  |\n| 22,236  | 40,752  | 36,589  | 14,779  | 8,367  |  |\n| 181,013  | 184,234  | 128,008  | 121,229  | 135,046  |  |\n| -  | -  | -  | -  | -  |  |\nAverage realised gold price on physical deliveries 5\n|  |  824  |  417  |  355  |  401  |  385  |  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | 457  | 440  | 206  | 212  | 135  |  |\n|  | 556  | 524  | 247  | 262  | 189  |  |\n|  | 18,657  | (19,888) | 21,889  | 22,184  | 49,294  |  |\n|  | -  | 4,513  | 8,669  | 11,973  | 17,631  |  |\n|  | 92,680  | 92,680  | 88,592  | 85,949  | 85,329  |  |\n|  | 51.7  | (17.3)  | 19.3  | 9.8  | 45.5  |  |\n|  | -  | -  | 10.0  | 7.0  | 22.0  |  |\nTen Year Summary\n13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04\nTen Year Summary  **<sup>7</sup> 8**\nFinance Report\nwww.kingsgate.com.au\n**Finance Report**\nSummary\nKingsgate has recorded the following financial\nperformance for the year to 30 June 2013:\n〉 〉 Revenue of $329.3 million.\n〉 〉 EBITDA (before significant items) of $115.8\nmillion.\n〉 〉 Profit before tax and significant items of\n$17.2 million.\n〉 〉 Loss after tax and significant items of $323.7\nmillion. This includes a net tax benefit of\n$20.6 million, relating to the Challenger Gold\nOperations (“Challenger”) impairment.\n〉 〉 Non-cash asset impairments and other\nsignificant items of $356.8 million pre-tax,\nwith $311.9 million principally relating to\nChallenger ($291.3 million post-tax).\n〉 〉 No final dividend has been declared. An\ninterim dividend of 5 cents per share was\ndeclared for the half year to 31 December\n2012.\nEarnings\nThe lower realised gold price of US$1,588 per\nounce (2012: US$1,663 per ounce), lower gold\nsales of 195,948 ounces (2012: 204,145 ounces)",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\nAdministration expenses (15,515)\nOther (expenses) / income (23,693)\nEBITDA 95,010\nImpairment losses (332,808)\nDepreciation & amortisation (85,595)\nEBIT (323,393)\nNet finance (costs) / income (16,222)\nProfit / (loss) before income tax (339,615)\nIncome tax (expense) / benefit 15,889\nNet profit / (loss) after income tax (323,726)\nNon- controlling interests -\nNet profit attributable to owners of Kingsgate Consolidated Limited (323,726)\nBALANCE SHEET (A$’000)\nCurrent assets -  cash 32,987\n|  90,623  |  35,864  |  49,098  |  29,680  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| 103,433  | 70,280  | 54,203  | 27,848  |\n| 854,403  | 688,919  | 265,774  | 217,445  |\n| 1,048,459  | 795,063  | 369,075  | 274,973  |\n| 157,544  | 99,896  | 11,064  | 2,144  |\n| 115,102  | 88,243  | 41,968  | 27,789  |\n| 272,646  | 188,139  | 53,032  | 29,933  |\n| 775,813  | 606,924  | 316,043  | 245,040  |\n| -  | 7,109  | -  | -  |\n| 775,813  | 599,815  | 316,043  | 245,040  |\nCurrent assets -  other 109,575\nNon- current assets 627,426\nTotal assets 769,988\nTotal borrowings 199,758\nOther liabilities 96,270\nTotal liabilities 296,028\nShareholders’ equity 473,960\nNon- controlling interests -\nEquity attributable to equity holders of Kingsgate Consolidated Limited 473,960\nOTHER INFORMATION\nAverage realised gold price on physical deliveries (US$ / ounce) 1,588 1,663 1,386 1,091 904\nCash cost (US$ / ounce) 888 720 638 335 400\nTotal cost (US$ / ounce) 1,308 1,028 813 408 487\nOperating cash flow (A$’000) 85,020 165,247 34,026 46,468 18,058\nDividends paid (Cash & DRP) (A$’000) 22,739 22,025 33,647 29,082 -\nNumber of issued shares (‘000) -  Ordinary 152,192 151,264 135,275 99,996 96,136\nBasic earnings per share (A$ Cents) (213.3) 52.5 18.7 75.2 34.9\nDividends per share (A$ Cents) 5.0 20.0 15.0 35.0 15.0\n**Ten Year Summary**\nfor the year ended 30 June 2013\n2008 2007 2006 2005 2004\nAIFRS AIFRS AIFRS AIFRS AGAAP Ore mined (‘000 tonnes)  5\n375 546 734 588 801\n2,507 4,390 5,121 4,915 4,444\n6.7 8.0 7.0 8.4 5.5\n977 1,523 1,951 1,521 1,946\n2,474 2,405 2,000 1,829 1,671\n1.1 1.2 2.4 2.4 3.1\n6.8 9.2 14.5 13.0 15.0\n88.4% 90.0% 90.1% 90.8% 91.2%\n74,137 85,994 140,071 126,550 149,979\n232,039 290,897 459,702 353,275 395,346\nOre mined (‘000 tonnes)  5\nSales revenue 5\n|  |  74,285  |  52,044  |  72,782  |  64,299  |  84,410  |  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | (55,743)  | (64,908)  | (47,761)  | (47,366)  | (34,343)  |  |\n|  | (4,065)  | (2,264)  | (1,158)  | (1,404)  | (1,019)  |  |\n|  | 46,653  | 10,413  | 1,361  | 2,471  | 2,370  |  |\n|  | 61,130  | (4,715)  | 25,224  | 18,000  | 51,418  |  |\n|  | -  | -  | -  | -  | -  |  |\n|  | (9,284)  | (8,446)  | (7,805)  | (8,720)  | (11,323)  |  |\n|  | 51,846  | (13,161)  | 17,419  | 9,280  | 40,095  |  |\n|  | (3,974)  | (2,544)  | (757)  | (889)  | (2,416)  |  |\n|  | 47,872  | (15,705)  | 16,662  | 8,391  | 37,679  |  |\n|  | (11,675)  | 3,115  | -  | -  | -  |  |\n|  | 36,197  | (12,590)  | 16,662  | 8,391  | 37,679  |  |\nTotal assets 5",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 3. \u0007Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements\n\n### 28. Financial risk management and instruments\n\ncurrent liability at 30 June 2013. These facilities were mainly included in the one to two years and two to five years’ time category at 30 June 2012. As indi-\ncated in Note 16, these facilities have been classified as current liabilities at 30 June 2013 on the basis that at balance sheet date it was the Group’s intention\nto restructure and amalgamate these facilities in the next financial year.\nSubsequent to the end of the financial year, the Group has received from its lenders a credit approved term sheet (subject to formal documentation) for the\nrestructure of the corporate loan and convertible loan facilities. Following completion of the restructure the total amount outstanding will be reduced to\n$40,000,000. This loan will be provided through a single senior corporate facility which will consist of two tranches:\n〉 〉 Tranche one will be a $25,000,000 Akara Pre IPO Bond with a maturity date of 31 July 2015. The current intention is for this tranche to be repaid as part\nof the Akara IPO although at Kingsgate’s election repayment can be made by either cash or in Kingsgate’s shares.\n〉 〉 Tranche two is an amortising facility with $5,000,000 to be repaid during the 2014 financial year and the balance of $10,000,000 repaid during the 2015\nfinancial year.\nThe Group also has a three year $25,000,000 Convertible Revolving Credit Facility available. At the date of this report the facility is undrawn. Under the\nterms of this facility, Kingsgate has the option of repaying any funds drawn down under the facility through either cash or by issuing ordinary shares. It is\nintended that this facility will be utilised during the 2014 financial year for corporate and working capital purposes. It is the current intention of the Company\nto repay any cash drawdown under the facility by issuance of fully paid ordinary shares which would rank parri pasu with all existing ordinary shares, although\nthis position will be reviewed at the appropriate time. The number of shares has not yet been determined and they will be issued at a 2.5% discount to VWAP\nover a period by reference to the draw down date. Shareholder approval is not required.\nAs indicated in Note 16, Kingsgate’s Thai operating subsidiary, Akara, established a six year amortising multi-currency loan facility equivalent to",
+                    "page_start": 104,
+                    "page_end": 104,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 3. \u0007Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements\n\n### 32. Parent entity financial information\nAs at, and throughout, the financial year ending 30 June 2013 the parent entity of the Group was Kingsgate.\nSummary of financial information 2013\n$’000\n2012\n$’000\nResults of parent entity\n(Loss) / profit for the year (385,898) 7,791\nOther comprehensive (loss) (91) (509)\nTotal comprehensive (loss) / profit (385,989) 7,282\nFinancial position of parent entity at year end\nCurrent assets 237,483 211,404\nTotal assets 292,370 668,437\nCurrent liabilities 132,736 32,140\nTotal liabilities 133,743 103,243\nTotal equity of the parent entity comprising of:\nIssued capital 605,504 599,618\nReserve 8,336 10,409\nAccumulated losses (455,213) (44,833)\nTotal financial equity 158,627 565,194\nNotes to the Financial Statements\n**110**\n32. Parent entity financial information continued\nContingent liabilities of the parent entity\nBank guarantees have been given by Kingsgate’s controlled entities to participating banks in the syndicated loan facility and revolving loan facility as\ndescribed in Note 16 as part of the security package.\nThese guarantees may give rise to liabilities in the parent entity if the controlled entities do not meet their obligations under the terms of the loans subject\nto guarantees. No material losses are anticipated in respect of the above contingent liabilities.",
+                    "page_start": 110,
+                    "page_end": 111,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Notes to the Financial Statements\n**68**\n**Notes to the Financial Statements**\nfor the year ended 30 June 2013\nThe Financial Report of Kingsgate Consolidated\nLimited (Kingsgate or the “Company”) for the\nyear ended 30 June 2013 was authorised for\nissue in accordance with a resolution of\nDirectors on 23 September 2013.\nKingsgate is a Company limited by shares incor-\nporated in Australia whose shares are publicly\ntraded on the Australian Securities Exchange\nusing the ASX code KCN. The consolidated\nfinancial statements of the Company as at and\nfor the year ended 30 June 2013 comprise the\nCompany and its subsidiaries (together referred\nto as the “Group” and individually as “Group\nentities”). A description of the nature of the\nGroup’s operations and its principal activities\nis included in the Directors’ Report.",
+                    "page_start": 69,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\nnumber of shares has not yet been determined\nand they will be issued at a 2.5% discount to\nVWAP over a period by reference to the draw\ndown date. Shareholder approval is not required.\nMulti-currency and syndicated\nloan facilities\nKingsgate’s Thai operating subsidiary, Akara,\nestablished a six year amortising multi-currency\nloan facility equivalent to US$125 million (fully\ndrawn as at period end) and an additional Thai\nBaht denominated working capital facility\nequivalent to US$15 million (undrawn as at year\nend) during the period. The proceeds from these\nborrowings were used to fully repay the\noutstanding balance on the US$100 million Baht\ndenominated syndicated loan facility in exist-\nence at the beginning of the period as well as to\nrepay part of the corporate loan facility noted\nabove.\nFinancial Position\nShareholders’ equity at 30 June 2013 was $474\nmillion (2012: $776 million). The decrease of\n$302 million reflects the year’s loss together\nwith dividends paid.\nDividends\nNo final dividend has been declared for the year\nended 30 June 2013.\nAn interim dividend declared for the half-year\nended 31 December 2012 of 5 cents per fully\npaid share was paid on 12 April 2013.\nA final dividend declared for the year ended 30\nJune 2012 of 10 cents per fully paid share was\npaid on 1 October 2012.\n**11**\n**Operations Report   .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .      12**\nChatree Gold Mine, Thailand   .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .      12\nChallenger Gold Mine, South Australia  .    .    .    .    .    .    .    .    20\n**Projects Report   .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .  26**\nBowdens Silver Project, New South Wales   .     .     .     .     .     .      26\nNueva Esperanza Project, Chile   .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .      28\n**Exploration Report  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .  30**\nOre Reserves and Mineral Resources   .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .  32\nCompetent Persons Statement  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .  33\n**Corporate Governance Statement  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .  34**",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Directors’ Report\n\nMinerals Limited (“Caravel”), an Australian\ncompany listed on the ASX.\nKingsgate received 135,000,000 fully paid\nordinary shares in the issued capital of Caravel\nand 20,000,000 unlisted options to acquire\nCaravel shares exercisable at 10 cents on or\nbefore three years from the date of issue.\nSubsequent to the sale, Kingsgate became the\nlargest shareholder in Caravel with 35.54% held\nat 30 June 2013. Kingsgate’s holding in Caravel\nreduced to 27.04% post 30 June 2013 following\na rights issue by Caravel that Kingsgate did not\nparticipate in.\n\ncontinued\nDirectors’ Report\n**44**\nFinancial results\nKingsgate made an after tax loss of $323.7 million for the full year to 30 June 2013 compared to an after tax profit of $75.0 million for the\nprevious corresponding year. The result for the year reflected an impairment of $311.9 million pre-tax ($291.3 million post-tax) against the\nChallenger Mine and associated assets and an impairment of $20.4 million against greenfield exploration projects in Australia and Thailand.\n2013 2012 2011 2010 2009\nNet (loss) / profit after tax ($’000) (323,726) 75,006 20,879 73,066 32,522\nDividends paid (Cash and DRP) ($’000) 22,739 22,026 33,647 29,082 -\nShare price 30 June ($) 1.27 4.85 8.00 9.47 6.70\nBasic (loss) / earnings per share (Cents) (213.3) 52.5 18.7 75.2 34.9\nDiluted (loss) / earnings per share (Cents) (213.3) 52.5 18.6 74.5 34.9\nEBITDA before significant items\nBefore pre-tax significant items, the pre-tax profit of the Group was $17.2 million. Pre-tax significant items are detailed below.\nEBITDA before significant items was $115.8 million down from $168.6 million in the previous year.\nConsolidated 2013\n$’000 2012\n$’000\n(Loss) / Profit before tax (339,615) 91,277\nSignificant items (pre-tax)\nForeign exchange (gain) / loss 745 (1,268)\nDominion acquisition costs - 964\nWrite off of capitalised borrowing fees 5,722 -\nChange in fair value of undesignated gold contracts held for trading (1,414) 425\nChange in fair value of available-for-sale financial assets 855 260\nShare of loss in associate 1,353 -\nLoss on sale of exploration assets (Quadrio Resources Limited) 16,709 -\nImpairment Challenger Gold Project 311,850 -\nImpairment of capitalised exploration 20,421 -\nImpairment of associate 537 -\nProfit before tax and significant items 17,163 91,658\nFinance costs 13,087 9,372\nDepreciation and amortisation 85,595 67,553\nEBITDA before significant items 115,845 168,583\n\nEBITDA before significant items is a financial measure which is not prescribed by International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) and\nrepresents the profit under IFRS adjusted for specific significant items. The table above summarises key items between statutory profit",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## Directors’ Report\n\nconvertible loan facility entered into in a prior\nperiod to provide funding for the Bowdens\nacquisition. Kingsgate has the option to make a\nprepayment against the facility with an issue of\nKingsgate shares.\nAs indicated previously in the Preliminary Final\nreport, at balance date it was the Group’s inten-\ntion to restructure and amalgamate these\nfacilities in the next financial year. This relates to\nthe potential for completion of the Initial Public\nOffering (“IPO”) of Akara on the Stock Exchange\nof Thailand and the updated mine plan for\nChallenger. Any restructure would optimise the\nGroup’s anticipated balance sheet liquidity and\noperational cash flows. Accordingly, the Group\nclassified the total amount drawn down under\nthese facilities of $55,000,000 as a current\nliability at 30 June 2013. In addition as a result of\nthe intended restructure, $3,900,000 of previ-\nously capitalised borrowing costs relating to the\nconvertible loan and corporate loan facilities has\nbeen expensed at year end.\nSubsequent to the end of the financial year, the\nGroup has received from its lenders a credit\napproved term sheet (subject to formal docu-\nmentation) for the restructure of the corporate\nloan and convertible loan facilities. Following\ncompletion of the restructure the total amount\noutstanding will be reduced to $40,000,000.\nThis loan will be provided through a single senior\ncorporate facility which will consist of two\ntranches:\n〉 〉 Tranche one will be a $25,000,000 Akara\nPre IPO Bond with a maturity date of 31 July\n2015. The current intention is for this\ntranche to be repaid as part of the Akara IPO\nalthough at Kingsgate’s election repayment\ncan be made by either cash or in Kingsgate’s\nshares.\n〉 〉 Tranche two is an amortising facility with\n$5,000,000 to be repaid during the 2014\nfinancial year and the balance of\n$10,000,000 repaid during the 2015\nfinancial year.\nConvertible revolving credit facility\nThe Group also has a three year $25,000,000\nConvertible Revolving Credit Facility available.\nAt the date of this report the facility is undrawn.\nUnder the terms of this facility, Kingsgate has\nthe option of repaying any funds drawn down\nunder the facility through either cash or by\nissuing ordinary shares. It is intended that this\nfacility will be utilised during the 2014 financial\nyear for corporate and working capital purposes.\nIt is the current intention of the Company to\nrepay any cash drawdown under the facility by\nthe issuance of fully paid ordinary shares which",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\nb) 25% investment allowance on the capital\ncost of certain assets of the new processing\nplant; and\nc) other benefits.\nThe taxable loss from the Australian operations\nhas not been recognised as a deferred tax asset\nthough has been added to the Group’s brought\nforward tax losses, leaving a balance of $212\nmillion of taxable losses (unrecognised tax asset\nof $63 million) to be carried forward to future\nyears.\nCash Flow\nNet operating cash inflow was $85.0 million.\nInvesting cash outflow for property, plant,\nequipment and exploration, evaluation and\ndevelopment was $133.7 million. Net cash\noutflows from financing activities was\n$1.7 million, including a net drawdown (net\nof transaction costs) of $36.7 million of the\nmulti-currency and syndicated loan facilities\nfollowing a loan restructure by the Group’s\nThai subsidiary, Akara, net repayment (net of\ntransaction costs) of $20.0 million corporate\nloan facility, and $19.4 million dividends paid\nduring the year. Income tax paid increased to\n$15.6 million due primarily to the timing of\ntax payments in Thailand with a significant\namount of the prior year’s tax charge being paid\nthis year in addition to payment of the current\nyear’s tax charge.\n-20  <sup>-14</sup>\n19 37 18\n-48\n46\n-32\nOperating Cash Flow\n2012/13 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11\n34\n-108\n165\n-221\n85\n-142\n2011/12\nInvesting Cash Flow\n-250\n-300\n-200\n-150\n-100\nA$ Million -50\n0\n50\n100\n150\n200\n250\n120\n-13 -20\n36 19\n73 46 25 33 18\nProfit/(loss)\n2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11\n21 <sup>34</sup> <sup>28</sup>\n75\n165\n19\n-324\n85\n19\n2011/12 2012/13\nOperating Cash Flow Cash Dividend Paid\n-40\n-80\n-120\n-160\n-200\n-240\n-280\n-320\n-360\n0\n40\nA$ Million\n80\n160\n200\n240\nOperating and Investing Cash Flow\nOperating Profit and Cash Flow\n**10**\nFinance Report\nwww.kingsgate.com.au\nFinancing Arrangements\nCorporate loan facility\nKingsgate has a three year secured loan facility\nwith Investec which was amended during the\nyear. The amended facility has a limit of $40\nmillion (30 June 2012: $50 million), of which $20\nmillion has been drawn down as at 30 June 2013\n(30 June 2012: $40 million).\nConvertible loan facility\nKingsgate has a five year A$35 million convert-\nible loan facility with Investec entered into in a\nprior period to provide funding for the Bowdens\nacquisition. Kingsgate has the option to make a",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf",
+                "query": "To which countries extend the marriage regulations ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "These Regulations extend to England and Wales. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Citation, commencement, extent and interpretation**\n**1.**  —(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and\nChapels) Regulations 2021.\n(2)  These Regulations come into force on 4th May 2021.\n(3)  These Regulations extend to England and Wales.\n(4)  In these Regulations, “chapel” does not include a chapel to which Part 5 of the Marriage Act\n1949 (marriages in naval, military and air force chapels) applies(  **b**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n*Made*   *-*   *-*   *-*   *-*   *29th April 2021*\n*Coming into force -*   *-*   *4th May 2021*\nThe Registrar General makes these Regulations with the approval of the Secretary of State in\nexercise of the powers conferred by section 74(1)(c)(v), (1A)(a) and (3) of the Marriage Act\n1949(  **a**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Duty to record information about marriages solemnized according to the rites of the Church**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThese Regulations provide for records of marriages to be kept in churches and chapels of the\nChurch of England and the Church in Wales, other than chapels to which Part 5 of the Marriage\nAct 1949 applies (naval, military and air force chapels).\nRegulation 2 requires parochial church councils to provide books known as “registers of marriage\nservices” to churches and chapels in their parish in which banns of matrimony may be published,\nfor the purposes of keeping the records required by regulation 3. Regulation 2 also imposes\nrequirements relating to the durability and pre-printed content of these registers, and provides that\nthey belong to the parochial church council.\nRegulation 3 requires specified information to be recorded in a register of marriage services when\na marriage has been solemnized on or after 4th May 2021 according to the rites of the Church of\nEngland or Church in Wales in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be\npublished. The record must be made and signed by the member of the clergy by whom the\nmarriage was solemnized.\nRegulation 4 imposes requirements relating to the keeping of registers of marriage services\nprovided under regulation 2.\nA full impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument because no, or no significant,\nimpact on the private, public or voluntary sector is foreseen.\n\n© Crown copyright 2021\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n£4.90\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2021/538",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Duty of parochial church councils to provide registers of marriage services**\n\n**2.**  —(1) The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making\nrecords under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(  **c**  ) in that parish in\nwhich banns of matrimony may be published.\n(2)  Books provided under paragraph (1) are to be known as “registers of marriage services”.\n(3)  A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) must meet the requirements of\nparagraphs (4) and (5).\n(4)  The register must be made of durable material.\n(5)  For the purposes of enabling a record to be made in the register under regulation 3 in respect\nof a marriage, the register must be printed in such a way that it—\n\n(  **a**  ) 1949 c. 76 (12 & 13 Geo 6). Section 74 was amended by Schedule 2 to the Registration Service Act 1953 (c. 37) and by\nparagraph 5(1)(d) of Schedule 2 to the Transfer of Functions (Registration) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/678) and subsequently\nrenumbered as section 74(1) by article 12 of the Registration of Marriages etc. (Electronic Communications and Electronic\nStorage) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/2821). Section 74(1) was amended by paragraph 19 of Schedule 15 to the Immigration Act\n2016 (c. 19) and paragraph 43 of Schedule 1 to the Registration of Marriages Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/411), which also\ninserted subsection (1A).\n(  **b**  ) See section 68(2) of the Marriage Act 1949. The certification function of the Admiralty under that section was transferred to\nthe Secretary of State by the Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964 (c. 15).\n(  **c**  ) Section 78(2) of the Marriage Act 1949 provides for references to the Church of England to be construed as including\nreferences to the Church in Wales.\n(a)  indicates the descriptions of information required by each of sub-paragraphs (a) to (h) of\nregulation 3(2) in relation to the marriage, and\n(b)  provides corresponding spaces for recording information required by each of those sub-\nparagraphs in relation to the marriage.\n(6)  A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) by a parochial church council\nbelongs to that parochial church council.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **of England or Church in Wales**\n\n**3.**  —(1) Paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) apply where a marriage has been solemnized according to the\nrites of the Church of England in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be\npublished.\n(2)  As soon as practicable after the marriage has been solemnized, the clergyman by whom the\nmarriage was solemnized must make a record of the following information in relation to that\nmarriage in a register of marriage services provided to the church or chapel under regulation\n2(1)—\n(a)  the date and place of the marriage;\n(b)  the name and surname of each party;\n(c)  the date of birth of each party;\n(d)  the occupation (if any) of each party;\n(e)  the address of each party at the time of the marriage;\n(f)  the names and surnames of each party’s parents, so far as those names and surnames are\nknown to the clergyman who solemnized the marriage;\n(g)  the name and surname of each of the witnesses in whose presence the marriage was\nsolemnized;\n(h)  the name and surname of the clergyman by whom the marriage was solemnized.\n(3)  The clergyman must record the information required by paragraph (2) in English, and may\nalso record information required by that paragraph in Welsh where the church or chapel is situated\nin Wales.\n(4)  After making a record under paragraph (2) the clergyman must sign it.\n(5)  This regulation does not apply in relation to a marriage solemnized before 4th May 2021.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Requirements about the keeping of registers of marriage services**\n**4.**  —(1) The rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of marriage\nservices has been provided under regulation 2(1) must—\n(a)  ensure that the register is kept in that church or chapel, and\n(b)  do everything that is reasonably practicable to ensure that the register is protected against\ntheft, loss or damage.\n(2)  Where there is no rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of\nmarriage services has been provided under regulation 2(1), the obligations under paragraph (1) in\nrespect of that register fall on the churchwardens of the parish in which the church or chapel is\nsituated.\n\nGiven under my hand on 29th April 2021\n\n*Abi Tierney*\nRegistrar General\n\nI approve\n\n*Kevin Foster*\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State\n29th April 2021 Home Office",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\nS T A T U T O R Y  I N S T R U M E N T S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\n## 2020\n\n### **Amendments to the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015**\n\n**2.**  —(1) The International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015(  **b**  ) are amended as follows.\n(2)  In regulation 1(3)(b)(i), for “16th May 2019” substitute “19th April 2020”(  **c**  ).\n(3)  In regulation 3(4A)(a), at the beginning insert “subject to regulation 24(3)”.\n(4)  In regulation 24—\n(a)  in the table in paragraph (2), in the column headed “the CRS”—\n(i)  at the beginning of the entry for “new account” insert “subject to paragraph (3)”, and\n(ii)  at the beginning of the entry for “pre-existing account” insert “subject to regulation\n3(4A)(a) and paragraph (3)”, and\n(b)  after paragraph (2) insert—\n“(3) In respect of the accounts listed in paragraph (4)—\n\n(  **a**  ) 2013 c. 29; section 222 was amended by section 50 of the Finance (No. 2) Act 2015 (c. 33) but the amendments are not\nrelevant to these Regulations.\n(  **b**  ) S.I. 2015/878 (referred to in these footnotes as “the principal Regulations”); relevant amending instruments are S.I.\n2017/598, 2018/490 and 2019/881.\n(  **c**  ) In accordance with the common reporting standard for automatic exchange of financial account information developed by\nthe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and adopted by the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom\nexchanges information received from financial institutions under the principal Regulations with a territory which is a\n“Reportable Jurisdiction” under the CRS and with which the United Kingdom has entered into international exchange",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 438  TAXES  The International Tax Compliance (Amendment) Regulations  2020\n\nS T A T U T O R Y  I N S T R U M E N T S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf",
+                "query": "What the parochial church council must provide to make marriage records ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": " The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making  records under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(c) in that parish in  which banns of matrimony may be published.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Duty of parochial church councils to provide registers of marriage services**\n\n**2.**  —(1) The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making\nrecords under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(  **c**  ) in that parish in\nwhich banns of matrimony may be published.\n(2)  Books provided under paragraph (1) are to be known as “registers of marriage services”.\n(3)  A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) must meet the requirements of\nparagraphs (4) and (5).\n(4)  The register must be made of durable material.\n(5)  For the purposes of enabling a record to be made in the register under regulation 3 in respect\nof a marriage, the register must be printed in such a way that it—\n\n(  **a**  ) 1949 c. 76 (12 & 13 Geo 6). Section 74 was amended by Schedule 2 to the Registration Service Act 1953 (c. 37) and by\nparagraph 5(1)(d) of Schedule 2 to the Transfer of Functions (Registration) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/678) and subsequently\nrenumbered as section 74(1) by article 12 of the Registration of Marriages etc. (Electronic Communications and Electronic\nStorage) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/2821). Section 74(1) was amended by paragraph 19 of Schedule 15 to the Immigration Act\n2016 (c. 19) and paragraph 43 of Schedule 1 to the Registration of Marriages Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/411), which also\ninserted subsection (1A).\n(  **b**  ) See section 68(2) of the Marriage Act 1949. The certification function of the Admiralty under that section was transferred to\nthe Secretary of State by the Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964 (c. 15).\n(  **c**  ) Section 78(2) of the Marriage Act 1949 provides for references to the Church of England to be construed as including\nreferences to the Church in Wales.\n(a)  indicates the descriptions of information required by each of sub-paragraphs (a) to (h) of\nregulation 3(2) in relation to the marriage, and\n(b)  provides corresponding spaces for recording information required by each of those sub-\nparagraphs in relation to the marriage.\n(6)  A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) by a parochial church council\nbelongs to that parochial church council.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThese Regulations provide for records of marriages to be kept in churches and chapels of the\nChurch of England and the Church in Wales, other than chapels to which Part 5 of the Marriage\nAct 1949 applies (naval, military and air force chapels).\nRegulation 2 requires parochial church councils to provide books known as “registers of marriage\nservices” to churches and chapels in their parish in which banns of matrimony may be published,\nfor the purposes of keeping the records required by regulation 3. Regulation 2 also imposes\nrequirements relating to the durability and pre-printed content of these registers, and provides that\nthey belong to the parochial church council.\nRegulation 3 requires specified information to be recorded in a register of marriage services when\na marriage has been solemnized on or after 4th May 2021 according to the rites of the Church of\nEngland or Church in Wales in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be\npublished. The record must be made and signed by the member of the clergy by whom the\nmarriage was solemnized.\nRegulation 4 imposes requirements relating to the keeping of registers of marriage services\nprovided under regulation 2.\nA full impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument because no, or no significant,\nimpact on the private, public or voluntary sector is foreseen.\n\n© Crown copyright 2021\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n£4.90\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2021/538",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Duty to record information about marriages solemnized according to the rites of the Church**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Requirements about the keeping of registers of marriage services**\n**4.**  —(1) The rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of marriage\nservices has been provided under regulation 2(1) must—\n(a)  ensure that the register is kept in that church or chapel, and\n(b)  do everything that is reasonably practicable to ensure that the register is protected against\ntheft, loss or damage.\n(2)  Where there is no rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of\nmarriage services has been provided under regulation 2(1), the obligations under paragraph (1) in\nrespect of that register fall on the churchwardens of the parish in which the church or chapel is\nsituated.\n\nGiven under my hand on 29th April 2021\n\n*Abi Tierney*\nRegistrar General\n\nI approve\n\n*Kevin Foster*\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State\n29th April 2021 Home Office",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **of England or Church in Wales**\n\n**3.**  —(1) Paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) apply where a marriage has been solemnized according to the\nrites of the Church of England in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be\npublished.\n(2)  As soon as practicable after the marriage has been solemnized, the clergyman by whom the\nmarriage was solemnized must make a record of the following information in relation to that\nmarriage in a register of marriage services provided to the church or chapel under regulation\n2(1)—\n(a)  the date and place of the marriage;\n(b)  the name and surname of each party;\n(c)  the date of birth of each party;\n(d)  the occupation (if any) of each party;\n(e)  the address of each party at the time of the marriage;\n(f)  the names and surnames of each party’s parents, so far as those names and surnames are\nknown to the clergyman who solemnized the marriage;\n(g)  the name and surname of each of the witnesses in whose presence the marriage was\nsolemnized;\n(h)  the name and surname of the clergyman by whom the marriage was solemnized.\n(3)  The clergyman must record the information required by paragraph (2) in English, and may\nalso record information required by that paragraph in Welsh where the church or chapel is situated\nin Wales.\n(4)  After making a record under paragraph (2) the clergyman must sign it.\n(5)  This regulation does not apply in relation to a marriage solemnized before 4th May 2021.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n*Made*   *-*   *-*   *-*   *-*   *29th April 2021*\n*Coming into force -*   *-*   *4th May 2021*\nThe Registrar General makes these Regulations with the approval of the Secretary of State in\nexercise of the powers conferred by section 74(1)(c)(v), (1A)(a) and (3) of the Marriage Act\n1949(  **a**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\nS T A T U T O R Y  I N S T R U M E N T S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Citation, commencement, extent and interpretation**\n**1.**  —(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and\nChapels) Regulations 2021.\n(2)  These Regulations come into force on 4th May 2021.\n(3)  These Regulations extend to England and Wales.\n(4)  In these Regulations, “chapel” does not include a chapel to which Part 5 of the Marriage Act\n1949 (marriages in naval, military and air force chapels) applies(  **b**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(1) The High Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any question whether- (  *a*  ) any person has been validly elected as an Elected Member of the National Assembly or the seat of any such Member has become vacant; (  *b*  ) any person has been validly elected as Speaker of the Assembly or, having been so elected, has vacated the office of Speaker. (2) Any question whether any person has been validly elected as a Specially Elected Member of the National Assembly or whether the seat of any such Member has become vacant shall be determined by the Speaker. (3) Parliament may make provision with respect to- (  *a*  ) the persons who may apply to the High Court for the determination of any question under this section; (  *b*  ) the circumstances and manner in which the conditions upon which any such application may be made; and (  *c*  ) the powers, practice and procedure of the High Court in relation to any such application. **70. Clerk of the Assembly** (1) There shall be a Clerk of the National Assembly and an Assistant Clerk of the National Assembly and their offices shall be offices in the public service. (2) There shall be such other offices in the department of the Clerk of the Assembly as may be prescribed by resolution of the National Assembly and such offices shall be offices in the public service. **PART II** * **General Provisions Relating to Procedure in National Assembly** *   **(ss 71-76) 71. Oaths to be taken by Speaker and Members** The Speaker, before assuming the duties of his or her office, and every Member of the National Assembly before taking his or her seat therein, shall take and subscribe before the Assembly the oath of allegiance. **72. Presiding in Assembly** There shall preside at any sitting of the National Assembly- (  *a*  ) the Speaker; (  *b*  ) in the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker; or (  *c*  ) in the absence of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, such Member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that sitting. **73. Quorum in Assembly** If objection is taken by any Member of the National Assembly present that there are present in the Assembly (besides the person presiding) less than one third of the Members of the Assembly and, after such interval as may be prescribed in the rules of procedure of the Assembly, the person presiding ascertains that the number of Members present is less than one third, he or she shall thereupon adjourn the Assembly. **74.  Voting in Assembly** (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, any question proposed for decision in the National Assembly shall be determined by a majority of the votes of the Members present and voting. (2) ... (3) The person presiding in the National Assembly shall have neither an original vote nor a casting vote and if upon any question before the Assembly the votes are equally divided the motion shall be lost. **75. Unqualified persons sitting or voting** Any person who sits or votes in the National Assembly knowing or having",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Personal reign and reforms**\n\n#### **Coming of age and early reforms**\n\nwas a patchwork of legal systems, with as many traditional legal regimes as there were\n[provinces, and two co-existing legal systems—customary law in the north and Roman civil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law)\n[law in the south.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law) <sup>[36]</sup> The  *Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile*  of 1667, the  *Code*\n*Louis*  [, was a comprehensive legal code imposing a uniform regulation of civil procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure)\nthroughout the kingdom. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and death\nrecords in the state's registers, not the church's, and it strictly regulated the right of the\n*Parlements*  to remonstrate. <sup>[37]</sup> The  *Code Louis*  [ later became the basis for the Napoleonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_code)\n[code, which in turn inspired many modern legal codes.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_code)\nOne of Louis's more infamous decrees was the  *Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies*  of\n1685, the  *[Code Noir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Noir)*  (black code). Although it sanctioned slavery, it attempted to humanise\nthe practice by prohibiting the separation of families. Additionally, in the colonies, only\nRoman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised.\nLouis ruled through a number of councils:\nConseil d'en haut (\"High Council\", concerning the most important matters of\nstate)—composed of the king, the crown prince, the controller-general of\nfinances, and the secretaries of state in charge of various departments. The\nmembers of that council were called ministers of state.\nConseil des dépêches (\"Council of Messages\", concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces).\nConseil de Conscience (\"Council of Conscience\", concerning religious affairs and episcopal appointments).\nConseil royal des finances (\"Royal Council of Finances\") headed by the \"chef du conseil des finances\" (an\nhonorary post in most cases)—this was one of the few posts in the council available to the high aristocracy. <sup>[38]</sup>\n[The death of Louis's maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain in 1665 precipitated the War of Devolution. In 1660, Louis had](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Devolution)\n[married Philip IV's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as one of the provisions of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees) <sup>[39]</sup> The marriage\ntreaty specified that Maria Theresa was to renounce all claims to Spanish territory for herself and all her descendants. <sup>[39]</sup> Mazarin",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the prison population grew in average by year between 1993 and 2008 ?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "The prison population grew rapidly between 1993 to 2008, at an average of  4% a year.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **2. Recent trends in the population**\n\nThe ‘Story of the Prison Population 1993 to 2012’ is an in-depth look at what happened to the prison population between 1993 and 2012 and the major factors contributing to the changes. <sup>4</sup>\nThe prison population grew rapidly between 1993 to 2008, at an average of 4% a year.  This rapid rise was driven by:\n-  increased numbers of people sentenced to immediate custody from 1993 to 2002;\n-  increases in the average custodial sentence length and increased use of indeterminate sentences; and\n-  an increase in numbers recalled to prison following breaches of the conditions of licence and these offenders spending longer in prison once recalled.\n\nThe rise in the prison population slowed considerably from the summer of 2008, in part due to the introduction of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act (CJIA) 2008 <sup>5</sup> which changed sentencing and offender management in ways which helped to reduce growth in the prison population.\nThis flatter trend continued until the public disorder seen in UK cities from 6 to 9 August 2011 which had an immediate but temporary impact on the prison population.\nDuring 2012 and into 2013, the prison population began to fall due to a falling remand population and a continued decline in the number of under 18s in custody.  The falling remand population during 2012 reflected falling volumes going through the courts plus the introduction, in December 2012, of measures restricting the use of remand for all offenders who would be unlikely to receive a custodial sentence. <sup>6</sup>\nFrom the end of August 2013 to the end of October 2013, the remand population rose sharply, driving an overall increase in the prison population. This was being driven by an increase in demand in the Crown Courts, especially among more serious tri-able either way cases. The total population has continued to rise since the beginning of 2014 and reached 85,925 <sup>7</sup> on the",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **2. Recent trends in the population**\n\n4 [ Story of the Prison Population: www.gov.uk/government/publications/story-of-the-prison-](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/story-of-the-prison-population-1993-2012) [population-1993-2012](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/story-of-the-prison-population-1993-2012)\n5 [ services.parliament.uk/bills/2007-08/criminaljusticeandimmigration.html](http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2007-08/criminaljusticeandimmigration.html) 6 http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/legalaidsentencingandpunishmentofoffenders.html 7 [ www.gov.uk/government/statistics/prison-population-figures-2014 ](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/prison-population-figures-2014)\n6\n21 November 2014. The latest projections assume demand in the courts remains at this higher level.\nTable 1 summarises these changes.\n**Table 1: Population in custody changes from 2006 to 2014**\n|  |  Offender Management Statistics  |  Offender Management Statistics  |  Year on year %  difference  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Start of Year  | End of Year  | Year on year %  difference  |\n| June 2006 to June 2007 June 2007 to June 2008 June 2008 to June 2009 June 2009 to June 2010 June 2010 to June 2011 June 2011 to June 2012 June 2012 to June 2013 June 2013 to June 2014 | 77,982 79,734 83,194 83,454 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 | 79,734 83,194 83,454 85,002 85,374 86,048 83,842 85,509 | 2.2% 4.3% 0.3% 1.9% 0.4% 0.8% -2.6% 2.0% |\n\nFurther statistics and commentary on the changes seen in prison population over the last year, is presented in the Offender Management Statistics Quarterly publication. This is available online on GOV.UK at: [www.gov.uk/government/collections/offender-management-statistics-quarterly ](https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/offender-management-statistics-quarterly)\n\n7",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **4. Results**\n\nThe Central Scenario estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,700 by the end of June 2015 and to 90,200 by the end of June 2020.\nChart 2 presents Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020.\n**Chart 2: Projected monthly prison population (all scenarios)**\n**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n70,000\n75,000\n80,000\n85,000\n90,000\n95,000\n100,000\n105,000\nNov-14 Mar-15 Jul-15 Nov-15 Mar-16 Jul-16 Nov-16 Mar-17 Jul-17 Nov-17 Mar-18 Jul-18 Nov-18 Mar-19 Jul-19 Nov-19 Mar-20 Jul-20 Nov-20\n**Month End**\n**Prison Population**\nScenario 1 Central Scenario Scenario 2\nIllustrative Scenario 1 estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,100 by the end of June 2015 and then fall to 81,400 by the end of June 2020.\nIllustrative Scenario 2 estimates that the prison population will rise to 88,900 by the end of June 2015 and to 98,900 by the end of June 2020.\nThe projected trends reflect the cumulative impacts of the various sentencing, legislative and procedural assumptions that are used to generate the projections. The seasonal pattern reflects the dip in the prison population which is always seen around the Christmas period.\nIn the Central Scenario, the prison population is expected to rise to 90,200 by June 2020. The projected population increase is largely due to the recent trends in case mix where we have seen more serious cases come before the courts. This results in offenders receiving longer custodial sentence lengths, which in turn places an upward pressure on the prison population. The growth in this scenario is largely driven by the rise in the determinate population which is projected to grow to 60,200 by June 2020. This is partially due to the\n11\nintroduction of the Extended Determinate Sentence (EDS) as part of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders <sup>8</sup> (LASPO) Act which commenced in December 2012. Some of the growth in the determinate population has been offset by a decline in the indeterminate population following the removal of the Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) sentence in the LASPO act.\nAppendix A contains tables for annual projected end of June populations, average financial year populations and total monthly populations for each scenario along with detailed breakdown of the projections for our sub- populations.\n\n8 [ services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/legalaidsentencingandpunishmentofoffenders.html ](http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/legalaidsentencingandpunishmentofoffenders.html)\n12",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix A: Additional tables <sup>9</sup>**\n\nAnnual tables of overall projected prison population\n**Table A1: Projected prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 87,100 86,800 85,200 83,900 82,600 81,400 | 87,700 89,100 89,300 89,700 90,100 90,200 | 88,900 92,000 93,600 95,800 97,600 98,900 |\n\n**Table A2: Average projected prison population (financial year figures)**\n\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 | 87,000 86,200 84,700 83,400 82,200 | 88,200 89,100 89,300 89,800 90,100 | 89,700 92,400 94,100 96,300 97,900 |\n**Table A3: Comparison of 2013 based Scenario 2 and 2014 Central Scenario projections (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | 2013  | 2014  | Difference  |\n| Jun-14 Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 83,400 82,100 82,000 81,600 81,500 81,800 -- | -- 87,700 89,100 89,300 89,700 90,100 90,200 | -- 6.8% 8.6% 9.4% 10.1% 10.2% -- |\n\n**9** All figures are rounded to the nearest hundred. Sub-populations may not sum to total populations due to rounding and due to overlaps in some sub-population categories.\n15\nAnnual tables of subgroups within the overall projected prison population\n**Table A4: Projected determinate sentence prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 54,600 54,400 53,500 52,600 51,800 51,000 | 55,500 57,000 57,900 58,800 59,600 60,200 | 56,600 60,000 62,300 64,900 67,200 68,900 |\n\n**Table A5: Projected indeterminate sentence prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 12,200 11,700 11,000 10,500 10,100 9,600 | 12,200 11,700 11,000 10,500 10,100 9,600 | 12,200 11,700 11,000 10,500 10,100 9,600 |\n\n**Table A6: Projected remand prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 12,900 13,000 12,900 13,000 13,000 13,000 | 12,300 12,300 12,300 12,300 12,300 12,300 | 11,700 11,600 11,600 11,600 11,700 11,700 |",
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Key points**\n\nThis bulletin presents projections of the prison population in England and Wales from November 2014 to December 2020. The prison population projections are based on assumptions about future custodial convictions and incorporate the anticipated impacts of agreed policy and procedural initiatives.\nThe “Central Scenario” estimates that the prison population will increase from the current position 85,925 <sup>1</sup> to 87,700 by June 2015. By the end of June 2020 the prison population is projected to be 90,200. This Central Scenario is our best estimate based on the available information. The projected prison population under our Central Scenario is shown in Chart 1.\nThe prison population projections are produced using a model of flows of offenders into and out of prison which counts the resulting prison population each month.\n**Chart 1: Projected prison population (Central Scenario)**\n**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n70,000\n75,000\n80,000\n85,000\n90,000\n95,000\n100,000\n105,000\nNov-14 Mar-15 Jul-15 Nov-15 Mar-16 Jul-16 Nov-16 Mar-17 Jul-17 Nov-17 Mar-18 Jul-18 Nov-18 Mar-19 Jul-19 Nov-19 Mar-20 Jul-20 Nov-20\n**Month End**\n**Prison Population**\nCentral Scenario\nThe Central Scenario has been modelled assuming custodial convictions are broadly in line with recent trends and average length of sentence to be flat based on recent trends.\nThe projections do not attempt to estimate the impact of any future Government policy that is yet to achieve Royal Assent, and therefore become less certain over time.\n\n1 [As at 21 November 2014: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/prison-population-figures-2014](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/prison-population-figures-2014)\n2\nThe assumptions used are based on consultation with policy and operational experts at the Ministry of Justice and the National Offender Management Service. They also take into account observed data trends:",
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Key points**\n\n-  These projections represent a change from last year where the 2013 Scenario 2 (central) saw the population gradually falling over the six year lifetime of the projection. The Central Scenario in the projections this year shows the population rising over the next six years. This change arises from the fact that the latest projections capture a recent upward trend in prosecutions of more serious offences.\n-  Despite the fact that overall crime is falling there has been an increase in recorded crime for certain offence types:\no Prosecutions for sexual offences are the highest in the decade and increased by 19% in the 12 months ending June 2014, in line with a 21% increase in recorded crime. Offenders sentenced for sexual offences had an Average Custodial Sentence Length (ASCL) of 59.7 months, a rise of 2.4 months, compared with year ending June 2013.\no Violence against the person proceedings for indictable offences have increased by 7% in the 12 months ending June 2014. This is in line with an 11% increase in recorded crime.\nFurther statistics and commentary on the changes seen in Court proceedings and sentencing over the last year is presented in the Criminal Justice System Statistics Quarterly publication. This is available online on GOV.UK at: [www.gov.uk/government/collections/criminal-justice-statistics-quarterly ](https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/criminal-justice-statistics-quarterly)\n\n3",
+                    "page_start": 4,
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **5. Previous Projections**\n\nAt the end of September 2014 the published prison population was within 1.8 % of the 2013 Scenario 2 (central) projection, and within 3.4 % of the 2013 Scenario 1 projection and 0.2 % of the 2013 Scenario 3 projection. This does not indicate which scenario the actual prison population will track going forward.\nDifferences between the 2013 projections and the actual population could be explained by changes, different to those projected, in overall demand, offence mix, age and gender of defendants, court routes, custody rates or sentence lengths.\nChart 3 plots the 2014 Central Scenario projection against the three 2013 prison population projections. The 2014-2020 Central Scenario projection is above all three scenarios from last year. The higher level of the new projections can be attributed to a more serious case mix coming into the courts with a resulting increase in average custodial sentence lengths. The projection for June 2019 in the Central Scenario this year is 10.2 % above the equivalent scenario (Scenario 2) last year.\n**Chart 3: Comparing 2013 and 2014 projections (November 2014 -  December 2020)**\n\n**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n70,000\n75,000\n80,000\n85,000\n90,000\n95,000\nNov-14 Mar-15 Jul-15 Nov-15 Mar-16 Jul-16 Nov-16 Mar-17 Jul-17 Nov-17 Mar-18 Jul-18 Nov-18 Mar-19 Jul-19 Nov-19 Mar-20 Jul-20 Nov-20\n**Month End**\n**Prison Population**\n2014 Central Scenario 2013 Scenario 1 2013 Scenario 2 2013 Scenario 3\n13",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix B: Detail of models, scenarios and assumptions**\n\nIf required, the Courts and Sentencing Module allows trends in offender demographics and courts and sentencing processes to be incorporated into custodial convictions projections. This procedure was implemented to create the custodial convictions projections used in the three published scenarios.\n\n24\n**3a) Producing prison population projections**\nPrison population projections are produced using the Prison Population Stock- Flow Model. The principal sub-populations in prison -  determinate sentence, life sentence, imprisonment for public protection (IPP) and remand -  are modelled using stock-flow structures based on the generic structure shown in Figure B2. The stock-flow structures model the flow of offenders into and out of prison and count the resulting prison population at the end of each month.\n**Figure B2: Generic stock-flow structure in the Prison Population Stock-Flow Model**\nPrison Population\nReceptions / Pre-tariff ends Discharges\nAverage Time Served\nPrison Population\nReceptions / Pre-tariff ends Discharges\nAverage Time Served\nFor the determinate population, the monthly inflows to prison are based on the custodial convictions projections described above. These custodial convictions include offenders that may already be serving a sentence for a previous crime or those who would serve their whole custodial sentence on remand, meaning that they would not be a new reception to prison. To convert from custodial convictions to prison receptions we apply a conversion ratio derived from the historical proportions of custodial convictions to prison receptions for each sub-population averaged over the last twelve months of historical data (April 2013 to March 2014 inclusive).\nMonthly outflows for the determinate population are based on observed custodial sentence lengths and the observed percentage of sentence length served taken from October 2013 to April 2014. Each projected offender that enters the model is given a custodial sentence length that is randomly selected from the relevant distribution. These distributions are populated with custodial sentence lengths from actual offender receptions who share the same characteristics of offence, gender and age group in the observed time period. The percent of custodial sentence length served is derived in the same manner, except that the observed distribution is made up of discharged offenders further disaggregated by custodial sentence length band.\nFor offenders who receive the new EDS sentence an adjustment is made to the percent of custodial length served to reflect that these offenders will spend a greater proportion of their sentence in custody than standard determinate sentenced offenders discharged to date.\nProjected prison receptions are sub-divided by age category (Juvenile, Young Adult, Adult) with the exact age of the offender attributed in the same manner as the custodial sentence lengths. This allows the model to explicitly age the offenders whilst in prison (e.g. move from Juvenile to Young Adult categories).",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **3. Modelling methodology and projection scenarios**\n\n8\n\nAt the core of the method is a model of flows of offenders into and out of prison which counts the resulting prison population each month for sentenced, recall and remand prisoners.\nInputs to the prison projections model include projections of future custodial convictions. These are generated from time series projections of numbers of defendants entering the criminal courts and take into account the age, gender and offence of defendants entering the system, the flow of cases through the courts and the sentences which concluded cases attract.\nThe prison projections model monitors the sizes of the sentenced, recall and remand prison populations. These populations depend on the inflows defined above and the outflows.  These outflows are defined by observed distributions of custodial sentence lengths, and the proportion of custodial sentences served for subsets of these populations. The model also simulates the ageing of the prison population over time.\nThe projection model is based on data up to June 2014 from various sources including court proceedings and performance data, sentencing data and prison receptions and population data.\nThe results of the prison projections model are supplemented with an estimate of the future non-criminal and fine defaulter populations, which is based on the latest available data to September 2014.\nThree scenarios have been modelled. These scenarios track the impact of three different incremental changes in sentencing behaviour:\n-  The Central Scenario assumes custodial convictions are broadly in line with recent trends.  The average length of sentence is assumed to be flat based on recent trends in sentence lengths. This broadly reflects the assumptions for Scenario 2 in the November 2013 projections.\nWe also consider two illustrative scenarios\n-  Scenario 1 assumes that custodial convictions will fall against recent trends.  The average length of sentence is assumed to be lower than what has been observed in recent trends in sentence lengths.\n-  Scenario 2 assumes a rise in custodial convictions when compared to recent trends.  Also the average length of sentence is assumed to be higher than what has been observed in recent trends in sentence lengths.\nThe three scenarios also incorporate the impact of:",
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix A: Additional tables <sup>9</sup>**\n\n20",
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+                "query": "Do you know the prison population estimation for the and of June 2020 ?",
+                "target_page": 13,
+                "target_passage": "The Central Scenario estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,700  by the end of June 2015 and to 90,200 by the end of June 2020. ",
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **4. Results**\n\nThe Central Scenario estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,700 by the end of June 2015 and to 90,200 by the end of June 2020.\nChart 2 presents Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020.\n**Chart 2: Projected monthly prison population (all scenarios)**\n**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n70,000\n75,000\n80,000\n85,000\n90,000\n95,000\n100,000\n105,000\nNov-14 Mar-15 Jul-15 Nov-15 Mar-16 Jul-16 Nov-16 Mar-17 Jul-17 Nov-17 Mar-18 Jul-18 Nov-18 Mar-19 Jul-19 Nov-19 Mar-20 Jul-20 Nov-20\n**Month End**\n**Prison Population**\nScenario 1 Central Scenario Scenario 2\nIllustrative Scenario 1 estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,100 by the end of June 2015 and then fall to 81,400 by the end of June 2020.\nIllustrative Scenario 2 estimates that the prison population will rise to 88,900 by the end of June 2015 and to 98,900 by the end of June 2020.\nThe projected trends reflect the cumulative impacts of the various sentencing, legislative and procedural assumptions that are used to generate the projections. The seasonal pattern reflects the dip in the prison population which is always seen around the Christmas period.\nIn the Central Scenario, the prison population is expected to rise to 90,200 by June 2020. The projected population increase is largely due to the recent trends in case mix where we have seen more serious cases come before the courts. This results in offenders receiving longer custodial sentence lengths, which in turn places an upward pressure on the prison population. The growth in this scenario is largely driven by the rise in the determinate population which is projected to grow to 60,200 by June 2020. This is partially due to the\n11\nintroduction of the Extended Determinate Sentence (EDS) as part of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders <sup>8</sup> (LASPO) Act which commenced in December 2012. Some of the growth in the determinate population has been offset by a decline in the indeterminate population following the removal of the Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) sentence in the LASPO act.\nAppendix A contains tables for annual projected end of June populations, average financial year populations and total monthly populations for each scenario along with detailed breakdown of the projections for our sub- populations.\n\n8 [ services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/legalaidsentencingandpunishmentofoffenders.html ](http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/legalaidsentencingandpunishmentofoffenders.html)\n12",
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix A: Additional tables <sup>9</sup>**\n\n**Table A11: Projected male 18-20 years old prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 5,700 6,300 6,200 6,200 6,100 6,000 | 5,700 5,900 5,900 5,900 5,900 5,900 | 5,300 4,900 4,700 4,800 4,800 4,800 |\n\n18\n**Table A12: Projected female 18 years and over prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 4,100 3,900 3,800 3,600 3,600 3,500 | 4,100 4,100 4,100 4,100 4,200 4,200 | 4,300 4,600 4,700 4,800 4,900 4,900 |\n\n**Table A13: Projected 15-17 years old prison population (end of June figures) <sup>11</sup>**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 700 800 800 800 800 800 | 700 800 800 800 700 800 | 600 500 500 500 500 500 |\n\n11 This population only includes those aged 15-17 in Youth Offending Institutions. 15-18 year olds housed in Secure Children’s Homes or Secure Training Centres are not included.\n\n19\nMonthly tables of overall projected prison population\n**Table A14: Monthly values of the overall projected prison population (end of month figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Nov-14 Dec-14 Jan-15 Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15 Jun-15 Jul-15 Aug-15 Sep-15 Oct-15 Nov-15 Dec-15 Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 | 85,800 84,300 85,900 86,400 86,700 86,700 86,900 87,100 87,100 87,300 87,400 87,300 87,200 85,500 86,900 87,100 87,100 87,000 86,900 86,800 86,500 86,700 86,800 86,500 86,300 84,400 85,600 85,600 85,600 85,400 85,300 85,200 85,000 85,200 85,200 84,900 84,700 | 86,100 84,600 86,200 86,800 87,200 87,400 87,500 87,700 88,000 88,400 88,700 88,600 88,600 87,000 88,500 88,900 89,000 89,000 89,100 89,100 89,200 89,400 89,600 89,400 89,400 87,600 88,900 89,200 89,200 89,300 89,300 89,300 89,300 89,600 89,800 89,600 89,500 | 86,100 84,800 86,700 87,400 87,900 88,300 88,600 88,900 89,100 89,600 90,100 90,000 90,200 88,900 90,500 91,100 91,400 91,600 91,800 92,000 92,100 92,400 92,600 92,600 92,800 91,300 92,800 93,200 93,300 93,300 93,500 93,600 93,900 94,200 94,500 94,500 94,600 |\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Dec-17 Jan-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 May-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Dec-18 Jan-19 Feb-19 Mar-19 Apr-19 May-19 Jun-19 Jul-19 Aug-19 Sep-19 Oct-19 Nov-19 Dec-19 Jan-20 Feb-20 Mar-20 Apr-20 May-20 Jun-20 Jul-20 Aug-20 Sep-20 Oct-20 Nov-20 Dec-20 | 82,900 84,200 84,200 84,100 84,100 84,000 83,900 83,700 83,700 83,800 83,400 83,400 81,600 82,900 83,000 83,000 83,000 82,800 82,600 82,600 82,800 82,800 82,400 82,200 80,300 81,500 81,700 81,800 81,700 81,500 81,400 81,400 81,600 81,800 81,300 81,100 79,200 | 87,800 89,200 89,500 89,600 89,600 89,700 89,700 89,800 90,100 90,300 90,100 90,100 88,300 89,700 90,000 90,100 90,100 90,100 90,100 90,200 90,500 90,700 90,500 90,400 88,600 89,900 90,200 90,300 90,300 90,300 90,200 90,300 90,600 90,700 90,500 90,400 88,700 | 92,900 94,400 94,800 95,100 95,500 95,700 95,800 96,000 96,400 96,800 96,700 96,800 95,100 96,500 97,200 97,400 97,300 97,500 97,600 97,600 98,000 98,100 98,100 98,300 96,700 98,200 98,500 98,700 98,800 98,800 98,900 98,900 99,300 99,500 99,500 99,600 97,900 |",
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix A: Additional tables <sup>9</sup>**\n\nAnnual tables of overall projected prison population\n**Table A1: Projected prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 87,100 86,800 85,200 83,900 82,600 81,400 | 87,700 89,100 89,300 89,700 90,100 90,200 | 88,900 92,000 93,600 95,800 97,600 98,900 |\n\n**Table A2: Average projected prison population (financial year figures)**\n\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 | 87,000 86,200 84,700 83,400 82,200 | 88,200 89,100 89,300 89,800 90,100 | 89,700 92,400 94,100 96,300 97,900 |\n**Table A3: Comparison of 2013 based Scenario 2 and 2014 Central Scenario projections (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | 2013  | 2014  | Difference  |\n| Jun-14 Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 83,400 82,100 82,000 81,600 81,500 81,800 -- | -- 87,700 89,100 89,300 89,700 90,100 90,200 | -- 6.8% 8.6% 9.4% 10.1% 10.2% -- |\n\n**9** All figures are rounded to the nearest hundred. Sub-populations may not sum to total populations due to rounding and due to overlaps in some sub-population categories.\n15\nAnnual tables of subgroups within the overall projected prison population\n**Table A4: Projected determinate sentence prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 54,600 54,400 53,500 52,600 51,800 51,000 | 55,500 57,000 57,900 58,800 59,600 60,200 | 56,600 60,000 62,300 64,900 67,200 68,900 |\n\n**Table A5: Projected indeterminate sentence prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 12,200 11,700 11,000 10,500 10,100 9,600 | 12,200 11,700 11,000 10,500 10,100 9,600 | 12,200 11,700 11,000 10,500 10,100 9,600 |\n\n**Table A6: Projected remand prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 12,900 13,000 12,900 13,000 13,000 13,000 | 12,300 12,300 12,300 12,300 12,300 12,300 | 11,700 11,600 11,600 11,600 11,700 11,700 |",
+                    "page_start": 16,
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+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Key points**\n\nThis bulletin presents projections of the prison population in England and Wales from November 2014 to December 2020. The prison population projections are based on assumptions about future custodial convictions and incorporate the anticipated impacts of agreed policy and procedural initiatives.\nThe “Central Scenario” estimates that the prison population will increase from the current position 85,925 <sup>1</sup> to 87,700 by June 2015. By the end of June 2020 the prison population is projected to be 90,200. This Central Scenario is our best estimate based on the available information. The projected prison population under our Central Scenario is shown in Chart 1.\nThe prison population projections are produced using a model of flows of offenders into and out of prison which counts the resulting prison population each month.\n**Chart 1: Projected prison population (Central Scenario)**\n**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n70,000\n75,000\n80,000\n85,000\n90,000\n95,000\n100,000\n105,000\nNov-14 Mar-15 Jul-15 Nov-15 Mar-16 Jul-16 Nov-16 Mar-17 Jul-17 Nov-17 Mar-18 Jul-18 Nov-18 Mar-19 Jul-19 Nov-19 Mar-20 Jul-20 Nov-20\n**Month End**\n**Prison Population**\nCentral Scenario\nThe Central Scenario has been modelled assuming custodial convictions are broadly in line with recent trends and average length of sentence to be flat based on recent trends.\nThe projections do not attempt to estimate the impact of any future Government policy that is yet to achieve Royal Assent, and therefore become less certain over time.\n\n1 [As at 21 November 2014: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/prison-population-figures-2014](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/prison-population-figures-2014)\n2\nThe assumptions used are based on consultation with policy and operational experts at the Ministry of Justice and the National Offender Management Service. They also take into account observed data trends:",
+                    "page_start": 3,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix A: Additional tables <sup>9</sup>**\n\n**Table A7: Projected recall prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 5,400 5,700 5,800 5,800 5,800 5,800 | 5,700 6,100 6,100 6,100 6,100 6,100 | 6,300 6,700 6,800 6,800 6,800 6,800 |\n\n16\n**Table A8: Projected non-criminal prison population (end of June figures) <sup>10</sup>**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 | 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 | 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 |\n\n**Table A9: Projected fine defaulter prison population (end of June figures) <sup>8</sup>**\n|  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |  Sentencing Scenarios  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 100 100 100 100 100 100 | 100 100 100 100 100 100 | 100 100 100 100 100 100 |\n\n10 Note that these projections are the same under all three projected scenarios\n17\n**Table A10: Projected male 21 years and over prison population (end of June figures)**\n|  Scenario  |  Males 21 years and over  |  Males 21 years and over  |  Males 21 years and over  |  Males 21 years and over  |  Males 21 years and over  |  Males 21 years and over  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Scenario  | Total Population  | Total Population  | Total Population  | Determinates  | Determinates  | Determinates  |\n| Scenario  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  | Scenario 1  | Central  | Scenario 2  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 76,500 75,800 74,400 73,200 72,200 71,100 | 77,100 78,300 78,500 78,900 79,300 79,400 | 78,700 82,000 83,700 85,800 87,500 88,700 | 47,400 46,800 45,900 45,200 44,600 44,000 | 48,200 49,500 50,400 51,300 52,000 52,600 | 49,800 53,300 55,700 58,200 60,300 62,000 |\n|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| Scenario  | Indeterminates  | Indeterminates  | Indeterminates  | Remand  | Remand  | Remand  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 11,700 11,200 10,500 10,100 9,600 9,200  | 11,700 11,200 10,500 10,100 9,600 9,200  | 11,700 11,200 10,500 10,100 9,600 9,200  | 10,800 10,800 10,800 10,800 10,900 10,800 | 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 | 9,600 9,600 9,500 9,600 9,600 9,600  |\n| Scenario  | Recall  | Recall  | Recall  | Non Criminal  | Non Criminal  | Non Criminal  |\n| Jun-15 Jun-16 Jun-17 Jun-18 Jun-19 Jun-20 | 4,900 5,200 5,300 5,300 5,300 5,300  | 5,200 5,500 5,600 5,600 5,600 5,600  | 5,800 6,100 6,100 6,100 6,100 6,100  | 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700  | 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700  | 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700  |",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **5. Previous Projections**\n\nAt the end of September 2014 the published prison population was within 1.8 % of the 2013 Scenario 2 (central) projection, and within 3.4 % of the 2013 Scenario 1 projection and 0.2 % of the 2013 Scenario 3 projection. This does not indicate which scenario the actual prison population will track going forward.\nDifferences between the 2013 projections and the actual population could be explained by changes, different to those projected, in overall demand, offence mix, age and gender of defendants, court routes, custody rates or sentence lengths.\nChart 3 plots the 2014 Central Scenario projection against the three 2013 prison population projections. The 2014-2020 Central Scenario projection is above all three scenarios from last year. The higher level of the new projections can be attributed to a more serious case mix coming into the courts with a resulting increase in average custodial sentence lengths. The projection for June 2019 in the Central Scenario this year is 10.2 % above the equivalent scenario (Scenario 2) last year.\n**Chart 3: Comparing 2013 and 2014 projections (November 2014 -  December 2020)**\n\n**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n70,000\n75,000\n80,000\n85,000\n90,000\n95,000\nNov-14 Mar-15 Jul-15 Nov-15 Mar-16 Jul-16 Nov-16 Mar-17 Jul-17 Nov-17 Mar-18 Jul-18 Nov-18 Mar-19 Jul-19 Nov-19 Mar-20 Jul-20 Nov-20\n**Month End**\n**Prison Population**\n2014 Central Scenario 2013 Scenario 1 2013 Scenario 2 2013 Scenario 3\n13",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Contents**\nKey points 2\n1.  Central Scenario 4\n2.  Recent trends in the population 6\n3.  Modelling methodology and projection scenarios 8\n4.  Results 11\n5.  Previous Projections 13\n6.  Caveats on prison population projections 14\nAppendix A: Additional tables 15\nAppendix B: Detail of models, scenarios and assumptions 21\nContact Points for further information 28\n\n1",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix A: Additional tables <sup>9</sup>**\n\n20",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix B: Detail of models, scenarios and assumptions**\n\n**Historical Time Served Data**\n**Demand Projections Model**\n**Demand Projections Model**\n**Future Defendants Proceeded Against by Offence Type**\n**Future Defendants Proceeded Against by Offence Type**\n**Prison Projections Prison Projections**\n**Prison Population Stock-Flow Model**\n**Prison Population Stock-Flow Model**\n**Future Offenders Disposed of by Disposal, Age and Gender**\n**Future Offenders Disposed of by Disposal, Age and Gender**\n**Future Offenders with a Custodial Convictions by Age and Gender**\n**Future Offenders with a Custodial Convictions by Age and Gender**\n**Historical Age and Gender Data**\n**Historical Court Disposals Data**\n**Historical Court Route Data**\n**Impacts of Legislation and Process Changed**\n**Impacts of Legislation and Process Changed**\n**Input**\n**Model Model**\n**Output Output**\n**Key**\n**Courts and Sentencing Module**\n**Courts and Sentencing Module**\n**1**\n**2**\n**3**\n\n22\n**1) Producing projections of defendants proceeded against**\nProjections of defendants proceeded against at court are chosen as the entry point to the modelling system because this is the entry point of defendants into the MoJ’s area of responsibility.  Underlying crime levels and the activities of the police and CPS will have an impact on the volume of defendants proceeded against.\nThe Demand Projections Model produces baseline projections of all defendants proceeded against at court for 12 high-level offence categories. This is based on historical time series data (January 2002 to June 2014) at a monthly resolution out to 2020, sub-divided by region and age for the Magistrates’ court and region for the Crown Court.\nThe demand projections are based on time series forecasting methods such as Seasonal Exponential Smoothing (SES). A ‘middle-out’ forecast is used, centred at the offence level. The other levels in the hierarchy are reconciled so that the levels below (e.g. region or offender age) when disaggregated, and the levels above (i.e. totals) when aggregated, are consistent with the forecasts derived at the offence level.\nIt should be noted that these projections cannot be expected to track actual volumes of defendants proceeded against if there is any sudden or cumulative change which takes demand volumes or offence mix well outside the trends seen historically.\n\n**2) Converting the demand projections into custodial convictions**\nA Courts and Sentencing Module converts the demand projections into a set of projections of disposals by disposal type (including custodial convictions), offence, sex and age band at a monthly resolution. These projections of custodial convictions by sex, age and offence type are used as a key input for the Prison Population Stock-Flow model.",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Appendix B: Detail of models, scenarios and assumptions**\n\nIf required, the Courts and Sentencing Module allows trends in offender demographics and courts and sentencing processes to be incorporated into custodial convictions projections. This procedure was implemented to create the custodial convictions projections used in the three published scenarios.\n\n24\n**3a) Producing prison population projections**\nPrison population projections are produced using the Prison Population Stock- Flow Model. The principal sub-populations in prison -  determinate sentence, life sentence, imprisonment for public protection (IPP) and remand -  are modelled using stock-flow structures based on the generic structure shown in Figure B2. The stock-flow structures model the flow of offenders into and out of prison and count the resulting prison population at the end of each month.\n**Figure B2: Generic stock-flow structure in the Prison Population Stock-Flow Model**\nPrison Population\nReceptions / Pre-tariff ends Discharges\nAverage Time Served\nPrison Population\nReceptions / Pre-tariff ends Discharges\nAverage Time Served\nFor the determinate population, the monthly inflows to prison are based on the custodial convictions projections described above. These custodial convictions include offenders that may already be serving a sentence for a previous crime or those who would serve their whole custodial sentence on remand, meaning that they would not be a new reception to prison. To convert from custodial convictions to prison receptions we apply a conversion ratio derived from the historical proportions of custodial convictions to prison receptions for each sub-population averaged over the last twelve months of historical data (April 2013 to March 2014 inclusive).\nMonthly outflows for the determinate population are based on observed custodial sentence lengths and the observed percentage of sentence length served taken from October 2013 to April 2014. Each projected offender that enters the model is given a custodial sentence length that is randomly selected from the relevant distribution. These distributions are populated with custodial sentence lengths from actual offender receptions who share the same characteristics of offence, gender and age group in the observed time period. The percent of custodial sentence length served is derived in the same manner, except that the observed distribution is made up of discharged offenders further disaggregated by custodial sentence length band.\nFor offenders who receive the new EDS sentence an adjustment is made to the percent of custodial length served to reflect that these offenders will spend a greater proportion of their sentence in custody than standard determinate sentenced offenders discharged to date.\nProjected prison receptions are sub-divided by age category (Juvenile, Young Adult, Adult) with the exact age of the offender attributed in the same manner as the custodial sentence lengths. This allows the model to explicitly age the offenders whilst in prison (e.g. move from Juvenile to Young Adult categories).",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the phone number of the Ministry of Justice press office ?",
+                "target_page": 30,
+                "target_passage": "Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office,  telephone: 020 3334 3536 ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Prison Population Projections  2014 -  2020  England and Wales  Ministry of Justice  Statistics Bull[...]\n\n## **Contact Points for further information**\nCurrent and previous editions of this publication are available for download from www.justice.gov.uk/publications/statistics-and-data/index.htm\nPress enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office, telephone: 020 3334 3536\nOther enquiries about these statistics should be directed to:\nJustice Statistics Analytical Services Ministry of Justice 7th Floor 102 Petty France London SW1H 9AJ\nGeneral enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e- mailed to: statistics.enquiries@justice.gsi.gov.uk\nGeneral information about the official statistics system of the UK is available from www.statistics.gov.uk\n\n28 29\n\nAlternative format versions of this report are available on request from the [Ministry of Justice at statistics.enquiries@justice.gsi.gov.uk ](mailto:statistics.enquiries@justice.gsi.gov.uk)\n\n© Crown copyright Produced by the Ministry of Justice",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n####### **Phone: (954) 769-2400 -  Fax: (954) 769-2664 -  www.republicservices.com**\n* **©2005, RITM, LLC** * * **Republic Services and Republic Services, Inc. names and logos are service marks of RITM, LLC** *",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## CORPORATE DATA\n**110**\n**FOR FURTHER INFORMATION,**\n**PLEASE CONTACT**\n**Investor Relations**\n**Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.**\nGlobal Communications, CSR and IR Division\n17-1, Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku\nTokyo 104-8023, Japan\nphone: +81(0)3-5565-2334\nfax: +81(0)3-3546-2669\ne-mail: nissan-ir@mail.nissan.co.jp\n**Corporate Information Website**\nhttp://www.nissan-global.com/\n**Investor Relations Website**\nhttp://www.nissan-global.com/EN/IR/\n**c3**\nThis annual report is printed on recycled paper.",
+                    "page_start": 111,
+                    "page_end": 112,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **I.8. Communication details**\nFor the purpose of this FWC, communications must be sent to the following addresses:\nContracting authority:\nEuropean Chemicals Agency\nDirectorate and Unit D3, Risk Management I\nTelakkakatu 6\n00150 Helsinki\nFinland\nE-mail: [insert functional mailbox]\n\nContractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender):\n[  *Full name*  ]\n[  *Function*  ]\n[  *Company name*  ]\n[  *Full official address*  ]\nE-mail: [  *complete*  ]\nBy derogation from this Article, different contact details for the contracting authority or the\ncontractor may be provided in specific contracts.\n\n1 BIC or SWIFT code for countries with no IBAN code\n9",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.5. Communication between the parties**\n\n**II.5.1. Form and means of communication**\nAny communication of information, notices or documents under the FWC must:\n(a)  be made in writing in paper or electronic format in the language of the contract; (b)  bear the FWC number and, if applicable, the specific contract number; (c)  be made using the relevant communication details set out in Article I.8; and (d)  be sent by mail, email or, for the documents specified in the special conditions, via  *e-PRIOR*  .\nIf a party requests written confirmation of an e-mail within a reasonable time, the other\nparty must provide an original signed paper version of the communication as soon as\npossible.\n\nof such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC, OJ L 295/39, 21.11.2018, [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1725&from=EN](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1725&from=EN)\nThe parties agree that any communication made by email has full legal effect and is\nadmissible as evidence in judicial proceedings.\n**II.5.2. Date of communications by mail and email**\nAny communication is deemed to have been made when the receiving party receives it,\nunless this FWC contract refers to the date when the communication was sent.\nE-mail is deemed to have been received by the receiving party on the day of dispatch of\nthat e-mail, provided that it is sent to the e-mail address indicated in Article I.8. The\nsending party must be able to prove the date of dispatch. In the event that the sending\nparty receives a non-delivery report, it must make every effort to ensure that the other\nparty actually receives the communication by email or mail. In such a case, the sending\nparty is not held in breach of its obligation to send such communication within a specified\ndeadline.\nMail sent to the contracting authority is deemed to have been received by the contracting\nauthority on the date on which the department responsible referred to in Article I.8\nregisters it.\n*Formal notifications*  are considered to have been received by the receiving party on the\ndate of receipt indicated in the proof received by the sending party that the message was\ndelivered to the specified recipient.\n**II.5.3. Submission of e-documents via e-PRIOR**\n1.  If provided for in the special conditions, the exchange of electronic documents (e- documents) such as requests for services, specific contracts and invoices between",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n1\n\n**DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES**\n**NUMBER — ECHA/2019/355**\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented\nfor the purposes of signing this framework contract by [  *forename, surname, function,*\n*directorate of authorising officer*  ],\nof the one part and\n2. [  *Full official name*  ]\n[  *Official legal form*  ]\n**[**   *Statutory registration number or ID or passport number*   **]**\n[  *Full official address*  ]\n[  *VAT registration number*  ]\n[appointed as the leader of the group by the members of the group that submitted the\njoint tender]\n[  *For joint tenders,*  r  *epeat these data as many times as there are contractors and continue*\n*numbering*  ]\n([collectively] ‘the contractor’), represented for the purposes of the signature of this\nframework contract by  [  *forename, surname, function of legal representative and name of*\n*company in the case of a joint tender*  ],\non the other part,\n\nHAVE AGREED\n\nto the  **special conditions,**  the  **general conditions for framework contracts**  for\nservices and the following annexes:\n**Annex I -**  Tender specifications (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex II**  - Contractor’s tender (reference No [  *complete*  ] of [  *insert date*  ])\n**Annex III -**  [Model for order forms] [and] [model for specific contracts]\n2\nAnnex IV -  Daily subsistence allowances and accommodation flat rates for Finland\nAnnex V - (a) Declaration on list of pre-exisiting rights\n(b) Statement of the contractor concerning rights to delivered results and\n(c) Statement of creator (or right holder)\nwhich form an integral part of this framework contract (‘the FWC’).\nThis FWC sets out:\n1.  the procedure by which the contracting authority may order services from the contractor; 2.  the provisions that apply to any specific contract which the contracting authority and the contractor may conclude under this FWC; and 3.  the obligations of the parties during and after the duration of this FWC.\nAll documents issued by the contractor (end-user agreements, general terms and\nconditions, etc.) except its tender are held inapplicable, unless explicitly mentioned in the\nspecial conditions of this FWC. In all circumstances, in the event of contradiction between\nthis FWC and documents issued by the contractor, this FWC prevails, regardless of any\nprovision to the contrary in the contractor’s documents.\n\n3",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n1721 Wright Avenue    La Verne, CA 91750\nTel: 909.445.8168  Fax: 909.445.8169\n**www.barska.com** © 2008 BARSKA Optics\nPrinted in China\n6-08",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nAssistant Minister. **43. Tenure of office of Ministers and Assistant Ministers** The office of any Minister or Assistant Minister shall become vacant- (  *a*  ) in the case of a Minister or Assistant Minister appointed from among the Members of the National Assembly, or in the case of a Minister or Assistant Minister appointed from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly who becomes a Member of the Assembly before the expiration of four months from the date of his or her appointment- (i) if he or she ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of the National Assembly; or (ii) if, at the first sitting of the Assembly after a general election, he or she is not a Member of the Assembly; (  *b*  ) in the case of a Minister or Assistant Minister appointed from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly, if before the expiration of four months from the date of his or her appointment- (i) circumstances arise (other than a dissolution of the Assembly) that, if he or she were such a Member, would cause him or her to vacate his or her seat in the Assembly; or (ii) he or she does not become a Member of the Assembly; (  *c*  ) if the holder of the office is removed from office by the President; (  *d*  ) upon the assumption by any person of the office of President. **44. Cabinet** (1) There shall be a Cabinet which shall consist of the President, Vice-President and the Ministers. (2) There shall preside at meetings of the Cabinet- (  *a*  ) the President; (  *b*  ) in the absence of the President, the Vice-President; or (  *c*  ) in the absence of the President and the Vice-President, such Minister as the President may designate. (3) The Cabinet may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership. **45. Oaths to be taken by Ministers and Assistant Ministers** The Vice-President, a Minister or an Assistant Minister shall not enter upon the duties of his or her office unless he or she has taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his or her office as may be prescribed by Parliament. **46. Secretary to the Cabinet** (1) There shall be a Secretary to the Cabinet whose office shall be a public office. (2) The Secretary to the Cabinet shall have charge of the Cabinet Office and shall be responsible, in accordance with such instructions as may be given to him or her by the President, for arranging the business for, and keeping the minutes of, the Cabinet, for conveying decisions of the Cabinet to the appropriate person or authority, and shall have such other functions as the President may from time to time direct. **PART III** * **Executive Functions** *   **(ss 47-56) 47. Functions of President** (1) The executive power of Botswana shall vest in the President and, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, shall be exercised by him or her either directly or through officers subordinate to him or her. (2) In the exercise of any function conferred upon him or her by this Constitution or any other law the President shall, unless it is otherwise provided, act in his or her own deliberate judgment and shall not be obliged to follow the advice tendered by any other",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "PART III *Judicial Service Commission* 103. Composition and procedure 104. Appointment, etc., of judicial officers\nPART IV *Interpretation of the Constitution* 105. Reference to High Court of cases involving interpretation of Constitution 106. Appeal to Court of Appeal\nPART V *Judicial Committee* 107. ...... CHAPTER VII The Public Service 108. Power to specify qualifications for certain offices 109. Public Service Commission 110. Appointment, etc., of public officers 111. Appeals to President 112. Powers of President in relation to certain public offices\n113. Tenure of office of Director of Public Prosecutions 114. Tenure of office of Auditor-General 115. Pensions laws and protection of pensions rights 116. Power of Commissions in relation to pensions, etc.\nCHAPTER VIII Finance 117. Consolidated Fund 118. Withdrawals from Consolidated Fund or other public funds 119. Authorization of expenditure 120. Authorization of expenditure in advance of appropriation 121. Contingencies Fund 122. Remuneration of certain officers 123. Public debt 124. Auditor-General\nCHAPTER IX Miscellaneous 125. Resignations 126. Reappointments and concurrent appointments 127. Interpretation\nFirst Schedule - Election of Specially Elected Members of the National Assembly Second Schedule - Division of Districts into regions for the purpose of selecting Members of  *Ntlo ya Dikgosi*\nL.N. 83, 1966, Act 30, 1969, Act 43, 1969, Act 25, 1970, Act 28, 1972, Act 24, 1973, Act 28, 1978, S.I. 25, 1980, Act 32, 1982, Act 1, 1983, Act 22, 1987, S.I. 37, 1991, Act 27, 1992, S.I. 51, 1993, S.I. 119, 1993, Act 16, 1997, Act 18, 1997, Act 1, 1999, Act 2, 2002, Act 12, 2002, Act 9, 2005, S.I. 91, 2006.\n[  *Date of Commencement: 30th September, 1966*  ]",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.24. Checks and audits**\n\nremuneration as agreed within [  *complete*  ] weeks from [delivery of this statement]\n[receipt of confirmation of acceptance of the work]. [The statement of the creators\nconfirming payment is attached].\nDate, place, signature\nAnnex -  Statement by the creator (or right holder) (c)\n**Concerning [**   * **insert** *    * **name of the relevant result** *   **] delivered as part of the**\n**[framework] [specific] contract [**   * **insert title and number** *   **]**\n**concluded between the contracting authority and [**   * **name of the contractor** *   **]**\nI the undersigned [  *insert name of the creator or authorised representative of the right*\n*holder*  ] [representing  [  *insert name of the right holder*  ]]  declare that I am the right holder\nof: [  *identify the relevant parts of the result*  ] [which I created] [for which I received rights\nfrom [  *insert name of other right holder*  ]].\nContract number: [complete] Restricted FWC conditions of October 2018\n\nAnnankatu 18, P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland | Tel. +358 9 686180 | Fax +358 9 68618210 | echa.europa.eu\nI am aware of the above [framework] [specific] contract, especially Articles [I.10 and II.13]\nconcerning intellectual property rights and exploitation of the results and I confirm that I\ntransferred all the relevant rights to [  *insert name of contractor or other intermediary right*\n*holder*  ].\nI declare that [I have received full remuneration] [I agreed to receive remuneration by\n[  *insert date*  ]].\n[As creator, I also confirm that I do not object to the following:\n(a)  that my name be mentioned or not mentioned when the results are presented to the public;\n(b)  that the results be divulged or not after they have been delivered in their final\nversion to the contracting authority;\n(c)  that the results be adapted, provided that this is done in a manner which is not prejudicial to my honour or reputation.]\nDate, place, signature",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf",
+                "query": "What is SOLR  ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Search engine used for portal content search and dataset search ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 8
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\n###### **Exercise 33: Try Some Description Logic Queries**\n\nbit hard to understand don’t be discouraged. This is just an attempt to give a very high level introduction\nto something that requires significant study to really understand.\nEssentially SPARQL is to the Semantic Web and Knowledge Graphs as SQL is to relational databases. Just as SQL can do more than just query, it can also assert new information into a database, so SPARQL can as well. The current SPARQL plugins for Protégé are somewhat limited and don’t support the statements such as INSERT for entering new data so we will just cover the basics of using SPARQL as a query language but keep in mind there is a lot more to it than what we briefly cover here.\n9.21 Some SPARQL Pizza Queries To start with go to the SPARQL Query tab. If it isn’t already there you can as always add it using Window>Tabs>SPARQL Query.  This tab consists of two views, the top which holds the query and the bottom which holds the results. There should be some text already there. It may look confusing, but we’ll explain it. Just to start with hit the Execute button at the bottom of the tab. You should see a bunch of classes and class expressions returned.\nTo understand what is going on you first need to understand that each SPARQL query consists of two parts. The first part at the beginning consists of several namespace prefixes. These statements consist of the prefix used for a particular namespace as well as the IRI associated with this namespace. Recall that these concepts were described in chapter 7. You may be wondering where all these prefixes came from\nsince you didn’t add them to your ontology. The answer is that every OWL ontology comes with a set of\nnamespaces and prefixes that are required to define the ontology.\nAlso, to understand SPARQL you need to “peak under the hood” of OWL. So far, we have been discussing concepts in purely logical and set theoretic terms, i.e., at the semantic level. However, like any language or database there is a lower level that describes how the concepts are mapped to actual data. In a relational database the fundamental construct to represent data is a table. In OWL the fundamental construct is a triple. OWL is actually built on top of RDFS which is a language built on top of RDF. RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a language to describe graphs (in the mathematical sense of the term). I.e., to describe nodes and links.",
+                    "page_start": 67,
+                    "page_end": 68,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 10. Migration and expiring data and indexes\n\n#### **10.2.2  Storing the index data**\nThe Content Manager OnDemand load process extracts document indexes from the report\ndata and stores the indexes in the Content Manager OnDemand database *application group*\n*data tables* . With these indexes, users can efficiently locate, select, and retrieve documents.\nTypically, indexes are expired when the document data is expired.\nEach application group is *segmented*  into multiple physical tables by using a date or a date\nand time field. The size of each physical table is determined by the Max rows setting. Each\nrow in the table contains a set of user-defined and system-defined indexes that enable the\nsearch for a report segment or a document. Index data is loaded into a table. When the Max\nrows value is reached, the table is closed and a new table is created. The number of physical\ntables that represent an application group might grow from 1 to  *n*  .",
+                    "page_start": 247,
+                    "page_end": 247,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 11 SHACL\n\nthe entire ontology would be inconsistent until one value was removed. SHACL on the other hand can handle both these examples and rather than making the entire ontology inconsistent it simply logs warnings at various levels of severity.\n11.3 Basic SHACL Concepts To understand SHACL recall that the language underlying OWL is RDF which describes graphs as triples of the form: Subject Predicate Object. SHACL also works at the level of RDF because some developers may want to simply use that lower level for reasons of efficiency. Thus, RDF can validate an RDF graph as well as an OWL ontology. Fundamentally, SHACL consists of two components:\n1.  An RDF vocabulary for defining data constraints on RDF graphs (which includes OWL since an OWL ontology is an RDF graph). 2.  A reasoner for applying the constraints defined in 1 to a specified data graph such as the Pizza ontology.\nOne of the most important classes in 1 is a SHACL Shape . An instance of the SHACL Shape class\nconsists of a set of Targets and Constraints. A Target defines which nodes in the RDF graph that the data constraints apply to. For OWL ontologies this is typically the name of a class which indicates that the constraints apply to all instances of that class. The Constraints define the specific property for the constraint as well as the actual constraints such as the minimum or maximum number of values and the datatype.  In the following example, a Target is the Employee class in the Pizza ontology. An example\nconstraint is that the ssn property must have exactly one value. Another example constraint is that the\nformat of the ssn value must be a string of the form: “NNN-NN-NNNN” where each N must be an\ninteger. For more on SHACL see the references in the bibliography.\n11.4 The Protégé SHACL Plug-In To start go to Windows>Tabs and see if you have SHACL Editor as an option. If you don’t then go to File>Check for plugins and select the SHACL4Protege Constraint Validator. You need to restart Protégé to see the new plugin so save your work and then quit and start Protégé and load the Pizza ontology with data.",
+                    "page_start": 77,
+                    "page_end": 77,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 11 SHACL\n\nchange them. For more on this see the excellent presentation on SWRL by Martin O’Connor:\n[https://protege.stanford.edu/conference/2009/slides/SWRL2009ProtegeConference.pdf](https://protege.stanford.edu/conference/2009/slides/SWRL2009ProtegeConference.pdf)\nThis is why SPARQL often needs to be used rather than SWRL even though SWRL is more abstract and powerful. SWRL does not support non-monotonic reasoning whereas SPARQL does. Similarly, when validating data, we may want to take actions to change it, e.g., to coerce it into a proper standard format. To do that we need to change rather than add a value, i.e., we need non-monotonic reasoning.\n11.2 The Real World is Messy The other reason for SHACL is that real world data is messy.  Over the span of this tutorial, you may have experienced a point where you made an error, and the reasoner marked your ontology as invalid. If you haven’t, congratulations, but as you work with Protégé more you will experience it. This is another by product of using a logic-based language. Simply having one inconsistency makes the entire model invalid. For small examples this is not a problem. When one has tens, hundreds, or even thousands of individuals it isn’t that difficult to find the problem and fix it. However, when dealing with Big Data where one has tens of thousands, millions, or more individuals the prevalence of bad data may be huge.\nI.e., it might be the case that we never get the data to satisfy every integrity constraint which would mean the reasoner is never of any use except to tell us that the ontology is not consistent.\nThus, SHACL provides a way to define data integrity constraints that overlap to some degree with what can be defined in OWL and SWRL. For example, both can define the number of values allowed for a specific property. E.g., that each instance of Employee must have one and only one social security\nnumber ( ssn ). If this were defined as a DL axiom, then the axiom would never fire for employees that\nhad no ssn because of the OWA. On the other hand, if an Employee accidentally had 2 ssn values then",
+                    "page_start": 76,
+                    "page_end": 77,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 6. Security\n\n### **6.8  Summary**\n\n“Account 1234”. One or more index values identify a unique document in Content Manager\nOnDemand.\nAn *indexer*  extracts the index values and optionally stores them in the index file by examining\nthe documents and copying the index values into the index file according to criteria that are\nspecified by the user. Depending on the indexer that is used, the data and indexes are either\ndirectly loaded into Content Management OnDemand or are stored in a set of files that are\nthen read by the load process to store the data to Content Manager OnDemand. The indexer\ncreates the following files:\n� Output file (. out file extension), which contains the documents to load\n� Index file (. ind file extension), which contains the index values for the documents\nThe indexer might also create a resource file with a .res extension, which contains the\nresources that are extracted from the documents.\nOperationally, the loading process  **arsload**  calls the indexer that is specified on the Indexer\nInformation tab for the specified application. Depending on the indexer type,  **arsload**\nperforms one of the following tasks:\n� Creates a set of files that is then loaded by the  **arsload**  program into the Content Manager\nOnDemand System\n� Directly passes the indexing and document information to the arsload program so that\nthey can be loaded into the Content Manager OnDemand System\nOn Content Manager OnDemand for i,  **arsload**  is embedded within the (  **ADDPRPTOND**  ) user\ninterface. Therefore, run the Add Report to Content Manager OnDemand (  **ADDPRPTOND**  )\ncommand instead of  **ARSLOAD**  .\nIt is possible for the indexing to complete successfully but for the load to fail. The following\nreasons are the most common reasons for a loading failure:\n� Using insufficient system resources\n� Connecting to the wrong database\n� Extracting the wrong index value from the document\nFor information about investigating and resolving common load failures, see 18.1.2, “Indexing\nand loading issues” on page 379.",
+                    "page_start": 185,
+                    "page_end": 185,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 11 SHACL\n\n(minCount 1 and maxCount1). The next also applies to ssn and constrains the data further than just\nsaying it must be a string. It must be a string that matches the pattern: \"^\\\\d{3}-\\\\d{2}-\\\\d{4}$\" This is a regex expression that means the pattern must be 3 digits (numeric characters from 0-9), followed by a dash, followed by 2 digits, followed by a dash, followed by 4 digits.\nThe next 2 nodes deal with the hasPhone data property. This property must have at least one value\n(although possibly more) and must also conform to a similar pattern of 3 digits followed by a dash followed by 3 digits followed by a dash followed by 4 digits. Of course, actual phone numbers can be more complex and varied but this is just a simple example.\nFigure 11.1 The SHACL Editor\nNow hit the Validate button. You should see several messages displayed in the long SHACL constraint violations view at the bottom. If you had the Employee class selected when you clicked on Validate, then\nthis view should now read: SHACL constraint violations: 5/8.  This means that there were 8 constraint violations and 5 of them were on instances of the Employee class. You can see the violations that apply\nto each Employee by clicking on each individual. You can resize the various columns in this view which\nis helpful to view the information you need. The most useful data is in the Message, Path, and Value columns. All the other columns such as Severity and Source can be made as small as possible to make more room for those other columns. If you do this and click on the Chef individual you will see that she has one constraint violation. See figure 11.2.\nYou can see that the Chef individual has 2 values for the ssn property which is more than allowed. If\nyou examine the Chef individual in the Individuals by class view you will see that this is indeed the case.\n\nFigure 11.2 Constraint Violation for the Chef Individual\n\nIf you click on the Manager individual, you will see that he has a constraint violation because his phone number is not in the proper format. Waiter1 has a similar problem. Waiter2 has missing data. Her hasPhone and ssn data properties both must have values but don’t.",
+                    "page_start": 78,
+                    "page_end": 80,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\n###### **Exercise 33: Try Some Description Logic Queries**\n\nSuppose you wanted to see all of the things that are objects of Customer ?  With a couple of new\nconstructs this is simple. First, in SPARQL a shortcut to identify the type of any entity is to use the keyword a as the predicate. This is just shorthand for rdf:type . Second, when you have multiple\nstatements in a WHERE clause you need to end each one with a period.\nReplace the current query with the following:\nSELECT *\nWHERE { ?customer a pizza:Customer.\n?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\nThis will provide a long list of everything in the graph that is an object of some instance of the Customer\nclass. I.e., any entity that is the object of a predicate with a Customer as the subject.\nSuppose you wanted to count the number of Pizzas purchased by Customers so far. For this you use the SPARQL function COUNT. Here is what it would look like:\nSELECT (COUNT(?pizza) AS ?pcount)\nWHERE {?customer pizza:purchasedPizza ?pizza}\nPaste that into the SPARQL query view and hit Execute and you should see the returned value: 15. However, remember this isn’t really all the Pizzas because a few of the purchases were recorded on the\nPizza rather than on the Customer . To get the full number we can take advantage of the fact that we\nhave recorded the number of pizzas that each customer has purchased and use the SPARQL SUM function. That query would be:\nSELECT (SUM(?pnumber) AS ?psum)\nWHERE { ?customer pizza:numberOfPizzasPurchased ?pnumber}\nThis should give you the correct number of 17.\n9.22 SPARQL and IRI Names If you recall, at the beginning of the tutorial we changed the preference for creating new entities to  *user* *supplied name*  rather than  *auto-generated name*  which is the default. Now that you have seen examples of using SPARQL we can explain why. With auto-generated names rather than have names such as Customer or purchasedByCustomer our entities would have names such as\nOWLPropertyA4257yri73ff90rmbx and OWLClass23gkb0tk5kd30tm . Thus, the first query would\nbe something like:\nSELECT * WHERE {?customer pizza:OWLPropertyA4257yri73ff90rmbx ?pizza}\nand the second query would be:\nSELECT *\nWHERE {?customer a pizza:OWLClass23gkb0tk5kd30tm.\n?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.}\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use auto- generated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. However, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more intuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the requirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than to attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the Agile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in countless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative waterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: [https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/](https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/)",
+                    "page_start": 70,
+                    "page_end": 71,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 15. Full text search\n\n### **15.6  Using full text search in Content Manager OnDemand**\n\n#### **15.6.1  Syntax**\nThe FTS Server supports a rich query language that enables fuzzy searches, proximity\nsearches, weighted searches, and Boolean searches.\nQueries can contain terms and operators. A *term*  is a single word, such as “united”. A  *phrase*\nis a group of words that are contained in quotation marks, such as “computer software”.\nPhrases are searched as exact expressions. Stop words are not removed. No lemmatization\nis performed. Boolean operators, such as AND, or wildcards, such as asterisk ( * ) or question\nmark ( ? ), are treated as literal characters.\nWithout quotation marks, the query is parsed and the syntactical options that are described in\nthe following sections are allowed.",
+                    "page_start": 371,
+                    "page_end": 371,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## **1 Introduction**\n\n### **1.3 Terminology**\n\n|  Acronym  |  Description  |\n|:---|:---|\n| API  | Application Programmer Interface  |\n| CKAN  | (replaced by the “Data Platform”)  |\n| CSV  | Comma separated values  |\n| Data Platform  | Single page web app for managing and displaying datasets  |\n| DCAT-AP  | DCAT Application Profile - Metadata specification based on the Data  Catalogue vocabulary (DCAT) |\n| DRUPAL  | Content Management System  |\n| ECAS / EU-Login | EU user login page  |\n| EDP  | European Data Portal  |\n| FME  | Feature Manipulation Engine  |\n| GUI  | Graphical User Interface  |\n| HTTP  | Hypertext Transfer Protocol  |\n| JSON  | JavaScript Object Notation (a lightweight data-interchange format)  |\n| maps.app  | Geo-spatial data visualization application  |\n| MQA  | Metadata Quality Assistant  |\n| RDF  | Resource Description Framework  |\n| SOLR  | Search engine used for portal content search and dataset search  |\n**5**  of 57\n|  Acronym  |  Description  |\n|:---|:---|\n| SPARQL  | Query language for linked data (RDF) |\n| SSL  | Secure Socket Layer  |\n| URL  | Uniform Resource Locator  |\n| XML  | Extensible Markup Language  |\n*Table 1-2: Abbreviations and Acronyms*\n**6**  of 57",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### 8.1 Get Familiar with the Larger Ontology\n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot more and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme’s book or some of the many SPARQL tools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography.\nOne final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open World Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter 4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1.  For now, though remember that SPARQL is  *not*  subject to  *either*  of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic reasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the value for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist.",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 71,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the function of the Graphical Data Visualisation  Tool module ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "How to visualize graphical data from a dataset resource ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 6
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 8 -  Error message dialog.*\n\n### **3.4 Graphical Data Visualisation Tool**\n\nThis section describes the features of the graphical visualisation tool for numeric data. The features\nare currently available for XLS (Excel) and CSV files, except for the selection of the sheet name which\nis applicable only for Excel files.\nMost GUI elements from the “Graph” tab (records selection, search box, filters and fields buttons)\nare also available on the “Grid” tab and work in the same way.",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 8 -  Error message dialog.*\n\n### **3.4 Graphical Data Visualisation Tool**\n\n#### **3.4.1 How to visualize graphical data from a dataset resource**\n\nAs a result of a dataset search, the system displays on the “Dataset” tab all distributions\n(resource/data files) that are part of the selected dataset. Each XLS or CSV distribution of the dataset\ncan be further explored by clicking on “Open Visualization” under the “Options” button -  if available.\n\nAfter clicking on the “Open Visualization” button, the user should execute the following steps:\n\n**Step 1: Select a Sheet Name**\nThe Portal is parsing the XLS file and lists all available worksheets. Select one of the sheets contained\nin the XLS file.\n\n**Step 2: The Grid View**\nThe grid appears once the user has clicked on a file name (and a sheet name in case of an Excel file).\n\n**Step 3: The Graph Tab**\nClick on the graph tab in order to display the corresponding graph.\n\n1.  Selection of the sheet name\n2.  Button to go back to the “Grid” view\n3.  Selection of a range of data records\n4.  Search box\n5.  Filters button to open the filters form\n6.  Fields button to open the fields box\n7.  Select box to select the graph type\n8.  Select box to select the group column (Axis 1)\n9.  Select box to select the series A (Axis 2)\n10.  Button to add series\n**Step 4: Filters**\nOnce the user clicks on the filters button the filters form appears.\n\nAfter clicking on “Add filter”, the available fields appear and the user can now filter the data with a\nspecific value or range.\n\n**Step 5: Fields**\nClick on the “Fields” button in order to display the fields box that contains the list of available fields.\n\n**Step 6: Adding another data series**\nClick on the “Add Series” button to add another data series to the current graph as shown below.\n\n##### **3.5 Help Desk**",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n### **3.3 Visualization of Geo-Spatial Data (map.apps)**\nThe visualization of geo-spatial data within the European Data Portal provides previewing\nfunctionality for spatial open data. The aim is to allow the user to assess if a dataset meets specific\nrequirements in terms of spatial and thematic coverage. The functionality that is provided in the\nheader (links to disclaimers and language switching) is consistent in the entire portal.\n#### **3.3.1 How to visualize geo-spatial data from a dataset resource**\nAccessing the geo-spatial visualization is achieved via the Data Platform interface. A user searches for\nspecific data, enters the dataset view of reasonable results and displays the available distributions\n(see Section 3.2.5). If a dataset distribution is supported by the geo-spatial visualization, a globe\nbutton is displayed (see Figure 3 ). This is the entry point into the map viewer application. Supported\nformats are OGC Web Map Service (WMS) and GeoJSON. If the user visits the geo-spatial\nvisualization for the first time, an interactive user tutorial is provided to guide the use through\nspecific functions of the user interface, similar to this written user manual.",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 6 -  Legend tool.*\n\nThe two buttons on the bottom right of the map viewer (see Figure 7 ) can be used to display an\ninformational disclaimer and to start the user interface tutorial.",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 5 -  Feature Info tool.*\n\nThe different displayed layers can be examined using the “Legend” tool. If the external service\nprovides legend graphics, the user can interpret the given symbology and temporarily disable the\ndisplay of layers (see Figure 6 ).",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 3 -  Dataset Resource Page with Link to Geo-Spatial Visualisation.*\nOnce within the map viewer application, the user can decide which layers to be displayed. Most Web\nMap Service (WMS) instances provide more than one layer. The geo-spatial visualization provides a\ndialog for choosing the desired layers for display (see Figure 4 ).",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## **3 Main User Functions of the Portal**\n\nThis section describes all of the main user functions supported by the Portal Version 3.0.\nThe table 1-3 below lists the described functions by module.\n|  |  Module Name  |  Function  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| 1  | Portal HomePage  | -  How to browse through the Editorial Content  (how to access Resources on Open Data: eLearning  modules, Training Companion, Reports about Open  Data)  -  How to view / search for “Latest News”  -  How to view / search for “Open Data Events”  -  How to subscribe to the EDP Newsletter  -  How to view “Tweets” on the EDP  -  How to switch to another User Language |\n| 1  | Portal HomePage  | -  How to search for EDP Site Content  |\n| 1  | Portal HomePage  | -  How to search for Datasets by Data Category  -  How to search for Datasets by Keyword  |\n| 2  | Datasets (Data Platform)  | Entering the Datasets-View  |\n|  |  | How to filter datasets by using “Faceted Search”  |\n|  |  | How to store personal queries  |\n|  |  | How to filter datasets by geographical area  |\n|  |  | How to download dataset distributions  |\n|  |  | How to view licensing information  |\n|  |  | How to switch to another user language  |\n|  |  | How to browse by data catalogues  |\n| 3  | Visualization of Geo-Spatial  Data (map.apps) | How to visualize geo-spatial data from a dataset resource  |\n| 4  | Graphical Data Visualisation  Tool  | How to visualize graphical data from a dataset resource  |\n| 5  | Help Desk  | How to contact The Portal’s Help Desk  |\n| 6  | Metadata Quality Assurance  (MQA)  | Monitoring tool for the metadata quality:  ‐  The Global Dashboard View  ‐  The Catalogue details view  |\n| 7  | SPARQL Manager  | How to run SPARQL Queries using:  -  SPARQL Search  |\n**7**  of 57\n|  |  Module Name  |  Function  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n|  |  | -  SPARQL Assistant  -  SPARQL Saving/Modifying a Query  -  SPARQL Queries |\n*Table 1-3: Main functions of the Portal Version 3.0*\n**8**  of 57",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 8 -  Error message dialog.*\n\n### **3.4 Graphical Data Visualisation Tool**\n\n#### **3.5.1 How to contact the Portal’s Help Desk**\nThe European Data Portal Help Desk can be contacted:\n-   **By email**  : [help@europeandataportal.eu](mailto:help@europeandataportal.eu)\n-   **By phone**  : the Portal’s Help Desk is staffed by a multilingual team of experts, who can be\ncontacted from Monday to Friday from 09:30 to 17:30 (CET).\no  EN: (+352) 31 44 01-448\no  FR: (+352) 31 44 01-449\n-  By providing comments and suggestions via the  **online contact/feedback form**  available from\nthe Portal’s home page.\nFrom the header:\n\nFrom the footer:\n\nAfter clicking on the “Contact” item, the following form is displayed:",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n3.2.6 How to view licensing information ................................................................................ 34\n3.2.7 How to switch to another user language ...................................................................... 36\n3.2.8 How to browse by data catalogues ............................................................................... 37\n3.3 Visualization of Geo-Spatial Data (map.apps) ....................................................................... 38\n3.3.1 How to visualize geo-spatial data from a dataset resource .......................................... 38\n3.4 Graphical Data Visualisation Tool .......................................................................................... 43\n3.4.1 How to visualize graphical data from a dataset resource ............................................. 43\n**3**  of 57\n3.5 Help Desk ............................................................................................................................... 48\n3.5.1 How to contact the Portal’s Help Desk .......................................................................... 48\n3.6 Metadata Quality Assurance (MQA) ..................................................................................... 50\n3.6.1 The Global Dashboard View .......................................................................................... 50\n3.6.2 The Catalogue details view ............................................................................................ 51\n3.7 SPARQL Manager ................................................................................................................... 54\n3.7.1 SPARQL Search .............................................................................................................. 54\n3.7.2 SPARQL Assistant ........................................................................................................... 55\n3.7.3 SPARQL Saving/Modifying a Query ............................................................................... 56\n3.7.4 SPARQL Queries ............................................................................................................. 57\n\n**List of Figures**\nFigure 1: EDP Home Page (upper part) ................................................................................................... 8\nFigure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part) .................................................................................................... 9\nFigure 3 -  Dataset Resource Page with Link to Geo-Spatial Visualisation. ........................................... 38\nFigure 4 -  Selection of layers................................................................................................................. 39\nFigure 5 -  Feature Info tool. .................................................................................................................. 40\nFigure 6 -  Legend tool. .......................................................................................................................... 40\nFigure 7 -  Disclaimer and tutorial buttons. ........................................................................................... 41\nFigure 8 -  Error message dialog. ........................................................................................................... 42\n\n**4**  of 57",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## **1 Introduction**\n\n### **1.3 Terminology**\n\n|  Acronym  |  Description  |\n|:---|:---|\n| API  | Application Programmer Interface  |\n| CKAN  | (replaced by the “Data Platform”)  |\n| CSV  | Comma separated values  |\n| Data Platform  | Single page web app for managing and displaying datasets  |\n| DCAT-AP  | DCAT Application Profile - Metadata specification based on the Data  Catalogue vocabulary (DCAT) |\n| DRUPAL  | Content Management System  |\n| ECAS / EU-Login | EU user login page  |\n| EDP  | European Data Portal  |\n| FME  | Feature Manipulation Engine  |\n| GUI  | Graphical User Interface  |\n| HTTP  | Hypertext Transfer Protocol  |\n| JSON  | JavaScript Object Notation (a lightweight data-interchange format)  |\n| maps.app  | Geo-spatial data visualization application  |\n| MQA  | Metadata Quality Assistant  |\n| RDF  | Resource Description Framework  |\n| SOLR  | Search engine used for portal content search and dataset search  |\n**5**  of 57\n|  Acronym  |  Description  |\n|:---|:---|\n| SPARQL  | Query language for linked data (RDF) |\n| SSL  | Secure Socket Layer  |\n| URL  | Uniform Resource Locator  |\n| XML  | Extensible Markup Language  |\n*Table 1-2: Abbreviations and Acronyms*\n**6**  of 57",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf",
+                "query": "How to view “Tweets” on the EDP ?",
+                "target_page": 20,
+                "target_passage": "The Home Page displays the latest tweets on the European Data Portal in the “Tweets” panel on the  right hand side. ‐ ‐  Click on any of the tweets to display the complete tweet on twitter.  Scroll vertically to see previous tweets. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n#### **3.1.5 How to view “Tweets” on the EDP**\nThe Home Page displays the latest tweets on the European Data Portal in the “Tweets” panel on the\nright hand side.\n‐   **Click on any of the tweets to display the complete tweet on twitter.**\n‐   **Scroll vertically to see previous tweets.**",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n#### **3.1.2 How to view / search for “Latest News”**\nThe Home Page displays the latest 4 news items in the “Latest News” panel on the left hand side.\n‐   **Click on any of the 4 news items to display the complete news article (here: item#1).**\n‐   **Or click on “More news” in order to find previously published news articles in the news**\n**archive.**",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n#### **3.1.3 How to view / search for “Open Data Events”**\nThe Home Page displays the latest 4 Open Data events in the “  **Open Data Events in Europe**  ” panel on\nthe right hand side.\n‐   **Click on any of the 4 events to display the event article (here: item#1).**\n‐   **Or click on “View calendar” in order to find current and future events on the events**\n**calendar.**",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 1: EDP Home Page (upper part)*\n\n**9**  of 57\n**Landscaping**\n**section**\n**Event**\n**Calendar**\n**section**\n**EDP**\n**Tweets**\n**section**\n**Featured**\n**Articles**\n**section**\n**Newsletter**\n**section**\n**EDP Help**\n**Desk**\n**Footer**\n**links**\n**Social**\n**Media links**",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n#### **3.1.8 How to Search for Datasets by Data Category**\nOn the Home Page, the user may click on any of the data categories below: icon or on icon text\n(here: “  **Environment”**  )\n\nThe system displays all datasets found under the selected data category, as shown below (here: for\ndataset category “  **Environment**  ”).\n\nBy clicking on the “All data” icon , the system starts displaying all datasets across all data\ncategories from the entire repository.\nThe user can scroll through the datasets found by using the pagination at the bottom of the page.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n### **3.2 Datasets (Data Platform)**\n\n#### **3.2.1 Entering the Datasets-View**\nThe user has the following possibilities to enter the datasets view:\n-  Browsing directly to [http://europeandataportal.eu/data](http://europeandataportal.eu/data)\n\n-  Opening the “Data” item in the main menu, then clicking on “Datasets” in the submenu\n\n-  Clicking on “Search” in the “Search Datasets” area, with or without a search keyword entered",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part)*\n\n#### **3.1.7 How to search for EDP Site Content**\n\nIn order to search within the Portal’s site content (i.e. editorial content, articles, events, reports etc.),\n**enter any keyword in the “Search site content” text box and click on the button**  .\n\nThe site will display all matching content found (here for keyword “Brussels”):\n\n**Note:**\nThe “Search site content” does  **not**  perform any search on datasets.\nIn order to search for datasets from the EDP Home page, the user should refer to section 3.2.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# #Climatechange vs. #Globalwarming: Characterizing Two Competing Climate Discourses on Twitter with S[...]\n\n## **3. Methods**\n\n### *3.1. Data Source*\n\ncompeting definitions of climate issues. We did not follow [ 79 ] to include #AGW (anthropogenic\nglobal warming) as query hashtags in our research because we think that this refers to global\nwarming in a defined category so cannot be regarded in parallel with the two considered hashtags.\nWe limited the scope of the search to English-language tweets generated between 1 January 2009\nand 31 December 2018. We only collected tweets containing either of the two hashtags in the body\nof the tweets rather than those containing these hashtags in the retweeted or quoted text, as we\nthink that retweeted text or quoted texts cannot directly represent the tweeter’s usage pattern of the\ntwo terminologies.\nTo collect these tweets, we used a Python-based crawler to send requests to the Twitter server to\nselect hashtags, language, start date, and end date as inputs. Once the first request was completed,\nthe server responded with a file in json format and the first 20 qualified tweets in a time-descending\norder. By parsing the json file, we obtained a string for the crawler to build the next request and obtain\nthe next 20 tweets. Thus, a loop was written to keep the crawler sending requests and the crawler was\nautomatically terminated when all the qualified tweets publicly available were collected. Our crawler\nrespected Twitter’s robot.txt and we did not collect, analyze or display any user information in\nour study.\nGiven our goal of exploring the difference between the two discourses, the 615,816 tweets\ncontaining both hashtags simultaneously were excluded to differentiate between the two datasets\nfollowing [ 67 , 80 ]. A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange and #globalwarming in each year is displayed in Figure 1 a.\n(  **a**  ) (  **b**  )\n**Figure 1.**  The number of tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming, and their ratio from\n2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ). The number of hashtags contained in the “climate change” or “global warming”\ndatasets, and their ratio from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\n**Figure 1.**  The number of tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming, and their ratio from\n2009 to 2018 (  **a**  ). The number of hashtags contained in the “climate change” or “global warming”\ndatasets, and their ratio from 2009 to 2018 (  **b**  ).\nAll the hashtags in the tweets were automatically extracted with the Regular Expression Library\nin Python. Hashtags were transformed to lowercase letters, and clear synonyms were stemmed\n(e.g., #trump, #DonaldTrump, #donaldtrump). As all the tweets in the “climate change” dataset\ncontained the #climatechange hashtag and all the tweets in the “global warming” dataset contained the",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\n2010, Shanghai, China, 7- 11 November 2010; pp. 470- 485.\n65. Gonz á lez-Ib á nez, R.; Muresan, S.; Wacholder, N. Identifying sarcasm in Twitter: A closer look. In Proceedings\nof the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies:\nShort Papers—Volume 2, Portland, OR, USA, 19- 24 June 2011; pp. 581- 586.\n66. Conover, M.D.; Ratkiewicz, J.; Francisco, M.; Gonçalves, B.; Menczer, F.; Flammini, A. Political polarization on\ntwitter. In Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Barcelona,\nSpain, 17- 21 July 2011.\n67. Kitzie, V.; Ghosh, D. # Criming and# Alive: Network and content analysis of two sides of a story on twitter.\nIn Proceedings of the 78th ASIS&T Annual Meeting: Information Science with Impact: Research in and for\nthe Community, St. Louis, MO, USA, 6- 10 October; 2015; p. 41.\n68. Burgess, J.; Galloway, A.; Sauter, T. Hashtag as hybrid forum: The case of# agchatoz. In  *Hashtag Publics.*\n*The Power and Politics of Discursive Networks*  ; Peter Lang: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 61- 76.\n69. Rushko ff , D. 17. Permanent revolution: Occupying democracy. In  *The Playful Citizen*  ; Amsterdam University\nPress: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013; p. 335.\n70. Grundberg, M.D.; Lindgren, S. Translocal frame extensions in a networked protest: Situating the# IdleNoMore\nhashtag.  *IC Rev. Cient*   *í*   *fica De Inf. Y Comun.*   **2015**  ,  *11*  , 49- 57.\n71. Bruns, A.; Burgess, J.E. # ausvotes: How Twitter covered the 2010 Australian federal election.  *Commun.*\n*Politics Cult.*   **2011**  ,  *44*  , 37- 56.\n72. Pearce, W.; Holmberg, K.; Hellsten, I.; Nerlich, B. Climate change on Twitter: Topics, communities and\nconversations about the 2013 IPCC Working Group 1 report.  *PLoS ONE*   **2014**  ,  *9*  , e94785. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094785) ]\n73. Zhao, W.X.; Jiang, J.; Weng, J.; He, J.; Lim, E.P.; Yan, H.; Li, X. Comparing twitter and traditional media using\ntopic models. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval, Dublin, Ireland, 18- 21\nApril 2011; pp. 338- 349.\n74. Doctor, V. Hashtag History: When and What Started It? Available online: https: // [www.hashtags.org](https://www.hashtags.org/featured/hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it/) / featured /\n[hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it](https://www.hashtags.org/featured/hashtag-history-when-and-what-started-it/) / (accessed on 16 January 2020).\n75. Newman, T.P. Tracking the release of IPCC AR5 on Twitter: Users, comments, and sources following the\nrelease of the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers.  *Public Underst. Sci.*   **2017**  ,  *26*  , 815- 825. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662516628477) ]",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf",
+                "query": "Where can we open a document saved on OneDrive ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "When you save this document in OneDrive, you’ll be able to open it anywhere: on your  computer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                }
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Save this for later, access it anywhere\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you’ll be able to open it anywhere: on your\ncomputer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\n**Try it:**  Select  **File**  >  **Save As**  , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files.\nYou can pick up where you left off... even if you left the document open on the computer you’re\nusing now.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nCreate something\nBegin with a  **Blank document**  to get right to work. Or start with a template to save yourself time and steps. Just select  **File**  >  **New**  , and then select or search for the template you want.\nAccess files anywhere\nNeed to work on the go and across different devices? Click  **File**  >  **Account**  to sign in with your Microsoft account and access your recently used files anywhere, on any device, through seamless integration between Office, OneDrive, OneDrive for Business, and SharePoint.\nFind recent files\nWhether you only work with files stored on your PC’s local hard drive or you store files in multiple shared locations, selecting  **File**  >  **Open**  takes you to your recently used documents and any files that you may have pinned to your list.\nDiscover related options\nWhen you select objects in your document, options related to your selection will appear. For example, selecting a table displays the  **Table Design**  and  **Layout**  tabs, which offer additional options.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nQuick Start Guide\n## New to Word? Use this guide to learn the basics.\n**Save your progress**\nSave your work on OneDrive\nor SharePoint automatically.\n**Find whatever you need**\nLook up commands from the ribbon,\nget Help, or search the web.\n**Discover contextual commands**\nSelect tables, pictures, or other objects\nin a document to reveal additional\noptions.\n**Share your work with others**\nInvite other people to view and edit\ncloud-based documents stored in\nOneDrive or on SharePoint sites.\n**Navigate with ease**\nUse the sidebar to manage long or\ncomplex documents. **Show or hide the ribbon**\nSelect the arrow icon to show\nor hide the Quick Access\nToolbar, and change ribbon\nsettings.\n**Format with the mini toolbar**\nSelect or right-click text and objects to\nquickly format them in place.\n**Status bar shortcuts**\nSelect any status bar indicator to\nnavigate your document, view word\ncount statistics, or check your spelling.\n**Change your view**\nSelect the status bar buttons to\nswitch between views, or use the\nslider to magnify the page to\nyour liking.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Share and collaborate\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don’t even need Word\nto open it.\n**Try it:**  Select  **Share**  , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut -  Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\nYou can send the link by typing someone’s email address or by copying the link and pasting it\ninto a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their\npermission to view-only.\nIf they don’t have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n**[Tell us about your PDF experience.](https://aka.ms/learn-pdf-feedback)**\n**Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility**\nArticle -  11/26/2024\nMicrosoft 365 Apps for Windows including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint allow users to\nexport documents in PDF format. Furthermore, add-ins can use the object model to\nautomate PDF export using either the exporter built in to each app or their own exporter\nthat implements the IMsoDocExporter COM interface.\nAn important part of exporting to PDF is writing [PDF/UA](https://www.iso.org/standard/64599.html) tags that provide the\nsemantic information to preserve the accessibility of the content. This allows people with\ndisabilities to consume the PDF using [assistive technologies](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/accessibility/accessibility-atdev) such as screen readers. This\ndocumentation provides details about the PDF/UA tags written by the exporter built in\nto Word, Excel, and PowerPoint as well as the APIs that add-ins need to implement to\nprovide their own exporter.\nExtending Office PDF Export",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nFind whatever you need\nType a keyword or phrase into the  **Search**  box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you’re looking for, to discover  **Help**  content, or to get more information online .\nGet other Quick Start guides\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.**\nShare your work with others\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the  **Share**  button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.\nNext steps with Word\n**See what’s new in Office** Explore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit  **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**  for more information.\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office** Ready to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**  to explore our free training options.\n**Send us your feedback** Love Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the  **File**  menu, select  **Feedback**  and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#define ARCCSXIT_DOCNAME_SIZE 11\n\n#### **11.5.2  Load exit**\n\nTo activate the exits, place the compiled exit program  **arsuload**  in the bin/exits directory of\nthe Content Manager OnDemand installation root.\n**Client retrieval preview exit**\nUse the client retrieval preview user exit to modify document data before the data is\npresented to a client. This exit is called during the retrieval of a document.\nYou can use the client retrieval preview exit to add, remove, or reformat data before the\ndocument is presented to the client, for example:\n� You can remove pages from the document, such as banner pages, title pages, or all pages\nexcept the summary page.\n� You can remove specific words, columns of data, or other information from the document.\nThat is, you can omit (“white out”) sensitive information, such as salaries, social security\nnumbers, and birth dates.\n� You can add information to the document, for example, a summary page, data analysis\ninformation, and Confidential or Copy statements.\n� You can reformat data that is contained in the document. For example, you can reorder the\ncolumns of data.\nThe client retrieval preview exit point might be enabled for specific applications. However, to\nenable the client retrieval preview exit for a specific application, ensure that the Use Preview\nExit option is selected on the Miscellaneous Options page of the application.\nThe input to the exit program is captured when the user tries to retrieve the document. Based\non the input, such as application group name and the indexes, you can then use your program\nto create an output file with the name from pOutFileName .\nExample 11-11 shows the header file of the client retrieval preview exit.\n*Example 11-11   Header file of client retrieval preview exit*\n/                 **/\n/* PREPEXIT - Client Retrieval Preview Exit                           */\n/*                                                                    */\n/*  This exit is used to modify the contents of a document prior      */\n/*  retrieving the document                                           */",
+                    "page_start": 291,
+                    "page_end": 291,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nExcel PDF Accessibility\n[Excel.Workbook.ExportAsFixedFormat](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/excel.workbook.exportasfixedformat)\nPowerPoint PDF Accessibility\n[PowerPoint.Presentation.ExportAsFixedFormat3](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/powerpoint.presentation.exportasfixedformat3)\nWord PDF Accessibility\n**Extending Office PDF Export**\n**Office 2024**\n**Excel**\n**PowerPoint**\n**Word**\n[Word.Document.ExportAsFixedFormat2](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/word.document.exportasfixedformat2) **Extending Office PDF Export**\nArticle -  11/26/2024\n**Summary:**  Create a COM add-in for Office 2024, Office LTSC 2024, and Microsoft 365\nVersion 2408 and later applications with your own logic for exporting to PDF format. The\ntechnique described requires knowledge of C++ and COM.\n**Applies to:**  Excel, OneNote, PowerPoint, Publisher, Visio, and Word in Office 2024, Office\nLTSC 2024, Microsoft 365 Version 2408 and later.\nThis article explains how third-party software developers can hook in to the fixed-format\nexport feature available in the Office 2024, Office LTSC 2024, Microsoft 365 Version 2408\nand later applications so that they can add their own exporter.\nThe applications include built in exporters for Microsoft XML Paper Specification (XPS)\nand Portable Document Format (PDF). Fixed-file formats expose the content of a\ndocument in a paginated form that is both application-independent and platform-\nindependent.\nSoftware developers can add their own exporter, by writing an Office add-in that\nimplements the  **IMsoDocExporter**  COM interface. This article describes\n**IMsoDocExporter**  and its interaction with a hosting Microsoft 365 application, such as\nWord.\nFixed-format export has been available since the [Office 2007](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/developer/office-2007/aa338206(v=office.12)) release, and this article\nincludes information on the features that are new in the Office 2024, Office LTSC 2024,\nMicrosoft 365 Version 2408 releases.\n|  Important  |\n|:---|\n| The fixed-format export feature is available in all the applications listed in the preceding Applies to section. However, the discussion below uses Publisher as an example application, except in those cases where an explanation is more relevant to a different application. |\n**Introduction to the Office (2024) Fixed-Format Export Feature**\nノ **Expand table**\n**Initializing Add-Ins**\nFor the user to access add-in functionality, the add-in should add a new menu item or a\nnew toolbar button to application. When the user selects this menu item or button, the\nadd-in should use the Microsoft Office Object Model to obtain a pointer to the active\ndocument. It should then call the active document's  **ExportAsFixedFormat**  method with\nan  **IUnknown**  interface pointer that supports the  **IMsoDocExporter**  interface through a\ncall to the  **QueryInterface**  method. The object model parameter for the interface pointer\nis a VARIANT with VT_UNKNOWN type.\n|  Note  |\n|:---|\n| For OneNote, the add-in calls the  Publish  method with a string parameter that is the class ID of the add-in's implementation of the  IMsoDocExporter  interface. OneNote then calls CoCreateInstance  with the class ID to get an  IUnknown  interface pointer from the add-in's class factory. |\nAfter Publisher has a pointer to the  **IMsoDocExporter**  interface, it calls back the add-in",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 8. User clients\n\n**Windows client viewers**\nThe Content Manager OnDemand Windows client contains native capabilities for viewing\ntypical archive data types:\n� Line Data and SCS\n� AFP\n� Images\nThe Windows client reflects the richest set of capabilities in terms of viewing these data types.\nBecause it directly communicates with the Content Manager OnDemand server, we reference\nthe Windows client for all of its features that relate to document display.\nThe Line Data viewer of the Windows client is the most sophisticated viewer that is available\nfor Content Manager OnDemand from the selection of readily available viewers.\nThe viewing of these primary data types happens within the same application. The Windows\nclient provides other features, such as thumbnails, and configurable and saveable views.\nThe Content Manager OnDemand Windows client also contains other capabilities for viewing\narchive data types, such as Portable Document Format ( *PDF*  ) and  *User-Defined*  .\nStarting with Content Manager OnDemand version 9.5, for both DocType=PDF and\nuser-defined PDF, the Windows Client will attempt to view a PDF document with Adobe\nAcrobat, if it is installed. If Adobe Acrobat is not installed, for DocType=PDF, Adobe Acrobat\nReader will be used instead when the PDF document is viewed.\nBefore Content Manager OnDemand version 9.5, PDF documents can be viewed by the\nWindows client in two ways:\n� If they are configured in the application as data type “PDF”, the rich feature set of the AFP\nand Line Data viewer applies, but Adobe Acrobat Professional is required.\n� If the data type is configured as “User Defined” and “. pdf ” as the extension, the\ndocuments are started externally. Therefore, you can view the documents with the\nno-charge Adobe Acrobat viewer or any other installed PDF viewer.\nAny data type can be specified as “User Defined”, for example, Word documents ( .docx ).\nUser-defined data is viewed by invoking its associated application.\n**Web-based viewing options**\nThe web-based viewing options for Content Manager OnDemand are provided primarily by\nODWEK. ODWEK includes different viewers that are dedicated to Content Manager\nOnDemand documents that can use Content Manager OnDemand functions, such as the",
+                    "page_start": 210,
+                    "page_end": 210,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\n[Excel.Workbook.ExportAsFixedFormat](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/excel.workbook.exportasfixedformat)\n[PowerPoint.Presentation.ExportAsFixedFormat3](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/powerpoint.presentation.exportasfixedformat3)\n[Project.Project.ExportAsFixedFormat](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/project.project.exportasfixedformat)\n[Publisher.Documents.ExportAsFixedFormat](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/publisher.document.exportasfixedformat)\n[Visio.Document.ExportAsFixedFormat](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/visio.document.exportasfixedformat)\n[OneNote.Application.Publish](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/client-developer/onenote/application-interface-onenote#publish-method)\nHRESULT HrFinalize ();\n**Conclusion**\n**Additional Resources**",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the bold keyboard shortcut on word ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Bold (keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+B)",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### formatting text\n\nTo format text, select it, and then select a button in the  **Font**  or  **Paragraph**  area on the Home\ntab.\n**Try it:**  Select text in the lines below and choose formatting options so that the text is an\nexample of the formatting it’s describing:\n\nBold (keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+B)\n\nItalic (keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+I)\n\nHighlight\n\nFont color\n\nBullets\n\nNumbering\n**Pro tip:**  If you selected whole words for this exercise, did you notice that Word popped up a\nlittle toolbar, with the font formatting options?\n\nBetween that and keyboard shortcuts like Ctrl+B\nand Ctrl+I, you save time by not having to go up to\nthe Home tab all the time.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nQuick Start Guide\n## New to Word? Use this guide to learn the basics.\n**Save your progress**\nSave your work on OneDrive\nor SharePoint automatically.\n**Find whatever you need**\nLook up commands from the ribbon,\nget Help, or search the web.\n**Discover contextual commands**\nSelect tables, pictures, or other objects\nin a document to reveal additional\noptions.\n**Share your work with others**\nInvite other people to view and edit\ncloud-based documents stored in\nOneDrive or on SharePoint sites.\n**Navigate with ease**\nUse the sidebar to manage long or\ncomplex documents. **Show or hide the ribbon**\nSelect the arrow icon to show\nor hide the Quick Access\nToolbar, and change ribbon\nsettings.\n**Format with the mini toolbar**\nSelect or right-click text and objects to\nquickly format them in place.\n**Status bar shortcuts**\nSelect any status bar indicator to\nnavigate your document, view word\ncount statistics, or check your spelling.\n**Change your view**\nSelect the status bar buttons to\nswitch between views, or use the\nslider to magnify the page to\nyour liking.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Give your doc an instant makeover\n\nStyle sets and themes let you completely change the look of your document in an instant. They\nwork best when your document is formatted with styles (so it’s good that we fixed that Heading\nstyle, above).\n**Try it:**  Explore style sets and themes:\n**1.**   On the  **Design**  tab, select  **Themes**  , and choose a theme from the drop-down.\nNotice that the gallery of style sets updates to reflect the theme you picked.\n**2.**   Select any theme you like from the drop-down and click to apply.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nFind whatever you need\nType a keyword or phrase into the  **Search**  box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you’re looking for, to discover  **Help**  content, or to get more information online .\nGet other Quick Start guides\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.**\nShare your work with others\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the  **Share**  button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.\nNext steps with Word\n**See what’s new in Office** Explore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit  **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**  for more information.\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office** Ready to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**  to explore our free training options.\n**Send us your feedback** Love Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the  **File**  menu, select  **Feedback**  and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Get help with Word\n\nThe  **Tell me**  search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n**Try it:**  Get help:\n**1.**   Go to  **Tell me what you want to do**  at the top of the window.\n**2.**   Type what you want to do.\nFor example, type:\n-   **Add watermark**  to quickly get to the watermark command.\n-   **Help**  to go to Word help.\n-   **Training**  to see the list of Word training courses.\n-   **What’s new**  for a list of the most recent updates to Word",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Make magic: use Heading styles\nThe heading for this part (“Make magic: use Heading styles”) looks the same as the other\nheadings in this document, but it’s not as useful. It’s formatted with  *font settings*  (font, size, and\ncolor), while the other headings are formatted with a  *Heading style*  (Heading 1, to be exact).\n\nSee the little triangle when you mouse over those other\nheadings?\nYou can collapse and expand everything under a heading, like an\noutline. But this one’s not working. Let’s fix it.\n**Try it:**  Apply the  **Heading 1**  style:\n**1.**   Put your cursor somewhere in the heading above (“Make magic: use Heading styles”) -\ndon’t select anything.\n**2.**   On the  **Home**  tab, find  **Styles**  , and select  **Heading 1**  (keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Alt+1).\nTa-da! Now it looks like a heading, and acts like one too.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Write eloquently, with a little help\nWord automatically checks spelling and grammar, and marks misspelled words with a red\nsquiggly underline. Grammatical glitches get a blue double underline.\n**Try it:**  Put your cursor at the end of this paragraph, and hit Enter to start a new paragraph. Write\na sentence with some spelling or grammatical mistakes, and press Enter to finish the paragraph.\nRight-click the text that’s marked with underlines, or Press F7. Choose a suggestion to correct\nthe mistakes.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n###### **S ELECTING R OWS**\n\nIf you want to make changes to an  * **entire row** *  , such as bolding all of the headings in a row or changing the font of all the cell entries, you must first select the row. This is done by clicking on the\nrow header to the left of the row. Remember that any changes you make will apply to every cell in the row all the way across to column XFD, so be careful!\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous file* *with this exercise, or open the file* *E705 Ranges_1.xlsx...*\n Press + <sup>to make cell</sup>  * **<sup>A1</sup>** * the active cell  Move the mouse pointer to the row heading for row  * **5** *\n*Notice that the mouse pointer* *changes to a black arrow that* *points towards the row...*  Click once on row heading  * **5** *  to select the entire row  Click in cell  * **B7** *  and press +\n\n*This is the key combination for* *selecting an entire row...*  Click on the row header for row  * **7** * to select this row  Hold down and click on the\nrow header for row  * **10** *\n*All rows from 7 to 10 will be* *selected...*  Click in the row header for row  * **5** *  , then hold down the left mouse button and drag down the row headers to row  * **10** *\n*This is another technique for* *selecting rows, but it does require* *a steady hand!*\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **select** *  an entire  * **row** *  :\n1. Click on the row header of the row that you want to select\nOR\n1. Click in any cell in the row and press\n<sup>+</sup>\n**Handy to Know...**\n- When  * **every cell** *  in a row or column is selected, the corresponding row or column header is filled in dark blue. When only  * **some** * of the cells are selected, the row or column header is filled in orange. These indicators help you locate the active cell(s) on the worksheet.\n-",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your\ndocuments.\n**Try it:**  Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n**1.**   With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select  **Online Pictures**  ,\nand then search for something, like  *puppy clip art*  .\n**2.**   Select the picture you want, and select  **Insert**  .",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nGet writing suggestions\nWith  **Editor**  , bring out your best writing. Editor helps you bring out your best writing by giving you intelligent writing suggestions. It also calculates an Editor Score based on the number and types of suggestions you have yet to address. Select an underlined word or phrase to accept or ignore a suggestion.\nReview and track changes\nWhether you just want to check spelling, keep your word count in check, or fully collaborate with other people, the  **Review**  tab has essential commands to track, discuss, and manage all of the changes made to your documents.\nView who else is typing\nCo-authoring Word documents that are shared on OneDrive or on a SharePoint site happens in real-time, which means you can easily view where other authors are making changes in the same document that you’re currently working in.\nFormat with styles\n**Styles**  lets you create, apply, and review the formatting styles in your current document. To open it, select the  **Home**  tab, and then select the small arrow in the lower right corner of the Styles gallery.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the advise to make the style sets and themes work well ? ",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "They  work best when your document is formatted with styles",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Give your doc an instant makeover\n\nStyle sets and themes let you completely change the look of your document in an instant. They\nwork best when your document is formatted with styles (so it’s good that we fixed that Heading\nstyle, above).\n**Try it:**  Explore style sets and themes:\n**1.**   On the  **Design**  tab, select  **Themes**  , and choose a theme from the drop-down.\nNotice that the gallery of style sets updates to reflect the theme you picked.\n**2.**   Select any theme you like from the drop-down and click to apply.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Make magic: use Heading styles\nThe heading for this part (“Make magic: use Heading styles”) looks the same as the other\nheadings in this document, but it’s not as useful. It’s formatted with  *font settings*  (font, size, and\ncolor), while the other headings are formatted with a  *Heading style*  (Heading 1, to be exact).\n\nSee the little triangle when you mouse over those other\nheadings?\nYou can collapse and expand everything under a heading, like an\noutline. But this one’s not working. Let’s fix it.\n**Try it:**  Apply the  **Heading 1**  style:\n**1.**   Put your cursor somewhere in the heading above (“Make magic: use Heading styles”) -\ndon’t select anything.\n**2.**   On the  **Home**  tab, find  **Styles**  , and select  **Heading 1**  (keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Alt+1).\nTa-da! Now it looks like a heading, and acts like one too.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **2**\nThe style of a chart refers to its colour scheme and overall appearance and can impact the clarity of the content of the chart.  Choosing a predefined chart style can save valuable time\nand effort. Excel also makes it easy to change chart styles if you decide the style you have chosen is not appropriate.\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **change** *  the  * **chart style** *  :\n1. Ensure the chart or chart sheet is selected\n2. Click on the  * **Chart Styles** *  tool to the right of the chart\n3. Click on the desired style\n**Handy to Know...**\n- Instead of using the  * **Chart Styles** *  tool to the right of the chart, you can also choose chart styles from the  * **CHART TOOLS: DESIGN** * tab on the ribbon when a chart is selected.",
+                    "page_start": 54,
+                    "page_end": 54,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **change the colour** *  of a  * **worksheet** *    * **tab** *  :\n1. Right-click on the worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu\n2. Point to  * **Tab colour** *   to display a palette of colour options\n3. Click on the desired colour\n**Handy to Know...**\n- To apply the same colour to two or more sheets at once, select them first. Hold down to select consecutive worksheets or hold down to select non-consecutive worksheets.\n###### **G ROUPING W ORKSHEETS**\nWorksheet  * **grouping** *  enables you to make the same change at once to all selected worksheets. This feature is useful in situations where your worksheets have identical layouts or text. For\nexample, if you want to format the heading for multiple worksheets, you simply  * **group** *  the worksheets, make a change to one worksheet and the other worksheets will reflect the change also.\n**1 Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or* *open the file E1324* *Worksheet* *Techniques_8.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Admin** * worksheet tab, hold down , then click on the  * **Shop** * worksheet tab to select the first three worksheets  Click in cell  * **A1** *  to select the cell  Click on the  * **HOME** *  tab, then click on  * **Italics** *  in the  * **Font** * group\n*This will italicise the text in* *cell A1 on this and all other* *worksheets in the group...*  Click on the  * **Maintenance** * worksheet tab, then the * **Shop** *  worksheet tab to see that the changes have been applied here  Click on the  * **IT** *  worksheet tab to see that the changes have  *not*  been applied to this worksheet\n*Since this was not part of* *the grouped sheets the* *changes have not been* *applied here. Notice too that* *clicking on a tab deselects* *the previous grouping*",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **2**\nExcel has a gallery of  * **chart** *    * **layouts** *  that can be applied to an existing and selected chart that is either in its own worksheet or embedded into the data worksheet.  * **Chart layouts** *  are the way\nelements of the chart are placed within the chart. Different layout options can therefore change the appearance of your chart and its readability.\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **change** *  the  * **chart layout** *  :\n1. Ensure the chart or chart sheet is selected\n2. Click on the  * **CHART TOOLS:** *    * **DESIGN** *  tab, then click on  * **Quick Layout** *  in the  * **Chart** * * **Layouts** *  group\n3. Select the desired layout\n**Handy to Know...**\n-  * **Chart layouts** *  are predefined themes created by Microsoft. Even if you choose one of these layouts you can still make your own modifications to the way the elements and objects are positioned and how they appear.",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **7**\n\n**Handy to Know...**\n- Excel may appear to round values up or down as necessary -  however, the value in\nthe cell does not change. Sometimes you’ll see minor rounding discrepancies.\n- The  * **Currency** *  format shows the currency format and symbol appropriate to the country your computer is configured for.\n###### **HANGING F ONTS**\n\nThe appearance that you choose for your text is referred to as the  * **font** *  or  * **typeface** *  . Font traditionally refers to a combination of typeface, style and size in points (e.g. Arial Bold 12 pt).\nIn Excel 2007,  * **font** *  just refers to the typeface or shape of the letters. Typical classic fonts include Times New Roman , Arial, Century Gothic and **Copperplate**  .\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E722 Font* *Formatting_1.xls...*\n Click in cell  * **A1** *  to make the cell with the main heading the active cell  Click on the drop arrow next to\nthe  * **Font** *  command in\nthe  * **Font** *  group on the  * **Home** * tab to display a gallery of available fonts  Point to  **Arial Narrow**  , then  **Book Antiqua**  ,  **Garamond**  and  **Gill Sans MT**\n*If you don���t have these fonts,* *try different ones. As you point* *to each font, the preview will* *change...*  Scroll to and click on Comics\nSans MS , or another font of\nyour choice if you don’t have this one\n*This time the font formatting* *has changed in the cell and is* *no longer just a preview -  it*\n*won’t change again unless you* *make another font selection.*\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **apply font formatting** *  :\n1. Select the text\n2. Click on the drop arrow for  * **Font** *\n3. Point to a font to preview it\n4. Click on the font to apply it\n**Handy to Know...**\n- You can jump directly to a font. For example, if you want to preview Garamond , click on the name of the font in the  * **Font** *  command and\npress . Excel will jump to the fonts that start with  * **G** *  and  * **Live Preview** *  will display the text temporarily. Keep typing the name until you reach the required font.\n-",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n###### **HANGING T HE C HART L AYOUT**\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the file* *E1317 Charting_8.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Revenue** * * **Chart** *  worksheet tab to see the chart, then click anywhere on the chart to select it and see the * **CHART TOOLS:** * * **DESIGN** *  and  * **CHART** * * **TOOLS: FORMAT** *  tabs  Click on the  * **CHART** * * **TOOLS:** *    * **DESIGN** *  tab, then click on  * **Quick** * * **Layout** *  in the  * **Chart** * * **Layouts** *  group to display a gallery of layout options  Click on  * **Layout** *    * **3** *  to apply this chart layout to the chart  Repeat steps  * **2** *  and  * **3** *  to select other  * **chart** * * **layouts** *  and see how they appear when applied to the chart  Click on  * **Quick Layout** *  in the  * **Chart** *    * **Layouts** *  group and click on  * **Layout 5** *  Click on the  * **Chart** *    * **Data** * worksheet tab to display this worksheet",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Understanding the difference between traditional and**\n\n### **Traditional development**\n\nquick. You typically setup a package manager or installer such as NPM, Gradle, Maven, homebrew,\nor a custom CLI to initialize a new application, then you run the bare bones app with a command.\nFrameworks that bring everything can boost initial productivity, especially when starting with a\nsimple solution.\nBut, this everything in one box approach makes scaling and troubleshooting problems difficult. As\nan application grows, it tends to rely on more external systems. Asynchronous integrations with\nthese systems are preferred because they do not block the flow. But, asynchronous requests are\ndifficult to invoke and troubleshoot in a traditional architecture.\nFor asynchronous actions, the application logic must include timeouts, retry logic, and the status.\nSingle errors can cascade and impact many components. Work flows become more involved just to\nkeep the solution running.\nIncreases (or decreases) in demand for a particular feature require scaling up (or down) the entire\nsystem. This is inefficient and difficult because all of the components and state are tightly coupled\ntogether.\nTraditional development\nThe architecture of traditional monolithic web applications tends to become more complex over\ntime. Complexity increases ramp-up time for new developers, makes tracking down the source of\nbugs more challenging, and delays the delivery of new features.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n###### **P RACTICE E XERCISE**\n###### **Font Formatting**\n**Tasks:**\n\n*Before starting this exercise you MUST have completed all of the topics in* *the chapter Font Formatting...*\n Open the workbook called  * **PE_Font Formatting.xlsx** *  (it can be found in the same folder as the student files)\n\n Format the heading in cell  * **A1** *  as  * **Cambria** *  ,  * **36 pt** *  ,  * **bold** *  ,  * **Orange Accent 2** *\n Format the other headings as bold, italic or underline as shown on the following page\n\n Use  * **Orange, Accent 2, Lighter 80%** *  to fill the area behind the headings as shown on the following page\n\n Add the superscript <sup>1</sup> in cell  * **H3** *  and in cell  * **B27** *  with the following comment",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n###### **HANGING F ONT S IZE**\n\nOne way that text can be emphasised is by changing the  * **size** *  of the font. For example, if your normal text is 11 pt, you may like to make the headings 13 pt or larger. Font size may also\nbe changed for small detailed items, such as comments or a caption. Main headings in a worksheet usually appear in a slightly larger font size compared to the rest of the data.\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E722 Font* *Formatting_2.xlsx...*\n Click in cell  * **A1** *  to make the cell with the main heading the active cell  Click on the drop arrow next to the  * **Font Size** *  command\nin the  * **Font** *  group on\nthe  * **Home** *  tab to display a gallery of available sizes  Point to various sizes and notice how  * **Live Preview** * shows you how the heading will look  Click on  * **16** *  to change the heading to  * **16** *  pt\n*You can also change the font* *size of parts of a document,* *and you can use the Mini* *toolbar...*  Click in cell  * **A2** *\n Click with the right-mouse button to display the mini- toolbar and the shortcut menu  Click on the drop arrow next to\n* **Font Size** *   and\nclick on  * **14** *  Click in cell  * **A3** *  to hide the toolbar\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **change font size** *  :\n1. Select the cell or range that you want to change\n2. Click on the drop arrow of  * **Font Size** *\n3. Click on the required font size\n**Handy to Know...**\n- You may have noticed that the text didn’t change size when you used the mini toolbar until you actually clicked on a different font size. This is because  * **Live Preview** *  doesn’t work with the mini toolbar.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf",
+                "query": "Where are the peaks of the VHE blazars ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": " VHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy  distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **6. Blazars Upper Limits**\n\nMore than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed\nby VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009.\nThe total exposure on the 49 non-detected candi-\ndates is ∼ 305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per can-\ndidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is\nsplit amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is\ndivided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9\nFSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of signifi-\ncant VHE γ -ray emission from any of these 49 blazars\n[25]. However, the observed significance distribution is\nclearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1).\nA stacking analysis performed on the entire data sam-\nple shows an overall excess of 430 γ -rays, correspond-\ning to a statistical significance of 4.8 σ , observed from\nthe directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and\nHBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Ob-\nservations of these objects also comprise ∼ 80% of the\ntotal exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all\nthe extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not\nclearly detected ( > 5 σ ), by VERITAS does not show\na significant excess ( ∼ 120 h exposure). The stacked\nexcess persists using alternate methods for estimating\nthe background at each blazar location, and with dif-\nferent event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized\nfor sources with Γ VHE > 4). The distribution of VHE\nflux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE\nflux upper limits are generally the most-constraining\never reported for these objects.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **1. Introduction**\n\nActive galactic nuclei are the most numerous class\nof identified VHE γ -ray sources. These objects emit\nnon-thermal radiation across ∼ 20 orders of magnitude\nin energy and rank among the most powerful particle\naccelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN\npossess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by\naccretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH).\nVHE γ -ray emission can be generated in these jets,\nlikely in a compact region very near the SMBH event\nhorizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed\nalong the line-of-sight to the observer, are of par-\nticular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately\n30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs\n(HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ -rays, and\nsome are spectacularly variable on time scales com-\nparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH ( ∼ 2\nmin; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment\nvery near the central SMBH and address a wide range\nof physical phenomena, including the accretion and\njet-formation processes. These studies also have cos-\nmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be\nused to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields\n(see the extragalactic background light (EBL) con-\nstraints from, e.g., [2, 3]).\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy\ndistributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray en-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars**\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS obser-\nvations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were\norganized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08),\n1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (2009-\n10 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWL-\nobservation campaigns were performed. These include\ncampaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VER-\nITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data.\nAll MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered\neConf C091122\nσ **−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**Crab Flux % 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**14**\n**16**\n**18**\nFigure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard\nanalysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the\nnumber of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The\ndistribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation\nthreshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In\naddition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied\nVHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the\ncontributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these\nproceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these\ncampaigns include:\n- 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare,\nalong with correlations of the VHE and X-ray\nflux were observed from this HBL. The VHE\nand X-ray spectra harden during bright states,\nand a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **1. Introduction**\n\nergies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The ori-\ngin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained\nas synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons\nin the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy\npeak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the\nresult of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons\noff the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the\nseed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the\nsynchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an\nexternal source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible\nexplanations for the VHE emission, but generally are\nnot favored.\nContemporaneous multi-wavelength (MWL) obser-\nvations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks\nand are crucial for extracting information from the\nobservations of VHE blazars. They are used to con-\nstrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of\nthe emission region, as well as to determine the origin\n(leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ -rays. In leptonic\nscenarios, such MWL observations are used to mea-\nsure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing\nthe emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the\nseed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of\nthe cosmological EBL density requires accurate mod-\neling of the blazar’s intrinsic VHE emission that can\nonly be performed with contemporaneous MWL ob-\nservations.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\n### **5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT**\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by\nVERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily\nby results from the first year of LAT data taking. In\nparticular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21]\nand 1ES 0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS\nobservations triggered by the inclusion of these objects\nin the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former\nis only the third IBL known to emit VHE gamma-\nrays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n2 RBS 0413 was observed further by VERITAS in Fall 2009.\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition,\nVER J0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud\nAGN RGB J0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS\nin ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These\nobservations were motivated by its identification as a\n> 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data.\nIts VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it\namong the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent\nyears. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE\nflaring from VER J0521+211 in November 2009 [24],\nleading to deeper VHE observations.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **4. Blazar Discovery Program**\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are\nlargely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How-\never, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate-\npeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec-\ntrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in-\ncrease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays.\nThe observed targets are drawn from a target list con-\ntaining objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable\nzenith angles ( − 8 <sup>◦</sup> < δ < 72 <sup>◦</sup> ), without a previously\npublished VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a\nmeasured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also\nincluded in the target list. The target list includes:\n- All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recom-\nmended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent\nSedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recom-\nmended by [5, 10].\n- Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE\nemitters in [6, 11].\n- All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by\nEGRET [12].\n- All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the\nFermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- All sources ( | b | > 10 <sup>◦</sup> ) detected by Fermi-LAT\nwhere extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray\nspectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming\nz = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a\npossible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h.\nThis criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERI-\nTAS blazar discovery program.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\nwell as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE\nand X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were\nperformed in both ”quiescent” and flaring states for\nsome of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL\nobjects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple\nSSC model in both high and low states. However, an\nadditional external Compton component is necessary\nto adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant im-\npact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VER-\nITAS blazar discovery program will focus its dis-\ncovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected\nby Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus\non high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts\n(0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE\nblazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will\nincrease as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly\navailable. In particular, the extensive pre-planned\nMWL campaigns will focus on objects that are note-\nworthy for the impact their data may have on under-\nstanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of\nblazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely\nresolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first\ntime, enabling unprecedented constraints on the un-\nderlying blazar phenomena to be derived.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\n### **5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries**\n\nPrior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discov-\nered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included\nthe first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and\nthe HBL 1ES 0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discov-\nered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three\nof these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to\nthe release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray\nbrightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs.\nVHE emission from 3C 66A was discovered by VER-\nITAS in September 2008 [17] during a flaring episode\nthat was also observed by the Fermi-LAT [18]. The\nobserved flux above 200 GeV was 6% of the Crab Neb-\nula flux and the measured VHE spectrum was very\nsoft (Γ VHE ∼ 4 . 1). RGB J0710+591 was detected\neConf C091122\nTable I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar\nobject is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered\nat VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\nObject Class Redshift\nM 87 FR I 0.004\nMkn 421 HBL 0.030\nMkn 501 HBL 0.034\n1ES 2344+514 HBL 0.044\n1ES 1959+650 HBL 0.047\nW Comae <sup>†</sup> IBL 0.102\nRGB J0710+591 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.125\nH 1426+428 HBL 0.129\n1ES 0806+524 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.138\n1ES 0229+200 HBL 0.139\n1ES 1218+304 HBL 0.182\nRBS 0413 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.190\n1ES 0502+675 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.341\n3C 66A <sup>†</sup> IBL 0.444?\nPKS 1424+240 <sup>†</sup> IBL ?\nVER J0521+211 <sup>†</sup> ? ?\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7)\nduring VERITAS observations from December 2008\nto March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE\ndiscovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the\nFermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413,\na relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 <sup>2</sup> . These data\nresulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ ,\n∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Neb-\nula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultane-\nously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE\nand other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT\ndata, for each of these three sources will be the sub-\nject of a joint publication involving both the VERI-\nTAS and LAT collaborations.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **VERITAS Observations of Blazars**\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration *Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645,* *USA*\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is\nused to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is\ncurrently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration’s Key\nScience Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class\nof identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which\nare blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE\nexposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including\n8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected\nresults are presented.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars**\n\ncan explain the observed SED in both the high\nand low states [26].\n- 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VER-\nITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard\nVHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL.\nThe observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emis-\nsion as the explanation of the spectral hardness\nand places the EBL constraints on more solid-\nfooting [27, 28].\n- 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new\nVHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model\n[16].\n- W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at\nVHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of\nthe SED is improved by including an external-\nCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpre-\ntation.\n- 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV\nenergies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae\nand PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED\nsuggests a strong EC component in addition to\nan SSC component.\n- Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring be-\nhavior for several months in 2008. Correlations\nof the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along\nwith spectral hardening with increased flux in\nboth bands [29].\n- RGB J0710+591: Modeling the SED of this\nHBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to\nthe data. The inclusion of an external Compton\ncomponent does not improve the fit.\n- PKS 1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL\n(at unknown redshift) is well described by an\nSSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1\n[21]. Using the photon index measured with\nFermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL ab-\nsorption models, the VERITAS data indicate\nthat the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than\n0.66.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the blazars observed in the discovery program ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The blazars observed in the discovery program are  largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How ever, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate peaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec trum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in crease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **4. Blazar Discovery Program**\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are\nlargely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How-\never, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate-\npeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec-\ntrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in-\ncrease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ -rays.\nThe observed targets are drawn from a target list con-\ntaining objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable\nzenith angles ( − 8 <sup>◦</sup> < δ < 72 <sup>◦</sup> ), without a previously\npublished VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a\nmeasured redshift z < 0 . 3. To further the study of the\nEBL a few objects having a large ( z > 0 . 3) are also\nincluded in the target list. The target list includes:\n- All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) HBL and IBL recom-\nmended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7].\n- The X-ray brightest HBL ( z < 0 . 3) in the recent\nSedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys.\n- Four distant ( z > 0 . 3) BL Lac objects recom-\nmended by [5, 10].\n- Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE\nemitters in [6, 11].\n- All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars detected by\nEGRET [12].\n- All nearby ( z < 0 . 3) blazars contained in the\nFermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13].\n- All sources ( | b | > 10 <sup>◦</sup> ) detected by Fermi-LAT\nwhere extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ -ray\nspectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming\nz = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a\npossible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h.\nThis criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERI-\nTAS blazar discovery program.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP\nwere highly successful. Highlights include the detec-\ntion of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the obser-\nvations almost always having contemporaneous MWL\ndata. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar dis-\ncoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit\nVHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the\ninitial VERITAS discovery target list were observed,\nand the flux limits generated for those not VHE de-\ntected are generally the most-constraining ever. The\nexcess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests\nthat the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery\nprogram was well justified, and that follow-up obser-\nvations of many of these initial targets will result in\nVHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is iden-\ntifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS\nblazar discovery program. These new candidates have\nalready resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The\nfuture of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is\nclearly very bright.\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has\nalso been highly successful. Every VERITAS obser-\nvation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar\nhas been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL ob-\nservations. These data have resulted in the identifica-\neConf C091122\ntion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\n### **5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries**\n\nPrior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discov-\nered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included\nthe first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and\nthe HBL 1ES 0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discov-\nered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three\nof these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to\nthe release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray\nbrightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs.\nVHE emission from 3C 66A was discovered by VER-\nITAS in September 2008 [17] during a flaring episode\nthat was also observed by the Fermi-LAT [18]. The\nobserved flux above 200 GeV was 6% of the Crab Neb-\nula flux and the measured VHE spectrum was very\nsoft (Γ VHE ∼ 4 . 1). RGB J0710+591 was detected\neConf C091122\nTable I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar\nobject is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered\nat VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\nObject Class Redshift\nM 87 FR I 0.004\nMkn 421 HBL 0.030\nMkn 501 HBL 0.034\n1ES 2344+514 HBL 0.044\n1ES 1959+650 HBL 0.047\nW Comae <sup>†</sup> IBL 0.102\nRGB J0710+591 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.125\nH 1426+428 HBL 0.129\n1ES 0806+524 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.138\n1ES 0229+200 HBL 0.139\n1ES 1218+304 HBL 0.182\nRBS 0413 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.190\n1ES 0502+675 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.341\n3C 66A <sup>†</sup> IBL 0.444?\nPKS 1424+240 <sup>†</sup> IBL ?\nVER J0521+211 <sup>†</sup> ? ?\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7)\nduring VERITAS observations from December 2008\nto March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE\ndiscovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the\nFermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413,\na relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 <sup>2</sup> . These data\nresulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ ,\n∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Neb-\nula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultane-\nously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE\nand other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT\ndata, for each of these three sources will be the sub-\nject of a joint publication involving both the VERI-\nTAS and LAT collaborations.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars**\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS obser-\nvations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were\norganized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08),\n1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (2009-\n10 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWL-\nobservation campaigns were performed. These include\ncampaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VER-\nITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data.\nAll MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered\neConf C091122\nσ **−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**Crab Flux % 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**14**\n**16**\n**18**\nFigure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard\nanalysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the\nnumber of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The\ndistribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation\nthreshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In\naddition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied\nVHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the\ncontributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these\nproceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these\ncampaigns include:\n- 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare,\nalong with correlations of the VHE and X-ray\nflux were observed from this HBL. The VHE\nand X-ray spectra harden during bright states,\nand a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\n### **Acknowledgments**\nThis research is supported by grants from the US\nDepartment of Energy, the US National Science Foun-\ndation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in\nCanada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC\nin the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the\ntechnical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\norating institutions in the construction and operation\nof the instrument.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **3. VERITAS Blazar KSP**\n\nVERITAS observes for ∼ 750 h and ∼ 250 h each\nyear during periods of astronomical darkness and par-\ntial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observa-\ntions are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery\nprogram, and a large fraction of the dark time is used\nfor the blazar KSP, which consists of:\n- A VHE blazar discovery program ( ∼ 200 h / yr):\nEach year ∼ 10 targets are selected to receive\n∼ 10 h of observations each during astronomi-\ncal darkness. These data are supplemented by\ndiscovery observations during periods of partial\nmoonlight.\n- A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation pro-\ngram ( ∼ 50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar obser-\nvations can be triggered by either a VERI-\nTAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert ( > 2\nCrab) from the blazar monitoring program of\nthe Whipple 10-m telescope or from another\nVHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert\n(optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guar-\nanteed allocation be exhausted, further time can\nbe requested from a pool of director’s discre-\ntionary time.\n- Multi-wavelength (MWL) studies of VHE\nblazars ( ∼ 50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one\nblazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned\ncampaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (X-\nray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observa-\ntion proposals for MWL measurements are also\nsubmitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g.\nSwift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discov-\nery or flaring alert.\n- Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the ex-\ntragalactic background light (EBL): Here dis-\ntant targets are given a higher priority in the\nblazar discovery program, as well as for the\nMWL observations of known VHE blazars, par-\nticularly those with hard VHE spectra.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from\n16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries.\nThese AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been\ndetected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instru-\nment aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.\nEvery blazar discovered by VERITAS was the sub-\nject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of\nits simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE\nblazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the tar-\ngets of MWL observations.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\n### **5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT**\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by\nVERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily\nby results from the first year of LAT data taking. In\nparticular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21]\nand 1ES 0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS\nobservations triggered by the inclusion of these objects\nin the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former\nis only the third IBL known to emit VHE gamma-\nrays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n2 RBS 0413 was observed further by VERITAS in Fall 2009.\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition,\nVER J0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud\nAGN RGB J0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS\nin ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These\nobservations were motivated by its identification as a\n> 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data.\nIts VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it\namong the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent\nyears. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE\nflaring from VER J0521+211 in November 2009 [24],\nleading to deeper VHE observations.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\nwell as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE\nand X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were\nperformed in both ”quiescent” and flaring states for\nsome of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL\nobjects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple\nSSC model in both high and low states. However, an\nadditional external Compton component is necessary\nto adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant im-\npact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VER-\nITAS blazar discovery program will focus its dis-\ncovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected\nby Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus\non high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts\n(0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE\nblazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will\nincrease as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly\navailable. In particular, the extensive pre-planned\nMWL campaigns will focus on objects that are note-\nworthy for the impact their data may have on under-\nstanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of\nblazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely\nresolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first\ntime, enabling unprecedented constraints on the un-\nderlying blazar phenomena to be derived.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\n### **References**\n\n[1] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, ApJ , 664 , L71\n[2] F. Aharonian et al. 2006, Nature , 440 , 1018\n[3] F. Aharonian et al. 2007, A&A , 475 , L9\n[4] J. Holder, et al. 2008, AIPC , 1085 , 657\n[5] L. Costamante & G. Ghisellini 2002, A&A , 384 ,\n56\n[6] E.S. Perlman 2000, AIPC , 515 , 53\n[7] F.W. Stecker et al. 1996, ApJ , 473 , L75\n[8] P. Giommi et al. 2005, A&A , 434 , 385\n[9] S. Turriziani et al. 2007, A&A , 472 , 699\n[10] L. Costamante 2006, arXiv:0612709\n[11] P. Padovani et al. 2002, ApJ , 581 , 895\n[12] R. Muhkerjee et al. 2001, AIPC , 558 , 324\n[13] A.A. Abdo et al. 2009, ApJ , 700 , 597\n[14] V.A. Acciari et al. 2008, ApJ , 684 , L73\n[15] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 707 , 612\n[16] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 690 , L126\n[17] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 693 , L104\n[[18] L.C. Reyes 2009, arXiv:0907.5175](http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.5175)\n[19] R.A. Ong 2009, ATel , 1941\n[20] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2272\n[21] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 708 , L100\n[22] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2301\n[23] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2260\n[24] R.A. Ong et al. 2009, ATel , 2309\n[[25] W. Benbow 2009, arXiv:0908.1412](http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1412)\n[26] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , submitted\n[27] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , 695 , 1370\n[28] V.A. Acciari et al. 2009, ApJ , in press\n[[29] J. Grube 2009, arXiv:0907.4862](http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.4862)\neConf C091122",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf",
+                "query": "How many VHE blazar candidates were observed  by VERITAS between September 2007 andJune 2009 ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "More than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed  by VERITAS betweenSeptember 2007 andJune 2009.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars**\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS obser-\nvations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were\norganized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08),\n1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (2009-\n10 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWL-\nobservation campaigns were performed. These include\ncampaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VER-\nITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data.\nAll MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered\neConf C091122\nσ **−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**Crab Flux % 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**14**\n**16**\n**18**\nFigure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard\nanalysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the\nnumber of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The\ndistribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation\nthreshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In\naddition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied\nVHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the\ncontributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these\nproceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these\ncampaigns include:\n- 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare,\nalong with correlations of the VHE and X-ray\nflux were observed from this HBL. The VHE\nand X-ray spectra harden during bright states,\nand a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **6. Blazars Upper Limits**\n\nMore than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed\nby VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009.\nThe total exposure on the 49 non-detected candi-\ndates is ∼ 305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per can-\ndidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is\nsplit amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is\ndivided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9\nFSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of signifi-\ncant VHE γ -ray emission from any of these 49 blazars\n[25]. However, the observed significance distribution is\nclearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1).\nA stacking analysis performed on the entire data sam-\nple shows an overall excess of 430 γ -rays, correspond-\ning to a statistical significance of 4.8 σ , observed from\nthe directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and\nHBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Ob-\nservations of these objects also comprise ∼ 80% of the\ntotal exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all\nthe extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not\nclearly detected ( > 5 σ ), by VERITAS does not show\na significant excess ( ∼ 120 h exposure). The stacked\nexcess persists using alternate methods for estimating\nthe background at each blazar location, and with dif-\nferent event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized\nfor sources with Γ VHE > 4). The distribution of VHE\nflux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE\nflux upper limits are generally the most-constraining\never reported for these objects.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\n### **5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT**\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by\nVERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily\nby results from the first year of LAT data taking. In\nparticular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21]\nand 1ES 0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS\nobservations triggered by the inclusion of these objects\nin the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former\nis only the third IBL known to emit VHE gamma-\nrays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object\n2 RBS 0413 was observed further by VERITAS in Fall 2009.\n( z = 0 . 341) detected in the VHE band. In addition,\nVER J0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud\nAGN RGB J0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS\nin ∼ 4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These\nobservations were motivated by its identification as a\n> 30 GeV γ -ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data.\nIts VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it\namong the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent\nyears. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE\nflaring from VER J0521+211 in November 2009 [24],\nleading to deeper VHE observations.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\n### **5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries**\n\nPrior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discov-\nered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included\nthe first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and\nthe HBL 1ES 0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discov-\nered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three\nof these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to\nthe release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray\nbrightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs.\nVHE emission from 3C 66A was discovered by VER-\nITAS in September 2008 [17] during a flaring episode\nthat was also observed by the Fermi-LAT [18]. The\nobserved flux above 200 GeV was 6% of the Crab Neb-\nula flux and the measured VHE spectrum was very\nsoft (Γ VHE ∼ 4 . 1). RGB J0710+591 was detected\neConf C091122\nTable I VERITAS AGN Detections. The only non-blazar\nobject is the radio galaxy M 87. The blazars discovered\nat VHE by VERITAS are marked with a dagger.\nObject Class Redshift\nM 87 FR I 0.004\nMkn 421 HBL 0.030\nMkn 501 HBL 0.034\n1ES 2344+514 HBL 0.044\n1ES 1959+650 HBL 0.047\nW Comae <sup>†</sup> IBL 0.102\nRGB J0710+591 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.125\nH 1426+428 HBL 0.129\n1ES 0806+524 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.138\n1ES 0229+200 HBL 0.139\n1ES 1218+304 HBL 0.182\nRBS 0413 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.190\n1ES 0502+675 <sup>†</sup> HBL 0.341\n3C 66A <sup>†</sup> IBL 0.444?\nPKS 1424+240 <sup>†</sup> IBL ?\nVER J0521+211 <sup>†</sup> ? ?\n( ∼ 5.5 σ ; 3% Crab flux above 300 GeV; Γ VHE ∼ 2 . 7)\nduring VERITAS observations from December 2008\nto March 2009. The initial announcement of the VHE\ndiscovery [19] led to its discovery above 1 GeV in the\nFermi-LAT data using a special analysis. RBS 0413,\na relatively distant HBL (z=0.19), was observed for 16 h good-quality live time in 2008-09 <sup>2</sup> . These data\nresulted in the discovery of VHE gamma-rays ( > 270 γ ,\n∼ 6 σ ) at a flux ( > 200 GeV) of ∼ 2% of the Crab Neb-\nula flux. The discovery [20] was announced simultane-\nously with the LAT MeV-GeV detection. The VHE\nand other MWL observations, including Fermi-LAT\ndata, for each of these three sources will be the sub-\nject of a joint publication involving both the VERI-\nTAS and LAT collaborations.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ -ray emission from\n16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries.\nThese AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been\ndetected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instru-\nment aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.\nEvery blazar discovered by VERITAS was the sub-\nject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of\nits simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE\nblazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the tar-\ngets of MWL observations.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\nThe first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP\nwere highly successful. Highlights include the detec-\ntion of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the obser-\nvations almost always having contemporaneous MWL\ndata. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar dis-\ncoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit\nVHE γ -rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the\ninitial VERITAS discovery target list were observed,\nand the flux limits generated for those not VHE de-\ntected are generally the most-constraining ever. The\nexcess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests\nthat the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery\nprogram was well justified, and that follow-up obser-\nvations of many of these initial targets will result in\nVHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is iden-\ntifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS\nblazar discovery program. These new candidates have\nalready resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The\nfuture of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is\nclearly very bright.\nThe MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has\nalso been highly successful. Every VERITAS obser-\nvation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar\nhas been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL ob-\nservations. These data have resulted in the identifica-\neConf C091122\ntion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars**\n\ncan explain the observed SED in both the high\nand low states [26].\n- 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VER-\nITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard\nVHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL.\nThe observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emis-\nsion as the explanation of the spectral hardness\nand places the EBL constraints on more solid-\nfooting [27, 28].\n- 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new\nVHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model\n[16].\n- W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at\nVHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of\nthe SED is improved by including an external-\nCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpre-\ntation.\n- 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV\nenergies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae\nand PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED\nsuggests a strong EC component in addition to\nan SSC component.\n- Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring be-\nhavior for several months in 2008. Correlations\nof the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along\nwith spectral hardening with increased flux in\nboth bands [29].\n- RGB J0710+591: Modeling the SED of this\nHBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to\nthe data. The inclusion of an external Compton\ncomponent does not improve the fit.\n- PKS 1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL\n(at unknown redshift) is well described by an\nSSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1\n[21]. Using the photon index measured with\nFermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL ab-\nsorption models, the VERITAS data indicate\nthat the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than\n0.66.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\nwell as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE\nand X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were\nperformed in both ”quiescent” and flaring states for\nsome of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL\nobjects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple\nSSC model in both high and low states. However, an\nadditional external Compton component is necessary\nto adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects.\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant im-\npact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VER-\nITAS blazar discovery program will focus its dis-\ncovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected\nby Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus\non high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts\n(0 . 3 < z < 0 . 7). In addition, the number of VHE\nblazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will\nincrease as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly\navailable. In particular, the extensive pre-planned\nMWL campaigns will focus on objects that are note-\nworthy for the impact their data may have on under-\nstanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of\nblazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely\nresolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first\ntime, enabling unprecedented constraints on the un-\nderlying blazar phenomena to be derived.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **2. VERITAS**\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of four 12-m\natmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona,\nis used to study VHE γ -rays from a variety of astro-\nphysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific obser-\nvations with a partial array in September 2006 and has\nroutinely observed with the full array since Septem-\nber 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS in-\nclude an energy threshold of ∼ 100 GeV, an energy\nresolution of ∼ 15%, an angular resolution of ∼ 0.1 <sup>◦</sup> ,\nand a sensitivity yielding a 5 σ detection of a 1% Crab Nebula flux object in < 30 hours <sup>1</sup> . VERITAS has an\nactive maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror re-\ncoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high\nperformance over time, and an upgrade improving\nboth the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs)\nand the trigger system has been proposed to the fund-\ning agencies.\n1 A VERITAS telescope was relocated during Summer 2009,\nincreasing the array’s sensitivity by a factor ∼ 1.3.\neConf C091122",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **VERITAS Observations of Blazars**\nW. Benbow for the VERITAS Collaboration *Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, F.L. Whipple Observatory, PO Box 6369, Amado, AZ 85645,* *USA*\nThe VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is\nused to study very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) γ -ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is\ncurrently the most sensitive VHE γ -ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration’s Key\nScience Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class\nof identified VHE sources, with ∼ 30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which\nare blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE\nexposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ -rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including\n8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected\nresults are presented.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "For which language have been introduced the ActiveInference.jl library ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": " We introduce a new software package for the Julia programming language,  the library ActiveInference.jl.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **3. Using ActiveInference.jl**\n\nIn this section, we provide an overview of the various functions a user will need to\noperate ActiveInference . This includes functionalities for creating POMDP agents, for sim-\nulating behaviour and for fitting the models to data. In the next section, we demonstrate\nhow to use the package on a concrete worked example. ActiveInference is under continual\ndevelopment, and the newest version of the package, including documentation for how to\nuse it, can be found at [ github.com/ilabcode/ActiveInference.jl](https://github.com/ilabcode/ActiveInference.jl) .",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **3. Using ActiveInference.jl**\n\n### *3.1. Creating and Using a POMDP*\n\nThe general structure of ActiveInference.jl is heavily inspired by pymdp [ 23 ],\na Python library for implementing simulations of AIF in discrete state spaces. Those\nalready acquainted with pymdp should find the syntax here familiar. ActiveInference\ncan be installed as normal from the official Julia General Registry using the Julia’s native\npackage manager Pkg: � � **using**  Pkg\nPkg.add(ActiveInference) � � It can then be loaded into the current project environment: � � **using**  ActiveInference � � Central to the package is the AIF object. This is a structure containing all the components of\nthe generative model, as well as the dynamic belief states and the various settings needed to\nperform AIF, and is used in conjunction with most of the high-level functions of the package.\nAn AIF object can be created with the init_aif function, which takes as arguments the\ncomponents of the generative model and a dictionary of various settings and parameters:\n� � # Create AIF object\naif = init_aif(\nA:: Vector { Array {T, N}}, # A-matrices\nB:: Vector { Array {T, N}}; # B-matrices\nC:: Vector { Array { Real }}, # C-matrices (optional)\nD:: Vector { Vector { Real }}, # D-matrices (optional)\nE:: Vector {T}, # E-vector (optional)\npA:: Union { Vector { Array {T, N}}, Nothing }, # Dirichlet priors for A-matrices (optional)\npB:: Union { Vector { Array {T, N}}, Nothing }, # Dirichlet priors for B-matrices (optional)\npD:: Union { Vector { Array { Real }}, Nothing }, # Dirichlet priors for D-vectors (optional)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **3. Using ActiveInference.jl**\n\n### *3.1. Creating and Using a POMDP*\n\nparameters:: Dict { String , Real }, # Dictionary containing other parameters (optional)\nsettings:: Dict { String , Any } # Dictionary containing settings (optional)\n) � � **A**  and  **B**  are the only mandatory arguments to the init_aif function—the other arguments\nare keyword arguments that default to uniform priors.  **A**  ,  **B**  ,  **C**  ,  **D**  and  **E**  and their corre-\nsponding Dirichlet priors, in the cases of  **A**  ,  **B**  and  **D**  , should be formatted as standard\narray objects. All but  **E**  can have multiple modalities/factors (see Section 4 ), so they should\nbe formatted as vectors of arrays with one array per modality/factor. These arrays can be\nhand-specified by the user, or be generated with some of the helper functions supplied by\nActiveInference . Here, we create an AIF agent equipped with a generative model with\nsix environmental states, five possible observations and two possible actions. Here, we use\nhelper functions to create matrices and vectors with the correct dimensions; in Section 4 , we\ncreate them manually. First, we define the number of states, observations, controls and the\nlength of policies: � � # Information about number of states , observations , actions and policy length\nstates = [ 6 ] # Six states , single factor\nobservations = [ 5 ] # Five observations , single modality\ncontrols = [ 2 ] # Two actions , single factor\npolicy_length = 1 # Length of policies",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **1. Introduction**\n\nthat aims to provide easy-to-use tools for model fitting with AIF models and to introduce\nAIF to the growing community of researchers using Julia for computational psychiatry and\ncognitive modelling. Julia is a free and open-source high-level programming language that\nretains an easy user interface reminiscent of that in M ATLAB and Python. Simultaneously,\n3 of 33\nJulia uses its “just-in-time” (JIT) compilations via the LLVM framework to approach the\nspeed of languages like C without relying on external compilers [ 36 ]. Julia is also natively\nauto-differentiable, which means it can solve what is called the two-language problem\n(i.e., that high-level languages often have to rely on lower-level languages, either for\nperformance or for auto-differentiability; this is the case with standard tools for cognitive\nmodelling, where languages like R [ 37 ] must rely on external languages like STAN [ 38 ] for\nBayesian model fitting). This means that ActiveInference , in conjunction with Turing [ 39 ],\nJulia’s powerful library for Bayesian model fitting, and its newly developed extension for\nbehavioural modelling, ActionModels , makes it possible to use cutting-edge Markov Chain\nMonte Carlo [ 40 ] methods, as well as variational methods [ 35 ], for Bayesian model fitting\nwith AIF. Crucially, this allows researchers to not only simulate AIF in a fast programming\nlanguage, but to also fit them to empirical behaviour, as is performed in cognitive modelling\nand computational psychiatry. Importantly, this also places AIF models in an ecosystem\nof other models for computational psychiatry so that it can easily be compared with\nmodels, like Hierarchical Gaussian Filters [ 41 ], and reinforcement learning models, like the\nclassic Rescorla- Wagner model [ 42 ]. As part of making ActiveInference.jl available to the\nscientific community, and to the larger software ecosystem within computational psychiatry,\nit is implemented as part of the Translational Algorithms for Psychiatry-Advancing Science\n(TAPAS) ecosystem [ 43 ].\nIn the next section, we provide a conceptual and formal introduction to AIF, particu-\nlarly in the context of using POMDP generative models. In Section 3 , we demonstrate how\nto use the package in practice, both for simulation and parameter estimation. In Section 4 ,\nwe give a fully worked example of how ActiveInference can be used with a concrete\nsimulated dataset. Finally, we discuss potential applications and future directions for\ndeveloping the package.\n4 of 33",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\nAcademic Editor: Astero Provata\nReceived: 25 October 2024\nRevised: 2 January 2025\nAccepted: 7 January 2025\nPublished: 12 January 2025\n**Citation:**  Nehrer, S.W.; Ehrenreich\nLaursen, J.; Heins, C.; Friston, K.;\nMathys, C.; Thestrup Waade, P.\nIntroducing ActiveInference.jl : A\nJulia Library for Simulation and\nParameter Estimation with Active\nInference Models.  *Entropy*   **2025**  ,  *27*  , 62.\n[https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062](https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062)\n**Copyright:**  © 2025 by the authors.\nLicensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.\nThis article is an open access article\ndistributed under the terms and\nconditions of the Creative Commons\nAttribution (CC BY) license\n[(https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n[licenses/by/4.0/).](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n*Article*\n**Introducing ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Active Inference Models**\n**Samuel William Nehrer <sup>1,†</sup> [, Jonathan Ehrenreich Laursen](https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5041-6367) <sup>1,†</sup> [, Conor Heins](https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7087-3717) <sup>2,3,</sup> * [, Karl Friston](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5884-7728) <sup>3,4</sup> [,](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7984-8909)**\n**Christoph Mathys <sup>[5](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4079-5453)</sup> and Peter Thestrup Waade <sup>[5](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6061-0084)</sup>**\n1 School of Culture and Communication, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;\n202204724@post.au.dk (S.W.N.); 202204836@post.au.dk (J.E.L.)\n2 Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany\n3 VERSES Research Lab., Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; k.friston@ucl.ac.uk\n4 Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK\n5 Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; chmathys@cas.au.dk (C.M.);\nptw@cas.au.dk (P.T.W.)\n*  Correspondence: cheins@ab.mpg.de\n† These authors contributed equally to this work.\n**Abstract:**  We introduce a new software package for the Julia programming language,\nthe library ActiveInference.jl . To make active inference agents with Partially Ob-\nservable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) generative models available to the grow-\ning research community using Julia, we re-implemented the pymdp library for Python.\nActiveInference.jl is compatible with cutting-edge Julia libraries designed for cognitive\nand behavioural modelling, as it is used in computational psychiatry, cognitive science\nand neuroscience. This means that POMDP active inference models can now be easily\nfit to empirically observed behaviour using sampling, as well as variational methods. In\nthis article, we show how ActiveInference.jl makes building POMDP active inference\nmodels straightforward, and how it enables researchers to use them for simulation, as well\nas fitting them to data or performing a model comparison.\n**Keywords:**  active inference; free energy principle; predictive processing; Markov decision\nprocess; cognitive modelling; Julia\n**PACS:**  87.15.Aa\n**MSC:**  91-08\n**JEL Classification:**  C63",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.2. Perception in Active Inference*\n\nSolving for  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>yields</sup>\nln  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>) =</sup> <sup>E</sup> *q*   *<sup>i</sup>*   *<sup>\\</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>*  <sup>[</sup> <sup>ln</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>o</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)] +</sup> <sup>ln</sup> � E *P*  (  *s*   *f* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � *P*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*    *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � <sup>�</sup> *−*  1 (15)\nwhich leads us to the coordinate descent update equation:\n*q*   *<sup>∗</sup>* (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>) =</sup>  *<sup>σ</sup>* � E *q* *i*   *\\*   *f*  [ ln  *P*  (  *o* *t*   *|* *s* *t* )] + ln � E *P*  (  *s*   *f* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � *P*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*    *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � <sup>��</sup> (16)\nwhere E *q* *i*   *\\*   *f*  denotes the expectation over *q*  (  *s*  ) for factor  *i*  , where the posterior over states\nin the other factors  *f*  are kept constant. By iteratively solving ( 16 ), the FPI scheme will\neventually find a local optimum and converge to a solution for the variational posterior.\nBy default, ActiveInference uses 10 iterations or stops when  *∂*   *F* *t*   *<* 0.001. This posterior\nthen comprises the AIF agent’s belief about the state of the environment, and therefore,\nits perception.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **1. Introduction**\n\nmake up an agents’ preferences by furnishing a set of predictions over future states or\nobservations; in fulfilling these predictions, free energy is minimised. The space of possible\ngenerative models is vast, and they often have to be handcrafted for a given environment.\nHowever, there are some families of generative models that can be considered “universal”\nin the sense that they can be used for most environments. Currently, the most popular of\nthese is the discrete state-space Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP)-\nbased generative models. Since they are ubiquitous in the literature, we focus here on\nmaking these types of generative models available to researchers. There are, however, other\ntypes of universal generative models, like generalised filtering models [ 17 ] or Hierarchical\nGaussian Filtering-based models [ 18 , 19 ], that will be implemented in the future.\nTools for simulating POMDP-AIF models were originally developed as part of the\nDEM [ 20 ] library for M ATLAB [ 21 ] (part of the larger SPM library [ 22 ]). Since then, a\nmodal and flexible software package pymdp [ 23 ] was created for Python [ 24 ], as well as a\nperformance-oriented package cpp-AIF [ 25 ] for C++ [ 26 ] that can be used across platforms.\nFinally, the factor graph library RxInfer [ 27 ] for Julia [ 28 ] has also been used to implement\nsome AIF models on an efficient factor graph back-end [ 29 - 31 ]. The important tools\nthat these packages provide make AIF available for researchers to perform simulation\nstudies and for use in engineering contexts. They do not, however, usually allow for\nfitting models to empirically observed data, which is a fundamental method used in\ncognitive modelling [ 32 ], often in the context of computational psychiatry [ 13 ], to infer the\nmechanisms underlying variations in behaviour or to investigate the differences between\n(for example, clinical) populations. Smith and colleagues [ 33 ] provided a guide for manually\ndoing variational Bayesian parameter estimation based on empirical data, but only in\nM ATLAB and restricted to a particular class of variational parameter estimation methods\n(variational Laplace), instead of the sampling-based methods that currently predominate in\nthe field of cognitive modelling [ 34 , 35 ].\nIn this paper, we introduce ActiveInference.jl , a new software library for Julia [ 28 ]",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.1. POMDPs in Active Inference*\n\nin many cases leading to more uncertain inferences, and vice versa.\n**B**  , also called the  *transition model*  , describes the state-to-state transition probabilities of\nenvironmental states  *s*  .  **B**  encodes the agent’s assumptions about how the environment\nchanges over time, depending on its actions. It has a column and a row for each environ-\nmental state  *s*  , where each column is a categorical probability distribution over the states\nthe environment will take on the next time step, given the state it is currently in. If the envi-\nronment is modelled as multidimensional, there will be a matrix for each environmental\nstate factor. Additionally, there is a separate matrix for each possible action (making each\nfactor in  **B**  a tensor). This means that for every factor in the model, there may be one or\nmore actions that pick out the appropriate slice of the tensor. Action therefore allows the\nagent to predict that the environment (and the corresponding observations) will change\ndifferently depending on the actions that it chooses. If  **B**  is imprecise (i.e., highly entropic),\n6 of 33\nit means that the transitions of the environment are expected to be uncertain (and therefore,\noften transition to new states). In this sense, volatile and unstable environments will lead\nto less certain predictions about the future.\n**C**  , also called the  *preference prior*  , is a prior preference over possible observations. It encodes\nthe types of observations that an agent a priori expects to encounter; since minimising ex-\npected free energy through AIF entails taking actions that make the predicted observations\ncome about,  **C**  also encodes the agent’s preferences. It is a single categorical probability\ndistribution over possible observations; if the observations are multidimensional, there\nis a separate  *preference prior*  for each observation modality. If  **C**  is imprecise (i.e., highly\nentropic), its preferences are weak and it will prioritise collecting information over realising\nits preferences; if it has low entropy, the agent will have stronger preferences and instead\nprioritise preferred outcomes or goals.\n**D**  , also called the  *state prior*  , is the agent’s prior belief about the states of the environment. It\nspecifies the agent’s belief about the environmental state before receiving any observations.\nThere is a separate  *state prior*  over environmental states for each factor. With a more precise\n**A**  , the influence of the  **D**  quickly diminishes since the likelihood overwhelms the prior in",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.2. Perception in Active Inference*\n\n*q*  (  *s*  ) =  *q*  (  *s* 1 ,  *s* 2 , . . . ,  *s* *T* ) =\n*T* ∏ *t*  = 1\n*q*  (  *s* *t* ) (11)\n*q*  (  *s* *t* ) =  *q*  (  *s*  <sup>1</sup> *t*   <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *t*   <sup>, . . . ,</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>F</sup>* *t*   <sup>) =</sup>\n*F* ∏ *f*  = 1\n*q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> (12)\nThe factorisation into hidden state factors allows us to calculate the VFE separately for each\nfactor  *f*  and sum them to obtain the total VFE. The factorisation in time allows us to calculate\nthe time-specific VFE as in Equation ( 6 ) using the predictive posterior ln  *p*  (  *s* *t*   *|* *s* *t*   *−*  1 ,  *u* *t*   *−*  1 )\nfrom the last time step as the prior:\n*F* *t*  = E *q*  (  *s* *t* ) [ ln  *q*  (  *s* *t* )  *−*  ln  *p*  (  *o* *t*   *|* *s* *t* )  *−*  ln  *p*  (  *s* *t*   *|* *s* *t*   *−*  1 ,  *u* *t*   *−*  1 )] (13)\nwhich is the value we intend to minimise. Various methods exist for minimising the\n*VFE*  ; the one used in pymdp , from which we drew much of our inspiration, is Coordinate\nAscent Variational Inference (CAVI) [ 35 ], where the fixed points of the  *VFE*  are solved for\nwith coordinate descent (also known as fixed-point iteration (FPI) [ 23 ]). This is also the\nalgorithm currently available in ActiveInference.jl . We correspondingly use a coordinate descent update to find the factorised approximate posterior  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>that minimises the time-</sup> dependent VFE  *F* *t* , and therefore optimises for the time-specific variational posterior  *q*  (  *s* *t* ) .\nTo obtain the coordinate descent update, we start by taking the derivative of  *F* *t*  with respect to  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>and setting the derivative to zero [</sup> <sup>23</sup> <sup>]:</sup>\n*∂*   *F* *t*\n*∂*   *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> = ln  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>) +</sup> <sup>1</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>E</sup> *q*   *<sup>i</sup>*   *<sup>\\</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>*  <sup>[</sup> <sup>ln</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>o</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>ln</sup> � E *P*  (  *s*   *f* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � *P*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*    *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � <sup>�</sup> = 0 (14)",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **1. Introduction**\n\nWe introduce a novel software library for Julia, ActiveInference , which lets users\nproduce the simulated behaviour of agents and their internal belief states with active\ninference (AIF) models, as well as fit such models to empirically observed behaviour.\nAIF [ 1 - 3 ] is a generally applicable formal framework for understanding and simulating\nintelligent behaviour that is based in neurobiology and first principles from statistical\nphysics [ 4 - 8 ]. AIF treats action and perception as unified under a joint imperative: to\nminimise the variational free energy (  *VFE*  ), which quantifies how well the agent’s internal\ngenerative model explains incoming sensory observations. It is an upper bound on the\nthe surprise from sensory observations, making AIF formally related to prediction error\n*Entropy*   **2025**  ,  *27*  , 62 [https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062](https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062)\n2 of 33\nminimisation [ 9 ]. Choosing actions that minimise the expected free energy (  *EFE*  ) of their\nconsequences provides a natural balance between exploratory and exploitative behaviour;\ngeneralises descriptive approaches to behavioural modelling, like reinforcement learning\nand expected utility maximisation; and provides a singular approach to adaptive behaviour\nthat can be used across different environments. AIF was argued to be applicable to any self-\norganising system that actively maintains a stable boundary that defines its integrity [ 10 ],\na broad category that includes cells and plants [ 11 ], as well as humans [ 2 ] and even\ncollectives [ 12 ]. Owing to its generality, AIF has seen a rise in popularity across multiple\nfields. It is used for theoretical simulations of the mechanisms underlying various types of\nbehaviour [ 2 ], computational phenotyping in computational psychiatry [ 13 , 14 ], and agent-\nbased simulations of population dynamics [ 15 ], as well as in engineering and robotics [ 16 ].\nIn AIF, perception and concurrent action are based on performing a variational Bayesian\ninversion of a generative model of the environment (i.e., a model of how the environment\nchanges and brings about sensory observations). This belief updating includes inferring\n(hidden) states of the environment, learning parameters of the generative model and\nlearning the structure of the generative model. Since the requisite inference schemes come\npre-specified, the main task in AIF modelling becomes specifying an appropriate generative\nmodel. This includes specifying priors over environmental states, as well as what might\nbe called  *prior preferences*  ,  *preference priors*  or  *goal priors*  : immutable prior expectations that",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "To which system does the AIF apply ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "AIF was argued to be applicable to any self organising system that actively maintains a stable boundary that defines its integrity [10],  a broad category that includes cells and plants [11], as well as humans [2] and even  collectives [12].",
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+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nstandards which require retrospective application as at 1 January 2004, this accounting standard does not require\nretrospective application. The effect of the first time application of this standard on the opening statement of\nfinancial position at 1 January 2005 will be to recognise additional financial assets and liabilities.\nSantos intends to continue to align its hedging transactions to underlying exposures to achieve accounting\neligibility and thereby reduce profit and loss volatility.\n**Financial instruments**\nAnnual Report 2004 87\n**35. Australian Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (continued)**\nThe AASB and IASB have significant ongoing projects including a comprehensive “Extractive Industries” project that could affect the differences\nbetween current Australian GAAP and A-IFRS as described above and could further impact the Santos Group’s financial reports in future years. The\nfuture impacts of any new or amended A-IFRS will depend on the particular circumstances in those years.\nTesting of non-current assets for impairment will be undertaken on the smallest grouping of assets generating cash\nflows, called cash generating units. Where there is an indication that a cash generating unit is impaired, the\nimpairment is to be measured by reference to either the cash generating unit’s discounted future net cash flows, or\nits estimated fair value less costs to sell. Upon initial application of this standard, such testing is likely to result in\nwrite-downs of some non-current assets including exploration, evaluation and development expenditure to their\nrecoverable amount. Any initial impairment write-down may reverse in subsequent periods if there were a change in\nthe estimates used to determine the initial write-down. The impacts of this new requirement will, in part, depend\non the accounting policy adopted for accounting for exploration and evaluation expenditure referred to above.\n**Impairment**\nThere is no International Financial Reporting Standard (“IFRS”) which comprehensively deals with the accounting\nand reporting issues specific to the extractive industries. In the absence of such an industry-based IFRS, companies\noperating in the extractive industries will be required to determine their own accounting policy for accounting for\nexploration and evaluation expenditure which is compatible with the IFRS conceptual accounting framework\ndefinition of assets and expenses. Generally this will require exploration and evaluation expenditures to be expensed\nunless they lead to a successful discovery of economic value.\nPending the completion of a comprehensive project on accounting for extractive industries, AASB 6 “Expenditure for\nand Evaluation of Mineral Resources” was issued in December 2004 to facilitate the introduction of A-IFRS in",
+                    "page_start": 87,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 7. Indexing and loading\n\n### **7.4  Getting started with ACIF indexing**\n\nThe AFP Conversion and Indexing Facility (ACIF) consists of three separate but related\nfunctions. ACIF can perform the following tasks:\n� Convert line data to AFP.\n� Index line or AFP data.\n� Collect resources.\nACIF accepts either line data or AFP as input and can produce three output files:\n� The output file, which is called the “ out ” file, is either line data or AFP.\n� The index file, which is called the “ ind ” file, is an AFP file.\n� The resource file, which is called the “ res ” file, is an AFP file.\nThree “modes” of running ACIF are available:\n� Mode one: Line data input to ACIF creates line data output:\n- Specify the ACIF parameter CONVERT=NO .\n- ACIF does not create a resource file.\n- Files produced: .out and .ind .\n� Mode two: Line data input to ACIF creates AFP output:\n- Specify the ACIF parameter CONVERT=YES .\n- ACIF creates an AFP resource file.\n- Files produced: .out , .ind , and .res .\n� Mode three: AFP input to ACIF creates AFP output:\n- Specify the ACIF parameter CONVERT=YES .\n- ACIF creates an AFP resource file.\n- Files produced: .out , .ind , and .res .\nA subset of the second mode is mixed mode input (line data records mixed with AFP\nrecords). In this case, ACIF creates AFP output:\n� Specify the ACIF parameter CONVERT=YES .",
+                    "page_start": 196,
+                    "page_end": 197,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 7. Indexing and loading\n\n### **7.4  Getting started with ACIF indexing**\n\n#### **7.4.3  Fully composed AFP input**\n\ninformation.\nACIF processes a file that contains TLE Structured Fields in the following way:\n1. For every BNG in the input, ACIF creates a group IEL Structured Field in the index file.\n2. ACIF makes a copy of the TLE Structured Fields from the input and places them into the\nindex file. The original TLE Structured Fields are also placed into the output file.\nIf the input file does not contain the correct number of TLEs in each group, ACIF might\ncomplete, but  **arsload**  might fail with the following message:\n*“x*  fields submitted,  *n*  expected”\nThe  *n*  is the number of fields that are defined to Content Manager OnDemand.\nAfter ACIF processes an input AFP file, the output file might be larger than the input file, even\nif the input was an AFP file. The answer is because ACIF changes the AFP, “improves it”, and\nusually increases the file size. The following changes are made to the AFP:\n� Creating or adding comments to the BDT Structured Field\n� Creating or adding group names to the BNG - ENG Structured Fields\n� Changing obsolete Structured Fields to current Structured Fields (for example, MCF1 to\nMCF2, or PTD1 to PTD2)",
+                    "page_start": 202,
+                    "page_end": 202,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nrespect of the treatment of exploration and evaluation expenditure. This standard is the Australian equivalent to\nIFRS 6 issued by the IASB in December 2004, and will require exploration and evaluation expenditure incurred in\neach area of interest to either be expensed as incurred or to be partially or fully capitalised and recognised as an\nasset so long as the following conditions are satisfied:\n(a) the rights to tenure of the area of interest are current; and\n(b) at least one of the following conditions is also met:\n(i) the exploration and evaluation expenditures are expected to be recouped through successful development\nand exploitation of the area of interest, or alternatively, by its sale; or\n(ii) exploration and evaluation activities in the area of interest have not at the reporting date reached a stage\nwhich permits a reasonable assessment of the existence or otherwise of economically recoverable reserves,\nand active and significant operations in, or in relation to, the area of interest are continuing.\nThe IASB decided that the effective date of IFRS 6 to be 1 January 2006 to allow affected companies more time to\nmake the transition to IFRS. Despite the lateness of the issuance of the Australian equivalent accounting standard\nAASB 6, Santos will be required to apply the standard from 1 January 2005.\nSantos is currently evaluating this accounting standard and its accounting policy for exploration and evaluation\nexpenditure. At the date of this report, no decision has been made as to how the Santos Group will account for\nexploration and evaluation expenditure under the IFRS conceptual framework commencing 1 January 2005.\n**Exploration and**\n**evaluation expenditure**\nUnder A-IFRS the cost of employee remuneration provided in the form of equity-based remuneration (including\nshares and options) will be measured based on the fair value of those instruments and amortised to the profit and\nloss over the vesting period.\n**Equity-based payments**\nThe majority of the controlled entities within the Santos Group that have petroleum operations in foreign\njurisdictions will have the US dollar as their functional currency. The first time application of A-IFRS will result in\nthe net assets of those foreign controlled entities to be translated from their US dollar functional currency to\nAustralian dollars using the spot rate at 1 January 2004. The differences arising from the initial application of this\naccounting standard will be reflected in the foreign currency translation reserve at 1 January 2004.",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 3. \u0007Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements\n\n### 6. Income tax 2013\n\n185,200 ounces of gold and 1,080,400\nounces of silver, Akara is entitled to:\ni) \u0007an eight year tax holiday on income\nderived from the new processing plant\nwith tax savings limited to the capital\ncost of the new treatment plant;\nii) \u000725% investment allowance on the\ncapital cost of certain assets of the new\nprocessing plant; and\niii) other benefits.\nThe start of the promotion period was\n1 November 2012.\nNotes to the Financial Statements\n**82**\n6. Income tax continued\n2013\n$’000\n2012\n$’000\nc) Tax recognised in other comprehensive income\nAvailable-for-sale investment revaluation reserve (39) (300)\nForeign exchange losses recognised directly in foreign currency translation reserves 566 103\nTotal tax recognised in other comprehensive income 527 (197)\nd) Deferred tax liabilities offset\nDeferred tax liabilities amounting to $853,000 (2012: $774,000) have been offset against deferred tax asset.\ne) Unrecognised deferred tax assets\nTax losses -  Australian entities 211,548 5,627\nTax losses -  other entities 9,237 2,185\nTemporary difference 130,113 -\nSubtotal 350,898 7,812\nUnrecognised deferred tax assets 104,345 2,344\nf) Tax consolidation group\nKingsgate Consolidated Limited and its wholly-\nowned Australian subsidiary have implemented\nthe tax consolidation legislation as of 1 July\n2003. The accounting policy in relation to this\nlegislation is set out in Note 2d.\nOn adoption of the tax consolidation legislation,\nthe entities in the tax-consolidation group\nentered into a tax sharing agreement which, in\nthe opinion of the Directors, limits the joint and\nseveral liabilities of the wholly-owned entities in\nthe case of default by the head entity, Kingsgate\nConsolidated Limited.\nThe entities have also entered into a tax funding\nagreement under which the wholly-owned\nentities fully compensate Kingsgate for any\ncurrent tax payable assumed and are compen-\nsated for any current tax receivable and deferred\nassets relating to the unused tax losses or\nunused tax credits that are transferred to\nKingsgate under the tax legislation. The funding\namounts are determined by reference to the\namounts recognised in the wholly-owned enti-\nties’ financial statements.\nThe amount receivable / payable under the tax\nfunding agreement are due upon receipt of the\nfunding advice from the head entity, which is\nissued as soon as practicable after the end of\neach financial year. The head entity may also\nrequire payment of interim funding amounts to\nassist with its obligations to pay tax instalments.",
+                    "page_start": 82,
+                    "page_end": 83,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## 1. BASIS OF PREPARATION\n\nThe general purpose financial statements have\nbeen prepared in accordance with Australian\nAccounting Standards, other authoritative\npronouncements of the Australian Accounting\nStandards Board and the  *Corporations Act 2001*  .\nThe Company is a for-profit entity for the\npurpose of preparing the financial statements.\nCompliance with IFRS\nThe financial statements comply with\nInternational Financial Reporting Standards\n(IFRS) adopted by the International Accounting\nStandards Board (IASB).\nHistorical cost convention\nThe financial statements have been prepared\nunder the historical cost convention, as modi-\nfied by the revaluation of available-for-sale\nfinancial assets and financial instruments\n(including derivative instruments) at fair value\nthrough profit or loss.\nFunctional and presentation currency\nThe financial statements of the Group entities\nare measured using the currency of the primary\neconomic environment in which the entity\noperates (“the functional currency”). The\nconsolidated financial statements are presented\nin Australian dollars, which is the Company’s\nfunctional currency and presentation currency.\nRounding of amounts\nThe Company is of a kind referred to in ASIC\nClass Order 98/100 dated 10 July 1998 and in\naccordance with that Class Order, all financial\ninformation presented in Australian dollars has\nbeen rounded to the nearest thousand, or in\ncertain cases, the nearest dollar.\nCritical accounting estimates\nThe preparation of financial statements requires\nthe use of certain critical accounting estimates.\nIt also requires management to exercise its\njudgement in the process of applying the\nGroup’s accounting policies. The areas involving\na higher degree of judgement or complexity, or\nareas where assumptions and estimates are\nsignificant to the financial statements are\ndisclosed in Note 3.",
+                    "page_start": 69,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nTerm loans bear interest at the relevant interbank reference rate plus a margin of up to 0.75%. The amount drawn at 31 December 2004\nis US$177.5 million (A$227.9 million) at a weighted average annual effective interest rate of 2.70%.\n**(b) Commercial paper**\nThe Santos Group has an A$800.0 million (2003: A$800.0 million) Australian commercial paper program supported by the revolving facilities\nreferred to in (a) above. At 31 December 2004, A$209.0 million (2003: A$110.0 million) of commercial paper is on issue and the weighted\naverage annual effective interest rate is 5.61% (2003: 5.50%).\nAnnual Report 2004 61\n**15. Interest-Bearing Liabilities (continued)**\n**(c) Medium-term notes**\nThe Santos Group has a A$500.0 million (2003: A$500.0 million) Australian medium-term note program. At 31 December 2004, A$20.0 million\n(2003: A$20.0 million) of medium-term notes have been issued at fixed rate and swapped into floating rates of interest of 6.25% (2003: 6.20%),\nmaturing in 2008.\n**(d) Long-term notes**\nUS$170.0 million of long-term notes were issued to institutional investors in 1993 at an annual effective interest rate of 6.95% and are\nrepayable in five annual US dollar instalments which commenced in December 2001. As at 31 December 2004, US$34.0 million (A$43.7 million)\nremains outstanding (2003: US$68.0 million equivalent to A$90.8 million). A further US$290.0 million (A$372.5 million) (2003: US$290.0 million\nequivalent to A$387.3 million) of long-term notes were issued to institutional investors in 2000 at an annual effective interest rate of 8.37%\nand are repayable at varying maturity dates between 2007 and 2015. In addition US$300.0 million (A$385.3 million) (2003: US$300.0 million\nequivalent to A$400.6 million) of long-term notes were issued to institutional investors in 2002 at an annual effective interest rate of 6.11%\nand are repayable at varying maturity dates between 2009 and 2022.\nThe Santos Group has entered into interest rate swap contracts to manage the exposure to interest rates. This has resulted in a weighted average\ninterest rate on interest-bearing liabilities of 5.50% as at 31 December 2004 (2003: 4.72%). All facilities are unsecured and arranged through a\ncontrolled entity, Santos Finance Ltd, and are guaranteed by Santos Ltd.\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\n**16. Provisions $million**  $million  **$million**  $million\n**Current**\nEmployee benefits  **48.7**  47.7  **47.6**  46.3\nFuture restoration costs  **3.9**  7.6  **0.9**  1.2\nNon-executive Directors’ retirement benefits  **0.2**  -  **0.2**  -\n**52.8**  55.3  **48.7**  47.5\n**Non-current**\nFuture restoration costs  **129.4**  113.7  **43.8**  36.0\nNon-executive Directors’ retirement benefits  **2.2**  2.3  **2.2**  2.3",
+                    "page_start": 61,
+                    "page_end": 62,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Whether to use pragmatic gain for action selection\n\n\"use_utility\" => true ,\n) � � We can now input the above arguments into init_aif and create an AIF object. This allows\nus to present it with observations and let it choose actions. The following displays a few\nfunctions in the order they are usually used, first inferring environmental states, then\nupdating matrices and then selecting a new action. First, we make inferences about the\nenvironment with infer_states! , which returns the updated posterior belief  *q*  (  *s*  ) about\nenvironmental states given an observation. The observation is presented as a vector with\nan entry for each observation modality: � � observation = [ 1 ] # Define an observation for each observation modality\nqs = infer_states!(aif, observation) # Produce a posterior belief about states � � We can now also update the Dirichlet beliefs about the various parameters with the\nupdate_parameters! function.  **A**  is updated based on the last observation and the posterior\nbelief about the state that generated it.  **B**  is updated based on the posteriors about the\nprevious state transition given the previous action.  **D**  is updated based on the posterior\nover states at the first time step. � � # Update parameters based on provided priors , pA , pB , and pD.\nupdate_parameters!(aif) � � The infer_policies! function then calculates the expected free energy for each possible\npolicy (the number of policies varies depending on the amount of possible actions per\ntime step and the length of policies considered), as well as the corresponding posterior\nprobability over these policies. This calculation depends on the settings specified in the\ninit_aif function, including the policy length and which parts of the information gain to\nuse, as well as the policy precision  *γ*  . � � # Infer policies\ninfer_policies!(aif) � � Finally, sample_action! then samples the next action from the agent. This is performed by\nmarginalising the policy probabilities to obtain the probabilities for the action on the next\ntime step, and then softmax transforming it with the  *α*  action precision parameter. � � # Sample Action\nsample_action!(aif) � � These functions can be combined by users in various ways, depending on their purpose.\nOften, however, users will want to combine them in a single function that implements\nthe full action- perception loop that receives an observation and returns an action. This is\nimplemented with the ActionModels sister package for behavioural modelling.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\ndisposal and the net proceeds on disposal.\n**(h) Goods and services tax**\nRevenues, expenses and assets are\nrecognised net of the amount of goods\nand services tax (“GST”), except where the\namount of GST incurred is not recoverable\nfrom the Australian Tax Office (“ATO”). In\nthese circumstances the GST is recognised\nas part of the cost of acquisition of the\nasset or as part of the expense.\nReceivables and payables are stated with\nthe amount of GST included.\nThe net amount of GST recoverable from,\nor payable to, the ATO is included as a\ncurrent asset or liability in the statements\nof financial position.\nCash flows are included in the statements\nof cash flows on a gross basis. The GST\ncomponents of cash flows arising from\ninvesting and financing activities which\nare recoverable from, or payable to, the\nATO are classified as operating cash flows.\n**(i) Cash**\nFor the purposes of the statements of cash\nflows, cash includes cash on hand, cash at\nbank and short-term deposits at call.\n**(j) Receivables**\nTrade debtors and other receivables are\nrecorded at amounts due. A provision is\nmade for any doubtful debts based on a\nreview of collectability of outstanding\namounts at balance date. Bad debts are\nwritten off in the period they are identified.\n**(k) Inventories**\nInventories are valued at the lower of cost\nand net realisable value after provision is\nmade for obsolescence. Cost is determined\nas follows:\n(i) drilling and maintenance stocks,\nwhich include plant spares,\nmaintenance and drilling tools used\nfor ongoing operations, are valued at\naverage cost; and\n(ii) petroleum products, which comprise\nextracted crude oil, liquefied petroleum\ngas, condensate and naphtha stored in\ntanks and pipeline systems and\nprocessed sales gas and ethane stored\nin subsurface reservoirs, are valued\nusing the absorption cost method.\n**(l) Exploration and development**\n**expenditure**\nExploration and development expenditures\nin respect of each area of interest are\naccumulated and carried forward if either:\n(i) such expenditure is expected to be\nrecouped through successful\ndevelopment and commercial\nexploitation of the area of interest; or\n(ii) the exploration activities in the area of\ninterest have not yet reached a stage\nwhich permits reasonable assessment\nof the existence of economically\nrecoverable reserves and active and\nsignificant operations in, or in relation\nto, the area of interest are continuing.\nWhen either an area of interest is\nabandoned or the Directors consider the",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## new accounting standards and interpretations\n\n*Phase of a Surface Mine*  (effective for annual\nreporting periods commencing on or after\n1 January 2013). IFRIC 20 provides guidance\non the accounting for the costs of stripping\nactivity in the production phase of surface\nmining when two benefits accrue to the\nentity from the stripping activity: useable\nore that can be used to produce inventory\nand improved access to further quantities of\nmaterial that will be mined in future periods.\nThe Company will adapt IFRIC 20 from 1 July\n2013. Based on the current mine plans this\nIFRIC is not expected to have a significant\nimpact.\n〉 〉 AASB 2011-4  *Amendments to Australian*\n*Accounting Standards to Remove Individual*\n*Key Management Personnel Disclosure*\n*Requirements*  (effective from 1 July 2013).\nAASB 2011-4 makes amendments to remove\nindividual key management personnel disclo-\nsure requirements from AASB 124.\n〉 〉 AASB 2012-2  *Amendments to Australian*\n*Accounting Standards -  Disclosures -*\n*Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial*\n*Liabilities*  (effective from 1 July 2013). ASB\n2012-2 principally amends AASB 7 Financial\nInstruments: Disclosures to require disclo-\nsure of information that will enable users of\nan entity’s financial statements to evaluate\nthe effect or potential effect of netting\narrangements, including rights of set-off\nassociated with an entity’s recognised\nfinancial assets and recognised financial\nliabilities, on the entity’s financial position.\n〉 〉 AASB 2012-3  *Amendments to Australian*\n*Accounting Standards - Offsetting Financial*\n*Assets and Financial Liabilities*  (effective from\n1 July 2014). AASB 2012-3 adds application\nguidance to AASB 132 Financial Instruments:\nPresentation to address inconsistencies\nidentified in applying some of the offsetting\ncriteria of AASB 132, including clarifying the\nmeaning of “currently has a legally enforce-\nable right of set-off” and that some gross\nsettlement systems may be considered\nequivalent to net settlement.",
+                    "page_start": 76,
+                    "page_end": 76,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the definition of POMDP ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": " The Partially Observable Markov Decision Process is a type of flexible  generative model that is widely used in the AIF literature. In discrete time  and usually a discrete state space, this model type is parametrised to fit a  given task by a set matrices containing probability distributions.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.1. POMDPs in Active Inference*\n\nIn AIF, the POMDP is one of the most common families of generative models used\nto make inferences about the environment. It is a Markovian discrete state-space model,\nwhere employing it means representing the environment and observations as inhabiting\none among a set of possible (possibly multidimensional) states, and that the changes\nin these states can only depend on the system’s previous state and the agent’s actions.\nEnvironmental states are not directly observable, so they have to be inferred based on\nincoming sensory observations. In AIF for POMDPs and other generative models in general,\nboth perception and action are cast as Bayesian inferences (see Sections 2.2 and 2.3 ), as well\nas the learning of parameters of the generative model (see Section 2.4 ). Crucially, an agent’s\ngenerative model does not a priori have to be isomorphic to the true environment (i.e.,\nthe data-generating process), although this will generally lead to a successful inference,\nand that the generative model will therefore often come to resemble the environment\nthrough learning.\nA discrete state-space POMDP in AIF is conventionally defined by five main sets of\nparameters:  **A**  ,  **B**  ,  **C**  ,  **D**  and  **E**  [ 1 , 33 ], see Figure 1 . Together, these parametrise the agent’s\nprior beliefs about the prior probability of different states in the environment, how states\nof the environment change and how they generate observations. Typically, they will be\nvectors, matrices or tensors; however, henceforth we denote them by their corresponding\nletter in bold. These make up the components needed for the agent to perform AIF.\n**A**  , also called the  *observation model*  , represents the state-to-observation likelihood model.\nThis describes how observations depend on or are generated by states of the environment.\nIt is structured as a matrix with a column for each possible environmental state  *s*  , and a row\nfor each possible observation  *o*  . Each column is then a categorical probability distribution\nover the observations that will occur given the environmental state (meaning that each\ncolumn must contain non-negative values that sum to 1). If the observations are multidi-\nmensional (i.e., multiple observations are made at each time point), there is a matrix for\neach observation modality. If two or more states determine the observation, the likelihood\nmodel then becomes a tensor. If  **A**  is imprecise (i.e., the probabilities are highly entropic and\nevenly distributed), observations are taken to carry less information about the environment,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.1. POMDPs in Active Inference*\n\nin many cases leading to more uncertain inferences, and vice versa.\n**B**  , also called the  *transition model*  , describes the state-to-state transition probabilities of\nenvironmental states  *s*  .  **B**  encodes the agent’s assumptions about how the environment\nchanges over time, depending on its actions. It has a column and a row for each environ-\nmental state  *s*  , where each column is a categorical probability distribution over the states\nthe environment will take on the next time step, given the state it is currently in. If the envi-\nronment is modelled as multidimensional, there will be a matrix for each environmental\nstate factor. Additionally, there is a separate matrix for each possible action (making each\nfactor in  **B**  a tensor). This means that for every factor in the model, there may be one or\nmore actions that pick out the appropriate slice of the tensor. Action therefore allows the\nagent to predict that the environment (and the corresponding observations) will change\ndifferently depending on the actions that it chooses. If  **B**  is imprecise (i.e., highly entropic),\n6 of 33\nit means that the transitions of the environment are expected to be uncertain (and therefore,\noften transition to new states). In this sense, volatile and unstable environments will lead\nto less certain predictions about the future.\n**C**  , also called the  *preference prior*  , is a prior preference over possible observations. It encodes\nthe types of observations that an agent a priori expects to encounter; since minimising ex-\npected free energy through AIF entails taking actions that make the predicted observations\ncome about,  **C**  also encodes the agent’s preferences. It is a single categorical probability\ndistribution over possible observations; if the observations are multidimensional, there\nis a separate  *preference prior*  for each observation modality. If  **C**  is imprecise (i.e., highly\nentropic), its preferences are weak and it will prioritise collecting information over realising\nits preferences; if it has low entropy, the agent will have stronger preferences and instead\nprioritise preferred outcomes or goals.\n**D**  , also called the  *state prior*  , is the agent’s prior belief about the states of the environment. It\nspecifies the agent’s belief about the environmental state before receiving any observations.\nThere is a separate  *state prior*  over environmental states for each factor. With a more precise\n**A**  , the influence of the  **D**  quickly diminishes since the likelihood overwhelms the prior in",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.1. POMDPs in Active Inference*\n\nthe Bayesian inference.\n**E**  , also called the  *habit prior*  , is the prior over policies or paths. In the AIF vernacular,\npolicies are allowable sequences of actions, with some specified policy length or temporal\ndepth.  **E**  encodes the agent’s preferences for choosing certain policies in the absence of\nplans based upon  *expected free energy*  , sometimes called the agent’s “habits”. It is a single\nprobability distribution over each possible policy.\nIn addition to the five matrices, there are several hyper-parameters that are not part\nof the generative model, but are part of the inference algorithm. Here, we include two of\nthe most common: the  *γ*  and  *α*  (inverse) temperature parameters.  *γ*  , the precision over\npolicies, is the inverse temperature of a softmax transformation of expected free energies\nover policies, which is covered later in this section. After policies have been selected for a\ngiven time step, they are marginalised to calculate the probabilities of taking each possible\naction in the next time step.  *α*  , the action precision, is the inverse temperature of a softmax\ntransformation on these final action probabilities, with higher values resulting in more\nstochastic action selection.\nAs noted, here we focus specifically on the POMDP-based generative models often\nused in the AIF literature. However, the basic steps when performing AIF—perception,\naction and learning—remain the same across generative models. In the remainder of this\nsection, we describe each of these three steps in turn.\n7 of 33\n**Figure 1.**  Depiction of a POMDP generative model. This encodes the agent’s expectations about how\nthe state  *s*  of the environment changes over time  *t*  , and how it generates observation  *o*  at each time step.\n**A**  , also called the observation model, describes how environmental states give rise to observations.  **B**  ,\nalso called the transition model, describes how environmental states change over time, depending on\naction  *u*  (called policy  *π*  when structured into sequences).  **C**  is the preference prior, which encodes\nthe agent’s preferences for observations. This shapes the expected free energy  *G*  associated with each\npolicy, which is used for policy selection.  **D**  encodes the agent’s prior belief over environmental states\nbefore making any observations, and  **E**  is the prior over policies that determines the agent’s preferences\nfor policies in the absence of other motivation.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.3. Action in Active Inference*\n\n*−*  E *q*  (  ̃ *o*   *|*   *π*  ) [ ln  *p*  (  ̃ *o*   *|*   *C*  )] � �� � Pragmatic value\n(17)\nThe expression above shows how minimising the  *EFE*  leads to a natural balance between\ninformation gathering and realising preferences. The first term on the right-hand side is the\nchange in belief from the prior to the posterior under a given policy called the epistemic\nvalue or information gain. Optimising this value is what leads to (notably non-random)\nexploratory behaviour. The second term is the pragmatic value; minimising this value\nensures that observations are in accordance with the preference prior  **C**  .\nAnother way to express the  *EFE*  is in terms of risk and ambiguity:\n*G* *π*  = E *q*  (  ̃ *s*   *|*   *π*  ) [ *H* ( *p*  (  ̃ *o*   *|*  ̃ *s*  ))] � �� � Expected ambiguity\n+  *D* *KL* [ *q*  (  ̃ *o*   *|*   *π*  )  *∥*   *p*  (  ̃ *o*   *|*   *C*  )] � �� � Risk (outcomes)\n(18)\nHere, the first term on the right-hand side captures the expected entropy, or uncertainty,\nof the outcomes given the environmental states. Minimising this quantity ensures that\nthe agent will seek states where observations can most clearly be used to distinguish\nbetween environmental states. The second term is the KL divergence of the expected\nobservations from preferred observations, capturing the risk of making unwanted (i.e., a\npriori surprising) observations, which is also minimised by minimising the  *EFE*  .",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **3. Using ActiveInference.jl**\n\n### *3.1. Creating and Using a POMDP*\n\nparameters:: Dict { String , Real }, # Dictionary containing other parameters (optional)\nsettings:: Dict { String , Any } # Dictionary containing settings (optional)\n) � � **A**  and  **B**  are the only mandatory arguments to the init_aif function—the other arguments\nare keyword arguments that default to uniform priors.  **A**  ,  **B**  ,  **C**  ,  **D**  and  **E**  and their corre-\nsponding Dirichlet priors, in the cases of  **A**  ,  **B**  and  **D**  , should be formatted as standard\narray objects. All but  **E**  can have multiple modalities/factors (see Section 4 ), so they should\nbe formatted as vectors of arrays with one array per modality/factor. These arrays can be\nhand-specified by the user, or be generated with some of the helper functions supplied by\nActiveInference . Here, we create an AIF agent equipped with a generative model with\nsix environmental states, five possible observations and two possible actions. Here, we use\nhelper functions to create matrices and vectors with the correct dimensions; in Section 4 , we\ncreate them manually. First, we define the number of states, observations, controls and the\nlength of policies: � � # Information about number of states , observations , actions and policy length\nstates = [ 6 ] # Six states , single factor\nobservations = [ 5 ] # Five observations , single modality\ncontrols = [ 2 ] # Two actions , single factor\npolicy_length = 1 # Length of policies",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\nIn this section, we briefly describe the core concepts of AIF and POMDPs. This\nshould familiarise the reader with the vernacular used in the later sections regarding\nthe functionalities of the package. While various extensions, such as structure learning,\nwhich enables an agent to learn the structure or shape of its environment through model\ncomparison [ 44 - 47 ], or hierarchical and temporally deep POMDPs [ 48 , 49 ], are relevant for\nfuture work, describing these in detail is beyond the scope of this foundational paper.\nAt the core of AIF lies the minimisation of a variational free energy upper bound on\nsurprise for perception, as well as action. This is motivated by the free energy principle [ 4 - 8 ] ,\nwhich states that self-organising systems can be described as minimising the variational\nfree energy of their sensory states. The minimisation of free energy generally takes two\n5 of 33\nquantities as its target: the variational free energy (  *VFE*  ) in the case of perception and the\nexpected free energy (  *EFE*  ) in the case of action. The  *VFE*  is the free energy associated with\na given sensory observation and is resolved perceptually by updating beliefs about the\nenvironment. The  *EFE*  is the free energy that is expected in the future, contingent on a\ngiven policy or course of action. Choosing action policies associated with a low  *EFE*  lead\nto reducing uncertainty about the environment, as well as making preferred observations\nmore likely.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.2. Perception in Active Inference*\n\nSolving for  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>yields</sup>\nln  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>) =</sup> <sup>E</sup> *q*   *<sup>i</sup>*   *<sup>\\</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>*  <sup>[</sup> <sup>ln</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>o</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)] +</sup> <sup>ln</sup> � E *P*  (  *s*   *f* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � *P*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*    *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � <sup>�</sup> *−*  1 (15)\nwhich leads us to the coordinate descent update equation:\n*q*   *<sup>∗</sup>* (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>) =</sup>  *<sup>σ</sup>* � E *q* *i*   *\\*   *f*  [ ln  *P*  (  *o* *t*   *|* *s* *t* )] + ln � E *P*  (  *s*   *f* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � *P*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*    *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � <sup>��</sup> (16)\nwhere E *q* *i*   *\\*   *f*  denotes the expectation over *q*  (  *s*  ) for factor  *i*  , where the posterior over states\nin the other factors  *f*  are kept constant. By iteratively solving ( 16 ), the FPI scheme will\neventually find a local optimum and converge to a solution for the variational posterior.\nBy default, ActiveInference uses 10 iterations or stops when  *∂*   *F* *t*   *<* 0.001. This posterior\nthen comprises the AIF agent’s belief about the state of the environment, and therefore,\nits perception.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.2. Perception in Active Inference*\n\n*q*  (  *s*  ) =  *q*  (  *s* 1 ,  *s* 2 , . . . ,  *s* *T* ) =\n*T* ∏ *t*  = 1\n*q*  (  *s* *t* ) (11)\n*q*  (  *s* *t* ) =  *q*  (  *s*  <sup>1</sup> *t*   <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *t*   <sup>, . . . ,</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>F</sup>* *t*   <sup>) =</sup>\n*F* ∏ *f*  = 1\n*q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> (12)\nThe factorisation into hidden state factors allows us to calculate the VFE separately for each\nfactor  *f*  and sum them to obtain the total VFE. The factorisation in time allows us to calculate\nthe time-specific VFE as in Equation ( 6 ) using the predictive posterior ln  *p*  (  *s* *t*   *|* *s* *t*   *−*  1 ,  *u* *t*   *−*  1 )\nfrom the last time step as the prior:\n*F* *t*  = E *q*  (  *s* *t* ) [ ln  *q*  (  *s* *t* )  *−*  ln  *p*  (  *o* *t*   *|* *s* *t* )  *−*  ln  *p*  (  *s* *t*   *|* *s* *t*   *−*  1 ,  *u* *t*   *−*  1 )] (13)\nwhich is the value we intend to minimise. Various methods exist for minimising the\n*VFE*  ; the one used in pymdp , from which we drew much of our inspiration, is Coordinate\nAscent Variational Inference (CAVI) [ 35 ], where the fixed points of the  *VFE*  are solved for\nwith coordinate descent (also known as fixed-point iteration (FPI) [ 23 ]). This is also the\nalgorithm currently available in ActiveInference.jl . We correspondingly use a coordinate descent update to find the factorised approximate posterior  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>that minimises the time-</sup> dependent VFE  *F* *t* , and therefore optimises for the time-specific variational posterior  *q*  (  *s* *t* ) .\nTo obtain the coordinate descent update, we start by taking the derivative of  *F* *t*  with respect to  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>and setting the derivative to zero [</sup> <sup>23</sup> <sup>]:</sup>\n*∂*   *F* *t*\n*∂*   *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> = ln  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>) +</sup> <sup>1</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>E</sup> *q*   *<sup>i</sup>*   *<sup>\\</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>*  <sup>[</sup> <sup>ln</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>o</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>ln</sup> � E *P*  (  *s*   *f* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � *P*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*    *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � <sup>�</sup> = 0 (14)",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.4. Learning in Active Inference*\n\nIn AIF, the parameters of the generative model can also be updated via Bayesian-belief-\nupdating methods, a process called “parameter learning” or sometimes just “learning” [ 2 ].\nIn general, this is performed by introducing belief distributions over the possible values\nof the parameters that are subject to learning, and updating this distribution for each\nobservation using Bayesian belief updating. This additionally implies introducing priors\non the belief distributions. Depending on the type of generative model used, the belief\ndistributions and their priors will take different forms, and so will their update equations.\nIn the following, we demonstrate parameter learning specifically in the context of POMDPs.\nThe parameters that are subject to learning in POMDPs are usually the entries in the\nfive matrices. Since the matrices consist of categorical probability distributions, it is natural\nto use Dirichlet distributions—distributions over categorical probability distributions—as\nbelief distributions over their values [ 33 , 52 ]. Beliefs about each probability distribution\nΘ is then described by a Dirichlet distribution parametrised by a set of concentration\nparameters  *θ*  :\n*p*  ( Θ ) =  *Dir*  ( Θ  *|*   *θ*  ) (19)\nThe concentration parameter of a Dirichlet distribution is essentially a non-negative count\nof how many times the given category (be it a type of observation or state transition) has\noccurred. The distribution of concentration parameter counts will determine the shape\nof the estimated categorical probability distribution, while the scale of the concentration\nparameters will determine the certainty per precision of the belief. Updating beliefs about\nΘ (the parameters in the matrices) then corresponds to updating these concentration\nparameters  *θ*  with the following update equation:\n*θ* *t*  + 1 = *ω*   *∗*   *θ* *t*  + *η*   *∗*   *χ* *t* (20)\nThe updated value for the concentration parameter (  *θ* *t*  + 1 ) is found by adding the previous\nconcentration parameter  *θ* *t*  multiplied by a forgetting rate *ω*  to the observed data count\n*χ*  (either the observation in the case of  **A**  learning, or the inferred state or state transition\nfor other matrices) multiplied by a learning rate  *η*  . With this relatively simple update\nequation—which, in essence, amounts to just counting the occurrences of categories—an\nAIF agent can update its beliefs about the various matrices it uses to make inferences about\nenvironmental states. For more details on parameter learning with POMDPs, see [ 23 , 33 , 52 ].",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Calculate the PSIS LOO\n\nalso be added, like hierarchical and temporally deep POMDPs. Model structure learning\ncould be considered, where different model structures are compared and chosen between\nby evaluating their free energies. Sophisticated inference, where predictions are also made\nabout changes in one’s own beliefs—depending on expected action-dependent observations\nin the future—could also be implemented [ 58 ]. Finally, the package could be extended to\nother types of generative models than POMDPs, including other universal models, like\ngeneralised filtering [ 17 ] and Hierarchical Gaussian Filter models [ 41 ], as well as custom\ngenerative models, or even (deep learning-based) amortised inference models. These vari-\nous extensions could provide valuable tools for using AIF models in both theoretical and\napplied research.\n**Author Contributions:**  Conceptualisation, S.W.N., J.E.L. and P.T.W.; methodology, S.W.N., J.E.L. and\nP.T.W.; software, S.W.N., J.E.L. and P.T.W.; formal analysis, S.W.N. and J.E.L.; writing—original draft\npreparation, S.W.N. and J.E.L.; writing—review and editing, C.H., K.F., C.M. and P.T.W.; visualisation,\nS.W.N. and J.E.L.; supervision, C.M. and P.T.W.; project administration, P.T.W. All authors read and\nagreed to the published version of this manuscript.\n**Funding:**  C.M. acknowledges funding from Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfonds (grant no. AUFF-\nE-2019-7-10) and from the Carlsberg Foundation (grant no. CF21-0439).\n**Institutional Review Board Statement:**  Not applicable.\n**Informed Consent Statement:**  Not applicable.\n**Data Availability Statement:**  The original data presented in this study are openly available in\nActiveInferenceJuliaPaper at URL: [ https://osf.io/j3k5q/](https://osf.io/j3k5q/) .\n**Conflicts of Interest:**  The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design\nof this study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of this manuscript; or\nin the decision to publish the results.\n**Abbreviations**\nThe following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:\nAIF Active inference\nFEP Free energy principle\nVFE Variational free energy\nEFE Expected free energy\nMCMC Markov Chain Monte Carlo\nPOMDP Partially Observed Markov Decision Process",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "What is dyspnea ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Dyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing  discomfort.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 5
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Funding/Support\nThis study is supported by the Canadian Institutes of\nHealth Research [FDN Grant 154322].",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Dyspnea Impact and Health Care Use, Quality of\nLife, and Work Productivity\nThe impact of dyspnea and its associations with health\ncare use, quality of life, and work productivity were exam-\nined. Health care utilization was assessed through self-\nreported data. Quality of life was assessed using the 36-\nItem Short Form Health Survey questionnaire, where\nhigher scores indicate better health status. Work produc-\ntivity was assessed using the Work Productivity and Activ-\nity Impairment questionnaire, where higher scores\nindicate greater impairment in work productivity and\ndaily activities.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Acknowledgments\n\nAuthor contributions: S. D. A. and G. A. W.\ncontributed to conception and design. J. B., E.\nG., G. A. W., K. L. V., and S. D. A.\ncontributed to analysis and interpretation. J.\nB., E. G., G. A. W., K. L. V., S. D. A., C. B., C.\nL., L.-P. B., A. C., E. P., S. K. F., S. G., R. A.\nM., I. M., M. B., P. H., M. D. L., M. A., C. J. L.,\nT. A., N. E., G. G. A., and S. M. contributed to\ndrafting the manuscript for important\nintellectual content. All authors had access to\nand participated in the interpretation of the\ndata and provided input into the preparation\nand submission of the manuscript. The\nauthors vouch for the accuracy and\ncompleteness of the data.\nRole of sponsors: The sponsor had no role in\nthe design of the study, the collection and\nanalysis of the data, or the preparation of the\nmanuscript.\nOther contributions: We thank the\nfollowing individuals from the Canadian\nstudy sites: Ottawa Hospital Research\nInstitute, Ottawa, Ontario: Taylor Poulin;\nSusan Deveau, RRT; Victoria Thompson;\nMeredith McCleery; Angelina Tohme; Vicky\nPanteleakos, RRT; Geneviève Longtin, RRT;\nJoanne Cassidy, RRT; Amanda Bergeron,\nMSc; Jennifer Biggs, RN; Jessica Bergeron;\nand Elisabet White; Vancouver General\nHospital, Vancouver, British Columbia:\nShelley Abercromby, BSc; Jana Caine; David\nSavage; Natasha Verzosa; Ravneet Mahal; and\nMary Justine Angeles; Queen Elizabeth II\nHealth Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS: Scott\nFulton, RRT; Hôpital du Sacré Coeur de\nMontréal, Montréal, QC: Simone Chaboillez,",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Acknowledgments\n\nMT; and Meliza Benabdallah; St. Joseph ’ s\nHamilton, Hamilton, ON: Liz Johnson; St.\nBoniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB: Cheryl\nNoble, RN; Institut Universitaire de\nCardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-\nUniversité Laval, Québec, QC: Johane\nLepage, BSc; Joanne Milot, RN; and\nChristiane Balizet, RN; University of Calgary,\nCalgary, AB: Lisette Machado, MD; and\nCurtis Dumonceaux, BSc; University of\nAlberta, Edmonton, AB: Miranda Bowen,\nRRT; Fay Hartt; Angie Hillaby, RRT; and\nAmy Haartsma, RRT; St. Michael ’ s Hospital,\nToronto, ON: Stephanie Segovia, PhD; and\nCarolyn Spiegel-Feld; Queen ’ s University\nKingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON:\nAnn Taite, BSc; Alison Morra, BScN; Emma\nBullock, HBSc; and Taylar Wall, RRT;\nUniversity of Saskatchewan Royal University\nHospital, Saskatoon, SK: Nancy Zacher; Janet\nBaran, RN; and Yessica Lopez, BA; London\nHealth Sciences Centre - Victoria Hospital,\nLondon, ON: Katie Maguire; Heba\nAlmadhoun; and Robert Campbell-Pereira,\nBSc; St. Clare ’ s Mercy Hospital, St John ’ s, NL:\nSarah Anthony, BNRN; and Tanya Nolan,\nBNRN; McGill University Health Centre,\nMontreal, QC: Francine Noel; Royal Victoria\nRegional Health Centre, Barrie, ON: Masoud\nMahdavian; and Ashley Brown, RRT; and\nMichael Garron Hospital, Toronto, ON: Ian\nFraser; Han Byul (Liz) Lee; and Yuna Lee,\nBA. We would also thank Dong Vo We (data\nmanager, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute,\nOttawa, ON). We also thank the thousands of\nstudy participants who gave their time and\ncame in for the study visits. We also thank\nASDE Survey Sampler, Inc (Gatineau, QC,\nCanada) for organizing the random digit\ndialing.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\nUniversity, Hamilton, ON; the Department of Medicine (C. L.), Uni-\nversité de Montreal, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine and\nthe Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (S. G.), St. Michael ’ s Hospital\nUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, ON; the Department of Medicine\n(P. H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Department of Medicine\n(I. M. and M. B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; the Depart-\nment of Medicine (M. D. L.), Queen ’ s University, Kingston; the\nDepartment of Medicine (C. J. L.), University of Western Ontario,\nLondon, ON; the Department of Medicine (T. A.), Memorial Uni-\nversity, St. John ’ s, NF; the Department of Medicine (N. E.), McGill\nUniversity, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (M. A.), Uni-\nversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.\nDrs Bierbrier and Gerstein contributed equally to this manuscript.\nPart of this work has been presented at the American Thoracic Society\nConference, May 17-22, 2024, San Diego, CA.\nCORRESPONDENCE TO: Shawn D. Aaron, MD; email: [ saaron@ohri.ca](mailto:saaron@ohri.ca)\nCopyright � 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc under li-\ncense from the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an open\naccess article under the CC BY license ( [http://creativecommons.org/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n[licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).\nDOI: [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.07.183](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.07.183)\nprerecorded message then inquired whether any house-\nhold member was $ 18 years of age and had experi-\nenced respiratory symptoms (eg, shortness of breath,\nwheezing, increased mucus or sputum, prolonged\ncough) within the past 6 months. Households with af fi r-\nmative responses were subsequently contacted by the\nlocal study coordinator for a follow-up call. The house-\nhold member reporting respiratory symptoms was\nverbally consented and screened for eligibility to partic-\nipate in the study over the telephone. <sup>8</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>9</sup>\nExclusion criteria included the following: (1) a history of\ndiagnosis of lung or airway disease, (2) use of respiratory\ninhalers aside from as-needed salbutamol, (3) contrain-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\nreduced work productivity.\nINTERPRETATION: Our fi ndings showed that in community-based adults with undiagnosed\nrespiratory symptoms, those identi fi ed with PRISm experienced the greatest impact of dys-\npnea. Dyspnea imposes burdens on the health care system and is associated with impaired\nquality of life and work productivity. CHEST 2024; 166(6):1296-1308\nKEY WORDS: asthma; case fi nding; COPD; dyspnea\nFOR EDITORIAL COMMENT, SEE PAGE 1259\n[ Asthma Original Research ]\nDyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort. <sup>1</sup> In a study involving a community-based\npopulation aged > 70 years, the prevalence of dyspnea was found to be 32%. <sup>2</sup> Dyspnea can lead to limitations in\ndaily activities, reduced exercise tolerance, and\nheightened mortality risks. <sup>3</sup>\nDyspnea not only affects individuals with diagnosed\nrespiratory conditions but also poses a signi fi cant\nburden on those with undiagnosed conditions. In a systematic review by Müller et al, <sup>4</sup> the combined\nprevalence of dyspnea in the adult general population\nacross 11 studies was estimated to be 10%. Dyspnea can\narise from a broad spectrum of underlying factors,\nincluding both respiratory and nonrespiratory\nconditions. Studies have revealed that dyspnea is not\nsolely attributable to respiratory conditions but is also\nheavily in fl uenced by cardiovascular deconditioning and\nby nonrespiratory factors, including psychosocial, social,\nand environmental determinants. <sup>5</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>6</sup>\nDyspnea is a prevalent symptom with consequences that\nextend beyond its physiologic implications. A study in\nEuropean patients with COPD explored the burden of\ndyspnea and identi fi ed potential correlates. The study\nrevealed that higher dyspnea impact correlated with\nlower health-related quality of life, increased work\nimpairment, and a higher frequency of emergency\ndepartment visits. <sup>7</sup>\nThe three objectives of our study were as follows: (1) to\nevaluate the impact of dyspnea in adults from the\ngeneral population who had no prior diagnosis of\nrespiratory disease but who reported having signi fi cant\nrespiratory symptoms in the past 6 months; (2) to\nidentify associated risk factors for dyspnea and estimate\ntheir in fl uence on the symptom; and (3) to explore the\nrelationship between dyspnea and health care utilization,\nquality of life, and work productivity in adults with\nundiagnosed respiratory symptoms.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\nJared Bierbrier, BSc; Emily Gerstein; George A. Whitmore, PhD; Katherine L. Vandemheen, MScN; Celine Bergeron, MD;\nLouis-Philippe Boulet, MD; Andreanne Cote, MD; Stephen K. Field, MD; Erika Penz, MD; R. Andrew McIvor, MD;\nCatherine Lemière, MD; Samir Gupta, MD; Paul Hernandez, MD; Irvin Mayers, MD; Mohit Bhutani, MD;\nM. Diane Lougheed, MD; Christopher J. Licskai, MD; Tanweer Azher, MD; Nicole Ezer, MD; Martha Ainslie, MD;\nGonzalo G. Alvarez, MD; Sunita Mulpuru, MD; and Shawn D. Aaron, MD\nBACKGROUND: We investigated dyspnea; its associated risk factors; and its impact on health\ncare utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory\nsymptoms.\nRESEARCH QUESTION: What is the impact of dyspnea in adults with undiagnosed respiratory\nsymptoms?\nSTUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This population-based study included 2,857 adults who were\nexperiencing respiratory symptoms. These individuals had not been previously diagnosed\nwith any lung conditions and were recruited from 17 Canadian centers using random digit\ndialing. Each participant underwent spirometry testing both before and after using a bron-\nchodilator to determine if they met the diagnostic criteria for COPD, asthma, or preserved\nratio impaired spirometry (PRISm), or if their spirometry results were normal. An age-\nmatched control group (n 1⁄4 231) was similarly recruited using random digit dialing. A dyspnea impact assessment score from 0 to 100 was produced using questions from the\nCOPD Assessment Test and St. George ’ s Respiratory questionnaire.\nRESULTS: Individuals with PRISm (n 1⁄4 172) reported more impactful dyspnea (mean score, 63.0; 95% CI, 59.5-66.4) than those with undiagnosed asthma (n 1⁄4 265; mean score, 56.6; 95% CI, 53.9-59.3) or undiagnosed COPD (n 1⁄4 330; mean score, 57.5; 95% CI, 55.1-59.9). All groups reported signi fi cantly more impactful dyspnea than the control group (mean score,\n13.8; 95% CI, 11.8-15.7). Patient-speci fi c risk factors including age, sex, BMI, smoking, and\ncomorbidities explained 20.6% of the variation in dyspnea. An additional 12.4% of the\nvariation was explained by disease classi fi cation and another 1.7% by the severity of lung\nfunction impairment assessed with spirometry. After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, greater\ndyspnea impact was associated with increased health care utilization, lower quality of life, and",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Statistical Analysis\nBox plots were used to compare distribution patterns of\ndyspnea impact assessments among the disease groups.\nPairwise comparison tests were conducted to evaluate\nmean dyspnea differences between groups. Multiple\nlinear regression analysis was used to measure contribu-\ntions to variability of dyspnea by selected patient-speci fi c\nrisk factors, spirometry disease classi fi cation, and key\nlung function measures. The selected sets of risk factors\nwere evaluated using successive regression analyses.\nAnalysis of variance sums of squares from the successive\nregression analyses provided the cumulative percentage\ncontributions to variability of dyspnea. Simple, multiple,\nand logistic regression analyses were used to study asso-\nciations between dyspnea and health care utilization,\nquality of life, and work productivity outcomes. All sta-\ntistical analyses were done using STATA 16 statistical\nsoftware (StataCorp).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Assessment of the Impact of Participants ’ Dyspnea\n\nAlthough neither the CAT nor the SGRQ are dyspnea-\nspeci fi c tools, both are recommended by the Global Initia-\ntive for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease to evaluate symptoms, including dyspnea, <sup>20</sup> and both yield a richer\nassessment of dyspnea than the modi fi ed Medical Research Council breathlessness scale. <sup>20</sup> Fifteen questions\nwere taken from the CAT and SGRQ questionnaires that\nreferred to individuals ’ experiences with dyspnea, and a\ncomposite measure of dyspnea impact using a weighted\nsum of the responses to the 15 questions was constructed.\nQuestions were coded so that larger values indicate more\nimpactful dyspnea. Weights used for question responses\nin calculating the dyspnea impact assessment measure\nwere those of the fi rst component of a principal compo-\nnent analysis (PCA) based on the covariance matrix of\nquestion responses. Questions with multiple responses\nand ordinal structure are individually more informative\nand thus were accorded higher weight than individual\ntrue-false questions. No additional PCA component was\nanticipated a priori to be material for our investigation,\nand an eigenvalue analysis of the PCA was conducted to\nverify this assumption.\nThe composite dyspnea impact measure was scaled so its\nminimum value was 0 if the response to each of the 15\nquestions was 0, and the maximum value was scaled to\n100 if the individual responses for all 15 questions rep-\nresented the most severe dyspnea response.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Results\n\n17\n74\n79\n85\n88 Data are presented as mean (SD) for Q1, Q2, and Q3 (total), and Q3 to Q15 were presented to participants as yes or no questions, where percentages of participants who answered yes are shown. Question weights (principal component analysis scoring coef\nfi cients) used for calculating the dyspnea assessment are shown below individual questions. CAT\n1⁄4\nCOPD Assessment Test; PRISm\n1⁄4\npreserved ratio impaired spirometry;\nQ\n1⁄4\nquestion; SGRQ\n1⁄4\nSt. George\n’\ns Respiratory Questionnaire.\nexposure in an array of risky occupations. These risk\nfactors, taken as a whole, accounted for 21% of the\nvariability in dyspnea.\nAfter adjustment for patient-speci fi c risk factors in the\nfi rst stage analysis, we adjusted for spirometry-de fi ned\ndisease (PRISm, asthma, COPD, or normal\nspirometry) in Table 5 . Adjustment for disease\nclassi fi cation accounted for 12% of the total variability\nof dyspnea.\nTable 6 presents the contribution of lung function\nmeasures of physiologic impairment after accounting for\npatient-related risk factors and disease classi fi cation. For\nthe PRISm disease group, a higher post-BD FEV 1 /FVC\nratio and a lower post-BD FEV 1 % predicted value were\nassociated with greater dyspnea impact. For the COPD\ndisease group, a lower post-BD FEV 1 /FVC ratio was\nassociated with greater dyspnea impact. Reversibility of\nFEV 1 was associated with higher dyspnea impact only in\npatients with asthma or COPD. Lung function measures\nof disease severity accounted for 2% of the variability in\ndyspnea.\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was\nnegatively associated with all domains of quality of life,\nincluding physical functioning (coef fi cient, � 0.655; P < .001), role limitations due to physical health\n(coef fi cient, � 0.628; P < .001), general health (coef fi cient, � 0.382; P < .001), and total score (coef fi cient, � 0.473; P < .001) ( Table 7 ).\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was\nassociated with an increased likelihood of annual visits\nto health care providers for respiratory complaints (OR,\nTABLE 3 ] Intergroup Comparisons of Dyspnea Impact\nPairwise Comparison P Value\n|  Mean Dyspnea Score (95% CI)  |  Mean Difference (95% CI)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | � 38.0 ( � 41.1 to  � 34.9) � 43.7 ( � 47.6 to  � 39.8) � 42.8 ( � 46.9 to  � 38.7) � 49.2 ( � 53.7 to  � 44.6) 5.7 (3.0 to 8.4) 4.8 (1.8, 7.8) 11.2 (7.5 to 14.8) 5.5 (1.1 to 9.8) 6.4 (1.9 to 10.9) 0.9 ( � 2.8 to 4.7) |\nControl < .001",
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+                    "page_end": 7,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the criterion to be control patient in the dyspnea study ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "Control patients reported no respiratory  symptoms in the preceding 6 months and obtained a  score of 0 on the ASQ.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 7
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Results\n\nFigure 1 illustrates the results of the case fi nding\napproach, including the enrollment of the control group.\nAmong 5,631 potentially eligible participants, 1,359\nparticipants (24%) did not meet the threshold of $ 6\npoints on the ASQ or $ 20 points on the COPD-\nDiagnostic Questionnaire and were thus excluded,\nleaving 4,272 individuals deemed eligible for spirometry.\n38,353 individuals indicated that they had respiratory\nsymptoms and were phoned back by study personnel\n26,905 were symptomatic\n11,448 had no respiratory symptoms\n5,631 potentially eligible for the\ncase finding study\n1,359 did not score ≥ 6\npoints on ASQ or ≥ 20\npoints on the COPD-DQ\n2,090 (73.2%) had normal\nspirometry\n265 (9.3%) had\nundiagnosed asthma\n330 (11.5%) had\nundiagnosed COPD 172 (6.0%) had PRISM\n21,274 excluded\n8,273 Previous diagnosis of asthma\n5,363 Previous diagnosis of COPD\n190 Age < 18 years\n1,763 Previous diagnosis of CF, bronchiectasis, pulmonary\nfibrosis, or lung cancer\n1,331 History of MI, heart problems, stroke, aortic or cerebral\naneurysm, eye surgery, or detached retina in past 3 mos.\n19 Pregnant, in the third trimester\n3,715 Under care of respirologist or using an inhaled respiratory\n1,415 did not complete spirometry\n1,337 refused to travel to study site\n67 participants unable to complete acceptable\nspirometry\n11 participants deemed ineligible after consent\n4,272 potentially eligible for the\ncase finding study\n2,857 completed pre and post\nbronchodilator spirometry and\ncould be evaluated for a\ndiagnosis of asthma or COPD\n231 healthy controls with\nno respiratory symptoms\nwho scored 0 points on the\nASQ were selected and\ncompleted pre and post\nbronchodilator spirometry\nFigure 1 - Study fl ow diagram demonstrating the case fi nding and control group recruitment and allocation. ASQ 1⁄4 Asthma Screening Questionnaire; COPD-DQ 1⁄4 COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire; CF 1⁄4 cystic fi brosis; MI 1⁄4 myocardial infarction; PRISM 1⁄4 preserved ratio impaired spirometry.\nTABLE 1 ] Descriptive Characteristics and Demographics of the Study Group\nDescriptive Characteristic\nControl Group\n(n 1⁄4 231)\nNormal Spirometry Group\n(n 1⁄4 2,090)\nAsthma Group\n(n 1⁄4 265)\nCOPD Group\n(n 1⁄4 330)\nPRISm Group\n(n 1⁄4 172)\nAge, y 61.5 (14.6) 59.2 (15.3) 58.7 (16.0) 66.1 (11.3) 60.9 (14.4)\nFemale, No. (%) 98 (42) 1082 (52) 116 (44) 121 (37) 86 (50)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Classi fi cation of Undiagnosed Cases\nCerti fi ed study personnel administered spirometry tests\nbefore and after BD use. Participants showing an in-\ncrease of at least 12% and 200 mL in their FEV 1 after\nreceiving 400 m g of salbutamol were classi fi ed as having spirometry indicative of asthma. <sup>17</sup> Those whose post-BD\nratio of FEV 1 /FVC fell below the lower 95% con fi dence\nlimit (ie, FEV 1 /FVC < lower limit of normal) were clas- si fi ed as having spirometry indicative of COPD. <sup>18</sup> Partic-\nipants meeting the criteria for both conditions were\nlabeled as having COPD. Those with a post-BD\nFEV 1 < 80% of the predicted normal and a post-BD\nFEV 1 /FVC ratio > 0.70 were classi fi ed as having\nspirometry indicative of preserved ratio impaired\nspirometry (PRISm). PRISm was de fi ned based on\npost-BD spirometry values for a more speci fi c classi fi ca- tion. <sup>19</sup> Participants not meeting criteria for asthma,\nCOPD, or PRISm were labeled as having normal\nspirometry.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Results\n\n17\n74\n79\n85\n88 Data are presented as mean (SD) for Q1, Q2, and Q3 (total), and Q3 to Q15 were presented to participants as yes or no questions, where percentages of participants who answered yes are shown. Question weights (principal component analysis scoring coef\nfi cients) used for calculating the dyspnea assessment are shown below individual questions. CAT\n1⁄4\nCOPD Assessment Test; PRISm\n1⁄4\npreserved ratio impaired spirometry;\nQ\n1⁄4\nquestion; SGRQ\n1⁄4\nSt. George\n’\ns Respiratory Questionnaire.\nexposure in an array of risky occupations. These risk\nfactors, taken as a whole, accounted for 21% of the\nvariability in dyspnea.\nAfter adjustment for patient-speci fi c risk factors in the\nfi rst stage analysis, we adjusted for spirometry-de fi ned\ndisease (PRISm, asthma, COPD, or normal\nspirometry) in Table 5 . Adjustment for disease\nclassi fi cation accounted for 12% of the total variability\nof dyspnea.\nTable 6 presents the contribution of lung function\nmeasures of physiologic impairment after accounting for\npatient-related risk factors and disease classi fi cation. For\nthe PRISm disease group, a higher post-BD FEV 1 /FVC\nratio and a lower post-BD FEV 1 % predicted value were\nassociated with greater dyspnea impact. For the COPD\ndisease group, a lower post-BD FEV 1 /FVC ratio was\nassociated with greater dyspnea impact. Reversibility of\nFEV 1 was associated with higher dyspnea impact only in\npatients with asthma or COPD. Lung function measures\nof disease severity accounted for 2% of the variability in\ndyspnea.\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was\nnegatively associated with all domains of quality of life,\nincluding physical functioning (coef fi cient, � 0.655; P < .001), role limitations due to physical health\n(coef fi cient, � 0.628; P < .001), general health (coef fi cient, � 0.382; P < .001), and total score (coef fi cient, � 0.473; P < .001) ( Table 7 ).\nAfter adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was\nassociated with an increased likelihood of annual visits\nto health care providers for respiratory complaints (OR,\nTABLE 3 ] Intergroup Comparisons of Dyspnea Impact\nPairwise Comparison P Value\n|  Mean Dyspnea Score (95% CI)  |  Mean Difference (95% CI)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 13.8 (11.8-15.7) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 51.8 (50.7-52.8) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) 63.0 (59.5-66.4) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 56.6 (53.9-59.3) 57.5 (55.1-59.9) | � 38.0 ( � 41.1 to  � 34.9) � 43.7 ( � 47.6 to  � 39.8) � 42.8 ( � 46.9 to  � 38.7) � 49.2 ( � 53.7 to  � 44.6) 5.7 (3.0 to 8.4) 4.8 (1.8, 7.8) 11.2 (7.5 to 14.8) 5.5 (1.1 to 9.8) 6.4 (1.9 to 10.9) 0.9 ( � 2.8 to 4.7) |\nControl < .001",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Risk Factors Associated With Dyspnea\nPatient-related risk factors were considered fi rst, and re-\nsults of spirometry considered afterward. The spirom-\netry risk factors chosen for the second stage analysis\nincluded the spirometry-based diagnosis of the patient\n(asthma, COPD, PRISm, or normal) and lung function\nresults indicative of the severity of physiologic impair-\nment. Severity was gauged by assessing three principal\nlung function measures: (1) post-BD FEV 1 % predicted,\n(2) post-BD FEV 1 /FVC ratio, and (3) percentage\nreversal of FEV 1 with BD.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Acknowledgments\n\nAuthor contributions: S. D. A. and G. A. W.\ncontributed to conception and design. J. B., E.\nG., G. A. W., K. L. V., and S. D. A.\ncontributed to analysis and interpretation. J.\nB., E. G., G. A. W., K. L. V., S. D. A., C. B., C.\nL., L.-P. B., A. C., E. P., S. K. F., S. G., R. A.\nM., I. M., M. B., P. H., M. D. L., M. A., C. J. L.,\nT. A., N. E., G. G. A., and S. M. contributed to\ndrafting the manuscript for important\nintellectual content. All authors had access to\nand participated in the interpretation of the\ndata and provided input into the preparation\nand submission of the manuscript. The\nauthors vouch for the accuracy and\ncompleteness of the data.\nRole of sponsors: The sponsor had no role in\nthe design of the study, the collection and\nanalysis of the data, or the preparation of the\nmanuscript.\nOther contributions: We thank the\nfollowing individuals from the Canadian\nstudy sites: Ottawa Hospital Research\nInstitute, Ottawa, Ontario: Taylor Poulin;\nSusan Deveau, RRT; Victoria Thompson;\nMeredith McCleery; Angelina Tohme; Vicky\nPanteleakos, RRT; Geneviève Longtin, RRT;\nJoanne Cassidy, RRT; Amanda Bergeron,\nMSc; Jennifer Biggs, RN; Jessica Bergeron;\nand Elisabet White; Vancouver General\nHospital, Vancouver, British Columbia:\nShelley Abercromby, BSc; Jana Caine; David\nSavage; Natasha Verzosa; Ravneet Mahal; and\nMary Justine Angeles; Queen Elizabeth II\nHealth Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS: Scott\nFulton, RRT; Hôpital du Sacré Coeur de\nMontréal, Montréal, QC: Simone Chaboillez,",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Assessment of the Impact of Participants ’ Dyspnea\n\nAlthough neither the CAT nor the SGRQ are dyspnea-\nspeci fi c tools, both are recommended by the Global Initia-\ntive for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease to evaluate symptoms, including dyspnea, <sup>20</sup> and both yield a richer\nassessment of dyspnea than the modi fi ed Medical Research Council breathlessness scale. <sup>20</sup> Fifteen questions\nwere taken from the CAT and SGRQ questionnaires that\nreferred to individuals ’ experiences with dyspnea, and a\ncomposite measure of dyspnea impact using a weighted\nsum of the responses to the 15 questions was constructed.\nQuestions were coded so that larger values indicate more\nimpactful dyspnea. Weights used for question responses\nin calculating the dyspnea impact assessment measure\nwere those of the fi rst component of a principal compo-\nnent analysis (PCA) based on the covariance matrix of\nquestion responses. Questions with multiple responses\nand ordinal structure are individually more informative\nand thus were accorded higher weight than individual\ntrue-false questions. No additional PCA component was\nanticipated a priori to be material for our investigation,\nand an eigenvalue analysis of the PCA was conducted to\nverify this assumption.\nThe composite dyspnea impact measure was scaled so its\nminimum value was 0 if the response to each of the 15\nquestions was 0, and the maximum value was scaled to\n100 if the individual responses for all 15 questions rep-\nresented the most severe dyspnea response.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Discussion\n\nDyspnea Pro fi le, Dyspnea-12). Studies have explored the\nuse of the Multidimensional Dyspnea Pro fi le in\nTABLE 6 ] Dyspnea Regressed on Lung Function Variables Representing Severity of Impairment\nDisease Group Overall P Value\n|  Reversibility of FEV 1 , %  |  Post-BD FEV 1 /FVC Ratio  |  Post-BD FEV 1  % predicted  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| � 0.163 ( P  1⁄4  .47) 0.186 ( P  1⁄4  .16) 0.545  (P  [  .01) 0.392  (P  [  .002) � 0.290 ( P  1⁄4  .39) | � 0.274  (P  [  .05) 0.240  (P  [  .005) 0.107 ( P  1⁄4  .58) � 0.307  (P  [  .05) 0.854  (P  [  .002) | � 0.090 ( P  1⁄4  .17) � 0.131  (P  <  .001) � 0.158 ( P  1⁄4  .08) � 0.075 ( P  1⁄4  .37) � 0.650  (P  [  .004) |\nControl .096\nNormal spirometry < .001\nAsthma .009\nCOPD < .001\nPRISm < .001\nDyspnea regressed on lung function variables representing severity of impairment, after removing contributions of patient-speci fi c factors and spirometry\ndisease group Tables 4 and 5 (1.7% of variability explained). Boldface indicates statitistical signi fi cance. BD 1⁄4 bronchodilator; PRISm 1⁄4 preserved ratio impaired spirometry.\nTABLE 7 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Quality of Life (SF-36)\nMeasure\nUnadjusted Adjusted\nDyspnea Coef fi cient (95% CI) P Value Dyspnea Coef fi cient (95% CI) P Value\nPhysical functioning � 0.693 ( � 0.718 to � 0.668) < .001 � 0.655 ( � 0.680 to � 0.630) < .001 Physical health limitations � 0.634 ( � 0.666 to � 0.603) < .001 � 0.628 ( � 0.661 to � 0.595) < .001 Emotional problems � 0.403 ( � 0.438 to � 0.369) < .001 � 0.407 ( � 0.443 to � 0.370) < .001 Energy/fatigue � 0.454 ( � 0.479 to � 0.428) < .001 � 0.452 ( � 0.479 to � 0.425) < .001 Emotional well-being � 0.230 ( � 0.256 to � 0.204) < .001 � 0.239 ( � 0.266 to � 0.213) < .001 Social functioning � 0.433 ( � 0.466 to � 0.399) < .001 � 0.434 ( � 0.469 to � 0.399) < .001",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\ndications for spirometry (eg, occurrences of myocardial\ninfarction, stroke, aortic or cerebral aneurysm, eye sur-\ngery, detached retina within the last 3 months), (4)\ninability or refusal to provide informed consent, (5) be-\ning in the third trimester of pregnancy, and (6) being <\n18 years of age.\nEach participant completed the Asthma Screening Ques- tionnaire (ASQ) <sup>10</sup> via telephone. Individuals aged $ 60\nyears, and those aged < 60 years who scored < 6 points\non the ASQ, also completed the COPD-Diagnostic Questionnaire. <sup>11</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>12</sup> Participants scoring $ 6 points on\nthe ASQ or $ 20 points on the COPD-Diagnostic Ques-\ntionnaire were invited to the study site for pre- and post-\nbronchodilator (BD) spirometry.\nA control group without respiratory symptoms was\nselected randomly using identical random digit dialing\nmethods. Control patients reported no respiratory\nsymptoms in the preceding 6 months and obtained a\nscore of 0 on the ASQ. Participants were recruited as\ncontrol patients if they could be matched with an indi-\nvidual from the undiagnosed group based on age ( � 5 years) and sex. This matching process aimed to have\nsimilar demographic pro fi les between the control group\nand the newly found cases. This matching was imple-\nmented solely to ensure demographic comparability\nacross the study groups and not for pairing patients\nfor statistical analysis purposes.\nAll participants fi lled out the COPD Assessment Test\n(CAT) questionnaire. Elevated CAT scores indicate a\ngreater burden of respiratory symptoms impacting daily activities and health status. <sup>13</sup> The St. George ’ s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) <sup>14-16</sup> was used to\nassess respiratory disease-related quality of life. Higher\nSGRQ scores indicate poorer health status. Both the\nCAT and SGRQ questionnaires were completed prior\nto spirometry to avoid in fl uencing patients ’ perceptions\nof their dyspnea.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Discussion\n\nconstruct validity. However, further attempts at external\nvalidation of the questionnaire using an independent\ndata set would be important. Health care utilization\nduring the preceding 12 months was assessed on entry\ninto the study, and there is potential for impaired recall\nof events. Our study may have missed asthma in some\nparticipants because bronchial challenge testing was not\nconducted on those who tested negative for air fl ow\nobstruction or BD responsiveness. A previous study\nshowed that an additional diagnostic step incorporating\nTABLE 8 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Health Care Use\nMeasure\nUnadjusted Adjusted\nDyspnea OR (95% CI) P Value Dyspnea OR (95% CI) P Value\nIn the past 12 mo, did you visit your general\npractitioner or a nurse practitioner or another\nphysician at a walk-in clinic for any breathing\nproblems?\n1.011 (1.007-1.014) < .001 1.011 (1.007-1.014) < .001\nIn the past 12 mo, did you visit an emergency\ndepartment for any breathing problems?\n1.015 (1.009-1.021) < .001 1.015 (1.009-1.022) < .001\nIn the past 12 mo, were you hospitalized for any\nbreathing problems or respiratory illness?\n1.021 (1.006-1.037) .006 1.023 (1.007-1.039) .005\nData are presented as OR (95% CI) with P values. Adjusted values are adjusted for age, sex, and BMI.\nTABLE 9 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Work Productivity (WPAI)\nMeasure\nUnadjusted Adjusted\nDyspnea OR (95% CI) P Value Dyspnea OR (95% CI) P Value\nAre you currently employed\n(working for pay)?\n0.995 (0.992-0.998) .002 0.993 (0.990-0.997) < .001\nMeasure <sup>a</sup> Dyspnea Coef fi cient\n(95% CI) P Value\nDyspnea Coef fi cient\n(95% CI) P Value\nAbsenteeism 0.061 (0.040-0.083) < .001 0.066 (0.044-0.089) < .001\nPresenteeism 0.334 (0.293-0.375) < .001 0.349 (0.306-0.392) < .001\nWork productivity loss 0.368 (0.323-0.413) < .001 0.383 (0.336-0.430) < .001\nActivity impairment 0.503 (0.463-0.544) < .001 0.501 (0.458-0.544) < .001\nORs and regression coef fi cients are presented with 95% CIs and P values. Adjusted coef fi cients are adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. WPAI 1⁄4 Work Pro- ductivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire.\na Measures calculated from WPAI questions. 21",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Discussion\n\nOur study explored dyspnea in community-based adults\nwith undiagnosed respiratory symptoms identi fi ed via\ncase fi nding. Surprisingly, we found that the dyspnea\nexperienced by those with PRISm had a greater impact\non their activities and health status than those with\nnewly diagnosed COPD or asthma.\nThe prevalence of individuals who were obese and\nmorbidly obese in the PRISm group partially explains\nthe between-group difference in dyspnea. The excess\ndyspnea seen in the PRISm group when compared with\nthe normal spirometry group is partly explained by\npatient-speci fi c risk factors, including BMI, which\nshrink the mean dyspnea differential between the groups\nfrom 11.2 to 5.5 points ( Tables 3-6 ). The remaining 5.5-\npoint difference indicates that PRISm patients have\nexcess dyspnea relative to symptomatic individuals with\nnormal spirometry for additional reasons other than\nobesity.\nTABLE 4 ] Sequential Regression Analyses of Risk Factors Contributing to Variability in Dyspnea: Dyspnea\nRegressed on Patient-Speci fi c Risk Factors (20.6% of Variability Explained)\nRisk Factor P Value\n|  Regression Coef fi cient  |\n|:---|\n| � 0.0909 8.217 0.899 1.420 � 2.149 0.144 5.123 0.00975 10.119 4.813 6.892 1.627 3.433 1.738 0.952 4.663 1.081 2.073 8.463 |\nAge .005\nFemale < .001\nBMI < .001\nHousehold income < CAD $30,000 .40\nHousehold income $ CAD $30,000 .07\nSmoking history, pack-y < .001\nSmoking exposure < .001\nOccupational exposure < .001\nCongestive heart failure .004\nCoronary artery disease .001\nDepression/anxiety < .001\nDiabetes mellitus .22\nHypertension < .001\nAnemia .15\nCancer .49\nGERD < .001\nLiver disease .61\nRenal disease .32\nStroke < .001\nBoldface indicates statitistical signi fi cance. GERD 1⁄4 gastroesophageal re fl ux disease.\nTABLE 5 ] Dyspnea Regressed on Spirometry Disease\nGroup\nDisease Group P Value\n|  Regression Coef fi cient  |\n|:---|\n| � 31.2 NA 4.6 3.8 5.5 51.9  |\nControl < .001\nNormal spirometry <sup>a</sup> NA\nAsthma .001\nCOPD .003\nPRISm .001\nConstant NA\nDyspnea regressed on spirometry disease group, after removing contri-\nbutions from subject-speci fi c factors in Table 4 (12.4% of variability\nexplained). Boldface indicates statitistical signi fi cance. NA 1⁄4 not appli- cable; PRISm 1⁄4 preserved ratio impaired spirometry. a Normal spirometry group is the reference category.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the revenue of Republic Services in 2002 ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": " $ 2,365.1",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## * **ANNUAL REPORT 2004** *\n\n* **Republic Services, Inc.  -   2004 Annual Report** *\n**2004**  2003 2002 2001 2000\nRevenue $ 2,708.1 $ 2,517.8 $ 2,365.1 $ 2,257.5 $ 2,103.3\nOperating income 452.3 412.7 459.5 283.5 434.0\nDepreciation, amortization, depletion and accretion 273.1 251.8 199.6 215.4 197.4\nIncome before cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 237.9 215.4 239.6 125.5 221.0\nDiluted earnings per share before cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 1.53 1.33 1.44 0.73 1.26\nCash flow provided by operating activities 666.3 600.5 569.7 459.2 461.8\nFree cash flow* 388.2 336.4 325.7 218.6 266.4\nTotal assets 4,464.6 4,554.1 4,209.1 3,856.3 3,561.5\nTotal stockholders’ equity 1,872.5 1,904.5 1,881.1 1,755.9 1,674.9\n*dollar amounts in millions except per-share data*\n**00 01 02 03 04**\n**REVENUE** In Billions of Dollars\n**00 01 02 03 04**\n**INCOME BEFORE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES** In Millions of Dollars\n**00 01 02 03 04**\n**FREE CASH FLOW** In Millions of Dollars\n**00 01 02 03 04 TOTAL ASSETS** In Billions of Dollars\n**00 01 02 03 04 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY** In Billions of Dollars **DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE BEFORE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES** In Dollars\n**2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 215.4 237.9 221.0**\n**125.5**\n**239.6 336.4 388.2**\n**266.4 218.6**\n**325.7**\n**3.6 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9**\n**1.26**\n**0.73**\n**1.44 1.33 1.53**\n**00 01 02 03 04**\n* **Corporate Office** *   * **Stockholder Relations & Inquiries** *   * **Independent Certified** *   * **Common Stock Transfer &** *\n*Republic Services, Inc.*   *Investor Relations*   * **Public Accountants** *   * **Agent Registrar** *\n*110 SE 6th Street, Suite 2800*   *Republic Services, Inc.*   *Ernst & Young LLP*   *Wachovia Bank, NA*\n*Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301*   *110 SE 6th Street, Suite 2800*   *First Fort Lauderdale Place*   *1525 West W.T. Harris Boulevard*\n*Phone: (954) 769-2400*   *Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301*   *100 NE 3rd Avenue, Suite 700*   *Charlotte, North Carolina 28288-1153*\n*www.republicservices.com*   *Phone: (954) 769-3616*   *Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301*   *Phone: (800) 829-8432*\n* **Notice of Annual Meeting** *\n*The Annual Meeting of Stockholders of Republic Services, Inc. will be held at 10:30 a.m., May 12, 2005,*\n*at 110 SE 6th Street, 7th Floor Atrium, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301*\n*Free cash flow consists of cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property and equipment plus proceeds from the sale of property and equipment.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## * **ANNUAL REPORT 2004** *\n\n### * **Financial Highlights** *\n\n*Dear Fellow Shareholders:*\nI am pleased to report that 2004 was a very good year for Republic Services, Inc.  Our team met and exceeded the important financial and management goals we told you about here a year ago, and we plan to work just as hard and accomplish just as much in the coming year.\nRepublic is strengthening its competitive position among the leading waste services providers every day.  As always, we are doing so by offering our customers cost-effective and safe waste collection, reliable recycling, and environmentally protective disposal options.\nI am proud of our team and what they accomplished.  The results tell you just how well they did.\nRevenue in 2004 grew 7.6 percent to $2.7 billion, a record.  The increases came largely from new municipal contracts and improved pricing.  At the same time, we benefited from our presence in high- growth markets, especially those in the rapidly expanding Sunbelt states.\nWe met last year’s guidance.  Net income per diluted share rose 15 percent to $1.53.  Our revenue enhancement and cost reduction efforts produced results.  We generated a record level of free cash flow - $388 million to be exact.  Republic continues to generate strong and predictable levels of cash flow.  As in the past year, we will concentrate on free cash flow and use it for acquisitions, reinvestment, repurchases of our stock and regular quarterly cash dividends.\nAs I thought about these achievements, I realized they result from the environment that we work to create for both our customers and our people.  We care about our customers and the communities we serve.  About our people.  About the environment.  And, of course, we care about you -- our shareholders.   Every year we adopt a theme that captures our Company and our values.  Our theme for 2005 is  “Republic Services...A Company that cares”.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Growth Strategy**\n\n‚  * **Internal Growth.** *  Our internal growth strategy focuses on retaining existing customers and obtaining\ncommercial, municipal and industrial customers through our well-managed sales and marketing\nactivities.\n*Pricing Activities.*  We seek to secure price increases necessary to oÅset increased costs. During the\nfourth quarter of 2003, we implemented a broad-based pricing initiative across all lines of our business.\n*Long-Term Contracts.*  We seek to obtain long-term contracts for collecting solid waste in high-\ngrowth markets. These include exclusive franchise agreements with municipalities as well as commer-\ncial and industrial contracts. By obtaining such long-term agreements, we have the opportunity to grow\nour contracted revenue base at the same rate as the underlying population growth in these markets. For\nexample, we have secured exclusive, long-term franchise agreements in high-growth markets such as\nLos Angeles, Orange and Contra Costa Counties in California, Las Vegas, Nevada, Arlington, Texas,\nand many areas of Florida. We believe that this positions our company to experience internal growth\nrates that are generally higher than our industry's overall growth rate. In addition, we believe that by\nsecuring a base of long-term recurring revenue in growth markets, we are better able to protect our\nmarket position from competition and our business may be less susceptible to downturns in economic\nconditions.\n*Sales and Marketing Activities.*  We seek to manage our sales and marketing activities to enable our\ncompany to capitalize on our leading positions in many of the markets in which we operate. We\ncurrently have approximately 500 sales and marketing employees in the Ñeld, who are compensated\nusing a commission structure that is focused on generating high levels of quality revenue. For the most\npart, these employees directly solicit business from existing and prospective commercial, industrial,\nmunicipal and residential customers. We emphasize our rate and cost structures when we train new\nand existing sales personnel. In addition, we utilize a contact management system that assists our sales\npeople in tracking leads. It also tracks renewal periods for potential commercial, industrial and\nfranchise contracts.\n*Development Activities.*  We seek to identify opportunities to further our position as an integrated\nservice provider in markets where we provide services for a portion of the waste stream. Where\nappropriate, we seek to obtain permits to build transfer stations and/or landÑlls that would provide\n5\nvertically integrated waste services or expand the service area for our existing disposal sites.\nDevelopment projects, while generally less capital intensive, typically require extensive permitting",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **ITEM 2. PROPERTIES**\n\nreturns with AutoNation. In accordance with the tax sharing agreement we have with AutoNation, we may be\nliable for certain assessments imposed by the Internal Revenue Service for the periods through June 1998.\nThe Internal Revenue Service is auditing our consolidated tax returns for Ñscal years 1998 through 2003. No\nassurance can be given with respect to the outcome of the audits for these periods or the eÅect they may have\non us, or that our reserves with respect thereto are adequate. A signiÑcant assessment against us could have a\nmaterial adverse eÅect on our Ñnancial position, results of operations or cash Öows.\n17\n####### **ITEM 2. PROPERTIES**\nOur corporate headquarters is located in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida in leased premises. As of December 31,\n2004, we operated approximately 6,100 collection vehicles. Certain of our property and equipment are subject\nto operating leases or liens securing payment of portions of our indebtedness. We also lease certain of our\noÇces and equipment. We believe that our facilities are suÇcient for our current needs.\nThe following table provides certain information regarding the 58 landÑlls owned or operated by us as of\nDecember 31, 2004:\n**Unused**\n**Total Permitted Permitted**\n**LandÑll Name Location Region Acreage(2) Acreage(3) Acreage(4)**\n545 LandÑll ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Winter Garden, Florida Southern 80 58 3\n623 LandÑll ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Richmond, Virginia Eastern 184 138 84\nApex ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Clark County, Nevada Western 2,285 1,233 1,018\nBrent Run ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Montrose, Michigan Central 544 106 43\nBroadhurst LandÑll ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Jesup, Georgia Southern 1,400 105 49\nCarleton Farms ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Detroit, Michigan Central 640 388 192\nCedar TrailÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Bartow, Florida Southern 392 68 68\nCharter Waste ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Abilene, Texas Southwestern 396 300 264\nChiquita Canyon ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Valencia, California Western 592 257 45\nCountywide ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ East Sparta, Ohio Eastern 815 258 170\nDozit LandÑllÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ MorganÑeld, Kentucky Central 231 47 23\nEast Carolina LandÑllÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Aulander, North Carolina Southern 740 113 42\nElk Run ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Onaway, Michigan Central 99 40 25\nEpperson LandÑll ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Williamstown, Kentucky Central 899 100 31\nFoothills LandÑll(1) ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Lenior, North Carolina Southern 258 78 50\nForest LawnÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Three Oaks, Michigan Central 281 165 9\nFront RangeÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Denver, Colorado Southwestern 602 195 133\nGreenvilleÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Greenville, South Carolina Southern 21 7 4\nHighway 78 ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Oconee, Georgia Southern 379 118 108\nHoneygo RunÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Perry Hall, Maryland Eastern 68 39 5\nKestrel HawkÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Racine, Wisconsin Central 218 138 20\nLaughlin(1) ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Laughlin, Nevada Western 40 40 Ì\nMallard Ridge ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Delavan, Wisconsin Central 746 42 2",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Risk Factors**\n\nrelations with our employees.\n####### **Compensation**\nWe believe that our compensation program eÅectively aligns our Ñeld and corporate management team\nwith the company's overall goal of generating increasing amounts of free cash Öow while achieving targeted\nearnings and returns on invested capital. This is done by utilizing simple and measurable metrics on which\nincentive pay is based. At the Ñeld level, these metrics are based upon free cash Öow, earnings and return on\ninvested capital for each manager's geographic area of responsibility. Great eÅort is taken to ensure that these\nindividual goals agree to the overall goals of the company. Incentive compensation at the corporate level is\nbased on the obtainment of our company's overall goals. In addition, certain Ñeld and corporate employees\nalso participate in a long-term incentive program. We believe this program aligns our company's short- and\nlong-term goals and helps ensure that the long-term success of our company is not sacriÑced for the\nobtainment of short-term goals.\n####### **Corporate History**\nWe were incorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1996 by our former parent company, AutoNation,\nInc. In 1998, AutoNation separated its non-hazardous solid waste services division from its other businesses\nand we completed an initial public oÅering of shares of our common stock. In 1999, AutoNation sold\nsubstantially all of its remaining interest in our company in a secondary public oÅering.\n####### **Availability of Reports and Other Information**\nOur corporate website is http://www.republicservices.com. We make available on this website, free of\ncharge, access to our Annual Report on Form  10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on\nForm 8-K, Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A and amendments to those materials Ñled or furnished pursuant\nto Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after\nwe electronically submit such material to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our corporate website\nalso contains our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Ethics and Charters of the Nominating and\nCorporate Governance Committee, Audit Committee and Compensation Committee of the Board of\nDirectors. In addition, the Commission's website is http://www.sec.gov. The Commission makes available on\nthis website, free of charge, reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding\nissuers, such as us, that Ñle electronically with the Commission. Information on our website or the\nCommission's website is not part of this document.\n13\n####### **Risk Factors**\n*This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes \"\"forward-looking statements'' within the meaning of*",
+                    "page_start": 20,
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+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Operating Strategy**\n\nand facilities to ensure a high level of service to our customers.\n‚  * **Internal Growth.** *  Growth through increases in our customer base and services provided is the most\ncapital eÇcient means for us to build our business. This includes not only expanding landÑll and\ntransfer capacity and investing in trucks and containers, but also includes investing in information tools\nand training needed to ensure high productivity and quality service throughout all functional areas of\nour business.\n‚  * **Strategic Acquisitions.** *  We have and will continue to pursue strategic acquisitions that augment our\nexisting business platform.\n2\n‚  * **Share Repurchases.** *  If we are unable to identify opportunities that satisfy our growth strategy, we\nintend to continue to use our free cash Öow to repurchase shares of our common stock at prices that\nprovide value to our stockholders. As of December 31, 2004, we had repurchased a total of 35.2 million\nshares, or approximately 20% of our common stock outstanding at the commencement of our share\nrepurchase program in 2000, for $750.4 million. In October 2004, our board of directors authorized the\nrepurchase of up to an additional $275.0 million of our common stock, of which $274.6 million\nremained available at December 31, 2004. We believe that our share repurchase program will continue\nto enhance stockholder value.\n‚  * **Dividends.** *  In July 2003, our board of directors initiated a quarterly cash dividend of $.06 per share.\nEÅective October 2004, our quarterly cash dividend was increased to $.12 per share. We may consider\nincreasing our quarterly cash dividend if we believe it will enhance stockholder value.\n‚  * **Minimize Borrowings.** *  To the extent that the opportunities to enhance stockholder value mentioned\nabove are not available, we also intend to continue to use our free cash Öow to minimize our\nborrowings.\nAnother key component of our Ñnancial strategy includes maintaining an investment grade rating on our\nsenior debt. This has allowed us to secure favorable, long-term, Ñxed-rate Ñnancing that reduces our exposure\nto changing interest rates. This has also allowed us, and will continue to allow us, to readily access capital\nmarkets.\nFor certain risks related to our Ñnancial strategy, see \"\"Risk Factors.''\n####### **Operating Strategy**\nWe seek to leverage existing assets and revenue growth to increase operating margins and enhance\nstockholder value. Our operating strategy to accomplish this goal is to:\n‚ utilize the extensive industry knowledge and experience of our executive management,",
+                    "page_start": 9,
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+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Competition**\n\nlarge \"\"Fortune 500'' companies and municipalities.\nMost of our marketing activity is local in nature. However, in 2000 we initiated a national accounts\nprogram in response to our customers' needs.\nWe generally do not change the tradenames of the local businesses we acquire, and therefore we do not\noperate nationally under any one mark or tradename. Rather, we rely on the goodwill associated with the\nacquired companies' local tradenames as used in each geographic market in which we operate.\n####### **Customers**\nWe provide services to commercial, industrial, municipal and residential customers. No one customer has\nindividually accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue or of our reportable segment revenue in\nany of the last three years.\n8\n####### **Competition**\nWe operate in a highly competitive industry. Entry into our business and the ability to operate proÑtably\nin the industry requires substantial amounts of capital and managerial experience.\nCompetition in the non-hazardous solid waste industry comes from a few large, national publicly-owned\ncompanies, including Waste Management and Allied Waste Industries, several regional publicly- and\nprivately-owned solid waste companies, and thousands of small privately-owned companies. Some of our\ncompetitors have signiÑcantly larger operations, and may have signiÑcantly greater Ñnancial resources, than\nwe do. In addition to national and regional Ñrms and numerous local companies, we compete with\nmunicipalities that maintain waste collection or disposal operations. These municipalities may have Ñnancial\nadvantages due to the availability of tax revenues and tax-exempt Ñnancing.\nWe compete for collection accounts primarily on the basis of price and the quality of our services. From\ntime to time, our competitors may reduce the price of their services in an eÅort to expand market share or to\nwin a competitively bid municipal contract. This may have an impact on our future revenue and proÑtability.\nIn each market in which we own or operate a landÑll, we compete for landÑll business on the basis of\ndisposal costs, geographical location and quality of operations. Our ability to obtain landÑll business may be\nlimited by the fact that some major collection companies also own or operate landÑlls to which they send their\nwaste. There also has been an increasing trend at the state and local levels to mandate waste reduction at the\nsource and to prohibit the disposal of certain types of waste, such as yard waste, at landÑlls. This may result in\nthe volume of waste going to landÑlls being reduced in certain areas, which may aÅect our ability to operate",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **2005 Business Initiatives**\n\n####### **(in millions)**\n\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.\n54\n####### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n####### **CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY**\n####### **AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME**\n####### **(in millions)**\n**Accumulated Common Stock Additional Other**\n**Shares, Par Paid-In Deferred Retained Treasury Comprehensive Comprehensive**\n**Net Value Capital Compensation Earnings Stock Income (Loss) Income**\nBALANCE AT\nDECEMBER 31, 2001ÏÏÏÏÏ 169.6 $1.8 $1,264.7 $ Ì $ 641.1 $(150.1) $(1.6)\nNet income ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì 239.6 Ì Ì $239.6\nIssuances of common stock 2.0 Ì 34.0 Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì\nPurchases of common stock\nfor treasuryÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (8.0) Ì Ì Ì Ì (150.0) Ì Ì\nChange in value of\nderivative instruments, net\nof tax ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì 1.6 1.6\nTotal comprehensive income Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì $241.2\nBALANCE AT\nDECEMBER 31, 2002ÏÏÏÏÏ 163.6 1.8 1,298.7 Ì 880.7 (300.1) Ì\nNet income ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì 177.6 Ì Ì $177.6\nCash dividendsÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì (19.0) Ì Ì Ì\nIssuances of common stock 2.6 Ì 49.1 Ì Ì Ì Ì\nPurchases of common stock\nfor treasuryÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (8.4) Ì Ì Ì Ì (184.2) Ì\nChange in value of\ninvestments, net of tax ÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì (.1) (.1)\nTotal comprehensive income Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì $177.5\nBALANCE AT\nDECEMBER 31, 2003ÏÏÏÏÏ 157.8 1.8 1,347.8 Ì 1,039.3 (484.3) (.1)\nNet income ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì 237.9 Ì Ì $237.9\nCash dividendsÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì (54.6) Ì Ì Ì\nIssuances of common stock 2.3 .1 48.8 Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì\nIssuances of restricted stock\nand deferred stock units ÏÏ .1 Ì 2.8 (2.8) Ì Ì Ì Ì\nAmortization of deferred\ncompensation ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì 1.8 Ì Ì Ì Ì\nPurchases of common stock\nfor treasuryÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ (9.6) Ì Ì Ì Ì (266.1) Ì Ì\nChange in value of\ninvestments, net of tax ÏÏÏ Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì .1 .1\nTotal comprehensive income Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì Ì $238.0\nBALANCE AT\nDECEMBER 31, 2004ÏÏÏÏÏ 150.6 $1.9 $1,399.4 $(1.0) $1,222.6 $(750.4) $ Ì\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.\n55\n####### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n####### **CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS**\n####### **(in millions)**\n**Years Ended December 31,**\n**2004 2003 2002**\nCASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES:\nNet income ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $ 237.9 $ 177.6 $ 239.6\nAdjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating",
+                    "page_start": 61,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Company Overview**\n\nItem 9A. Controls and ProceduresÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 87\nItem 9B. Other Information ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 88\nItem 10. Directors and Executive OÇcers of the Registrant ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 11. Executive CompensationÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 12. Security Ownership of Certain BeneÑcial Owners and Management and\nRelated Stockholder Matters ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 14. Principal Accountant's Fees and ServicesÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement ScheduleÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 90\nSignatures and CertiÑcations ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 93\n####### **PART I**\n####### **ITEM 1. BUSINESS**\n####### **Company Overview**\nWe are a leading provider of services in the domestic non-hazardous solid waste industry. We provide\nnon-hazardous solid waste collection services for commercial, industrial, municipal and residential customers\nthrough 140 collection companies in 22 states. We also own or operate 96 transfer stations, 58 solid waste\nlandÑlls and 35 recycling facilities.\nAs of December 31, 2004, our operations were organized into Ñve regions whose boundaries may change\nfrom time to time: Eastern, Central, Southern, Southwestern and Western. Each region is organized into\nseveral operating areas and each area contains a group of operating locations. Each of our regions and\nsubstantially all our areas provide collection, transfer, recycling and disposal services. We believe that this\norganizational structure facilitates the integration of our operations within each region, which is a critical\ncomponent of our operating strategy. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for\nfurther discussion of operating segments.\nWe had revenue of $2,708.1 million and $2,517.8 million and operating income of $452.3 million and\n$412.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2003, respectively. The $190.3 million, or 7.6%,\nincrease in revenue from 2003 to 2004 is primarily attributable to the successful execution of our operating and\ngrowth strategies described below. The $39.6 million, or 9.6%, increase in operating income from 2003 to 2004\nis partially due to higher self-insurance expense during 2003 related to existing claims and was attributable to\nthe expansion of our operations and various changes in estimates as a result of continued negative trends\nthrough the 2003 policy year. The remaining increase in operating income is due to the successful execution of\nour operating and growth strategies described below.\nOur presence in high growth markets throughout the Sunbelt, including California, Florida, Georgia,\nNevada, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas, and in other domestic markets that have experienced\nhigher than average population growth during the past several years, supports our internal growth strategy. We",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003 compared to 2002**\n\n##### * **Income Taxes** *\n\nThe following table shows the access traffic minutes of use for the two years of 2003 and 2002.\nOriginating access revenue increased in 2003 due in part to a shift from interstate to intrastate traffic.  On similar traffic volume in both years, the Company generated an additional $0.4 million due to a favorable rate differential of $0.03 per minute on the increase in the mix of intrastate traffic.  The Company’s increased access revenue was also a result of the benefit gained through terminating more minutes through the switch, which increased 36.0 million minutes or 35.7% over 2002.  The rates for terminating traffic were similar in both years, although the percentage of terminating traffic to total traffic increased from 58% in 2002 to 65% in 2003.\nWithin wireline revenues, the Telephone operation contributed $22.7 million, an increase of $0.3 million, or 1.2%. Telephone access revenues were $11.6 million, an increase of $0.7 million or 6.7%.  During 2003, the Company recorded a $1.2 million reduction to access revenue, of which $0.7 million was related to 2002, resolving disputes with interexchange carriers on the rating of long distance calls transiting the Telephone switching network for termination on wireless networks.\nWireless revenues from the Company’s paging operation were $0.2 million, a decrease of $0.1 million as the customer base increasingly chose alternative wireless services.  Paging service subscribers declined by 32.3% in 2003 from 2,940 subscribers to 1,989 subscribers.  The paging operation continues to decline as more areas are covered by wireless voice services, which have features that surpass those of paging technologies.  The Company anticipates that its paging customer base will continue to decline in the future.\nWireless revenues included tower leases of $2.6 million, an increase of $0.5 million or 24.8%.  The increase was the result of other wireless carriers executing additional leases to use space on the Company’s portfolio of towers.  Of the 88 towers and poles owned by the Company as of December 31, 2003, 52 towers have one or more external tenants, compared to 46 towers with external tenants at the end of 2002.",
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+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "Who is the Vice Chairmain of the Board of Republic Services ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": " Harris W. Hudson1  Vice Chairman of the Board",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Operating Strategy**\n\n‚ utilize a decentralized management structure in overseeing day-to-day operations,\n‚ integrate waste operations,\n‚ improve operating margins through economies of scale, cost eÇciencies and asset utilization,\n‚ achieve high levels of customer satisfaction, and\n‚ utilize systems to improve consistency in Ñnancial and operational performance.\nFor certain risks related to our operating strategy, see \"\"Risk Factors.''\n‚  * **Experienced Executive Management Team.** *  We believe that we have one of the most experienced\nexecutive management teams in the solid waste industry.\nJames E. O'Connor, who has served as our Chief Executive OÇcer since December 1998, also\nbecame our Chairman in January 2003. He worked at Waste Management, Inc. from 1972 to 1978 and\nfrom 1982 to 1998. During that time, he served in various management positions, including Senior Vice\nPresident in 1997 and 1998, and Area President of Waste Management of Florida, Inc. from 1992 to\n1997. Mr. O'Connor has over 30 years of experience in the solid waste industry.\nMichael J. Cordesman, who has served as our Chief Operating OÇcer since March 2002 and also as\nour President since February 2003, has over 24 years of experience in the solid waste industry. He\njoined us in June 2001 as our Eastern Region Vice President. From 1999 to 2001, Mr. Cordesman\nserved as Vice President of the Central Region for Superior Services Inc. From 1980 to 1999, he served\nin various positions with Waste Management, including Vice President of the Mid-Atlantic Region\nfrom 1992 to 1999.\n3\nThe other corporate oÇcers with responsibility for our operations have an average of over 23 years of\nmanagement experience in the solid waste industry. Our Ñve regional vice presidents and our 23 area\npresidents have an average of 24 years of experience in the industry.\nIn addition, Harris W. Hudson, who has served as our Vice Chairman since our initial public\noÅering, has over 40 years of experience in the solid waste industry, including 11 years with Waste\nManagement and 19 years with private waste collection companies.\n‚  * **Decentralized Management Structure.** *  We maintain a relatively small corporate headquarters staÅ,\nrelying on a decentralized management structure to minimize administrative overhead costs and to\nmanage our day-to-day operations more eÇciently. Our local management has extensive industry\nexperience in growing, operating and managing solid waste companies and has substantial experience\nin their local geographic markets. In early 2001, we added a sales, maintenance and operations",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n(Exact name of Registrant as SpeciÑed in its Charter)\n####### **Delaware 65-0716904**\n(State of Incorporation) (I.R.S. Employer IdentiÑcation No.)\n####### **Republic Services, Inc. 33301**\n(Zip Code) **110 S.E. 6th Street, 28th Floor**\n####### **Fort Lauderdale, Florida**\n(Address of Principal Executive OÇces)\nRegistrant's telephone number, including area code:  **(954) 769-2400**\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:\nTitle of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on which Registered\n####### **Common Stock, par value $.01 per share The New York Stock Exchange**\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:  **None**\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has Ñled all reports required to be Ñled by Section 13\nor 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period\nthat the registrant was required to Ñle such reports), and (2) has been subject to such Ñling requirements for\nthe past 90 days. Yes ≤ No n\nIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent Ñlers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not\ncontained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in deÑnitive proxy or\ninformation statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this\nForm 10-K. ≤\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated Ñler (as deÑned in Rule 12b-2 of the\nAct). Yes ≤ No n\nAs of June 30, 2004, the aggregate market value of the shares of the Common Stock held by non-\naÇliates of the registrant was approximately $4,395,636,476.\nAs of February 18, 2005, the registrant had outstanding 149,670,988 shares of Common Stock.\n####### **DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE**\nPart III Portions of the Registrant's Proxy Statement relative to the 2005 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.\n####### **INDEX**\n####### **TO FORM 10-K**\nPage Number\nItem 1. Business ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 1\nItem 2. Properties ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 18\nItem 3. Legal Proceedings ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 19\nItem 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 19\nItem 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters\nand Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 20\nItem 6. Selected Financial Data ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 22\nItem 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of\nOperations (including Item 7A) ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 23\nItem 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 50\nItem 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial\nDisclosureÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 87",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Operating Strategy**\n\nmanager to each of our regional management teams, which previously consisted of a regional vice\npresident and a regional controller. We believe that strengthening our regional management teams\nallows us to more eÅectively and eÇciently drive our company's initiatives and helps ensure\nconsistency throughout our organization. Our regional management teams and our area presidents have\nextensive authority, responsibility and autonomy for operations within their respective geographic\nmarkets. Compensation for regional and area management teams is primarily based on the improve-\nment in operating income produced and the free cash Öow and return on invested capital generated in\neach manager's geographic area of responsibility. In addition, through long-term incentive programs,\nincluding stock options, we believe we have one of the lowest turnover levels in the industry for our\nlocal management teams. As a result of retaining experienced managers with extensive knowledge of\nand involvement in their local communities, we are proactive in anticipating our customers' needs and\nadjusting to changes in our markets. We also seek to implement the best practices of our various\nregions and areas throughout our operations to improve operating margins.\n‚  * **Integrated Operations.** *  We seek to achieve a high rate of internalization by controlling waste streams\nfrom the point of collection through disposal. We expect that our fully integrated markets generally will\nhave a lower cost of operations and more favorable cash Öows than our non-integrated markets.\nThrough acquisitions and other market development activities, we create market-speciÑc, integrated\noperations typically consisting of one or more collection companies, transfer stations and landÑlls. We\nconsider acquiring companies that own or operate landÑlls with signiÑcant permitted disposal capacity\nand appropriate levels of waste volume. We also seek to acquire solid waste collection companies in\nmarkets in which we own or operate landÑlls. In addition, we generate internal growth in our disposal\noperations by developing new landÑlls and expanding our existing landÑlls from time to time in markets\nin which we have signiÑcant collection operations or in markets that we determine lack suÇcient\ndisposal capacity. During the three months ended December 31, 2004, approximately 54% of the total\nvolume of waste that we collected was disposed of at landÑlls we own or operate. In a number of our\nlarger markets, we and our competitors are required to take waste to government-controlled disposal\nfacilities. This provides us with an opportunity to eÅectively compete in these markets without\ninvesting in landÑll capacity. Because we do not have landÑll facilities or government-controlled",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Company Overview**\n\nItem 9A. Controls and ProceduresÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 87\nItem 9B. Other Information ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 88\nItem 10. Directors and Executive OÇcers of the Registrant ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 11. Executive CompensationÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 12. Security Ownership of Certain BeneÑcial Owners and Management and\nRelated Stockholder Matters ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 14. Principal Accountant's Fees and ServicesÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement ScheduleÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 90\nSignatures and CertiÑcations ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 93\n####### **PART I**\n####### **ITEM 1. BUSINESS**\n####### **Company Overview**\nWe are a leading provider of services in the domestic non-hazardous solid waste industry. We provide\nnon-hazardous solid waste collection services for commercial, industrial, municipal and residential customers\nthrough 140 collection companies in 22 states. We also own or operate 96 transfer stations, 58 solid waste\nlandÑlls and 35 recycling facilities.\nAs of December 31, 2004, our operations were organized into Ñve regions whose boundaries may change\nfrom time to time: Eastern, Central, Southern, Southwestern and Western. Each region is organized into\nseveral operating areas and each area contains a group of operating locations. Each of our regions and\nsubstantially all our areas provide collection, transfer, recycling and disposal services. We believe that this\norganizational structure facilitates the integration of our operations within each region, which is a critical\ncomponent of our operating strategy. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for\nfurther discussion of operating segments.\nWe had revenue of $2,708.1 million and $2,517.8 million and operating income of $452.3 million and\n$412.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2003, respectively. The $190.3 million, or 7.6%,\nincrease in revenue from 2003 to 2004 is primarily attributable to the successful execution of our operating and\ngrowth strategies described below. The $39.6 million, or 9.6%, increase in operating income from 2003 to 2004\nis partially due to higher self-insurance expense during 2003 related to existing claims and was attributable to\nthe expansion of our operations and various changes in estimates as a result of continued negative trends\nthrough the 2003 policy year. The remaining increase in operating income is due to the successful execution of\nour operating and growth strategies described below.\nOur presence in high growth markets throughout the Sunbelt, including California, Florida, Georgia,\nNevada, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas, and in other domestic markets that have experienced\nhigher than average population growth during the past several years, supports our internal growth strategy. We",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Risk Factors**\n\nrelations with our employees.\n####### **Compensation**\nWe believe that our compensation program eÅectively aligns our Ñeld and corporate management team\nwith the company's overall goal of generating increasing amounts of free cash Öow while achieving targeted\nearnings and returns on invested capital. This is done by utilizing simple and measurable metrics on which\nincentive pay is based. At the Ñeld level, these metrics are based upon free cash Öow, earnings and return on\ninvested capital for each manager's geographic area of responsibility. Great eÅort is taken to ensure that these\nindividual goals agree to the overall goals of the company. Incentive compensation at the corporate level is\nbased on the obtainment of our company's overall goals. In addition, certain Ñeld and corporate employees\nalso participate in a long-term incentive program. We believe this program aligns our company's short- and\nlong-term goals and helps ensure that the long-term success of our company is not sacriÑced for the\nobtainment of short-term goals.\n####### **Corporate History**\nWe were incorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1996 by our former parent company, AutoNation,\nInc. In 1998, AutoNation separated its non-hazardous solid waste services division from its other businesses\nand we completed an initial public oÅering of shares of our common stock. In 1999, AutoNation sold\nsubstantially all of its remaining interest in our company in a secondary public oÅering.\n####### **Availability of Reports and Other Information**\nOur corporate website is http://www.republicservices.com. We make available on this website, free of\ncharge, access to our Annual Report on Form  10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on\nForm 8-K, Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A and amendments to those materials Ñled or furnished pursuant\nto Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after\nwe electronically submit such material to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our corporate website\nalso contains our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Ethics and Charters of the Nominating and\nCorporate Governance Committee, Audit Committee and Compensation Committee of the Board of\nDirectors. In addition, the Commission's website is http://www.sec.gov. The Commission makes available on\nthis website, free of charge, reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding\nissuers, such as us, that Ñle electronically with the Commission. Information on our website or the\nCommission's website is not part of this document.\n13\n####### **Risk Factors**\n*This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes \"\"forward-looking statements'' within the meaning of*",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Financial Strategy**\n\ncompetitive advantage over non-integrated operators. The ability of the integrated companies to both\ncollect and dispose of solid waste, coupled with access to signiÑcant capital resources necessary for\nacquisitions, has created an environment in which large publicly-owned, integrated companies can\noperate more cost eÅectively and competitively than non-integrated operators.\n*Municipal Privatization.*  The trend toward consolidation in the solid waste services industry is\nfurther supported by the increasing tendency of a number of municipalities to privatize their waste\ndisposal operations. Privatization of municipal waste operations is often an attractive alternative to\nfunding the changes required by Subtitle D.\nThese developments, as well as the fact that there are a limited number of viable exit strategies for many\nof the owners and principals of numerous privately-held companies in the industry, have contributed to the\noverall consolidation trend in the solid waste industry.\n####### **Financial Strategy**\nA key component of our Ñnancial strategy is our ability to generate free cash Öow. Our deÑnition of free\ncash Öow, which is not a measure determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, is\ncash provided by operating activities less purchases of property and equipment plus proceeds from the sale of\nproperty and equipment as presented in our consolidated statement of cash Öows. We believe that free cash\nÖow provides useful information regarding the recurring cash provided by our operating activities after\nexpenditures for property and equipment. It also demonstrates our ability to execute our Ñnancial strategy.\nConsequently, we have developed incentive programs and we conduct monthly Ñeld operating reviews that\nhelp focus our entire company on the importance of increasing free cash Öow.\nFree cash Öow does not represent our cash Öow available for discretionary expenditures because it\nexcludes certain expenditures that are required or that we have committed to such as debt service\nrequirements and dividend payments. Our deÑnition of free cash Öow may not be comparable to similarly\ntitled measures presented by other companies.\nWe manage our free cash Öow primarily by ensuring that capital expenditures and operating asset levels\nare appropriate in light of our existing business and growth opportunities and by closely managing our working\ncapital, which consists primarily of accounts receivable and accounts payable.\nWe have used and will continue to use our cash Öow to maximize stockholder value as well as our return\non investment. This includes the following:\n‚  * **Customer Service.** *  We will continue to reinvest in our existing Öeet of vehicles, equipment, landÑlls",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Operations**\n\nsmaller businesses that also operate in that market and surrounding markets, which are typically\nreferred to as \"\"tuck-in'' acquisitions. We seek to consolidate the operations of such tuck-in businesses\ninto our existing operations in that market. We also seek to acquire landÑlls, transfer stations and\ncollection companies that operate in markets that we are already servicing in order to fully integrate our\noperations from collection to disposal. In addition, we have in the past and may continue in the future\nto exchange businesses with other solid waste companies if by doing so there is a net beneÑt to our\nbusiness platform. These activities allow us to increase our revenue and market share, lower our cost of\noperations as a percentage of revenue, and consolidate duplicative facilities and functions to maximize\ncost eÇciencies and economies of scale.\n*Acquire Well-Managed Companies.*  We also seek to acquire businesses that have experienced\nmanagement teams that are willing to join the management of our company. We generally seek to\nmaintain continuity in management of larger acquired companies in order to capitalize on their local\n6\nmarket knowledge, community relations and name recognition, and to instill their entrepreneurial drive\nat all levels of our operations. By furnishing the local management of such acquired companies with our\nÑnancial and marketing resources and technical expertise, we believe that the acquired companies are\nbetter able to secure additional municipal franchises and other contracts.\n*Privatize Municipal Operations and Acquire Divested Operations.*  We also seek to acquire solid\nwaste collection operations, transfer stations and landÑlls that municipalities and other governmental\nauthorities are privatizing. Many municipalities are seeking to outsource or sell these types of solid\nwaste operations, as they lack the capital, technical expertise and/or operational resources necessary to\ncomply with increasingly stringent regulatory standards and/or to compete eÅectively with private-\nsector companies. In addition, we have acquired, and will continue to seek to acquire, operations and\nfacilities that may be divested by other publicly-owned waste companies.\n####### **Operations**\nOur operations primarily consist of the collection, transfer and disposal of non-hazardous solid waste.\n*Collection Services.*  We provide solid waste collection services to commercial, industrial, municipal and\nresidential customers in 22 states through 140 collection companies. In 2004, 74.3% of our revenue was\nderived from collection services consisting of approximately 32.5% from services provided to municipal and\nresidential customers, 36.6% from services provided to commercial customers, and 30.9% from services\nprovided to industrial and other customers.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n####### **Phone: (954) 769-2400 -  Fax: (954) 769-2664 -  www.republicservices.com**\n* **©2005, RITM, LLC** * * **Republic Services and Republic Services, Inc. names and logos are service marks of RITM, LLC** *",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **We operate in a highly competitive industry and may be unable to compete eÅectively.**\n\n*Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including, in particular, certain statements*\n*about our plans, strategies and prospects. Although we believe that our plans, intentions and expectations*\n*reÖected in or suggested by such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot assure you that such*\n*plans, intentions or expectations will be achieved. Important factors that could cause our actual results to*\n*diÅer materially from our forward-looking statements include those set forth in this Risk Factors section. All*\n*forward-looking statements attributable to us or any persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualiÑed in*\n*their entirety by the cautionary statements set forth below. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references*\n*to the \"\"company,'' \"\"we,'' \"\"us'' or \"\"our'' include Republic Services, Inc. and its subsidiaries.*\n*If any of the following risks, or other risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe to not be*\n*signiÑcant, develop into actual events, then our business, Ñnancial condition, results of operations, cash Öows*\n*or prospects could be materially adversely aÅected.*\n####### **We operate in a highly competitive industry and may be unable to compete eÅectively.**\nWe operate in a highly competitive business environment. Some of our competitors have signiÑcantly\nlarger operations and may have signiÑcantly greater Ñnancial resources than we do. In addition, the solid waste\nindustry is constantly changing as a result of consolidation which may create additional competitive pressures\nin our business environment.\nWe also compete with municipalities that maintain their own waste collection or disposal operations.\nThese municipalities may have a Ñnancial advantage over us as a result of the availability of tax revenue and\ntax-exempt Ñnancing.\nWe compete for collection accounts primarily on the basis of price and the quality of services. From time\nto time our competitors may reduce the price of their services in an eÅort to expand their market share or to\nwin a competitively bid municipal contract.\nIn each market in which we own or operate a landÑll, we compete for solid waste volume on the basis of\ndisposal or \"\"tipping'' fees, geographical location and quality of operations. Our ability to obtain solid waste\nvolume for our landÑlls may be limited by the fact that some major collection companies also own or operate\nlandÑlls to which they send their waste. In markets in which we do not own or operate a landÑll, our collection\noperations may operate at a disadvantage to fully integrated competitors.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Growth Strategy**\n\n‚  * **Internal Growth.** *  Our internal growth strategy focuses on retaining existing customers and obtaining\ncommercial, municipal and industrial customers through our well-managed sales and marketing\nactivities.\n*Pricing Activities.*  We seek to secure price increases necessary to oÅset increased costs. During the\nfourth quarter of 2003, we implemented a broad-based pricing initiative across all lines of our business.\n*Long-Term Contracts.*  We seek to obtain long-term contracts for collecting solid waste in high-\ngrowth markets. These include exclusive franchise agreements with municipalities as well as commer-\ncial and industrial contracts. By obtaining such long-term agreements, we have the opportunity to grow\nour contracted revenue base at the same rate as the underlying population growth in these markets. For\nexample, we have secured exclusive, long-term franchise agreements in high-growth markets such as\nLos Angeles, Orange and Contra Costa Counties in California, Las Vegas, Nevada, Arlington, Texas,\nand many areas of Florida. We believe that this positions our company to experience internal growth\nrates that are generally higher than our industry's overall growth rate. In addition, we believe that by\nsecuring a base of long-term recurring revenue in growth markets, we are better able to protect our\nmarket position from competition and our business may be less susceptible to downturns in economic\nconditions.\n*Sales and Marketing Activities.*  We seek to manage our sales and marketing activities to enable our\ncompany to capitalize on our leading positions in many of the markets in which we operate. We\ncurrently have approximately 500 sales and marketing employees in the Ñeld, who are compensated\nusing a commission structure that is focused on generating high levels of quality revenue. For the most\npart, these employees directly solicit business from existing and prospective commercial, industrial,\nmunicipal and residential customers. We emphasize our rate and cost structures when we train new\nand existing sales personnel. In addition, we utilize a contact management system that assists our sales\npeople in tracking leads. It also tracks renewal periods for potential commercial, industrial and\nfranchise contracts.\n*Development Activities.*  We seek to identify opportunities to further our position as an integrated\nservice provider in markets where we provide services for a portion of the waste stream. Where\nappropriate, we seek to obtain permits to build transfer stations and/or landÑlls that would provide\n5\nvertically integrated waste services or expand the service area for our existing disposal sites.\nDevelopment projects, while generally less capital intensive, typically require extensive permitting",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "How mush did the Moomba incident cost to Santos in 2004 ?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": " the Moomba incident resulted in $17 million of one-off costs in 2004.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## THE WORLD OF SANTOS\n\nboe. Field decline reduced\nproduction by a further\n5.0 million boe.\nOffsetting these factors, Santos’\ngrowth projects are starting to\ncome on line and have begun to\nreverse the decline experienced\nover the past three years. Two\nprojects were commissioned in\n2004: the Bayu-Undan liquids\nproject and the Minerva gas\nproject. In addition, acquisitions\ncontributed 0.8 million boe to\nproduction.\nFor 2005, production is expected\nto improve by around 15%, or\n4% excluding the impact of the\nMoomba incident. Santos now\nexpects production to be around\n54 million boe in 2005. This\nincrease is largely driven by the\ncommissioning of Mutineer-Exeter\nin March 2005 and the John\nBrookes gas field in the middle\nof the year.\n**PRODUCTION COSTS**\n**UNDER CONTROL**\nProduction costs in 2004 were\n$309 million, up $45 million or\n17% on 2003. Analysis shows\nthat Santos was able to continue\nto effectively control its costs\nin the face of significant external\npressures in the form of rising\nservices and materials prices.\nExamining production costs in\ndetail reveals:\n-  the start-up of Bayu-Undan and\nacquisitions added $16 million\nto Santos’ cost base\n-  changes in our accounting\nadded a further $16 million\nto Santos’ production costs\n-  higher insurance premiums\n($8 million) and one-off stock\nwrite-offs ($5 million) were\noffset by $17 million in cost\nsavings largely as a result of\nSantos’ continuous\nimprovement initiatives\n-  the Moomba incident resulted\nin $17 million of one-off costs\nin 2004.\nPiecing this together, the key\nthemes in our financial\nperformance were:\n-  cost savings in established\nproduction areas more than\noffset increases in the price\nof services and materials\n-  Santos’ cost base rose as\nproduction from new\ndevelopments and acquisitions\nwere added to the Company’s\nexpanding portfolio of\nproducing assets.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## ANALYSING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE\n\n**‘The sound operating results**\n**achieved in 2004 underline**\n**the changing face of Santos**\n**towards a higher value, higher**\n**margin business. We ended the**\n**year with a strong financial**\n**position and our financial**\n**flexibility intact.’**\n**PETER WASOW**\nChief Financial Officer\n’01 ’02 ’03 **’04**\n**PRODUCTION AND SALES REVENUE**\nRevenue Net profit after tax Production\n1,460\n445 322 327 **380**\n1,478 1,465\n54.2 57.3 55.7\n**1,501**\n**47.1**\n0\n500\n1000\n1500\n2000\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n$million mmboe\nAnnual Report 2004 11\n**DEPRECIATION, DEPLETION AND**\n**AMORTISATION**\nAll things being equal, DD&A\ncould have been expected to\nbe lower this year, as Santos\nproduced lower volumes and had\nwritten off the Heytesbury plant\nin the onshore Otway Basin\nlast year.\nHowever, two factors caused an\nincrease in 2004 DD&A. Firstly,\nwhile reserve revisions were\npositive overall, negative\nrevisions were predominantly in\nproducing areas which increased\ndepletion rates in 2004, while\npositive reserve revisions were in\nareas where Santos is not yet\nproducing or where straight line\ndepreciation is dominant; for\nexample, Casino and John\nBrookes.\nSecondly, on the future\ndevelopment cost side, depletion\nis up partly because Santos is\nstarting to factor in higher steel\nand service company costs into\nlong-term economic models.\n**CASH FLOW LOWER**\nWhile Santos had a strong profit\nyear, this is not fully reflected in\ncash flows.\nThere were large movements\nin trade debtors between years,\nreflecting the timing of liftings\nand the payments for them.\nIn addition, Santos has not yet\nbeen paid for the insurance claim\nrelating to the Moomba incident.\nA total of $117 million was\nrecognised in sundry income,\nwhich represents an estimate\nof the amount receivable from\ninsurers for lost revenue,\nadditional costs and replacement\nplant and equipment. At year end\nthe money was still owed and so\nis not shown as part of operating\ncash flow. The final quantification\nof the claim with insurers is\nprogressing.\n**RECORD CAPITAL EXPENDITURE**\nCapital expenditure ended\nright on target at $930 million -\na record year for Santos -\napproaching a level which is",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## THE WORLD OF SANTOS\n\n**United States**\nSouth Texas, Texas/\nLouisiana Gulf Coast\nDeer Creek Montana\nUnited States Egypt West Natuna Basin East Java\nHoutman Basin Duntroon Basin Otway Basin Sorell Basin\n**KEY TO MAPS**\nExploration\nProduction\nOil field\nGas field\nOil pipeline\nGas pipeline\nAnnual Report 2004 9\n**Egypt**\nGulf of Suez\n**Gippsland Basin**\nPatricia-Baleen, Sole, Kipper,\nGolden Beach\n**Surat/Bowen Basins**\nMoonie, Roma, Scotia, Lytton\n**Amadeus Basin**\nMereenie, Palm Valley, Brewer Estate\n**Papua New Guinea & West Papua**\nHides, SE Gobe\n**Timor Sea**\nJabiru-Challis, Evans Shoal\n**East Java Basin**\nMaleo, Oyong, Wunut\n**Cooper/Eromanga Basins**\nBallera, Jackson, Moomba\n**Otway Basin**\nCasino, Minerva\n**Duntroon Basin**\n**Houtman Basin**\n**Sorell Basin**\n**Carnarvon Basin**\nBarrow Island, East Spar,\nLegendre, Stag, Thevenard\nIsland, John Brookes,\nMutineer-Exeter\n**West Natuna Basin** Kakap\n**Bonaparte Basin**\nPetrel, Tern **Browse Basin**\n**Kutei Basin**\n**Joint Petroleum Development Area**\nBayu-Undan, Elang-Kakatua\nKutei Basin West Papua & Papua New Guinea Northern Australia Carnarvon Basin\nGippsland Basin Surat/Bowen Basins Cooper/Eromanga Basins Amadeus Basin\nAnnual Report 2004 10\n**2004 WAS A YEAR OF GOOD**\n**OPERATING RESULTS**\nOverall the increase in 2004 profit\nof 16% reflected a year of sound\noperating performance. Sales\nrevenue was a record $1,501\nmillion, up 2.5% on 2003,\nreflecting higher prices across\nmost products and was achieved\ndespite lower production as a\nresult of the Moomba incident\nand declining output from late\nlife fields.\nSantos benefited from higher\nworld oil prices and realised\nUS$51.83 per boe in 2004, an\nincrease of 19% over 2003. The\nbenefit of higher world oil prices\nsubstantially offset the impact\nof lower production volumes.\nSantos was also able to negotiate\nhigher domestic gas prices (up\n4% on average) and deliver new\nrevenue streams from project\nstart-ups and acquisitions during\nthe year.\n**PRODUCTION HAMPERED BY**\n**MOOMBA INCIDENT**\n2004 production was lower due\nto the Moomba incident, which\nreduced production by 4.6 million",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## ANALYSING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE\n\ndouble DD&A, reflecting how\nrapidly the portfolio is changing.\nSantos will continue with a high\ndevelopment expenditure in 2005,\nbut expects to spend more in line\nwith cash generation. Exploration\nspend is estimated to be about\n$150 million, while development\nspend is expected to be reduced\nto $530 million and delineation\nto $90 million. Other capital\nspending is expected to be\nreduced to $80 million.\nThis results in a total planned\ncapital expenditure for 2005 of\napproximately $850 million.\n**FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY INTACT**\nSantos ended the year in a\nstrong financial position with its\nfinancial flexibility intact, despite\nthe record development spending.\nThe FUELS issue was successful\nand Santos’ gearing increased\nonly marginally, despite the large\ncapital program in 2004.\nThis is important in Santos’\nbusiness as the Company needs\nto be able to fund exploration\nsuccess as it occurs, and our\ndevelopment projects are\nincreasing in size.\n’01 ’02 ’03 **’04**\n**OPERATING CASH FLOW AND CAPITAL EXPENDITURE**\n$million\nOperating cash flow Capital expenditure\n0\n200\n400\n600\n800\n1000\n717\n660\n761 750\n**605**\n821 897 **930**\nAnnual Report 2004 12\nThe Santos base business\ncomprises production from assets\nin all of the Company's existing\nproducing fields.\nSantos is countering decline from\nmature fields with strategies such\nas optimisation and trialling new\ntechnologies to maximise output,\nwhile running an exploration\nprogram which aims to add new\nprojects and production.\nAt all times, ensuring the safety\nof all operations and minimising\nany environmental impacts\nremains paramount.\n**2004 PRODUCTION IMPACTED**\n**BY MOOMBA INCIDENT**\nSantos' total production in 2004\nfell from 54.2 million boe in 2003\nto 47.1 million boe, primarily due\nto the effects of the 1 January\nincident at Moomba that resulted\nin a reduction of 4.6 million\nboe, together with declining\nperformance from the East Spar\nand Stag fields in the Carnarvon\nBasin, offshore Western Australia.\nSales gas and ethane production\nfell 14% during the year from\n222.8 PJ to 190.5 PJ. Production\ndeclined in the Cooper Basin and\ngas production from the onshore\nOtway Basin ceased with the",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\n31 December 2004 and since the end of the year the Company has paid, or agreed to pay, premiums in respect of such contracts for the year ending\n31 December 2005. The insurance contracts insure against certain liability (subject to exclusions) persons who are or have been directors or officers\nof the Company and controlled entities. A condition of the contracts is that the nature of the liability indemnified and the premium payable not be\ndisclosed.\n**11. Rounding**\nAustralian Securities and Investments Commission Class Order 98/100, dated 10 July 1998, applies to the Company and accordingly amounts have\nbeen rounded off in accordance with that Class Order, unless otherwise indicated.\nThis report is made on 23 February, 2005 in accordance with a resolution of the Directors.\nDirector Director\n23 February, 2005\nAnnual Report 2004 50\nSTATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE\nfor the year ended 31 December 2004\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\nNote  **$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\nProduct sales 2  **1,500.9**  1,465.0  **568.8**  616.3\nCost of sales 3  **(1,049.8)**  (974.4)  **(414.5)**  (356.6)\nGross profit  **451.1**  490.6  **154.3**  259.7\nOther revenue 2  **252.3**  154.4  **858.0**  126.2\nOther expenses 3  **(129.0)**  (179.5)  **(221.0)**  (108.3)\nBorrowing costs 4  **(33.6)**  (34.6)  **(91.1)**  (84.0)\n**Profit from ordinary activities before income tax expense 540.8**  430.9  **700.2**  193.6\nIncome tax expense relating to ordinary activities 6  **(160.9)**  (103.9)  **(57.1)**  (10.7)\n**Net profit after income tax attributable to the shareholders of Santos Ltd 379.9**  327.0  **643.1**  182.9\nNet exchange differences relating to self-sustaining foreign operations 19  **(0.2)**  (4.7)  **-**  -\n**Total changes in equity from non-owner related transactions attributable**\n**to the shareholders of Santos Ltd 379.7**  322.3  **643.1**  182.9\n**Earnings per share (cents)**\nBasic 21  **58.6**  52.1\nDiluted 21  **58.5**  51.5\nThe statements of financial performance are to be read in conjunction with the notes to the financial statements.\nAnnual Report 2004 51\nSTATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION\nas at 31 December 2004\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\nNote  **$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\n**Current assets**\nCash  **128.0**  111.1  **39.3**  52.9\nReceivables 7  **409.1**  171.7  **1,917.7**  1,410.3\nInventories 8  **117.3**  112.4  **58.8**  53.2\nOther 9  **21.5**  14.3  **10.0**  7.4\n**Total current assets 675.9**  409.5  **2,025.8**  1,523.8\n**Non-current assets**\nExploration and development expenditure 10  **3,210.3**  2,945.3  **905.8**  903.6\nLand and buildings, plant and equipment 11  **2,058.7**  1,840.8  **665.4**  673.1\nOther financial assets 12  **1.2**  11.7  **2,530.7**  2,295.9\nIntangibles 13  **4.0**  8.5  **-**  -",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nof Egypt up to a maximum of US$46.9 million.\nAnnual Report 2004 84\nNOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS\nfor the year ended 31 December 2004\n**32. Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure**\n**(a) Foreign exchange risk exposure**\nThe Santos Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk principally through the sale of liquid petroleum products denominated in US dollars,\nUS dollar borrowings and US dollar expenditure. In order to hedge this foreign exchange risk, the Santos Group has from time to time entered\ninto forward foreign exchange, foreign currency swap and foreign currency option contracts.\nAt 31 December 2004 the Santos Group has one open forward foreign currency exchange contract which has expired in January 2005. If closed\nout at balance date a loss of $0.2 million would have resulted.\nUS dollar denominated borrowings are either swapped into Australian dollar exposure (2004: US$321.4 million; 2003: US$115.0 million) or\ndesignated as a hedge of US dollar denominated investments in self-sustaining overseas controlled entities (2004: US$313.0 million;\n2003: US$323.6 million) or as a hedge of future US denominated sales revenues (2004: US$146.4 million; 2003: US$219.4 million). As a result,\nthere were no net foreign currency gains or losses arising from translation of US denominated dollar borrowings recognised in the statements\nof financial performance in 2004. Accordingly, $37.4 million of unrealised foreign currency gains were deferred as at 31 December 2004\n(2003: gains of $66.3 million). The ultimate foreign currency gains or losses will be included in the measurement of the specific hedged US dollar\ndenominated sales revenues to be realised in the years 2005 through 2006.\nThe Australian dollar equivalents of foreign currency monetary items included in the statements of financial position to the extent that they are\nnot effectively hedged are:\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\n**$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\nCurrent assets -  United States dollars  **126.4**  82.7  **32.9**  41.3\nCurrent liabilities -  United States dollars  **60.5**  35.4  **6.5**  8.5\nNon-current liabilities -  United States dollars  **26.5**  -  **-**  -\nAnnual Report 2004 85\n**32. Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure (continued)**\n**(b) Interest rate risk exposure**\nTo manage interest rate risk the Santos Group has entered into interest rate swap contracts with maturities ranging from one to eighteen years.\nAt 31 December 2004 the Santos Group has open interest rate swap contracts which if closed out would have resulted in a gain of $44.2 million\n(2003: gain of $63.3 million).",
+                    "page_start": 84,
+                    "page_end": 86,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## SANTOS GROUP INTERESTS\n\nPDL 3* 15.9\nPL 3 3.6\nPPL 190* 31.3\nPPL 206 48.0\nPPL 228 40.0\nPRL 4* 35.3\nPRL 5* 35.3\nPRL 9* 42.6\nSE Gobe Unit 9.4\n**INDONESIA**\n**East Java Basin**\nBawean 45.0\nBrantas 18.0\nMadura Offshore (Maleo)* 75.0\nNth Bali 1* 30.0\nSampang (Oyong)* 45.0\n**Kutei Basin**\nDonggala 50.0\nPapalang 20.0\nPopodi 20.0\n**West Natuna Basin**\nKakap 6.3\n**West Papua Basin**\nWarim 20.0\nLicence Area % Interest\n**EGYPT**\nRas Abu Darag 50.0\nSouth East July 20.0\nNorth Zeit Bay 50.0\n**UNITED STATES OF AMERICA**  AVG WORKING INTEREST\n**East Texas**\nBlack Horse* 100.0\nBP America 25.0\nJefferson Co 18.8\nKnight 30.0\n**South Texas**\nBar Harbor 25.0\nBP Green* 50.0\nCoquat 25.0\nCougar* 100.0\nDuncan Slough* 66.2\nE. Edinburgh 20.8\nElsa 25.0\nHall Ranch* 57.5\nHordes Creek 50.3\nLafite / Allen Dome* 92.1\nMarkham 16.0\nMikeska 54.5\nMountainside 20.8\nPetru 30.9\nRaymondville 25.3\nRemmers* 66.3\nRiverdale 23.1\nTidehaven* 38.9\nVerdad 25.0\nW. Mercedes 25.0\n**South Louisiana**\nHowards Creek 25.0\n**Montana**\nDeer Creek 50.0\n* Santos operated.\n(I) Includes interests held by Basin Oil Pty Ltd. By contract dated 17 February 2005, Santos agreed\nto acquire Basin Oil Pty Ltd effective 1 January 2005. The transaction is expected to be\ncompleted in the second quarter of 2005.\nAnnual Report 2004 44 Annual Report 2004 44\n10 YEAR SUMMARY 1995- 2004\n**As at 31 December 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004**\nSantos average realised oil price (A$/bbl) 24.96 27.43 27.42 20.95 27.57 46.54 45.53 44.74 43.59  **51.83**\n**Financial performance**  ($million)\nProduct sales revenue 671.6 729.2 778.5 769.4 944.5 1,497.1 1,459.7 1,478.4 1,465.0  **1,500.9**\nTotal operating revenue 740.1 804.0 859.5 1,000.8 995.6 1,556.2 1,561.8 1,542.3 1,619.4  **1,753.2**\nForeign currency gains/(losses) (16.0) 25.0 3.6 2.0 0.3 2.7 0.2 (0.7) (7.9)  **(3.0)**\nProfit from ordinary activities before tax 241.0 331.9 322.3 267.3 339.6 725.9 627.6 493.3 430.9  **540.8**\nIncome tax relating to ordinary activities 130.4 136.0 116.1 91.0 30.5 239.1 181.7 171.2 103.9  **160.9**\nNet profit after income tax attributable\nto the shareholders of Santos Ltd 110.6 195.9 206.2 176.3 309.1 486.8 445.9 322.1 327.0  **379.9**\n**Financial position**  ($million)\nTotal assets 2,915.5 3,443.4 4,036.2 4,236.1 4,338.7 4,659.8 5,048.7 5,320.8 5,218.3  **5,956.0**",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## SANTOS GROUP INTERESTS\n\n25 Related Parties 74\n26 Specified Director and Specified Executive Disclosures 75\n27 Remuneration of Auditors 80\n28 Segment Information 80\n29 Commitments for Expenditure 82\n30 Superannuation Commitments 82\n31 Contingent Liabilities 83\n32 Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure 84\n33 Economic Dependency 86\n34 Post Balance Date Events 86\n35 Australian Equivalents to International Reporting Standards 86\n**Directors Declaration 88**\n**Independent Audit Report 89**\nAnnual Report 2004 47\n**The Directors present their report together with the financial report of Santos Ltd (“the Company”) and the consolidated financial report of**\n**the consolidated entity, being the Company and its controlled entities, for the financial year ended 31 December 2004, and the auditor**\n**report thereon. Information in this Annual Report referred to by page number in this report or contained in a Note to the financial**\n**statements referred to in this report is to be read as part of this report.**\n**1. Directors, Directors’ Shareholdings and Directors’ Meetings**\nThe names of Directors of the Company in office at the date of this report and details of the relevant interest of each of those Directors in shares in\nthe Company at that date are as set out below:\n**Surname Other Names Shareholdings in**\n**Santos Ltd**\n**Ordinary Franked**\n**Shares Unsecured**\n**Equity**\n**Listed**\n**Securities**\nBarnett Peter Charles 12,394 -\nEllice-Flint John Charles\n(Managing Director) 1,000,000* -\nGerlach Stephen\n(Chairman) 42,305 -\n**Surname Other Names Shareholdings in**\n**Santos Ltd**\n**Ordinary Franked**\n**Shares Unsecured**\n**Equity**\n**Listed**\n**Securities**\nHarding Richard Michael - -\nMcGregor Graeme William 10,000 1,200\nO’Leary Michael Anthony 4,725 -\nSloan Judith 5,000 195\nThe above named Directors held office during and since the end of the\nfinancial year except for Mr RM Harding, who was appointed a Director\non 1 March 2004.\nExcept where otherwise indicated, all shareholdings are of fully paid\nordinary shares.\n*These shares are Restricted Shares issued on the terms described in\nNote 18 to the financial statements.\nNo Director holds shares in any related body corporate, other than in\ntrust for the Company.\nAt the date of this report, Mr J C Ellice-Flint holds 3,000,000 options under the Santos Executive Share Option Plan and subject to the further terms",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Leveraging Base Business\n\nHARNESSING VALUE FROM OPERATIONS\nAnnual Report 2004 13\n**‘The response of our people**\n**to the Moomba incident and**\n**rebuild was truly outstanding.**\n**With this behind us, we are**\n**now focused on continuing to**\n**extract value from our legacy**\n**assets while preparing to bring**\n**our new growth projects, such**\n**as Mutineer-Exeter, Oyong and**\n**Casino, into production.’**\n**JON YOUNG**\nExecutive Vice President\nOperations\n**Stewart Duncan, Environmental**\n**Adviser, and Melanie Brown,**\n**Lead Specialist Drilling**\n**Engineer, inspecting coiled**\n**tubing underbalanced drilling**\n**operations, Cooper Basin,**\n**central Australia.**\nAnnual Report 2004 14\nPRODUCTION STATISTICS\n**Total 2004**  Total  2003\n**Field units mmboe**  Field units mmboe\n**Sales gas and ethane (PJ)**\nCooper  **125.9 21.6**  154.0 26.5\nSurat/Denison  **16.1 2.8**  14.3 2.5\nAmadeus  **11.3 1.9**  11.7 2.0\nOtway  **4.4 0.8**  11.9 2.0\nPatricia-Baleen  **3.8 0.7**  1.9 0.3\nCarnarvon  **17.7 3.0**  17.7 3.1\nUnited States  **9.2 1.6**  11.3 1.9\nIndonesia  **2.1 0.4**  - -\n**Total production 190.5 32.8**  222.8 38.3\nTotal sales volume  **207.1 35.6**  228.4 39.3\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **680.1**  720.8\n**Crude oil (‘000 bbls)**\nCooper  **2,685.5 2.7**  2,808.2 2.8\nSurat/Denison  **90.2 0.1**  83.1 0.1\nAmadeus  **236.5 0.2**  270.0 0.3\nElang-Kakatua  **226.7 0.2**  425.5 0.4\nLegendre  **2,045.8 2.0**  2,269.0 2.3\nThevenard  **561.2 0.6**  708.0 0.7\nBarrow  **859.3 0.9**  945.2 0.9\nJabiru-Challis  **176.7 0.2**  257.1 0.3\nStag  **2,124.8 2.1**  2,617.2 2.6\nSE Gobe  **289.1 0.3**  376.5 0.4\nUnited States  **171.7 0.2**  212.2 0.2\nIndonesia  **68.0 0.1**  - -\n**Total production 9,535.5 9.6**  10,972.0 11.0\nTotal sales volume  **9,681.0 9.7**  10,958.6 10.9\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **501.8**  477.7\n**Total 2004**  Total  2003\n**Field units mmboe**  Field units mmboe\n**Condensate (‘000 bbls)**\nCooper  **1,448.5 1.4**  2,111.8 2.0\nSurat/Denison  **7.8 -**  10.9 -\nOtway  **30.6 -**  73.5 0.1\nEast Spar  **775.5 0.7**  858.3 0.8\nUnited States  **114.4 0.1**  25.6 -\nBayu-Undan  **1,334.9 1.2**  - -\n**Total production 3,711.7 3.4**  3,080.1 2.9\nTotal sales volume  **3,569.5 3.3**  3,246.6 3.0\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **228.5**  150.0\n**LPG (‘000 t)**\nCooper  **108.7 0.9**  240.7 2.0\nSurat/Denison  **0.1 -**  - -\nBayu-Undan  **49.8 0.4**  - -\n**Total production 158.6 1.3**  240.7 2.0\nTotal sales volume  **148.6 1.3**  256.7 2.2\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **90.5**  116.5\n**Total**\n**Production (mmboe) 47.1**  54.2\n**Sales volume (mmboe) 49.9**  55.4",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nmarket value at balance date. As at 31 December 2004, counterparty default of foreign currency swaps, foreign currency option contracts, oil\nprice swap contracts and interest rate swap contracts would result in a loss of $37.2 million (2003: loss of $61.9 million).\nThe Santos Group controls credit risk on derivative financial instruments by setting exposure limits related to the credit worthiness of\ncounterparties, all of which are selected banks or institutions with a Standard and Poor’s rating of A or better.\nAnnual Report 2004 86\nNOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS\nfor the year ended 31 December 2004\n**32. Additional Financial Instruments Disclosure (continued)**\n**(e) Net fair values of financial assets and liabilities**\nThe carrying amounts of all financial assets and liabilities including hedges approximate net fair value.\nAt 31 December 2004 the Santos Group has open derivative financial instruments contracts relating to future operating profit which if closed out\nat their market rates would have resulted in a gain of $32.8 million (2003: gain of $61.5 million).\n**33. Economic Dependency**\nThere are in existence long-term contracts for the sale of gas, but otherwise the Directors believe there is no economic dependency.\n**34. Post Balance Date Events**\nThe following events occurred subsequent to 31 December 2004, the financial effects of which have not been brought to account in the financial\nstatements for the year ended 31 December 2004:\n(a) For dividends declared after 31 December 2004 refer note 20;\n(b) On 17 February 2005, the Company entered into a contract to acquire Basin Oil Pty Ltd effective 1 January 2005. Basin Oil Pty Ltd has a 2.1%\ninterest in SA Cooper Basin, 40% interests in Patricia-Baleen and Sole, and 33.3% interests in Golden Beach and Vic/P55.\n**35. Australian Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards**\nFollowing the implementation by the Australian Accounting Standards Board (“AASB”) of the Financial Reporting Council’s policy of adopting the\naccounting standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), the Santos Group must comply with the Australian\nequivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (“A-IFRS”) from 1 January 2005. Accordingly, the Santos Group will prepare a financial\nreport under A-IFRS for the first time for the half-year ending 30 June 2005. The prior period comparatives in that report will be based on an\nopening A-IFRS statement of financial position dated 1 January 2004 except for the A-IFRS pertaining to financial instruments described below.",
+                    "page_start": 86,
+                    "page_end": 87,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the main focus of the Santos 2005 program ?",
+                "target_page": 19,
+                "target_passage": " Oil is the main focus of the  2005 program",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## Creating Opportunities\n\nalready well underway.\nSantos plans to drill 25 wells and\nwill invest $150 million testing\nprospects within its expanding\ndomestic and international\nexploration portfolio -  up 19%\nfrom the $126 million spent on\nexploration in 2004.\nOil is the main focus of the\n2005 program with most activity\nin the Kutei and East Java Basins\noffshore Indonesia, the Gulf of\nSuez in Egypt, the Bonaparte\nBasin in the Timor Sea and the\nCarnarvon Basin offshore\nWestern Australia.\nThe 2005 program reflects\nthe increasing materiality of\nSantos’ exploration portfolio\nand continues the emphasis on\nmore globally-focused exploration\nas an important part of the\nCompany’s growth strategy.\nSantos has already had drilling\nsuccess early in 2005 with the\nHiu Aman 1 well -  the first to be\ndrilled by Santos in the Donggala\nPSC. Hiu Aman 1 has indicated\nthe presence of a prolific\nhydrocarbon system in this area.\nThe discovery should add other\nlower risk prospects to Santos’\nexploration portfolio. A\nmulti-well drilling program\nwill be undertaken in Santos’\nKutei Basin PSCs during 2005.\nAnother gas discovery has\nbeen made at Hurricane 1 in\nthe Carnarvon Basin, offshore\nWestern Australia. While both\nwells were discoveries, they\nrequire further evaluation to\ndetermine their commercial\nsignificance.\nAnnual Report 2004 18\nThe diversification of Santos\nis evident in the creation of a\nnumber of new higher margin\nproducing assets such as the\nBayu-Undan liquids project\noffshore northern Australia, the\nCasino gas field offshore southern\nAustralia, and the Mutineer-Exeter\noil and John Brookes gas fields\noffshore Western Australia.\nOutside Australia, Santos has also\nbuilt a core business in Indonesia\nthrough new field developments\nsuch as Oyong and Maleo. Santos\nis further reinforcing its\ncapabilities to implement high\nvalue offshore development\nprojects through an improved\ndrilling capability (including\ndeepwater and high pressure\nreservoirs) and functional\nleadership in the areas of\nreservoir and production\nengineering.\n**BAYU-UNDAN AND MINERVA**\n**COMMISSIONED**\nThere has been considerable\nprogress on all of these projects\nduring 2004 with two projects\nbeing commissioned: Bayu-Undan\nliquids and Minerva gas.\nBayu-Undan started liquids",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Sustainability\n\nemissions intensity reduction\ntarget (greenhouse emissions\nper unit of production) of 20%\nin the period from 2002 to 2008.\n**SUPPORTING COMMUNITIES**\nSantos has relationships with a\nnumber of communities where it\noperates. Some have been long-\nterm and others are just beginning.\nRelationships with communities\noutside Australia, such as Indonesia\nand the United States, are also\nemerging as Santos’ business grows\nin these locations.\nSantos made contributions\nduring 2004 to a wide variety of\norganisations and events through\nthe sponsorship program as part\nof the Company’s commitment\nto supporting the communities\nto which it belongs.\nPartnerships continued in 2004\nwith the Australian School of\nPetroleum, the Adelaide Symphony\nOrchestra, the State Opera\nCompany of South Australia, the\nArt Gallery of South Australia and\nthe Lloyd McDermott Foundation.\nOne of the highlights of the 2004\nprogram was the establishment\nof the Santos Community Fund.\nIt brings together all of the\ncontributions Santos makes to\ncommunity-based organisations\nand recognises and supports the\nefforts of Santos employees who\nchoose to contribute their own\ntime and resources to improving\ntheir communities.\nThe ‘Our Patch’ program was a\nrecipient of this fund in 2004.\nThis is a joint initiative of the\nPatawalonga and Torrens\nCatchment Management Boards\nwhich encourages the local\ncommunity to assist with the\nrehabilitation and management\nof Adelaide’s water catchment.\nSantos has adopted a patch of\nthe River Torrens and employees\nare assisting with the remediation\nand revegetation of this area in\na volunteering program.\n**CORPORATE GOVERNANCE**\nFor the third year running, the\nintegrity of Santos’ corporate\ngovernance was recognised in\n2004 with the maximum five-star\nrating in the Corporate\nGovernance Research Report\nprepared by Horwath and the\nUniversity of Newcastle.\nA more detailed overview of\ncorporate governance at Santos\nfollows on page 29 of this\nAnnual Report.\nMore detailed information about\nsustainability at Santos is\ncontained in the Sustainability\nReview and copies are available\nfrom the Company and via the\nSantos website www.santos.com.\n**Santos employees rehabilitating a section of the River Torrens in Adelaide, as part of Santos’ three-year**\n**commitment to the Our Patch project.**\nAnnual Report 2004 29",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Capturing and Delivering Growth\n\nAustralian market, and the ability\nto rapidly commercialise new\ndiscoveries.\nAn ongoing development and\ndelineation program was carried\nout during the year, yielding\nbetter than planned production.\nThe exploration initiative also\ncontinued to seek higher risk\nbut more material prospects,\naimed at enhancing the move\ninto the shallow water area of\nthe Gulf of Mexico. Exploration\nresults in this area during 2005\nwill shape Santos’ future strategy\nin the US.\n**TIGHT GAS**\nHydrocarbons contained in traps\nwith poor permeability are known\nas ‘tight gas’. Large tight gas\nresources are known to exist in\nthe Cooper Basin. Under current\ncircumstances, this gas cannot\nbe economically developed but,\nwith the combination of improved\nproduction techniques and better\ncommercial terms, could prove\nattractive.\nSantos assessed the resources\nand potential technologies that\ncould be applied to unlock these\nresources during 2004 and is now\nworking up a range of possible\nevaluation projects to be\nundertaken in 2005.\n**NORTHERN AUSTRALIA GAS**\nSantos has a significant existing\ngas resource base and some\npromising exploration acreage\nin the waters offshore Darwin,\nwhere it intends to drill a gas\nexploration well later this year.\nThe Company currently operates\nthe Mereenie gas field in the\nAmadeus Basin in central\nAustralia, which supplies gas to\nDarwin. Santos’ first offshore gas\nproduction in northern Australia\nbegins in 2006, sending Bayu-\nUndan gas to Darwin for\nconversion to LNG. Santos plans\nto build upon its growing\nposition in the region to target\nfurther development which could\nensure long-term gas supplies\nfor the current market, or an\nexpanded Northern Territory\ndomestic market, or for export.\n**PAPUA NEW GUINEA GAS**\nSantos is in active discussions\nwith the PNG Gas Project\nparticipants to potentially\nre-enter the PNG Gas Project.\nSantos has a significant interest\nin a large part of the liquids-rich\nHides gas field which is integral\nto the development of\nthe Project.\nAnnual Report 2004 22\n**‘Our objective is to derive value**\n**from undeveloped assets which**\n**have been outside of Santos’**\n**base business.’**\n**BRUCE WOOD**\nVice President\nStrategic Projects",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Managing Options\n\ndesire to continually improve\ncommunication performance.\nSantos has been listed as\nan inaugural member of the\nAustralian SAM Sustainability\nIndex (AuSSI). The AuSSI tracks\nthe performance of around 70\nAustralian companies that lead\ntheir industry in terms of\neconomic, environmental and\nsocial criteria. The index is\ncalculated daily by Dow Jones\nIndexes and published in  *The*\n*Australian*  newspaper.\nFollowing is an overview of\nprogress and achievements in the\narea of sustainability for 2004.\n**SAFETY IMPROVING**\nThe health and safety of employees\nis of paramount concern to Santos.\nSantos delivered another year of\nimprovement in 2004 and achieved\nits lowest total recordable case\nfrequency rate of 6.4.\nFurther improvements were also\nmade with the implementation\nof the Environment, Health and\nSafety Management System\nstandards, with Santos operations\nundergoing full assessments\nagainst standards for the\nfirst time.\nThe results demonstrated\nconsiderable improvement\nover the baseline assessments\nconducted in 2003 with steady\nprogress in the implementation\nof the procedures, processes and\ntools needed to achieve the\nrequirements of the standards.\nProcess safety capability which\ndeals with plant and equipment\nintegrity assurance, design and\nconstruction, and maintenance,\nis being developed through\nthe formation of a new set of\nstandards to be incorporated\ninto the health and safety\nmanagement system.\nThe safety focus in 2005 will be\non finalising a comprehensive set\nof hazard standards which outline\nthe required controls to ensure\nthat hazards encountered across\nSantos’ operations and activities\nare well managed.\n**POSITIONING THE WORKFORCE**\n**FOR THE FUTURE**\nSantos commenced a major\ncompany-wide transformational\nchange program in late 2003.\nThe program was designed to\nsignificantly improve Santos’\nperformance in four areas: key\nbusiness processes, financial\nperformance, organisation\nstructure and company culture.\nReorganising and simplifying the\nCompany’s structure was one of\nthe major outcomes and in May\n2004 Santos began operating\nunder a new functionally-based\norganisation structure.\nThe new structure is designed\nto support the exploration-\nfocused growth strategy.\nIt mirrors the ‘conveyor belt’\nlifecycle of an exploration\nand production company where\nexploration success leads\nto commercialisation and\ndevelopment activity and finally\nrevenue-generating production.\nIt also follows the principle that\nthe majority of employees should",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Managing Director’s Review\n\nare planned, one onshore, and\none offshore in the shallow\nwaters of the Gulf of Mexico.\nIn Australia, our increasing focus\non the potential of offshore areas\nwill see Santos drill three wells\noff Western Australia in 2005,\none off southern Australia and\ntwo wells off northern Australia.\nWe will also drill two wells\nonshore in Queensland and one\nonshore in Victoria.\nThe discovery of oil and gas\nat Hiu Aman in the Kutei Basin,\noffshore East Kalimantan, has\nprovided a strong start to our\n2005 exploration program and\nwe look forward with anticipation\nto further work on that\nsignificant find. Santos has a\n50% interest in the discovery. We\nbelieve this region of Indonesia\nis very promising and Santos\nexpects to drill four wells in the\nKutei Basin in 2005.\n**BIGGEST DEVELOPMENT**\n**YEAR YET**\nI am pleased also to report\nthat 2004 was a record year for\ndevelopment with six projects\nadvancing through the pipeline.\nThe start-up of the Mutineer-\nExeter oil field is a significant\nmilestone in Santos' development\nhistory. This project off the\nWestern Australian coast, in\nwhich Santos has a one-third\ninterest, is the first offshore oil\nfield development which we\noperate and is also the first of\nfive more offshore production\nprojects due to commence over\nthe next 18 months, three of\nwhich are operated by Santos.\nMutineer-Exeter appraisal\ndelivered a lower than expected\noutcome in terms of reserves.\nConversely, at Bayu-Undan, where\nthe LNG project continues to\nmake steady progress towards\nstart-up in the first half of 2006,\nSantos' fortunes went the other\nway, as development drilling\nupgraded Proven plus Probable\n(2P) gas and liquids reserves\nby 14 million boe.\nThe good news for the Mutineer-\nExeter project is that the field\nhas been developed under budget\nand production is starting three\nmonths ahead of schedule.\nThe achievements in developing\nMutineer-Exeter are world class\nand provide further evidence\nof the ability of Australian\ncompanies to more than hold\ntheir own on the global discovery\nand development stage.\nAs projects like Minerva,\nMutineer-Exeter and Bayu-Undan\nemerge from our development\npipeline, other projects enter\nand continue to advance.\nWith contracts in place to supply\ngas to customers in Western\nAustralia, we expect a mid-2005\nstart-up for the John Brookes\nproject in the offshore Carnarvon\nBasin. Meanwhile, the Casino gas\nfield off the Victorian coast is\non schedule to produce first gas",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Capturing and Delivering Growth\n\nFollowing the discovery of oil at\nJeruk, Santos is moving rapidly to\nevaluate the significance of the\nfield and development options. To\nthis end, a 3D seismic survey over\nJeruk and Santos’ surrounding\ninterests was initiated in late\n2004. In addition, a focused\nmulti-disciplinary team has been\nassembled to assess all\ndevelopment options, including\nthe potential for early production.\nSantos' development conveyor\nis functioning well, with the\nnumber of significant projects\nin the pre-development and\ndevelopment stages at a\nrecord level.\nAnnual Report 2004 19\n**DEVELOPMENT CONVEYOR**  at 31 December 2004\nPercent complete\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n90\n100 Minerva 100%\nMutineer-Exeter 89% Bayu-Undan LNG Pipeline 82%\nBayu-Undan LNG 67%\nJohn Brookes 44%\nCasino 25%\nOyong, Maleo, Jeruk, Sole, Kipper, Golden Beach\nBayu-Undan\nLiquids 100%\nProject Lifecycle\n**MODEC Venture II Floating**\n**Production, Storage and Offloading**\n**vessel, en route to Mutineer-**\n**Exeter oil fields, Carnarvon Basin,**\n**offshore Western Australia.**\nAnnual Report 2004 20\nOn top of exploration and new\nventures growth opportunities,\nSantos has a large inventory of\ngas fields that are yet to be\ncommitted to gas contracts.\nThese fields, known as contingent\nresources, represent significant\nopportunities for Santos.\nEach year Santos works towards\ncommercialising these fields by\nfinding new gas contracts or\nextending existing contracts\nso that they can be booked as\nProven (1P) or Proven plus\nProbable (2P) reserves.\nSantos’ contingent gas resources\nare largely located offshore\nsouthern Australia and Western\nAustralia, in the Bonaparte Basin\noffshore northern Australia and\nonshore Papua New Guinea.\nSantos continued to deliver on\ngas commercialisation during\n2004, commercialising 27 million\nboe during the year. Santos also\nachieved positive contract price\nreviews for gas sales that were\nwell above the indexed levels.\n**UNIQUE ENERGY HUBS DELIVER**\n**GAS SWAPS**\nSome of the most important gas\ncommercialisation achievements\nfor the year were the innovative\ngas swaps agreements that were\nonly possible because of Santos’\nunique spread of assets across key\nAustralian gas hubs.\nSantos and the other South\nWest Queensland Gas Producers\nannounced a coal seam methane\ngas swap in May to allow each\nparty to supply the other party’s\ncontractual obligations in\ndifferent states via the Moomba",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "Annual Report 2004 TAPPING INTO THE ENERGY... INSIDE Santos Ltd ABN 80 007 550 923 CHAIRMAN’S REVIEW  **2** Stephen Gerlach comments on Santos’ performance in 2004. 2004 ACHIEVEMENTS 2005 AND BEYOND  **3** Key achievements in 2004 and three-year performance, plus what to look for in the near-term future. MANAGING DIRECTOR’S REVIEW  **4** John Ellice-Flint reviews Santos’ 50th year, where the values embodied in the great explorers of yesteryear are shaping Santos today. THE WORLD OF SANTOS  **8** Locations of Santos’ global exploration, development and production activities. ANALYSING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE  **10** Putting the numbers in perspective and explaining the 2004 financial results. LEVERAGING BASE BUSINESS  **12** Production results for 2004 plus a review of activities that are creating value in Santos’ base business. CREATING OPPORTUNITIES  **15** Exploration strategy, results and acreage acquisitions, 2005 program and new venture opportunities.\nCAPTURING AND DELIVERING GROWTH  **18** Progress on Santos’ development projects and gas commercialisation highlights. MANAGING OPTIONS  **22** Strategic projects, portfolio management activities and reserves movements in 2004. SUSTAINABILITY  **26** Sustainability activities undertaken in 2004, including safety and environmental performance, employees and communities. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE  **29** Details of the main corporate governance practices Santos has in place. DIRECTORS’ AND SENIOR EXECUTIVES’ REMUNERATION  **37** Remuneration details for Directors and key executives. BOARD OF DIRECTORS  **41** Directors’ biographical details. GROUP INTERESTS  **42** Santos licence areas and percentage interests. 10 YEAR SUMMARY  **44** Statistical summary of financial performance.\nDIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT  **47** Directors’ shareholdings, meetings, activities and emoluments. FINANCIAL REPORT  **50** Statements of financial performance, financial position and cash flows and notes to the financial statements. STOCK EXCHANGE AND SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION  **90** Listing of top 20 shareholders, analysis of shares and voting rights. INFORMATION FOR SHAREHOLDERS  **92** Annual General Meeting, final dividend, shareholder enquiries and information resources for shareholders. GLOSSARY  **93** Most frequently used terms explained. BACK COVER Corporate directory",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## ANALYSING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE\n\ndouble DD&A, reflecting how\nrapidly the portfolio is changing.\nSantos will continue with a high\ndevelopment expenditure in 2005,\nbut expects to spend more in line\nwith cash generation. Exploration\nspend is estimated to be about\n$150 million, while development\nspend is expected to be reduced\nto $530 million and delineation\nto $90 million. Other capital\nspending is expected to be\nreduced to $80 million.\nThis results in a total planned\ncapital expenditure for 2005 of\napproximately $850 million.\n**FINANCIAL FLEXIBILITY INTACT**\nSantos ended the year in a\nstrong financial position with its\nfinancial flexibility intact, despite\nthe record development spending.\nThe FUELS issue was successful\nand Santos’ gearing increased\nonly marginally, despite the large\ncapital program in 2004.\nThis is important in Santos’\nbusiness as the Company needs\nto be able to fund exploration\nsuccess as it occurs, and our\ndevelopment projects are\nincreasing in size.\n’01 ’02 ’03 **’04**\n**OPERATING CASH FLOW AND CAPITAL EXPENDITURE**\n$million\nOperating cash flow Capital expenditure\n0\n200\n400\n600\n800\n1000\n717\n660\n761 750\n**605**\n821 897 **930**\nAnnual Report 2004 12\nThe Santos base business\ncomprises production from assets\nin all of the Company's existing\nproducing fields.\nSantos is countering decline from\nmature fields with strategies such\nas optimisation and trialling new\ntechnologies to maximise output,\nwhile running an exploration\nprogram which aims to add new\nprojects and production.\nAt all times, ensuring the safety\nof all operations and minimising\nany environmental impacts\nremains paramount.\n**2004 PRODUCTION IMPACTED**\n**BY MOOMBA INCIDENT**\nSantos' total production in 2004\nfell from 54.2 million boe in 2003\nto 47.1 million boe, primarily due\nto the effects of the 1 January\nincident at Moomba that resulted\nin a reduction of 4.6 million\nboe, together with declining\nperformance from the East Spar\nand Stag fields in the Carnarvon\nBasin, offshore Western Australia.\nSales gas and ethane production\nfell 14% during the year from\n222.8 PJ to 190.5 PJ. Production\ndeclined in the Cooper Basin and\ngas production from the onshore\nOtway Basin ceased with the",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## SANTOS GROUP INTERESTS\n\nPDL 3* 15.9\nPL 3 3.6\nPPL 190* 31.3\nPPL 206 48.0\nPPL 228 40.0\nPRL 4* 35.3\nPRL 5* 35.3\nPRL 9* 42.6\nSE Gobe Unit 9.4\n**INDONESIA**\n**East Java Basin**\nBawean 45.0\nBrantas 18.0\nMadura Offshore (Maleo)* 75.0\nNth Bali 1* 30.0\nSampang (Oyong)* 45.0\n**Kutei Basin**\nDonggala 50.0\nPapalang 20.0\nPopodi 20.0\n**West Natuna Basin**\nKakap 6.3\n**West Papua Basin**\nWarim 20.0\nLicence Area % Interest\n**EGYPT**\nRas Abu Darag 50.0\nSouth East July 20.0\nNorth Zeit Bay 50.0\n**UNITED STATES OF AMERICA**  AVG WORKING INTEREST\n**East Texas**\nBlack Horse* 100.0\nBP America 25.0\nJefferson Co 18.8\nKnight 30.0\n**South Texas**\nBar Harbor 25.0\nBP Green* 50.0\nCoquat 25.0\nCougar* 100.0\nDuncan Slough* 66.2\nE. Edinburgh 20.8\nElsa 25.0\nHall Ranch* 57.5\nHordes Creek 50.3\nLafite / Allen Dome* 92.1\nMarkham 16.0\nMikeska 54.5\nMountainside 20.8\nPetru 30.9\nRaymondville 25.3\nRemmers* 66.3\nRiverdale 23.1\nTidehaven* 38.9\nVerdad 25.0\nW. Mercedes 25.0\n**South Louisiana**\nHowards Creek 25.0\n**Montana**\nDeer Creek 50.0\n* Santos operated.\n(I) Includes interests held by Basin Oil Pty Ltd. By contract dated 17 February 2005, Santos agreed\nto acquire Basin Oil Pty Ltd effective 1 January 2005. The transaction is expected to be\ncompleted in the second quarter of 2005.\nAnnual Report 2004 44 Annual Report 2004 44\n10 YEAR SUMMARY 1995- 2004\n**As at 31 December 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004**\nSantos average realised oil price (A$/bbl) 24.96 27.43 27.42 20.95 27.57 46.54 45.53 44.74 43.59  **51.83**\n**Financial performance**  ($million)\nProduct sales revenue 671.6 729.2 778.5 769.4 944.5 1,497.1 1,459.7 1,478.4 1,465.0  **1,500.9**\nTotal operating revenue 740.1 804.0 859.5 1,000.8 995.6 1,556.2 1,561.8 1,542.3 1,619.4  **1,753.2**\nForeign currency gains/(losses) (16.0) 25.0 3.6 2.0 0.3 2.7 0.2 (0.7) (7.9)  **(3.0)**\nProfit from ordinary activities before tax 241.0 331.9 322.3 267.3 339.6 725.9 627.6 493.3 430.9  **540.8**\nIncome tax relating to ordinary activities 130.4 136.0 116.1 91.0 30.5 239.1 181.7 171.2 103.9  **160.9**\nNet profit after income tax attributable\nto the shareholders of Santos Ltd 110.6 195.9 206.2 176.3 309.1 486.8 445.9 322.1 327.0  **379.9**\n**Financial position**  ($million)\nTotal assets 2,915.5 3,443.4 4,036.2 4,236.1 4,338.7 4,659.8 5,048.7 5,320.8 5,218.3  **5,956.0**",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## SANTOS GROUP INTERESTS\n\nAs at 28 February 2005\nLicence Area % Interest\n**SOUTH AUSTRALIA**\n*(PPL = Petroleum Production Licence;*\n*PL = Pipeline Licence)*\n**Cooper Basin**  * <sup>(I)</sup> (Fixed Factor Area)\n(SA Unit PPLs 6-20, 22-25, 27-61, 63-75,\n78-117, 119, 120, 124, 126-130, 132-135,\n137-141, 143-146, 148-151, 153-155, 157,\n159-166, 169-181, 183-186, 188-190, 192,\n193, 195, 196, 198, 199 and in\nQueensland PPL12) 66.6\n**Downstream**  * <sup>(I)</sup> (PL2) 66.6\n**Patchawarra East Joint Operating Area**  *\n(PPLs 26, 76, 77, 118, 121-123, 125,\n131, 136, 142, 147, 152, 156, 158,\n167, 182, 187, 191, 194 & 197) 72.3\n**QUEENSLAND**\n*(PL = Petroleum Lease; PPL = Pipeline Licence)*\n**South-West Queensland**  *\nATP 259P\nNaccowlah (PLs 23-26, 35, 36, 62, 76-79,\n82, 87, 105, 107, 109, 133, 149, 175,\n181, 182 & 189 55.5\nTotal 66 (PLs 34, 37, 63, 68, 75, 84, 88,\n110, 129, 130, 134, 140, 142-144, 150,\n168, 178, 186, 193, PPL8 & PPL14) 70.0\nWareena (PLs 113, 114, 141, 145, 148,\n153, 157, 158, 187 & 188) 61.2\nInnamincka (PLs 58, 80, 136, 137,\n156 & 159) 70.0\nAlkina 72.0\nAquitaine A (PLs 86, 131, 146,\n177 & 208) 52.5\nAquitaine B (PLs 59-61, 81, 83, 85, 97,\n106, 108, 111, 112, 132, 135, 139, 147,\n151, 152, 155, 205 & 207) 55.0\nAquitaine C (PLs 138 & 154) 47.8\n50/40/10 (PL 55) 60.0\nSWQ Unit (PLs 12-13, 16-18, 31, 34,\n36-40, 46-48, 62, 64-72, 78-82, 84,\n86, 94-96, 98, 100, 101 & 105 and\nin South Australia PLs 5, 9 & 15) 60.1\nATP 267P (Nockatunga) (PLs 33,\n50 & 51) 59.1\nATP 299P (Tintaburra) (PLs 29, 38, 39,\n52, 57, 95, 169 & 170) 89.0\nLicence Area % Interest\n**Surat Basin**\nPLs 30, 56 & 74 15.0\nATP 336P (Roma) (PLs 3-13, 93 & PPL2)* 85.0\nATP 336P (Waldegrave) (PLs 10-12, 28,\n69 & 89)* 46.3\nATP 470P (Redcap) (PL 71) 10.0\nATP 471P (Bainbilla) (PL 119 & PPL 58) 16.7\nATP 471P (Myall) (PL 192) 51.0\nBoxleigh* 100.0\nPL 1 (Moonie)* 100.0\nPL 1 (2) (Cabawin Exclusion)* 100.0\nPL 1 (FO) (Cabawin Farm-out)* 50.0\nPL 2 (A & B) (Kooroon)* 52.5\nPL 2 (Alton)* 100.0",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the primary aim of the OSPRO cohort study ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": " The primary aim of the OSPRO cohort study was to de velop and validate review of systems (i.e. evidence of sys temic involvement) and yellow flag (i.e. pain-related  psychological distress) screening tools for use in out patient orthopedic physical therapy settings",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Abbreviations\nCCI: Charlson comorbidity index; OSPRO: Optimal Screening for Prediction of\nReferral and Outcome; OSPRO-ROS: Review of systems screening tool from\nOSPRO cohort study; OSPRO-YF: Pain-related psychological distress screening\ntool from OSPRO cohort study",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Dataset and patient population\n\ndataset and cohort, readers are directed to the published\ncohort profile [ 19 ].\nThe primary aim of the OSPRO cohort study was to de-\nvelop and validate review of systems (i.e. evidence of sys-\ntemic involvement) and yellow flag (i.e. pain-related\npsychological distress) screening tools for use in out-\npatient orthopedic physical therapy settings. These screen-\ning tools, once validated and refined for clinical decision\nmaking, may improve the value of care delivery by accur-\nately identifying individuals who 1) are appropriate for\nreferral to other providers for management of\nnon-musculoskeletal symptoms, and/or 2) would benefit\nfrom enhanced, psychologically-informed physical ther-\napy. Early identification of individuals most appropriate\nfor these modified pathways of care has the potential to\nreduce wasteful downstream health care utilization, limit\nthe risk of unwarranted and costly care escalation, and im-\nprove clinical outcomes. Results of the primary analyses\nexamining the predictive ability of the OSPRO tools for\npain, disability, health status, and comorbidity outcomes\nhave been previously published [ 20 ]. Pre-planned second-\nary analyses included prediction of persistent pain state\n[ 21 ] and this current analysis predicting future healthcare\nutilization. All subjects consented to participation in the\nstudy and ethics approval was granted by the University of\nFlorida Institutional Review Board.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Dataset and patient population\n\nThis study used data from the Orthopedic Physical Ther-\napy - Investigative Network ’ s (OPT-IN) Optimal Screen-\ning for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO)\nvalidation cohort study, a longitudinal prospective study\nof individuals with knee, shoulder, back or neck pain seek-\ning Physical Therapy in the US. A convenience sample\nwas recruited from December 2014 and December 2015\nby participating OPT-IN clinics. The OPT-IN clinics that\nparticipated in data collection represented multiple geo-\ngraphic regions in the US including the Mideast, South-\neast, Great Lakes, Rocky Mountain States and Far West,\nwith an attempt to balance recruitment between urban\nand rural settings over the entire OPT-IN network. Phys-\nical therapists practicing in these clinics identified eligible\nparticipants at initial evaluation and directed them to a se-\ncure study website for the informed consent process and\nbaseline self-report assessment. Eligibility criteria have\nbeen thoroughly reported elsewhere [ 19 ] and were\nintentionally broad to develop a cohort that was\ngeneralizable to those seeking physical therapy for com-\nmon musculoskeletal conditions in the US. Participants\ncompleted follow-up self-reported assessments on the\nstudy website at 4 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. Partic-\nipants were notified of a pending assessment by an email\nthat directed them back to the study website to complete\ntheir follow-up assessment. For additional details of the",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Discussion\n\ndownstream costs following physical therapy [ 54 , 55 ]\nand may be a source of unexplained variance in our\nmodels. Characteristics of the clinical encounter should\nbe considered in future studies to refine the prediction\nmodels developed in our analyses.\nThird, we were unable to adequately model the spe-\ncific effects of worker ’ s compensation, self-pay and some\ncommercial insurance coverage on utilization due to the\nlow incidence of these forms of payment in our study\nsample. Modeling these separately would have created\nthe potential for unreliable and imprecise effect esti-\nmates. Readers should consider the within-group hetero-\ngeneity caused by this approach and exercise caution\nwhen applying these results to individuals who do not\nhave traditional public or private insurance coverage. Fu-\nture studies should investigate the performance of the\nOSPRO tools in predicting outcomes for patients with\nWorker ’ s Compensation.\nA final limitation is the use of patient recall to meas-\nure utilization. To mitigate recall bias, we used two\nfollow-up points, at 6 and 12 months. However, under-\nor over-reporting of utilization is often a concern with\nstudies requiring subject recall [ 56 - 58 ]. Medical record\nand claims data were not available for these subjects.\nReaders should consider our inability to independently\nconfirm utilization when interpreting results.\nIn future studies, we will embed the OSPRO tools into\nelectronic medical record (EMR) databases to refine and\ntest outcomes prediction models at the health care systems\nlevel. Importantly, we will collect clinical encounter data\nthrough the EMR and combine it with administrative or\nbilling data to confirm the results of this study with more\nobjective measures of health care use. These studies will\nalso allow us to provide better guidance on how to use the\nOSPRO tools to identify serious psychiatric involvement or\nsystemic sources of pain that require medical referral. Fi-\nnally, we will explore alternative scoring strategies for the\ntools, such as weighted scoring for the OSPRO-ROS and\nuse of predicted full-length psychological questionnaire\nscores for the OSPRO-YF. Healthcare providers could then\nuse the collective information from these studies to build\nlearning health systems that facilitate effective, real-time\nclinical decision-making support to improve value of care\nfor patients with musculoskeletal pain.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **6 OSH legislation and OSH infrastructure in the EU**\n\n### **6.1 Foundation, legislation, compliance and supervision**\n\neither setting an objective and letting the actors define how this goal can be achieved  **(goal-oriented**\n**approach)**  , or prescribing also quite detailed measures to reach the objective  **(prescriptive**\n**approach)**  : <sup>352</sup>\n*‘There seems to be a general view that the Framework Directive, with its orientation towards a goal-*\n*oriented approach to OSH (rather than prescriptive) successfully lays out a suitable template for*\n*managing workplace risks -  but not in itself enough to ensure that all risks are dealt with sufficiently.*\n*One criticism of the goal-setting approach is that the absence of prescriptive intermediate goals makes*\n*compliance harder to verify and, in the absence of that verification procedure, harder to enforce*\n*(especially in OSH cultures with a history of the prescriptive approach).’*  <sup>353</sup>\nRegarding the  **level of compliance with the legal goals or prescriptions**  , the study authors assess it\nas ‘moderate to good.’ They see major differences depending on the topic and the size of the\nenterprises:\n*‘However, the collected data shows that overall compliance with the OSH acquis across the EU and*\n*across establishment sizes is moderate to good. There is no indication that compliance is measurably*\n*higher in the public sector compared to the private sector. Yet, in reality, compliance varies significantly*\n*from directive to directive, from MS to MS and across establishment sizes.*\n*Micro establishments: Cannot be assessed (limited evidence points to poor overall quantitative*\n*compliance)*\n-   *10 to 19 employees: Poor overall quantitative compliance*\n-   *20 to 49 employees: Moderate overall quantitative compliance*\n-   *50 to 249 employees: Good overall quantitative compliance*\n-   *250 to 499 employees: Good overall quantitative compliance*\n-   *500+ employees: Very good overall quantitative compliance’.*  <sup>354</sup>\nIn 2018, DG EMPL organised a peer review on ‘The efficient transposition, implementation and\nenforcement of EU OSH legislation’ for each EU Member State. <sup>355</sup> The overall conclusion is positive but\nrefers to the difference  **between formal (paper) compliance and ‘real improvements’**  :\n*‘Although not uniform across employers (with evidence that smaller businesses in particular find some*\n*of the demands challenging and difficult to implement) indications are also that the transposed legislation*\n*is being implemented within workplaces. However, there are indications that the fact of implementation*\n*is not necessarily a true indicator of the quality of that action, with suggestions that “compliance” is to*\n*some extent a paper exercise and is not always reflected in real improvements in working environments.’*",
+                    "page_start": 120,
+                    "page_end": 121,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **7 Methodological approaches, available data and research**\n\n### **7.3 Qualitative data and research**\n\nbut also the wider OSH infrastructure, for example, professional associations and research institutes.\nResearch about prevention practices and processes in enterprises <sup>475</sup> covers  **aspects like awareness**\n**raising, supporting and hindering factors to initiate preventive activities**  , <sup>476</sup> the impact of guidance\nand instructions for workers, training and education of OSH professionals, including concrete regulations\nof their functions and responsibilities in enterprises, their dependencies and relations to the\nmanagement and to workers, and the role of legislation and state-based systems for prevention in\nenterprises, or the quality of risk reduction measures.\n\n**Research on the societal, economic and legal frame and context**\nThe development of society, be it economically, legally or culturally, influences OSH. These studies also\ncover the impact of OSH on society, for example, costs of work-related diseases for society, <sup>477</sup> or the\nrelations between work (or occupation) and socioeconomic status.\nThis influence of such  **context developments on OSH is described**  in specific studies, for example,\non types and levels of implementation of legislation, <sup>478</sup> on social insurance developments, the influence\nof globalisation on supply chains and services, the ageing workforce, the ageing of the society causing\nthe approach to care for elderly people as long as possible at their homes, and development in related\npolicy fields like public health. It is mainly a field for humanities such as economy, sociology or law. <sup>479</sup>\nMeanwhile, a  **stronger connection between OSH and other policy and research fields**  has emerged.\nOSH research extended its frame and objectives to  **ethical considerations**  , for example, regarding\nresearch on corporate social responsibility or on working conditions in the supply chain. <sup>480</sup> Moreover,\n**environmental policies**  influence safety and health at workplaces,  for example, regarding the use of\nsafe but environmentally harmful chemicals, emissions from enterprises to air, soil and water, and\nenergy consumption.  **Public health institutions**  provide research results about the connection between\nwork and personal lifestyles, be it smoking or physical inactivity, adaptation of workplaces, and return\nto work programmes in collaboration with  **social security**  or  **professional**  and  **non-profit**\n**organisations**  .",
+                    "page_start": 134,
+                    "page_end": 135,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Assessment tools\n\n#### OSPRO Review of Systems tool (OSPRO-ROS)\n\nThe OSPRO-ROS is a review-of-systems screening tool for\nuse in outpatient orthopedic physical therapy settings [ 36 ].\nThe OSPRO-ROS has demonstrated good concurrent val-\nidity with depression and a comprehensive 97-item battery\nof non-musculoskeletal symptoms (i.e., red flags). [ 36 ]\nModerate to strong predictive capabilities of the\nOSPRO-ROS have been reported for persistence of pain,\nquality of life, and change in comorbidity 12 months fol-\nlowing physical therapy in patients with musculoskeletal\npain [ 20 , 21 ]. The OSPRO-ROS includes standard symp-\ntom descriptors to aid with identification of systemic or\nnon-musculoskeletal origins of musculoskeletal pain. It\nincludes questions related to symptoms of the cardiovascu-\nlar, gastrointestinal, endocrine, nervous, integumentary,\npulmonary, and musculoskeletal systems. The full-length\n23-item version of the OSPRO-ROS is capable of identify-\ning 100% of positive red-flag responders (i.e. indicating\n“ yes ” to at least one systemic symptom on a questionnaire)\nin outpatient orthopedic physical therapy settings. [ 36 ] A\nshorter, 10-item version is also available that has been\nshown to identify approximately 95% of positive red-flag re-\nsponders. For statistical analyses, the “ yes ” responses were\nadded for each version and included in each model as a\ncontinuous independent variable.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Results\n\n### Individual predictors of healthcare utilization\n\nMedian (min, max) 4 (0 - 9.67) 4 (0 - 8) 4.5 (0 - 9.7)\nDisability Mean ± SD 0 ± 1.0 − 0.06 ± .97 0.08 ± 1.03 0.16\nMedian (min, max) − 0.16 ( − 2.41 - 3.14) − 0.23 ( − 2.21 - 2.94) − 0.01 ( − 2.41 - 3.14)\nCCI Mean ± SD 0.66 ± 1.47 0.68 ± 1.62 0.63 ± 1.25 0.76\nMedian (min, max) 0 (0 - 13) 0 (0 - 13) 0 (0 - 8)\nCCI Charlson comorbidity index a Group comparisons with independent samples t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables\nTable 3 Baseline OSPRO questionnaire scores for the full cohort and for those with complete and incomplete follow-up\nVariable Label Full Cohort at baseline\n( n = 440)\nCompleted follow-up\n( n = 246)\nDid not complete follow-up\n( n = 194)\np -value  <sup>a</sup>\nOSPRO-ROS 10-item Mean ± SD 2.68 ± 2.38 2.52 ± 2.24 2.89 ± 2.55 0.11\nMedian (min, max) 2 (0 - 10) 2 (0 - 10) 2.5 (0 - 10)\nOSPRO-ROS + 13 items Mean ± SD 1.25 ± 1.80 1.14 ± 1.52 1.38 ± 2.09 0.17\nMedian (min, max) 1 (0 - 12) 1 (0 - 7) 1 (0 - 12)\nOSPRO-YF 10-item Mean ± SD 17.43 ± 6.69 16.87 ± 6.46 18.15 ± 6.91 0.04\nMedian (min, max) 17 (4 - 47) 16 (4 - 40) 17 (4 - 47)\nOSPRO-YF + 7 items Mean ± SD 14.92 ± 5.51 14.41 ± 4.93 15.57 ± 6.12 0.03\nMedian (min, max) 15 (3 - 34) 14 (3 - 28) 16 (3 - 34)\nCCI Charlson comorbidity index, OSPRO-ROS Review of systems screening tool, OSPRO-YF Pain-related psychological distress screening tool a Independent samples t-tests to assess group differences between those who did and did not complete follow-up\nLentz et al. BMC Health Services Research (2018) 18:648 Page 7 of 14\nweighted analytic models for each type of healthcare\nservice.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **7 Methodological approaches, available data and research**\n\n### **7.1 The need for a detailed OSH information base**\n\n*‘to better identify and assess potential risks by doing more research, exchanging knowledge and*\n*applying results in practice; - to develop monitoring tools to track progress; ....*  <sup>432</sup> The  **EU Strategic**\n**Framework on Health and Safety at Work 2014-2020**  defined seven key objectives, where key\nobjective 6 requests better data:  *‘Improving statistical data collection to have better evidence and*\n*developing monitoring tools’.*  <sup>433</sup>\nThe most recent  **EU Strategic Framework on Health and Safety at Work 2021-2027**  puts the focus\non changes, with the title  *‘Occupational safety and health in a changing world of work’*  . <sup>434</sup> It emphasises\nthe value of science-based evidence by stating:  *‘Research and data collection, both at EU and national*\n*level, are a pre-condition for the prevention of work-related diseases and accidents. Scientific advice*\n*and the latest technological developments feed into OSH legislation and policy.’*\nThese objectives show that good — and often more and better — evidence and monitoring tools are\nneeded to understand all aspects of safety and health at work — as a pre-condition for priority setting\nand effective preventive actions. Consequently, in their national OSH strategies, a good number of\nMember States have agreed on provision of better data as a major target. <sup>435</sup>\nOne example for such a monitoring exercise is EU-OSHA’s series of foresight studies, for example, on\nemerging risks in the healthcare sector, including home and community care, emerging accident and\nelectricity risks in renewable energy jobs, cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks, and also\nshorter expert discussion papers, for example, on topics like nanotechnologies, robotics, 3D printing\nand use of performance-enhancing drugs in working life. <sup>436</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 130,
+                    "page_end": 130,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **7 Methodological approaches, available data and research**\n\n### **7.4 Data and research -  major evidence difficulties at EU level**\n\n#### * **7.4.4 On the way to better evidence -  major data, research gaps and open** *\n\nthen the major burden of intensification been put on other types of workers, for example,\nsubcontracted or self-employed, temporary and seasonal workers, or on workers in the global\nsupply chain?\n-  How much evidence is there that  **dangerous work has been increasingly contracted out to**\n**small and medium-size enterprises and the self-employed**  ? Are there sufficiently detailed\ndata on whether a larger share of service and client-related work at atypical times or work\nrequiring long working hours has been taken over by self-employed or subcontractors?\n-  The  **influence of enterprise size**  is often difficult to explain. In several aspects, the SMEs\nperform better, and in other important aspects worse. What might be the reason for this?\n-   **How is it possible to overcome the ‘prevention gap’ that in general exists between mobile**\n**and stationary workplaces?**  Can the solutions be technical or must there be organisational\nand legal measures, for example, a limitation of the prolonged use of ergonomically inadequate\nequipment like mobile phones?\n-  Impact of  **international and global supply chains on OSH: Does it improve or worsen the**\n**working conditions in the EU?**  Research could try to estimate the risk-reducing impact of the\nshift of some high-risk productions to enterprises outside the EU, for example, mining, base\nchemicals, recycling and so on (export of risks), and to estimate the OSH impact of EU export\nproduction, for example, vehicles, specialty chemicals, machines for risks at work inside the EU\n(import of risks).\n-  It would also be a big step forward if research could achieve an agreed  **standard value or a**\n**standard range**  (as reliable as possible) for the  **attributable fraction of work**  to widespread\ndiseases, that is, cardiovascular diseases, mental and behavioural disorders, musculoskeletal\ndiseases and cancer.\n-   **Compliance**  with and impact of legislation. Currently, there are data on the percentage of\nenterprises with a risk assessment but very limited information about the  **quality of these risk**\n**assessments and of implemented risk management and reduction measures**  . Previous\nstudies indicate that in many cases the risk assessment is conducted by an enterprise just to\ncomply with legal obligations (paper compliance). A possible approach could be an  **anonymous**\n**evaluation of the quality of a representative share**  of risk assessments.\n\n**References and notes**\n\n1 OSH Barometer data visualisation tool: [https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer)\n2 Methodological remark: Many workers in the service sectors have similar physically demanding work like workers",
+                    "page_start": 139,
+                    "page_end": 140,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the range of the pain rating scale ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "Pain intensity was assessed by the numerical pain rating  scale (NPRS) ranging from “0” (no pain) to “10” (worst pain imaginable)",
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Pain intensity\nPain intensity was assessed by the numerical pain rating\nscale (NPRS) ranging from “ 0 ” (no pain) to “ 10 ” (worst\npain imaginable) [ 24 - 26 ]. Participants rated their\ncurrent pain intensity, as well as their best (lowest) and\nworst (highest) pain intensity over the past 24 h.\nCurrent, best and worst pain ratings were averaged for\npurposes of analysis.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Pain-related clinical variables\nPain status was determined using established definitions\nthat account for the duration of pain and activity limita-\ntions [ 22 , 23 ] using the following two questions: 1)\n“ How long have you been experiencing your current\npainful symptoms? ” and 2) “ Have you experienced ANY\npain and activity limitations every day for the past 3\nmonths? ” Responses to question 1 of “ greater than 90\ndays ” or responses to question 2 of “ Yes ” were used to\nclassify patients as having persistent pain at initial\nevaluation.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## References\n\nstudy. Phys Ther. 2018;98:290 - 301.\n22. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, et\nal. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009;\n169:251 - 8.\n23. Carey TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Jackman A, Knauer S, Wallace A, et al.\nRace, care seeking, and utilization for chronic back and neck pain:\npopulation perspectives. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2010;11:343 - 50.\n24. Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD. Comparative reliability and\nvalidity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999;83:157 - 62.\n25. Bolton JE. Accuracy of recall of usual pain intensity in back pain patients.\nPain. 1999;83:533 - 9.\n26. Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale\nin patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005;30:1331 - 4.\n27. Vernon H. The neck disability index: state-of-the-art, 1991-2008. J Manip\nPhysiol Ther. 2008;31:491 - 502.\n28. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity.\nJ Manip Physiol Ther. 1991;14:409 - 15.\n29. Hudson-Cook N, Tomes-Nicholson K, Breen A. A revised Oswestry disability\nquestionnaire. In: Roland M, Jenner J, editors. Back pain: new approaches to\nrehabilitation and education. New York: Manchester University Press; 1989.\np. 187 - 204.\n30. Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry low back pain\ndisability questionnaire and the Quebec back pain disability scale. Phys\nTher. 2001;81:776 - 88.\n31. Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group.\nDevelopment of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction\napproaches. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1038 - 46.\n32. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Harner CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P, et al.\nDevelopment and validation of the international knee documentation\ncommittee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:600 - 13.\n33. Butera KA, Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, George SZ. Preliminary evaluation of a\nmodified STarT back screening tool across different musculoskeletal pain\nconditions. Phys Ther. 2016;96:1251 - 61.\n34. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying\nprognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation.\nJ Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373 - 83.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Assessment tools\n\n#### OSPRO Yellow Flag tool (OSPRO-YF)\nThe OSPRO-YF is a yellow flag assessment tool that in-\ncludes items from pain vulnerability domains (negative\naffect and fear-avoidance) and pain resilience domains\n(positive affect and self-efficacy) to aid with identification\nof pain-related psychological distress in outpatient ortho-\npedic physical therapy settings [ 37 ]. The OSPRO-YF has\ngood concurrent validity with pain intensity and\nregion-specific disability [ 37 ] and is capable of predicting\npain intensity, disability, quality of life and persistent pain\n12 months following physical therapy in patients with\nmusculoskeletal pain [ 20 , 21 ]. The full-length OSPRO-YF\nhas 17-items, however a shortened 10-item version is also\navailable with an acceptable trade-off in accuracy. Like the\nOSPRO-ROS, the OSPRO-YF is designed for implementa-\ntion into electronic medical record (EMR) systems to\nquickly and accurately identify risk for a variety of clinical\noutcomes [ 19 ]. For statistical analyses, a summary score\nwas derived for each version by adding the item responses\nafter reverse-scoring items 2, 13, 14, 15 and 17 so that\nhigher scores indicate higher pain-related psychological\ndistress. The summary score was then included in each\nmodel as a continuous independent variable.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Discussion\n\nThis study identified novel predictors for pain-related\nutilization outcomes following an episode of physical\ntherapy for a primary complaint of musculoskeletal\npain. The most robust finding from these analyses\nwas that baseline disability and change in pain inten-\nsity over the first 4 weeks following physical therapy\nevaluation were consistent predictors of subsequent\npain-related healthcare utilization in those participants\nthat completed all follow up. Aside from these robust\npredictors, other individual predictors of utilization\nwere highly outcome-specific. High model specificity\nfor utilization outcomes observed in this study is con-\nsistent with a recent systematic review that found\nsimilar levels of model specificity for more traditional\noutcomes like pain intensity, disability and work\nabsenteeism [ 14 ]. Across models, health-related vari-\nables were generally stronger predictors than sociode-\nmographic factors, which is also supported by prior\nresearch [ 15 , 16 ]. Additionally, there were cases when\nprediction models were improved for specific services\n(e.g. surgery, use of opioids) when considering change\nin pain, disability or pain-related psychological dis-\ntress. A notable finding is that the OSPRO-YF had\nthe greatest utility when used to measure change in\npain-related psychological distress. Current risk pre-\ndiction paradigms in musculoskeletal pain consider\nonly baseline pain-related psychological distress. How-\never, these results underscore the importance of\nTable 7 Summary of consistent individual predictors for each utilization outcome  <sup>*</sup>\nDependent variable Utilization outcome\nAny care Opioids Injection Surgery Diagnostic tests or imaging Emergency room\nAge X\nInsurance X\nComorbidities (CCI) X X\nBaseline disability X X X X X\nBaseline pain X\nChange in pain X X X X\nChange in disability X\nChange in 10-item OSPRO-YF X\nCCI Charlson comorbidity index, OSPRO-YF Pain-related psychological distress screening tool\n* Significant predictors ( p < .05) for each dependent variable denoted with “ X ”\nPage 10 of 14\nroutine pain-related psychological distress monitoring\nthroughout the early phases of rehabilitation espe-\ncially if the goal is to identify risk for subsequent\npain-related healthcare utilization. The implications of\nthese collective findings are that treatment pathways\nmay provide greater value by 1) addressing modifiable\nhealth-related variables like pain, disability and\npain-related psychological distress, 2) routine moni-\ntoring of these health-related variables and 3) offering\ntreatment alternatives that safely escalate care if\nneeded while minimizing risk of harm and unhelpful\nutilization.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Abstract\n\nBackground: In the United States, value-based purchasing has created the need for healthcare systems to prospectively\nidentify patients at risk for high healthcare utilization beyond a physical therapy episode for musculoskeletal pain. The\npurpose of this study was to determine predictors of pain-related healthcare utilization subsequent to an index episode\nof physical therapy for musculoskeletal pain.\nMethods: This study assessed data from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO)\nlongitudinal cohort study that recruited individuals with a primary complaint of neck, low back, knee or shoulder\npain in physical therapy ( n = 440). Demographics, health-related information, review of systems, comorbidity and\npain-related psychological distress measures were collected at baseline evaluation. Baseline to 4-week changes in\npain intensity, disability, and pain-related psychological distress were measured as treatment response variables.\nAt 6-months and 1-year after baseline evaluation, individuals reported use of opioids, injection, surgery, diagnostic tests\nor imaging, and emergency room visits for their pain condition over the follow-up period. Separate prediction models\nwere developed for any subsequent care and service-specific utilization.\nResults: Subsequent pain-related healthcare utilization was reported by 43% ( n = 106) of the study sample that completed\nthe 12-month follow-up ( n = 246). Baseline disability and 4-week change in pain intensity were important global predictors\nof subsequent healthcare utilization. Age, insurance status, comorbidity burden, baseline pain, and 4-week changes in pain\nintensity, disability and pain-related psychological distress predicted specific service utilization.\nConclusion: In those completing follow up measures, risk of additional pain-related healthcare utilization after physical\ntherapy was best predicted by baseline characteristics and 4-week treatment response variables for pain intensity, disability\nand pain-related psychological distress. These findings suggest treatment monitoring of specific response variables could\nenhance identification of those at risk for future healthcare utilization in addition to baseline assessment. Further study is\nrequired to determine how specific characteristics of the clinical encounter influence future utilization.\nKeywords: Screening, Psychological distress, Multimorbidity, Value, Treatment monitoring",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Healthcare utilization outcomes\n\nSelf-reported health care utilization was assessed at 6- and\n12-months following initial evaluation by online assessment.\nQuestions were derived from previous population-based\nstudies involving musculoskeletal pain that have used survey\nmethods for follow-up assessment [ 22 , 23 ]. Study\nparticipants were asked whether they used any of the fol-\nlowing healthcare services for their primary musculoskeletal\npain complaint in the time following their physical therapy\ntreatment:\n1. Opioid painkillers (eg. Vicodin, Lortab,\nHydrocodone, Fentanyl, Percocet, Oxycontin,\nOxycodone, tramadol, Ultram, Diludid, etc)\n2. Injections\n3. Surgery\n4. Diagnostic tests or Imaging (eg. xray, MRI, CT\nscan, nerve conduction test, etc.)\n5. Emergency room visits\n“ Yes ” responses were followed by questions regarding\nthe quantity of services utilized (i.e. number of opioid\npainkillers, number of diagnostic tests or number of\nemergency room visits). All utilization questions were\nanswered on a categorical scale (0, 1, 2 - 5, 5 - 10, or > 10)\nindicating the quantity of a particular service received\nduring the applicable follow-up timeframe. At 6-month\nfollow-up, study participants reported their use of ser-\nvices for the previous 2 months, allowing a timeframe of\n4 months from initial evaluation for them to complete\nphysical therapy. At 12-month follow-up, study partici-\npants reported their use of services over the previous\n6 months since their last survey. This method provided\nan 8-month overall follow-up period after physical ther-\napy and two follow-up points were included to minimize\nrecall bias.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Methods\n\n### Healthcare utilization predictors\nWe collected potential predictors by self-reported ques-\ntionnaires at initial evaluation using an online study web-\nsite. Participants were directed back to the study website\n4 weeks following initial evaluation to again complete\nquestions on pain intensity, disability, and pain-related\npsychological distress. Change in pain intensity, disability,\nand pain-related psychological distress from baseline to\n4 weeks were modeled as treatment response variables\nand included as potential predictors.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## References\n\n1. Von Korff M, Scher AI, Helmick C, Carter-Pokras O, Dodick DW, Goulet J, et\nal. United states national pain strategy for population research: concepts,\ndefinitions, and pilot data. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2016;17:1068 - 80.\n2. Clarke JL, Skoufalos A, Scranton R. The American opioid epidemic:\npopulation health implications and potential solutions. Report from the\nnational stakeholder panel. Popul Health Manag. 2016;19 Suppl 1:S1 - 10.\n3. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for\nchronic pain--United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016;315:1624 - 45.\n4. Boyles R, Toy P, Mellon J, Hayes M, Hammer B. Effectiveness of manual\nphysical therapy in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a systematic\nreview. J Man Manip Ther. 2011;19:135 - 42.\n5. Bürge E, Monnin D, Berchtold A, Allet L. Cost-effectiveness of physical\ntherapy only and of usual care for various health conditions: systematic\nreview. Phys Ther. 2016;96:774 - 86.\n6. Deyle GD, Allison SC, Matekel RL, Ryder MG, Stang JM, Gohdes DD, et al.\nPhysical therapy treatment effectiveness for osteoarthritis of the knee: a\nrandomized comparison of supervised clinical exercise and manual therapy\nprocedures versus a home exercise program. Phys Ther. 2005;85:1301 - 17.\n7. Deyle GD, Henderson NE, Matekel RL, Ryder MG, Garber MB, Allison SC.\nEffectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise in osteoarthritis of\nthe knee. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:173 - 81.\n8. Freburger JK, Carey TS, Holmes GM. Effectiveness of physical therapy for the\nmanagement of chronic spine disorders: a propensity score approach. Phys\nTher. 2006;86:381 - 94.\n9. Kuhn JE, Dunn WR, Sanders R, An Q, Baumgarten KM, Bishop JY, et al.\nEffectiveness of physical therapy in treating atraumatic full-thickness rotator\ncuff tears: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2013;\n22:1371 - 9.\n10. Fritz JM, Childs JD, Wainner RS, Flynn TW. Primary care referral of patients\nwith low back pain to physical therapy: impact on future health care\nutilization and costs. Spine. 2012;37:2114 - 21.\n11. Fritz JM, Brennan GP, Hunter SJ, Magel JS. Initial management decisions\nafter a new consultation for low back pain: implications of the usage of\nphysical therapy for subsequent health care costs and utilization. Arch Phys",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## References\n\nMed Rehabil. 2013;94:808 - 16.\n12. Hill JC, Dunn KM, Lewis M, Mullis R, Main CJ, Foster NE, et al. A primary care\nback pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment.\nArthritis Rheum. 2008;59:632 - 41.\n13. Traeger AC, Henschke N, Hübscher M, Williams CM, Kamper SJ, Maher CG,\net al. Estimating the risk of chronic pain: development and validation of a\nprognostic model (PICKUP) for patients with acute low back pain. PLoS\nMed. 2016;13:e1002019.\n14. Karran EL, McAuley JH, Traeger AC, Hillier SL, Grabherr L, Russek LN, et al.\nCan screening instruments accurately determine poor outcome risk in\nadults with recent onset low back pain? A systematic review and meta-\nanalysis. BMC Med. 2017;15:13.\n15. Azevedo LF, Costa-Pereira A, Mendonça L, Dias CC, Castro-Lopes JM.\nChronic pain and health services utilization: is there overuse of diagnostic\ntests and inequalities in nonpharmacologic treatment methods utilization?\nMed Care. 2013;51:859 - 69.\n16. Langley P, Müller-Schwefe G, Nicolaou A, Liedgens H, Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G.\nThe societal impact of pain in the European Union: health-related quality of\nlife and healthcare resource utilization. J Med Econ. 2010;13:571 - 81.\n17. Pérez C, Navarro A, Saldaña MT, Wilson K, Rejas J. Modeling the predictive\nvalue of pain intensity on costs and resources utilization in patients with\nperipheral neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain. 2015;31:273 - 9.\n18. Hill JC, Fritz JM. Psychosocial influences on low back pain, disability, and\nresponse to treatment. Phys Ther. 2011;91:712 - 21.\n19. George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, Wu SS. The Optimal Screening for\nPrediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) in patients with\nmusculoskeletal pain conditions: a longitudinal validation cohort from the\nUSA. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e015188.\n20. George SZ, Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, Wu SS, Dai Y, Bialosky JE, Zeppieri G Jr.\nOptimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) for\nMusculoskeletal Pain Conditions: Results From the Validation Cohort. J\nOrthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018;48(6):460 - 75.\nPage 13 of 14\n21. Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, He Y, Wu SS, George SZ. Prediction of persistent\nmusculoskeletal pain at 12 months: a secondary analysis of the Optimal\nScreening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) validation cohort",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the health consequences of musculoskeletal pain ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Musculoskeletal pain is a prevalent and costly health  condition with far-reaching public health consequences  including chronic pain, disability and opioid-related ad diction [1].",
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+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Background\n\nMusculoskeletal pain is a prevalent and costly health\ncondition with far-reaching public health consequences\nincluding chronic pain, disability and opioid-related ad-\ndiction [ 1 ]. Clinical practice guidelines now recom-\nmend non-pharmacological treatment as frontline\nmanagement for musculoskeletal pain, which will lead\nto increased utilization of services such as physical\ntherapy [ 1 - 3 ]. Physical therapy is effective for improving\ndisability and reducing costs associated with many muscu-\nloskeletal pain conditions [ 4 - 9 ]. However, pain-related\nhealthcare utilization beyond the physical therapy episode\n(e.g. subsequent use of surgery, injection, opioids, etc.)\nmay indicate suboptimal treatment response, the presence\nof more complex needs, or unwarranted escalation of care.\nDownstream healthcare utilization is not often considered\nas an outcome of care or indication of treatment effective-\nness for musculoskeletal pain. But the importance of\n* Correspondence: [ trevor.lentz@duke.edu](mailto:trevor.lentz@duke.edu)\n1 Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham,\nNC 27705, USA\nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article\n© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0\nInternational License ( [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and\nreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to\nthe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver\n( [http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/](http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.\nhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3470-6\nidentifying risk for additional utilization has emerged due\nto the growth of cost-sharing and capitated payment\nmodels, particularly in the United States (US). As a result,\nmany US health care services organizations have begun\nto prioritize early identification of individuals at risk for\ndownstream healthcare use at the onset of treatment\n[ 10 , 11 ]. Early risk assessment allows systems to deliver\ngreater value by 1) focusing limited health care re-\nsources towards patients who are most in need, and 2)\nidentifying those who may require coordination of mul-",
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+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.2 Trends in health outcomes**\n\n#### * **4.2.3 Examples of specific prevalence estimates** *\n\nof workforce from industry and agriculture to services. The authors of the EU-OSHA study ‘Work-related\nmusculoskeletal disorders: why are they still so prevalent?’ consider several reasons for this: the\nergonomic burden shifted to other tasks, for example, handling of patients instead of handling of heavy\nloads, more inactivity with other musculoskeletal consequences, more time pressure, an ageing\nworkforce, and inadequate work organisation and contractual arrangements. <sup>239</sup>\nThe tremendous shift of workforce to administrative and often digitalised work contributes to an increase\nof the number of workers suffering from the consequences of  **physical inactivity**  due to  **permanent**\n**sedentary work**  , mostly with digital equipment. The figure below shows the spread of these diseases\nin different occupations. <sup>240</sup>\n\n**Figure 27: Prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases -  EWCS 2015**\n\nAbsence from work due to MSDs accounts for a high proportion of working days lost in EU Member\nStates. In 2015, more than half (53%) of workers with MSDs (including those with other health problems)\nreported being absent from work during the past year, which is considerably higher than the proportion\nof workers without health problems (32%). Workers with MSDs are not only more likely to be absent\nfrom work, but (given absence) on average are also absent for a longer period. For example, 26% of\nworkers with chronic MSDs and other health problems report being absent for more than eight days\nduring the past year, which is considerably higher than the 7% for workers with no health problems. <sup>241</sup>\nOverall estimates of the burden of MSDs for the EU27 seem to be difficult, due to different recognition\nand treatment schemes. <sup>242</sup> The estimates of WHO/ILO and ICOH result in 850,000 and 950,000 DALYs\nfor the EU27, based on a fraction of 26.38% attributable to work; in total, MSDs are the cause of 15-20%\nof all DALYs.\n\n**OSH Barometer -  Accidents, diseases and wellbeing -  Diseases:**\n[https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/osh-outcomes/work-related-diseases/who-](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/osh-outcomes/work-related-diseases/who-ilo/prevalence-of-diseases/all-diseases)\n[ilo/prevalence-of-diseases/all-diseases ](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/osh-outcomes/work-related-diseases/who-ilo/prevalence-of-diseases/all-diseases)\n**Eurostat -  Data and databases on health:**\n[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/health/data/database ](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/health/data/database)\n**WHO -  Occupational Burden of Disease Application:**\n[https://who-ilo-joint-estimates.shinyapps.io/OccupationalBurdenOfDisease/ ](https://who-ilo-joint-estimates.shinyapps.io/OccupationalBurdenOfDisease/)",
+                    "page_start": 86,
+                    "page_end": 87,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.2 Trends in health outcomes**\n\nlong working hours over postures and movements to harassment and violence and to noise and\nchemical and biological substances, etc.).  **In theory, a single risk**  — if below the threshold limit values\nand in line with legislation and standards —  **will not cause harm — given that it is the only exposure**  .\nThe impact of this single exposure is not strong enough to generate a disease on the level of severity\nof a recognised occupational disease. A  **combination of several risks**  might add several exposures,\nworsen the impact and cause serious harm.\nQuite well studied is the increased prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases, if not only ergonomic risks\nbut also high psychosocial risks are prevalent at the workplace. <sup>185</sup> Research has also found unexpected\nconnections like the synergistic effect of noise and certain chemicals on hearing impairments. Such\noutcomes of multi-risk profiles are often particularly difficult to identify and understand. Obviously, most\nsectors and occupations involve workplaces with  **multi-risk profiles**  . Some prominent major risks in\ncertain sectors or occupations are:\n-  agriculture = accidents, chemical and biological agents, UV exposure;\n-  delivery services = traffic accidents, ergonomics, time pressure, exhaust fumes;\n-  decentralised renewable energy construction and maintenance = falls from height, electricity;\n-  waste and recycling = biological and chemical agents, cuts and accidents;\n-  mobile work = ergonomics, work without time and space limits;\n-  care at home = emotional, ergonomic, difficult clients, unsafe household situations, infection\nrisks;\n-  healthcare = emotional, ergonomics, biological;\n-  personal and household services = emotional, ergonomic, unsafe household situations, e.g.\nunsafe electrical equipment, exposure to unknown chemicals;\n-  long-haul sea, train, road or air transport = atypical working times, shift work, monotony, long\nphases of physical inactivity;\n-  car repair = ergonomics, dust and fumes, chemicals;\n-  construction = falls from height, accidents with machinery or vehicles, slips, trips and falls,\nergonomics, noise, chemicals, dust, UV exposure, etc.\n\n**ILO ‘List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation’**\n*2.4. Mental and behavioural disorders*\n-   *2.4.1. Post-traumatic stress disorder*\n-   *2.4.2. Other mental or behavioural disorders not mentioned in the preceding item where a*\n*direct link is established scientifically, or determined by methods appropriate to national*\n*conditions and practice, between the exposure to risk factors arising from work activities and*\n*the mental and behavioural disorder(s) contracted by the worker*",
+                    "page_start": 75,
+                    "page_end": 75,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Background\n\ntiple providers and services to optimize outcomes.\nProspective identification of risk for high subsequent\nhealthcare utilization is a different approach to out-\ncomes prediction for musculoskeletal pain [ 12 , 13 ] and\none that has not been evaluated in physical therapy set-\ntings in the US. Most existing outcomes prediction\nmodels focus on pain and disability endpoints [ 12 - 14 ].\nThey also concentrate on condition-specific and psycho-\nlogical predictors, with less attention to factors that could\ninfluence healthcare utilization more directly [ 15 - 17 ].\nThese factors include insurance, comorbidities, symp-\ntoms unrelated to the pain condition, and treatment\nresponse. As a result, predictors of pain-related\nhealthcare utilization beyond physical therapy are un-\nknown. A better understanding of these predictors\nwill have significant implications for future healthcare\npathway development. For instance, an influence of\nmodifiable factors like pain-related psychological dis-\ntress might imply the need to build clinical pathways\nthat address those factors directly through physical\ntherapist provided intervention. Additionally, under-\nstanding the relative predictive capabilities of baseline\nversus change estimates for modifiable factors would\nclarify whether prediction is improved by routinely\nassessing outcomes during the course of treatment\n(i.e. treatment monitoring) [ 18 ].\nThis study was undertaken in a nationwide, US cohort\nof patients receiving outpatient physical therapy for a\nprimary complaint of knee, shoulder, back or neck pain.\nThe primary aim of the analysis was to predict incidence\nof additional pain-related healthcare utilization in the\nyear following the episode of physical therapy for mus-\nculoskeletal pain. We considered factors not commonly\nassessed in outcomes prediction for musculoskeletal\npain, like insurance, comorbidities, and treatment re-\nsponse, as well as those more often associated with\npain-related outcomes (e.g. psychological distress). This\nproject will lead to the development of potentially novel\noutcome prediction models for this population in a com-\nmon, non-pharmacological US healthcare setting. The\nresults of this study will be particularly important in\nvalue-based payment settings where enhanced clinical\ndecision-making drives treatment effectiveness and sys-\ntem efficiency.",
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+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.2 Physical health risks at work**\n\nRisks at work that can result in physical harm can be divided into  **safety**  and  **health risks**  .\nThe main result of insufficient safety is a work accident. A  **work accident**  has as immediate\nconsequences either a personal injury, a disease, or death of one or more workers. Eurostat\ndistinguishes between non-fatal and fatal work accidents, and for the majority of sectors it provides also\nthe duration of the absence due to the accident — an indicator for the severity of the injury. Non-fatal\naccidents at work can cause medium- or long-term health consequences, and in the worst case a\npermanent disability.\nILO Definition of accident: ‘An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence,\nincluding acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work, which results in one or more workers\nincurring a personal injury, disease or death.’ <sup>51</sup>\n**Physical health risks**  can be caused by a  **variety of circumstances and exposures**  or by  **inadequate**\n**ergonomics**  . Natural  **circumstances**  at work can pose such health risks, that is, temperature, storms\nand floods, unsafe terrain, biological agents and so on; or the risks are due to manmade circumstances,\nthat is, work in buildings, on roofs and towers, on traffic routes, under artificial ventilation.  **Exposure**  is\na general term to describe the interaction between environment / emissions / contaminants and the\nhuman organism. In a workplace context, ‘exposure’ mainly covers emissions from machinery or from\ntools and materials, for example, noise, vibration, dust, electromagnetic fields and chemical substances.\nRisks from  **inadequate ergonomics**  harm in particular the musculoskeletal system. Ergonomic risks of\nmanual work are typically caused by repetitive hand and arm movements, tiring positions, for example,\npermanent kneeling or overhead work, lifting and moving of heavy loads, or of patients and so on. A\ncertain ergonomic risk is  **physical inactivity**  , in practice sitting most of the working time. Not only\nadministrative tasks but also many occupations in service or industry require permanent sitting, for\nexample, drivers, cashiers, part assembly operators and so on (often called ‘sedentary occupations’).",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.2 Physical health risks at work**\n\n**Figure 17: Physical health risks compared (%) -  EWCS 2015**\n\nIn a similar way,  **the levels of ergonomic risks**  are related with the sectoral structure of a country,\ndetermining the type of occupations and work tasks. EU-OSHA provided a detailed analysis of the\nprevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and the related risk factors in several studies on\n[musculoskeletal diseases, for example, ‘Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: why are they still so ](https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-why-are-they-still-so-prevalent-evidence-literature-review)\n[prevalent?’](https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders-why-are-they-still-so-prevalent-evidence-literature-review) <sup>58</sup>\nAn example of the  **interrelation between sectors and risks is the connection**  between the sector\naggregate ‘Trade, transport, food/accommodation and recreation activities’ and three major indicators\nof ergonomic burden, that is, ‘Painful, tiring positions’, ‘Repetitive hand or arm movements’, and\n‘Carrying or moving heavy loads’.\nSeven countries have a share of employees in this sector of more than 30% (Cyprus, Greece, Spain,\nMalta, Bulgaria, Croatia and Latvia), and many of them are present in two or three lists of countries with\nthe highest number of responses regarding the indicators.\n\n© Tyler Olson/Adobe Stock\n**Table 6: Physical health risks, Ergonomics -  EWCS 2015**\n\nCountry colours: Cyprus aquamarine, Greece orange, Spain blue.\n\nThe exposure to  **painful and tiring positions**  and  **hand/arm movements**  are highest in southern and\neastern EU Member States. They also seem to be closely correlated to the sector aggregate ‘Trade,\ntransport, food/accommodation and recreation activities’.  **Moving and carrying heavy loads**  is also\nconnected to the sectors agriculture, manufacturing and construction — Romania, Latvia, Slovakia and\nSpain are part of the top seven. Looking at the countries for the share of workers who are lifting or\nmoving people, Romania, Sweden and Ireland are the countries with the highest shares (15%, 14% and\n13%).\nRegarding  **occupations, manual workers**  — craft workers, plant and machine operators, and\nagricultural workers —  **have the highest score**  of posture-related risks and ambient ergonomic risks.\n\n**Table 7: Physical health risks, Ergonomics -  EWCS 2015 <sup>59</sup>**\n\nLooking at the data, it is quite obvious that the  **northern and the central European countries are**\n**underrepresented**  in the group of countries with the highest share of physical and ergonomic risks. The",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.2 Trends in health outcomes**\n\n#### * **4.2.2 Attributable fractions, risk pairs and burden of disease** *\n\nAs mentioned, for the  **majority of diseases the working conditions are one of several influence**\n**factors**  in combination with other factors like private life, social and medical system, genetics,\nenvironment and so on.  The  exact impact of this factor, that is, the fraction of disease generating or\nintensifying impact  **attributable to work**  , is the subject of numerous studies in occupational\nepidemiology. <sup>210</sup>\nThe overall relation between work and illnesses is moving towards  **a less unambiguous picture**\ncompared to occupational diseases, where a strong relation between a single (over-)exposure and a\nspecific illness existed. These were mostly high exposure levels that could not be found outside\nworkplaces. Obviously, many such high exposures still exist and are important for prevention and\ncompensation. However, many exposures at work approximate to other non-work exposures, like\npermanent sedentary work. This makes it more difficult to separate unambiguously the impact of work.\nScience, in particular occupational epidemiology, and institutions like the ILO and WHO studies have\nengaged to identify the approximate impact of work for diseases, the  **attributable fraction of work**  .\nFor example, the  **WHO**  summarised their estimates in the year 2017:\n*‘Certain occupational risks, such as injuries, noise, carcinogenic agents, airborne particles and*\n*ergonomic risks account for a substantial part of the burden of chronic diseases: 37% of all cases of*\n*back pain, 16% of hearing loss, 13% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 11% of asthma, 8% of*\n*injuries, 9% of lung cancer, 2% of leukaemia and 8% of depression.’*  <sup>211</sup>\nOne major difficulty surely is the  **reliable description of exposures at work**  . Workers might have had\n**several occupations during their working life, or changed work tasks in the same occupation**  due\nto organisational and technological developments, and they might also have changed the specialisation\nin this occupation; also the  **level of prevention measures differs**  between sectors and countries. Of\ncourse, all this influences the exposure patterns.\n**EU-OSHA**  applied in its study on ‘Costs and benefits’ estimates, attributable fractions (AF) based on the",
+                    "page_start": 80,
+                    "page_end": 80,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Discussion\n\nThis study identified novel predictors for pain-related\nutilization outcomes following an episode of physical\ntherapy for a primary complaint of musculoskeletal\npain. The most robust finding from these analyses\nwas that baseline disability and change in pain inten-\nsity over the first 4 weeks following physical therapy\nevaluation were consistent predictors of subsequent\npain-related healthcare utilization in those participants\nthat completed all follow up. Aside from these robust\npredictors, other individual predictors of utilization\nwere highly outcome-specific. High model specificity\nfor utilization outcomes observed in this study is con-\nsistent with a recent systematic review that found\nsimilar levels of model specificity for more traditional\noutcomes like pain intensity, disability and work\nabsenteeism [ 14 ]. Across models, health-related vari-\nables were generally stronger predictors than sociode-\nmographic factors, which is also supported by prior\nresearch [ 15 , 16 ]. Additionally, there were cases when\nprediction models were improved for specific services\n(e.g. surgery, use of opioids) when considering change\nin pain, disability or pain-related psychological dis-\ntress. A notable finding is that the OSPRO-YF had\nthe greatest utility when used to measure change in\npain-related psychological distress. Current risk pre-\ndiction paradigms in musculoskeletal pain consider\nonly baseline pain-related psychological distress. How-\never, these results underscore the importance of\nTable 7 Summary of consistent individual predictors for each utilization outcome  <sup>*</sup>\nDependent variable Utilization outcome\nAny care Opioids Injection Surgery Diagnostic tests or imaging Emergency room\nAge X\nInsurance X\nComorbidities (CCI) X X\nBaseline disability X X X X X\nBaseline pain X\nChange in pain X X X X\nChange in disability X\nChange in 10-item OSPRO-YF X\nCCI Charlson comorbidity index, OSPRO-YF Pain-related psychological distress screening tool\n* Significant predictors ( p < .05) for each dependent variable denoted with “ X ”\nPage 10 of 14\nroutine pain-related psychological distress monitoring\nthroughout the early phases of rehabilitation espe-\ncially if the goal is to identify risk for subsequent\npain-related healthcare utilization. The implications of\nthese collective findings are that treatment pathways\nmay provide greater value by 1) addressing modifiable\nhealth-related variables like pain, disability and\npain-related psychological distress, 2) routine moni-\ntoring of these health-related variables and 3) offering\ntreatment alternatives that safely escalate care if\nneeded while minimizing risk of harm and unhelpful\nutilization.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Discussion\n\nOpioids and diagnostic tests and imaging were the two\nmost common subsequent healthcare services utilized\nfollowing physical therapy. Of the individuals that com-\npleted follow up and had any subsequent healthcare\nutilization, approximately 42% reported opioid use and\n70% reported use of diagnostic tests and imaging. An\nimportant health-related predictor of these services was\nlevel of comorbidity burden. For those with high comor-\nbidity burden and inadequate treatment response to\nphysical therapy, use of additional diagnostic tests and\nimaging or low-dose opioids may be appropriate in some\ncases. But given the growing public health concern over\nopioid use and the desire to avoid unnecessary treat-\nment driven by imaging, our results suggest the import-\nance of considering disease burden when developing\ntreatment pathways and healthcare policy to mitigate\nrisk for avoidable use of these services. Interestingly,\nneither versions of the OSPRO-ROS predicted\nutilization outcomes even though it has been linked to\nmental health, comorbidity, and persistent pain state in\nother analyses [ 20 , 21 ]. Systemic symptom burden is a\nmeasure of patient complexity that is related to but dis-\ntinct from comorbidity burden [ 36 , 47 ]. In these ana-\nlyses, the chronic condition measure (i.e. the CCI) was\na better predictor of utilization than symptom burden\n(i.e. OSPRO-ROS). The reasons for this finding are un-\nclear but may be related to providers and patients being\nmore likely to pursue follow-up medical care for mus-\nculoskeletal pain when known co-existing conditions\nare present as opposed to reporting of symptoms alone.\nThe distinction between symptom and disease burden\nin defining musculoskeletal patient complexity, and its\ninfluence on clinical decision-making and outcomes,\nshould be the subject of future research particularly re-\nlated to aging populations [ 48 ].\nUtilization outcomes benchmarks have not been estab-\nlished to determine how the percentage of subsequent\nhealthcare use in this study compares to outcomes using\nother health services. Prior studies suggest physical ther-\napy is associated with reduced incidence of additional\nhealthcare use compared to not using physical therapy\nin patients with acute low back pain [ 10 , 49 ]. Some\nadditional healthcare use is expected following physical\ntherapy, especially among individuals that are on\nlong-term pain management pathways due to chronic or\npersistent symptoms. Yet with over 40% reporting subse-\nquent pain-related healthcare among those completing",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Discussion\n\nfollow-up, it is apparent that opportunities exist to im-\nprove pathway selection and/or the effectiveness of\nphysical therapy for individuals with musculoskeletal\npain. This finding is particularly notable given recent\nefforts to define physical therapy as an effective first line,\nnon-pharmacological treatment option against more\ninvasive or higher risk services, such as surgery or opioid\nuse, respectively. Predictive variables identified in this\nanalysis can be used to develop risk models that better\ninform pathway selection for those seeking physical ther-\napy for musculoskeletal pain. The precise application of\nthese risk models, and how they inform policy and prac-\ntice should be the target of future study. However, phys-\nical therapy re-design might incorporate enhanced\ntreatment monitoring to assess ongoing risk for down-\nstream utilization, as well as physical therapist-led inter-\nventions to more thoroughly address important\nmodifiable factors such as pain intensity, disability and\npain-related psychological distress [ 38 ]. Improved path-\nway selection might entail the consideration of referral\nto or co-treatment with other providers to more ad-\nequately address non-modifiable characteristics. Collect-\nively, these approaches could improve the value of\nphysical therapy by minimizing risk for high downstream\nhealthcare utilization and potentially unwarranted escal-\nation of care.\nThe primary strength of the study is longitudinal\nfollow-up at multiple time points following an episode\nof physical therapy for a variety of musculoskeletal pain\nconditions. Anatomical location of pain was not a sig-\nnificant predictor of healthcare use in all but one model,\nsuggesting results are widely applicable across a\nspectrum of musculoskeletal pain conditions. Another\nstrength of this cohort study is the assessment of various\nhealthcare utilization outcomes of interest for establish-\ning health policy. When considered alongside more trad-\nitional pain- or disability-related outcomes prediction\nmodels, these findings will improve the ability of health-\ncare systems and providers to make decisions in\nvalue-based purchasing environments. The consideration\nof multiple screening tools (i.e. yellow flags and review\nof systems) and treatment monitoring variables is also a\nstrength of this study as screening and systematic treat-\nment monitoring are not routine in clinical practice. A\nfinal strength is inclusion of multiple sociodemographic,\nhealth-related and psychosocial factors as potential pre-\ndictors. Healthcare outcomes and utilization exhibit\nemergent properties that require the consideration of\nmultiple, competing factors to fully explain [ 50 ].",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf",
+                "query": "What is Creative Commons ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC  Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular  platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 6
+                }
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization\ndedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet\nthat is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources\nfor people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way\nto give the public permission to share and use your creative\nwork — on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you\nchange your copyright terms from the default of “all rights\nreserved” to “some rights reserved.”\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world’s\nmost popular platforms for user-generated content. When\nyou use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog,\nyour creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources\nthat includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and\ngovernments.\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and\nrelated or neighboring rights to this guide using the\nCC0 Public Domain Dedication.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **REMIND THAT...**\n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when ...\n**CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR ...** fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n**ALSO FOR ...** the work that is already in the Public Domain. For those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n**NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!** https://creativecommons.org/choose/\nTexts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. BY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. 3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. Line, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies.\nmore open »\n« more restrictive\nyou can share, remix, & commercialize\nyou can share & remix only\nyou can share only",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### Public Domain Mark\n**Use this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known**\n**copyright restrictions.**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\n**Use this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database**\n**rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.**\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights\ntogether with all associated claims and causes of action with\nrespect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser\n( http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero ) which will lead you\nthrough the process. When completed, you will be provided\nwith HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work,\neven for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been\nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright\nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can\ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for\ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM\nchooser ( http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark ) which\nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be\nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into\nyour website.\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that\nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.\nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you\nshould use the PDM for a certain work.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n[\"\"Kaleidoscope\" b](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04/11771644286) [y docoverachiever ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04) [is licensed under](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse) [ CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n**About this**\n**Open Work**\n2023 Annual Report\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n**[Except where otherwise noted, “Annual Report 2023” by Creative Commons ](https://creativecommons.org/mission/) [is licensed under CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en)**\n[\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published  under Public Domain Mark 1.0.](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast  **[six CC Licenses](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/)**  and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n##### **We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n**19 Workshops & Trainings** with institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n**[2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)** [for California Community Colleges.](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)\n**27 Webinars** on topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n**12 CC Legal Open Office Hours** hosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n##### **In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **cc global summit**\nOver 300 attendees from 45 countries joined us this past October in Mexico City for the first in-person  **[CC Global Summit](https://summit.creativecommons.org/)**  since 2019. The theme was AI & the Commons with over 60 sessions and 180 speakers. **[Learn more here](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/01/cc-global-summit-2023-reflections/) .**\n**Thank you to our sponsors:**  John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Microsoft Corporation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Akin, Anthropic, Mozilla Foundation, The Michelson 20MM Foundation, MHz Curationist, Frontiers Media, Arnold & Porter, and Crowell & Moring.\n[ CC  photos are licensed under  CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **About Us**\n#### **Board of Directors**\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown [Delia Browne](https://creativecommons.org/person/deliabrowne/) [James Grimmelmann](https://creativecommons.org/person/jamesgrimmelmann-net/) Lawrence Lessig *  *Emeritus*\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n**Chief Executive Officer** Anna Tumadóttir\n**General Counsel** Kat Walsh\n2023 was a busy year at Creative Commons. Our  **[Open Culture](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/24/what-did-creative-commons-do-for-open-culture-in-2023/)**  program and  **[Open Climate Campaign](https://creativecommons.org/2023/10/23/a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign)**  entered their third and second years, respectively. We hosted our first in-person CC Global Summit since 2019 in Mexico City. We held critical consultations and open panels on AI, copyright, and the CC Licenses, cultural heritage, education, and science; and we launched our  **[Open](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) [Infrastructure Circle](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/)**  in an effort to ensure the CC Licenses are funded well into the future.\nWe also marked transitions in leadership. At the end of December, Catherine Stihler concluded her time as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at Creative Commons, and I transitioned in as Interim. In March 2024, I was appointed CC’s permanent CEO. I look forward to working closely with our Board of Directors, staff, and larger community on  **[the critical work that](https://creativecommons.org/2024/03/01/what-lies-ahead-in-2024/) [awaits us in 2024](https://creativecommons.org/2024/03/01/what-lies-ahead-in-2024/)**  .\nCC staff photos are licensed [under CC BY 4.0.  ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf",
+                "query": "When was the first CC licence created?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "The first CC License was created in 2002.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast  **[six CC Licenses](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/)**  and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n##### **We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n**19 Workshops & Trainings** with institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n**[2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)** [for California Community Colleges.](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)\n**27 Webinars** on topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n**12 CC Legal Open Office Hours** hosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n##### **In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.**\nWe offer a ten-week  **[CC Certificate](https://certificates.creativecommons.org/)**   program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and  **[available in 10 languages](https://certificates.creativecommons.org/about/translations/)**  .\nAs of 2023, we’ve certified:\n**65 Countries 1,705 Graduates**\n**across**",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **cc global summit**\nOver 300 attendees from 45 countries joined us this past October in Mexico City for the first in-person  **[CC Global Summit](https://summit.creativecommons.org/)**  since 2019. The theme was AI & the Commons with over 60 sessions and 180 speakers. **[Learn more here](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/01/cc-global-summit-2023-reflections/) .**\n**Thank you to our sponsors:**  John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Microsoft Corporation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Akin, Anthropic, Mozilla Foundation, The Michelson 20MM Foundation, MHz Curationist, Frontiers Media, Arnold & Porter, and Crowell & Moring.\n[ CC  photos are licensed under  CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **A Note from Leadership**\n**Anna Tumadóttir, CEO**\n[\"The great growling engine of change - technology.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/8489692@N03/5621362129) [Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n##### **In 2023, we [launched the Open](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) [Infrastructure Circle](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ( [OIC](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ) to ensure consistent funding for this work.**\nWe’re grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **REMIND THAT...**\n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when ...\n**CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR ...** fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n**ALSO FOR ...** the work that is already in the Public Domain. For those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n**NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!** https://creativecommons.org/choose/\nTexts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. BY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. 3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. Line, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies.\nmore open »\n« more restrictive\nyou can share, remix, & commercialize\nyou can share & remix only\nyou can share only",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n[\"\"Kaleidoscope\" b](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04/11771644286) [y docoverachiever ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04) [is licensed under](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse) [ CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n**About this**\n**Open Work**\n2023 Annual Report\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n**[Except where otherwise noted, “Annual Report 2023” by Creative Commons ](https://creativecommons.org/mission/) [is licensed under CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en)**\n[\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published  under Public Domain Mark 1.0.](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Foreign Ownership and Control**\n\nthe  *Radiocommunication Act (Canada)*  (Radiocommunication Act) and\nthe Telecommunications Act. It licences and oversees:\n-  the technical aspects of the operation of radio and television stations\n-  the frequency-related operations of cable television networks\n-  awarding and supervising spectrum for wireless communications\nsystems in Canada.\n####### **Royalties**\nThe Copyright Board of Canada (Copyright Board) oversees the\nadministration of copyright royalties in Canada and establishes the\nroyalties to be paid for the use of certain copyrighted works. It sets the\ncopyright tariff royalties that Canadian broadcasting undertakings,\nincluding cable, radio, television and specialty services, pay to copyright\ncollectives.\n####### **Billing and Contracts**\nThe Quebec Consumer Protection Act amendments, effective June\n2010, introduced new provisions applicable to wireless, wireline and\nInternet service contracts. These amendments include new rules on the\ncontent of such contracts, the determination of the early cancellation\nfees that can be charged to customers, the use of security deposits and\nthe cancellation and renewal rights of the consumers. The amendments\nalso established new provisions on the sale of prepaid cards and the\ndisclosure of related costs.\nAmendments to the Manitoba Consumer Protection Act took effect in\nSeptember 2012 and parallel the changes to the Quebec Consumer\nProtection Act. Similar legislation also came into effect in September\n2012 in Newfoundland and Labrador and has been tabled in Nova\nScotia. A private member’s bill proposing similar legislation has been\nintroduced in New Brunswick.\nIn April 2012, the Ontario government announced that it would be\nintroducing legislation addressing wireless bills and contracts. The\nlegislation seeks to ensure that contracts are written in plain language\nand spell out which services come with the basic fee and which would\nresult in a higher bill. It requires providers to obtain consent in writing\nbefore they renew or amend a contract. The legislation also seeks a cap\non the cost of cancelling a fixed-term contract that would vary\ndepending on the circumstances of the contract. The proposed\nlegislation, which would affect new contracts, would take effect six\nmonths after being passed and would also cover existing agreements\nthat are amended, renewed or extended after that date. The legislation\nwas passed into law in October 2013.\nSee also “CRTC Wireless Code” section under Wireless Regulation.\n####### **Foreign Ownership and Control**\nNon-Canadians can own and control directly or indirectly:\n-  up to 33.3% of the voting shares and the related votes of a holding\ncompany that has a subsidiary operating company licenced under the",
+                    "page_start": 70,
+                    "page_end": 70,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES  —\n\n## **II.13. Intellectual property rights**\n\ndocuments (2011/833/EU).\nAll  *pre-existing rights*  are licensed to the contracting authority from the moment the  *results*\nare delivered and approved by the contracting authority.\nThe licensing of  *pre-existing rights*  to the contracting authority under this FWC covers all\nterritories worldwide and is valid for the duration of intellectual property rights protection.\nThe payment of the price as set out in the specific contracts is deemed to also include any\nfees payable to the contractor in relation to the licensing of  *pre-existing rights*  to the\ncontracting authority, including for all forms of exploitation and of use of the  *results*  .\nWhere  *implementation of the FWC*  requires that the contractor uses  *pre-existing materials*\nbelonging to the contracting authority, the contracting authority may request that the\ncontractor signs an adequate licence agreement. Such use by the contractor will not entail\nany transfer of rights to the contractor and is limited to the needs of this FWC.\n**II.13.3. Exclusive rights**\nThe Contracting Authority acquires the following exclusive rights:\n(a)  reproduction: the right to authorise or prohibit direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction of the  *results*  by any means (mechanical, digital or other) and\nin any form, in whole or in part;\n(b)  communication to the public: the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit any display,\nperformance or communication to the public, by wire or wireless means, including the\nmaking available to the public of the  *results*  in such a way that members of the public\nmay access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them; this also\nincludes the communication on Internet and broadcasting by cable or by satellite;\n(c)  distribution: the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit any form of distribution of *results*  or copies of the  *results*  to the public, by sale or otherwise;\n(d)  rental: the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit rental or lending of the  *results*  or of\ncopies of the  *results*  ;\n(e)  adaptation: the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit any modification of the  *results*  ; (f)  translation: the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit any translation, adaptation, arrangement, creation of derivative works based on the  *results*  , and any other\nalteration of the  *results*  , subject to the respect of moral rights of authors, where\napplicable;\n(g)  where the  *results*  are or include a database: the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf",
+                "query": "To what subjects Creative Commons expand its work in 2023 ?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "We expanded our work in biodiversity, climate, and life sciences focused on  ensuring that science research and data are open",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Our Impact**\nWe expanded our work in biodiversity, climate, and life sciences focused on ensuring that science research and data are open.\n[\"Coral Reef at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge\" by USFWS Pacific is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n[In 2023, we convened hundreds via](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/) [roundtables, community conferences](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/) [(e.g. ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/)  **[MozFest](https://creativecommons.org/2023/05/04/generative-ai-opportunities-concerns-solutions-from-mozfest-2023/)**  ,  **[Wikimania](https://creativecommons.org/2024/02/07/dispatches-from-wikimania-values-for-shaping-ai-towards-a-better-internet/)**  [), and public](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/) [events (e.g. symposium on ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/)  **[Generative](https://creativecommons.org/2023/09/15/generative-ai-and-creativity-new-considerations-emerge-at-cc-convenings/) [AI & Creativity](https://creativecommons.org/2023/09/15/generative-ai-and-creativity-new-considerations-emerge-at-cc-convenings/)**  [)to debate copyright law,](https://creativecommons.org/2023/09/15/generative-ai-and-creativity-new-considerations-emerge-at-cc-convenings/) [the ethics of open sharing, and other](https://creativecommons.org/2023/09/15/generative-ai-and-creativity-new-considerations-emerge-at-cc-convenings/) [relevant areas that touch AI. ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/09/15/generative-ai-and-creativity-new-considerations-emerge-at-cc-convenings/)\n[At our CC Global Summit, participants](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/) [drafted ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/)  **[community-driven principles](https://creativecommons.org/2023/10/07/making-ai-work-for-creators-and-the-commons/)** [on AI that are a valuable input and will](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/) [help inform the organization’s thinking](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/) [as we determine CC’s exact role in the AI](https://creativecommons.org/2023/01/11/2022-in-review-a-look-at-creative-commons-open-culture-program/) space.\n[“The Pillars of Creation” by ](https://openverse.org/image/8de72efd-e12b-49eb-8210-1046bcd71847?q=Pillars%20of%20Creation) [James Webb Space Telescope ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/50785054@N03) [is licensed under CC BY 2.0.  ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Our Impact**\n\nCC believes that opening up knowledge is key to addressing the world’s most pressing challenges. Today, we steer campaigns, programming, and training in many areas:\n2023 was quite a year for the CC Open Culture Program, thanks to generous funding from  **[Arcadia](https://www.arcadiafund.org.uk/)**  . We grew our Open Culture team from one to two and a half staff, rolling out new initiatives like TAROC (Towards a Recommendation on Open Culture) and  **[Open Culture Live:](https://creativecommons.org/tag/open-culture-live/) [A Webinar Series](https://creativecommons.org/tag/open-culture-live/)**  . We invite you to read “  **[What did Creative](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/24/what-did-creative-commons-do-for-open-culture-in-2023/) [Commons do for Open Culture](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/24/what-did-creative-commons-do-for-open-culture-in-2023/) [in 2023?](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/24/what-did-creative-commons-do-for-open-culture-in-2023/)**  ” to learn more.\n###### **Open Culture**\nWe delivered workshops and presentations on CC Licenses and Open Educational Resources at over 16 conferences and events. The CC Open Education Platform [also funded six global projects,](https://creativecommons.org/2023/08/02/cc-open-education-platform-activities-2023/) **[including work to advance the](https://creativecommons.org/2023/08/02/cc-open-education-platform-activities-2023/) [UNESCO Recommendation on](https://creativecommons.org/2023/08/02/cc-open-education-platform-activities-2023/) [OER](https://creativecommons.org/2023/08/02/cc-open-education-platform-activities-2023/) [.](https://creativecommons.org/2023/08/02/cc-open-education-platform-activities-2023/)**\n###### **Open Education**\nThanks to generous funding from the  **[John D. and Catherine T.](https://www.macfound.org/) [MacArthur Foundation](https://www.macfound.org/)**  , CC hosted its very first Open Journalism track at the CC Global Summit, including eight presentations, lightning talks, panel discussions, and workshops as well as a  **[keynote](https://creativecommons.org/2023/09/06/anya-kamenetz-to-keynote-cc-global-summit-2023/) [by Anya Kamenetz](https://creativecommons.org/2023/09/06/anya-kamenetz-to-keynote-cc-global-summit-2023/)**  .\nRepresentatives from 33 news outlets and digital rights-focused organizations attended the CC Summit sessions. The Open Journalism track built on **[numerous collaborations and](https://creativecommons.org/2023/06/05/a-journalists-guide-to-creative-commons-2023/) [workshops](https://creativecommons.org/2023/06/05/a-journalists-guide-to-creative-commons-2023/)**  throughout 2023.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization\ndedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet\nthat is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources\nfor people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way\nto give the public permission to share and use your creative\nwork — on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you\nchange your copyright terms from the default of “all rights\nreserved” to “some rights reserved.”\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world’s\nmost popular platforms for user-generated content. When\nyou use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog,\nyour creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources\nthat includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and\ngovernments.\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and\nrelated or neighboring rights to this guide using the\nCC0 Public Domain Dedication.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **About Us**\n#### **Board of Directors**\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown [Delia Browne](https://creativecommons.org/person/deliabrowne/) [James Grimmelmann](https://creativecommons.org/person/jamesgrimmelmann-net/) Lawrence Lessig *  *Emeritus*\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n**Chief Executive Officer** Anna Tumadóttir\n**General Counsel** Kat Walsh\n2023 was a busy year at Creative Commons. Our  **[Open Culture](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/24/what-did-creative-commons-do-for-open-culture-in-2023/)**  program and  **[Open Climate Campaign](https://creativecommons.org/2023/10/23/a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign)**  entered their third and second years, respectively. We hosted our first in-person CC Global Summit since 2019 in Mexico City. We held critical consultations and open panels on AI, copyright, and the CC Licenses, cultural heritage, education, and science; and we launched our  **[Open](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) [Infrastructure Circle](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/)**  in an effort to ensure the CC Licenses are funded well into the future.\nWe also marked transitions in leadership. At the end of December, Catherine Stihler concluded her time as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at Creative Commons, and I transitioned in as Interim. In March 2024, I was appointed CC’s permanent CEO. I look forward to working closely with our Board of Directors, staff, and larger community on  **[the critical work that](https://creativecommons.org/2024/03/01/what-lies-ahead-in-2024/) [awaits us in 2024](https://creativecommons.org/2024/03/01/what-lies-ahead-in-2024/)**  .\nCC staff photos are licensed [under CC BY 4.0.  ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **cc global summit**\nOver 300 attendees from 45 countries joined us this past October in Mexico City for the first in-person  **[CC Global Summit](https://summit.creativecommons.org/)**  since 2019. The theme was AI & the Commons with over 60 sessions and 180 speakers. **[Learn more here](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/01/cc-global-summit-2023-reflections/) .**\n**Thank you to our sponsors:**  John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Microsoft Corporation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Akin, Anthropic, Mozilla Foundation, The Michelson 20MM Foundation, MHz Curationist, Frontiers Media, Arnold & Porter, and Crowell & Moring.\n[ CC  photos are licensed under  CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast  **[six CC Licenses](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/)**  and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n##### **We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n**19 Workshops & Trainings** with institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n**[2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)** [for California Community Colleges.](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)\n**27 Webinars** on topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n**12 CC Legal Open Office Hours** hosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n##### **In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Our Impact**\n\n###### **Open Journalism**\n[\"Follow the Color Brick Road\" by Bert Kaufmann is](https://www.flickr.com/photos/22746515@N02) [licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n###### **Open Science**\nCC, along with SPARC and EIFL, completed year one of our four-year  **[Arcadia](https://www.arcadiafund.org.uk/)** funded Open Climate Campaign focused on promoting Open Access to research on climate science and biodiversity. We invite you to read “  **[A Year in the Open](https://creativecommons.org/2023/10/23/a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign/) [Climate Campaign](https://creativecommons.org/2023/10/23/a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign/)**  ,” detailing our progress engaging national governments and funders of climate change research.\n####### **Open Climate Campaign**\nIn 2023, with support from the  **[Patrick J. McGovern Foundation](https://www.mcgovern.org/)**  , we launched a new project to help open up access to large climate datasets. We successfully conducted a landscape analysis of 30 major global sources of climate data and published our “  **[Recommendations for Better Sharing of](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/29/recommended-best-practices-for-better-sharing-of-climate-data/) [Climate Data](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/29/recommended-best-practices-for-better-sharing-of-climate-data/)**  .”\n####### **Open Climate Data Project**\n####### **Project to Openly License Life Sciences Preprints**\nCC   **[secured new funding from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative](https://creativecommons.org/2023/10/04/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-funds-new-project-to-openly-license-life-sciences-preprints/)**  to help make openly licensed preprints the standard for sharing scientific knowledge.\nWe co-launched  **[a new project with Norway](https://www.openepi.io/)**  to help implement open licensing policies to ensure Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation publicly funded climate research, educational resources, data, and software are open.\n####### **Open Earth Platform Initiative**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **A Note from Leadership**\n**Anna Tumadóttir, CEO**\n[\"The great growling engine of change - technology.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/8489692@N03/5621362129) [Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n##### **In 2023, we [launched the Open](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) [Infrastructure Circle](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ( [OIC](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ) to ensure consistent funding for this work.**\nWe’re grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\nThe workshops briefly touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most\nrelevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these\nquestions may be relevant across both tracks.\n*Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders* *and creators have any ability to exclude their works?*\nOne of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of\ncopyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this\ncontext), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training.\nWhile a system that required affirmative “opt-in” consent would limit utility significantly (as\ndiscussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some\nforms of “opt-out” could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context\nof use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so significant.\nSince most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain\nin the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various\ndimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue\nto commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the\npotential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come\nforward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a\nlicense may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached.\nWorkshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example,\nopt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for\nexample to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or\nmirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to\ncopyright.  Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular 38",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "From which country does Killam Properties Inc originate ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "Killam Properties Inc. is a growth oriented Canadian real estate  company.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **FFO per Share ($)**\n\nAcquisition of non‐controlling interest  **‐**  (17)\nInvestments in joint ventures  **116**  (1,112)\nNet proceeds on sale of investment properties  **43,122**  34,326\nAcquisition and development of investment properties, net of debt assumed  **(141,154)**  (86,426)\nCapital expenditures  **(22,610)**  (23,233)\n**Cash used in investing activities $(117,366)**  $(76,527)\n**Net (decrease) increase in cash (29,048)**  13,378\nCash, beginning of the year  **56,726**  43,348\n**Cash, end of year $27,678**  $56,726\n*See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements*  .\n**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows** *in thousands of Canadian dollars* **Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except share and per share amounts)*\n**1. Corporate Information**\nKillam Properties Inc (“Killam” or the “Company”) is a real estate company specializing in the acquisition, management and development of\nmulti‐residential apartment buildings and manufactured home communities in Canada. Killam is incorporated under the Canada Business\nCorporations Act. Killam’s common shares are publicly traded and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “KMP”. The\nconsolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Killam and its subsidiaries as at December 31, 2013  **.**  The Company’s\nhead office operations are located at 3700 Kempt Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 4X8 and the Company’s registered office is located at\n2571 Windsor Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 5C4.\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2013, were authorized for issue in accordance\nwith a resolution of the Board of Directors on Tuesday, February 18, 2014.\n**2. Significant Accounting Policies**\n**(A) Statement of Compliance**\nThese consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as\nissued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).\n**(B) Basis of Presentation**\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for investment properties that\nhave been measured at fair value. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets. The\nconsolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and are presented in Canadian dollars, which is Killam’s\nfunctional currency, and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand ($000), except when otherwise noted. Standards and guidelines\nnot effective for the current accounting period are described in Note 4.\n**(C) Basis of Consolidation**\n*(i) Subsidiaries*\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Killam and its subsidiaries. Non‐controlling interests represent the portion of",
+                    "page_start": 68,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\nKillam properties Inc\n**2013 annual report**\n*cover:*  100 & 200 Eagle Street, Cambridge, Ontario\nAbout Killam Properties Inc.\nKillam Properties Inc. is a growth oriented Canadian real estate\ncompany. We own, manage and develop multi-family residential\nproperties in Atlantic Canada and Ontario. Since our first acquisition\nin 2002, our real estate portfolio has grown to $1.5 billion and\nincludes 12,647 apartment units and 5,164 manufactured home\ncommunity (MHC) sites. We are committed to growing Killam’s\nearnings by maximizing the returns from our existing portfolio and\nexpanding through acquisitions and development.\nOur Mission\nTo have a team of caring staff deliver clean, safe, quality housing to\ntenants who are proud to call our properties home.\nOur Core Values\n**Build** Community Curb **Appeal** Do the **Right** Thing\nStrong **Customer** Relationships\nCreative **Solutions**\n####### **President’s Letter 9**\n####### **Asset Portfolio 18**\n####### **MD&A 21**\n####### **Financial Statements 66**\n####### **Five-Year Summary 96**\n180 Mill Street, London, Ontario\n####### **Halifax | 47%**\n####### **Ontario | 10%**\n####### **Fredericton | 10%**\n####### **Moncton | 10%**\n####### **St. John’s | 7%**\n####### **Charlottetown | 7%**\n####### **Saint John | 6%**\n####### **Other | 3%**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\n2013 Performance Killam completed $121.1 million in acquisitions in 2013 which includes $112.8 million in apartment\nacquisitions, $1.4 million for 65 MHC sites and $6.9 million in vacant land for future developments.\n**Increase Investment in New Properties**\n2013 Target Focus on newer properties as part of the acquisition program in 2013.  Complete and lease‐up Killam’s four\ndevelopments, and commence two new development projects.\n2013 Performance During 2013 Killam acquired 552 units which were constructed after 2001, representing 74% of the total\nunits added to the portfolio during the year. The acquisitions included three buildings constructed in 2013,\nan 83‐unit luxury building in Halifax, a 48‐unit building in Moncton, and a 179‐unit building on Queen Street\nWest in Toronto.\nThe Company also completed the construction of four development projects totaling 282 units during\nthe first half of the year. These buildings were all ready for occupancy by the beginning of May 2013 with\nlease‐up periods varying by project. Bennett House and Brighton House were fully leased within three\nmonths of opening while the S2 and The Plaza are currently 62% and 61% leased. Both properties are\nexpected to be substantially leased by mid‐2014.\nKillam commenced two new development projects during the year. Development started on a 101‐unit\nproject in St. John’s in Q3‐2013 and a 122‐unit project in Cambridge broke ground in December 2013. Please\nrefer to the Investment Properties Under Construction section of the MD&A on page 49 for further details on\nthese projects.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*\n**Geographic**\n**Diversification**\n2013 Target 2013 acquisition program to include investments in Ontario.\n2013 Performance During 2013 Killam acquired Kristin Way, a 102‐unit building located in Ottawa, and 1033 Queen Street West\nin Toronto. These acquisitions increased Killam’s total unit count in Ontario to 1,359 units, representing\n11% of the total apartment portfolio. Killam has continued to expand its operating platform in Ontario by\nadding property managers, dedicated leasing representatives and administrative staff to manage the growing\nportfolio.\n**Growth in Same Store**\n**Net Operating Income**\n2013 Target Same Store NOI growth of 0% to 1% (adjusted from 2% to 4% following Q2 2013).\n2013  Performance Consolidated same store NOI decreased by 0.4% for the year ended December 31, 2013. This decrease was\ndriven by an increase in natural gas prices in Atlantic Canada during the peak heating season in the first",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n### $ 121 m\n\nAcquisitions Completed\n5.8 <sup>%</sup> Average Acquisition Capitalization Rate\n###### $ 7 m\nI nvested in Land for Future Developments\n282 New Apartment Units Added from Completed Developments\n743 Apartment Units Acquired\nGeographic Expansion Facts\n1,359 Apartment Units in Ontario\n42 <sup>%</sup> MHC Sites in Ontario\nCore Markets in Ontario include Ottawa, Toronto & Southwestern Ontario\n20 <sup>%</sup> Real Estate Assets Located in Ontario\n50 <sup>%</sup> Target noi to be Generated Outside Atlantic Canada\nWith a home base in Halifax, Killam’s roots are in Atlantic Canada and the\nCompany has successfully grown by consolidating the residential real estate\nmarket in the region’s urban centres.  In order to meet its long-term growth\ntargets and increase its investment in Canada’s most dynamic real estate\nmarkets, Killam has been actively expanding its apartment portfolio in Ontario\nand is exploring investment opportunities in Western Canada. Since 2010,\nKillam has expanded its apartment target markets to include specific cities\nin Ontario, and has invested approximately $200 million in real estate assets\nin the province. Approximately 15% of Killam’s 2014 net operating income is\nexpected to be earned in Ontario. The Company has set a long-term target to\nearn 50% of its net operating income outside Atlantic Canada.",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n### $ 121 m\n\n#### Increasing Geographic Diversification\n\n101 Archibald Street 1993 60\n115 Kedgewick Drive 2009 25\n133 Kedgewick Drive 2010 23\n135 Gould Street 2011 69\n155 Canaan Drive 2008 48\n1111 Main Street 1957 16\n276-350 Gauvin Road 1991/96 84\n303 Normandie Street 1994 70\n316 Acadie Avenue 1996 48\n360 Acadie Avenue 1998 60\n364-368 Gauvin Road 1995 80\n46 & 54 Strathmore Ave 2001 40\nGauvin Estates 2013 48\nBelmar Plaza 2005 50\nBuckingham Place 1998 55\nCambridge Court 1994 45\nCambridge Place 1995 63\nCameron Arms 1981 81\nCameron Street 1966/67 81\nEagles Ridge Estates 1994 59\nGordon/Bonaccord Street 1950/84 41\nHester & Church Street 1993 64\nLakeview Estates 1980/81 48\nLorentz Apartments 1969 101\nLutz & Kendra Street 1950/75 40\nPine Glen Apartments 1974 54\nSuffolk Street 2000 80\n**Moncton Total 1,593**\n**Moncton Average Rent $831**\n**Saint John, NB Year Built Units**\n37 Somerset Place 2007 21\n53 Somerset Place 1973 16\n115 Woodhaven Drive 1977 24\nBlue Rock Estates 2007 60\nCarleton Towers 1968 60\nCedar Glen Apartments 1977 204\nEllerdale Apartments 1975 154\nFort Howe Apartments 1970 153\nParkwood Apartments 1947 205\nRocky Hill Apartments 2004 42\nSydney Arms 1961 54\nThe Anchorage 2003 51\nWoodward Gardens 1962 99\n**Saint John Total 1,143**\n**Saint John Average Rent $746**\n####### **St. John’s, NL**\nBennett House 2013 71\nBlackshire Court 1981 69\nCornwall Manor 1976 31\nFreshwater Road Apartments 1972 159\nForest Manor 1978 65\nMeadowland Apartments 1976 105\nMount Pleasant Manor 1976 100\nPleasantview Manor 1979 36\nRutledge Manor 1983 53\nTorbay Road Apartments 1972 84\nVillage Manor 1978 40\n**St. John’s Total 813**\n**St. John’s Average Rent $849**\n####### **Charlottetown, PE**\n198 Spring Park Road 2006 32\n27 Longworth Avenue 1983 24\n280 Shakespeare Drive 2010 26\n319-323 Shakespeare Drive 2004 22\n36 Westridge Crescent 1985 8\n505-525 University Avenue 2003 35\nBridlewood Apartments 1998/99 66\nBrowns Court 1997 52\nBrighton House 2013 47\nBurns/University 2003 95\nCharlotte Court 2011 49\nCountry Place 1998/02 39\nDesBarres House 1978 51\nDucks Landing 2005/12 138\nHorton Park 1987 69\nKensington Court 1990 105\nQueen Street 1978 48\n**Charlottetown Total 906**\n**Charlottetown Average Rent $878**\n####### **London, ON**\n180 Mill Street <sup>(2)</sup> 2011 127\nRichmond Hill Apartments 2009 137\n**London Total 264**\n**London Average Rent $1,632**",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## $ 191 <sup>M</sup>\nAcquisitions\n& Developments\nCompleted\n52.9 <sup>%</sup> Debt as a\nPercentage\nof Total Assets",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\n**Portfolio Summary**\nThe following table summarizes Killam’s apartment portfolio by market as at and for the year ended December 31, 2013:\n**Apartment Properties**\n**Units <sup>(1)</sup> Number of**\n**Properties % of Apartment NOI**\n**and Equity Income**\n**Nova Scotia**\nHalifax <sup>(2)</sup> 4,970  54 47.1%\nSydney  139  2 1.2%\n5,109  56 48.3%\n**New Brunswick**\nMoncton  1,593  30 9.8%\nFredericton  1,394  20 9.9%\nSaint John  1,143  13 5.6%\nMiramichi  96  1 0.7%\n4,226  64 26.0%\n**Ontario**  <sup>(3)</sup>\nOttawa  492  6 2.7%\nLondon  264  2 2.8%\nCambridge  225  2 3.4%\nToronto  378  2 1.5%\n1,359  12 10.4%\n**Newfoundland and Labrador**\nSt. John’s  813  11 7.3%\nGrand Falls  148  2 1.1%\n961  13 8.4%\n**Prince Edward Island**\nCharlottetown  906  17 6.6%\nSummerside  86  2 0.3%\n992  19 6.9%\n**Total 12,647 164 100.0%**\n(1) Unit count includes properties held through Killam’s partnerships and joint ventures.\n(2) Killam owns a 47% interest in and manages Garden Park Apartments, a 246‐unit building located in Halifax, NS. Killam’s 47% ownership interest\nrepresents 116 of the 246 units related to this property.\n(3) Killam owns three buildings located in Ontario through a joint venture, with Killam having a 25% ownership interest and managing the properties.\nKillam’s 25% ownership interest represents 118 of the 472 units related to these properties.\n**Manufactured Home Communities Portfolio**\nThe following table summarizes Killam’s MHC investment by province as at and for the year ended December 31, 2013:\n**Sites Number of**\n**Communities % of MHC**\n**NOI**\nNova Scotia  2,626 16 34.3%\nNew Brunswick  224 1 34.2%\nOntario  2,144 16 29.3%\nNewfoundland and Labrador  170 2 2.2%\n**Total 5,164 35 100.0%**\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*\n**Killam’s NOI by Province**\nCombining apartment and MHC’s, the following chart highlights the percentage of Killam’s forward‐looking NOI by province based on ownership\ninterest at December 31, 2013:\n\n**NOI by Province**\nns  48%\nnB 23%\non 15% Pei\n7%\nnl\n8%\n**The Multi‐family Market Leader in Atlantic Canada**\nAtlantic Canada is home to 2.3 million people, approximately 43% of whom live in the six largest cities, representing Killam’s core markets in the\nregion. Killam has a 14.2% market share of apartment units in these six largest centres.  The chart below highlights the apartment NOI generated\nfrom each of the key urban markets in Atlantic Canada in 2013, and Killam’s market share in each.\n47.1%\n9.8% 9.9% 7.3% 6.6% 5.6%\n11.9%",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\ncity and the province.\nKillam also has a 19% market share in Charlottetown, the capital and economic center of Prince Edward Island.\n**Expanding Ownership in Ontario**\nKillam’s apartment portfolio includes 1,359 apartment units in Ontario, up from 225 units three years ago, and includes properties in Ottawa,\nToronto, London and Cambridge.  In addition to apartments, 42% of Killam’s MHC sites are located in Ontario. Killam is focused on increasing its\ngeographic diversification by acquiring more properties in Ontario.\n**A Diversified Portfolio of Apartment Properties**\nKillam’s apartment portfolio includes a variety of property types, including high‐rise (24% of units), mid‐rise with elevators (33%) , walk‐ups (41%)\nand a small number of townhouses (2%).  The portfolio includes rents ranging from affordable to high‐end Class A properties.  The average rent\nfor Killam’s apartment units at the end of 2013 was $915.\nThe average age of Killam’s apartment portfolio is 28 years.  With a focus on both developing and acquiring newer properties, 23% of Killam’s\napartments are considered new (built after 2001), on a unit count basis.  Compared to the national average of 7%, as per CMHC’s 2010 Housing\nObserver, Killam’s portfolio is considerably newer and should result in lower capital and maintenance costs for the foreseeable future. 43% of\nKillam’s NOI is generated from apartment units that are considered new, with 20% of the Company’s NOI generated from units built in the last\nfive years.\n**MHCs Compliment Killam’s Apartment Portfolio**\nWith MHCs, Killam owns the land and infrastructure supporting each community and leases the sites to the tenants, who own their own homes\nand pay Killam a monthly rent. In addition to site rent, the tenant may have a mortgage payment to a financial institution for their home. The\naverage site rent in Killam’s MHC portfolio was $222 per month, which offers value and affordability to tenants. The homeowner is responsible\nfor property taxes based on the assessed value of their home and Killam is responsible for the property tax on the land.\nMHCs require less recurring capital investment and deliver a more predictable and stable cash flow than apartments. MHC home owners are\nresponsible for the repair, maintenance and operating costs of their homes, which removes significant variable costs that are typically borne\nby Killam for apartments. The operating profit margin in Killam’s MHC business averaged 62.4% over the last two years, compared to 58.9% for\napartments.\nThe most significant costs to operate MHCs are water, land property tax and general repairs and maintenance to the water and sewer",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\nThe average rent for a two‐bedroom unit in these newer buildings was $1,320 per month, compared to a market average two‐bedroom rent of\n$976.\nThe new properties added to Killam’s portfolio are condo quality, providing tenants with features and amenities traditionally associated with\nownership. The Company believes that demand for this type of rental accommodation will grow given an increasing number of homeowners\nreaching retirement age and looking for alternatives to home ownership. Killam is also attracted to the low capital spend requirements from new\nassets compared to older buildings, which often include significant capital investment to address deferred maintenance. Generally, the amount\nof annual capital to maintain a property increases as the building ages.  In addition, with energy efficient features, the NOI margins are generally\nhigher in newer buildings.\nWith strong demand for the acquisition of apartments over the last three years, cap‐rates have declined and the pricing differential between\nolder and newer buildings has reduced. This enables Killam to increase the amount of newer apartments in its portfolio without paying a\nsignificant premium for quality assets.\n**Geographic Diversification**\nGeographic diversification in the apartment segment is a priority for Killam. With a 14.2% market share in its core markets in Atlantic Canada,\nKillam is the region’s largest residential landlord. The maximum market share Management foresees Killam reaching in Atlantic Canada is\nbetween 15%‐18%. With Atlantic Canada representing only 4.9% of the Canadian rental market, Killam’s growth opportunities increase\nsignificantly when considering assets outside Atlantic Canada.\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is actively building\na portfolio in targeted Ontario markets, including Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment in\nOntario, and potentially Western Canada, will increase the Company’s diversification and exposure in high growth centres in Canada. Based on\nthe Company’s portfolio at year‐end, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario. Management has set a long‐term target of growing\nthe amount of NOI generated outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%.\nIn 2013, Killam sold a portfolio of ten MHCs in New Brunswick that allowed Killam to crystallize the increased value of this portfolio at  attractive\ncap‐rates. This creates moderate short‐term dilution but it provides the Company with funds to continue its geographic diversification by\naccretively growing its apartment portfolio in Ontario.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **FFO per Share ($)**\n\ncovered by insurance. Management believes that the final outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on the financial\nposition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company. However, actual outcomes may differ from Management’s expectations.\n**27. Financial Guarantees**\nKillam Properties Inc. is the guarantor for borrowings held through its three equity investments.  As at December 31, 2013, the maximum\npotential obligation resulting from these guarantees is $70.5 million, all related to long‐term mortgage financing (December 31, 2012 -\n$72.3 million). These loans are secured by a first ranking mortgage over the associated investment property. Management has reviewed\nthe contingent liability associated with its financial guarantee contracts and, at December 31, 2013, determined that a provision is not\nrequired to be recognized in the Statement of Financial Position. (December 31, 2012  ‐ $nil).\n**Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except share and per share amounts)*\n**28.  Related Party Transactions**\nKillam has contracted APM Construction Services Inc. (“APM”) to act as Project Manager on the new construction project in St.\nJohn’s, NL. APM was previously the Project Manager on The Plaza, which was completed in May 2013. APM is an entity controlled\nby a director of Killam.  APM will be paid an industry standard management fee of approximately 4% of the construction costs. For\nthe year ended December 31, 2013, Killam paid APM $0.5 million for construction management services (December 31, 2012 ‐ $0.2\nmillion).\n\nOn December 6, 2013, Killam acquired Northgate Apartments from a director of Killam for a purchase price of $3.7 million, the fair\nvalue at the acquisition date.\nKillam has a 50% interest in a commercial complex that houses its head office. The remaining 50% interest is owned by a Company\ncontrolled by an executive and director of Killam. In addition, the property manager for the commercial complex is controlled by the\nexecutive and director and is paid an industry standard property management fee.\nKey management personnel remuneration\nThe remuneration of directors and other key management personnel which include the Directors, President & Chief Executive\nOfficer, Executive Vice‐President and Chief Financial Officer, and Vice‐Presidents of Killam during the years ended December 31,\n2013, and 2012 was at follows:\n**2013**  2012\nSalaries, board compensation and incentives   **$2,371**  $2,892\nRestricted share awards   **847**  633\nTotal   **$3,218**  $3,525\n**29.  Subsequent Events**\nOn January 20, 2014, and February 18, 2014, the Company announced dividends of $0.05 per share, payable on February 17, 2014, and",
+                    "page_start": 93,
+                    "page_end": 94,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "How Killam Properties Inc does increase its geographic diversification ? ",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "We are increasing our geographic  diversification by expanding our  apartment ownership outside Atlantic  Canada. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 9
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n#### President’s Letter\n\n####### **Geographic Diversification is a Priority**\n\nin recent years, leading to increased competition\nat the high-end of the market.  At The Plaza in\nFredericton, a soft home sales market is leading to longer\nthan expected lease-up.  We will realize the full financial\nbenefit from these buildings once they are fully occupied.\nWe currently have two new developments underway.\nChelsea Place, a 101-unit, 2-building complex located in St.\nJohn’s, is expected to be completed in the third quarter of\n2014.  Saginaw Gardens, a 122-unit building in Cambridge,\non land acquired in January 2013, was started in December\n2013 and will be completed in 2015.  The total investment\nin the two developments is approximately $46 million,\nrepresenting 3% of our balance sheet.  We expect to limit our\nComplete a minimum\nof $75 million in\nacquisitions.\nAcquire over 50%\nof 2014 acquisitions\noutside Atlantic\nCanada, with a focus\nin Ontario.\nGrow same store\nNOI by up to 2%.\nContinue to invest\nin development\nwith two projects\nunderway, managing\nprojects on schedule\nand on budget.\ndevelopment program to a maximum of 5% of our balance sheet per year.  We\nhave three other developments projects in various planning stages, but don’t\nexpect to begin construction on any additional new projects until late 2014 or\ninto 2015.\n####### **Geographic Diversification is a Priority**\nGeographic diversification is a priority for Killam.  Our asset base in Atlantic\nCanada is the foundation of the Company; however, with Atlantic Canada\nrepresenting only 5% of the Canadian rental market, our growth opportunities\nincrease significantly by expanding our target markets outside of this region.\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more\ngeographically diverse portfolio.  We are actively growing a portfolio of\napartments in Ontario in three target markets: Ottawa, the Greater Toronto\nArea, and Southwestern Ontario.  An increased investment outside Atlantic\nCanada will increase not only Killam’s growth potential, it will also expand the\nCompany’s diversification and exposure to higher growth markets.\nAcquisitions in Ontario represented 45% of acquisitions in 2013. In addition",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n#### A Diversified Portfolio\nS2, Halifax, Nova Scotia\nKillam’s growth opportunities include increasing earnings of its existing\nportfolio and expanding the portfolio through acquisitions and development.\nAcquisitions have been an important part of Killam’s growth, having completed\nover $1.1 billion in acquisitions since the first property was acquired in 2002.\nKillam began development as a complement to its acquisition program in 2010,\nand to-date has invested approximately $90 million in new developments.\n2013 was Killam’s largest year for growth since 2005, adding $191 million of\nproperties to the portfolio, including $121 million in acquisitions and $70\nmillion in new developments.  Looking ahead to 2014, Killam has targeted\na minimum of $75 million in acquisitions, and the development of two new\napartment buildings totaling approximately $46 million.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\nThe average rent for a two‐bedroom unit in these newer buildings was $1,320 per month, compared to a market average two‐bedroom rent of\n$976.\nThe new properties added to Killam’s portfolio are condo quality, providing tenants with features and amenities traditionally associated with\nownership. The Company believes that demand for this type of rental accommodation will grow given an increasing number of homeowners\nreaching retirement age and looking for alternatives to home ownership. Killam is also attracted to the low capital spend requirements from new\nassets compared to older buildings, which often include significant capital investment to address deferred maintenance. Generally, the amount\nof annual capital to maintain a property increases as the building ages.  In addition, with energy efficient features, the NOI margins are generally\nhigher in newer buildings.\nWith strong demand for the acquisition of apartments over the last three years, cap‐rates have declined and the pricing differential between\nolder and newer buildings has reduced. This enables Killam to increase the amount of newer apartments in its portfolio without paying a\nsignificant premium for quality assets.\n**Geographic Diversification**\nGeographic diversification in the apartment segment is a priority for Killam. With a 14.2% market share in its core markets in Atlantic Canada,\nKillam is the region’s largest residential landlord. The maximum market share Management foresees Killam reaching in Atlantic Canada is\nbetween 15%‐18%. With Atlantic Canada representing only 4.9% of the Canadian rental market, Killam’s growth opportunities increase\nsignificantly when considering assets outside Atlantic Canada.\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is actively building\na portfolio in targeted Ontario markets, including Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment in\nOntario, and potentially Western Canada, will increase the Company’s diversification and exposure in high growth centres in Canada. Based on\nthe Company’s portfolio at year‐end, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario. Management has set a long‐term target of growing\nthe amount of NOI generated outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%.\nIn 2013, Killam sold a portfolio of ten MHCs in New Brunswick that allowed Killam to crystallize the increased value of this portfolio at  attractive\ncap‐rates. This creates moderate short‐term dilution but it provides the Company with funds to continue its geographic diversification by\naccretively growing its apartment portfolio in Ontario.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n### $ 121 m\n\nAcquisitions Completed\n5.8 <sup>%</sup> Average Acquisition Capitalization Rate\n###### $ 7 m\nI nvested in Land for Future Developments\n282 New Apartment Units Added from Completed Developments\n743 Apartment Units Acquired\nGeographic Expansion Facts\n1,359 Apartment Units in Ontario\n42 <sup>%</sup> MHC Sites in Ontario\nCore Markets in Ontario include Ottawa, Toronto & Southwestern Ontario\n20 <sup>%</sup> Real Estate Assets Located in Ontario\n50 <sup>%</sup> Target noi to be Generated Outside Atlantic Canada\nWith a home base in Halifax, Killam’s roots are in Atlantic Canada and the\nCompany has successfully grown by consolidating the residential real estate\nmarket in the region’s urban centres.  In order to meet its long-term growth\ntargets and increase its investment in Canada’s most dynamic real estate\nmarkets, Killam has been actively expanding its apartment portfolio in Ontario\nand is exploring investment opportunities in Western Canada. Since 2010,\nKillam has expanded its apartment target markets to include specific cities\nin Ontario, and has invested approximately $200 million in real estate assets\nin the province. Approximately 15% of Killam’s 2014 net operating income is\nexpected to be earned in Ontario. The Company has set a long-term target to\nearn 50% of its net operating income outside Atlantic Canada.",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **FFO per Share ($)**\n\n**Increased Supply Risk**\nIncreased supply risk is the risk of loss from increased competition from the addition of new rental units in Killam’s core markets. Numerous\nother residential developers and apartment owners compete for potential tenants. Although it is Killam’s strategy to own multifamily residential\nproperties in premier locations in each market in which it operates, some of the apartments or MHCs of Killam’s competitors may be newer,\nbetter located or offer lower rents. An increase in alternative housing could have a material adverse effect on Killam’s ability to lease units and\nin the rents charged and could adversely affect Killam’s revenues and ability to meet its obligations. To mitigate against this risk Killam has a\ngeographically diverse asset base. Management is expanding this diversification by increasing Killam’s investment in apartment markets outside\nAtlantic Canada.\n**Credit Risk**\nCredit risk arises from the possibility that tenants may experience financial difficulty and be unable to fulfill their lease term commitments.  The\nCompany mitigates the risk of credit loss through the diversification of its existing portfolio and limiting its exposure to any one tenant.  Credit\nassessments are conducted with respect to all new leasing and the Company also obtains a security deposit to assist in potential recovery\nrequirements. In addition, the receivable balances are monitored on an ongoing basis with the result that the Company’s exposure to bad debt is\nnot significant.  The Company’s bad debt expense experience has historically been less than 0.4% of revenues.  None of Killam’s tenants account\nfor more than 1% of tenant receivables.\n**Development Risk**\nDevelopment risk is the risk that costs of developments will exceed original estimates, unforeseen delays occur and/or units will not be leased in\nthe timeframe and/or at rents anticipated. Killam minimizes its exposure to development risk my limiting the amount of development underway\nat any one time. To reduce the Company’s exposure to price increases, Killam enters into fixed‐rate contracts when possible. To reduce the\nlease‐up risk, Killam does extensive market research in advance of each development to support expected rental rates, and pre‐markets its\nproperties early on in the process, to increase demand for the new developments.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*\n**Environmental Risk**\nAs an owner of real estate, Killam is subject to federal, provincial and municipal environmental regulations.  These regulations may require the\nCompany to fund the costs of removal and remediation of certain hazardous substances on its properties or releases from its properties.  The",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n### $ 121 m\n\n#### Increasing Geographic Diversification\n\n101 Archibald Street 1993 60\n115 Kedgewick Drive 2009 25\n133 Kedgewick Drive 2010 23\n135 Gould Street 2011 69\n155 Canaan Drive 2008 48\n1111 Main Street 1957 16\n276-350 Gauvin Road 1991/96 84\n303 Normandie Street 1994 70\n316 Acadie Avenue 1996 48\n360 Acadie Avenue 1998 60\n364-368 Gauvin Road 1995 80\n46 & 54 Strathmore Ave 2001 40\nGauvin Estates 2013 48\nBelmar Plaza 2005 50\nBuckingham Place 1998 55\nCambridge Court 1994 45\nCambridge Place 1995 63\nCameron Arms 1981 81\nCameron Street 1966/67 81\nEagles Ridge Estates 1994 59\nGordon/Bonaccord Street 1950/84 41\nHester & Church Street 1993 64\nLakeview Estates 1980/81 48\nLorentz Apartments 1969 101\nLutz & Kendra Street 1950/75 40\nPine Glen Apartments 1974 54\nSuffolk Street 2000 80\n**Moncton Total 1,593**\n**Moncton Average Rent $831**\n**Saint John, NB Year Built Units**\n37 Somerset Place 2007 21\n53 Somerset Place 1973 16\n115 Woodhaven Drive 1977 24\nBlue Rock Estates 2007 60\nCarleton Towers 1968 60\nCedar Glen Apartments 1977 204\nEllerdale Apartments 1975 154\nFort Howe Apartments 1970 153\nParkwood Apartments 1947 205\nRocky Hill Apartments 2004 42\nSydney Arms 1961 54\nThe Anchorage 2003 51\nWoodward Gardens 1962 99\n**Saint John Total 1,143**\n**Saint John Average Rent $746**\n####### **St. John’s, NL**\nBennett House 2013 71\nBlackshire Court 1981 69\nCornwall Manor 1976 31\nFreshwater Road Apartments 1972 159\nForest Manor 1978 65\nMeadowland Apartments 1976 105\nMount Pleasant Manor 1976 100\nPleasantview Manor 1979 36\nRutledge Manor 1983 53\nTorbay Road Apartments 1972 84\nVillage Manor 1978 40\n**St. John’s Total 813**\n**St. John’s Average Rent $849**\n####### **Charlottetown, PE**\n198 Spring Park Road 2006 32\n27 Longworth Avenue 1983 24\n280 Shakespeare Drive 2010 26\n319-323 Shakespeare Drive 2004 22\n36 Westridge Crescent 1985 8\n505-525 University Avenue 2003 35\nBridlewood Apartments 1998/99 66\nBrowns Court 1997 52\nBrighton House 2013 47\nBurns/University 2003 95\nCharlotte Court 2011 49\nCountry Place 1998/02 39\nDesBarres House 1978 51\nDucks Landing 2005/12 138\nHorton Park 1987 69\nKensington Court 1990 105\nQueen Street 1978 48\n**Charlottetown Total 906**\n**Charlottetown Average Rent $878**\n####### **London, ON**\n180 Mill Street <sup>(2)</sup> 2011 127\nRichmond Hill Apartments 2009 137\n**London Total 264**\n**London Average Rent $1,632**",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n#### President’s Letter\n\nKillam Properties Inc | 2013 9\nLooking beyond 2014, we expect to generate NOI growth\nmore in the 2% to 4% range as large economic projects in\nAtlantic Canada are predicted to lead economic\nand population growth in the region.  As the\ndominant residential landlord in Atlantic Canada\nwith a wide variety of buildings and price points,\nwe expect to benefit from this growth through\nincreased demand for apartments.\n####### **Growth through Acquisitions**\nGrowth through acquisitions will continue\nto be a focus for Killam.  We completed $121\nmillion of acquisitions last year, at the top of our\nacquisition target range of $75 million to $125\nmillion.  This was our largest year for acquisitions\nsince 2005.  Apartment acquisitions in Ontario in\n2013 included a 102-unit building in Ottawa and\na newly constructed mixed-use apartment and\nretail complex in downtown Toronto, for a total\nof $50 million.  We are also pleased with the $64\nmillion in properties we added to our portfolio in\nAtlantic Canada this past year, complementing\nour existing assets in Halifax, Charlottetown and\nMoncton.\nWe have targeted a minimum of $75 million\nin acquisitions for 2014.  We are committed to\nadding strategically to our asset base in our\ncore markets, targeting both new buildings and\ncentrally located older buildings with upside\nopportunities.\n####### **Recycling Assets and Increasing the Quality**\n####### **of Killam’s Portfolio**\nPart of our growth through acquisitions in\n2014 includes investing funds from the New\nBrunswick MHC portfolio we sold in November\n2013.  This was Killam’s second MHC portfolio\nsale in the last two years.  Although we continue\nto value the MHC asset class and see it as a\nstrong complement to the apartment portfolio,\nwe recognize that growth opportunities in this asset class are\nlimited, with few investment grade communities available.\nIn addition, the value of MHCs has increased significantly in\nthe last number of years, arguably to a greater extent than\nmany other real estate assets classes, including apartments.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\n2013 Performance Killam completed $121.1 million in acquisitions in 2013 which includes $112.8 million in apartment\nacquisitions, $1.4 million for 65 MHC sites and $6.9 million in vacant land for future developments.\n**Increase Investment in New Properties**\n2013 Target Focus on newer properties as part of the acquisition program in 2013.  Complete and lease‐up Killam’s four\ndevelopments, and commence two new development projects.\n2013 Performance During 2013 Killam acquired 552 units which were constructed after 2001, representing 74% of the total\nunits added to the portfolio during the year. The acquisitions included three buildings constructed in 2013,\nan 83‐unit luxury building in Halifax, a 48‐unit building in Moncton, and a 179‐unit building on Queen Street\nWest in Toronto.\nThe Company also completed the construction of four development projects totaling 282 units during\nthe first half of the year. These buildings were all ready for occupancy by the beginning of May 2013 with\nlease‐up periods varying by project. Bennett House and Brighton House were fully leased within three\nmonths of opening while the S2 and The Plaza are currently 62% and 61% leased. Both properties are\nexpected to be substantially leased by mid‐2014.\nKillam commenced two new development projects during the year. Development started on a 101‐unit\nproject in St. John’s in Q3‐2013 and a 122‐unit project in Cambridge broke ground in December 2013. Please\nrefer to the Investment Properties Under Construction section of the MD&A on page 49 for further details on\nthese projects.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*\n**Geographic**\n**Diversification**\n2013 Target 2013 acquisition program to include investments in Ontario.\n2013 Performance During 2013 Killam acquired Kristin Way, a 102‐unit building located in Ottawa, and 1033 Queen Street West\nin Toronto. These acquisitions increased Killam’s total unit count in Ontario to 1,359 units, representing\n11% of the total apartment portfolio. Killam has continued to expand its operating platform in Ontario by\nadding property managers, dedicated leasing representatives and administrative staff to manage the growing\nportfolio.\n**Growth in Same Store**\n**Net Operating Income**\n2013 Target Same Store NOI growth of 0% to 1% (adjusted from 2% to 4% following Q2 2013).\n2013  Performance Consolidated same store NOI decreased by 0.4% for the year ended December 31, 2013. This decrease was\ndriven by an increase in natural gas prices in Atlantic Canada during the peak heating season in the first",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\nexploration commitments awarded in the last two years.\nWith a diversified asset base of almost 5,000 centrally located apartment units in Halifax and 1,100 MHC sites in and around the city, Killam\nexpects to benefit from increased demand for housing that will come from economic and population growth.\n**Growing Investment in St. John’s**\nSt. John’s, NL has been transformed by offshore investments, with exceptionally strong economic growth in recent years. The strength of the oil\nbusiness has resulted in both a growing population base in the city and a 21% increase in the average home price over the last three years as per\nCMHC’s Fall 2013 Housing Market Outlook. The decrease in home affordability coupled with an absence of new rental unit construction for the\nlast twenty years, is generating strong demand for rental units in St. John’s.\nWith 813 apartment units in the city, Killam has a 22% market share of the rental product, as measured by CMHC, including a new 71‐unit\nproperty development which opened in 2013. The Company’s highest rental growth and NOI growth has been earned in St. John’s over the last\nfour years. Despite this, the current average rent for a two‐bedroom unit in St. John’s is $864 per CMHC, which is very affordable.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*\n**Investment in the Urban Centres of New Brunswick and PEI**\n26% of Killam’s apartment NOI is currently generated in New Brunswick, split principally between the province’s three major urban centres,\nFredericton, Moncton and Saint John.  Fredericton and Moncton both experienced high population growth over the last number of years,\nposting 9.3% and 8.7% growth, respectively, between the 2006 and 2011 Census periods.  Fredericton is the  provincial capital and home to\nthe province’s largest university. Moncton is the largest city and a transportation and distribution hub for Atlantic Canada.  Population growth\nin Moncton in recent years has been driven by urbanization from French communities in Northern New Brunswick.  The Saint John market,\nrepresenting 5.6% of Killam’s apartment NOI, is focused on industry and energy.  After strong energy investments in the city in the mid‐2000s,\nthe city has seen a reduction in economic projects over the last three years.  Home to Irving Oil’s refinery operations, the proposed Energy East\nPipeline project to bring oil from Western Canada to refineries in Quebec and New Brunswick, has potential for strong economic growth for the",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n#### Killam Fundamentals\n\n**Atlantic Canada’s Market Leader**\nWe are Atlantic Canada’s largest residential\nlandlord with a 14% market share of\napartments in the region’s six largest cities.\nWith a portfolio of over 11,000 apartment\nunits in Atlantic Canada, including 5,000 in\nHalifax, we have strong market recognition\nand are able to meet the rental needs of\na diversified and growing customer base.\nOur established operating platform allows\nus to maximize efficiencies and support\nadditional growth in the region and\nbeyond.\n**Apartment Net Operating Income**\n**by Core Market** for the year ended December 31, 2013\n**Expanding Annually Through Acquisitions and Development**\nWe have grown our real estate portfolio\non an annual basis through the acquisition\nof apartments and MHCs.  Since 2010, we\nhave been complementing our growth\nwith developments.  2013 marked the\nCompany’s biggest year for acquisitions\nand developments in eight years, adding\n$191 million in properties to the portfolio.\nGrowth is funded through a combination\nof equity, mortgage debt and the\nrecycling of assets, further increasing the\nquality of the portfolio. In 2013 we sold a\nportfolio of MHCs in New Brunswick, the\nproceeds of which will be used primarily\nfor apartment acquisitions.\n**Annual Investment in Acquisitions**\n**and Development** $ millions\n$200\n$150\n$100\n$50\n$0\n$(50)\n$(100)\nAcquisitions Development Dispositions\n09 10 11 12 13\n4 Killam Properties Inc | 2013\n**Increasing Geographic Diversification**\nWe are increasing our geographic\ndiversification by expanding our\napartment ownership outside Atlantic\nCanada.  Over the last four years we have\ninvested approximately $200 million in\napartments located in Ontario and at the\nend of 2013 owned 1,359 units in three\ncore Ontario markets: Ottawa, Toronto and\nSouthwestern Ontario. Our long-term goal\nis to have 50% of our earnings generated\noutside Atlantic Canada.  We plan to\nachieve this by focusing future acquisition\nand development activity in Ontario, and\npotentially Western Canada.\n**Annual Apartment Net Operating**\n**and Equity Income from**\n**Atlantic Canada and Ontario** $ millions\n**Investing in Newer Properties**\n\nWe are expanding our portfolio with a\nfocus on acquiring newer properties\nand through development.  We believe\nthat newer buildings often generate\nhigher total returns due to limited\ndeferred maintenance requirements,\nlower operating costs and a preference\nfor renters to live in newer buildings.\nWith 35% of Killam’s apartment portfolio\nconstructed since the year 2000, Killam has\none of the newest multi-family real estate\nportfolios in Canada.\n**Apartment Value by Year**\n**of Construction**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the Killam Properties Inc 2013 performance about the Geographic Diversification objective ?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "Target achieved. Killam acquired $55 million in  Ontario real estate in 2013, representing 45%  of its acquisition program in the year.  Assets  acquired included a 102-unit property  in  Ottawa,  a newly built, 179-unit, mixed-used  property in downtown Toronto and a 5.2 acre  parcel of land for development in Cambridge,  Ontario. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n#### President’s Letter\n\n####### **Geographic Diversification is a Priority**\n\nin recent years, leading to increased competition\nat the high-end of the market.  At The Plaza in\nFredericton, a soft home sales market is leading to longer\nthan expected lease-up.  We will realize the full financial\nbenefit from these buildings once they are fully occupied.\nWe currently have two new developments underway.\nChelsea Place, a 101-unit, 2-building complex located in St.\nJohn’s, is expected to be completed in the third quarter of\n2014.  Saginaw Gardens, a 122-unit building in Cambridge,\non land acquired in January 2013, was started in December\n2013 and will be completed in 2015.  The total investment\nin the two developments is approximately $46 million,\nrepresenting 3% of our balance sheet.  We expect to limit our\nComplete a minimum\nof $75 million in\nacquisitions.\nAcquire over 50%\nof 2014 acquisitions\noutside Atlantic\nCanada, with a focus\nin Ontario.\nGrow same store\nNOI by up to 2%.\nContinue to invest\nin development\nwith two projects\nunderway, managing\nprojects on schedule\nand on budget.\ndevelopment program to a maximum of 5% of our balance sheet per year.  We\nhave three other developments projects in various planning stages, but don’t\nexpect to begin construction on any additional new projects until late 2014 or\ninto 2015.\n####### **Geographic Diversification is a Priority**\nGeographic diversification is a priority for Killam.  Our asset base in Atlantic\nCanada is the foundation of the Company; however, with Atlantic Canada\nrepresenting only 5% of the Canadian rental market, our growth opportunities\nincrease significantly by expanding our target markets outside of this region.\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more\ngeographically diverse portfolio.  We are actively growing a portfolio of\napartments in Ontario in three target markets: Ottawa, the Greater Toronto\nArea, and Southwestern Ontario.  An increased investment outside Atlantic\nCanada will increase not only Killam’s growth potential, it will also expand the\nCompany’s diversification and exposure to higher growth markets.\nAcquisitions in Ontario represented 45% of acquisitions in 2013. In addition",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n**Objective 2013 Target 2013 Performance**\n**Consolidation of**\n**the Multi-family**\n**Residential Real Estate**\n**Market**\nTo complete $75 million\nto $125 million in\nacquisitions.\nTarget achieved. $121 million in acquisitions\ncompleted in 2013, including $113 million in\napartment acquisitions, $7 million for three\nparcels of land for future development and $1\nmillion for an MHC acquisition.\n**Increase Investment in**\n**New Properties** Acquire new properties\nas part of the acquisition\nprogram in 2013.\nTarget achieved. During 2013, 74% of the total\nunits added to the portfolio were constructed\nafter 2001. These acquisitions included three\nbuildings constructed in 2013, a 179-unit\nbuilding on Queen Street West in Toronto, an\n83-unit luxury building in Halifax, and a 48-unit\nbuilding in Moncton.\nComplete and lease-\nup Killam's four\ndevelopments and\ncommence two new\ndevelopment projects.\nTarget partially achieved. The Company\ncompleted the construction of four\ndevelopment projects totaling 282 units during\nthe first half of 2013.  Two of the properties,\nBennett House and Brighton House, were\nfully leased within three months of opening,\nwhile S2 and The Plaza are expected to be\nsubstantially leased by the middle of 2014.\nKillam began two new developments during\nthe second half of the year, a 101-unit building\nin St. John’s, Newfoundland, and a 122-unit\nbuilding in Cambridge, Ontario.\n**Geographic**\n**Diversification** 2013 acquisition\nprogram to include\ninvestments in Ontario.\nTarget achieved. Killam acquired $55 million in\nOntario real estate in 2013, representing 45%\nof its acquisition program in the year.  Assets\nacquired included a 102-unit property  in\nOttawa,  a newly built, 179-unit, mixed-used\nproperty in downtown Toronto and a 5.2 acre\nparcel of land for development in Cambridge,\nOntario.\n**Growth in Same Store**\n**Net Operating Income**\n**(NOI)**\nSame store NOI growth\nof 2% to 4% in 2013.\nTarget not achieved. Despite generating 1.8%\ngrowth in same store revenue, high natural gas\nprices in Atlantic Canada caused total same\nstore utility and fuel expenses to increase 13.8%\nduring the year, which resulted in a decrease in",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\nThe average rent for a two‐bedroom unit in these newer buildings was $1,320 per month, compared to a market average two‐bedroom rent of\n$976.\nThe new properties added to Killam’s portfolio are condo quality, providing tenants with features and amenities traditionally associated with\nownership. The Company believes that demand for this type of rental accommodation will grow given an increasing number of homeowners\nreaching retirement age and looking for alternatives to home ownership. Killam is also attracted to the low capital spend requirements from new\nassets compared to older buildings, which often include significant capital investment to address deferred maintenance. Generally, the amount\nof annual capital to maintain a property increases as the building ages.  In addition, with energy efficient features, the NOI margins are generally\nhigher in newer buildings.\nWith strong demand for the acquisition of apartments over the last three years, cap‐rates have declined and the pricing differential between\nolder and newer buildings has reduced. This enables Killam to increase the amount of newer apartments in its portfolio without paying a\nsignificant premium for quality assets.\n**Geographic Diversification**\nGeographic diversification in the apartment segment is a priority for Killam. With a 14.2% market share in its core markets in Atlantic Canada,\nKillam is the region’s largest residential landlord. The maximum market share Management foresees Killam reaching in Atlantic Canada is\nbetween 15%‐18%. With Atlantic Canada representing only 4.9% of the Canadian rental market, Killam’s growth opportunities increase\nsignificantly when considering assets outside Atlantic Canada.\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is actively building\na portfolio in targeted Ontario markets, including Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment in\nOntario, and potentially Western Canada, will increase the Company’s diversification and exposure in high growth centres in Canada. Based on\nthe Company’s portfolio at year‐end, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario. Management has set a long‐term target of growing\nthe amount of NOI generated outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%.\nIn 2013, Killam sold a portfolio of ten MHCs in New Brunswick that allowed Killam to crystallize the increased value of this portfolio at  attractive\ncap‐rates. This creates moderate short‐term dilution but it provides the Company with funds to continue its geographic diversification by\naccretively growing its apartment portfolio in Ontario.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\nfurther expansion of marketing and leasing activities, including a focus on tenant retention. Killam expects to see continued positive results\nfrom its Ontario portfolio throughout the next year as the Company’s Ottawa properties acquired in 2012 and early 2013 have stabilized. Killam\nforecasts to operate these properties at an average vacancy rate of approximately 2%, consistent with market norms in this region.  Furthermore,\nthe Company expects to continue to outperform CMHC in its core markets located in Atlantic Canada.  Trending in the first quarter of 2014 has\nshown steady occupancy gains in all New Brunswick markets as well as PEI, more than offsetting a slight decrease in occupancy in Halifax. Rental\nrevenue growth is expected in the range of 1% ‐ 2% across the portfolio in 2014, given Ontario’s rental increases are capped at 0.8% for 2014 and\nmarket pressures from new supply in Killam’s core markets in Atlantic Canada.\n**Natural Gas Volatility**\nThe Company expects to see continued volatility in natural gas pricing in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick until additional pipeline capacity is built\nto alleviate supply constraints in Atlantic Canada and the Northeastern US, bringing pricing more in‐line with other areas of North America.  In\nthe short‐term, Management will continue to manage properties to maximize energy efficiencies.  In addition, where dual‐fired heating systems\nexist, the Company will switch to oil when the economics support the change and will explore investing in increasing the base of dual‐fired\nsystems.\n**Acquisition Activity With a Focus in Ontario and Two New Developments Underway**\nThe Company expects to purchase a minimum of $75 million  in assets in 2014. The concentration of acquisition activity is expected to take place\nin Ontario, in‐line with the Company’s long‐term strategic goal of increasing NOI generated from outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%.  Killam also\nhas two new development projects underway, including a two building 101‐unit complex located in St. John’s, expected to be completed in Q3\n2014, and one located in Cambridge, with the first phase of 122 units expected to be completed in the first half of 2015.\n**$139 Million in Debt Maturing in 2014**\nKillam has approximately $139.4 million of debt maturing in 2014 at a weighted average interest rate of 4.6%. The current bond yields for 5‐year\nand 10‐year debt are below the Company’s weighted average interest rate on the debt to be refinanced. To‐date the Company has refinanced\nor locked in interest rates for seven maturing mortgages representing $34.2 million of the maturing debt at a weighted average interest rate of",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates**\n\n2013 Performance Killam completed $121.1 million in acquisitions in 2013 which includes $112.8 million in apartment\nacquisitions, $1.4 million for 65 MHC sites and $6.9 million in vacant land for future developments.\n**Increase Investment in New Properties**\n2013 Target Focus on newer properties as part of the acquisition program in 2013.  Complete and lease‐up Killam’s four\ndevelopments, and commence two new development projects.\n2013 Performance During 2013 Killam acquired 552 units which were constructed after 2001, representing 74% of the total\nunits added to the portfolio during the year. The acquisitions included three buildings constructed in 2013,\nan 83‐unit luxury building in Halifax, a 48‐unit building in Moncton, and a 179‐unit building on Queen Street\nWest in Toronto.\nThe Company also completed the construction of four development projects totaling 282 units during\nthe first half of the year. These buildings were all ready for occupancy by the beginning of May 2013 with\nlease‐up periods varying by project. Bennett House and Brighton House were fully leased within three\nmonths of opening while the S2 and The Plaza are currently 62% and 61% leased. Both properties are\nexpected to be substantially leased by mid‐2014.\nKillam commenced two new development projects during the year. Development started on a 101‐unit\nproject in St. John’s in Q3‐2013 and a 122‐unit project in Cambridge broke ground in December 2013. Please\nrefer to the Investment Properties Under Construction section of the MD&A on page 49 for further details on\nthese projects.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*\n**Geographic**\n**Diversification**\n2013 Target 2013 acquisition program to include investments in Ontario.\n2013 Performance During 2013 Killam acquired Kristin Way, a 102‐unit building located in Ottawa, and 1033 Queen Street West\nin Toronto. These acquisitions increased Killam’s total unit count in Ontario to 1,359 units, representing\n11% of the total apartment portfolio. Killam has continued to expand its operating platform in Ontario by\nadding property managers, dedicated leasing representatives and administrative staff to manage the growing\nportfolio.\n**Growth in Same Store**\n**Net Operating Income**\n2013 Target Same Store NOI growth of 0% to 1% (adjusted from 2% to 4% following Q2 2013).\n2013  Performance Consolidated same store NOI decreased by 0.4% for the year ended December 31, 2013. This decrease was\ndriven by an increase in natural gas prices in Atlantic Canada during the peak heating season in the first",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n### $ 121 m\n\nAcquisitions Completed\n5.8 <sup>%</sup> Average Acquisition Capitalization Rate\n###### $ 7 m\nI nvested in Land for Future Developments\n282 New Apartment Units Added from Completed Developments\n743 Apartment Units Acquired\nGeographic Expansion Facts\n1,359 Apartment Units in Ontario\n42 <sup>%</sup> MHC Sites in Ontario\nCore Markets in Ontario include Ottawa, Toronto & Southwestern Ontario\n20 <sup>%</sup> Real Estate Assets Located in Ontario\n50 <sup>%</sup> Target noi to be Generated Outside Atlantic Canada\nWith a home base in Halifax, Killam’s roots are in Atlantic Canada and the\nCompany has successfully grown by consolidating the residential real estate\nmarket in the region’s urban centres.  In order to meet its long-term growth\ntargets and increase its investment in Canada’s most dynamic real estate\nmarkets, Killam has been actively expanding its apartment portfolio in Ontario\nand is exploring investment opportunities in Western Canada. Since 2010,\nKillam has expanded its apartment target markets to include specific cities\nin Ontario, and has invested approximately $200 million in real estate assets\nin the province. Approximately 15% of Killam’s 2014 net operating income is\nexpected to be earned in Ontario. The Company has set a long-term target to\nearn 50% of its net operating income outside Atlantic Canada.",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n#### A Diversified Portfolio\nS2, Halifax, Nova Scotia\nKillam’s growth opportunities include increasing earnings of its existing\nportfolio and expanding the portfolio through acquisitions and development.\nAcquisitions have been an important part of Killam’s growth, having completed\nover $1.1 billion in acquisitions since the first property was acquired in 2002.\nKillam began development as a complement to its acquisition program in 2010,\nand to-date has invested approximately $90 million in new developments.\n2013 was Killam’s largest year for growth since 2005, adding $191 million of\nproperties to the portfolio, including $121 million in acquisitions and $70\nmillion in new developments.  Looking ahead to 2014, Killam has targeted\na minimum of $75 million in acquisitions, and the development of two new\napartment buildings totaling approximately $46 million.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## 2013 Performance Summary\n\n####### **A Look Back at 2013**\n\nsame store NOI of 0.4% for the year.\nRichmond Hill, London, Ontario\n####### **Dear Shareholders,**\nI am pleased to review Killam’s 2013 performance with you, and outline our strategy and plans for the\nfuture.  We are progressing nicely with our priorities to increase the quality of our portfolio and expand\ngeographically.  In addition, we are focused on three key areas of growth for the Company: increase the\nvalue of our existing portfolio, acquire accretively and develop profitably.\nDuring the past year we expanded communication of our corporate strategy to reach the broader Killam\ncommunity with the introduction of Killam’s Core Values.  These values have been inherent in the Company\nsince our first acquisition in 2002, but had not been broadly promoted until this past year.  Our Core Values\n(Curb Appeal, Build Community, Strong Customer Relationships, Do the Right Thing and Creative Solutions)\nare represented in the colourful squares you will see throughout this year’s\nreport.  Killam employees across the Company demonstrate these values in their\ndaily work, distinguishing Killam as a high-quality landlord.  The introduction of a\nquarterly awards program, which recognizes employees who exemplify Killam’s\nCore Values, enables us to celebrate these values.  I have been impressed by both the number and quality\nof nominations.  We truly have a remarkable group of employees who go above and beyond in providing\nexceptional service to our tenants.\n####### **A Look Back at 2013**\nI would summarize 2013 as a mixed year for Killam.  We were successful in achieving many of the objectives\nand targets we had set for ourselves, as summarized in the adjacent chart, but faced challenges that\nimpacted our financial performance.  We added $191 million in new assets to our portfolio through\nacquisitions and the completion of four new developments.  We also enhanced our leasing and marketing\nprograms, which allowed us to realize gains in occupancy in the second half of the year and improve our\nposition for 2014.  We further benefited from both interest and administrative cost savings in the year.  These",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **FFO per Share ($)**\n\n**Increased Supply Risk**\nIncreased supply risk is the risk of loss from increased competition from the addition of new rental units in Killam’s core markets. Numerous\nother residential developers and apartment owners compete for potential tenants. Although it is Killam’s strategy to own multifamily residential\nproperties in premier locations in each market in which it operates, some of the apartments or MHCs of Killam’s competitors may be newer,\nbetter located or offer lower rents. An increase in alternative housing could have a material adverse effect on Killam’s ability to lease units and\nin the rents charged and could adversely affect Killam’s revenues and ability to meet its obligations. To mitigate against this risk Killam has a\ngeographically diverse asset base. Management is expanding this diversification by increasing Killam’s investment in apartment markets outside\nAtlantic Canada.\n**Credit Risk**\nCredit risk arises from the possibility that tenants may experience financial difficulty and be unable to fulfill their lease term commitments.  The\nCompany mitigates the risk of credit loss through the diversification of its existing portfolio and limiting its exposure to any one tenant.  Credit\nassessments are conducted with respect to all new leasing and the Company also obtains a security deposit to assist in potential recovery\nrequirements. In addition, the receivable balances are monitored on an ongoing basis with the result that the Company’s exposure to bad debt is\nnot significant.  The Company’s bad debt expense experience has historically been less than 0.4% of revenues.  None of Killam’s tenants account\nfor more than 1% of tenant receivables.\n**Development Risk**\nDevelopment risk is the risk that costs of developments will exceed original estimates, unforeseen delays occur and/or units will not be leased in\nthe timeframe and/or at rents anticipated. Killam minimizes its exposure to development risk my limiting the amount of development underway\nat any one time. To reduce the Company’s exposure to price increases, Killam enters into fixed‐rate contracts when possible. To reduce the\nlease���up risk, Killam does extensive market research in advance of each development to support expected rental rates, and pre‐markets its\nproperties early on in the process, to increase demand for the new developments.\n**Management’s Discussion and Analysis** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except as noted)*\n**Environmental Risk**\nAs an owner of real estate, Killam is subject to federal, provincial and municipal environmental regulations.  These regulations may require the\nCompany to fund the costs of removal and remediation of certain hazardous substances on its properties or releases from its properties.  The",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Killam properties Inc 2013 annual report\n\n## **2013 Financial Overview**\n\n####### **FFO per Share ($)**\n\nAcquisition of non‐controlling interest  **‐**  (17)\nInvestments in joint ventures  **116**  (1,112)\nNet proceeds on sale of investment properties  **43,122**  34,326\nAcquisition and development of investment properties, net of debt assumed  **(141,154)**  (86,426)\nCapital expenditures  **(22,610)**  (23,233)\n**Cash used in investing activities $(117,366)**  $(76,527)\n**Net (decrease) increase in cash (29,048)**  13,378\nCash, beginning of the year  **56,726**  43,348\n**Cash, end of year $27,678**  $56,726\n*See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements*  .\n**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows** *in thousands of Canadian dollars* **Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements** *Dollar amounts are in thousands of Canadian dollars (except share and per share amounts)*\n**1. Corporate Information**\nKillam Properties Inc (“Killam” or the “Company”) is a real estate company specializing in the acquisition, management and development of\nmulti‐residential apartment buildings and manufactured home communities in Canada. Killam is incorporated under the Canada Business\nCorporations Act. Killam’s common shares are publicly traded and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “KMP”. The\nconsolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Killam and its subsidiaries as at December 31, 2013  **.**  The Company’s\nhead office operations are located at 3700 Kempt Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 4X8 and the Company’s registered office is located at\n2571 Windsor Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 5C4.\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2013, were authorized for issue in accordance\nwith a resolution of the Board of Directors on Tuesday, February 18, 2014.\n**2. Significant Accounting Policies**\n**(A) Statement of Compliance**\nThese consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as\nissued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).\n**(B) Basis of Presentation**\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for investment properties that\nhave been measured at fair value. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets. The\nconsolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis and are presented in Canadian dollars, which is Killam’s\nfunctional currency, and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand ($000), except when otherwise noted. Standards and guidelines\nnot effective for the current accounting period are described in Note 4.\n**(C) Basis of Consolidation**\n*(i) Subsidiaries*\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Killam and its subsidiaries. Non‐controlling interests represent the portion of",
+                    "page_start": 68,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the conventional workflow for BERT ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "The conventional workflow for BERT consists  of two stages: pre-training and fine-tuning. ",
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 4314- 4323.\nYu Sun, Shuohuan Wang, Yukun Li, Shikun Feng,\nXuyi Chen, Han Zhang, Xin Tian, Danxiang\nZhu, Hao Tian, and Hua Wu. 2019b. [ ERNIE:](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223)\n[Enhanced Representation through Knowledge](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223)\n[Integration](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223) .  *arXiv:1904.09223 [cs]*  .\nYu Sun, Shuohuan Wang, Yukun Li, Shikun\nFeng, Hao Tian, Hua Wu, and Haifeng Wang.\n2019c. [ERNIE 2.0:](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412) A Continual Pre-\n[Training Framework for Language Understand-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412)\n[ing](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412) .  *arXiv:1907.12412 [cs]*  .\nZhiqing Sun, Hongkun Yu, Xiaodan Song, Ren-\njie Liu, Yiming Yang, and Denny Zhou. 2020.\n[MobileBERT: Task-Agnostic Compression of](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~zhiqings/files/MobileBERT.pdf)\n[BERT for Resource Limited Devices](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~zhiqings/files/MobileBERT.pdf) .\nDhanasekar Sundararaman, Vivek Subramanian,\nGuoyin Wang, Shijing Si, Dinghan Shen, Dong\nWang, and Lawrence Carin. 2019. [Syntax-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[Infused Transformer and BERT models for Ma-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[chine Translation and Natural Language Under-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[standing](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156) .  *arXiv:1911.06156 [cs, stat]*  .\nAlon Talmor, Yanai Elazar, Yoav Goldberg,\nand Jonathan Berant. 2019. [oLMpics -  On](http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13283)\n[what Language Model Pre-Training Captures](http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13283) .\n*arXiv:1912.13283 [cs]*  .\nHirotaka Tanaka, Hiroyuki Shinnou, Rui Cao, Jing\nBai, and Wen Ma. 2020. [ Document Classifica-](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_13)\n[tion by Word Embeddings of BERT](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_13) . In  *Compu-*\n*tational Linguistics*  , Communications in Com-\nputer and Information Science, pages 145- 154,\nSingapore. Springer.\nRaphael Tang, Yao Lu, Linqing Liu, Lili Mou,\nOlga Vechtomova, and Jimmy Lin. 2019. [ Dis-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136)\n[tilling Task-Specific Knowledge from BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136)\n[into Simple Neural Networks](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1903.12136*  .\nIan Tenney, Dipanjan Das, and Ellie Pavlick. 2019a.\n[BERT Rediscovers the Classical NLP Pipeline](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1452.pdf) .\nIn  *Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\npages 4593- 4601.\nIan Tenney, Patrick Xia, Berlin Chen, Alex Wang,\nAdam Poliak, R. Thomas McCoy, Najoung Kim,\nBenjamin Van Durme, Samuel R. Bowman, Di-\npanjan Das, and Ellie Pavlick. 2019b. [ What do](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX)\n[you learn from context? Probing for sentence](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX)\n[structure in contextualized word representations](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX) .\nIn  *International Conference on Learning Repre-*\n*sentations*  .\nJames Yi Tian, Alexander P Kreuzer, Pai-Hung\nChen, and Hans-Martin Will. 2019. [WaL-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638)\n[DORf: Wasteless Language-model Distillation](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638)\n[On Reading-comprehension](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1912.06638*  .\nShubham Toshniwal, Haoyue Shi, Bowen Shi,\nLingyu Gao, Karen Livescu, and Kevin Gim-\npel. 2020. [ A Cross-Task Analysis of Text Span](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.repl4nlp-1.20)\n[Representations](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.repl4nlp-1.20) . In  *Proceedings of the 5th Work-*\n*shop on Representation Learning for NLP*  , pages\n166- 176, Online. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nHenry Tsai, Jason Riesa, Melvin Johnson, Naveen\nArivazhagan, Xin Li, and Amelia Archer. 2019.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **1 Introduction**\n\nSince their introduction in 2017, Transformers\n( Vaswani et al. , 2017 ) have taken NLP by storm,\noffering enhanced parallelization and better model-\ning of long-range dependencies. The best known\nTransformer-based model is BERT ( Devlin et al. ,\n2019 ); it obtained state-of-the-art results in numer-\nous benchmarks and is still a must-have baseline.\nWhile it is clear that BERT works remarkably\nwell, it is less clear  *why*  , which limits further\nhypothesis-driven improvement of the architecture.\nUnlike CNNs, the Transformers have little cogni-\ntive motivation, and the size of these models limits\nour ability to experiment with pre-training and per-\nform ablation studies. This explains a large number\nof studies over the past year that attempted to un-\nderstand the reasons behind BERT’s performance.\nIn this paper, we provide an overview of what\nhas been learned to date, highlighting the questions\nwhich are still unresolved. We first consider the\nlinguistic aspects of it, i.e., the current evidence\nregarding the types of linguistic and world knowl-\nedge learned by BERT, as well as where and how\nthis knowledge may be stored in the model. We\nthen turn to the technical aspects of the model and\nprovide an overview of the current proposals to\nimprove BERT’s architecture, pre-training and fine-\ntuning. We conclude by discussing the issue of\noverparameterization, the approaches to compress-\ning BERT, and the nascent area of pruning as a\nmodel analysis technique.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n[Than Generators](https://openreview.net/forum?id=r1xMH1BtvB) . In  *International Conference*\n*on Learning Representations*  .\nStephane Clinchant, Kweon Woo Jung, and Vas-\nsilina Nikoulina. 2019. [ On the use of BERT](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5611)\n[for Neural Machine Translation](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5611) . In  *Proceedings*\n*of the 3rd Workshop on Neural Generation and*\n*Translation*  , pages 108- 117, Hong Kong. Asso-\nciation for Computational Linguistics.\nAlexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman\nGoyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wen-\nzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle\nOtt, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov.\n2019. [ Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representa-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116)\n[tion Learning at Scale](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116) .  *arXiv:1911.02116 [cs]*  .\nGonçalo M. Correia, Vlad Niculae, and André F. T.\nMartins. 2019. [ Adaptively Sparse Transform-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1223)\n[ers](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1223) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on*\n*Empirical Methods in Natural Language Pro-*\n*cessing and the 9th International Joint Confer-*\n*ence on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-*\n*IJCNLP)*  , pages 2174- 2184, Hong Kong, China.\nAssociation for Computational Linguistics.\nMatt Crane. 2018. [ Questionable Answers in Ques-](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018)\n[tion Answering Research: Reproducibility and](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018)\n[Variability of Published Results](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018) .  *Transactions of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\n6:241- 252.\nLeyang Cui, Sijie Cheng, Yu Wu, and Yue Zhang.\n2020. [ Does BERT Solve Commonsense Task via](http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03945)\n[Commonsense Knowledge?](http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03945)  *arXiv:2008.03945*\n*[cs]*  .\nYiming Cui, Wanxiang Che, Ting Liu, Bing Qin,\nZiqing Yang, Shijin Wang, and Guoping Hu.\n2019. [ Pre-Training with Whole Word Masking](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08101)\n[for Chinese BERT](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08101) .  *arXiv:1906.08101 [cs]*  .\nJeff Da and Jungo Kasai. 2019. [Cracking the](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[Contextual Commonsense Code: Understand-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[ing Commonsense Reasoning Aptitude of Deep](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[Contextual Representations](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001) . In  *Proceedings of*\n*the First Workshop on Commonsense Inference*\n*in Natural Language Processing*  , pages 1- 12,\nHong Kong, China. Association for Computa-\ntional Linguistics.\nJoe Davison, Joshua Feldman, and Alexander Rush.\n2019. [ Commonsense Knowledge Mining from](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1109)\n[Pretrained Models](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1109) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 1173- 1178, Hong\nKong, China. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nJacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and\nKristina Toutanova. 2019. [ BERT: Pre-training](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/)\n[of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Lan-](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/)\n[guage Understanding](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/) . In  *Proceedings of the*\n*2019 Conference of the North American Chapter*\n*of the Association for Computational Linguis-*\n*tics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1*\n*(Long and Short Papers)*  , pages 4171- 4186.\nJesse Dodge, Gabriel Ilharco, Roy Schwartz, Ali\nFarhadi, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Noah Smith.\n2020. [ Fine-Tuning Pretrained Language Models:](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06305)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 4356- 4365, Hong\nKong, China. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nKalpesh Krishna, Gaurav Singh Tomar, Ankur P.\nParikh, Nicolas Papernot, and Mohit Iyyer. 2020.\n[Thieves on Sesame Street! Model Extraction of](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12366)\n[BERT-Based APIs](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12366) . In  *ICLR 2020*  .\nVarun Kumar, Ashutosh Choudhary, and Eunah\nCho. 2020. [Data Augmentation using Pre-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02245)\n[Trained Transformer Models](http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02245) .  *arXiv:2003.02245*\n*[cs]*  .\nIlia Kuznetsov and Iryna Gurevych. 2020. [ A Mat-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14999)\n[ter of Framing: The Impact of Linguistic For-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14999)\n[malism on Probing Results](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14999) .  *arXiv:2004.14999*\n*[cs]*  .\nGuillaume Lample and Alexis Conneau. 2019.\n[Cross-Lingual Language Model Pretraining](http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.07291) .\n*arXiv:1901.07291 [cs]*  .\nZhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Good-\nman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, and Radu\nSoricut. 2020a. [ALBERT: A Lite BERT for](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[Self-Supervised Learning of Language Repre-](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[sentations](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS) . In  *ICLR*  .\nZhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Good-\nman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, and Radu\nSoricut. 2020b. [ALBERT: A Lite BERT for](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[Self-supervised Learning of Language Represen-](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[tations](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS) . In  *ICLR 2020*  .\nCheolhyoung Lee, Kyunghyun Cho, and Wanmo\nKang. 2019. [ Mixout: Effective regularization to](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11299)\n[finetune large-scale pretrained language models](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11299) .\n*arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11299*  .\nMike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Mar-\njan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed,\nOmer Levy, Ves Stoyanov, and Luke Zettle-\nmoyer. 2019. [ BART: Denoising Sequence-to-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461)\n[Sequence Pre-Training for Natural Language](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461)\n[Generation, Translation, and Comprehension](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461) .\n*arXiv:1910.13461 [cs, stat]*  .\nChangmao Li and Jinho D. Choi. 2020. [ Transform-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.505)\n[ers to Learn Hierarchical Contexts in Multiparty](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.505)\n[Dialogue for Span-based Question Answering](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.505) .\nIn  *Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\npages 5709- 5714, Online. Association for Com-\nputational Linguistics.\nZhuohan Li, Eric Wallace, Sheng Shen, Kevin Lin,\nKurt Keutzer, Dan Klein, and Joseph E Gonzalez.\n2020. [ Train large, then compress: Rethinking](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794)\n[model size for efficient training and inference of](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794)\n[transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11794*  .\nYongjie Lin, Yi Chern Tan, and Robert Frank. 2019.\n[Open Sesame: Getting inside BERT’s Linguistic](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4825/)\n[Knowledge](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4825/) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019 ACL*\n*Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Inter-*\n*preting Neural Networks for NLP*  , pages 241-\n253.\nNelson F. Liu, Matt Gardner, Yonatan Belinkov,\nMatthew E. Peters, and Noah A. Smith. 2019a.\n[Linguistic Knowledge and Transferability of](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1112/)\n[Contextual Representations](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1112/) . In  *Proceedings*\n*of the 2019 Conference of the North Ameri-*\n*can Chapter of the Association for Computa-*",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works**\n### **Anna Rogers**\nCenter for Social Data Science\nUniversity of Copenhagen\narogers@sodas.ku.dk\n### **Olga Kovaleva**\nDept. of Computer Science\nUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell\nokovalev@cs.uml.edu\n### **Anna Rumshisky**\nDept. of Computer Science\nUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell\narum@cs.uml.edu\n### **Abstract**\nTransformer-based models have pushed state\nof the art in many areas of NLP, but our un-\nderstanding of what is behind their success\nis still limited. This paper is the first sur-\nvey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT\nmodel. We review the current state of knowl-\nedge about how BERT works, what kind\nof information it learns and how it is repre-\nsented, common modifications to its training\nobjectives and architecture, the overparame-\nterization issue and approaches to compres-\nsion. We then outline directions for future\nresearch.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **6 How big should BERT be?**\n\n### **6.2 Compression techniques**\n\n#### **can be efficiently compressed with minimal ac-**\n\nreflects the number of layers used.   *<sup>∗</sup>* Smaller vocabulary used.   *<sup>†</sup>* The dimensionality of the hidden layers is reduced.\n*∥* Convolutional layers used.  *‡*  Compared to BERT large .  *∗∗*  Compared to mBERT.  *§*  As reported in ( Jiao et al. , 2019 ). *¶* In\ncomparison to the dev set.\nthis strategy often requires compatible hardware.\nAs discussed in section 6 , individual self-\nattention heads and BERT layers can be disabled\nwithout significant drop in performance ( Michel\net al. , 2019 ; Kovaleva et al. , 2019 ; Baan et al. ,\n2019 ).  **Pruning**  is a compression technique that\ntakes advantage of that fact, typically reducing the\namount of computation via zeroing out of certain\nparts of the large model. In structured pruning,\narchitecture blocks are dropped, as in LayerDrop\n( Fan et al. , 2019 ). In unstructured, the weights in\nthe entire model are pruned irrespective of their lo-\ncation, as in magnitude pruning ( Chen et al. , 2020 )\nor movement pruning ( Sanh et al. , 2020 ).\nPrasanna et al. ( 2020 ) and Chen et al. ( 2020 )\nexplore BERT from the perspective of the lottery\nticket hypothesis ( Frankle and Carbin , 2019 ), look-\ning specifically at the \"winning\" subnetworks in\npre-trained BERT. They independently find that\nsuch subnetworks do exist, and that transferability\nbetween subnetworks for different tasks varies.\nIf the ultimate goal of training BERT is compres-\nsion, Li et al. ( 2020 ) recommend training larger\nmodels and compressing them heavily rather than\ncompressing smaller models lightly.\nOther techniques include decomposing BERT’s\nembedding matrix into smaller matrices ( Lan et al. ,\n2020a ), progressive module replacing ( Xu et al. ,\n2020 ) and dynamic elimination of intermediate en-\ncoder outputs ( Goyal et al. , 2020 ). See Ganesh et al.\n( 2020 ) for a more detailed discussion of compres-\nsion methods.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\nVictor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond,\nand Thomas Wolf. 2019b. [ DistilBERT, a dis-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108)\n[tilled version of BERT: Smaller, faster, cheaper](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108)\n[and lighter](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108) . In  *5th Workshop on Energy Efficient*\n*Machine Learning and Cognitive Computing -*\n*NeurIPS 2019*  .\nVictor Sanh, Thomas Wolf, and Alexander M.\nRush. 2020. [ Movement Pruning: Adaptive Spar-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07683)\n[sity by Fine-Tuning](http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07683) .  *arXiv:2005.07683 [cs]*  .\nTimo Schick and Hinrich Schütze. 2020.\nBERTRAM: Improved Word [Embeddings](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368)\n[Have Big Impact on Contextualized Model](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368)\n[Performance](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368) . In  *Proceedings of the 58th*\n*Annual Meeting of the Association for Compu-*\n*tational Linguistics*  , pages 3996- 4007, Online.\nAssociation for Computational Linguistics.\nFlorian Schmidt and Thomas Hofmann. 2020.\n[BERT as a Teacher: Contextual Embeddings](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02738)\n[for Sequence-Level Reward](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02738) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:2003.02738*  .\nRoy Schwartz, Jesse Dodge, Noah A. Smith,\nand Oren Etzioni. 2019. [Green](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10597) AI .\n*arXiv:1907.10597 [cs, stat]*  .\nSofia Serrano and Noah A. Smith. 2019. [ Is Atten-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03731)\n[tion Interpretable?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03731)  *arXiv:1906.03731 [cs]*  .\nSheng Shen, Zhen Dong, Jiayu Ye, Linjian Ma,\nZhewei Yao, Amir Gholami, Michael W Ma-\nhoney, and Kurt Keutzer. 2019. [ Q-BERT: Hes-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840)\n[sian Based Ultra Low Precision Quantization of](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840)\n[BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05840*  .\nChenglei Si, Shuohang Wang, Min-Yen Kan, and\nJing Jiang. 2019a. What does BERT learn\nfrom multiple-choice reading comprehension\ndatasets?  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.12391*  .\nChenglei Si, Shuohang Wang, Min-Yen Kan, and\nJing Jiang. 2019b. [What does BERT Learn](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)\n[from Multiple-Choice Reading Comprehension](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)\n[Datasets?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)  *arXiv:1910.12391 [cs]*  .\nKaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, and\nTie-Yan Liu. 2020. [ MPNet: Masked and Per-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297)\n[muted Pre-training for Language Understanding](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297) .\n*arXiv:2004.09297 [cs]*  .\nAsa Cooper Stickland and Iain Murray. 2019.\n[BERT and PALs: Projected Attention Layers for](http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/stickland19a.html)\n[Efficient Adaptation in Multi-Task Learning](http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/stickland19a.html) . In\n*International Conference on Machine Learning*  ,\npages 5986- 5995.\nEmma Strubell, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew Mc-\nCallum. 2019. [ Energy and Policy Considera-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243)\n[tions for Deep Learning in NLP](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243) . In  *ACL 2019*  .\nTa-Chun Su and Hsiang-Chih Cheng. 2019.\nSesameBERT: Attention for [Anywhere](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03176) .\n*arXiv:1910.03176 [cs]*  .\nSaku Sugawara, Pontus Stenetorp, Kentaro Inui,\nand Akiko Aizawa. 2020. [ Assessing the Bench-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241)\n[marking Capacity of Machine Reading Compre-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241)\n[hension Datasets](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241) . In  *AAAI*  .\nSiqi Sun, Yu Cheng, Zhe Gan, and Jingjing Liu.\n2019a. [ Patient Knowledge Distillation for BERT](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1441/)\n[Model Compression](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1441/) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **5 Training BERT**\n\n### **5.4 Fine-tuning BERT**\n\nPre-training + fine-tuning workflow is a crucial\npart of BERT. The former is supposed to provide\ntask-independent knowledge, and the latter would\npresumably teach the model to rely more on the\nrepresentations useful for the task at hand.\nKovaleva et al. ( 2019 ) did not find that to be the case for BERT fine-tuned on GLUE tasks <sup>5</sup> : dur-\ning fine-tuning, the most changes for 3 epochs oc-\ncurred in the last two layers of the models, but those\nchanges caused self-attention to focus on [SEP]\nrather than on linguistically interpretable patterns.\nIt is understandable why fine-tuning would increase\nthe attention to [CLS] , but not [SEP] . If Clark\net al. ( 2019 ) are correct that [SEP] serves as \"no-\nop\" indicator, fine-tuning basically tells BERT what\nto ignore.\nSeveral studies explored the possibilities of im-\nproving the fine-tuning of BERT:\n-  **Taking more layers into account** : learning\na complementary representation of the infor-\nmation in deep and output layers ( Yang and\nZhao , 2019 ), using a weighted combination\nof all layers instead of the final one ( Su and\nCheng , 2019 ; Kondratyuk and Straka , 2019 ),\nand layer dropout ( Kondratyuk and Straka ,\n2019 ).\n-  **Two-stage fine-tuning**  introduces an inter-\nmediate supervised training stage between\npre-training and fine-tuning ( Phang et al. ,\n2019 ; Garg et al. , 2020 ; Arase and Tsujii ,\n2019 ; Pruksachatkun et al. , 2020 ; Glavaš and\nVuli ́c , 2020 ). Ben-David et al. ( 2020 ) propose\na pivot-based variant of MLM to fine-tune\nBERT for domain adaptation.\n-  **Adversarial token perturbations**  improve\nrobustness of the model ( Zhu et al. , 2019 ).\n-  **Adversarial regularization**  in combination\nwith  *Bregman Proximal Point Optimization*",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **6 How big should BERT be?**\n\n### **6.2 Compression techniques**\n\n#### **can be efficiently compressed with minimal ac-**\n\n**curacy loss** , which would be highly desirable for\nreal-world applications. Such efforts to date are\nsummarized in Table 1 . The main approaches are\nknowledge distillation, quantization, and pruning.\nThe studies in the  **knowledge distillation**\n**framework**  ( Hinton et al. , 2014 ) use a smaller\nstudent-network trained to mimic the behavior of\na larger teacher-network. For BERT, this has been\nachieved through experiments with loss functions\n( Sanh et al. , 2019b ; Jiao et al. , 2019 ), mimicking\nthe activation patterns of individual portions of the\nteacher network ( Sun et al. , 2019a ), and knowledge\ntransfer at the pre-training ( Turc et al. , 2019 ; Jiao\net al. , 2019 ; Sun et al. , 2020 ) or fine-tuning stage\n( Jiao et al. , 2019 ). McCarley et al. ( 2020 ) suggest\nthat distillation has so far worked better for GLUE\nthan for reading comprehension, and report good\nresults for QA from a combination of structured\npruning and task-specific distillation.\n**Quantization**  decreases BERT’s memory foot-\nprint through lowering the precision of its weights\n( Shen et al. , 2019 ; Zafrir et al. , 2019 ). Note that\n**Compression Performance Speedup Model Evaluation**\nBERT-base ( Devlin et al. , 2019 )  *×*  1 100%  *×*  1 BERT 12 All GLUE tasks, SQuAD\nBERT-small  *×*  3.8 91% - BERT 4 *†*  All GLUE tasks\nDistillation\nDistilBERT ( Sanh et al. , 2019a )  *×*  1.5 90%  *<sup>§</sup>* *×*  1.6 BERT 6 All GLUE tasks, SQuAD\nBERT 6 -PKD ( Sun et al. , 2019a )  *×*  1.6 98%  *×*  1.9 BERT 6 No WNLI, CoLA, STS-B; RACE\nBERT 3 -PKD ( Sun et al. , 2019a )  *×*  2.4 92%  *×*  3.7 BERT 3 No WNLI, CoLA, STS-B; RACE\nAguilar et al. ( 2019 ), Exp. 3  *×*  1.6 93% - BERT 6 CoLA, MRPC, QQP, RTE\nBERT-48 ( Zhao et al. , 2019 )  *×*  62 87%  *×*  77 BERT 12  *<sup>∗†</sup>* MNLI, MRPC, SST-2\nBERT-192 ( Zhao et al. , 2019 )  *×*  5.7 93%  *×*  22 BERT 12  *<sup>∗†</sup>* MNLI, MRPC, SST-2\nTinyBERT ( Jiao et al. , 2019 )  *×*  7.5 96%  *×*  9.4 BERT 4  *<sup>†</sup>* No WNLI; SQuAD",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n*the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in*\n*Natural Language Processing and the 9th In-*\n*ternational Joint Conference on Natural Lan-*\n*guage Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 11-\n20, Hong Kong, China. Association for Compu-\ntational Linguistics.\nThomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien\nChaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi,\nPierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan\nFuntowicz, and Jamie Brew. 2020. [ Hugging-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03771)\n[Face’s Transformers: State-of-the-Art Natural](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03771)\n[Language Processing](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03771) .  *arXiv:1910.03771 [cs]*  .\nFelix Wu, Angela Fan, Alexei Baevski, Yann\nDauphin, and Michael Auli. 2019a. [ Pay Less At-](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SkVhlh09tX)\n[tention with Lightweight and Dynamic Convolu-](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SkVhlh09tX)\n[tions](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SkVhlh09tX) . In  *International Conference on Learning*\n*Representations*  .\nXing Wu, Shangwen Lv, Liangjun Zang, Jizhong\nHan, and Songlin Hu. 2019b. [ Conditional BERT](http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.06705)\n[Contextual Augmentation](http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.06705) . In  *ICCS 2019: Com-*\n*putational Science -  ICCS 2019*  , pages 84- 95.\nSpringer.\nYonghui Wu, Mike Schuster, Zhifeng Chen,\nQuoc V Le, Mohammad Norouzi, Wolfgang\nMacherey, Maxim Krikun, Yuan Cao, Qin Gao,\nKlaus Macherey, et al. 2016. [ Google’s Neural](https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144)\n[Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap](https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144)\n[between Human and Machine Translation](https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144) .  *arXiv*\n*preprint arXiv:1609.08144*  .\nZhiyong Wu, Yun Chen, Ben Kao, and Qun Liu.\n2020. [ Perturbed Masking: Parameter-free Prob-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.383)\n[ing for Analyzing and Interpreting BERT](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.383) . In\n*Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\npages 4166- 4176, Online. Association for Com-\nputational Linguistics.\nCanwen Xu, Wangchunshu Zhou, Tao Ge, Furu\nWei, and Ming Zhou. 2020. [ BERT-of-Theseus:](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.02925)\n[Compressing BERT by Progressive Module Re-](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.02925)\n[placing](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.02925) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.02925*  .\nJunjie Yang and Hai Zhao. 2019. [ Deepening Hid-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01940)\n[den Representations from Pre-Trained Language](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01940)\n[Models for Natural Language Understanding](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.01940) .\n*arXiv:1911.01940 [cs]*  .\nZhilin Yang, Zihang Dai, Yiming Yang, Jaime\nCarbonell, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Quoc V.\nLe. 2019. [XLNet: Generalized Autoregres-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08237)\n[sive Pretraining for Language Understanding](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08237) .\n*arXiv:1906.08237 [cs]*  .\nPengcheng Yin, Graham Neubig, Wen-tau Yih, and\nSebastian Riedel. 2020. [ TaBERT: Pretraining](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.745)\n[for Joint Understanding of Textual and Tabular](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.745)\n[Data](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.745) . In  *Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meet-*\n*ing of the Association for Computational Lin-*\n*guistics*  , pages 8413- 8426, Online. Association\nfor Computational Linguistics.\nDani Yogatama, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume,\nJerome Connor, Tomas Kocisky, Mike\nChrzanowski, Lingpeng Kong, Angeliki Lazari-\ndou, Wang Ling, Lei Yu, Chris Dyer, and Phil\nBlunsom. 2019. [ Learning and Evaluating Gen-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.11373)\n[eral Linguistic Intelligence](http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.11373) .  *arXiv:1901.11373*\n*[cs, stat]*  .\nYang You, Jing Li, Sashank Reddi, Jonathan Hseu,",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf",
+                "query": "Is syntaxis encoded with Bert model ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": " As far as how syntaxis represented, it seems  that syntactic structure is not directly encoded  in self-attention weights.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 4314- 4323.\nYu Sun, Shuohuan Wang, Yukun Li, Shikun Feng,\nXuyi Chen, Han Zhang, Xin Tian, Danxiang\nZhu, Hao Tian, and Hua Wu. 2019b. [ ERNIE:](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223)\n[Enhanced Representation through Knowledge](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223)\n[Integration](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223) .  *arXiv:1904.09223 [cs]*  .\nYu Sun, Shuohuan Wang, Yukun Li, Shikun\nFeng, Hao Tian, Hua Wu, and Haifeng Wang.\n2019c. [ERNIE 2.0:](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412) A Continual Pre-\n[Training Framework for Language Understand-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412)\n[ing](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412) .  *arXiv:1907.12412 [cs]*  .\nZhiqing Sun, Hongkun Yu, Xiaodan Song, Ren-\njie Liu, Yiming Yang, and Denny Zhou. 2020.\n[MobileBERT: Task-Agnostic Compression of](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~zhiqings/files/MobileBERT.pdf)\n[BERT for Resource Limited Devices](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~zhiqings/files/MobileBERT.pdf) .\nDhanasekar Sundararaman, Vivek Subramanian,\nGuoyin Wang, Shijing Si, Dinghan Shen, Dong\nWang, and Lawrence Carin. 2019. [Syntax-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[Infused Transformer and BERT models for Ma-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[chine Translation and Natural Language Under-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[standing](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156) .  *arXiv:1911.06156 [cs, stat]*  .\nAlon Talmor, Yanai Elazar, Yoav Goldberg,\nand Jonathan Berant. 2019. [oLMpics -  On](http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13283)\n[what Language Model Pre-Training Captures](http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13283) .\n*arXiv:1912.13283 [cs]*  .\nHirotaka Tanaka, Hiroyuki Shinnou, Rui Cao, Jing\nBai, and Wen Ma. 2020. [ Document Classifica-](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_13)\n[tion by Word Embeddings of BERT](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_13) . In  *Compu-*\n*tational Linguistics*  , Communications in Com-\nputer and Information Science, pages 145- 154,\nSingapore. Springer.\nRaphael Tang, Yao Lu, Linqing Liu, Lili Mou,\nOlga Vechtomova, and Jimmy Lin. 2019. [ Dis-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136)\n[tilling Task-Specific Knowledge from BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136)\n[into Simple Neural Networks](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1903.12136*  .\nIan Tenney, Dipanjan Das, and Ellie Pavlick. 2019a.\n[BERT Rediscovers the Classical NLP Pipeline](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1452.pdf) .\nIn  *Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\npages 4593- 4601.\nIan Tenney, Patrick Xia, Berlin Chen, Alex Wang,\nAdam Poliak, R. Thomas McCoy, Najoung Kim,\nBenjamin Van Durme, Samuel R. Bowman, Di-\npanjan Das, and Ellie Pavlick. 2019b. [ What do](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX)\n[you learn from context? Probing for sentence](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX)\n[structure in contextualized word representations](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX) .\nIn  *International Conference on Learning Repre-*\n*sentations*  .\nJames Yi Tian, Alexander P Kreuzer, Pai-Hung\nChen, and Hans-Martin Will. 2019. [WaL-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638)\n[DORf: Wasteless Language-model Distillation](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638)\n[On Reading-comprehension](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1912.06638*  .\nShubham Toshniwal, Haoyue Shi, Bowen Shi,\nLingyu Gao, Karen Livescu, and Kevin Gim-\npel. 2020. [ A Cross-Task Analysis of Text Span](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.repl4nlp-1.20)\n[Representations](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.repl4nlp-1.20) . In  *Proceedings of the 5th Work-*\n*shop on Representation Learning for NLP*  , pages\n166- 176, Online. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nHenry Tsai, Jason Riesa, Melvin Johnson, Naveen\nArivazhagan, Xin Li, and Amelia Archer. 2019.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 4356- 4365, Hong\nKong, China. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nKalpesh Krishna, Gaurav Singh Tomar, Ankur P.\nParikh, Nicolas Papernot, and Mohit Iyyer. 2020.\n[Thieves on Sesame Street! Model Extraction of](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12366)\n[BERT-Based APIs](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12366) . In  *ICLR 2020*  .\nVarun Kumar, Ashutosh Choudhary, and Eunah\nCho. 2020. [Data Augmentation using Pre-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02245)\n[Trained Transformer Models](http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02245) .  *arXiv:2003.02245*\n*[cs]*  .\nIlia Kuznetsov and Iryna Gurevych. 2020. [ A Mat-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14999)\n[ter of Framing: The Impact of Linguistic For-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14999)\n[malism on Probing Results](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.14999) .  *arXiv:2004.14999*\n*[cs]*  .\nGuillaume Lample and Alexis Conneau. 2019.\n[Cross-Lingual Language Model Pretraining](http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.07291) .\n*arXiv:1901.07291 [cs]*  .\nZhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Good-\nman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, and Radu\nSoricut. 2020a. [ALBERT: A Lite BERT for](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[Self-Supervised Learning of Language Repre-](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[sentations](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS) . In  *ICLR*  .\nZhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Good-\nman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, and Radu\nSoricut. 2020b. [ALBERT: A Lite BERT for](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[Self-supervised Learning of Language Represen-](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS)\n[tations](https://openreview.net/forum?id=H1eA7AEtvS) . In  *ICLR 2020*  .\nCheolhyoung Lee, Kyunghyun Cho, and Wanmo\nKang. 2019. [ Mixout: Effective regularization to](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11299)\n[finetune large-scale pretrained language models](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11299) .\n*arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11299*  .\nMike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Mar-\njan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed,\nOmer Levy, Ves Stoyanov, and Luke Zettle-\nmoyer. 2019. [ BART: Denoising Sequence-to-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461)\n[Sequence Pre-Training for Natural Language](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461)\n[Generation, Translation, and Comprehension](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13461) .\n*arXiv:1910.13461 [cs, stat]*  .\nChangmao Li and Jinho D. Choi. 2020. [ Transform-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.505)\n[ers to Learn Hierarchical Contexts in Multiparty](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.505)\n[Dialogue for Span-based Question Answering](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.505) .\nIn  *Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\npages 5709- 5714, Online. Association for Com-\nputational Linguistics.\nZhuohan Li, Eric Wallace, Sheng Shen, Kevin Lin,\nKurt Keutzer, Dan Klein, and Joseph E Gonzalez.\n2020. [ Train large, then compress: Rethinking](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794)\n[model size for efficient training and inference of](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794)\n[transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11794) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.11794*  .\nYongjie Lin, Yi Chern Tan, and Robert Frank. 2019.\n[Open Sesame: Getting inside BERT’s Linguistic](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4825/)\n[Knowledge](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-4825/) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019 ACL*\n*Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Inter-*\n*preting Neural Networks for NLP*  , pages 241-\n253.\nNelson F. Liu, Matt Gardner, Yonatan Belinkov,\nMatthew E. Peters, and Noah A. Smith. 2019a.\n[Linguistic Knowledge and Transferability of](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1112/)\n[Contextual Representations](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1112/) . In  *Proceedings*\n*of the 2019 Conference of the North Ameri-*\n*can Chapter of the Association for Computa-*",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **4 Syntacti**\n\n### **4.1 Depend**\n\n#### **some syntactic information, although it is not**\n**very similar to linguistic annotated resources**  .\nThe fill-in-the-gap probes of MLM showed that",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                },
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works**\n### **Anna Rogers**\nCenter for Social Data Science\nUniversity of Copenhagen\narogers@sodas.ku.dk\n### **Olga Kovaleva**\nDept. of Computer Science\nUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell\nokovalev@cs.uml.edu\n### **Anna Rumshisky**\nDept. of Computer Science\nUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell\narum@cs.uml.edu\n### **Abstract**\nTransformer-based models have pushed state\nof the art in many areas of NLP, but our un-\nderstanding of what is behind their success\nis still limited. This paper is the first sur-\nvey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT\nmodel. We review the current state of knowl-\nedge about how BERT works, what kind\nof information it learns and how it is repre-\nsented, common modifications to its training\nobjectives and architecture, the overparame-\nterization issue and approaches to compres-\nsion. We then outline directions for future\nresearch.",
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **4 Syntacti**\n\n### **4.1 Depend**\n\n#### **stand\" negation and is insensitive to malformed**\n**input**  . In particular, its predictions were not al- tered <sup>2</sup> even with shuffled word order, truncated\nsentences, removed subjects and objects ( Ettinger ,\n2019 ). This could mean that  **either BERT’s syn-**",
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **3 What knowledge does BERT have?**\n\n### **3.1 Syntactic knowledge**\n\n#### **tion about parts of speech, syntactic chunks**\n\n**and roles**  . Enough syntactic information seems\nto be captured in the token embeddings themselves\nto recover syntactic trees ( Vilares et al. , 2020 ; Kim\net al. , 2020 ; Rosa and Mareˇcek , 2019 ), although\nprobing classifiers could not recover the labels of\ndistant parent nodes in the syntactic tree ( Liu et al. ,\n2019a ). Warstadt and Bowman ( 2020 ) report evi-\ndence of hierarchical structure in three out of four\nprobing tasks.\nAs far as  *how*  syntax is represented, it seems\nthat  **syntactic structure is not directly encoded**\n**in self-attention weights**  . Htut et al. ( 2019 ) were\nunable to extract full parse trees from BERT heads\neven with the gold annotations for the root. Jawahar\net al. ( 2019 ) include a brief illustration of a depen-\ndency tree extracted directly from self-attention\nweights, but provide no quantitative evaluation.\nHowever,  **syntactic information can be recov-**\n**ered from BERT token representations**  . Hewitt\nand Manning ( 2019 ) were able to learn transfor-\nmation matrices that successfully recovered syn-\ntactic dependencies in PennTreebank data from\nBERT’s token embeddings (see also Manning et al. ,\n2020 ). Jawahar et al. ( 2019 ) experimented with\ntransformations of the [CLS] token using Tensor\nProduct Decomposition Networks ( McCoy et al. ,\n2019a ), concluding that dependency trees are the\nbest match among 5 decomposition schemes (al-\nthough the reported MSE differences are very\nsmall). Miaschi and Dell’Orletta ( 2020 ) performs\na range of syntactic probing experiments with con-\ncatenated token representations as input.\nNote that all these approaches look for the\nevidence of gold-standard linguistic structures,\nand add some amount of extra knowledge to the\nprobe. Most recently, Wu et al. ( 2020 ) proposed a 4168\n[CLS] For those who follow social media transitions on Capitol Hill , this will be a little different .\n[CLS]\nFor\nthose\nwho\nfollow\nsocial\nmedia\ntransitions\non\nCapitol\nHill\n,\nthis\nwill\nbe\na\nlittle\ndifferent\n. 0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\nFigure 1: Heatmap of the impact matrix for the sen-\ntence “For those who follow social media transitions\non Capitol Hill, this will be a little different.”",
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n[Than Generators](https://openreview.net/forum?id=r1xMH1BtvB) . In  *International Conference*\n*on Learning Representations*  .\nStephane Clinchant, Kweon Woo Jung, and Vas-\nsilina Nikoulina. 2019. [ On the use of BERT](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5611)\n[for Neural Machine Translation](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5611) . In  *Proceedings*\n*of the 3rd Workshop on Neural Generation and*\n*Translation*  , pages 108- 117, Hong Kong. Asso-\nciation for Computational Linguistics.\nAlexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman\nGoyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wen-\nzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle\nOtt, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov.\n2019. [ Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representa-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116)\n[tion Learning at Scale](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116) .  *arXiv:1911.02116 [cs]*  .\nGonçalo M. Correia, Vlad Niculae, and André F. T.\nMartins. 2019. [ Adaptively Sparse Transform-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1223)\n[ers](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1223) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on*\n*Empirical Methods in Natural Language Pro-*\n*cessing and the 9th International Joint Confer-*\n*ence on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-*\n*IJCNLP)*  , pages 2174- 2184, Hong Kong, China.\nAssociation for Computational Linguistics.\nMatt Crane. 2018. [ Questionable Answers in Ques-](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018)\n[tion Answering Research: Reproducibility and](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018)\n[Variability of Published Results](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018) .  *Transactions of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\n6:241- 252.\nLeyang Cui, Sijie Cheng, Yu Wu, and Yue Zhang.\n2020. [ Does BERT Solve Commonsense Task via](http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03945)\n[Commonsense Knowledge?](http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03945)  *arXiv:2008.03945*\n*[cs]*  .\nYiming Cui, Wanxiang Che, Ting Liu, Bing Qin,\nZiqing Yang, Shijin Wang, and Guoping Hu.\n2019. [ Pre-Training with Whole Word Masking](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08101)\n[for Chinese BERT](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08101) .  *arXiv:1906.08101 [cs]*  .\nJeff Da and Jungo Kasai. 2019. [Cracking the](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[Contextual Commonsense Code: Understand-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[ing Commonsense Reasoning Aptitude of Deep](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[Contextual Representations](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001) . In  *Proceedings of*\n*the First Workshop on Commonsense Inference*\n*in Natural Language Processing*  , pages 1- 12,\nHong Kong, China. Association for Computa-\ntional Linguistics.\nJoe Davison, Joshua Feldman, and Alexander Rush.\n2019. [ Commonsense Knowledge Mining from](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1109)\n[Pretrained Models](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1109) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 1173- 1178, Hong\nKong, China. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nJacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and\nKristina Toutanova. 2019. [ BERT: Pre-training](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/)\n[of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Lan-](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/)\n[guage Understanding](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/) . In  *Proceedings of the*\n*2019 Conference of the North American Chapter*\n*of the Association for Computational Linguis-*\n*tics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1*\n*(Long and Short Papers)*  , pages 4171- 4186.\nJesse Dodge, Gabriel Ilharco, Roy Schwartz, Ali\nFarhadi, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Noah Smith.\n2020. [ Fine-Tuning Pretrained Language Models:](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06305)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **3 What knowledge does BERT have?**\n\n### **3.1 Syntactic knowledge**\n\nLin et al. ( 2019 ) showed that  **BERT represen-**\n**tations are hierarchical rather than linear**  , i.e.\nthere is something akin to syntactic tree structure\nin addition to the word order information. Ten-\nney et al. ( 2019b ) and Liu et al. ( 2019a ) also\nshowed that  **BERT embeddings encode informa-**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\nVictor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond,\nand Thomas Wolf. 2019b. [ DistilBERT, a dis-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108)\n[tilled version of BERT: Smaller, faster, cheaper](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108)\n[and lighter](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108) . In  *5th Workshop on Energy Efficient*\n*Machine Learning and Cognitive Computing -*\n*NeurIPS 2019*  .\nVictor Sanh, Thomas Wolf, and Alexander M.\nRush. 2020. [ Movement Pruning: Adaptive Spar-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07683)\n[sity by Fine-Tuning](http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07683) .  *arXiv:2005.07683 [cs]*  .\nTimo Schick and Hinrich Schütze. 2020.\nBERTRAM: Improved Word [Embeddings](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368)\n[Have Big Impact on Contextualized Model](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368)\n[Performance](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368) . In  *Proceedings of the 58th*\n*Annual Meeting of the Association for Compu-*\n*tational Linguistics*  , pages 3996- 4007, Online.\nAssociation for Computational Linguistics.\nFlorian Schmidt and Thomas Hofmann. 2020.\n[BERT as a Teacher: Contextual Embeddings](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02738)\n[for Sequence-Level Reward](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02738) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:2003.02738*  .\nRoy Schwartz, Jesse Dodge, Noah A. Smith,\nand Oren Etzioni. 2019. [Green](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10597) AI .\n*arXiv:1907.10597 [cs, stat]*  .\nSofia Serrano and Noah A. Smith. 2019. [ Is Atten-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03731)\n[tion Interpretable?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03731)  *arXiv:1906.03731 [cs]*  .\nSheng Shen, Zhen Dong, Jiayu Ye, Linjian Ma,\nZhewei Yao, Amir Gholami, Michael W Ma-\nhoney, and Kurt Keutzer. 2019. [ Q-BERT: Hes-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840)\n[sian Based Ultra Low Precision Quantization of](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840)\n[BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05840*  .\nChenglei Si, Shuohang Wang, Min-Yen Kan, and\nJing Jiang. 2019a. What does BERT learn\nfrom multiple-choice reading comprehension\ndatasets?  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.12391*  .\nChenglei Si, Shuohang Wang, Min-Yen Kan, and\nJing Jiang. 2019b. [What does BERT Learn](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)\n[from Multiple-Choice Reading Comprehension](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)\n[Datasets?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)  *arXiv:1910.12391 [cs]*  .\nKaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, and\nTie-Yan Liu. 2020. [ MPNet: Masked and Per-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297)\n[muted Pre-training for Language Understanding](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297) .\n*arXiv:2004.09297 [cs]*  .\nAsa Cooper Stickland and Iain Murray. 2019.\n[BERT and PALs: Projected Attention Layers for](http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/stickland19a.html)\n[Efficient Adaptation in Multi-Task Learning](http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/stickland19a.html) . In\n*International Conference on Machine Learning*  ,\npages 5986- 5995.\nEmma Strubell, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew Mc-\nCallum. 2019. [ Energy and Policy Considera-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243)\n[tions for Deep Learning in NLP](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243) . In  *ACL 2019*  .\nTa-Chun Su and Hsiang-Chih Cheng. 2019.\nSesameBERT: Attention for [Anywhere](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03176) .\n*arXiv:1910.03176 [cs]*  .\nSaku Sugawara, Pontus Stenetorp, Kentaro Inui,\nand Akiko Aizawa. 2020. [ Assessing the Bench-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241)\n[marking Capacity of Machine Reading Compre-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241)\n[hension Datasets](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241) . In  *AAAI*  .\nSiqi Sun, Yu Cheng, Zhe Gan, and Jingjing Liu.\n2019a. [ Patient Knowledge Distillation for BERT](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1441/)\n[Model Compression](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1441/) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\nraute, Éric Fleury, et al. 2019. [ What does BERT](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1356.pdf)\n[learn about the structure of language?](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1356.pdf) In  *57th*\n*Annual Meeting of the Association for Computa-*\n*tional Linguistics (ACL), Florence, Italy*  .\nHaoming Jiang, Pengcheng He, Weizhu Chen, Xi-\naodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, and Tuo Zhao. 2019a.\n[SMART: Robust and Efficient Fine-Tuning for](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.03437)\n[Pre-trained Natural Language Models through](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.03437)\n[Principled Regularized Optimization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.03437) .  *arXiv*\n*preprint arXiv:1911.03437*  .\nZhengbao Jiang, Frank F. Xu, Jun Araki, and Gra-\nham Neubig. 2019b. [ How Can We Know What](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.12543)\n[Language Models Know?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.12543)  *arXiv:1911.12543*\n*[cs]*  .\nXiaoqi Jiao, Yichun Yin, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang,\nXiao Chen, Linlin Li, Fang Wang, and Qun\nLiu. 2019. [ TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for nat-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10351)\n[ural language understanding](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10351) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1909.10351*  .\nDi Jin, Zhijing Jin, Joey Tianyi Zhou, and Peter\nSzolovits. 2020. [ Is BERT Really Robust? A](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11932)\n[Strong Baseline for Natural Language Attack](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11932)\n[on Text Classification and Entailment](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11932) . In  *AAAI*\n*2020*  .\nMandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Yinhan Liu, Daniel S.\nWeld, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Omer Levy. 2020.\n[SpanBERT: Improving Pre-Training by Repre-](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00300)\n[senting and Predicting Spans](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00300) .  *Transactions of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\n8:64- 77.\nWei-Tsung Kao, Tsung-Han Wu, Po-Han Chi,\nChun-Cheng Hsieh, and Hung-Yi Lee. 2020.\n[Further boosting BERT-based models by du-](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09309)\nplicating existing layers: [Some intriguing](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09309)\n[phenomena inside BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.09309) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:2001.09309*  .\nTaeuk Kim, Jihun Choi, Daniel Edmiston, and\nSang-goo Lee. 2020. [ Are pre-trained language](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00737)\n[models aware of phrases? simple but strong](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00737)\n[baselines for grammar induction](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00737) . In  *ICLR 2020*  .\nGoro Kobayashi, Tatsuki Kuribayashi, Sho Yokoi,\nand Kentaro Inui. 2020. [ Attention Module is](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10102)\n[Not Only a Weight: Analyzing Transformers](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10102)\n[with Vector Norms](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10102) .  *arXiv:2004.10102 [cs]*  .\nDan Kondratyuk and Milan Straka. 2019. [ 75 Lan-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1279)\n[guages, 1 Model: Parsing Universal Dependen-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1279)\n[cies Universally](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1279) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 2779- 2795, Hong\nKong, China. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nLingpeng Kong, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, Lei\nYu, Wang Ling, Zihang Dai, and Dani Yogatama.\n2019. [ A mutual information maximization per-](https://openreview.net/forum?id=Syx79eBKwr&noteId=Syx79eBKwr)\n[spective of language representation learning](https://openreview.net/forum?id=Syx79eBKwr&noteId=Syx79eBKwr) . In\n*International Conference on Learning Represen-*\n*tations*  .\nOlga Kovaleva, Alexey Romanov, Anna Rogers,\nand Anna Rumshisky. 2019. [ Revealing the Dark](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1445)\n[Secrets of BERT](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1445) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*",
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+                "query": "Is BERT good with numbers representations ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": " BERTstruggles with representations of numbers. ",
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **4 Syntacti**\n\n### **3.2 Semantic knowledge**\n\n#### **BERT struggles with representations of num-**\n**bers.**  Addition and number decoding tasks showed\nthat BERT does not form good representations for\nfloating point numbers and fails to generalize away\nfrom the training data ( Wallace et al. , 2019b ). A\npart of the problem is BERT’s wordpiece tokeniza-\ntion, since numbers of similar values can be divided\nup into substantially different word chunks.\nOut-of-the-box  **BERT is surprisingly brittle to**\n**named entity replacements** : e.g. replacing names\nin the coreference task changes 85% of predictions\n( Balasubramanian et al. , 2020 ). This suggests that\nthe model does not actually form a generic idea of\nnamed entities, although its F1 scores on NER prob-\ning tasks are high ( Tenney et al. , 2019a ). Broscheit\n( 2019 ) find that fine-tuning BERT on Wikipedia\nentity linking \"teaches\" it additional entity knowl-\nedge, which would suggest that it did not absorb all\nthe relevant entity information during pre-training\non Wikipedia.",
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+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\nEric Wallace, Yizhong Wang, Sujian Li, Sameer\nSingh, and Matt Gardner. 2019b. [ Do NLP Mod-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.07940)\n[els Know Numbers? Probing Numeracy in Em-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.07940)\n[beddings](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.07940) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.07940*  .\nAlex Wang, Amapreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix\nHill, Omer Levy, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2018.\n[GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis](http://aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5446)\n[Platform for Natural Language Understanding](http://aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5446) .\nIn  *Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop*\n*BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neu-*\n*ral Networks for NLP*  , pages 353- 355, Brussels,\nBelgium. Association for Computational Lin-\nguistics.\nRuize Wang, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Zhongyu\nWei, Xuanjing Huang, Jianshu ji, Guihong Cao,\nDaxin Jiang, and Ming Zhou. 2020a. [ K-Adapter:](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01808)\n[Infusing Knowledge into Pre-Trained Models](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01808)\n[with Adapters](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01808) .  *arXiv:2002.01808 [cs]*  .\nWei Wang, Bin Bi, Ming Yan, Chen Wu, Zuyi\nBao, Liwei Peng, and Luo Si. 2019a. [ Struct-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04577)\n[BERT: Incorporating Language Structures into](http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04577)\n[Pre-Training for Deep Language Understanding](http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.04577) .\n*arXiv:1908.04577 [cs]*  .\nWenhui Wang, Furu Wei, Li Dong, Hangbo\nBao, Nan Yang, and Ming Zhou. 2020b.\n[MiniLM: Deep Self-Attention Distillation for](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.10957)\n[Task-Agnostic Compression of Pre-Trained](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.10957)\n[Transformers](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.10957) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.10957*  .\nXiaozhi Wang, Tianyu Gao, Zhaocheng Zhu,\nZhiyuan Liu, Juanzi Li, and Jian Tang. 2020c.\n[KEPLER: A Unified Model for Knowledge Em-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06136)\n[bedding and Pre-trained Language Representa-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06136)\n[tion](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06136) .  *arXiv:1911.06136 [cs]*  .\nYile Wang, Leyang Cui, and Yue Zhang. 2020d.\n[How Can BERT Help Lexical Semantics Tasks?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02929)\n*arXiv:1911.02929 [cs]*  .\nZihan Wang, Stephen Mayhew, Dan Roth, et al.\n2019b. [ Cross-Lingual Ability of Multilingual](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.07840)\n[BERT: An Empirical Study](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.07840) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1912.07840*  .\nAlex Warstadt and Samuel R. Bowman. 2020. [ Can](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/cogsci20/papers/0381/0381.pdf)\n[neural networks acquire a structural bias from](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/cogsci20/papers/0381/0381.pdf)\n[raw linguistic data?](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/cogsci20/papers/0381/0381.pdf) In  *Proceedings of the 42nd*\n*Annual Virtual Meeting of the Cognitive Science*\n*Society*  , Online.\nAlex Warstadt, Yu Cao, Ioana Grosu, Wei Peng,\nHagen Blix, Yining Nie, Anna Alsop, Shikha\nBordia, Haokun Liu, Alicia Parrish, et al. 2019.\n[Investigating BERT’s Knowledge of Language:](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1286/)\n[Five Analysis Methods with NPIs](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1286/) . In  *Proceed-*\n*ings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Meth-*\n*ods in Natural Language Processing and the*\n*9th International Joint Conference on Natural*\n*Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages\n2870- 2880.\nGregor Wiedemann, Steffen Remus, Avi Chawla,\nand Chris Biemann. 2019. [ Does BERT Make](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10430)\nAny Sense? [Interpretable Word Sense Dis-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10430)\n[ambiguation with Contextualized Embeddings](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10430) .\n*arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.10430*  .\nSarah Wiegreffe and Yuval Pinter. 2019. [ Atten-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1002)\n[tion is not not Explanation](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1002) . In  *Proceedings of*",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n[Than Generators](https://openreview.net/forum?id=r1xMH1BtvB) . In  *International Conference*\n*on Learning Representations*  .\nStephane Clinchant, Kweon Woo Jung, and Vas-\nsilina Nikoulina. 2019. [ On the use of BERT](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5611)\n[for Neural Machine Translation](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-5611) . In  *Proceedings*\n*of the 3rd Workshop on Neural Generation and*\n*Translation*  , pages 108- 117, Hong Kong. Asso-\nciation for Computational Linguistics.\nAlexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman\nGoyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wen-\nzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle\nOtt, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov.\n2019. [ Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representa-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116)\n[tion Learning at Scale](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.02116) .  *arXiv:1911.02116 [cs]*  .\nGonçalo M. Correia, Vlad Niculae, and André F. T.\nMartins. 2019. [ Adaptively Sparse Transform-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1223)\n[ers](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1223) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on*\n*Empirical Methods in Natural Language Pro-*\n*cessing and the 9th International Joint Confer-*\n*ence on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-*\n*IJCNLP)*  , pages 2174- 2184, Hong Kong, China.\nAssociation for Computational Linguistics.\nMatt Crane. 2018. [ Questionable Answers in Ques-](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018)\n[tion Answering Research: Reproducibility and](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018)\n[Variability of Published Results](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00018) .  *Transactions of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\n6:241- 252.\nLeyang Cui, Sijie Cheng, Yu Wu, and Yue Zhang.\n2020. [ Does BERT Solve Commonsense Task via](http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03945)\n[Commonsense Knowledge?](http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.03945)  *arXiv:2008.03945*\n*[cs]*  .\nYiming Cui, Wanxiang Che, Ting Liu, Bing Qin,\nZiqing Yang, Shijin Wang, and Guoping Hu.\n2019. [ Pre-Training with Whole Word Masking](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08101)\n[for Chinese BERT](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08101) .  *arXiv:1906.08101 [cs]*  .\nJeff Da and Jungo Kasai. 2019. [Cracking the](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[Contextual Commonsense Code: Understand-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[ing Commonsense Reasoning Aptitude of Deep](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001)\n[Contextual Representations](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-6001) . In  *Proceedings of*\n*the First Workshop on Commonsense Inference*\n*in Natural Language Processing*  , pages 1- 12,\nHong Kong, China. Association for Computa-\ntional Linguistics.\nJoe Davison, Joshua Feldman, and Alexander Rush.\n2019. [ Commonsense Knowledge Mining from](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1109)\n[Pretrained Models](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1109) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 1173- 1178, Hong\nKong, China. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nJacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and\nKristina Toutanova. 2019. [ BERT: Pre-training](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/)\n[of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Lan-](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/)\n[guage Understanding](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1423/) . In  *Proceedings of the*\n*2019 Conference of the North American Chapter*\n*of the Association for Computational Linguis-*\n*tics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1*\n*(Long and Short Papers)*  , pages 4171- 4186.\nJesse Dodge, Gabriel Ilharco, Roy Schwartz, Ali\nFarhadi, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Noah Smith.\n2020. [ Fine-Tuning Pretrained Language Models:](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.06305)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **6 How big should BERT be?**\n\n### **6.1 Overparameterization**\n\nTransformer-based models keep growing by or-\nders of magnitude: the 110M parameters of base\nBERT are now dwarfed by 17B parameters of\nTuring-NLG ( Microsoft , 2020 ), which is dwarfed\nby 175B of GPT-3 ( Brown et al. , 2020 ). This trend\nraises concerns about computational complexity\nof self-attention ( Wu et al. , 2019a ), environmental\nissues ( Strubell et al. , 2019 ; Schwartz et al. , 2019 ),\nfair comparison of architectures ( Aßenmacher and\nHeumann , 2020 ), and reproducibility.\nHuman language is incredibly complex, and\nwould perhaps take many more parameters to de-\nscribe fully, but the current models do not make\ngood use of the parameters they already have. Voita\net al. ( 2019b ) showed that  **all but a few Trans-**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **5 Training BERT**\n\n### **5.1 Model architecture choices**\n\n#### **of heads was not as significant as the number**\n**of layers**  . That is consistent with the findings\nof Voita et al. ( 2019b ) and Michel et al. ( 2019 )\n( section 6 ), and also the observation by Liu et al.\n( 2019a ) that the middle layers were the most trans-\nferable. Larger hidden representation size was con-\nsistently better, but the gains varied by setting.\nAll in all,  **changes in the number of heads**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **1 Introduction**\n\nSince their introduction in 2017, Transformers\n( Vaswani et al. , 2017 ) have taken NLP by storm,\noffering enhanced parallelization and better model-\ning of long-range dependencies. The best known\nTransformer-based model is BERT ( Devlin et al. ,\n2019 ); it obtained state-of-the-art results in numer-\nous benchmarks and is still a must-have baseline.\nWhile it is clear that BERT works remarkably\nwell, it is less clear  *why*  , which limits further\nhypothesis-driven improvement of the architecture.\nUnlike CNNs, the Transformers have little cogni-\ntive motivation, and the size of these models limits\nour ability to experiment with pre-training and per-\nform ablation studies. This explains a large number\nof studies over the past year that attempted to un-\nderstand the reasons behind BERT’s performance.\nIn this paper, we provide an overview of what\nhas been learned to date, highlighting the questions\nwhich are still unresolved. We first consider the\nlinguistic aspects of it, i.e., the current evidence\nregarding the types of linguistic and world knowl-\nedge learned by BERT, as well as where and how\nthis knowledge may be stored in the model. We\nthen turn to the technical aspects of the model and\nprovide an overview of the current proposals to\nimprove BERT’s architecture, pre-training and fine-\ntuning. We conclude by discussing the issue of\noverparameterization, the approaches to compress-\ning BERT, and the nascent area of pruning as a\nmodel analysis technique.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n*tional Conference on Machine Learning*  , pages\n2337- 2346.\nMitchell A Gordon, Kevin Duh, and Nicholas An-\ndrews. 2020. [ Compressing BERT: Studying the](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08307)\n[effects of weight pruning on transfer learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08307) .\n*arXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08307*  .\nSaurabh Goyal, Anamitra Roy Choudhary, Venkate-\nsan Chakaravarthy, Saurabh ManishRaje, Yogish\nSabharwal, and Ashish Verma. 2020. [ Power-](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08950)\n[bert: Accelerating BERT inference for classifi-](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08950)\n[cation tasks](https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08950) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08950*  .\nFu-Ming Guo, Sijia Liu, Finlay S. Mungall, Xue\nLin, and Yanzhi Wang. 2019. [ Reweighted Prox-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.12486)\n[imal Pruning for Large-Scale Language Repre-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.12486)\n[sentation](http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.12486) .  *arXiv:1909.12486 [cs, stat]*  .\nKelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pa-\nsupat, and Ming-Wei Chang. 2020. [ REALM:](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08909)\n[Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08909)\n[Training](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08909) .  *arXiv:2002.08909 [cs]*  .\nYaru Hao, Li Dong, Furu Wei, and Ke Xu. 2019.\n[Visualizing and Understanding the Effective-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1424)\n[ness of BERT](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1424) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 4143- 4152, Hong\nKong, China. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nJohn Hewitt and Christopher D. Manning. 2019.\n[A Structural Probe for Finding Syntax in Word](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1419/)\n[Representations](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1419/) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference of the North American Chapter of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics:*\n*Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long*\n*and Short Papers)*  , pages 4129- 4138.\nGeoffrey Hinton, Oriol Vinyals, and Jeff Dean.\n2014. [ Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Net-](http://www.dlworkshop.org/accepted-papers)\n[work](http://www.dlworkshop.org/accepted-papers) . In  *Deep Learning and Representation*\n*Learning Workshop: NIPS 2014*  .\nBenjamin Hoover, Hendrik Strobelt, and Sebastian\nGehrmann. 2019. [ exBERT: A Visual Analy-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.05276)\n[sis Tool to Explore Learned Representations in](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.05276)\n[Transformers Models](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.05276) .  *arXiv:1910.05276 [cs]*  .\nNeil Houlsby, Andrei Giurgiu, Stanislaw Jastrzeb-\nski, Bruna Morrone, Quentin de Laroussilhe, An-\ndrea Gesmundo, Mona Attariyan, and Sylvain\nGelly. 2019. [ Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learn-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00751)\n[ing for NLP](http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00751) .  *arXiv:1902.00751 [cs, stat]*  .\nPhu Mon Htut, Jason Phang, Shikha Bordia, and\nSamuel R Bowman. 2019. [ Do attention heads](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.12246)\n[in BERT track syntactic dependencies?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.12246)  *arXiv*\n*preprint arXiv:1911.12246*  .\nSarthak Jain and Byron C. Wallace. 2019. [ Atten-](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1357/)\n[tion is not Explanation](https://aclweb.org/anthology/papers/N/N19/N19-1357/) . In  *Proceedings of the*\n*2019 Conference of the North American Chapter*\n*of the Association for Computational Linguis-*\n*tics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1*\n*(Long and Short Papers)*  , pages 3543- 3556.\nGanesh Jawahar, Benoît Sagot, Djamé Seddah,\nSamuel Unicomb, Gerardo Iñiguez, Márton Kar-\nsai, Yannick Léo, Márton Karsai, Carlos Sar-",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n*Joint Conference on Natural Language Process-*\n*ing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages 4314- 4323.\nYu Sun, Shuohuan Wang, Yukun Li, Shikun Feng,\nXuyi Chen, Han Zhang, Xin Tian, Danxiang\nZhu, Hao Tian, and Hua Wu. 2019b. [ ERNIE:](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223)\n[Enhanced Representation through Knowledge](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223)\n[Integration](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223) .  *arXiv:1904.09223 [cs]*  .\nYu Sun, Shuohuan Wang, Yukun Li, Shikun\nFeng, Hao Tian, Hua Wu, and Haifeng Wang.\n2019c. [ERNIE 2.0:](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412) A Continual Pre-\n[Training Framework for Language Understand-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412)\n[ing](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.12412) .  *arXiv:1907.12412 [cs]*  .\nZhiqing Sun, Hongkun Yu, Xiaodan Song, Ren-\njie Liu, Yiming Yang, and Denny Zhou. 2020.\n[MobileBERT: Task-Agnostic Compression of](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~zhiqings/files/MobileBERT.pdf)\n[BERT for Resource Limited Devices](https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~zhiqings/files/MobileBERT.pdf) .\nDhanasekar Sundararaman, Vivek Subramanian,\nGuoyin Wang, Shijing Si, Dinghan Shen, Dong\nWang, and Lawrence Carin. 2019. [Syntax-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[Infused Transformer and BERT models for Ma-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[chine Translation and Natural Language Under-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156)\n[standing](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.06156) .  *arXiv:1911.06156 [cs, stat]*  .\nAlon Talmor, Yanai Elazar, Yoav Goldberg,\nand Jonathan Berant. 2019. [oLMpics -  On](http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13283)\n[what Language Model Pre-Training Captures](http://arxiv.org/abs/1912.13283) .\n*arXiv:1912.13283 [cs]*  .\nHirotaka Tanaka, Hiroyuki Shinnou, Rui Cao, Jing\nBai, and Wen Ma. 2020. [ Document Classifica-](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_13)\n[tion by Word Embeddings of BERT](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_13) . In  *Compu-*\n*tational Linguistics*  , Communications in Com-\nputer and Information Science, pages 145- 154,\nSingapore. Springer.\nRaphael Tang, Yao Lu, Linqing Liu, Lili Mou,\nOlga Vechtomova, and Jimmy Lin. 2019. [ Dis-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136)\n[tilling Task-Specific Knowledge from BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136)\n[into Simple Neural Networks](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.12136) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1903.12136*  .\nIan Tenney, Dipanjan Das, and Ellie Pavlick. 2019a.\n[BERT Rediscovers the Classical NLP Pipeline](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1452.pdf) .\nIn  *Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of*\n*the Association for Computational Linguistics*  ,\npages 4593- 4601.\nIan Tenney, Patrick Xia, Berlin Chen, Alex Wang,\nAdam Poliak, R. Thomas McCoy, Najoung Kim,\nBenjamin Van Durme, Samuel R. Bowman, Di-\npanjan Das, and Ellie Pavlick. 2019b. [ What do](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX)\n[you learn from context? Probing for sentence](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX)\n[structure in contextualized word representations](https://openreview.net/forum?id=SJzSgnRcKX) .\nIn  *International Conference on Learning Repre-*\n*sentations*  .\nJames Yi Tian, Alexander P Kreuzer, Pai-Hung\nChen, and Hans-Martin Will. 2019. [WaL-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638)\n[DORf: Wasteless Language-model Distillation](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638)\n[On Reading-comprehension](https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.06638) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1912.06638*  .\nShubham Toshniwal, Haoyue Shi, Bowen Shi,\nLingyu Gao, Karen Livescu, and Kevin Gim-\npel. 2020. [ A Cross-Task Analysis of Text Span](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.repl4nlp-1.20)\n[Representations](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.repl4nlp-1.20) . In  *Proceedings of the 5th Work-*\n*shop on Representation Learning for NLP*  , pages\n166- 176, Online. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nHenry Tsai, Jason Riesa, Melvin Johnson, Naveen\nArivazhagan, Xin Li, and Amelia Archer. 2019.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\n[Small and Practical BERT Models for Sequence](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00100)\n[Labeling](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00100) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.00100*  .\nIulia Turc, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and\nKristina Toutanova. 2019. [ Well-Read Students](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08962)\n[Learn Better: The Impact of Student Initializa-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08962)\n[tion on Knowledge Distillation](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08962) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:1908.08962*  .\nMarten van Schijndel, Aaron Mueller, and Tal\nLinzen. 2019. [ Quantity doesn’t buy quality syn-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1592)\n[tax with neural language models](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1592) . In  *Proceed-*\n*ings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Meth-*\n*ods in Natural Language Processing and the*\n*9th International Joint Conference on Natural*\n*Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  , pages\n5831- 5837, Hong Kong, China. Association for\nComputational Linguistics.\nAshish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar,\nJakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez,\nŁukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. [ At-](http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7181-attention-is-all-you-need)\n[tention is All you Need](http://papers.nips.cc/paper/7181-attention-is-all-you-need) . In  *Advances in neu-*\n*ral information processing systems*  , pages 5998-\n6008.\nJesse Vig. 2019. [Visualizing Attention in](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.02679)\n[Transformer-Based Language Representation](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.02679)\n[Models](http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.02679) .  *arXiv:1904.02679 [cs, stat]*  .\nJesse Vig and Yonatan Belinkov. 2019. [ Analyzing](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-4808)\n[the Structure of Attention in a Transformer Lan-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-4808)\n[guage Model](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-4808) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019 ACL*\n*Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Inter-*\n*preting Neural Networks for NLP*  , pages 63- 76,\nFlorence, Italy. Association for Computational\nLinguistics.\nDavid Vilares, Michalina Strzyz, Anders Søgaard,\nand Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez. 2020. [ Parsing as](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01685)\n[pretraining](http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01685) . In  *Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference*\n*on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-20)*  .\nElena Voita, Rico Sennrich, and Ivan Titov. 2019a.\n[The Bottom-up Evolution of Representations in](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01380)\n[the Transformer: A Study with Machine Transla-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01380)\n[tion and Language Modeling Objectives](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01380) . In  *Pro-*\n*ceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical*\n*Methods in Natural Language Processing and*\n*the 9th International Joint Conference on Nat-*\n*ural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)*  ,\npages 4387- 4397.\nElena Voita, David Talbot, Fedor Moiseev, Rico\nSennrich, and Ivan Titov. 2019b. [Analyzing](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1580/)\n[Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1580/)\n[Do the Heavy Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1580/) .\n*arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.09418*  .\nElena Voita and Ivan Titov. 2020. [ Information-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12298)\n[Theoretic Probing with Minimum Description](http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12298)\n[Length](http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12298) .  *arXiv:2003.12298 [cs]*  .\nEric Wallace, Shi Feng, Nikhil Kandpal, Matt Gard-\nner, and Sameer Singh. 2019a. [ Universal Ad-](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1221)\n[versarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1221)\n[NLP](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D19-1221) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019 Conference*\n*on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Pro-*\n*cessing and the 9th International Joint Confer-*\n*ence on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-*\n*IJCNLP)*  , pages 2153- 2162, Hong Kong, China.\nAssociation for Computational Linguistics.",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **9 Acknowledgements**\n\n### **References**\n\nVictor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond,\nand Thomas Wolf. 2019b. [ DistilBERT, a dis-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108)\n[tilled version of BERT: Smaller, faster, cheaper](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108)\n[and lighter](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01108) . In  *5th Workshop on Energy Efficient*\n*Machine Learning and Cognitive Computing -*\n*NeurIPS 2019*  .\nVictor Sanh, Thomas Wolf, and Alexander M.\nRush. 2020. [ Movement Pruning: Adaptive Spar-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07683)\n[sity by Fine-Tuning](http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.07683) .  *arXiv:2005.07683 [cs]*  .\nTimo Schick and Hinrich Schütze. 2020.\nBERTRAM: Improved Word [Embeddings](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368)\n[Have Big Impact on Contextualized Model](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368)\n[Performance](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.368) . In  *Proceedings of the 58th*\n*Annual Meeting of the Association for Compu-*\n*tational Linguistics*  , pages 3996- 4007, Online.\nAssociation for Computational Linguistics.\nFlorian Schmidt and Thomas Hofmann. 2020.\n[BERT as a Teacher: Contextual Embeddings](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02738)\n[for Sequence-Level Reward](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.02738) .  *arXiv preprint*\n*arXiv:2003.02738*  .\nRoy Schwartz, Jesse Dodge, Noah A. Smith,\nand Oren Etzioni. 2019. [Green](http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10597) AI .\n*arXiv:1907.10597 [cs, stat]*  .\nSofia Serrano and Noah A. Smith. 2019. [ Is Atten-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03731)\n[tion Interpretable?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03731)  *arXiv:1906.03731 [cs]*  .\nSheng Shen, Zhen Dong, Jiayu Ye, Linjian Ma,\nZhewei Yao, Amir Gholami, Michael W Ma-\nhoney, and Kurt Keutzer. 2019. [ Q-BERT: Hes-](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840)\n[sian Based Ultra Low Precision Quantization of](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840)\n[BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05840) .  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05840*  .\nChenglei Si, Shuohang Wang, Min-Yen Kan, and\nJing Jiang. 2019a. What does BERT learn\nfrom multiple-choice reading comprehension\ndatasets?  *arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.12391*  .\nChenglei Si, Shuohang Wang, Min-Yen Kan, and\nJing Jiang. 2019b. [What does BERT Learn](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)\n[from Multiple-Choice Reading Comprehension](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)\n[Datasets?](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.12391)  *arXiv:1910.12391 [cs]*  .\nKaitao Song, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Jianfeng Lu, and\nTie-Yan Liu. 2020. [ MPNet: Masked and Per-](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297)\n[muted Pre-training for Language Understanding](http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.09297) .\n*arXiv:2004.09297 [cs]*  .\nAsa Cooper Stickland and Iain Murray. 2019.\n[BERT and PALs: Projected Attention Layers for](http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/stickland19a.html)\n[Efficient Adaptation in Multi-Task Learning](http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/stickland19a.html) . In\n*International Conference on Machine Learning*  ,\npages 5986- 5995.\nEmma Strubell, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew Mc-\nCallum. 2019. [ Energy and Policy Considera-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243)\n[tions for Deep Learning in NLP](http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02243) . In  *ACL 2019*  .\nTa-Chun Su and Hsiang-Chih Cheng. 2019.\nSesameBERT: Attention for [Anywhere](http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.03176) .\n*arXiv:1910.03176 [cs]*  .\nSaku Sugawara, Pontus Stenetorp, Kentaro Inui,\nand Akiko Aizawa. 2020. [ Assessing the Bench-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241)\n[marking Capacity of Machine Reading Compre-](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241)\n[hension Datasets](http://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09241) . In  *AAAI*  .\nSiqi Sun, Yu Cheng, Zhe Gan, and Jingjing Liu.\n2019a. [ Patient Knowledge Distillation for BERT](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1441/)\n[Model Compression](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-1441/) . In  *Proceedings of the 2019*\n*Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural*\n*Language Processing and the 9th International*",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf",
+                "query": "How many affiliate banks has First Financial Bankshares ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "The corporation has 10 affiliate banks,  which provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West  and High Plains regions of Texas. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\nannual report 2002\n2002 ANNUAL REPORT\n2 Corporate Profile\n3 Financial Highlights\n4 Letter to Shareholders\n6 Shareholder Values\n12 Selected Financial Data\n13 Trust Services\n14 Subsidiary Bank Reports\nFinancial Summaries\nSenior Officers and Directors\nMarket Share\n25 Form 10-K\nInside Back Cover Corporate Information\nAt First Financial Bankshares, we are not a complicated\ncompany. Our value is easy to calculate because our\nnumbers are easy to follow. The same holds true for\nour values. We believe in doing business the right\nway -  from our boardrooms to our mailrooms. Maybe\nit’s our West Texas roots, but we still appreciate the days\nwhen a handshake was binding. The relationships we\nhave developed with our customers bear this out.\nMore and more, in communities across Texas, we’re the\nbanks people turn to for financial services. The result\nhas been strong, consistent, above-sector perform-\nance for our shareholders. How do values drive value?\nLet us explain.\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc. is a financial holding company\nheadquartered in Abilene, Texas, with consolidated assets of $2.0 billion\nas of December 31, 2002. The corporation has 10 affiliate banks,\nwhich provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West\nand High Plains regions of Texas. The common stock of First Financial\nBankshares, Inc. is held by more than 3,500 shareholders and is listed\non The NASDAQ Stock Market <sup>®</sup> under the symbol FFIN.\n“Our 10 affiliate banks provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West and High Plains regions of Texas.”\n2\nIN THOUSANDS EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA 2002 2001 CHANGE\nFor the Year\nNet Income $ 33,953 $ 29,355 15.7%\nBasic Earnings per Share 2.75 2.38 15.5\nDividends Declared 16,680 14,365 16.1\nDividends per Share 1.35 1.16 16.4\nAverages for the Year\nAssets 1,907,999 1,811,130 5.3\nSecurities 748,654 676,391 10.7\nLoans 942,101 897,616 5.0\nDeposits 1,644,170 1,566,360 5.0\nShareholders’ Equity 224,355 204,517 9.7\nAt Year-End\nAssets 1,993,183 1,929,694 3.3\nSecurities 772,256 721,694 0.1\nLoans 964,040 940,131 2.5\nDeposits 1,711,562 1,685,163 1.6\nShareholders’ Equity 238,768 213,654 11.8\nBook Value per Share 19.31 17.32 11.5\nTrust Assets 986,224 958,952 2.8\nKey Ratios\nReturn on Average Assets 1.78% 1.62%\nReturn on Average Equity 15.13 14.35",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **First Financial Bankshares, Inc.**\n\na series of reorganizations, mergers, and acquisitions since 1956, we now own, through our wholly-owned Delaware\nsubsidiary, First Financial Bankshares of Delaware, Inc., ten banks organized and located in Texas. These ten banks\nare:\n-  First National Bank of Abilene, Abilene, Texas;\n\n-  Hereford State Bank, Hereford, Texas;\n\n-  First National Bank, Sweetwater, Texas;\n2\n-  Eastland National Bank, Eastland, Texas;\n\n-  First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne, Texas;\n\n-  Stephenville Bank and Trust Co., Stephenville, Texas;\n\n-  San Angelo National Bank, San Angelo, Texas;\n\n-  Weatherford National Bank, Weatherford, Texas;\n\n-  First Financial Bank, National Association, Southlake, Texas; and\n\n-  City National Bank, Mineral Wells, Texas.\nAs described in more detail below, we elected to be treated as a financial holding company in September 2001.\nOur service centers are located primarily in North Central and West Texas. Considering the branches and\nlocations of all our subsidiary banks, as of December 31, 2002, we had 28 financial centers across Texas, with seven\nlocations in Abilene, two locations in Cleburne, two locations in Stephenville, two locations in San Angelo, three\nlocations in Weatherford, and one location each in Mineral Wells, Hereford, Sweetwater, Eastland, Southlake,\nAledo, Alvarado, Burleson, Keller, Trophy Club, Roby, and Trent.\nInformation on our revenues, profits and losses and total assets appears in the discussion of our Results of\nOperations contained in Item 7 hereof.\n####### **First Financial Bankshares, Inc.**\nWe provide management and technical resources and policy direction to our subsidiary banks, which enables\nthem to improve or expand their banking services while continuing their local activity and identity.  Each of our\nsubsidiary banks operates under the day-to-day management of its own board of directors and officers, with\nsubstantial authority in making decisions concerning their own investments, loan policies, interest rates, and service\ncharges. We provide resources and policy direction in, among other things, the following areas:\n-  asset and liability management;\n-  accounting, budgeting, planning and insurance;\n-  capitalization; and\n-  regulatory compliance.\nIn particular, we assist our subsidiary banks with, among other things, decisions concerning major capital\nexpenditures, employee fringe benefits, including pension plans and group insurance, dividend policies, and\nappointment of officers and directors and their compensation.  We also perform, through corporate staff groups or\nby outsourcing to third parties, internal audits and loan reviews of our subsidiary banks.  Through First National\nBank of Abilene, we provide advice and specialized services for our banks related to lending, investing, purchasing,",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **REPORT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS**\n\nof First Financial Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries at December 31, 2002, and the consolidated results of their\noperations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted\nin the United States.\nAs discussed above, the financial statements of First Financial Bankshares, Inc. as of December 31, 2001 and the\ntwo years then ended were audited by other auditors who have ceased operations.  As described in Note 1, these\nfinancial statements have been revised to include the transitional disclosures required by Statement of Financial\nAccounting Standards No. 142,  *Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets*  , which was adopted by the Company as of\nJanuary 1, 2002.  Our audit procedures with respect to the disclosures in Note 1 with respect to 2001 and 2000\nincluded (a) agreeing the previously reported net income to the previously issued financial statements and the\nadjustments to reported net income representing amortization expense including related tax effects recognized in\nthose periods related to goodwill to the Company’s underlying records obtained from management, and (b) testing\nthe mathematical accuracy of the reconciliation of adjusted net income to reported net income, and the related\nearnings per share amounts.  In our opinion, the disclosures for 2001 and 2000 are appropriate.  However, we were\nnot engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the 2001 and 2000 financial statements of the Company\nother than with respect to such disclosures and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of\nassurance on the 2001 and 2000 financial statements taken as a whole.\nErnst & Young LLP\nDallas, Texas\nJanuary 14, 2003\nF-2\n####### **REPORT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS**\nTo the Board of Directors and Shareholders of\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc.\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Financial Bankshares, Inc. (a Texas\ncorporation) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2001 and 2000, and the related consolidated statements of\nearnings, comprehensive earnings, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period\nended December 31, 2001.  These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management.  Our\nresponsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States.  Those\nstandards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial",
+                    "page_start": 64,
+                    "page_end": 65,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **Competition**\n\nadvertising, public relations, and computer services.\nWhile we have no specific acquisition agreements in place or commitments to expand our branch network, we\nperiodically evaluate various potential financial institution acquisition opportunities and also periodically evaluate\npotential locations for new branch offices.  We anticipate that funding for any acquisitions or expansions would be\nprovided from our existing cash balances, available dividends from subsidiary banks, utilization of available lines of\ncredit and future debt or equity offerings.\n####### **Services Offered by Our Subsidiary Banks**\nEach of our subsidiary banks is a separate legal entity that operates under the day-to-day management of its own\nboard of directors and officers.  Each of our subsidiary banks provides general commercial banking services, which\ninclude accepting and holding checking, savings and time deposits, making loans, automated teller machines, drive-\nin and night deposit services, safe deposit facilities, transmitting funds, and performing other customary commercial\nbanking services. Certain of our subsidiary banks also administer pension plans, profit sharing plans and other\nemployee benefit plans. First National Bank of Abilene, First National Bank, Sweetwater, Stephenville Bank and\nTrust Co. and San Angelo National Bank have active trust departments. The trust departments offer a complete\n3\nrange of services to individuals, associations, and corporations.  These services include administering estates,\ntestamentary trusts, various types of living trusts, and agency accounts. In addition, First National Bank of Abilene,\nFirst Financial Bank, Cleburne, San Angelo National Bank and First Financial Bank, National Association,\nSouthlake, Texas provide securities brokerage services through arrangements with various third parties.\nWe have filed an application with the office of the Comptroller of the Currency to form a limited purpose\nnational bank under which we will consolidate the management of our current trust departments.  The new entity\nwill operate as a subsidiary of our subsidiary holding company, First Financial Bankshares of Delaware, Inc.  We\nbelieve that with this structure we can more effectively manage our current trust operations and provide trust\nservices to customers of our banks that do not currently have trust departments.  We anticipate that the new trust\ncompany will begin operations in the latter part of 2003.\n####### **Competition**\nCommercial banking in Texas is highly competitive, and because we hold less than 1% of the state’s deposits,\nwe represent only a minor segment of the industry. To succeed in this industry, our management believes that our\nbanks must have the capability to compete in the areas of (1) interest rates paid or charged; (2) scope of services",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **SIGNATURES**\n\nincluded in our consolidated financial statements.\n(3) Exhibits\nThe information required by this Item 15(a)(3) is set forth in the Exhibit Index immediately\nfollowing our financial statements.  The exhibits listed herein will be furnished upon written\nrequest to J. Bruce Hildebrand, Executive Vice President, First Financial Bankshares, Inc., 400\nPine Street, Abilene, Texas 79601, and payment of a reasonable fee that will be limited to our\nreasonable expense in furnishing such exhibits.\n32\nB. Reports on Form 8-K.\nOn October 1, 2002, we filed a Form 8-K announcing the hiring of J. Bruce Hildebrand as our next chief\nfinancial officer replacing Curtis R. Harvey during the first quarter of 2003.  No financial statements were\nreported as part of this Form 8-K.\n33\n####### **SIGNATURES**\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the\nRegistrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC.\nDate:  March 10, 2003 By:  /s/ F. SCOTT DUESER\nF. SCOTT DUESER\nPresident, Chief Executive Officer and Director\nThe undersigned directors and officers of First Financial Bankshares, Inc. hereby constitute and appoint Curtis\nR. Harvey, with full power to act and with full power of substitution and resubstitution, our true and lawful attorney-\nin-fact with full power to execute in our name and behalf in the capacities indicated below any and all amendments\nto this report and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith with the\nSecurities and Exchange Commission and hereby ratify and confirm all that such attorney-in-fact or his substitute\nshall lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.\nPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed\nbelow by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.\n**Name Title Date**\n/s/ KENNETH T. MURPHY\nKenneth T. Murphy\nChairman of the Board and Director March 10, 2003\n/s/ F. SCOTT DUESER\nF. Scott Dueser\nPresident, Chief Executive Officer\nand Director\n(Principal Executive Officer)\nMarch 10, 2003\n/s/ CURTIS  R.  HARVEY\nCurtis R. Harvey\nExecutive Vice President and Chief\nFinancial Officer\n(Principal Financial Officer and\nPrincipal Accounting Officer)\nMarch 10, 2003\n/s/ JOSEPH E. CANON\nJoseph E. Canon\nDirector March 18, 2003\n/s/ MAC A. COALSON",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 60,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\nto focus on the importance of value and values.\nThank you for your investment in and support for First\nFinancial Bankshares.\nF. Scott Dueser\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\n5\nGeorge Marti\nFounder Marti Enterprises Cleburne, Texas 6\nFirst Financial Bankshares customers and shareholders also know a thing or two about Value and Values -  and we learn from them every day. We’re proud to share in their success. Here are just a few of their stories.\nGeorge Marti believes in doing things. Good things.\nBorn to humble roots on his parents’ farm in 1920, Marti has accomplished much, including found-\ning three radio stations (and investing in 10 more) and developing a remote pickup device that\nbecame standard equipment in 80 percent of all radio stations worldwide. He still has part own-\nership of KCLE in Cleburne, Texas (the town where he was once mayor for 12 years).\nMarti’s dedication to his hometown is part of the reason why he bought Cleburne State Bank in\n1992. His business skills (and success in the broadcasting industry) gave him the resources to\nturn the bank into yet another winning venture. Five years later, he sold it to First Financial, which\nmerged it with their existing First Financial Bank, Cleburne.\nThe proceeds from the sale helped Marti complete the funding for his proudest achievement: the\nMarti Foundation, which he created in the 1970s to help send students from Johnson County to\ncollege. “We help over 100 students a year ... most are the first from their family ever to attend\ncollege,” says Marti. “I know what education did for me, so it’s a great thing to help these young\npeople.” Marti says that when he dies, the Foundation will live on, $20 million strong.\nMarti still serves on the board of First Financial Bank, Cleburne. “First Financial’s merger of the\nbanks was positive for the community. They have a good customer base. They are friendly, help-\nful and creative. They are growing, and the branches in Alvarado and Burleson are both doing well.\nThose are all good things.”",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n$1.712 billion.\nFirst Financial’s balance sheet at year-end was again\nmarked by strong asset quality and capital strength.\nClassified loans (those at risk to some degree) increased\nto 3.7% of total loans from 2.7% a year earlier. However,\ntotal nonperforming assets decreased to .44% of total\nloans from .51% at the end of 2001; by comparison, the\npeer group average was .75%. Shareholders’ equity grew\nto $238.8 million at the end of 2002, yielding an equity-to-\nassets ratio of 11.98%.\nBased on our earnings performance and strong capital posi-\ntion, in April 2002 the Board of Directors approved a 16.7%\nincrease in the quarterly cash dividend, to $.35 per share\nfrom $.30 per share. The total cash dividend for 2002 was\n$1.35 per share. The market price of our common stock at\nyear-end was $38.00 per share, up 26.2% from $30.10 at\nthe end of 2001. The combination of share price appreci-\nation and dividend paid produced a total return to\nshareholders of 31% for 2002.\nOn January 2, 2002, First Financial Bank, N. A., Southlake,\nopened a new branch in Keller. We are encouraged by the\ngrowth of this branch, and are looking for additional oppor-\ntunities in the same northeast Tarrant County area. On\nOctober 15, 2002, First National Bank, Sweetwater,\nacquired the Trent branch of State National Bank of West\nTexas. This branch, with total assets of $6.5 million, is a\n4\ngood addition to the Sweetwater bank, and we are pleased\nto have a location in the Trent community.\nWe are honored that Johnny Trotter, President and Chief\nExecutive Officer of Livestock Investors, Ltd., has accepted\nnomination for election as a new director of the Company\nat our annual shareholder meeting in April 2003. He is\npresently a director of the Hereford State Bank and a\nprominent business, community and cattle industry leader.\nCraig Smith, President and Chief Executive Officer of\nHereford State Bank, retired at the end of 2002, after 31\nyears of service to the bank. Craig also served as a direc-\ntor on our Company board. Mike Mauldin, a well-known\nTexas Panhandle banker with over 23 years of banking\nexperience, has been elected President and Chief Executive",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nYear ending December 31,\n2003 $466,285,411\n2004 42,007,875\n2005 12,232,334\n2006 2,222,764\n2007 10,878,020\n$533,626,404\n6. LINE OF CREDIT\nThe Company has a line of credit with a nonaffiliated bank under which it could borrow up to $25,000,000.  The\nline of credit is unsecured and matures on June 30, 2003.  Bankshares paid no fee to secure the unused line of credit\nand, accordingly, did not estimate a fair value of the unused line of credit at December 31, 2002 and 2001.  The line\nof credit carries an interest rate of the London Interbank Offering Rate plus 1.0%.  There was no outstanding balance\nunder the line of credit as of December 31, 2002 and 2001.\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-18\n7. INCOME TAXES:\nThe Company files a consolidated federal income tax return.  Income tax expense (benefit) is comprised of the\nfollowing:\nYear Ended December 31,\n2002 2001 2000\nCurrent federal income tax $14,280,038 $13,016,053 $12,966,837\nDeferred federal income tax expense (benefit) 350,415 (188,982) (304,240)\nIncome tax expense $14,630,453 $12,827,071 $12,662,597\nIncome tax expense, as a percentage of pretax earnings, differs from the statutory federal income tax rate as follows:\nAs a Percent of Pretax Earnings\n2002 2001 2000\nStatutory federal income tax rate 35.0 % 35.0 % 35.0 %\nReductions in tax rate resulting from\ninterest income exempt from\nfederal income tax (5.6)% (5.2)% (4.9)%\nOther 0.7 % 0.6 % 0.8 %\nEffective income tax rate 30.1 % 30.4 % 30.9 %\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-19\nThe approximate effects of each type of difference that gave rise to the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities\nat December 31, 2002 and 2001, are as follows:\n2002 2001\nDeferred tax assets-\nTax basis of loans in excess of financial statement basis $ 3,940,576 $3,766,408\nMinimum liability in defined benefit plan 775,537 -\nRecognized for financial reporting purposes but not\nfor tax purposes-\nDeferred compensation 686,098 590,462\nWrite-downs and adjustments to other\nreal estate owned and repossessed assets 133,000 112,000\nOther deferred tax assets 343,527 258,448\nTotal deferred tax assets 5,878,738 4,727,318\nDeferred tax liabilities-\nFinancial statement basis of fixed assets in excess of\ntax basis 1,442,962 1,334,565\nIntangible asset amortization deductible for tax purposes,",
+                    "page_start": 80,
+                    "page_end": 82,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n#### “First Financial doesn’t seem like a bank that’s owned by an out-of- town company.”\n\nTerry Wilkinson\nCommercial/Residential Developer Southlake, Texas\n10\nTerry Wilkinson has vision. Show him an empty tract of land, and\nthe wheels start turning.\nWilkinson’s various enterprises have created some of the most prof-\nitable developments in Southlake, Texas, a once-sleepy town\nwhose name has become synonymous with upscale living and com-\nmerce in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.\n“I’ve been in business on my own since the early ’90s, and a cus-\ntomer of First Financial Bank in Southlake for about six years,” says\nWilkinson. He works with the bank to finance numerous projects,\nsuch as residential developments, office buildings and large-scale\nshopping centers. “Naturally, I work with several banks, but I con-\nsider First Financial the easiest to work with.”\nWilkinson believes the bank’s local perspective gives it better\nvision for what can succeed in the community. That translates into\nbetter performance. “I prefer dealing with banks where things\ndon’t have to be sent off to people you’ve never met for a decision.\nWith First Financial, they’ve gotten to know me, and they under-\nstand my business.\n“First Financial doesn’t seem like a bank that’s owned by an out-\nof-town company. That’s why they’re my preferred lender.”\nTrust is important to Maggy Morford.\nKnown all over Abilene for her devotion to good\ncauses, Morford is one of the community’s most\nbenevolent trustees -  a generous contributor of\nmoney, time and hard work. Her style of leadership",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n#### “The value of our stock rose as we achieved higher earnings for the 16th year in a row.”\n\nOther operational systems have been examined and con-\nsistent practices and procedures have been implemented.\nTo further enhance our risk management assessments in\n2003, we will be introducing an Operational Peer Review\nTeam similar to the successful peer review teams used in\nthe Personal Trust areas of our four locations.\nPlans for the formation of a First Financial Bankshares\ntrust company are moving forward with regulatory approval\nanticipated in late Spring or early Summer. This will permit\nyour Company to provide quality, locally delivered trust\nservices to additional markets.\nWith skilled trust professionals offering a complete range\nof financial products and services, the future of our trust\ndepartments look bright. Through dedication to individu-\nalized portfolio design and personalized service, our trust\ndepartments stand ready to meet the needs of our pres-\nent and future clients.\n*98*   *99*   *00*   *01*   *02*\n$0\n$4\n$3\n$5\n$6\n$1\n$2\n$5.10 $5.50 $5.89 $5.83\n$4.75\n*98*   *99*   *00*   *01*   *02*\n$0\n$500\n$600\n$700\n$800\n$900\n$1000\n$100\n$200\n$300\n$400\n$845 $911 $959 $986\n$774\nTRUST ASSETS in millions TRUST FEES in millions\n13\nDavid Byrd\n*San Angelo* *National Bank*\nPerry Elliott\n*Stephenville Bank* *& Trust Co.*\nJ. Bruce Hildebrand\n*Executive Vice President*\nJanis McDowell\n*First National Bank,* *Sweetwater*\nRobert S. Patterson\n*First National Bank* *of Abilene*\nRobert S. Patterson\nSenior Vice President, Trust Services",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the net income of First Financial Bankshares in 1995 ?",
+                "target_page": 14,
+                "target_passage": " 16,355",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nYear ending December 31,\n2003 $466,285,411\n2004 42,007,875\n2005 12,232,334\n2006 2,222,764\n2007 10,878,020\n$533,626,404\n6. LINE OF CREDIT\nThe Company has a line of credit with a nonaffiliated bank under which it could borrow up to $25,000,000.  The\nline of credit is unsecured and matures on June 30, 2003.  Bankshares paid no fee to secure the unused line of credit\nand, accordingly, did not estimate a fair value of the unused line of credit at December 31, 2002 and 2001.  The line\nof credit carries an interest rate of the London Interbank Offering Rate plus 1.0%.  There was no outstanding balance\nunder the line of credit as of December 31, 2002 and 2001.\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-18\n7. INCOME TAXES:\nThe Company files a consolidated federal income tax return.  Income tax expense (benefit) is comprised of the\nfollowing:\nYear Ended December 31,\n2002 2001 2000\nCurrent federal income tax $14,280,038 $13,016,053 $12,966,837\nDeferred federal income tax expense (benefit) 350,415 (188,982) (304,240)\nIncome tax expense $14,630,453 $12,827,071 $12,662,597\nIncome tax expense, as a percentage of pretax earnings, differs from the statutory federal income tax rate as follows:\nAs a Percent of Pretax Earnings\n2002 2001 2000\nStatutory federal income tax rate 35.0 % 35.0 % 35.0 %\nReductions in tax rate resulting from\ninterest income exempt from\nfederal income tax (5.6)% (5.2)% (4.9)%\nOther 0.7 % 0.6 % 0.8 %\nEffective income tax rate 30.1 % 30.4 % 30.9 %\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-19\nThe approximate effects of each type of difference that gave rise to the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities\nat December 31, 2002 and 2001, are as follows:\n2002 2001\nDeferred tax assets-\nTax basis of loans in excess of financial statement basis $ 3,940,576 $3,766,408\nMinimum liability in defined benefit plan 775,537 -\nRecognized for financial reporting purposes but not\nfor tax purposes-\nDeferred compensation 686,098 590,462\nWrite-downs and adjustments to other\nreal estate owned and repossessed assets 133,000 112,000\nOther deferred tax assets 343,527 258,448\nTotal deferred tax assets 5,878,738 4,727,318\nDeferred tax liabilities-\nFinancial statement basis of fixed assets in excess of\ntax basis 1,442,962 1,334,565\nIntangible asset amortization deductible for tax purposes,",
+                    "page_start": 80,
+                    "page_end": 82,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **REPORT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS**\n\nof First Financial Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries at December 31, 2002, and the consolidated results of their\noperations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted\nin the United States.\nAs discussed above, the financial statements of First Financial Bankshares, Inc. as of December 31, 2001 and the\ntwo years then ended were audited by other auditors who have ceased operations.  As described in Note 1, these\nfinancial statements have been revised to include the transitional disclosures required by Statement of Financial\nAccounting Standards No. 142,  *Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets*  , which was adopted by the Company as of\nJanuary 1, 2002.  Our audit procedures with respect to the disclosures in Note 1 with respect to 2001 and 2000\nincluded (a) agreeing the previously reported net income to the previously issued financial statements and the\nadjustments to reported net income representing amortization expense including related tax effects recognized in\nthose periods related to goodwill to the Company’s underlying records obtained from management, and (b) testing\nthe mathematical accuracy of the reconciliation of adjusted net income to reported net income, and the related\nearnings per share amounts.  In our opinion, the disclosures for 2001 and 2000 are appropriate.  However, we were\nnot engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the 2001 and 2000 financial statements of the Company\nother than with respect to such disclosures and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of\nassurance on the 2001 and 2000 financial statements taken as a whole.\nErnst & Young LLP\nDallas, Texas\nJanuary 14, 2003\nF-2\n####### **REPORT OF INDEPENDENT PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS**\nTo the Board of Directors and Shareholders of\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc.\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Financial Bankshares, Inc. (a Texas\ncorporation) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2001 and 2000, and the related consolidated statements of\nearnings, comprehensive earnings, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period\nended December 31, 2001.  These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management.  Our\nresponsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States.  Those\nstandards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial",
+                    "page_start": 64,
+                    "page_end": 65,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nCommon stock transactions:\nAcquisition of treasury stock - (315,050) (3,925,069)\nProceeds of stock issuances 573,116 356,670 161,919\nDividends paid (16,052,983) (13,921,211) (12,543,863)\nNet cash provided by (used in) financing activities 17,781,678 62,566,993 (4,611,134)\nNET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (6,688,569) 22,594,502 (25,439,346)\nCASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of year 185,125,214     162,530,712 187,970,058\nCASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of year $ 178,436,645 $ 185,125,214 $ 162,530,712\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.\nF-8\n2002 2001\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-9\n1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:\nNature of Operations\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc. (a Texas corporation) (“Bankshares”) is a financial holding company which owns\n(through its wholly-owned Delaware subsidiary) all of the capital stock of ten banks located in Texas as of\nDecember 31, 2002.  Those subsidiary banks are First National Bank of Abilene; Hereford State Bank; First\nNational Bank, Sweetwater; Eastland National Bank; First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne;\nStephenville Bank & Trust Co.; San Angelo National Bank; Weatherford National Bank; First Financial Bank,\nNational Association, Southlake and City National Bank, Mineral Wells.  Each subsidiary bank’s primary source of\nrevenue is providing loans and banking services to consumers and commercial customers in the market area in\nwhich the subsidiary is located.\nA summary of significant accounting policies of Bankshares and subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) applied\nin the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows.  The accounting principles\nfollowed by the Company and the methods of applying them are in conformity with both accounting principles\ngenerally accepted in the United States of America and prevailing practices of the banking industry.\nUse of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United\nStates of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of\nassets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and\nreported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those\nestimates.  Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the\ndetermination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuations of foreclosed real estate, deferred income tax assets,",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 72,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nand the fair value of financial instruments.\nConsolidation\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Bankshares and its subsidiaries, all of\nwhich are wholly-owned.  All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.\nInvestment Securities\nManagement classifies debt and equity securities as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading based on its\nintent.  Debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-\nto-maturity and recorded at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, which are\nrecognized as adjustments to interest income using the interest method.  Securities not classified as held-to-maturity\nor trading are classified as available-for-sale and recorded at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses,\nnet of deferred income taxes, excluded from earnings and reported in a separate component of shareholders’ equity.\nSecurities classified as trading are recorded at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in\nearnings.  The Company had no trading securities at December 31, 2002, 2001, or 2000.\nLoans and Allowance for Loan Losses\nLoans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, reduced by unearned income and an allowance for loan losses.\nUnearned income on installment loans is recognized in income over the terms of the loans in decreasing amounts\nusing a method which approximates the interest method.  Interest on other loans is calculated by using the simple\ninterest method on daily balances of the principal amounts outstanding.  The Company expenses its net loan\norigination costs, a method which does not materially differ from deferring and amortizing such amounts as an\nadjustment to yield.  The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses charged to\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-10\nexpense.  Loans are charged against the allowance for loan losses when management believes the collectibility of\nthe principal is unlikely.\nThe allowance is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb estimated inherent losses on\nexisting loans that are deemed uncollectible based upon management’s review and evaluation of the loan portfolio.\nThe allowance for loan losses is increased by charges to income and decreased by charge-offs (net of recoveries).\nManagement’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on general economic conditions, the\nfinancial condition of the borrower, the value and liquidity of collateral, delinquency, prior loan loss experience, and",
+                    "page_start": 72,
+                    "page_end": 73,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n#### “The value of our stock rose as we achieved higher earnings for the 16th year in a row.”\n\nOther operational systems have been examined and con-\nsistent practices and procedures have been implemented.\nTo further enhance our risk management assessments in\n2003, we will be introducing an Operational Peer Review\nTeam similar to the successful peer review teams used in\nthe Personal Trust areas of our four locations.\nPlans for the formation of a First Financial Bankshares\ntrust company are moving forward with regulatory approval\nanticipated in late Spring or early Summer. This will permit\nyour Company to provide quality, locally delivered trust\nservices to additional markets.\nWith skilled trust professionals offering a complete range\nof financial products and services, the future of our trust\ndepartments look bright. Through dedication to individu-\nalized portfolio design and personalized service, our trust\ndepartments stand ready to meet the needs of our pres-\nent and future clients.\n*98*   *99*   *00*   *01*   *02*\n$0\n$4\n$3\n$5\n$6\n$1\n$2\n$5.10 $5.50 $5.89 $5.83\n$4.75\n*98*   *99*   *00*   *01*   *02*\n$0\n$500\n$600\n$700\n$800\n$900\n$1000\n$100\n$200\n$300\n$400\n$845 $911 $959 $986\n$774\nTRUST ASSETS in millions TRUST FEES in millions\n13\nDavid Byrd\n*San Angelo* *National Bank*\nPerry Elliott\n*Stephenville Bank* *& Trust Co.*\nJ. Bruce Hildebrand\n*Executive Vice President*\nJanis McDowell\n*First National Bank,* *Sweetwater*\nRobert S. Patterson\n*First National Bank* *of Abilene*\nRobert S. Patterson\nSenior Vice President, Trust Services",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **First Financial Bankshares, Inc.**\n\na series of reorganizations, mergers, and acquisitions since 1956, we now own, through our wholly-owned Delaware\nsubsidiary, First Financial Bankshares of Delaware, Inc., ten banks organized and located in Texas. These ten banks\nare:\n-  First National Bank of Abilene, Abilene, Texas;\n\n-  Hereford State Bank, Hereford, Texas;\n\n-  First National Bank, Sweetwater, Texas;\n2\n-  Eastland National Bank, Eastland, Texas;\n\n-  First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne, Texas;\n\n-  Stephenville Bank and Trust Co., Stephenville, Texas;\n\n-  San Angelo National Bank, San Angelo, Texas;\n\n-  Weatherford National Bank, Weatherford, Texas;\n\n-  First Financial Bank, National Association, Southlake, Texas; and\n\n-  City National Bank, Mineral Wells, Texas.\nAs described in more detail below, we elected to be treated as a financial holding company in September 2001.\nOur service centers are located primarily in North Central and West Texas. Considering the branches and\nlocations of all our subsidiary banks, as of December 31, 2002, we had 28 financial centers across Texas, with seven\nlocations in Abilene, two locations in Cleburne, two locations in Stephenville, two locations in San Angelo, three\nlocations in Weatherford, and one location each in Mineral Wells, Hereford, Sweetwater, Eastland, Southlake,\nAledo, Alvarado, Burleson, Keller, Trophy Club, Roby, and Trent.\nInformation on our revenues, profits and losses and total assets appears in the discussion of our Results of\nOperations contained in Item 7 hereof.\n####### **First Financial Bankshares, Inc.**\nWe provide management and technical resources and policy direction to our subsidiary banks, which enables\nthem to improve or expand their banking services while continuing their local activity and identity.  Each of our\nsubsidiary banks operates under the day-to-day management of its own board of directors and officers, with\nsubstantial authority in making decisions concerning their own investments, loan policies, interest rates, and service\ncharges. We provide resources and policy direction in, among other things, the following areas:\n-  asset and liability management;\n-  accounting, budgeting, planning and insurance;\n-  capitalization; and\n-  regulatory compliance.\nIn particular, we assist our subsidiary banks with, among other things, decisions concerning major capital\nexpenditures, employee fringe benefits, including pension plans and group insurance, dividend policies, and\nappointment of officers and directors and their compensation.  We also perform, through corporate staff groups or\nby outsourcing to third parties, internal audits and loan reviews of our subsidiary banks.  Through First National\nBank of Abilene, we provide advice and specialized services for our banks related to lending, investing, purchasing,",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nbut not for financial reporting purposes 832,527 -\nRecognized for financial reporting purposes but not\nfor tax purposes:\nAccretion on investment securities 437,660 385,191\nPension plan contributions 497,869 610,869\nNet unrealized gain on investment securities\navailable-for-sale 6,908,875 2,219,581\nOther deferred tax liabilities 71,334 225,429\nTotal deferred tax liabilities 10,191,227 4,775,635\nNet deferred tax liability $(4,312,489) $    (48,317)\n8. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:\nThe Company is required to disclose the estimated fair value of its financial instrument assets and liabilities.  For the\nCompany, as for most financial institutions, substantially all of its assets and liabilities are considered financial\ninstruments as defined.  Many of the Company’s financial instruments, however, lack an available trading market as\ncharacterized by a willing buyer and willing seller engaging in an exchange transaction.\nEstimated fair values have been determined by the Company using the best available data, as generally provided in\nthe Company’s regulatory reports, and an estimation methodology suitable for each category of financial\ninstruments.  For those loans and deposits with floating interest rates, it is presumed that estimated fair values\ngenerally approximate the carrying value.\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-20\nThe estimated fair values, and carrying values at December 31, 2002 and 2001, were as follows:\n2002 2001\nCarrying Estimated Carrying Estimated\nValue Fair Value Value Fair Value\nCash and due from banks $108,436,645 $108,436,645 $112,150,214 $112,150,214\nFederal funds sold 70,000,000 70,000,000 72,975,000 72,975,000\nInterest-bearing deposits in banks 2,324,425 2,324,425 1,374,285 1,374,285\nInvestment securities 772,256,413 783,668,780 721,693,695 729,588,999\nNet loans 952,821,044 964,782,729 929,528,556 938,431,998\nAccrued interest receivable 15,360,833 15,360,833 17,636,608 17,636,608\nDeposits with stated maturities 541,031,072 544,575,352 575,069,375 580,467,556\nDeposits with no stated\nmaturities 1,170,531,144 1,170,531,144 1,110,093,223 1,110,093,223\nSecurities sold under agreements\nto repurchase 26,708,994 26,708,994 19,847,067 19,847,067\nAccrued interest payable 2,150,309 2,150,309 3,475,555 3,475,555\nFinancial instruments actively traded in a secondary market have been valued using quoted available market prices.\nFinancial instruments with stated maturities have been valued using a present value discounted cash flow with a\ndiscount rate approximating current market for similar assets and liabilities.  Financial instrument assets with\nvariable rates and financial instrument liabilities with no stated maturities have an estimated fair value equal to both\nthe amount payable on demand and the carrying value.  Changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies may\nhave a material effect on these estimated fair values.",
+                    "page_start": 82,
+                    "page_end": 83,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nWeighted average fair value of\noptions granted at date of issue $6.06 $6.13 $4.44\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-26\nThe options outstanding at December 31, 2002, have exercise prices between $14.90 and $30.50 with a weighted\naverage remaining contractual life of 5 years.  Stock options have been adjusted retroactively for the effects of stock\ndividends and splits.\nThe Company accounts for this plan under APB 25 under which no compensation cost has been recognized for\noptions granted.  The fair value of the options granted in 2002, 2001 and 2000, was estimated using the Black-\nScholes options pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:  risk-free interest rate of 4.75%,\n5.23% and 6.33% respectively; expected dividend yield of 4.43%, 3.89% and 5.18% respectively; expected life of\n6.0, 6.0 and 6.0 years, respectively; and expected volatility of 26.9%, 26.5% and 28.3%, respectively.\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-27\n16. CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION - PARENT COMPANY:\nCondensed Balance Sheets-December 31, 2002 and 2001\nASSETS 2002 2001\nCash in subsidiary bank $      903,319 $      579,686\nInterest-bearing deposits in subsidiary banks 22,212,064 13,796,338\nTotal cash and cash equivalents 23,115,383 14,376,024\nInvestment in subsidiaries, at equity 219,947,550 202,758,981\nIntangible assets 917,350 723,375\nOther assets 950,708 932,986\nTotal assets $244,930,991 $218,791,366\nLIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY\nTotal liabilities $    6,163,346 $    5,137,353\nShareholders’ equity:\nCommon stock 123,642,010 123,332,520\nCapital surplus 58,087,687 57,824,061\nRetained earnings 45,647,522 28,375,353\nAccumulated other comprehensive earnings 11,390,426 4,122,079\nTotal shareholders’ equity 238,767,645 213,654,013\nTotal liabilities and shareholders’ equity $244,930,991 $218,791,366\nCondensed Statements of Earnings-\nFor the Years Ended December 31, 2002, 2001, and 2000\n2002 2001 2000\nIncome:\nCash dividends from subsidiary banks $ 26,550,000 $ 25,500,000 $ 21,000,000\nExcess of earnings over dividends of\nsubsidiary banks 8,479,939 4,582,993 7,383,516\nGain on sale of investment securities\navailable-for-sale - - 530,097\nOther income 944,911 1,092,375 1,325,613\n35,974,850 31,175,368 30,239,226\nExpenses:\nSalaries and employee benefits 1,451,136 1,160,903 1,067,664\nOther operating expenses 1,142,832 1,015,184 1,288,508\n2,593,968 2,176,087 2,356,172\nEarnings before income taxes 33,380,882 28,999,281 27,883,054\nIncome tax benefit 571,668 355,224 432,993\nNet earnings $33,952,550 $29,354,505 $28,316,047\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-28\nCondensed Statements of Cash Flows-",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 91,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **Critical Accounting Policies**\n\nelsewhere in this Form 10-K.  All amounts, prices and per share data related to our common stock have been\nadjusted to give effect to all stock splits and stock dividends.\nOn July 3, 2001, we acquired City Bancshares, Inc. and its subsidiary City National Bank, Mineral Wells, Texas\nfor $16.5 million in cash. The results of City National Bank are included in our consolidated financial statements\nbeginning July 1, 2001 and may to some extent affect the comparisons to the prior period amounts and 2002\noperating results which include a full year of City National Bank’s operations.\n####### **Critical Accounting Policies**\nThe preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements is based on the selection of certain\naccounting policies, based on generally accepted accounting principles and customary practices in the banking\nindustry.  These policies, in certain areas, require management to make significant estimates and assumptions.  The\nfollowing discussion addresses the Company’s allowance for loan loss and its provision for loan losses which is\ndeemed by management to be its most critical accounting policy.  We have other key accounting policies and\ncontinue to evaluate the materiality of their impact on our consolidated financial statements, but we believe that\nthese other policies either do not generally require us to make estimates and judgments that are difficult or\nsubjective, or it is less likely that they would have a material impact on our reported results for a given period.\nA policy is deemed critical if (i) the accounting estimate required the Company to make assumptions about\nmatters that are highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made; and (ii) different estimates that\nreasonably could have been used in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably\nlikely to occur from period to period, would have a material impact on the financial statements.\nThe allowance for loan losses is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb inherent\nestimated losses on existing loans in which collectibility is unlikely based upon management’s review and\nevaluation of the loan portfolio, including letters of credit, lines of credit and unused commitments to provide\nfinancing.  The allowance for loan losses is increased by charges to income and decreased by charge-offs (net of\nrecoveries).\nManagement’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on general economic conditions,\nthe financial condition of the borrower, the value and liquidity of collateral, delinquency, prior loan loss experience,",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\nannual report 2002\n2002 ANNUAL REPORT\n2 Corporate Profile\n3 Financial Highlights\n4 Letter to Shareholders\n6 Shareholder Values\n12 Selected Financial Data\n13 Trust Services\n14 Subsidiary Bank Reports\nFinancial Summaries\nSenior Officers and Directors\nMarket Share\n25 Form 10-K\nInside Back Cover Corporate Information\nAt First Financial Bankshares, we are not a complicated\ncompany. Our value is easy to calculate because our\nnumbers are easy to follow. The same holds true for\nour values. We believe in doing business the right\nway -  from our boardrooms to our mailrooms. Maybe\nit’s our West Texas roots, but we still appreciate the days\nwhen a handshake was binding. The relationships we\nhave developed with our customers bear this out.\nMore and more, in communities across Texas, we’re the\nbanks people turn to for financial services. The result\nhas been strong, consistent, above-sector perform-\nance for our shareholders. How do values drive value?\nLet us explain.\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc. is a financial holding company\nheadquartered in Abilene, Texas, with consolidated assets of $2.0 billion\nas of December 31, 2002. The corporation has 10 affiliate banks,\nwhich provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West\nand High Plains regions of Texas. The common stock of First Financial\nBankshares, Inc. is held by more than 3,500 shareholders and is listed\non The NASDAQ Stock Market <sup>®</sup> under the symbol FFIN.\n“Our 10 affiliate banks provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West and High Plains regions of Texas.”\n2\nIN THOUSANDS EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA 2002 2001 CHANGE\nFor the Year\nNet Income $ 33,953 $ 29,355 15.7%\nBasic Earnings per Share 2.75 2.38 15.5\nDividends Declared 16,680 14,365 16.1\nDividends per Share 1.35 1.16 16.4\nAverages for the Year\nAssets 1,907,999 1,811,130 5.3\nSecurities 748,654 676,391 10.7\nLoans 942,101 897,616 5.0\nDeposits 1,644,170 1,566,360 5.0\nShareholders’ Equity 224,355 204,517 9.7\nAt Year-End\nAssets 1,993,183 1,929,694 3.3\nSecurities 772,256 721,694 0.1\nLoans 964,040 940,131 2.5\nDeposits 1,711,562 1,685,163 1.6\nShareholders’ Equity 238,768 213,654 11.8\nBook Value per Share 19.31 17.32 11.5\nTrust Assets 986,224 958,952 2.8\nKey Ratios\nReturn on Average Assets 1.78% 1.62%\nReturn on Average Equity 15.13 14.35",
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+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the address of the San Angelo National Bank main office ?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "Main Office  301 W. Beauregard  San Angelo, Texas 76903  Chartered 1997 ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## San Angelo\n\nMain Office\n301 W. Beauregard San Angelo, Texas 76903 *Chartered 1997*\nBranch\n3471 Knickerbocker San Angelo, Texas 76904\nSenior Officers\nMichael L. Boyd\n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nDavid Byrd\n*Executive Vice President and Trust Officer*\nRobert Pate\n*Executive Vice President*\nKatherine Reeves\n*Executive Vice President and Cashier*\nDirectors\nDal DeWees\n*Chairman of the Board*\nGeorge Alexander\n*Partner, Alexander Construction Company*\nMichael L. Boyd\n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nW. Dan Cravy, M.D.\n*Physician*\nDavid B. Drake\n*Investment Advisor*\nF. Scott Dueser\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nDoug Eakman\n*Owner, Pecos Street Pharmacy*\nJoe Henderson\n*President, Porter Henderson Implement* *Company, Inc.*\nRobert D. Housley\n*President and Owner,* *Housley Communications*\nJim Johnson\n*Shannon, Porter, Johnson, Pfluger,* *Davis & Joynton, LLP*\nDavid F. Lupton\n*President, Angelo Glass & Mirror* *Company, Inc.*\nKenneth T. Murphy\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nBill Pfluger\n*Rancher*\nRichard W. Salmon\n*Investments*\nJohn E. Schwartz, Sr.\n*Farmer/Rancher*\nF.L. (Steve) Stephens\n*Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,* *Town & Country Food Stores, Inc.*\nAssets $303,124 $299,808\nLoans 115,450 110,685\nDeposits 251,931 257,212\nEquity 30,634 27,986\nNet Income 4,917 4,167\nTrust Assets 144,047 129,471\nReturn on Average Assets 1.70% 1.46%\nReturn on Average Equity 16.48 15.13\nIN THOUSANDS December 31, 2002 December 31, 2001\n###### San Angelo National Bank\n**24 <sup>%</sup>** Tom Green County Deposit Market Share\n19\nMichael L. Boyd\n*President and* *Chief Executive Officer*",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **Competition**\n\nadvertising, public relations, and computer services.\nWhile we have no specific acquisition agreements in place or commitments to expand our branch network, we\nperiodically evaluate various potential financial institution acquisition opportunities and also periodically evaluate\npotential locations for new branch offices.  We anticipate that funding for any acquisitions or expansions would be\nprovided from our existing cash balances, available dividends from subsidiary banks, utilization of available lines of\ncredit and future debt or equity offerings.\n####### **Services Offered by Our Subsidiary Banks**\nEach of our subsidiary banks is a separate legal entity that operates under the day-to-day management of its own\nboard of directors and officers.  Each of our subsidiary banks provides general commercial banking services, which\ninclude accepting and holding checking, savings and time deposits, making loans, automated teller machines, drive-\nin and night deposit services, safe deposit facilities, transmitting funds, and performing other customary commercial\nbanking services. Certain of our subsidiary banks also administer pension plans, profit sharing plans and other\nemployee benefit plans. First National Bank of Abilene, First National Bank, Sweetwater, Stephenville Bank and\nTrust Co. and San Angelo National Bank have active trust departments. The trust departments offer a complete\n3\nrange of services to individuals, associations, and corporations.  These services include administering estates,\ntestamentary trusts, various types of living trusts, and agency accounts. In addition, First National Bank of Abilene,\nFirst Financial Bank, Cleburne, San Angelo National Bank and First Financial Bank, National Association,\nSouthlake, Texas provide securities brokerage services through arrangements with various third parties.\nWe have filed an application with the office of the Comptroller of the Currency to form a limited purpose\nnational bank under which we will consolidate the management of our current trust departments.  The new entity\nwill operate as a subsidiary of our subsidiary holding company, First Financial Bankshares of Delaware, Inc.  We\nbelieve that with this structure we can more effectively manage our current trust operations and provide trust\nservices to customers of our banks that do not currently have trust departments.  We anticipate that the new trust\ncompany will begin operations in the latter part of 2003.\n####### **Competition**\nCommercial banking in Texas is highly competitive, and because we hold less than 1% of the state’s deposits,\nwe represent only a minor segment of the industry. To succeed in this industry, our management believes that our\nbanks must have the capability to compete in the areas of (1) interest rates paid or charged; (2) scope of services",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n#### “As with all businesses, it’s people that make the difference.” .\n\nBob Housley appreciates loyalty.\nHis company, Housley Communications, is a thriv-\ning business with a staff of 225 and contracting\nrelationships with over 700 firms. The company\nprovides engineering and implementation of\nadvanced telecommunications systems. “We pro-\nvide everything a company needs to go from zero\nto 100 percent.”\nSuccess hasn’t necessarily been easy. “We had\nsome difficult times when we were starting out in\nthe ’80s,” says Housley. “San Angelo National\nBank worked very diligently to help me get where\nI am today. They stuck with me and were always\nteam players.”\nHousley is a demanding customer -  a trait to\nwhich he credits much of his success. “I am very\ncustomer service-oriented. It’s how I built my busi-\nness. I appreciate that I can get that same type of\ndedication from San Angelo National Bank, and I\nsee it reflected throughout the First Financial\nBankshares organization.”\nHousley the shareholder is no less demanding, but\nhe’s had good reason to be pleased with his\nreturns from First Financial Bankshares. “First\nFinancial’s expansion strategy is excellent -  they\ndo their research and find banks with good oppor-\ntunity. Their operations are sound, and their growth\nis well-managed. I believe they are one of the\nbest mid-size banking organizations around.”\nBob Housley\nPresident Housley Communications San Angelo, Texas 9",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## Stephenville\n\nMain Office\n2201 W. South Loop Stephenville, Texas 76401 *Chartered 1923*\nBranches\n1875 Lingleville Road Stephenville, Texas 76401\n199 N. Columbia Stephenville, Texas 76401\nSenior Officers\nRon Butler\n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nPerry D. Elliott\n*Vice Chairman*\nKen Luker\n*Executive Vice President*\nMonty Bedwell\n*Senior Vice President*\nDereece Howell\n*Senior Vice President and Cashier*\nTerry McCoy\n*Senior Vice President*\nRobert Reeves\n*Senior Vice President*\nDirectors\nJames C. Terrell, Jr., M.D.\n*Chairman of the Board*\nPerry D. Elliott\n*Vice Chairman*\nRon Butler\n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nWilliam L. Corbin\n*Investments*\nF. Scott Dueser\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nCharles P. Gillespie, Jr.\n*Engineer*\nCurtis R. Harvey\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nWilliam H. Oxford\n*Attorney*\nBill Parham\n*Parham & Parham, CPAs*\nJerry Parham\n*Investments*\nJack Parks\n*Farmer*\nRonald E. Schneider\n*First Financial Bank, Cleburne*\nFrank Terrell, M.D.\n*Ophthalmologist*\nJohn Terrill\n*Attorney*\nAdvisory\nW.L. Nix\n*Investments*\nAssets $138,260 $130,186\nLoans 75,454 71,367\nDeposits 125,226 118,903\nEquity 12,755 10,954\nNet Income 2,313 2,151\nTrust Assets 36,578 40,859\nReturn on Average Assets 1.75% 1.79%\nReturn on Average Equity 19.06 19.88\nIN THOUSANDS December 31, 2002 December 31, 2001\n###### Stephenville Bank & Trust Co.\n**31 %** Erath County Deposit Market Share\n21\nRon Butler\n*President and Chief* *Executive Officer*",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **First Financial Bankshares, Inc.**\n\na series of reorganizations, mergers, and acquisitions since 1956, we now own, through our wholly-owned Delaware\nsubsidiary, First Financial Bankshares of Delaware, Inc., ten banks organized and located in Texas. These ten banks\nare:\n-  First National Bank of Abilene, Abilene, Texas;\n\n-  Hereford State Bank, Hereford, Texas;\n\n-  First National Bank, Sweetwater, Texas;\n2\n-  Eastland National Bank, Eastland, Texas;\n\n-  First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne, Texas;\n\n-  Stephenville Bank and Trust Co., Stephenville, Texas;\n\n-  San Angelo National Bank, San Angelo, Texas;\n\n-  Weatherford National Bank, Weatherford, Texas;\n\n-  First Financial Bank, National Association, Southlake, Texas; and\n\n-  City National Bank, Mineral Wells, Texas.\nAs described in more detail below, we elected to be treated as a financial holding company in September 2001.\nOur service centers are located primarily in North Central and West Texas. Considering the branches and\nlocations of all our subsidiary banks, as of December 31, 2002, we had 28 financial centers across Texas, with seven\nlocations in Abilene, two locations in Cleburne, two locations in Stephenville, two locations in San Angelo, three\nlocations in Weatherford, and one location each in Mineral Wells, Hereford, Sweetwater, Eastland, Southlake,\nAledo, Alvarado, Burleson, Keller, Trophy Club, Roby, and Trent.\nInformation on our revenues, profits and losses and total assets appears in the discussion of our Results of\nOperations contained in Item 7 hereof.\n####### **First Financial Bankshares, Inc.**\nWe provide management and technical resources and policy direction to our subsidiary banks, which enables\nthem to improve or expand their banking services while continuing their local activity and identity.  Each of our\nsubsidiary banks operates under the day-to-day management of its own board of directors and officers, with\nsubstantial authority in making decisions concerning their own investments, loan policies, interest rates, and service\ncharges. We provide resources and policy direction in, among other things, the following areas:\n-  asset and liability management;\n-  accounting, budgeting, planning and insurance;\n-  capitalization; and\n-  regulatory compliance.\nIn particular, we assist our subsidiary banks with, among other things, decisions concerning major capital\nexpenditures, employee fringe benefits, including pension plans and group insurance, dividend policies, and\nappointment of officers and directors and their compensation.  We also perform, through corporate staff groups or\nby outsourcing to third parties, internal audits and loan reviews of our subsidiary banks.  Through First National\nBank of Abilene, we provide advice and specialized services for our banks related to lending, investing, purchasing,",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nFor Capital Prompt Corrective\nActual                    Adequacy Purposes:          Action Provisions:\nAmount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount       Ratio\nAs of December 31, 2001:\n*Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):*\nConsolidated $195,422,000 18% ≥ $ 86,380,000 ≥ 8% N/A N/A\nFirst National Bank of Abilene $  65,676,000 17% ≥ $ 31,594,000 ≥ 8% ≥ $ 39,492,000 ≥ 10%\nSan Angelo National Bank $  27,945,000 20% ≥ $ 10,925,000 ≥ 8% ≥ $ 13,656,000 ≥ 10%\nWeatherford National Bank $  18,931,000 18% ≥ $   8,624,000 ≥ 8% ≥ $ 10,780,000 ≥ 10%\n*Tier I Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):*\nConsolidated $184,820,000 17% ≥ $ 43,190,000 ≥ 4% N/A N/A\nFirst National Bank of Abilene $  61,895,000 16% ≥ $ 15,797,000 ≥ 4% ≥ $ 23,695,000 ≥ 6%\nSan Angelo National Bank $  26,672,000 20% ≥ $   4,312,000 ≥ 4% ≥ $   8,194,000 ≥ 6%\nWeatherford National Bank $  18,019,000 17% ≥ $   5,462,000 ≥ 4% ≥ $   6,468,000 ≥ 6%\n*Tier I Capital (to Average Assets):*\nConsolidated $184,820,000 10% ≥ $ 56,060,000 ≥ 3% N/A N/A\nFirst National Bank of Abilene $  61,895,000 9% ≥ $ 19,728,000 ≥ 3% ≥ $ 32,880,000 ≥ 5%\nSan Angelo National Bank $  26,672,000 9% ≥ $   8,800,000 ≥ 3% ≥ $ 14,667,000 ≥ 5%\nWeatherford National Bank $  18,019,000 9% ≥ $   5,788,000 ≥ 3% ≥ $   9,647,000 ≥ 5%\n15. STOCK OPTION PLAN:\nThe Company has an incentive stock plan to provide for the granting of options to senior management of the\nCompany at prices not less than market at the date of grant.  At December 31, 2002, the Company had allocated\n740,690 shares of stock for issuance under the plan.  The plan provides that options granted are exercisable after two\nyears from date of grant at a rate of 20% each year cumulatively during the 10-year term of the option.  An analysis\nof stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2002, 2001, and 2000, is presented in the table and\nnarrative below:\n2002                                  2001                                2000\nWtd. Avg. Wtd. Avg. Wtd. Avg.\nShares Ex. Price Shares Ex. Price Shares Ex. Price\nOutstanding, beginning of year 150,057 $21.60 174,959 $20.51 137,354 $20.18\nGranted 2,000 30.50 3,700 29.82 60,597 20.80\nExercised (30,949) 18.52 (24,480) 14.57 (10,809) 14.98\nCanceled (6,828) 23.48 (4,122) 24.95 (12,183) 24.02\nOutstanding, end of year 114,280 $22.47 150,057 $21.60 174,959 $20.51\nExercisable at end of year 57,825 $21.15 66,210 $18.94 70,872 $16.37",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\ndefined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier I capital (as defined), to average assets\n(as defined).  Management believes as of December 31, 2002 and 2001, that Bankshares and each of its subsidiaries\nmeet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.\nAs of December 31, 2002 and 2001, the most recent notification from each respective subsidiaries’ primary\nregulator categorized each of Bankshares’ subsidiaries as well-capitalized under the regulatory framework for\nprompt corrective action.  To be categorized as well capitalized, the subsidiaries must maintain minimum total\nrisk-based, Tier I risk-based, and Tier I leverage ratios as set forth in the table.\nThere are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institutions’\ncategories.  Bankshares’ and its significant subsidiaries’ actual capital amounts and ratios are presented in the table\nbelow:\nTo Be Well\nCapitalized Under\nFor Capital Prompt Corrective\nActual                    Adequacy Purposes:          Action Provisions:\nAmount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount       Ratio\nAs of December 31, 2002:\n*Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):*\nConsolidated $213,725,000 20% ≥ $ 87,579,000 ≥ 8% N/A N/A\nFirst National Bank of Abilene $  68,874,000 17% ≥ $ 32,153,000 ≥ 8% ≥ $ 40,191,000 ≥ 10%\nSan Angelo National Bank $  16,039,000 12% ≥ $ 10,816,000 ≥ 8% ≥ $ 13,520,000 ≥ 10%\nWeatherford National Bank $  19,758,000 18% ≥ $   8,802,000 ≥ 8% ≥ $ 11,002,000 ≥ 10%\n*Tier I Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):*\nConsolidated $202,507,000 18% ≥ $ 43,790,000 ≥ 4% N/A N/A\nFirst National Bank of Abilene $  64,971,000 16% ≥ $ 16,077,000 ≥ 4% ≥ $ 24,115,000 ≥ 6%\nSan Angelo National Bank $  14,703,000 11% ≥ $   5,408,000 ≥ 4% ≥ $   8,112,000 ≥ 6%\nWeatherford National Bank $  18,757,000 17% ≥ $   4,401,000 ≥ 4% ≥ $   6,601,000 ≥ 6%\n*Tier I Capital (to Average Assets):*\nConsolidated $202,507,000 11% ≥ $ 57,856,000 ≥ 3% N/A N/A\nFirst National Bank of Abilene $  64,971,000 9% ≥ $ 20,626,000 ≥ 3% ≥ $ 34,377,000 ≥ 5%\nSan Angelo National Bank $  14,703,000 5% ≥ $   8,410,000 ≥ 3% ≥ $ 14,016,000 ≥ 5%\nWeatherford National Bank $  18,757,000 10% ≥ $   5,884,000 ≥ 3% ≥ $   9,807,000 ≥ 5%\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-25\nTo Be Well\nCapitalized Under",
+                    "page_start": 87,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## Cleburne\n\nMain Office\n403 N. Main Cleburne, Texas 76033 *Chartered 1927*\nBranches\n200 N. Ridgeway Cleburne, Texas 76033\n1900 S.W. Wilshire Burleson, Texas 76028\n201 E. Highway 67 Alvarado, Texas 76009\nSenior Officers\nRonald E. Schneider\n*Chairman of the Board, President and* *Chief Executive Officer*\nPerry Ginn\n*Executive Vice President*\nHomer S. Pittman, Jr.\n*Senior Vice President and Cashier*\nCraig Beskow\n*Senior Vice President*\nDerek Schmidt\n*Senior Vice President*\nDirectors\nRonald E. Schneider\n*Chairman of the Board, President and* *Chief Executive Officer*\nAlbert A. Archer\n*Chairman of the Board, Walls Industries, Inc.*\nGary Bennett\n*Bennett Printing & Office Supply*\nRobert T. Childress\n*Investments*\nF. Scott Dueser\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nJim Easdon\n*Investments*\nCurtis R. Harvey\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nHollis E. (Gene) Joslin\n*Investments*\nBrent D. Magers\n*Chief Executive Officer and Administrator,* *Walls Regional Hospital*\nGeorge Marti\n*Marti Enterprises*\nAssets $205,591 $209,159\nLoans 106,755 108,607\nDeposits 182,715 189,597\nEquity 20,364 18,040\nNet Income 3,451 3,120\nReturn on Average Assets 1.72% 1.62%\nReturn on Average Equity 17.66 17.08\nIN THOUSANDS December 31, 2002 December 31, 2001\n###### First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne\n**22 %** Johnson County Deposit Market Share\n15\nRonald E. Schneider\n*Chairman of the Board, President and* *Chief Executive Officer*\n###### Eastland National Bank\nOffice\n201 E. Main Eastland, Texas 76448 *Chartered 1934*\nSenior Officers\nTommy J. Barrow\n*Chairman of the Board, President and* *Chief Executive Officer*\nClint S. Ferguson\n*Executive Vice President*\nJim Davidson\n*Senior Vice President and Cashier*\nDirectors\nTommy J. Barrow\n*Chairman of the Board, President and* *Chief Executive Officer*\nF. Scott Dueser\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nClint S. Ferguson\n*Executive Vice President*\nCurtis R. Harvey\n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nJim Keffer\n*President, EBAA Iron Sales, Inc.*\nMike T. Perry\n*President, Kinnaird, Rossander & Perry* *Agency, Inc.*\nDale Squiers, R.Ph.\n*Owner, Eastland Drug Company*\nTommy Warford\n*Turner, Seaberry and Warford, Attorneys*\nM.D. White, Jr.\n*President and Owner, Ace Hardware Store* *Eastland/Cisco*\nAssets $59,090 $57,412\nLoans 31,931 29,904\nDeposits 50,109 51,577\nEquity 6,113 5,737\nNet Income 1,016 894\nReturn on Average Assets 1.70% 1.58%\nReturn on Average Equity 16.90 15.91\nIN THOUSANDS December 31, 2002 December 31, 2001\n**28 %** Eastland County Deposit Market Share",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **Dividends**\n\nThese documents are posted to our web site as soon as reasonably practicable after we have filed them with the SEC.\n####### **ITEM 2. PROPERTIES**\nOur principal office is located in the First National Bank Building at 400 Pine Street in downtown Abilene,\nTexas. We lease two spaces in a building owned by First National Bank of Abilene. The lease for approximately\n2,300 square feet of space expires December 31, 2004. The lease for approximately 1,100 square feet of space\nexpires May 31, 2006. Our subsidiary banks collectively own 22 banking facilities, some of which are detached\ndrive-ins, and they also lease six banking facilities.  Our management considers all of our existing locations to be\nwell-suited for conducting the business of banking.  We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our\nrequirements and our subsidiary banks’ requirements for the foreseeable future.\n####### **ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS**\nFrom time to time we and our subsidiary banks are parties to lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of our\nbanking business. However, there are no material pending legal proceedings to which we, our subsidiary banks or\nour other direct and indirect subsidiaries, or any of their properties, are currently subject.  Other than regular, routine\nexaminations by state and federal banking authorities, there are no proceedings pending or known to be\ncontemplated by any governmental authorities.\n####### **ITEM 4.         SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS**\nNo matters were submitted to a vote of our security holders during the fourth quarter of our fiscal year ended\nDecember 31, 2002.\n12\n####### **PART II**\n####### **ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER**\n####### **MATTERS**\n####### **Market Information**\nOur common stock, par value $10.00 per share, is traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the trading symbol\nFFIN. See “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Quarterly Financial Data” for the high, low\nand closing sales prices as reported by the Nasdaq Stock Market for our common stock for the periods indicated.\n####### **Holders**\nAs of February 13, 2003, we had 1,604 shareholders of record.\n####### **Dividends**\nSee “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Quarterly Results of Operations” for the\nfrequency and amount of cash dividends paid by us. Also, see “Item 1 -  Business -  Supervision and Regulation -\nPayment of Dividends” and “Item 7 -  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of the Financial Condition and\nResults of Operations -  Liquidity -  Dividends” for restrictions on our present or future ability to pay dividends,",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n### Net gain on securities transactions 16,373 67,789 530,097\n\nCommon stock transactions:\nAcquisition of treasury stock - (315,050) (3,925,069)\nProceeds of stock issuances 573,116 356,670 161,919\nDividends paid (16,052,983) (13,921,211) (12,543,863)\nNet cash provided by (used in) financing activities 17,781,678 62,566,993 (4,611,134)\nNET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (6,688,569) 22,594,502 (25,439,346)\nCASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of year 185,125,214     162,530,712 187,970,058\nCASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of year $ 178,436,645 $ 185,125,214 $ 162,530,712\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.\nF-8\n2002 2001\nFIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000\nF-9\n1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:\nNature of Operations\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc. (a Texas corporation) (“Bankshares”) is a financial holding company which owns\n(through its wholly-owned Delaware subsidiary) all of the capital stock of ten banks located in Texas as of\nDecember 31, 2002.  Those subsidiary banks are First National Bank of Abilene; Hereford State Bank; First\nNational Bank, Sweetwater; Eastland National Bank; First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne;\nStephenville Bank & Trust Co.; San Angelo National Bank; Weatherford National Bank; First Financial Bank,\nNational Association, Southlake and City National Bank, Mineral Wells.  Each subsidiary bank’s primary source of\nrevenue is providing loans and banking services to consumers and commercial customers in the market area in\nwhich the subsidiary is located.\nA summary of significant accounting policies of Bankshares and subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) applied\nin the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows.  The accounting principles\nfollowed by the Company and the methods of applying them are in conformity with both accounting principles\ngenerally accepted in the United States of America and prevailing practices of the banking industry.\nUse of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United\nStates of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of\nassets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and\nreported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.  Actual results could differ from those\nestimates.  Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the\ndetermination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuations of foreclosed real estate, deferred income tax assets,",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 72,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news3.pdf",
+                "query": "What kind of scholarship programs are available to start a financial career?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Some are offered directly through colleges and universities that have financial planning degree and  certificate programs. Others are available through nonprofits and organizations like the CFP Board Center for  Financial Planning",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\n## 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\n[(NewsUSA)](https://www.newsusa.com/) - Finding a rewarding career that offers growth potential, work-life balance and the satisfaction of\nhelping others is a key priority for many job seekers. With those goals in mind, a career in financial planning should\nbe a top contender, whether you are just starting out or looking to make a career change.     But once you have\ndecided that financial planning is the field for you, how do you get started? Here are three resources that can help\nyou launch a successful financial planning career.\n1. [Guide to Careers in Financial Planning](https://www.cfp.net/knowledge/reports-and-statistics/guide-to-careers-in-financial-planning) . Based on interviews with leading financial services firms, this guide\nintroduces you to the wide range of career opportunities in the financial planning profession. It identifies typical entry\npoints and career tracks, explores the types of companies that hire financial planners and provides information on\nhow to find financial planning career opportunities. It also includes resources such as a list of recommended\nquestions to ask in a job interview.\n2. Scholarship Programs. Dozens of scholarship programs are available to support you on your professional\njourney. Some are offered directly through colleges and universities that have financial planning degree and\ncertificate programs. Others are available through nonprofits and organizations like the CFP Board Center for\nFinancial Planning, which administers [16 scholarship programs](https://www.cfp.net/get-certified/tools-and-resources/apply-for-a-scholarship) that help pay for the education and exam\nrequirements to become a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNERTM professional. Financial services firms may offer\nscholarships or tuition reimbursements to employees to cover the costs of obtaining professional designations and\ncredentials such as CFP® certification --  some of which may be required to advance within the company.\n3. Career Fairs. In-person and virtual career fairs provide valuable opportunities to connect with prospective\nemployers. CFP Board’s spring and fall career fairs are some of the most popular hiring events in the profession,\nwith dozens of firms participating in these online exhibitions. Job seekers can visit employers’ virtual exhibit booths\nand view open jobs and internships, apply for open positions and interact with employers through one-on-one video\nmeetings and messaging. You can also visit the [CFP Board Career Center](https://careers.cfp.net/) to browse current job and internship\nopportunities in financial planning, as well as a collection of articles providing career guidance.\nOther top resources include career offices at your college or university, financial services companies’ career",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\n## 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\nwebsites and professional organizations that may have a local chapter near you.\nMaking the most of these resources will not only help you find a financial planning job, but also support your growth\n[and development as a future financial planning professional. To learn more about CFP® certification, visit the ](https://www.cfp.net/why-cfp-certification/the-standard-of-excellence) CFP\nBoard website .\nArticle Link\n[https://about.newsusa.com/3-great-resources-to-kick-start-your-financial-planni...](https://about.newsusa.com/3-great-resources-to-kick-start-your-financial-planning-career)\n[MONEY](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/19)\n11/23/2022\nRELATED ARTICLES\n\n[Flexibility is Key to a Thriving](https://about.newsusa.com/flexibility-is-key-to-a-thriving-retirement)\nRetirement\nJun 26, 2023\nHow Financial Planners Can\n[Advance Equality](https://about.newsusa.com/how-financial-planners-can-advance-equality)\nFeb 23, 2023\nSpending and Saving\n[Strategies for 2023](https://about.newsusa.com/spending-and-saving-strategies-for-2023)\nJan 12, 2023\n[Planning for Winter Expenses](https://about.newsusa.com/planning-for-winter-expenses-pays-off)\nPays Off\nDec 07, 2022\n4 Tax-Smart Strategies for Your\n[Charitable 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+                },
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+                    "text": "# 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\n[Log in](https://about.newsusa.com/user/login)\n[Home](https://about.newsusa.com/) / [Money](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/19) / 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
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+                    "text": "# 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\n## *06*\n[Arts and Entertainment](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/78) [Food & Drink](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/79) [Real_Estate](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/80) [Veterans](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/81) [Outdoors](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/82)\n[Real Estate](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/83) [Human Interest](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/84) [Money & Finance](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/85) [Fashion & Beauty](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/86)\n[Money and Finance](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/87) [Books & Entertainment](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/88) [Books](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/89) [Arts & Entertainment  ](https://about.newsusa.com/taxonomy/term/90)\n[NEWSUSA](https://www.newsusa.com/)\n[Contact Us](https://about.newsusa.com/form/custom-contact-form) [Work From Home](https://about.newsusa.com/work-from-home) [Privacy Policy](https://www.newsusa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Privacy-Policy-November-2020.pdf) [Terms of Use](https://www.newsusa.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Terms_of_Use.pdf)\n© Copyright [NewsUSA](http://themeforest.net/user/gavias) 2025. All Rights Reserved.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "news3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n## **2023 Financial Health**\n\n#### **Income**\n**Foundations**  $4,402,663\n**Corporate Sponsors**  $413,349\n**Major Donors**  $103,215\n**Small Dollar Donors**  $144,217\n**Program Income**  $169,980\n**Consulting**  $173,939\n**In-Kind**  $30,358\n**Other**  $38,792\n**Total:**  $5,496,708",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\nto focus on the importance of value and values.\nThank you for your investment in and support for First\nFinancial Bankshares.\nF. Scott Dueser\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\n5\nGeorge Marti\nFounder Marti Enterprises Cleburne, Texas 6\nFirst Financial Bankshares customers and shareholders also know a thing or two about Value and Values -  and we learn from them every day. We’re proud to share in their success. Here are just a few of their stories.\nGeorge Marti believes in doing things. Good things.\nBorn to humble roots on his parents’ farm in 1920, Marti has accomplished much, including found-\ning three radio stations (and investing in 10 more) and developing a remote pickup device that\nbecame standard equipment in 80 percent of all radio stations worldwide. He still has part own-\nership of KCLE in Cleburne, Texas (the town where he was once mayor for 12 years).\nMarti’s dedication to his hometown is part of the reason why he bought Cleburne State Bank in\n1992. His business skills (and success in the broadcasting industry) gave him the resources to\nturn the bank into yet another winning venture. Five years later, he sold it to First Financial, which\nmerged it with their existing First Financial Bank, Cleburne.\nThe proceeds from the sale helped Marti complete the funding for his proudest achievement: the\nMarti Foundation, which he created in the 1970s to help send students from Johnson County to\ncollege. “We help over 100 students a year ... most are the first from their family ever to attend\ncollege,” says Marti. “I know what education did for me, so it’s a great thing to help these young\npeople.” Marti says that when he dies, the Foundation will live on, $20 million strong.\nMarti still serves on the board of First Financial Bank, Cleburne. “First Financial’s merger of the\nbanks was positive for the community. They have a good customer base. They are friendly, help-\nful and creative. They are growing, and the branches in Alvarado and Burleson are both doing well.\nThose are all good things.”",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### FINANCE\n\nentry system portal. Although the open-entry system has a\nlonger history, the self-career system began in early fiscal\n2005 in Japan. We plan to expand both these programs on\na global basis.\n“Once perceived as bureaucratic and slow to change,\nHuman Resources changed dramatically during the\nNISSAN 180 period. Now, in fact, people occasionally\nsay that we’re changing too rapidly. That may be true,\nbut a positive dynamism is emerging as a result, and\nNissan is stronger because of it.\nThe impetus for many of the modifications comes\nfrom top management. Mr. Ghosn, for one, takes a\ndirect and abiding interest in this area of operations.\nThere is also a cross-functional team dedicated to\norganizational issues that recommends changes to\nHR policy. And because half the people on our HR\nstaff come from other companies, many suggestions\nare coming from within as well. The latter is very\nunusual for a major Japanese company such as\nNissan, and is a direct result of a new policy we call\nMid-Career Scouting, which actively seeks talent\nfrom outside Nissan. All of these activities are\nindicative of the dynamism that is creating such\ndiversity at the Company.\nThere is no doubt that diversity is a key theme in our HR\nevolution. We are currently focusing on three areas in\nparticular: women in the workforce, Mid-Career Scouting,\nand embracing other cultures. We are working to provide\nmore opportunities for our female employees (please see\nthe Diversity feature on p. 57). Renault, which has a number\nof female executives—including many with families—has\nserved as a great example for us. Unfortunately, that kind\nof work-home balance is still rare for women both inside\nand outside the executive ranks in Japan.\nThe second area mentioned, Mid-Career Scouting, is\nstill an uncommon practice at Japanese companies. We\nhave found great value, though, in the insights people who\nhave experience in other corporate cultures bring to\nNissan, and we are able to learn to take advantage of\nthose insights.\nThe third area, embracing other cultures, became a\nmore pressing consideration after the Alliance. Suddenly\n**Dynamism and Diversity**\nHITOSHI KAWAGUCHI\nSenior Vice President\nO U R  W O R K",
+                    "page_start": 57,
+                    "page_end": 57,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## j. Non-derivative financial assets\n\nClassification and recognition\nThe Group classifies its investments and other\nfinancial assets in the following categories:\nfinancial assets at fair value through profit or\nloss, loans and receivables and available-for-sale\nfinancial assets. The classification depends on\nthe purpose for which the investments were\nacquired. The Group determines the classifica-\ntion of its investments at initial recognition and,\nin the case of assets classified as held-to-matu-\nrity, re-evaluates this designation at each\nreporting date.\nThe Group initially recognises loans and receiva-\nbles and deposits on the date that they are\noriginated. All other financial assets (including\nassets designated at fair value through profit or\nloss) are recognised initially on the trade date at\nNotes to the Financial Statements\n**71**\nNotes to the Financial Statements\ncontinued\nwhich the Group becomes a party to the\ncontractual provisions of the instrument.\nThe Group derecognises a financial asset when\nthe contractual rights to the cash flows from the\nasset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive\nthe contractual cash flows on the financial asset\nin a transaction in which substantially all the\nrisks and rewards of ownership of the financial\nassets are transferred.\nFinancial assets and liabilities are offset and the\nnet amount presented in the statement of\nfinancial position when, and only when, the\nGroup has a legal right to offset the amounts\nand intends either to settle on a net basis or to\nrealise the asset and settle the liability\nsimultaneously.\n(i) \u0007Financial assets at fair value through\nprofit or loss\nFinancial assets at fair value through profit or loss\nare financial assets held for trading if acquired\nprincipally for the purpose of selling in the short\nterm. Derivatives are also categorised as held for\ntrading unless they are designated as hedges.\nAttributable transaction costs are recognised in\nthe profit or loss when incurred. Assets in this\ncategory are classified as current assets if they\nare expected to be settled within 12 months,\notherwise they are classified as non-current.\n(ii) Loans and receivables\nLoans and receivables are non-derivative finan-\ncial assets with fixed or determinable payments\nthat are not quoted in an active market. They\nare included in current assets, except for those\nwith maturities greater than 12 months after\nthe reporting date which are classified as non-",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 72,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **Credit Capacity and Commitments**\n\nmeasure calculated under GAAP which is most directly comparable to Free Cash Flow is net cash provided by operating activities. The\nfollowing is a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to Free Cash Flow:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013**\nNet cash provided by operating activities  **$1,220**  $1,320\nLess: capital expenditures  **(861)**  (803)\nLess: cash dividends paid  **(251)**  (234)\nLess: change in credit card receivables originated at third parties  **(8)**  (6)\n(Less) Add: change in cash book overdrafts  **(4)**  47\n**Free Cash Flow $96**  $324\nNet cash used in investing activities  **($889)**  ($822)\nNet cash used in financing activities  **($698)**  ($589)\n####### **Credit Capacity and Commitments**\nAs of January 31, 2015, we had total short-term borrowing capacity available for general corporate purposes of $800, which is our five-year\n$800 senior unsecured revolving credit facility (“revolver”) that expires in March 2018. Under the terms of our revolver, we pay a variable rate\nof interest and a commitment fee based on our debt rating. The revolver is available for working capital, capital expenditures and general\ncorporate purposes and backs our commercial paper program. We have the option to increase the revolving commitment by up to $200, to a\ntotal of $1,000, provided that we obtain written consent from the lenders.\nOur $800 commercial paper program allows us to use the proceeds to fund operating cash requirements. Under the terms of the commercial\npaper agreement, we pay a rate of interest based on, among other factors, the maturity of the issuance and market conditions. The issuance\nof commercial paper has the effect, while it is outstanding, of reducing borrowing capacity under our revolver by an amount equal to the\nprincipal amount of commercial paper.\nDuring 2014 and 2013, we had no issuances under our commercial paper program and no borrowings under our revolver.\nIn November 2013, our wholly owned subsidiary in Puerto Rico entered into a $52 unsecured borrowing facility that expires in November\n2018 to support our expansion into that market. As of January 31, 2015, we had $37 outstanding on this facility.\n30\nWe have a registration statement on file with the SEC using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may offer\nand sell, from time to time, any combination of the securities described in a prospectus to the registration statement, including registered\ndebt, provided we maintain Well-known Seasoned Issuer (“WKSI”) status.\nWe maintain trade and standby letters of credit to facilitate international payments. As of January 31, 2015, we have $8 available under a",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### CHESAPEAKE’S COMMITMENT TO BEING A GOOD NEIGHBOR  »\n\n##### INVESTING IN OUR COMMUNITIES »\n\nschool located in Oklahoma City for juniors and seniors with exceptional\nabilities. The extremely competitive school is helping train the next gen-\neration of scientists and mathematicians.\nWe also established the Chesapeake Energy Presidential Scholars Pro­\ngram at the Oklahoma City University Meinders School of Business, making\na $5.0 million commitment to be distributed over the next five years. The\nChesapeake Scholars Program will provide up to $25,000 per year in tuition\nto selected students pursuing careers in finance, economics, accounting,\nmarketing, business administration, computer science and information\ntechnology. In addition, scholars will take part in a Chesapeake Presiden­\ntial Leadership Course facilitated by faculty members in coordination with\ndesignated Chesapeake leadership coaches, including a Chesapeake senior\nvice president and OCU alumni.\nIn 2007 Chesapeake launched a scholarship program in Texas with an\ninitial $1.25 million contribution, challenging the cities of Fort Worth and Dal­\nlas to match its gift within a year. The cities responded and matched the gift,\nso Chesapeake in 2008 added another $1.25 million to the fund, bringing the\ntotal to $3.75 million. The Chesapeake Scholarship Fund currently funds the\ncost of higher education for 48 minority students. The fund provides each\nstudent $20,000 a year for up to four years at the school of their choice. To\ndate more than $1.0 million has been distributed to deserving local students.\nTo help ensure the training of qualified geologists, engineers, land­\nmen and energy lawyers in the next generation, we award scholarships\nto students pursuing energy-related degrees. We also help mentor them\nthrough Chesapeake’s Peak Program. Junior- and senior-level scholarship\nrecipients are paired with Chesapeake employee mentors who help devel­\nop students’ knowledge and provide career advice. There are currently 25\nmentors and 40 scholarship recipients participating in the Peak Program.\nOur recruiting team also initiated a strategic military recruitment\neffort during the past two years to hire former military personnel to\nwork in a variety of leadership and crew positions. This effort earned\nChesapeake an honor from G.I. JOBS magazine when we were named a\n2011 Top 100 Military-Friendly Employer. Chesapeake currently employs\n37 men and women who formerly served as junior military officers and\nmore than 100 former servicemen and servicewomen who joined the\ncompany through a program called Troops 2 Roughnecks.\nIn addition to our specific scholarship programs, one-time educational\ndonations and recruitment efforts, in 2010 we gave more than $1.8 million",
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+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news3.pdf",
+                "query": "what are career fairs for?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": " In-person and virtual career fairs provide valuable opportunities to connect with prospective  employers.",
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+                    "text": "# 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\n## 3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial Planning Career\n\n[(NewsUSA)](https://www.newsusa.com/) - Finding a rewarding career that offers growth potential, work-life balance and the satisfaction of\nhelping others is a key priority for many job seekers. With those goals in mind, a career in financial planning should\nbe a top contender, whether you are just starting out or looking to make a career change.     But once you have\ndecided that financial planning is the field for you, how do you get started? Here are three resources that can help\nyou launch a successful financial planning career.\n1. [Guide to Careers in Financial Planning](https://www.cfp.net/knowledge/reports-and-statistics/guide-to-careers-in-financial-planning) . Based on interviews with leading financial services firms, this guide\nintroduces you to the wide range of career opportunities in the financial planning profession. It identifies typical entry\npoints and career tracks, explores the types of companies that hire financial planners and provides information on\nhow to find financial planning career opportunities. It also includes resources such as a list of recommended\nquestions to ask in a job interview.\n2. Scholarship Programs. Dozens of scholarship programs are available to support you on your professional\njourney. Some are offered directly through colleges and universities that have financial planning degree and\ncertificate programs. Others are available through nonprofits and organizations like the CFP Board Center for\nFinancial Planning, which administers [16 scholarship programs](https://www.cfp.net/get-certified/tools-and-resources/apply-for-a-scholarship) that help pay for the education and exam\nrequirements to become a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNERTM professional. Financial services firms may offer\nscholarships or tuition reimbursements to employees to cover the costs of obtaining professional designations and\ncredentials such as CFP® certification --  some of which may be required to advance within the company.\n3. Career Fairs. In-person and virtual career fairs provide valuable opportunities to connect with prospective\nemployers. CFP Board’s spring and fall career fairs are some of the most popular hiring events in the profession,\nwith dozens of firms participating in these online exhibitions. Job seekers can visit employers’ virtual exhibit booths\nand view open jobs and internships, apply for open positions and interact with employers through one-on-one video\nmeetings and messaging. You can also visit the [CFP Board Career Center](https://careers.cfp.net/) to browse current job and internship\nopportunities in financial planning, as well as a collection of articles providing career guidance.\nOther top resources include career offices at your college or university, financial services companies’ career",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 12:\n\nyou have been given during your time with the organisation.\nExample:\n“I would like to thank you for the wonderful opportunities you have given\nme, both to develop my skills, and to work with such knowledgeable and\ninspiring people.”\n5.\nAn offer to help with the transition.\nOnly include this if you are sincere, and don’t make any promises\nthat you won’t be able to keep. You could, for example, assure your\nemployer that you will finish your current projects or hand them over to\na colleague. You could also offer to train the person who will be replacing\nyou.\nExample:\n“During the next two weeks, I will do everything I can to ensure a\nsmooth transition for the company. If required, I am more than willing to\nassist with the hiring and training of the new Assistant  IT Manager.”\n6.\nA suitable closing.\nIt is important to use a closing that is appropriate in the circumstances.\nIf you have a good relationship with your  employer, you may want to\nwish him/her well for the future, and provide contact details that he/she\ncan use to get in touch with you once you have left the organisation. You\ncan then end your letter with a greeting such as “Kind regards,” followed\nby your signature.\nRemember that your resignation letter will be kept on file, as it forms\npart of your employment record. It is always best to keep it profession­\nal, as you may need a reference from your employer later on in your\ncareer.\nIt is also not worth burning bridges, and damaging potentially valuable\nrelationships, just to have your say about the organisation and your\nfeelings toward it.\n\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES:\nClick on the following links for more tips on how to write a resignation\nletter, as well as to  find  useful  templates  for  different types of resig­\nnation letters:\n- jobsearch.about.com\n- www.totaljobs.com\n- www.careerfaqs.com.au\n- www.sample-resignation-letters.com\n###### CHAPTER 12:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK SENDING E-MAILS TO YOUR COLLEAGUES\nIn today’s working environment, it  is  almost  guaranteed  that\nyou will be required to communicate with colleagues via e-mail\non a regular basis. And due to the large number of e-mails we\nnow send and receive each day,  proper  e-mail  etiquette  is\nmore important than ever.\nHERE ARE A FEW GUIDELINES TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN SENDING E-MAILS TO YOUR COLLEAGUES:",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### FINANCE\n\nentry system portal. Although the open-entry system has a\nlonger history, the self-career system began in early fiscal\n2005 in Japan. We plan to expand both these programs on\na global basis.\n“Once perceived as bureaucratic and slow to change,\nHuman Resources changed dramatically during the\nNISSAN 180 period. Now, in fact, people occasionally\nsay that we’re changing too rapidly. That may be true,\nbut a positive dynamism is emerging as a result, and\nNissan is stronger because of it.\nThe impetus for many of the modifications comes\nfrom top management. Mr. Ghosn, for one, takes a\ndirect and abiding interest in this area of operations.\nThere is also a cross-functional team dedicated to\norganizational issues that recommends changes to\nHR policy. And because half the people on our HR\nstaff come from other companies, many suggestions\nare coming from within as well. The latter is very\nunusual for a major Japanese company such as\nNissan, and is a direct result of a new policy we call\nMid-Career Scouting, which actively seeks talent\nfrom outside Nissan. All of these activities are\nindicative of the dynamism that is creating such\ndiversity at the Company.\nThere is no doubt that diversity is a key theme in our HR\nevolution. We are currently focusing on three areas in\nparticular: women in the workforce, Mid-Career Scouting,\nand embracing other cultures. We are working to provide\nmore opportunities for our female employees (please see\nthe Diversity feature on p. 57). Renault, which has a number\nof female executives—including many with families—has\nserved as a great example for us. Unfortunately, that kind\nof work-home balance is still rare for women both inside\nand outside the executive ranks in Japan.\nThe second area mentioned, Mid-Career Scouting, is\nstill an uncommon practice at Japanese companies. We\nhave found great value, though, in the insights people who\nhave experience in other corporate cultures bring to\nNissan, and we are able to learn to take advantage of\nthose insights.\nThe third area, embracing other cultures, became a\nmore pressing consideration after the Alliance. Suddenly\n**Dynamism and Diversity**\nHITOSHI KAWAGUCHI\nSenior Vice President\nO U R  W O R K",
+                    "page_start": 57,
+                    "page_end": 57,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 10:\n\naddress below that, on the left.\n- If you are sending your cover letter via e-mail: write the letter in the\nbody of the e-mail, and start with the salutation  (instead of your ad­\ndress).\n- If you are responding to a job advertisement via e-mail, use the sub­\nject line provided in the advertisement. If no subject line was provid­\ned, use a relevant subject line that refers to the position being ad­\nvertised. E.g. “Application for Project Management Assistant position\n(ref. no. 4231)”.\n\nSalutation\nIf you know the name of the person to whom you are writing:\n- Start your letter by addressing the recipient by name: e.g.\n“Dear Mr John Smith/Dear Ms Joanne Smith”\nIf you don’t know the name of the person to whom you are  writing\n(and only if you have no way of establishing the recipient’s name):\n- Start your letter by addressing the recipient in one of the following\nways:  “Dear Hiring Manager” or “Dear Sir/Madam”\nIn an e-mail, you can also leave out the salutation entirely (and replace\nit with a subject line) if you don’t know the name of the intended recip­\nient, and you feel uncomfortable using an impersonal salutation such as\n“Dear Sir/Madam”.\n\nFirst Paragraph\nIntroduce yourself, and explain why you are writing the letter.\nIf you are responding to a job advertisement, state which advertisement\nyou are responding to, and indicate where you found it.\nFor example:\n“I would like to apply for the position of Graphic Designer, as advertised\nin the Career Times on 1 March 2015.”\nIf possible, mention a mutual contact or acquaintance.\nFor example:\n“Samantha Stevens mentioned that you are looking for an experienced\nGraphic Designer with a keen interest in the fashion industry.”\n\nSecond Paragraph\nMention your qualifications, skills and experience, and relate them to the\nneeds of the company. Give relevant examples of how you have used\nyour skills in the past to perform similar tasks and responsibilities to\nthose set out in the job description.\nThird Paragraph\nExplain why you want to work for this organisation in particular. Where\nrelevant, explain any gaps in your CV. If you don’t have the required\nacademic qualifications, for example, you can explain  how your practical\nwork experience makes up for it.\nFourth paragraph\nMention any documents or attachments that you have included with your",
+                    "page_start": 45,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 10:\n\nenough time to look up all the answers.\nMake sure that you know your work, and that you know where to look\nfor key information. These types of exams are more focused on testing\nyour understanding than on testing your knowledge, which means that\nyou need to have a thorough grasp of the work.\n13. If you have to answer multiple-choice questions, make sure that you read the  questions very carefully.\nTry to think of the correct answer before you read through the options, as you are less likely to become confused. When in  doubt, go with your first instinct. If there is more than one correct answer, go with the an­ swer that appears to be most correct.\n14. If you start running out of time towards the end of the exam, write short notes as answers to each of the remaining questions, instead of trying to answer each question perfectly.\nThis way, you should still earn some marks for writing down the most important points.\n15. If you have time left at the end of the exam, go back and read through your answers to make sure that you are happy with them.\ntips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips\n###### CHAPTER 10:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK HOW TO WRITE A COVER LETTER\nIf you’ve ever applied for a job, you’ll know that writing\nthe cover letter is the most difficult part of almost any job\napplication. Your cover letter creates the first impression, and\noften determines whether an employer will even look at your CV.\nYou need to use this opportunity to introduce yourself and your\nskills, and to set yourself apart from all the other candidates.\nYou can also use this opportunity to explain any gaps in your CV,\nand to motivate why you are the right person for the job.\n\ntips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips\nLET’S HAVE A LOOK AT: THE FORMAT OF YOUR COVER LETTER:\n- Your cover letter should be clear and concise. Keep it short   -\n- ideally, your letter should fit onto one side of an A4 page.\n- Use a standard font, such as Arial or Times New Roman, to type your\ne-mail.\n- If you are sending a hard copy of your cover letter: use the standard\nletter format, with your address at the top right, and the recipient’s",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n#### **Meeting controls**\nWhen you join meetings, a different window will pop-up. These are the controls you need to know:\nUse [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[M] for a shortcut to mute and unmute during meetings. **Tip**\n1.\n1.\n2.\n1.\n2.\n3.\n####### **Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people.\n####### **Chat**\nUse chat to share files, ideas, and notes.\n####### **Reactions**\nStay involved without breaking the flow—you can share an emoji reaction to let the presenter know how you feel. Reactions also allow you to raise your hand, which will signal that you'd like an opportunity to speak.\n####### **Video**\nTurn your camera on or off. You can also select the ...            button near the camera to access audio and video settings.\n####### **Share content**\nUse this to share your screen with others.\n####### **Microphone**\nMute and unmute your microphone when you want to speak.\n**1**\n**2**\n**3**\n**4**\n**5**\n**6**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 11:\n\ncover letter, and state your availability for an interview.\nClose\nThank the recipient for taking the time to read your letter, and  sign off\nwith a professional greeting, such as “Yours sincerely” or “Kind regards”,\nfollowed by your full name, telephone number and e-mail address.\n###### CHAPTER 11:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK HOW TO WRITE A RESIGNATION LETTER\nNo matter what the reason, resigning from your job is likely to be an\nuncomfortable experience.\nIf you are leaving for personal reasons (such as moving away, starting a\nfamily, or retiring), you may feel sad about leaving. But if you are leaving\nfor a better opportunity, or you’ve simply had enough of your current job,\nyou may be glad to be moving on.\nEither way, it’s always going to be in your best interests to leave on a\npositive note, and to resign in a professional manner.\nTHE PURPOSE OF A RESIGNATION LETTER:\nThe purpose of a resignation letter is to give your employer official no­\ntice that you will be leaving the organisation. However, it is usually ap­\npropriate to inform your manager of your intention to resign in person,\nand then to follow up your conversation with the formal resignation\nletter.\nWhat to include:\nYour resignation letter should be short and to the point. Keep it positive\nand professional -  this is not the place to voice your dissatisfaction with\nyour job.\nIn your letter, you should make sure that you include the following:\n1.\nA clear statement of your intention to resign.\nExample:\n“Please accept this letter as formal notice of my resignation from my\npost as Assistant IT Manager at XYZ.”\n2.\nReference to your notice period (where applicable), as well as your last\nworking day with the organisation.\nExample:\n“My last working day will be in two weeks’ time, on 31 August 2015.”\n\n3.\nYour reason for leaving.\nYou don’t need to elaborate on this if you don’t want to. Remember\nto keep it positive, and not to make any rude,  offensive or insulting\nremarks about the organisation or your co- workers, no matter how\ntempting it might be.\nExample:\n“I have been offered an opportunity to work as an IT Manager abroad,\nand I have decided to accept the offer.”\n4.\nA sentence or two in which you thank your employer for the opportunities",
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+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n\n###### CHAPTER 2:\n\nlanguage to achieve a particular purpose. And for this reason, having good\nlanguage skills is essential in any working environment.\nIn  a  career context, good language skills can also:\n- Affect your credibility.  Poor grammar indicates to a prospective\nemployer that you are sloppy, while flawless grammar indicates that\nyou pay attention to detail.\n- Improve your relationships with your co- workers.  If you are able\nto express yourself clearly, you can eliminate the confusion and\nmisunderstanding that often leads to conflict.\n- Increase your chances of being promoted .\n- Help you to create a good impression.\n- Improve your ability to persuade others (which is a valuable skill in the\nworking world).\nIN THIS E-BOOK, WE’LL BE HELPING YOU TO:\n- Develop your basic English language skills.\n- Improve your English grammar.\nApply your language and communication skills in  a business contexT.\n(www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/find-a- course/business-administration-\ncourses/)\n*“Grammar is a litmus test. If job hopefuls can’t distinguish*\n*between ‘to’ and too’, their applications go into the bin”*\nKyle Wiens, CEO of iFixit\n*“Grammar often seems to be a low priority in education. Are*\n*school undervaluing grammar, given that employers may rule out*\n*applications with sloppy writing?”*\nThe New York Times\nTo start off with, here are a few tips for improving your general\nlanguage and communication skills:\n1. Read as much as possible. Reading improves your vocabulary,\nand helps you to become familiar with sentence structure,\nword order, and the correct use of punctuation.\n2. Invest in a good dictionary. When you are unsure of the\nmeaning of a word, or when you come across an unfamiliar\nword, make sure to look it up in your dictionary.\n3. Keep a journal. This will give you an opportunity to practice\nyour writing skills on a regular basis.\n###### CHAPTER 2:\nPARTS OF SPEECH\nParts of speech are used to construct meaningful sentences.\nLanguage is made up of many different combinations of words and\nsentences that we use to communicate with one another.\nDifferent types of words have different roles to play within sentences, and\ndifferent types of sentences perform different functions.\nIn this chapter, we’ll be showing you how different types of words (called\nparts of speech) are used to construct meaningful sentences.\nNOUNS\nThe job of a noun is to name something. It might be an object, a person,\na place, or even a thought or idea. There are different types of nouns:",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n###### CHAPTER 7:\n\n- Use different colours to distinguish between concepts.\n- Use key words and phrases, instead  of writing in full sentences.\n- Include images/drawings that are relevant to the topic(s).\n- Use arrows to show how different concepts are related.\n\nBULLET POINTS OR LISTS\nIf you find that you memorise things more easily when they are in list\nform, then it might be a good  idea  to  use  bullet  points  when sum­\nmarising your work.\nUsing bullet points can help you to understand (and memorise) your\nwork more easily, as it requires you to:\n- Identify the key points that you want to include in your lists.\n- Come up with a logical structure for your lists.\n- Categorise information into relevant lists.\nHere is an example:\n- Pay salaries on time\n- Make necessary\ndeductions\n- Calculate overtime\n- Draft employment\ncontracts\n- Ensure safekeeping of\nemployment contracts\n- Establish staff training\nneeds\n- Establish skills gaps\n- Take responsibility for\nsuccession planning\n####### **HR Manager’s Duties**\nContracts Training Payroll\nFLASH CARDS\nFlash cards are pieces of paper (or card) with questions on the one\nside, and corresponding answers on the other side.\nHere is an example:\n**What does OHS stand for?**\n**Occupational**\n**Health**\n**and Safety**\nTips for using flash cards:\n- Include images/visual cues on your flash cards, as this will help you to\nmemorise the contents.\n- When studying, shuffle your deck of flash cards regularly (to make\nsure that you aren’t simply memorising the order of the answers).\n- Add new flash cards to your deck as you cover new topics or learn\nnew concepts.\nfront back\nSUMMARIES\nGeneral Tips for Making Summaries\n- Underline or highlight key points as you work through your study material, and make notes.\n- When you come across a word or concept you don’t understand,\nlook it up in a dictionary, or do some research on the concept, and\nadd your own definition to your summary.\n###### CHAPTER 7:\nHOW TO ASK FOR HELP FROM YOUR TUTOR\nAs a student, you are going to experience times when you need help\nwith your studies. You might be unsure about an assignment question,\nyou might be confused by a particular concept, or you might be stressed\nabout the upcoming exams.",
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+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
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+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n#### P R A CT I CA L\n###### A ND\n###### PROFESSIONAL\nSomething of a paradox, too; highly competi-\ntive but approachable; stylish but never a slave\nto fashion. I have a true talent for leadership.\nI’m stable, steady, reliable, and efficient. At\nthe same time, I’m good-looking, good-natured,\nand good-humored. Seek successful business\nperson driven by values, with a “whatever it\ntakes” attitude — just like me, practical and\nprofessional.\nT H E\n###### H ON COMP A NY",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news3.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the priorities for job seekers ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": " Finding a rewarding career that offers growth potential, work-life balance and the satisfaction of  helping others is a key priority for many job seekers.",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 12:\n\nyou have been given during your time with the organisation.\nExample:\n“I would like to thank you for the wonderful opportunities you have given\nme, both to develop my skills, and to work with such knowledgeable and\ninspiring people.”\n5.\nAn offer to help with the transition.\nOnly include this if you are sincere, and don’t make any promises\nthat you won’t be able to keep. You could, for example, assure your\nemployer that you will finish your current projects or hand them over to\na colleague. You could also offer to train the person who will be replacing\nyou.\nExample:\n“During the next two weeks, I will do everything I can to ensure a\nsmooth transition for the company. If required, I am more than willing to\nassist with the hiring and training of the new Assistant  IT Manager.”\n6.\nA suitable closing.\nIt is important to use a closing that is appropriate in the circumstances.\nIf you have a good relationship with your  employer, you may want to\nwish him/her well for the future, and provide contact details that he/she\ncan use to get in touch with you once you have left the organisation. You\ncan then end your letter with a greeting such as “Kind regards,” followed\nby your signature.\nRemember that your resignation letter will be kept on file, as it forms\npart of your employment record. It is always best to keep it profession­\nal, as you may need a reference from your employer later on in your\ncareer.\nIt is also not worth burning bridges, and damaging potentially valuable\nrelationships, just to have your say about the organisation and your\nfeelings toward it.\n\nADDITIONAL RESOURCES:\nClick on the following links for more tips on how to write a resignation\nletter, as well as to  find  useful  templates  for  different types of resig­\nnation letters:\n- jobsearch.about.com\n- www.totaljobs.com\n- www.careerfaqs.com.au\n- www.sample-resignation-letters.com\n###### CHAPTER 12:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK SENDING E-MAILS TO YOUR COLLEAGUES\nIn today’s working environment, it  is  almost  guaranteed  that\nyou will be required to communicate with colleagues via e-mail\non a regular basis. And due to the large number of e-mails we\nnow send and receive each day,  proper  e-mail  etiquette  is\nmore important than ever.\nHERE ARE A FEW GUIDELINES TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN SENDING E-MAILS TO YOUR COLLEAGUES:",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 10:\n\naddress below that, on the left.\n- If you are sending your cover letter via e-mail: write the letter in the\nbody of the e-mail, and start with the salutation  (instead of your ad­\ndress).\n- If you are responding to a job advertisement via e-mail, use the sub­\nject line provided in the advertisement. If no subject line was provid­\ned, use a relevant subject line that refers to the position being ad­\nvertised. E.g. “Application for Project Management Assistant position\n(ref. no. 4231)”.\n\nSalutation\nIf you know the name of the person to whom you are writing:\n- Start your letter by addressing the recipient by name: e.g.\n“Dear Mr John Smith/Dear Ms Joanne Smith”\nIf you don’t know the name of the person to whom you are  writing\n(and only if you have no way of establishing the recipient’s name):\n- Start your letter by addressing the recipient in one of the following\nways:  “Dear Hiring Manager” or “Dear Sir/Madam”\nIn an e-mail, you can also leave out the salutation entirely (and replace\nit with a subject line) if you don’t know the name of the intended recip­\nient, and you feel uncomfortable using an impersonal salutation such as\n“Dear Sir/Madam”.\n\nFirst Paragraph\nIntroduce yourself, and explain why you are writing the letter.\nIf you are responding to a job advertisement, state which advertisement\nyou are responding to, and indicate where you found it.\nFor example:\n“I would like to apply for the position of Graphic Designer, as advertised\nin the Career Times on 1 March 2015.”\nIf possible, mention a mutual contact or acquaintance.\nFor example:\n“Samantha Stevens mentioned that you are looking for an experienced\nGraphic Designer with a keen interest in the fashion industry.”\n\nSecond Paragraph\nMention your qualifications, skills and experience, and relate them to the\nneeds of the company. Give relevant examples of how you have used\nyour skills in the past to perform similar tasks and responsibilities to\nthose set out in the job description.\nThird Paragraph\nExplain why you want to work for this organisation in particular. Where\nrelevant, explain any gaps in your CV. If you don’t have the required\nacademic qualifications, for example, you can explain  how your practical\nwork experience makes up for it.\nFourth paragraph\nMention any documents or attachments that you have included with your",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 11:\n\ncover letter, and state your availability for an interview.\nClose\nThank the recipient for taking the time to read your letter, and  sign off\nwith a professional greeting, such as “Yours sincerely” or “Kind regards”,\nfollowed by your full name, telephone number and e-mail address.\n###### CHAPTER 11:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK HOW TO WRITE A RESIGNATION LETTER\nNo matter what the reason, resigning from your job is likely to be an\nuncomfortable experience.\nIf you are leaving for personal reasons (such as moving away, starting a\nfamily, or retiring), you may feel sad about leaving. But if you are leaving\nfor a better opportunity, or you’ve simply had enough of your current job,\nyou may be glad to be moving on.\nEither way, it’s always going to be in your best interests to leave on a\npositive note, and to resign in a professional manner.\nTHE PURPOSE OF A RESIGNATION LETTER:\nThe purpose of a resignation letter is to give your employer official no­\ntice that you will be leaving the organisation. However, it is usually ap­\npropriate to inform your manager of your intention to resign in person,\nand then to follow up your conversation with the formal resignation\nletter.\nWhat to include:\nYour resignation letter should be short and to the point. Keep it positive\nand professional -  this is not the place to voice your dissatisfaction with\nyour job.\nIn your letter, you should make sure that you include the following:\n1.\nA clear statement of your intention to resign.\nExample:\n“Please accept this letter as formal notice of my resignation from my\npost as Assistant IT Manager at XYZ.”\n2.\nReference to your notice period (where applicable), as well as your last\nworking day with the organisation.\nExample:\n“My last working day will be in two weeks’ time, on 31 August 2015.”\n\n3.\nYour reason for leaving.\nYou don’t need to elaborate on this if you don’t want to. Remember\nto keep it positive, and not to make any rude,  offensive or insulting\nremarks about the organisation or your co- workers, no matter how\ntempting it might be.\nExample:\n“I have been offered an opportunity to work as an IT Manager abroad,\nand I have decided to accept the offer.”\n4.\nA sentence or two in which you thank your employer for the opportunities",
+                    "page_start": 46,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 10:\n\nenough time to look up all the answers.\nMake sure that you know your work, and that you know where to look\nfor key information. These types of exams are more focused on testing\nyour understanding than on testing your knowledge, which means that\nyou need to have a thorough grasp of the work.\n13. If you have to answer multiple-choice questions, make sure that you read the  questions very carefully.\nTry to think of the correct answer before you read through the options, as you are less likely to become confused. When in  doubt, go with your first instinct. If there is more than one correct answer, go with the an­ swer that appears to be most correct.\n14. If you start running out of time towards the end of the exam, write short notes as answers to each of the remaining questions, instead of trying to answer each question perfectly.\nThis way, you should still earn some marks for writing down the most important points.\n15. If you have time left at the end of the exam, go back and read through your answers to make sure that you are happy with them.\ntips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips\n###### CHAPTER 10:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK HOW TO WRITE A COVER LETTER\nIf you’ve ever applied for a job, you’ll know that writing\nthe cover letter is the most difficult part of almost any job\napplication. Your cover letter creates the first impression, and\noften determines whether an employer will even look at your CV.\nYou need to use this opportunity to introduce yourself and your\nskills, and to set yourself apart from all the other candidates.\nYou can also use this opportunity to explain any gaps in your CV,\nand to motivate why you are the right person for the job.\n\ntips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips\nLET’S HAVE A LOOK AT: THE FORMAT OF YOUR COVER LETTER:\n- Your cover letter should be clear and concise. Keep it short   -\n- ideally, your letter should fit onto one side of an A4 page.\n- Use a standard font, such as Arial or Times New Roman, to type your\ne-mail.\n- If you are sending a hard copy of your cover letter: use the standard\nletter format, with your address at the top right, and the recipient’s",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 45,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n**Koichi Miyata**\n̶ ̶ SMFG has the following priorities in its SMFG has the following priorities in its\ncorporate social responsibility program: corporate social responsibility program:\nReconstruction after the earthquake Reconstruction after the earthquake\nand tsunami, environmental measures, and tsunami, environmental measures,\naddressing the shrinking and aging addressing the shrinking and aging\npopulation, and global challenges. — population, and global challenges. —\n**Kunibe**  : : Japan is facing a difficult period Japan is facing a difficult period\nwith limited prospects for economic growth with limited prospects for economic growth\ndue to a shrinking, aging population and due to a shrinking, aging population and\na mature economy. Against this backdrop, a mature economy. Against this backdrop,\nthe country was hit by the unprecedented the country was hit by the unprecedented\ncatastrophe of the Great East Japan catastrophe of the Great East Japan\nEarthquake. We must face up to the new Earthquake. We must face up to the new\nchallenges arising from this disaster. challenges arising from this disaster.\nI believe the time has come for us to I believe the time has come for us to\nreconsider what we can do in our capacity reconsider what we can do in our capacity\nas a financial institution to address a variety as a financial institution to address a variety\nof issues, including the four priorities. of issues, including the four priorities.\nToday I hope we can discuss not only the road Today I hope we can discuss not only the road\nto reconstruction after the disaster, but also to reconstruction after the disaster, but also\nways to uplift the nation’s spirits. ways to uplift the nation’s spirits.\n**Ando**  : Japan has achieved two miracles - the : Japan has achieved two miracles - the\nMeiji Restoration of 1868, and the economic Meiji Restoration of 1868, and the economic\nrecovery following the end of World War II in recovery following the end of World War II in\n1945. Both events are also regarded globally 1945. Both events are also regarded globally\nas being miraculous. as being miraculous.\nIn 1945, foreign diplomats and businessmen In 1945, foreign diplomats and businessmen\nvisiting Japan were fully confident that the visiting Japan were fully confident that the\ncountry would recover as they surveyed the country would recover as they surveyed the\nruins and the scorched earth around them, ruins and the scorched earth around them,",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.3 Wellbeing and health status**\n\n#### * **4.3.4 Working life perspective -  health** *\n\nThis EWCS 2015 question on the  **working life perspective**  (  *‘Will you be able to do this or a similar job*\n*at 60 years of age?’*  ) gives quite a good hint to the individual long-term prospects, which might even be\nmore valuable than the question on currently affected health because it is a personal assessment of the\noverall status of health.\n**Differences between countries are significant but not as significant as between other categories,**\n**for example, between sectors and occupations**  . The EU average of ‘No’ responses to the question\n*‘Do you think you will be able to do your current job or a similar one until you are 60 years old?’*  is at\n27%; the eight countries with the highest rates of ‘No’ responses (between 44% and 33%) are France,\nSlovenia, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Belgium, Malta and Bulgaria. Under 25% of ‘No’ responses were\ngiven in eight countries, starting from Portugal (16%) over Germany, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, Italy,\nEstonia and Lithuania (24%). <sup>263</sup>\n\n**Figure 35: Opinion on work until the age of 60 -  EWCS 2015**\n\n**Young workers under 35 are much more sceptic**  than those over 50; 38% say that they will not be\nable, a much higher percentage than the 22% of workers aged over 50. The employment status is also\nvery important; 26% of the permanently employed respond with a ‘No’ compared to 39% of those with\n‘Other arrangements’. Remarkably, only 19% of the self-employed do not believe that they will be able\nto do their job at 60 years.\n**Large differences can be seen between occupation levels.**  37% per cent of the low-skilled manual\nworkers respond with ‘No’, and 30% of the highly skilled manual workers respond ‘No’, as do 27% of\nthe low-skilled clerical workers and only 21% of the high-skilled clerical workers, a 16% difference",
+                    "page_start": 95,
+                    "page_end": 95,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n###### CHAPTER 7:\n\n- Use different colours to distinguish between concepts.\n- Use key words and phrases, instead  of writing in full sentences.\n- Include images/drawings that are relevant to the topic(s).\n- Use arrows to show how different concepts are related.\n\nBULLET POINTS OR LISTS\nIf you find that you memorise things more easily when they are in list\nform, then it might be a good  idea  to  use  bullet  points  when sum­\nmarising your work.\nUsing bullet points can help you to understand (and memorise) your\nwork more easily, as it requires you to:\n- Identify the key points that you want to include in your lists.\n- Come up with a logical structure for your lists.\n- Categorise information into relevant lists.\nHere is an example:\n- Pay salaries on time\n- Make necessary\ndeductions\n- Calculate overtime\n- Draft employment\ncontracts\n- Ensure safekeeping of\nemployment contracts\n- Establish staff training\nneeds\n- Establish skills gaps\n- Take responsibility for\nsuccession planning\n####### **HR Manager’s Duties**\nContracts Training Payroll\nFLASH CARDS\nFlash cards are pieces of paper (or card) with questions on the one\nside, and corresponding answers on the other side.\nHere is an example:\n**What does OHS stand for?**\n**Occupational**\n**Health**\n**and Safety**\nTips for using flash cards:\n- Include images/visual cues on your flash cards, as this will help you to\nmemorise the contents.\n- When studying, shuffle your deck of flash cards regularly (to make\nsure that you aren’t simply memorising the order of the answers).\n- Add new flash cards to your deck as you cover new topics or learn\nnew concepts.\nfront back\nSUMMARIES\nGeneral Tips for Making Summaries\n- Underline or highlight key points as you work through your study material, and make notes.\n- When you come across a word or concept you don’t understand,\nlook it up in a dictionary, or do some research on the concept, and\nadd your own definition to your summary.\n###### CHAPTER 7:\nHOW TO ASK FOR HELP FROM YOUR TUTOR\nAs a student, you are going to experience times when you need help\nwith your studies. You might be unsure about an assignment question,\nyou might be confused by a particular concept, or you might be stressed\nabout the upcoming exams.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Technological unemployment**\n\nartificial intelligence. <sup>[260][261]</sup>\nUnlike previous waves of automation, many middle-class jobs may be eliminated by artificial\nintelligence;  *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist)*  stated in 2015 that \"the worry that AI could do to white-collar jobs what\nsteam power did to blue-collar ones during the Industrial Revolution\" is \"worth taking seriously\". <sup>[262]</sup>\n[Jobs at extreme risk range from paralegals to fast food cooks, while job demand is likely to increase for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralegal)\ncare-related professions ranging from personal healthcare to the clergy. <sup>[263]</sup>\nFrom the early days of the development of artificial intelligence, there have been arguments, for example,\n[those put forward by Joseph Weizenbaum, about whether tasks that can be done by computers actually](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum)\nshould be done by them, given the difference between computers and humans, and between quantitative\n##### **Technological unemployment**\ncalculation and qualitative, value-based judgement. <sup>[264]</sup>\nIt has been argued AI will become so powerful that humanity may irreversibly lose control of it. This\n[could, as physicist Stephen Hawking stated, \"spell the end of the human race\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk) <sup>[265]</sup> This scenario has been\ncommon in science fiction, when a computer or robot suddenly develops a human-like \"self-awareness\"\n(or \"sentience\" or \"consciousness\") and becomes a malevolent character. <sup>[q]</sup> These sci-fi scenarios are\nmisleading in several ways.\n[First, AI does not require human-like sentience to be an existential risk. Modern AI programs are given](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience)\n[specific goals and use learning and intelligence to achieve them. Philosopher Nick Bostrom argued that if](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom)\none gives  *almost any*  goal to a sufficiently powerful AI, it may choose to destroy humanity to achieve it\n[(he used the example of a paperclip factory manager).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_convergence#Paperclip_maximizer) <sup>[267]</sup> [ Stuart Russell gives the example of household](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell)\nrobot that tries to find a way to kill its owner to prevent it from being unplugged, reasoning that \"you\ncan't fetch the coffee if you're dead.\" <sup>[268]</sup> [ In order to be safe for humanity, a superintelligence would have](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence)\n[to be genuinely aligned with humanity's morality and values so that it is \"fundamentally on our side\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment) <sup>[269]</sup>\n[Second, Yuval Noah Harari argues that AI does not require a robot body or physical control to pose an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari)\n[existential risk. The essential parts of civilization are not physical. Things like ideologies, law,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law)\n[government, money and the economy are built on language; they exist because there are stories that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language)\n[billions of people believe. The current prevalence of misinformation suggests that an AI could use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation)",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n20. Plagiarism is not a serious offence.\n21. When writing an exam, you should always answer the questions in\nnumerical order.\n22. E-mail etiquette is important in the workplace.\n23. Mind maps help you to understand the relationships between con­\ncepts.\n24. When you answer an essay question, you should try to include as\nmuch information as possible.\nDo the following:\n25. Create a mind map to summarise Chapter 7 (How to Ask for Help\nfrom Your Tutor). (5)\n26. List 3 things you need to do if you want to earn good marks for your\nwritten assignments. (3)\n27. List 5 important things to keep in mind when writing a cover letter.\n(5)\n28. List 5 of the things that you should include in a resignation letter.\n(5)\n29. List 3 methods you can use to summarise your study material. (3)\n30. Give 2 examples of how good language skills can benefit your ca­\nreer. (2)\n31. Complete the following sentence:\nSummarising your study material gives you the opportunity to\n###### Did you enjoy reading this book?\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa\ntwitter.com/oxbridgeEdu\nwww.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer­\ning skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised\ncourses to students in South Africa and abroad.\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our\nstudents’ needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic\nassistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study\nmaterial in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students\nto understand.\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\nCONTACT NUMBERS:\nTel: 021 1100 200\nTel:+2721 883 2454 (international)\nFax: 086 111 2121\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\nWhatsapp: 0605671585\nEmail: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\nPostal Address:\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section\n31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.\n*Developed for Oxbridge Academy*",
+                    "page_start": 57,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **5 Major context developments and their influence on**\n\n### **5.3 Workforce structure**\n\nof the workforce — a growth of 16 million employed persons. At the same time, the share of the age\nclass between 15 and 39 years decreased from 49.6% to 41.6%, or 8.5 million. Already 5.1 million\nemployed persons are older than 65 years, making up a share of 2.6% of the workforce. <sup>303</sup>\n\n**Table 31: Average age of the EU27 workforce <sup>304</sup>**\n\nThe development of  **skill levels**  shows the most significant changes in the period between 2005 and\n2020. When comparing 2005 with 2020, for most occupations  **higher skills**  are required. In this period,\nthe share of occupations requiring the three lowest education levels fell from 24.5% to 15.5%; the share\nof occupations that require a tertiary education grew from 24.9% to 36.4%.\n\n**Figure 39: Workforce structure, skill levels -  Eurostat <sup>305</sup>**\n\nThe  **migrant and mobile workforce**  in the EU27 also increased in the past two decades. The majority\nof migrants are intra-EU, that is, all workers who are born in a Member State other than the one where\nthey currently work and reside; this number is estimated at 10.4 million (2019), based on LFS data. <sup>306</sup>\nCross-border workers account for another 1.5 million <sup>307</sup> and posted workers for 2.4 million. <sup>308</sup> In 2020,\n8.6 million extra-EU citizens (born outside the EU) were employed in the EU labour market, out of 196\nmillion persons aged from 20 to 64, corresponding to 5.3% of the total. <sup>309</sup> The sum of all different\ncategories of mobile extra- and intra-EU workers is roughly about 23 million, or about 12% of the EU\nworkforce.\n\n**Figure 40: Workforce structure, mobility and migration -  European Commission**\n\nRegarding OSH, it is important to consider that  **migrants from non-EU countries are over-**\n**represented in certain sectors and occupations**  like cleaners and helpers, personal services and\ncare, building workers, mining, manufacturing, transport, food and agriculture. The next table shows the\npercentage of non-EU citizens in the workforce of certain occupations compared to the share of\nworkforce of EU citizens in the same occupations. <sup>310</sup>\n\n**Table 32: Non-EU Migrants -  over-represented in certain sectors and occupations in 2019**",
+                    "page_start": 109,
+                    "page_end": 112,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf",
+                "query": "What does ShareAlike mean in terms of licencing ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nprinciples. Actual results could differ from those estimates.\n(m) Revenue recognition\nE u ronet recognizes revenue at the point at which the service is perf o rmed. Revenues from software licensing agreement contracts are\nrecognized on a percentage of completion basis whereby a pro-rata portion of revenue and related costs are recognized as the work\np ro g resses. Revenues from software licensing agreement contracts re p resenting newly released products deemed to have a higher than\nn o rmal risk of failure during installation are recognized on a completed contract basis whereby revenues and related costs are deferre d\nuntil the contract is complete.\n(n)  Research and development costs\nThe Company applies SFAS 2 and 86 in re c o rding re s e a rch and development costs. Research costs aimed at the discovery of new\nknowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service or a new process or technique or in\nbringing about significant improvement to an existing product or process are expensed as incurred (refer to Note 24). Development costs\naimed at the translation of re s e a rch findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant\ni m p rovement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or use are capitalized on a pro d u c t - b y - p roduct basis when\ntechnological feasibility is established.\nTechnological feasibility of computer software products is established when the Company has completed all planning, designing, coding,\nand testing activities that are necessary to establish that the product can be produced to meet its design specifications including functions,\nf e a t u res, and technical perf o rmance re q u i rements.\nCapitalized software costs are amortized on a pro d u c t - b y - p roduct basis equal to the greater of the amount computed using (a) the ratio\nthat current gross revenues for a product bear to the total of current and anticipated future gross revenues for that product or (b) the\nstraight-line method over the remaining estimated economic life of the product, generally three years, including the period being re p o rt e d\non. Amortization commences in the period when the product is available for general release to customers.",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **REMIND THAT...**\n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when ...\n**CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR ...** fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n**ALSO FOR ...** the work that is already in the Public Domain. For those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n**NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!** https://creativecommons.org/choose/\nTexts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. BY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. 3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. Line, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies.\nmore open »\n« more restrictive\nyou can share, remix, & commercialize\nyou can share & remix only\nyou can share only",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n[\"\"Kaleidoscope\" b](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04/11771644286) [y docoverachiever ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04) [is licensed under](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse) [ CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n**About this**\n**Open Work**\n2023 Annual Report\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n**[Except where otherwise noted, “Annual Report 2023” by Creative Commons ](https://creativecommons.org/mission/) [is licensed under CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en)**\n[\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published  under Public Domain Mark 1.0.](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **A Note from Leadership**\n**Anna Tumadóttir, CEO**\n[\"The great growling engine of change - technology.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/8489692@N03/5621362129) [Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n##### **In 2023, we [launched the Open](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) [Infrastructure Circle](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ( [OIC](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ) to ensure consistent funding for this work.**\nWe’re grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization\ndedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet\nthat is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources\nfor people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way\nto give the public permission to share and use your creative\nwork — on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you\nchange your copyright terms from the default of “all rights\nreserved” to “some rights reserved.”\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world’s\nmost popular platforms for user-generated content. When\nyou use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog,\nyour creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources\nthat includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and\ngovernments.\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and\nrelated or neighboring rights to this guide using the\nCC0 Public Domain Dedication.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 11. Advanced Copy Services\n\n### **11.8  Native IP replication**\n\n#### **11.8.6  States of IP partnership**\n\nThe different partnership states in IP partnership are listed in Table 11-13.\n*Table 11-13   States of IP partnership*\nThe following steps must be completed to establish two systems in the IP partnerships:\n1. The administrator configures the CHAP secret on both the systems. This step is not\nmandatory, and users can choose to not configure the CHAP secret.\n2. The administrator configures the system IP addresses on both local and remote systems\nso that they can discover each other over the network.\n3. If you want to use VLANs, configure your LAN switches and Ethernet ports to use VLAN\ntagging.\n|  IP partnership terminology  |  Description  |\n|:---|:---|\n| IP partnership or partnership over native IP links | These terms are used to describe the IP partnership feature.  |\n| Discovery  | Process by which two IBM Spectrum Virtualize systems  exchange information about their IP address configuration. For  IP-based partnerships, only IP addresses configured for  Remote Copy are discovered.  For example, the first Discovery takes place when the user is  running the  mkippartnership  CLI command. Subsequent  Discoveries can take place as a result of user activities  (configuration changes) or as a result of hardware failures (for  example, node failure, ports failure, and so on). |\n|  State  |  Systems  connected  |  Support for  active remote  copy I/O  |  Comments  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Partially_Configured_Local  | No  | No  | This state indicates that the initial  discovery is complete.  |\n| Fully_Configured  | Yes  | Yes  | Discovery successfully completed  between two systems, and the two  systems can establish remote copy  relationships.  |\n| Fully_Configured_Stopped  | Yes  | Yes  | The partnership is stopped on the system.  |\n| Fully_Configured_Remote_Stopped | Yes  | No  | The partnership is stopped on the remote  system.  |\n| Not_Present  | Yes  | No  | The two systems cannot communicate  with each other. This state is also seen  when data paths between the two systems  are not established.  |\n| Fully_Configured_Exceeded  | Yes  | No  | There are too many systems in the  network, and the partnership from the local  system to remote system is disabled.  |\n| Fully_Configured_Excluded  | No  | No  | The connection is excluded because of too  many problems, or either system cannot  support the I/O work load for the Metro  Mirror and Global Mirror relationships. |\nChapter 11. Advanced Copy Services",
+                    "page_start": 575,
+                    "page_end": 576,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\n**Use this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database**\n**rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.**\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights\ntogether with all associated claims and causes of action with\nrespect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser\n( http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero ) which will lead you\nthrough the process. When completed, you will be provided\nwith HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work,\neven for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been\nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright\nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can\ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for\ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM\nchooser ( http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark ) which\nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be\nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into\nyour website.\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that\nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.\nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you\nshould use the PDM for a certain work.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Connecting aWorld in Motion Euronet Worldwide Annual Report 2000\n\n## **12**\n\n### E\n\n####### **INDUSTRY TRENDS SPOTLIGHT**\n\nM a rch 1, 2001, the Company had not made any draws under the Credit Agreement.\nOn Febru a ry 25, 2000 the Company entered into two subscription agreements for the sale of an aggregate of 650,000 new common shares of the\nC o m p a n y. Closing under those agreements took place on March 13, 2000. These agreements were signed with certain accredited investors in\ntransactions exempt from registration under the exemptions provided in Section 4(2) and Regulation D of the Act. The purchase price of each\ns h a re was $6.615, which re p resents ninety percent of the average closing price for the ten trading days prior to and including Febru a ry 15, 2000.\nThe aggregate amount of proceeds to the Company from the private placement was $4.3 million. Under each of the agreements, for each two\ns h a res of common stock purchased in the private placement, the purchasers were issued one warrant to purchase a share of Euronet common\nstock at an exercise price of $11.615, expiring in each case on the one year anniversary date of the subscription agreement.\nIn April 2000 the Company entered into two separate subscription agreements for the sale of an aggregate of 354,777 new common shares of the\nC o m p a n y. Of the total new shares, closing with respect to 254,777 shares took place on April 10, 2000, and closing with respect to 100,000 share s\ntook place on May 4, 2000. These agreements were signed with certain foreign persons in transactions exempt from registration under the\nexemption provided in Regulation S of the Act. The weighted average purchase price of each share was $7.50. The aggregate amount of pro c e e d s\nto the Company from the private placement was $2.7 million. Under each of the agreements, for each two shares of common stock purchased in\nthe private placement, the purchaser was issued one warrant to purchase a share of Euronet common stock at a weighted average exercise price of\n$12.50, expiring in each case on the one year anniversary date of the subscription agreement.\nIn July 2000 the Company entered into subscription agreements for the sale of 877,946 new common shares of the Company. These agre e m e n t s\nw e re signed with accredited investors in transactions exempt from registration pursuant to the exemptions provided in Section 4(2) and",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf",
+                "query": "What is the most restricive Creative Common licence ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **REMIND THAT...**\n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when ...\n**CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR ...** fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n**ALSO FOR ...** the work that is already in the Public Domain. For those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n**NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!** https://creativecommons.org/choose/\nTexts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. BY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. 3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. Line, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies.\nmore open »\n« more restrictive\nyou can share, remix, & commercialize\nyou can share & remix only\nyou can share only",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization\ndedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet\nthat is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources\nfor people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way\nto give the public permission to share and use your creative\nwork — on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you\nchange your copyright terms from the default of “all rights\nreserved” to “some rights reserved.”\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world’s\nmost popular platforms for user-generated content. When\nyou use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog,\nyour creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources\nthat includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and\ngovernments.\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and\nrelated or neighboring rights to this guide using the\nCC0 Public Domain Dedication.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\n**Use this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database**\n**rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.**\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights\ntogether with all associated claims and causes of action with\nrespect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser\n( http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero ) which will lead you\nthrough the process. When completed, you will be provided\nwith HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work,\neven for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been\nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright\nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can\ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for\ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM\nchooser ( http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark ) which\nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be\nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into\nyour website.\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that\nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.\nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you\nshould use the PDM for a certain work.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n[\"\"Kaleidoscope\" b](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04/11771644286) [y docoverachiever ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04) [is licensed under](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse) [ CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n**About this**\n**Open Work**\n2023 Annual Report\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n**[Except where otherwise noted, “Annual Report 2023” by Creative Commons ](https://creativecommons.org/mission/) [is licensed under CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en)**\n[\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published  under Public Domain Mark 1.0.](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast  **[six CC Licenses](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/)**  and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n##### **We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n**19 Workshops & Trainings** with institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n**[2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)** [for California Community Colleges.](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)\n**27 Webinars** on topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n**12 CC Legal Open Office Hours** hosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n##### **In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\nThe workshops briefly touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most\nrelevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these\nquestions may be relevant across both tracks.\n*Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders* *and creators have any ability to exclude their works?*\nOne of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of\ncopyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this\ncontext), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training.\nWhile a system that required affirmative “opt-in” consent would limit utility significantly (as\ndiscussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some\nforms of “opt-out” could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context\nof use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so significant.\nSince most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain\nin the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various\ndimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue\nto commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the\npotential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come\nforward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a\nlicense may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached.\nWorkshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example,\nopt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for\nexample to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or\nmirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to\ncopyright.  Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular 38",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.**\nWe offer a ten-week  **[CC Certificate](https://certificates.creativecommons.org/)**   program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and  **[available in 10 languages](https://certificates.creativecommons.org/about/translations/)**  .\nAs of 2023, we’ve certified:\n**65 Countries 1,705 Graduates**\n**across**",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **A Note from Leadership**\n**Anna Tumadóttir, CEO**\n[\"The great growling engine of change - technology.](https://www.flickr.com/photos/8489692@N03/5621362129) [Alvin Toffler\" by katerha is licensed under CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\nOur legal and technology staff continued to make key infrastructure updates and manage daily maintenance to ensure these Licenses work for everyone.\n##### **In 2023, we [launched the Open](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) [Infrastructure Circle](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ( [OIC](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) ) to ensure consistent funding for this work.**\nWe’re grateful to the early supporters of the OIC, including the William + Flora Hewlett Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Endless, Siegel Family Endowment, Flickr, Microsoft, and Paul and Iris Brest.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf",
+                "query": "In which case CC licence can't be used ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **REMIND THAT...**\n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when ...\n**CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR ...** fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n**ALSO FOR ...** the work that is already in the Public Domain. For those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n**NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!** https://creativecommons.org/choose/\nTexts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. BY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. 3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. Line, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies.\nmore open »\n« more restrictive\nyou can share, remix, & commercialize\nyou can share & remix only\nyou can share only",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\n**Use this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database**\n**rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.**\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights\ntogether with all associated claims and causes of action with\nrespect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser\n( http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero ) which will lead you\nthrough the process. When completed, you will be provided\nwith HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work,\neven for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been\nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright\nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can\ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for\ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM\nchooser ( http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark ) which\nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be\nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into\nyour website.\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that\nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.\nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you\nshould use the PDM for a certain work.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization\ndedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet\nthat is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources\nfor people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way\nto give the public permission to share and use your creative\nwork — on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you\nchange your copyright terms from the default of “all rights\nreserved” to “some rights reserved.”\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world’s\nmost popular platforms for user-generated content. When\nyou use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog,\nyour creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources\nthat includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and\ngovernments.\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and\nrelated or neighboring rights to this guide using the\nCC0 Public Domain Dedication.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### Public Domain Mark\n**Use this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known**\n**copyright restrictions.**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast  **[six CC Licenses](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/)**  and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n##### **We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n**19 Workshops & Trainings** with institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n**[2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)** [for California Community Colleges.](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)\n**27 Webinars** on topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n**12 CC Legal Open Office Hours** hosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n##### **In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n[\"\"Kaleidoscope\" b](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04/11771644286) [y docoverachiever ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04) [is licensed under](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse) [ CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n**About this**\n**Open Work**\n2023 Annual Report\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n**[Except where otherwise noted, “Annual Report 2023” by Creative Commons ](https://creativecommons.org/mission/) [is licensed under CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en)**\n[\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published  under Public Domain Mark 1.0.](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Training in how to use CC Licenses is key to their adoption.**\nWe offer a ten-week  **[CC Certificate](https://certificates.creativecommons.org/)**   program that is now tailored not only to the education and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums and  **[available in 10 languages](https://certificates.creativecommons.org/about/translations/)**  .\nAs of 2023, we’ve certified:\n**65 Countries 1,705 Graduates**\n**across**",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 12. Encryption\n\n### **12.3  Activating encryption**\n\n#### **12.3.2  Start activation process during initial system setup**\n\nOne of the steps in the initial setup enables encryption license activation. The system asks\n“ Was the encryption feature purchased for this system? ”. To activate encryption at this\nstage, complete the following steps:\n1. Select  **Yes**  , as shown in Figure 12-5.\n*Figure 12-5   Encryption activation during initial system setup*\nChapter 12. Encryption\nThe Encryption window displays information about your storage system, as shown in\nFigure 12-6.\n*Figure 12-6   Information storage system during initial system setup*\n2. Right-click the control enclosure to open a menu with two license activation options\n(  **Activate License Automatically**  and  **Activate License Manually**  ), as shown in\nFigure 12-7. Use either option to activate encryption. For more information about how to\ncomplete the automatic activation process, see 12.3.4, “Activate the license automatically”\non page 614. For more information about how to complete a manual activation process,\nsee 12.3.5, “Activate the license manually” on page 617.\n*Figure 12-7   Selecting license activation method*\n3. After either activation process is complete, you can see a green check mark in the column\nlabeled Licensed next to a control enclosure for which the license was enabled. You can\nproceed with the initial system setup by clicking  **Next**  , as shown in Figure 12-8.\n*Figure 12-8   Successful encryption license activation during initial system setup*\n**Note:**  Every enclosure needs an active encryption license before you can enable\nencryption on the system. Attempting to add a non-licensed enclosure to an\nencryption-enabled system fails.\nChapter 12. Encryption",
+                    "page_start": 631,
+                    "page_end": 634,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "In how many regions the Republic Services operations are organized ?",
+                "target_page": 9,
+                "target_passage": "As of December 31, 2004, our operations were organized into five regions whose boundaries may change  from time to time: Eastern, Central, Southern, Southwestern and Western.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Operating Strategy**\n\nmanager to each of our regional management teams, which previously consisted of a regional vice\npresident and a regional controller. We believe that strengthening our regional management teams\nallows us to more eÅectively and eÇciently drive our company's initiatives and helps ensure\nconsistency throughout our organization. Our regional management teams and our area presidents have\nextensive authority, responsibility and autonomy for operations within their respective geographic\nmarkets. Compensation for regional and area management teams is primarily based on the improve-\nment in operating income produced and the free cash Öow and return on invested capital generated in\neach manager's geographic area of responsibility. In addition, through long-term incentive programs,\nincluding stock options, we believe we have one of the lowest turnover levels in the industry for our\nlocal management teams. As a result of retaining experienced managers with extensive knowledge of\nand involvement in their local communities, we are proactive in anticipating our customers' needs and\nadjusting to changes in our markets. We also seek to implement the best practices of our various\nregions and areas throughout our operations to improve operating margins.\n‚  * **Integrated Operations.** *  We seek to achieve a high rate of internalization by controlling waste streams\nfrom the point of collection through disposal. We expect that our fully integrated markets generally will\nhave a lower cost of operations and more favorable cash Öows than our non-integrated markets.\nThrough acquisitions and other market development activities, we create market-speciÑc, integrated\noperations typically consisting of one or more collection companies, transfer stations and landÑlls. We\nconsider acquiring companies that own or operate landÑlls with signiÑcant permitted disposal capacity\nand appropriate levels of waste volume. We also seek to acquire solid waste collection companies in\nmarkets in which we own or operate landÑlls. In addition, we generate internal growth in our disposal\noperations by developing new landÑlls and expanding our existing landÑlls from time to time in markets\nin which we have signiÑcant collection operations or in markets that we determine lack suÇcient\ndisposal capacity. During the three months ended December 31, 2004, approximately 54% of the total\nvolume of waste that we collected was disposed of at landÑlls we own or operate. In a number of our\nlarger markets, we and our competitors are required to take waste to government-controlled disposal\nfacilities. This provides us with an opportunity to eÅectively compete in these markets without\ninvesting in landÑll capacity. Because we do not have landÑll facilities or government-controlled",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Growth Strategy**\n\ndisposal facilities for all markets in which we provide collection services, we believe that through\nlandÑll and transfer station acquisitions and development we have the opportunity to increase our waste\ninternalization rate and further integrate our operations. By further integrating operations in existing\nmarkets through acquisitions and development of landÑlls and transfer stations, we may be able to\nreduce our disposal costs.\n‚  * **Economies of Scale, Cost EÇciencies and Asset Utilization.** *  To improve operating margins, our\nmanagement focuses on achieving economies of scale and cost eÇciencies. The consolidation of\nacquired businesses into existing operations reduces costs by decreasing capital and expenses used for\nrouting, personnel, equipment and vehicle maintenance, inventories and back-oÇce administration.\nGenerally, we consolidate our acquired administrative centers to reduce our general and administrative\ncosts. Our goal is to maintain our selling, general and administrative costs in the range of 10% of\nrevenue, which we feel is appropriate given our existing business platform. In addition, our size allows\n4\nour company to negotiate volume discounts for certain purchases, including waste disposal rates at\nlandÑlls operated by third parties. Furthermore, we have taken steps to increase utilization of our\nassets. For example, to reduce the number of collection vehicles and maximize the eÇciency of our\nÖeet, we have instituted a grid productivity program which allows us to benchmark the performance of\nall of our drivers. In our larger markets, we also use a route optimization program to minimize drive\ntimes and improve operating density. By using assets more eÇciently, operating expenses can be\nsigniÑcantly reduced.\n‚  * **High Levels of Customer Satisfaction.** *  Our goal of maintaining high levels of customer satisfaction\ncomplements our operating strategy. Our personalized sales process is oriented towards maintaining\nrelationships and ensuring that service is being properly provided.\n‚  * **Utilize Systems to Improve Consistency in Financial and Operational Reporting.** *  We continue to\nfocus on systems and training initiatives that complement our operating strategy. These initiatives\ninclude contact management, billing, productivity, maintenance and general ledger systems. These\nsystems provide us with detailed information, prepared in a consistent manner, that will allow us to\nquickly analyze and act upon trends in our business.\nFor certain risks related to our operating strategy, see \"\"Risk Factors.''\n####### **Growth Strategy**\nOur growth strategy focuses on increasing revenue, gaining market share and enhancing stockholder value\nthrough internal growth and acquisitions. For certain risks related to our growth strategy, see \"\"Risk Factors.''",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Company Overview**\n\nItem 9A. Controls and ProceduresÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 87\nItem 9B. Other Information ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 88\nItem 10. Directors and Executive OÇcers of the Registrant ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 11. Executive CompensationÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 12. Security Ownership of Certain BeneÑcial Owners and Management and\nRelated Stockholder Matters ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 14. Principal Accountant's Fees and ServicesÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 89\nItem 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement ScheduleÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 90\nSignatures and CertiÑcations ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 93\n####### **PART I**\n####### **ITEM 1. BUSINESS**\n####### **Company Overview**\nWe are a leading provider of services in the domestic non-hazardous solid waste industry. We provide\nnon-hazardous solid waste collection services for commercial, industrial, municipal and residential customers\nthrough 140 collection companies in 22 states. We also own or operate 96 transfer stations, 58 solid waste\nlandÑlls and 35 recycling facilities.\nAs of December 31, 2004, our operations were organized into Ñve regions whose boundaries may change\nfrom time to time: Eastern, Central, Southern, Southwestern and Western. Each region is organized into\nseveral operating areas and each area contains a group of operating locations. Each of our regions and\nsubstantially all our areas provide collection, transfer, recycling and disposal services. We believe that this\norganizational structure facilitates the integration of our operations within each region, which is a critical\ncomponent of our operating strategy. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for\nfurther discussion of operating segments.\nWe had revenue of $2,708.1 million and $2,517.8 million and operating income of $452.3 million and\n$412.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2004 and 2003, respectively. The $190.3 million, or 7.6%,\nincrease in revenue from 2003 to 2004 is primarily attributable to the successful execution of our operating and\ngrowth strategies described below. The $39.6 million, or 9.6%, increase in operating income from 2003 to 2004\nis partially due to higher self-insurance expense during 2003 related to existing claims and was attributable to\nthe expansion of our operations and various changes in estimates as a result of continued negative trends\nthrough the 2003 policy year. The remaining increase in operating income is due to the successful execution of\nour operating and growth strategies described below.\nOur presence in high growth markets throughout the Sunbelt, including California, Florida, Georgia,\nNevada, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas, and in other domestic markets that have experienced\nhigher than average population growth during the past several years, supports our internal growth strategy. We",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **ITEM 2. PROPERTIES**\n\nModernÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ York, Pennsylvania Eastern 739 230 22\nNational Serv-All ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Fort Wayne, Indiana Central 587 204 Ì\nNine Mile Road ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ St. Augustine, Florida Southern 354 57 25\nNorth County ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Houston, Texas Southwestern 100 31 2\nNorthwest Tennessee ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Union City, Tennessee Central 600 120 72\nOak Grove ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Winder, Georgia Southern 329 72 Ì\nOhio County BaleÑll(1) ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Beaver Dam, Kentucky Central 908 178 121\nPepperhill ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ North Charleston, South Carolina Southern 37 26 Ì\nPine Grove ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Amanda, Ohio Eastern 734 112 65\nPine Ridge ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ GriÇn, Georgia Southern 515 196 130\nPotrero ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Suisan, California Western 1,423 190 68\nPresidio(1)ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Presidio, Texas Southwestern 10 10 6\nRepublic/Alpine(1) ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Alpine, Texas Southwestern 80 74 67\nRepublic/CSCÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Avalon, Texas Southwestern 517 190 116\nRepublic/MaloyÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Campbell, Texas Southwestern 455 195 110\nSan Angelo(1)ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ San Angelo, Texas Southwestern 257 236 138\nSavannah Regional ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Savannah, Georgia Southern 129 56 34\nSeabreeze LandÑllÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Clute, Texas Southwestern 896 386 240\nSeagull ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Avalon, California Western 6 3 Ì\nSouthern Illinois Regional ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ DeSoto, Illinois Central 351 238 143\nSpring Grove ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Charleston, South Carolina Southern 246 174 139\nSwiftcreek LandÑll ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Macon, Georgia Southern 836 85 12\nTay-Ban ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Birch Run, Michigan Central 87 43 9\nTri-K LandÑll ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Stanford, Kentucky Central 612 190 150\nUnion County ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Cross Anchor, South Carolina Southern 600 83 67\nUnited Refuse ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Fort Wayne, Indiana Central 305 77 15\nUpper Piedmont Environmental ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Roxboro, North Carolina Southern 860 70 29\nUwharrie LandÑll(1) ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Mt. Gilead, North Carolina Southern 466 118 45\nValley View LandÑll ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Sulphur, Kentucky Central 894 199 93\nVasco Road ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Livermore, California Western 548 246 68\nVictory Environmental ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Terre Haute, Indiana Central 1,013 303 133\nWabash ValleyÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Wabash, Indiana Central 390 137 60\nWest Contra Costa County ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Contra Costa, California Western 350 188 Ì\nWhitefeather ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Pinconning, Michigan Central 639 57 26\nWorthingtonÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ Worthington, Indiana Central 420 97 28\nTotal ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 29,203 8,904 4,621\n(1) Operated but not owned by us.\n(2) Total acreage includes permitted acreage, probable expansion acreage, other acreage available for future disposal that has not been permitted,\nbuÅer land and other contiguous land owned by our company.\n(3) Permitted acreage consists of all acreage at the landÑll encompassed by an active permit to dispose of waste.\n(4) Unused permitted acreage consists of all acreage at the landÑll encompassed by an active permit on which disposal operations have not",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Growth Strategy**\n\n‚  * **Internal Growth.** *  Our internal growth strategy focuses on retaining existing customers and obtaining\ncommercial, municipal and industrial customers through our well-managed sales and marketing\nactivities.\n*Pricing Activities.*  We seek to secure price increases necessary to oÅset increased costs. During the\nfourth quarter of 2003, we implemented a broad-based pricing initiative across all lines of our business.\n*Long-Term Contracts.*  We seek to obtain long-term contracts for collecting solid waste in high-\ngrowth markets. These include exclusive franchise agreements with municipalities as well as commer-\ncial and industrial contracts. By obtaining such long-term agreements, we have the opportunity to grow\nour contracted revenue base at the same rate as the underlying population growth in these markets. For\nexample, we have secured exclusive, long-term franchise agreements in high-growth markets such as\nLos Angeles, Orange and Contra Costa Counties in California, Las Vegas, Nevada, Arlington, Texas,\nand many areas of Florida. We believe that this positions our company to experience internal growth\nrates that are generally higher than our industry's overall growth rate. In addition, we believe that by\nsecuring a base of long-term recurring revenue in growth markets, we are better able to protect our\nmarket position from competition and our business may be less susceptible to downturns in economic\nconditions.\n*Sales and Marketing Activities.*  We seek to manage our sales and marketing activities to enable our\ncompany to capitalize on our leading positions in many of the markets in which we operate. We\ncurrently have approximately 500 sales and marketing employees in the Ñeld, who are compensated\nusing a commission structure that is focused on generating high levels of quality revenue. For the most\npart, these employees directly solicit business from existing and prospective commercial, industrial,\nmunicipal and residential customers. We emphasize our rate and cost structures when we train new\nand existing sales personnel. In addition, we utilize a contact management system that assists our sales\npeople in tracking leads. It also tracks renewal periods for potential commercial, industrial and\nfranchise contracts.\n*Development Activities.*  We seek to identify opportunities to further our position as an integrated\nservice provider in markets where we provide services for a portion of the waste stream. Where\nappropriate, we seek to obtain permits to build transfer stations and/or landÑlls that would provide\n5\nvertically integrated waste services or expand the service area for our existing disposal sites.\nDevelopment projects, while generally less capital intensive, typically require extensive permitting",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Operations**\n\nsmaller businesses that also operate in that market and surrounding markets, which are typically\nreferred to as \"\"tuck-in'' acquisitions. We seek to consolidate the operations of such tuck-in businesses\ninto our existing operations in that market. We also seek to acquire landÑlls, transfer stations and\ncollection companies that operate in markets that we are already servicing in order to fully integrate our\noperations from collection to disposal. In addition, we have in the past and may continue in the future\nto exchange businesses with other solid waste companies if by doing so there is a net beneÑt to our\nbusiness platform. These activities allow us to increase our revenue and market share, lower our cost of\noperations as a percentage of revenue, and consolidate duplicative facilities and functions to maximize\ncost eÇciencies and economies of scale.\n*Acquire Well-Managed Companies.*  We also seek to acquire businesses that have experienced\nmanagement teams that are willing to join the management of our company. We generally seek to\nmaintain continuity in management of larger acquired companies in order to capitalize on their local\n6\nmarket knowledge, community relations and name recognition, and to instill their entrepreneurial drive\nat all levels of our operations. By furnishing the local management of such acquired companies with our\nÑnancial and marketing resources and technical expertise, we believe that the acquired companies are\nbetter able to secure additional municipal franchises and other contracts.\n*Privatize Municipal Operations and Acquire Divested Operations.*  We also seek to acquire solid\nwaste collection operations, transfer stations and landÑlls that municipalities and other governmental\nauthorities are privatizing. Many municipalities are seeking to outsource or sell these types of solid\nwaste operations, as they lack the capital, technical expertise and/or operational resources necessary to\ncomply with increasingly stringent regulatory standards and/or to compete eÅectively with private-\nsector companies. In addition, we have acquired, and will continue to seek to acquire, operations and\nfacilities that may be divested by other publicly-owned waste companies.\n####### **Operations**\nOur operations primarily consist of the collection, transfer and disposal of non-hazardous solid waste.\n*Collection Services.*  We provide solid waste collection services to commercial, industrial, municipal and\nresidential customers in 22 states through 140 collection companies. In 2004, 74.3% of our revenue was\nderived from collection services consisting of approximately 32.5% from services provided to municipal and\nresidential customers, 36.6% from services provided to commercial customers, and 30.9% from services\nprovided to industrial and other customers.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Operating Strategy**\n\n‚ utilize a decentralized management structure in overseeing day-to-day operations,\n‚ integrate waste operations,\n‚ improve operating margins through economies of scale, cost eÇciencies and asset utilization,\n‚ achieve high levels of customer satisfaction, and\n‚ utilize systems to improve consistency in Ñnancial and operational performance.\nFor certain risks related to our operating strategy, see \"\"Risk Factors.''\n‚  * **Experienced Executive Management Team.** *  We believe that we have one of the most experienced\nexecutive management teams in the solid waste industry.\nJames E. O'Connor, who has served as our Chief Executive OÇcer since December 1998, also\nbecame our Chairman in January 2003. He worked at Waste Management, Inc. from 1972 to 1978 and\nfrom 1982 to 1998. During that time, he served in various management positions, including Senior Vice\nPresident in 1997 and 1998, and Area President of Waste Management of Florida, Inc. from 1992 to\n1997. Mr. O'Connor has over 30 years of experience in the solid waste industry.\nMichael J. Cordesman, who has served as our Chief Operating OÇcer since March 2002 and also as\nour President since February 2003, has over 24 years of experience in the solid waste industry. He\njoined us in June 2001 as our Eastern Region Vice President. From 1999 to 2001, Mr. Cordesman\nserved as Vice President of the Central Region for Superior Services Inc. From 1980 to 1999, he served\nin various positions with Waste Management, including Vice President of the Mid-Atlantic Region\nfrom 1992 to 1999.\n3\nThe other corporate oÇcers with responsibility for our operations have an average of over 23 years of\nmanagement experience in the solid waste industry. Our Ñve regional vice presidents and our 23 area\npresidents have an average of 24 years of experience in the industry.\nIn addition, Harris W. Hudson, who has served as our Vice Chairman since our initial public\noÅering, has over 40 years of experience in the solid waste industry, including 11 years with Waste\nManagement and 19 years with private waste collection companies.\n‚  * **Decentralized Management Structure.** *  We maintain a relatively small corporate headquarters staÅ,\nrelying on a decentralized management structure to minimize administrative overhead costs and to\nmanage our day-to-day operations more eÇciently. Our local management has extensive industry\nexperience in growing, operating and managing solid waste companies and has substantial experience\nin their local geographic markets. In early 2001, we added a sales, maintenance and operations",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Financial Strategy**\n\ncompetitive advantage over non-integrated operators. The ability of the integrated companies to both\ncollect and dispose of solid waste, coupled with access to signiÑcant capital resources necessary for\nacquisitions, has created an environment in which large publicly-owned, integrated companies can\noperate more cost eÅectively and competitively than non-integrated operators.\n*Municipal Privatization.*  The trend toward consolidation in the solid waste services industry is\nfurther supported by the increasing tendency of a number of municipalities to privatize their waste\ndisposal operations. Privatization of municipal waste operations is often an attractive alternative to\nfunding the changes required by Subtitle D.\nThese developments, as well as the fact that there are a limited number of viable exit strategies for many\nof the owners and principals of numerous privately-held companies in the industry, have contributed to the\noverall consolidation trend in the solid waste industry.\n####### **Financial Strategy**\nA key component of our Ñnancial strategy is our ability to generate free cash Öow. Our deÑnition of free\ncash Öow, which is not a measure determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, is\ncash provided by operating activities less purchases of property and equipment plus proceeds from the sale of\nproperty and equipment as presented in our consolidated statement of cash Öows. We believe that free cash\nÖow provides useful information regarding the recurring cash provided by our operating activities after\nexpenditures for property and equipment. It also demonstrates our ability to execute our Ñnancial strategy.\nConsequently, we have developed incentive programs and we conduct monthly Ñeld operating reviews that\nhelp focus our entire company on the importance of increasing free cash Öow.\nFree cash Öow does not represent our cash Öow available for discretionary expenditures because it\nexcludes certain expenditures that are required or that we have committed to such as debt service\nrequirements and dividend payments. Our deÑnition of free cash Öow may not be comparable to similarly\ntitled measures presented by other companies.\nWe manage our free cash Öow primarily by ensuring that capital expenditures and operating asset levels\nare appropriate in light of our existing business and growth opportunities and by closely managing our working\ncapital, which consists primarily of accounts receivable and accounts payable.\nWe have used and will continue to use our cash Öow to maximize stockholder value as well as our return\non investment. This includes the following:\n‚  * **Customer Service.** *  We will continue to reinvest in our existing Öeet of vehicles, equipment, landÑlls",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Competition**\n\nlarge \"\"Fortune 500'' companies and municipalities.\nMost of our marketing activity is local in nature. However, in 2000 we initiated a national accounts\nprogram in response to our customers' needs.\nWe generally do not change the tradenames of the local businesses we acquire, and therefore we do not\noperate nationally under any one mark or tradename. Rather, we rely on the goodwill associated with the\nacquired companies' local tradenames as used in each geographic market in which we operate.\n####### **Customers**\nWe provide services to commercial, industrial, municipal and residential customers. No one customer has\nindividually accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue or of our reportable segment revenue in\nany of the last three years.\n8\n####### **Competition**\nWe operate in a highly competitive industry. Entry into our business and the ability to operate proÑtably\nin the industry requires substantial amounts of capital and managerial experience.\nCompetition in the non-hazardous solid waste industry comes from a few large, national publicly-owned\ncompanies, including Waste Management and Allied Waste Industries, several regional publicly- and\nprivately-owned solid waste companies, and thousands of small privately-owned companies. Some of our\ncompetitors have signiÑcantly larger operations, and may have signiÑcantly greater Ñnancial resources, than\nwe do. In addition to national and regional Ñrms and numerous local companies, we compete with\nmunicipalities that maintain waste collection or disposal operations. These municipalities may have Ñnancial\nadvantages due to the availability of tax revenues and tax-exempt Ñnancing.\nWe compete for collection accounts primarily on the basis of price and the quality of our services. From\ntime to time, our competitors may reduce the price of their services in an eÅort to expand market share or to\nwin a competitively bid municipal contract. This may have an impact on our future revenue and proÑtability.\nIn each market in which we own or operate a landÑll, we compete for landÑll business on the basis of\ndisposal costs, geographical location and quality of operations. Our ability to obtain landÑll business may be\nlimited by the fact that some major collection companies also own or operate landÑlls to which they send their\nwaste. There also has been an increasing trend at the state and local levels to mandate waste reduction at the\nsource and to prohibit the disposal of certain types of waste, such as yard waste, at landÑlls. This may result in\nthe volume of waste going to landÑlls being reduced in certain areas, which may aÅect our ability to operate",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **10. SEGMENT INFORMATION**\n\nThe Company's operations are managed and evaluated through Ñve regions: Eastern, Central, Southern,\nSouthwestern and Western. These Ñve regions are presented below as the Company's reportable segments.\nThese reportable segments provide integrated waste management services consisting of collection, transfer and\ndisposal of domestic non-hazardous solid waste.\nSummarized Ñnancial information concerning the Company's reportable segments for the respective\nyears ended December 31 is shown in the following table:\n**Depreciation,**\n**Amortization,**\n**Gross Intercompany Net Depletion and Operating Capital Total**\n**2004 Revenue Revenue(b) Revenue Accretion(c) Income Expenditures(d) Assets**\nEastern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $ 648.6 $(103.2) $ 545.4 $ 43.8 $ 80.0 $ 51.4 $ 878.5\nCentral Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 700.9 (156.6) 544.3 79.4 100.9 84.9 1,083.6\nSouthern RegionÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 751.9 (79.6) 672.3 66.7 110.8 71.4 879.3\nSouthwestern Region ÏÏÏÏ 342.1 (33.0) 309.1 30.6 41.2 24.7 405.3\nWestern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 788.4 (151.9) 636.5 48.3 158.3 48.7 817.6\nCorporate Entities(a)ÏÏÏÏ .6 (.1) .5 4.3 (38.9) 2.7 400.3\nTotalÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $3,232.5 $(524.4) $2,708.1 $273.1 $452.3 $283.8 $4,464.6\n80\n####### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n####### **NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n####### **(All tables in millions, except per share data) Ì (Continued)**\n**Depreciation,**\n**Amortization,**\n**Gross Intercompany Net Depletion and Operating Capital Total**\n**2003 Revenue Revenue(b) Revenue Accretion(c) Income Expenditures(d) Assets**\nEastern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $ 600.2 $ (93.0) $ 507.2 $ 36.4 $ 71.3 $ 40.7 $ 826.9\nCentral Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 671.7 (151.6) 520.1 74.0 106.6 75.7 960.5\nSouthern RegionÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 680.3 (76.9) 603.4 62.8 107.5 69.9 865.6\nSouthwestern Region ÏÏÏÏ 332.6 (31.2) 301.4 28.7 50.2 28.9 409.4\nWestern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 729.4 (143.9) 585.5 46.2 148.8 51.4 813.2\nCorporate Entities(a)ÏÏÏÏ .2 Ì .2 3.7 (71.7) 6.6 678.5\nTotalÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $3,014.4 $(496.6) $2,517.8 $251.8 $412.7 $273.2 $4,554.1\n**Depreciation,**\n**Amortization, Other**\n**Gross Intercompany Net and Charges Operating Capital Total**\n**2002 Revenue Revenue(b) Revenue Depletion(c) (Income) Income Expenditures(d) Assets**\nEastern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $ 564.1 $ (79.7) $ 484.4 $ 32.0 $(4.1) $ 87.0 $ 39.2 $ 822.2\nCentral Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 589.6 (120.2) 469.4 53.6 (1.5) 105.3 77.1 950.9\nSouthern RegionÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 643.1 (65.5) 577.6 52.7 Ì 118.3 58.0 830.7\nSouthwestern Region ÏÏÏ 311.8 (29.1) 282.7 22.8 Ì 41.9 30.6 374.6\nWestern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ 690.0 (139.1) 550.9 41.3 Ì 145.5 47.3 826.7\nCorporate Entities(a)ÏÏÏ .2 (.1) .1 (2.8) Ì (38.5) 6.4 404.0\nTotalÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $2,798.8 $(433.7) $2,365.1 $199.6 $(5.6) $459.5 $258.6 $4,209.1\n(a) Corporate functions include legal, tax, treasury, information technology, risk management, human",
+                    "page_start": 87,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "What was one of the seminal moment of 2004 for MGM MIRAGE ?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": "The announcement of  the merger between  MGM MIRAGE and  Mandalay Resort Group  was one of the seminal  moments of 2004",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 4
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 46\n\n**NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION**\nMGM MIRAGE (the “Company”), formerly MGM Grand, Inc., is a Delaware\ncorporation, incorporated on January 29, 1986. As of December 31, 2004\napproximately 58% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock\nwere owned by Tracinda Corporation, a Nevada corporation wholly owned by Kirk\nKerkorian. MGM MIRAGE acts largely as a holding company and, through\nwholly-owned subsidiaries, owns and/or operates casino resorts.\nThe Company owns and operates the following casino resorts on the Las Vegas\nStrip in Las Vegas, Nevada: Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas, The Mirage, Treasure\nIsland (“TI”), New York-New York and the Boardwalk Hotel and Casino. The\nCompany owns a 50% interest in the joint venture that owns and operates the\nMonte Carlo Resort & Casino, also located on the Las Vegas Strip.\nThe Company owns three resorts in Primm, Nevada at the California/Nevada state\nline -  Whiskey Pete’s, Buffalo Bill’s and the Primm Valley Resort -  as well as two\nchampionship golf courses located near the resorts. The Company also owns\nShadow Creek, an exclusive world-class golf course located approximately ten miles\nnorth of its Las Vegas Strip resorts.\nThe Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, MGM Grand Detroit, Inc.,\nand its local partners formed MGM Grand Detroit, LLC, to develop a hotel, casino\nand entertainment complex in Detroit, Michigan. MGM Grand Detroit, LLC\noperates a casino in an interim facility in downtown Detroit. See Note 10 for\ndiscussion of the revised development agreement with the City of Detroit and\nplans for a permanent casino resort.\nThe Company owns and operates Beau Rivage, a beachfront resort located in Biloxi,\nMississippi. The Company also owns a 50% interest in a limited liability company\nthat owns Borgata, a casino resort at Renaissance Pointe, located in the Marina area\nof Atlantic City, New Jersey.  Boyd Gaming Corporation owns the other 50% of\nBorgata and also operates the resort.  Borgata opened in July 2003. The Company\nowns approximately 95 developable acres adjacent to Borgata, a portion of which\nconsists of common roads, landscaping and master plan improvements which the\nCompany designed and developed as required under the agreement with Boyd.\nUntil July 2004, the Company owned and operated MGM Grand Australia and\nuntil January 2004, the Company owned and operated the Golden Nugget Las\nVegas in downtown Las Vegas and the Golden Nugget Laughlin in Laughlin,\nNevada (the “Golden Nugget Subsidiaries”). Until June 2003, the Company",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 18\n\nNumber of shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . .  **140,370**  143,096 154,574 157,396 159,130\n**(1) On December 13, 1999, the Board of Directors approved an initial quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share to stockholders of record on February 10, 2000. The dividend was paid on March 1, 2000. As a result of the acquisition of Mirage Resorts, Incorporated, we announced on April 19, 2000 that the quarterly dividend policy was discontinued.**\n**The acquisition of Mirage Resorts occurred on May 31, 2000. In June 2003, we ceased operations of PLAYMGMMIRAGE.com, our online gaming website (“Online”). In January 2004, we sold the Golden Nugget Las Vegas and the Golden Nugget Laughlin including substantially all of the assets and liabilities of those resorts (the “Golden Nugget Subsidiaries”). In July 2004, we sold the subsidiaries that own and operate MGM Grand Australia. The results of Online, the Golden Nugget Subsidiaries and MGM Grand Australia are classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented.**\n**2004**  2003 2002 2001 2000 For the Years Ended December 31\n(in thousands except share and per share data)\n2004 N E T  R E V E N U E\n**$- $3,500 $3,750 $4,000 $4,250 $4,500 ($Millions)**\n2003\n2002\n2004\n**$- $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 ($Millions)**\n2003\n2002\n2004\n**$- $200 $250 $300 $350 $400 $450 ($Millions)**\n**$412**\n**$244**\n**$292**\n2003\n2002\n**$4,238**\n**$3,863**\n**$3,757**\n**$951**\n**$700**\n**$747** O P E R A T I N G  I N C O M E\nN E T  I N C O M E\nFinancial Table of Contents 22\n20 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations\n39 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting\n40 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm\n42 Consolidated Balance Sheets\n43 Consolidated Statements of Income\n44 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows\n45 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity\n46 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n69 Investor Information\n70 Directors and Officers / Corporate Directory",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\ndefining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\nD E F I N I N G  M O M E N T S  O F  M G M  M I R A G E P O I N T S  I N  T I M E\n96 **19**\n**THE NEW YORK-NEW YORK SKYLINE BECOMES**\n**A TOWERING PRESENCE IN THE PORTFOLIO.**\nWe acquired Primadonna Resorts to gain full\nownership of the spectacular New York-New York\nas well as three hotel-casinos on the Nevada state\nline and two championship golf courses.\n**IT ALL BEGINS WITH MGM GRAND.**  MGM Grand,\nthe largest hotel-casino in the world, opened to\ngreat fanfare. “The City of Entertainment”\nredefined the urban resort and provided the\nfoundation for our company’s momentous growth.\n93 **19**\n**SOON, A SPECTACULAR NEW CITY WILL RISE.**\nProject CityCenter -  an ambitious multi-dimensional\nurban plan -  will contribute to the remarkable\ntransformation of Las Vegas as an emerging city\nof global significance.\n**MANDALAY RESORT GROUP**\n**AND MGM MIRAGE ANNOUNCE**\n**MERGER.**  Mandalay Resort\nGroup will add iconic resorts and\ngreat people to our family. We\nwill own 832 acres in the heart\nof Las Vegas, the fastest growing\ncity in the United States.\n04 **20**\n09 **20**\n03 **20**\n00 **20**\n**BORGATA CHANGES THE FACE OF ATLANTIC CITY.**\nBorgata is launched in Atlantic City with our joint-venture\npartner Boyd Gaming. Borgata has been a tremendous success,\nraising the bar for casino entertainment in that market.\n**BELLAGIO ADDS A JEWEL TO THE**\n**FAMILY CROWN.**  The Mirage Resorts\nmerger provided outstanding resorts,\npeople and land, and has propelled our\nearnings and provided an unparalleled\nplatform for future growth.\nM G M M I R A G E  D E F I N E S  M O M E N T U M\n**BELLAGIO SPA TOWER**\nThe quintessential luxury\nhotel is now even more\nopulent. This expansion\nincludes 928 rooms and\nsuites, 80,000 square feet\nof convention space, retail\noutlets, and restaurants.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
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+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
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+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\nnew life as a top dining establishment, Cravings.\nOthers may follow this lead, but The Mirage was\nthe first property to breathe new life into what\nremained of the last bastion of “old” Las Vegas.\n**47.6%**\n**14.9% 18.0%**\n**19.5%**\n**47.6%**\n**14.9% 18.0%**\n**19.5%**\n2004 Revenue Mix\nCasino\nRooms\nFood & Beverage\nEntertainment, Retail,\n& Other\n**SKYLOFTS**  MGM Grand\nA private sanctuary of sleek,\nelegant two-story accommo-\ndations, offering discerning\nguests the quintessential loft\nenvironment - harmonizing\ndesign, décor, ambiance and\nunparalleled vistas.\n**BELLAGIO SPA**  Unique\ndesign elements, combined\nwith an international array of\ninnovative treatments and\nspecially trained therapists,\nprovide the ultimate indul-\ngent experience.\n**TEATRO**  MGM Grand A new\ngenre of Las Vegas nightlife\nwhere European club influ-\nences permeate. DJs spin jazz/\nhouse throughout the evening,\ngiving way to an energetic\nafter-hours vibe with live cat-\nwalk entertainment.\n**KÀ**  The most spectacular production ever, by a troupe renowned for its\npageantry. Cirque du Soleil’s *KÀ*  debuted at a new theatre at MGM Grand\nin the fourth quarter of 2004.\nWhat exactly is a defining\nmoment? Try a multi-billion\ndollar project centered in the\nheart of Las Vegas.\n04\nwide array of community needs. From homeless shelters to\nafter-school programs, MGM MIRAGE employees have\ngenerously donated more than $8 million since 2001.\nYour company also sets aside a portion of its profits\neach year to be given to important programs intended to\nbuild stronger communities. Since 2001, your company has\ngiven more than $18 million to support such programs.\nDefining Momentum in Our Family\nOur momentum is driven from within by acknowledging\nthe contributions of each and every one of our employees,\nbusiness partners and customers. Our commitment to\ndiversity is recognition of the fact that in today’s ever-\nchanging marketplace, we must reflect that which we see\nin the world around us.\nThis commitment should be seen as a common-\nsense business decision. That said, we are proud of\nthe recognition our Diversity program has received,\nincluding accolades from prestigious media such as\n*Fortune*  and  *DiversityInc.*  magazines.\nSince formalizing our program only four years ago,\nwe’ve made enormous strides. There is still progress to\nbe made and your company has the momentum to\nremain at the forefront on diversity initiatives, provid-\ning yet another advantage for sustaining performance in\nthe long term.\nDefining Momentum in the Future\nYour company achieved many business goals in 2004",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\nand set in motion plans for future growth. These initiatives\nwill provide unmatched returns. We have also created unri-\nvaled opportunities for our employees and will continue\nour rich history of strengthening the communities in which\nwe do business.\nAs exciting as 2004 was, our momentum will carry us\nto even greater achievements in 2005 and beyond.\n**J. TERRENCE LANNI**\nChairman of the Board & Chief Executive Officer\nMarch 31, 2005\n**SENSI**  BELLAGIO An\neclectic menu features\ndiverse cuisines in an\nearthy arena replete with\nwaterfalls and chrome. A\nbold wine list complements\nChef Martin Heierling’s\nsumptuous work.\n**JEAN-PHILIPPE PATISSERIE**\nBELLAGIO A mesmerizing\nfountain of cascading liquid\nchocolate showcases a splen-\ndid selection of chocolates,\ncakes, crêpes, salads and\nsandwiches.\n**ISLA**  TI Designed by\nJeffrey Beers, Isla bright-\nens all the senses. Chef\nRichard Sandoval gives\nan innovative and modern\ninterpretation of traditional\nMexican cuisine.\n(from left to right)  **KENNETH ROSEVEAR**  President, MGM MIRAGE Development;  **JOHN T. REDMOND**  President & CEO, MGM Grand Resorts, LLC;\n**J. TERRENCE LANNI**  Chairman & CEO, MGM MIRAGE;  **ROBERT H. BALDWIN**  President & CEO, Mirage Resorts, Incorporated & President, Project CityCenter;\n**GARY N. JACOBS**  Executive Vice President, General Counsel & Secretary, MGM MIRAGE;  **JAMES J. MURREN**  President, CFO & Treasurer, MGM MIRAGE\n05\nstrength (n) [ME < OE  *strengou.*  ] 5. Firm will or character: moral courage or power. engt (n) [ME < O  *ou.*  ] 5. Firm will or c mora\nThe announcement of\nthe merger between\nMGM MIRAGE and\nMandalay Resort Group\nwas one of the seminal\nmoments of 2004.\nU S I N G  O U R  S T R E N G T H...\n**he Mandalay merger will create a powerful**\n**combination of assets and people positioned**\n**to compete far more strongly than either**\n**company individually.**\n**With ever-increasing competition from tribal**\n**gaming in California as well as the continuing growth**\n**of gaming across the country and abroad, we are**\n**positioned to grow through improved performance at**\n**existing properties and development of strategic real**\n**estate obtained in the merger.**\n**MGM MIRAGE and Mandalay combined will**\n**create an unmatched collection of the world’s most**\n**famous resorts in the gaming, entertainment and travel**\n**markets. Customers will benefit from choices in all**\n**market segments. Lastly, of significance in determin-**\n**ing the value of this transaction for shareholders, the**\n**merger with Mandalay will be immediately accretive.**",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\na force which can be observed and measured, and something that can be a lasting and defining quality of a great\ncompany. Our 2004 results are a clear reminder of the power of moving forward. Our financial policies have long\nbeen designed to create and maintain momentum. By investing in our best assets and thinking of new ways to add\nvalue to our shareholders, we are able to redefine our Company’s place in history every year -  and 2004 was a defin-\ning time even by our exacting standards.\nSo how did we get here? Last year, we discussed the importance of focus, and the laser-like precision with which\nwe operated our resorts in 2004 affirms the power of our single-minded dedication to excellence. The hard work of\nour 40,000 employees resulted in a record year in almost every regard. Net revenues increased 10% over 2003 to a\nrecord $4.2 billion, with 12% REVPAR growth at our Las Vegas resorts; property-level EBITDA was an all-time\nrecord, nearly $1.5 billion, and 23% higher than the prior year. We exceeded the expectations of every market\nobserver, and significantly beat our forecasts. And 2004 will not be a zenith year for your company -  rather, we\nexpect to continue our excellent operating performance, re-invest the resulting cash flow to stimulate future growth\nand move forward to new defining moments.\nHow do we re-define a company that is already at the top of its industry? First, we continue to execute on our\nvision for our existing resorts -  to continually evolve and increase the “Wow!” factor for our guests. This strategy\nrequires investment, and we will ensure that our resorts are not only world-class, but best-in-class. Examples include\nthe beautiful Spa Tower at Bellagio and  *KÀ*  , the latest spectacular creation in collaboration with Cirque du Soleil.\n**GAMAL AZIZ**  President, MGM Grand\n**JAMES J. MURREN**  President, CFO & Treasurer\n**GLENN BONNER**  Senior VP & CIO,\nMGM MIRAGE Information Systems\n**GEORGE R. BOYER III**  President,\nMGM Grand Detroit\n**JOSEPH BRUNINI**  President,\nMGM Grand Resorts National Marketing\n**JEFF DAHL**  President, Beau Rivage\nT",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\nand an array of temptations in\nwhat’s unquestionably the ultimate\nbuffet dining experience.\n02\nDefining Momentum for Our Industry\nThe gaming industry in America is maturing, and\ninternational expansion, while exciting in select markets,\nremains challenging. As a result, your company has\npursued a growth strategy that calls for maximizing the\nassets we currently own and seeking prudent development\nopportunities and strategic acquisitions.\nUpon completion of our merger with Mandalay,\nMGM MIRAGE will be the world’s leading gaming and\nleisure company. The combination will result in a well-\ncapitalized company uniquely situated to invest in its\ncurrent portfolio in addition to creating new projects\nin the United States and around the world.\nWe believe this is an outstanding\ntransaction for the shareholders of\nboth companies. With this\nacquisition, we will own,\noperate and have investments\nin 28 properties throughout Nevada, Mississippi,\nIllinois, Michigan, and New Jersey.\nThe combined company will have an asset portfolio\nwhich includes some of the most widely recognized brand\nnames in the world. These properties cater to a broad\ncustomer base, ranging from value-oriented to the ultra-\nhigh end. Each resort provides a unique customer experience\nthrough its specific personality and combination of amenities.\nWe also will have at Mandalay Bay the fifth largest\nconvention center in the United States, providing the com-\npany with a great resource to further develop the business\ntravel and convention market.\nBut the bricks and mortar tell only part of the story\nof this transaction. At the heart of Mandalay is its people.\nMandalay employees at all levels are energetic and talented\nand will be a tremendous asset to us. Together, we will become\na family in excess of 70,000 people committed to delivering\nthe best possible experiences for our guests. The transaction\nalso will create unparalleled opportunities for our entire family\nof employees.\nIn short, this groundbreaking transaction creates\nunstoppable momentum for all stakeholders in the\nMGM MIRAGE family.\nDefining Momentum in our Properties\nIn 2004, your company invested over $690 million of\ncapital in the creation of new restaurants, clubs, shows and\nnightspots as well as the development of strategic enhance-\nments to existing amenities. These investments generated\nexceptional returns in a time when competition for the\nentertainment dollar has never been higher.\nE A R N I N G S  P E R  S H A R E **2 0 0 2**",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\nroom base. In addition, we added new meeting, retail and dining space and signifi-\ncantly expanded the spa and salon. *KÀ*  opened in late November 2004 at MGM\nGrand Las Vegas, which had been without a featured production show for almost\ntwo years. Along with the numerous restaurant and other entertainment additions\nat MGM Grand Las Vegas,  *KÀ*  will enhance our ability to generate visitor traffic\nand capture a greater share of our guests’ spending.\nWynn Las Vegas will add room capacity to the Las Vegas market, with its 2,700\nrooms representing a 2% increase in Las Vegas room supply. Wynn Las Vegas will\nalso feature numerous upscale restaurants and generally target customers who might\notherwise choose Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas or The Mirage. We believe there\nwill be some impact on these resorts from Wynn Las Vegas, but also believe that the\nbreadth of amenities in our portfolio of resorts and our loyalty and other marketing\nprograms will help minimize these competitive pressures. The proximity of Wynn\nLas Vegas to TI and The Mirage, along with pedestrian bridges linking TI with the\nFashion Show Mall and Venetian, will also benefit these resorts.\n**Mandalay Merger**\nOn June 16, 2004, we announced that we had entered into a definitive merger\nagreement with Mandalay Resort Group (“Mandalay”), a publicly traded company,\nunder which we will acquire Mandalay for $71.00 in cash for each share of\ncommon stock of Mandalay. Mandalay owns and operates eleven properties in\nNevada, including Mandalay Bay, Luxor, Excalibur, Circus Circus, and Slots-A-Fun\nin Las Vegas, Circus Circus-Reno in Reno, Colorado Belle and Edgewater in\nLaughlin, Gold Strike and Nevada Landing in Jean, and Railroad Pass in\nHenderson. Mandalay also owns and operates Gold Strike, a hotel/casino in Tunica\nCounty, Mississippi. In addition, Mandalay owns a 50% interest in Silver Legacy in\nReno, a 50% interest in Monte Carlo in Las Vegas, a 50% interest in Grand\nVictoria, a riverboat in Elgin, Illinois, and a 53.5% interest in MotorCity in\nDetroit, Michigan. The total consideration is approximately $8.1 billion, including\nequity value of approximately $4.8 billion, convertible debentures with a redemp-\ntion value of approximately $574 million, the assumption or repayment of other\noutstanding Mandalay debt with a fair value of approximately $2.6 billion as of\nDecember 31, 2004, and $100 million of estimated transaction costs. The transac-",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\n**RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nAt December 31, 2004, our operations consisted of 11 wholly-owned casino resorts\nand 50% investments in two other casino resorts, including:\n**Las Vegas, Nevada:**  Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas, The Mirage, TI, New York-\nNew York, Boardwalk, and Monte Carlo (50% owned).\n**Other:**  The Primm Valley Resorts (Buffalo Bill’s, Primm Valley\nResort and Whiskey Pete’s) in Primm, Nevada; Beau Rivage\nin Biloxi, Mississippi; MGM Grand Detroit; Borgata (50%\nowned) in Atlantic City, New Jersey.\nWe operate in one segment, the operation of casino resorts, which includes offering\ngaming, hotel, dining, entertainment, retail and other resort amenities. Slightly over\nhalf of our net revenues are derived from gaming activities, a lower percentage than\nmany of our competitors, as our operating philosophy is to provide a complete\nresort experience for our guests, including non-gaming amenities which command\npremium prices based on their quality.\nWe generate a majority of our net revenues and operating income from our Las\nVegas Strip resorts. In 2004, over 75% of our net revenues and operating income\nwas generated by wholly-owned Las Vegas Strip resorts. We believe that we own the\npremier casino resorts on the Las Vegas Strip, and a main focus of our strategy is to\ncontinually reinvest in these resorts to maintain that competitive advantage. Our\nconcentration on the Las Vegas Strip exposes us to certain risks outside of our\ncontrol, such as competition from other Las Vegas Strip resorts as well as new or\nexpanded resorts in Las Vegas, including Wynn Las Vegas expected to open in 2005,\nand the impact from potential expansion of gaming in California. This concentra-\ntion also exposes us to risks related to tourism and the general economy, including\nnational and global economic conditions and terrorist attacks or other global events.\n**Key Performance Indicators**\nAs a resort-based company, our operating results are highly dependent on the\nvolume of customers at our resorts, which in turn impacts the price we can charge\nfor our hotel rooms and other amenities. We also generate a significant portion of\nour operating income from the high-end gaming segment, which can cause\nvariability in our results. Key performance indicators related to revenue are:\n-  Gaming revenue indicators -  table games drop and slot handle (volume\nindicators); “win” or “hold” percentage, which is not fully controllable by us. Our\nnormal table games win percentage is in the range of 18% to 22% of table games",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## FINANCIAL OVERVIEW\n\nincreased share of each guest’s spending budget. Since 2000,\nwe have invested over $2.0 billion in capital in our resorts and\nour unconsolidated affiliates, which helped drive EBITDA\nfrom $1.1 billion to $1.5 billion in 2004, with significant\ncash flow-producing assets just coming on line in late 2004.\nSecond, we can return capital to the shareholders. In 2004,\nwe repurchased eight million shares of common stock for\n$349 million bringing the total since May 2000 to 30 million\nshares for $1.0 billion. Third, we can reduce debt, and\nmaintain a low cost of borrowing for the future. In 2004,\nwe repaid almost $100 million in net debt, bringing total\ndebt reduction since May 2000 to $1.1 billion.\nOur financial strength allowed us to issue over $1.5 billion\nin fixed rate debt in 2004 at historically low interest rates, as\nwell as securing a $7 billion credit facility to fund the Mandalay\nacquisition, the largest ever for a gaming company. And the\nrecent redemptions of certain of our Senior Notes means our\nassets are no longer securing our remaining senior debt,\nincluding the new credit facility.\nAlways in Motion\nWe would love to look back at 2004 forever, given that\nit was our company��s best year ever. But our work is only\nbeginning. New history is still to be made; records are waiting\nto be broken; and we must vigilantly maintain our momentum.\nAs stewards of your company, our goals are to continue to\nperform at peak levels and manage our growth initiatives to\nensure maximum value for our shareholders. I hope to report\non new defining moments in next year’s Annual Report.\n**JAMES J. MURREN**  President, Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer\n$00.00\nJan 02\nS T O C K  P R I C E  H I S T O R Y  ( 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 4 )\n$10.00\nApr 02 Jul 02 Oct 02 Jan 03 Apr 03 Jul 03 Oct 03 Jan 04 Apr 04 Jul 04 Oct 04 Dec 04\n$20.00\n$30.00\n$40.00\n$50.00\n$60.00\n$70.00\n**WILLIAM SMITH**  President, MGM MIRAGE\nDesign Group\n**RICHARD A. STURM**  President,\nMGM MIRAGE Sports & Entertainment\n**FRANK VISCONTI**  President,\nMGM MIRAGE Retail\n**RENEE WEST**  President,\nPrimadonna Resorts\n**FORREST WOODWARD**\nPresident, Boardwalk\n17",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf",
+                "query": " What are the most significant piece of undeveloped land remaining on the Las  Vegas Strip ?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "W  RESIDENTIAL In lofts, brown stones and high-rise buildings,  residential options abound to  populate the new city and ener gize the surrounding areas.  e have been working for some time on con ceiving the best use of the 66 acres between  Monte Carlo and Bellagio, the most significant piece of undeveloped land remaining on the Las  Vegas Strip.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 4
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\npreviously laid off or terminated employees, management determined in 2002 that\na portion of the remaining accrual was no longer necessary. This resulted in a\nrestructuring credit of $10 million in 2002.\nProperty transactions, net consisted of the following:\nYear Ended December 31 (In thousands)\n\nGain on sale of North Las Vegas land  . . . . . . . . . . . $  **—**  $ (36,776) $ —\nSiegfried & Roy theatre write-down -  The Mirage . . . **—**  1,408 —\nStorm damage -  Beau Rivage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **—**  — 7,824\nWrite-off of Detroit development costs  . . . . . . . . . . . **—**  — 4,754\nImpairment of assets to be disposed of  . . . . . . . . . . **473**  5,764 2,134\nDemolition costs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **7,057**  6,614 —\nOther net losses on asset sales or disposals . . . . . . . **1,135**  4,049 —\n**$ 8,665**  $ (18,941) $ 14,712\nIn 2004, there were no material unusual property transactions. In 2003, we sold 315\nacres of land in North Las Vegas, Nevada near Shadow Creek for approximately\n$55 million, resulting in the $37 million gain reflected above. Prior to 2003, we\nclassified gains and losses on routine assets sales or disposals as a non-operating item at\nsome resorts and as an operating item at other resorts. We believe the preferable pres-\nentation of these items is as an element of operating income. Prior period statements\nhave not been reclassified as such transactions were not material in periods prior to\n2003. Until 2003, demolition costs were typically capitalized as part of new construc-\ntion. We began expensing demolition costs on major construction projects as incurred\non January 1, 2003, and are accounting for this change in policy prospectively.\nDemolition costs were not material in periods prior to 2003. Demolition costs in\n2004 and 2003 related primarily to preparation for the Bellagio standard room\nremodel, Bellagio expansion and new theatre at MGM Grand Las Vegas. Impairments\nof assets to be disposed of in 2003 consisted primarily of assets related to the former",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 46\n\n$ 925 $ (838) $ — $ 87\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements 65\n**NOTE 14 — PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS, NET**\nProperty transactions, net consisted of the following:\nYear Ended December 31 (In thousands)\n\nGain on sale of North Las Vegas land . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ **—**  $ (36,776) $ —\nSiegfried & Roy theatre write-down -  The Mirage . . . .  **—**  1,408 —\nStorm damage -  Beau Rivage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **—**  — 7,824\nWrite-off of Detroit development costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . **—**  — 4,754\nImpairment of assets to be disposed of. . . . . . . . . . . . **473**  5,764 2,134\nDemolition costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **7,057**  6,614 —\nOther net losses on asset sales or disposals . . . . . . . .  **1,135**  4,049 —\n**$ 8,665**  $ (18,941) $ 14,712\nIn 2004, there were no material unusual property transactions. In 2003 the\nCompany sold 315 acres of land in North Las Vegas, Nevada near Shadow Creek\nfor approximately $55 million, which resulted in a pretax gain of approximately\n$37 million. Also in 2003, the Company recorded write-downs and impairments of\nassets abandoned or replaced with new construction, primarily at MGM Grand Las\nVegas in preparation for new restaurants and the new theatre. Prior to 2003, the\nCompany classified gains and losses on routine asset sales or disposals as a\nnon-operating item at some resorts and as an operating item at other resorts.\nManagement believes the preferable presentation of these items is as an element of\noperating income. Prior period statements have not been reclassified as such\ntransactions were not material in the prior periods. Until 2003, demolition costs\nwere typically capitalized as part of new construction. The Company began\nexpensing demolition costs on major construction projects as incurred on January 1,\n2003, and is accounting for this change in policy prospectively. Demolition costs\nwere not material in prior periods. Demolition costs in 2004 and 2003 relate\nprimarily to preparation for the Bellagio standard room remodel, Bellagio expansion",
+                    "page_start": 73,
+                    "page_end": 74,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## FINANCIAL OVERVIEW\n\nfor living, working and playing. We want to be an integral\npart in defining the Las Vegas of the future.\nAnd there is a business motivation. Companies in the\ngaming industry have historically not been valued on par with\nother hospitality companies and mixed-use real estate compa-\nnies. We plan to break out of the gaming mold, and define a\ncompany based on extensive holdings in multiple businesses.\nProject CityCenter will include major residential, retail and\nentertainment components. We will partner with boutique\n(from left to right)  **ROBERT C. SELWOOD**  Senior Vice President—\nAccounting;  **JAMES J. MURREN**  President, CFO & Treasurer;\n**BRYAN L. WRIGHT**  Senior Vice President — Assistant General\nCounsel & Assistant Secretary;  **DANIEL J. D'ARRIGO**  Senior Vice\nPresident—Finance\nNo company is better\npositioned to help shape\nthe future of Las Vegas\nthan MGM MIRAGE.\n16\nhotel, retail and residential companies, companies previously\nserving only major urban hubs. And CityCenter will ensure the\ngreatest possible return on our investment on this Las Vegas\nStrip land.\nAs always, we are working on many growth opportunities to\nincrease our momentum and become a company with a global\nscale. We are excited about the expansion projects underway\nat Borgata, the rapid sales pace at The Residences at MGM\nGrand Las Vegas, and the development of a hotel-casino in\nMacau. And we are exploring additional development opportu-\nnities in the Far East and the United Kingdom. All of these\nendeavors will be handled with the clear intent of expanding\nprudently and ensuring financial stability, as our capital alloca-\ntion focus in 2005 will be to reduce debt and continue to invest\nin our resorts.\nDefining Value\nIt has become a custom to include our financial core values\nin this letter to our owners. We believe that management’s most\nimportant role is to most effectively manage assets and allocate\ncapital. We hire the best casino resort operators in the world,\nand they provide us the fuel we need, operating cash flow, to\npropel us forward. That cash flow generates real value for share-\nholders in several ways.\nFirst, we can re-invest in our resorts, as we have done\nover the past several years and will continue to do so in 2005\nand beyond. These investments create the impetus for\nincreased guest spending, and the relationship is not linear.\nWe are capturing an increased share of guests and an",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\nroom base. In addition, we added new meeting, retail and dining space and signifi-\ncantly expanded the spa and salon. *KÀ*  opened in late November 2004 at MGM\nGrand Las Vegas, which had been without a featured production show for almost\ntwo years. Along with the numerous restaurant and other entertainment additions\nat MGM Grand Las Vegas,  *KÀ*  will enhance our ability to generate visitor traffic\nand capture a greater share of our guests’ spending.\nWynn Las Vegas will add room capacity to the Las Vegas market, with its 2,700\nrooms representing a 2% increase in Las Vegas room supply. Wynn Las Vegas will\nalso feature numerous upscale restaurants and generally target customers who might\notherwise choose Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas or The Mirage. We believe there\nwill be some impact on these resorts from Wynn Las Vegas, but also believe that the\nbreadth of amenities in our portfolio of resorts and our loyalty and other marketing\nprograms will help minimize these competitive pressures. The proximity of Wynn\nLas Vegas to TI and The Mirage, along with pedestrian bridges linking TI with the\nFashion Show Mall and Venetian, will also benefit these resorts.\n**Mandalay Merger**\nOn June 16, 2004, we announced that we had entered into a definitive merger\nagreement with Mandalay Resort Group (“Mandalay”), a publicly traded company,\nunder which we will acquire Mandalay for $71.00 in cash for each share of\ncommon stock of Mandalay. Mandalay owns and operates eleven properties in\nNevada, including Mandalay Bay, Luxor, Excalibur, Circus Circus, and Slots-A-Fun\nin Las Vegas, Circus Circus-Reno in Reno, Colorado Belle and Edgewater in\nLaughlin, Gold Strike and Nevada Landing in Jean, and Railroad Pass in\nHenderson. Mandalay also owns and operates Gold Strike, a hotel/casino in Tunica\nCounty, Mississippi. In addition, Mandalay owns a 50% interest in Silver Legacy in\nReno, a 50% interest in Monte Carlo in Las Vegas, a 50% interest in Grand\nVictoria, a riverboat in Elgin, Illinois, and a 53.5% interest in MotorCity in\nDetroit, Michigan. The total consideration is approximately $8.1 billion, including\nequity value of approximately $4.8 billion, convertible debentures with a redemp-\ntion value of approximately $574 million, the assumption or repayment of other\noutstanding Mandalay debt with a fair value of approximately $2.6 billion as of\nDecember 31, 2004, and $100 million of estimated transaction costs. The transac-",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\n**to build luxury condo/hotels ignited**\n**a flurry of development in Las Vegas.**\n**MGM GRAND MACAU Our joint venture has secured a prime location to develop and construct an exciting**\n**addition to this dynamic gaming destination.**\n**ATLANTIC CITY LAND/BORGATA EXPANSION Our prime real estate in Atlantic City, in a location we defined as Renaissance**\n**Pointe, holds spectacular promise to expand MGM MIRAGE’s market**\n**presence on the East Coast.**\nOur growth strategy calls\nfor prudent and strategic\ndevelopment of our real\nestate assets to maximize\nshareholder value.\n*KÀ* TM by Cirque du Soleil ®\nve <sup>-</sup> lo <sup>-</sup> city (n) 1. -ties:  quickness of motion: speed <the velocity of light. ve l c ty ess of . -ties: locity speed <the .\n**RETAIL We will create a**\n**neighborhood where shopping**\n**and living become one, like**\n**the great cities of San**\n**Francisco and Paris.**\nProject CityCenter has\nalready captured the\nimagination of architects\nand designers around\nthe world as the concept\nhas been widely praised\nfor its vision.\nB U I L D I N G  C O N T I N U O U S  V E L O C I T Y\n**NY/NY** Spring Mountain **TI**\n**BELLAGIO**\n**MONTE**\n**CARLO**\n**THE RESIDENCES**\n**AT MGM GRAND**\n**PROJECT CITYCENTER**\n**N**\nFlamingo\nInterstate 15\nLas Vegas Blvd.\nTropicana\n**MGM GRAND**\n**THE**\n**MIRAGE**\n**RESIDENTIAL In lofts, brown-**\n**stones and high-rise buildings,**\n**residential options abound to**\n**populate the new city and ener-**\n**gize the surrounding areas.**\n**ENTERTAINMENT**\n**From street performers**\n**to Broadway shows,**\n**our entertainment will**\n**evoke the best of New**\n**York or London.**\n**THE SITE Located in the heart of the Las Vegas Strip, Project**\n**CityCenter will dwarf every development that preceded it. Its 66 acres**\n**will include a 4,000-room hotel-casino and three boutique hotels.**\n**e have been working for some time on con-**\n**ceiving the best use of the 66 acres between**\n**Monte Carlo and Bellagio, the most signifi-**\n**cant piece of undeveloped land remaining on the Las**\n**Vegas Strip. We certainly could have come up with a**\n**spectacular casino-hotel. But, the truth is, Las Vegas is**\n**ready for so much more.**\n**As the city eclipses two million residents on its way**\n**to passing three million by the end of the decade, and**\n**with land prices on the Strip soaring, it has become**\n**clear that there is a much better and higher use**\n**for this location. As Las Vegas marks its Centennial,**",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## FINANCIAL OVERVIEW\n\nMGM MIRAGE Diversity/Community\nRelations\n**WILLIAM M C BEATH**  President,\nThe Mirage\n**ROBERT V. MOON**  Chairman,\nMGM MIRAGE Marketing\n**FELIX D. RAPPAPORT**  President,\nNew York-New York\n**SCOTT SIBELLA**  President, TI\ncombination of Mandalay’s assets with our financial strength\nand industry-leading financial discipline will yield significant\nreturns for all of our stakeholders.\nWe are currently planning the integration of the two\ncompanies, and over time, we expect to realize the full poten-\ntial of cost and revenue synergies. We will report on our\nprogress throughout the coming year.\nThe Next Moment -  A City is Born\nWhat makes a great city? Las Vegas has long been\nrecognized as the leisure capital of the world. The resorts in\nour valley have been the innovative leaders in the hospitality\nindustry and have driven the tremendous growth in visitor\nvolume, high occupancy rates and surging food, beverage,\nentertainment and gaming volumes. But there is another\nLas Vegas -  a community of two million residents on its\nway to three million by the end of the decade. Las Vegas is\nleading the U.S. migration to the Southwest. Our newcom-\ners are attracted by the lifestyle, weather, cost of living and\neconomic opportunity. Many have come from cities in the\nEast, West and Midwest and take elements of established\ncommunities for granted, such as medical, educational and\ncultural excellence and diversity.\nThe people of Las Vegas today have great aspirations and\nexpect and demand more of our community. We are a city\nwithout a proper city, and that is about to change. Ambitious\nplans are underway to revitalize Downtown Las Vegas, centered\naround a beautiful performing arts center and an academic\nmedical center; UNLV is in the midst of a major capital cam-\npaign to enhance the Midtown section of Las Vegas; and your\ncompany has embarked on the most comprehensive project to\ndate -  Project CityCenter, at the heart of the Las Vegas Strip.\nThe Las Vegas Strip has no sense of city now -  but we\nbelieve it can. The future of Las Vegas is centered around our\ngreat resorts and our future development. There are many\nreasons we believe Project CityCenter is the right project for\nour Las Vegas Strip development. We believe there is a social\nimperative that Las Vegas mature as a city, not just a con-\nglomeration of suburbs. A city deserves a center -  a center",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\nAdditionally, Borgata has plans to add another hotel tower featuring 800 guest rooms,\nsuites and resort condominiums, along with a new spa, parking garage and meeting\nrooms. This project is expected to be completed in 2007. Neither project is expected to\nrequire contributions from us, as existing operating cash flow and Borgata’s recently\nrenegotiated bank credit facility is anticipated to provide for the cost of the expansions.\nIn October 2002, we announced the suspension of our development activities on our\nwholly-owned project on the Renaissance Pointe land in Atlantic City. We must\napply for and receive numerous governmental permits and satisfy other conditions\nbefore construction of a new resort on the Renaissance Pointe site could begin. No\nassurance can be given that we will develop a casino resort in New Jersey, or its\nultimate schedule, size, configuration or cost if we do develop a casino resort.\n**Detroit, Michigan.**  MGM Grand Detroit, LLC, in which we hold a controlling\ninterest, has operated an interim casino facility in Detroit, Michigan since July 1999.\nIn August 2002, the Detroit City Council approved revised development agreements\nwith us and two other developers. The revised development agreement released us and\nthe City from certain of the obligations under the original agreement and significantly\nchanged other provisions of the original agreement. We are currently in the process of\nobtaining land and developing plans for the permanent facility. The design, budget\nand schedule of the permanent facility are not finalized, and the ultimate timing, cost\nand scope of the facility are subject to risks attendant to large-scale projects.\nThe ability to construct the permanent casino facility is currently subject to resolu-\ntion of the Lac Vieux litigation. The 6th Circuit Court of Appeals has issued an\ninjunction prohibiting the City and the developers from commencing construction\npending further action of the 6th Circuit Court. Therefore, we do not know when\nwe will be able to commence construction of, or complete, the permanent facility.\nManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 30\n**United Kingdom.**  In anticipation of reforms to gambling legislation currently\nbefore the United Kingdom’s House of Parliament, we have made several strategic\nagreements in the United Kingdom, including the following:\nIn May 2003, we purchased a 25% interest in Metro Casinos Limited, a company\nwhich was developing a new casino in Bristol. Metro Casinos Limited is a sub-",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 46\n\noperated PLAYMGMMIRAGE.com, the Company’s online gaming website based\nin the Isle of Man. See Note 3 for further information regarding these discontinued\noperations. In the second quarter of 2002, the Company received proceeds of $11\nmillion upon termination of management agreements covering four casinos in the\nRepublic of South Africa. Prior to the termination, the Company managed three\npermanent casinos and one interim casino and received management fees from its\npartner, Tsogo Sun Gaming & Entertainment. The termination fee was recorded as\npart of other revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.\nThe Company is actively seeking future development opportunities in the United\nKingdom. In May 2003, the Company acquired a 25% interest in Metro Casinos\nLimited, a United Kingdom gaming company which operates a casino in Bristol.\nSee Note 10 for discussion of other potential developments in the United Kingdom.\nIn June 2004, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement to develop,\nbuild and operate a hotel-casino resort in Macau S.A.R. The agreement is subject\nto, among other things, the approval of the government of Macau S.A.R., and other\nregulatory approvals, as well as the entry into a subconcession agreement with the\nholder of one of the existing concessions.\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements 47\nOn June 16, 2004, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive\nmerger agreement with Mandalay Resort Group (“Mandalay”), a publicly traded\ncompany, under which the Company will acquire Mandalay for $71.00 in cash for\neach share of common stock of Mandalay. Mandalay owns and operates eleven\nproperties in Nevada, including Mandalay Bay, Luxor, Excalibur, Circus Circus,\nand Slots-A-Fun in Las Vegas, Circus Circus-Reno in Reno, Colorado Belle and\nEdgewater in Laughlin, Gold Strike and Nevada Landing in Jean, and Railroad Pass\nin Henderson. Mandalay also owns and operates Gold Strike, a hotel/casino in\nTunica County, Mississippi. In addition, Mandalay owns a 50% interest in Silver\nLegacy in Reno, a 50% interest in Monte Carlo in Las Vegas, a 50% interest in\nGrand Victoria, a riverboat in Elgin, Illinois, and a 53.5% interest in MotorCity in\nDetroit, Michigan. The total consideration is approximately $8.1 billion, including\nequity value of approximately $4.8 billion, convertible debentures with a\nredemption value of approximately $574 million, the assumption or repayment of\nother outstanding Mandalay debt with a fair value of approximately $2.6 billion as\nof December 31, 2004, and $100 million of estimated transaction costs. The",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\n**RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nAt December 31, 2004, our operations consisted of 11 wholly-owned casino resorts\nand 50% investments in two other casino resorts, including:\n**Las Vegas, Nevada:**  Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas, The Mirage, TI, New York-\nNew York, Boardwalk, and Monte Carlo (50% owned).\n**Other:**  The Primm Valley Resorts (Buffalo Bill’s, Primm Valley\nResort and Whiskey Pete’s) in Primm, Nevada; Beau Rivage\nin Biloxi, Mississippi; MGM Grand Detroit; Borgata (50%\nowned) in Atlantic City, New Jersey.\nWe operate in one segment, the operation of casino resorts, which includes offering\ngaming, hotel, dining, entertainment, retail and other resort amenities. Slightly over\nhalf of our net revenues are derived from gaming activities, a lower percentage than\nmany of our competitors, as our operating philosophy is to provide a complete\nresort experience for our guests, including non-gaming amenities which command\npremium prices based on their quality.\nWe generate a majority of our net revenues and operating income from our Las\nVegas Strip resorts. In 2004, over 75% of our net revenues and operating income\nwas generated by wholly-owned Las Vegas Strip resorts. We believe that we own the\npremier casino resorts on the Las Vegas Strip, and a main focus of our strategy is to\ncontinually reinvest in these resorts to maintain that competitive advantage. Our\nconcentration on the Las Vegas Strip exposes us to certain risks outside of our\ncontrol, such as competition from other Las Vegas Strip resorts as well as new or\nexpanded resorts in Las Vegas, including Wynn Las Vegas expected to open in 2005,\nand the impact from potential expansion of gaming in California. This concentra-\ntion also exposes us to risks related to tourism and the general economy, including\nnational and global economic conditions and terrorist attacks or other global events.\n**Key Performance Indicators**\nAs a resort-based company, our operating results are highly dependent on the\nvolume of customers at our resorts, which in turn impacts the price we can charge\nfor our hotel rooms and other amenities. We also generate a significant portion of\nour operating income from the high-end gaming segment, which can cause\nvariability in our results. Key performance indicators related to revenue are:\n-  Gaming revenue indicators -  table games drop and slot handle (volume\nindicators); “win” or “hold” percentage, which is not fully controllable by us. Our\nnormal table games win percentage is in the range of 18% to 22% of table games",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\nrom its roots some 35 years ago with the opening\nof the International Hotel, we have played a\nleading role in continuously redefining the Las\nVegas experience.\nWe announced two significant initiatives in 2004 that,\ntaken together, give your company unrivaled momentum\nto set industry standards for creativity, performance and\nresponsibility for decades to come.\nDefining Momentum for Las Vegas\nOur merger agreement with Mandalay Resort Group\nand our plans to develop Project CityCenter on the Las\nVegas Strip are among the most significant announcements\nin Las Vegas history. As this fabled city begins its second\nhundred years, MGM MIRAGE is positioned like no other\ncompany to take advantage of unsurpassed growth oppor-\ntunities in the most dynamic gaming and entertainment\nmarket in the world.\nProject CityCenter will uniquely re-position Las Vegas\nlike no other project before it. Far more than simply\nanother casino-hotel, Project CityCenter encompasses a\nmyriad of elements that will propel Las Vegas into a new\ngeneration of urban sophistication.\nWhile additional details of this extraordinary develop-\nment will come in the months ahead, I am pleased to tell\nyou that we have secured the services of the internationally\nacclaimed architect Cesar Pelli to design our anchor resort\nat the heart of Project CityCenter.\nCesar Pelli & Associates has worked with corporate,\ngovernment and private clients to design major public\nspaces, museums, airports, research centers, performing arts\ncenters, academic buildings, hotels, office and residential\ntowers and mixed-use projects.\nThe work of Cesar Pelli is not constrained by a personal\nstyle or a signature that would limit his architecture; instead,\nit celebrates the unique characteristics of each project. Using\nthis approach, he has designed several exceptional buildings\nin the United States and abroad.\nWe are very excited about our partnership with Mr.\nPelli and his colleagues and believe they will deliver for\nMGM MIRAGE and the residents of Southern Nevada\na building of iconic stature around the world.\nF\n“Your company has undergone several defining moments throughout its history.”\n**J. TERRENCE LANNI**  Chairman & Chief Executive Officer\n**SHIBUYA**  MGM GRAND\nDesigned by superstar team\nYabu Pushelberg, Shibuya\nfeatures stellar sushi and the\nwidest sake selection this\nside of the Pacific, all served\nin a sleek, airy ambiance.\n**CRAVINGS**  THE MIRAGE\nThe zenith of all-you-can-eat.\nDesigned by Adam Tihany, Cravings\nboasts 11 cooking stations, a\nstreet of unique restaurants,",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "Which events negatively  impacted leisure travel and MCM Mirage high-end gaming business in late 2002 and  early 2003 ?",
+                "target_page": 32,
+                "target_passage": "The war with Iraq and the outbreak of SARS in Asia, both of which negatively  impacted leisure travel and our high-end gaming business in late 2002 and  early 2003",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\nSeptember 2004. Several other factors largely offset: Higher corporate expense due\nto increased development costs; lower bad debt expense due to improved collec-\ntions; lower preopening expenses due to Borgata preopening expenses in 2003; and\nhigher property transactions, net due to a $37 million gain on sale of land in 2003.\nIn 2003, our operating income decreased by 6%. While revenues grew especially in\nthe second half of 2003, expense growth, particularly in payroll, outpaced revenues.\n**Operating Results -  Detailed Revenue Information**\nThe following table presents details of our net revenues:\n(In thousands)\n\nCasino revenues, net:\nTable games  . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 943,343 9%**  $ 866,096 (3%) $ 893,836\nSlots  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **1,218,589 9%**  1,115,029 5% 1,064,491\nOther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **62,033 10%**  56,389 3% 54,513\nCasino revenues, net  . . **2,223,965 9%**  2,037,514 1% 2,012,840\nNon-casino revenue:\nRooms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **911,259 9%**  833,272 5% 796,861\nFood and beverage  . . . . .  **841,147 11%**  757,278 7% 706,153\nEntertainment, retail\nand other  . . . . . . . . . . **696,117 7%**  647,702 2% 637,625\nNon-casino revenues . . . .  **2,448,523 9%**  2,238,252 5% 2,140,639\n**4,672,488 9%**  4,275,766 3% 4,153,479\nLess: Promotional allowances . **(434,384) 5%**  (413,023) 4% (396,551)\n**$ 4,238,104 10%**  $ 3,862,743 3% $ 3,756,928\nTable games revenues increased as a result of the improvements in the U.S. econo-\nmy and the general economy worldwide, as well as increased attendance at targeted\nmarketing events, including the New Years period. Total table games volume for the\nyear was up 9%, with particular strength in baccarat volume, up 18%. These are the\nmost significant increases in table games volumes since 2000. Table games revenues\ndecreased in 2003, as a slightly lower hold percentage and the impact of the Iraq\nwar and SARS outbreak in early 2003 were not fully offset by strong volume levels\nover the latter half of 2003. Table games win percentages were within our normal\nrange for all periods presented.\nManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 24\nSlot revenues increased substantially in both 2003 and 2004. Improvements were",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\nthe result of strong customer visitation, enhanced marketing programs, the impact\nof our Players Club rewards program, and the implementation of cashless gaming\ntechnology in 2003. Slot win percentages were consistent among all three periods.\nNon-casino revenue increased in 2004 primarily due to the enhanced amenities at\nour resorts. In addition, we were able to increase the pricing for our rooms and\nother non-gaming amenities. Our hotel results began to improve notably in the\nlatter half of 2003, particularly at our Las Vegas Strip resorts. For the year ended\nDecember 31, 2004 REVPAR at our Las Vegas Strip resorts was $141 compared to\n$126 in 2003, an increase of 12%. Company-wide REVPAR was $121, an increase\nof 10% over 2003. This increase was largely rate driven, as occupancy increased\nfrom 91% to 92% and ADR increased from $121 to $132. In 2003, company-wide\nREVPAR increased 6% from $104 to $110, with most of the gains coming in the\nsecond half of the year.\n**Operating Results -  Details of Certain Charges**\nPre-opening and start-up expenses consisted of the following:\nYear Ended December 31 (In thousands)\n\nBellagio expansion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 3,805**  $ — $ —\n*KÀ*  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **3,655**  — —\nBorgata  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **—**  19,326 7,757\nNew York-New York (  *Zumanity,*  Nine Fine Irishmen)  **—**  4,310 —\nPlayers Club  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **—**  3,051 5,117\nOther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **2,816**  2,579 1,267\n**$ 10,276**  $ 29,266 $ 14,141",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 46\n\noperated PLAYMGMMIRAGE.com, the Company’s online gaming website based\nin the Isle of Man. See Note 3 for further information regarding these discontinued\noperations. In the second quarter of 2002, the Company received proceeds of $11\nmillion upon termination of management agreements covering four casinos in the\nRepublic of South Africa. Prior to the termination, the Company managed three\npermanent casinos and one interim casino and received management fees from its\npartner, Tsogo Sun Gaming & Entertainment. The termination fee was recorded as\npart of other revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.\nThe Company is actively seeking future development opportunities in the United\nKingdom. In May 2003, the Company acquired a 25% interest in Metro Casinos\nLimited, a United Kingdom gaming company which operates a casino in Bristol.\nSee Note 10 for discussion of other potential developments in the United Kingdom.\nIn June 2004, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement to develop,\nbuild and operate a hotel-casino resort in Macau S.A.R. The agreement is subject\nto, among other things, the approval of the government of Macau S.A.R., and other\nregulatory approvals, as well as the entry into a subconcession agreement with the\nholder of one of the existing concessions.\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements 47\nOn June 16, 2004, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive\nmerger agreement with Mandalay Resort Group (“Mandalay”), a publicly traded\ncompany, under which the Company will acquire Mandalay for $71.00 in cash for\neach share of common stock of Mandalay. Mandalay owns and operates eleven\nproperties in Nevada, including Mandalay Bay, Luxor, Excalibur, Circus Circus,\nand Slots-A-Fun in Las Vegas, Circus Circus-Reno in Reno, Colorado Belle and\nEdgewater in Laughlin, Gold Strike and Nevada Landing in Jean, and Railroad Pass\nin Henderson. Mandalay also owns and operates Gold Strike, a hotel/casino in\nTunica County, Mississippi. In addition, Mandalay owns a 50% interest in Silver\nLegacy in Reno, a 50% interest in Monte Carlo in Las Vegas, a 50% interest in\nGrand Victoria, a riverboat in Elgin, Illinois, and a 53.5% interest in MotorCity in\nDetroit, Michigan. The total consideration is approximately $8.1 billion, including\nequity value of approximately $4.8 billion, convertible debentures with a\nredemption value of approximately $574 million, the assumption or repayment of\nother outstanding Mandalay debt with a fair value of approximately $2.6 billion as\nof December 31, 2004, and $100 million of estimated transaction costs. The",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\n**RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\nAt December 31, 2004, our operations consisted of 11 wholly-owned casino resorts\nand 50% investments in two other casino resorts, including:\n**Las Vegas, Nevada:**  Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas, The Mirage, TI, New York-\nNew York, Boardwalk, and Monte Carlo (50% owned).\n**Other:**  The Primm Valley Resorts (Buffalo Bill’s, Primm Valley\nResort and Whiskey Pete’s) in Primm, Nevada; Beau Rivage\nin Biloxi, Mississippi; MGM Grand Detroit; Borgata (50%\nowned) in Atlantic City, New Jersey.\nWe operate in one segment, the operation of casino resorts, which includes offering\ngaming, hotel, dining, entertainment, retail and other resort amenities. Slightly over\nhalf of our net revenues are derived from gaming activities, a lower percentage than\nmany of our competitors, as our operating philosophy is to provide a complete\nresort experience for our guests, including non-gaming amenities which command\npremium prices based on their quality.\nWe generate a majority of our net revenues and operating income from our Las\nVegas Strip resorts. In 2004, over 75% of our net revenues and operating income\nwas generated by wholly-owned Las Vegas Strip resorts. We believe that we own the\npremier casino resorts on the Las Vegas Strip, and a main focus of our strategy is to\ncontinually reinvest in these resorts to maintain that competitive advantage. Our\nconcentration on the Las Vegas Strip exposes us to certain risks outside of our\ncontrol, such as competition from other Las Vegas Strip resorts as well as new or\nexpanded resorts in Las Vegas, including Wynn Las Vegas expected to open in 2005,\nand the impact from potential expansion of gaming in California. This concentra-\ntion also exposes us to risks related to tourism and the general economy, including\nnational and global economic conditions and terrorist attacks or other global events.\n**Key Performance Indicators**\nAs a resort-based company, our operating results are highly dependent on the\nvolume of customers at our resorts, which in turn impacts the price we can charge\nfor our hotel rooms and other amenities. We also generate a significant portion of\nour operating income from the high-end gaming segment, which can cause\nvariability in our results. Key performance indicators related to revenue are:\n-  Gaming revenue indicators -  table games drop and slot handle (volume\nindicators); “win” or “hold” percentage, which is not fully controllable by us. Our\nnormal table games win percentage is in the range of 18% to 22% of table games",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\npreviously laid off or terminated employees, management determined in 2002 that\na portion of the remaining accrual was no longer necessary. This resulted in a\nrestructuring credit of $10 million in 2002.\nProperty transactions, net consisted of the following:\nYear Ended December 31 (In thousands)\n\nGain on sale of North Las Vegas land  . . . . . . . . . . . $  **—**  $ (36,776) $ —\nSiegfried & Roy theatre write-down -  The Mirage . . . **—**  1,408 —\nStorm damage -  Beau Rivage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **—**  — 7,824\nWrite-off of Detroit development costs  . . . . . . . . . . . **—**  — 4,754\nImpairment of assets to be disposed of  . . . . . . . . . . **473**  5,764 2,134\nDemolition costs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **7,057**  6,614 —\nOther net losses on asset sales or disposals . . . . . . . **1,135**  4,049 —\n**$ 8,665**  $ (18,941) $ 14,712\nIn 2004, there were no material unusual property transactions. In 2003, we sold 315\nacres of land in North Las Vegas, Nevada near Shadow Creek for approximately\n$55 million, resulting in the $37 million gain reflected above. Prior to 2003, we\nclassified gains and losses on routine assets sales or disposals as a non-operating item at\nsome resorts and as an operating item at other resorts. We believe the preferable pres-\nentation of these items is as an element of operating income. Prior period statements\nhave not been reclassified as such transactions were not material in periods prior to\n2003. Until 2003, demolition costs were typically capitalized as part of new construc-\ntion. We began expensing demolition costs on major construction projects as incurred\non January 1, 2003, and are accounting for this change in policy prospectively.\nDemolition costs were not material in periods prior to 2003. Demolition costs in\n2004 and 2003 related primarily to preparation for the Bellagio standard room\nremodel, Bellagio expansion and new theatre at MGM Grand Las Vegas. Impairments\nof assets to be disposed of in 2003 consisted primarily of assets related to the former",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS 18\n\nNumber of shares outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . .  **140,370**  143,096 154,574 157,396 159,130\n**(1) On December 13, 1999, the Board of Directors approved an initial quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share to stockholders of record on February 10, 2000. The dividend was paid on March 1, 2000. As a result of the acquisition of Mirage Resorts, Incorporated, we announced on April 19, 2000 that the quarterly dividend policy was discontinued.**\n**The acquisition of Mirage Resorts occurred on May 31, 2000. In June 2003, we ceased operations of PLAYMGMMIRAGE.com, our online gaming website (“Online”). In January 2004, we sold the Golden Nugget Las Vegas and the Golden Nugget Laughlin including substantially all of the assets and liabilities of those resorts (the “Golden Nugget Subsidiaries”). In July 2004, we sold the subsidiaries that own and operate MGM Grand Australia. The results of Online, the Golden Nugget Subsidiaries and MGM Grand Australia are classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented.**\n**2004**  2003 2002 2001 2000 For the Years Ended December 31\n(in thousands except share and per share data)\n2004 N E T  R E V E N U E\n**$- $3,500 $3,750 $4,000 $4,250 $4,500 ($Millions)**\n2003\n2002\n2004\n**$- $600 $700 $800 $900 $1,000 ($Millions)**\n2003\n2002\n2004\n**$- $200 $250 $300 $350 $400 $450 ($Millions)**\n**$412**\n**$244**\n**$292**\n2003\n2002\n**$4,238**\n**$3,863**\n**$3,757**\n**$951**\n**$700**\n**$747** O P E R A T I N G  I N C O M E\nN E T  I N C O M E\nFinancial Table of Contents 22\n20 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations\n39 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting\n40 Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm\n42 Consolidated Balance Sheets\n43 Consolidated Statements of Income\n44 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows\n45 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity\n46 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements\n69 Investor Information\n70 Directors and Officers / Corporate Directory",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 46\n\n**NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION**\nMGM MIRAGE (the “Company”), formerly MGM Grand, Inc., is a Delaware\ncorporation, incorporated on January 29, 1986. As of December 31, 2004\napproximately 58% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock\nwere owned by Tracinda Corporation, a Nevada corporation wholly owned by Kirk\nKerkorian. MGM MIRAGE acts largely as a holding company and, through\nwholly-owned subsidiaries, owns and/or operates casino resorts.\nThe Company owns and operates the following casino resorts on the Las Vegas\nStrip in Las Vegas, Nevada: Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas, The Mirage, Treasure\nIsland (“TI”), New York-New York and the Boardwalk Hotel and Casino. The\nCompany owns a 50% interest in the joint venture that owns and operates the\nMonte Carlo Resort & Casino, also located on the Las Vegas Strip.\nThe Company owns three resorts in Primm, Nevada at the California/Nevada state\nline -  Whiskey Pete’s, Buffalo Bill’s and the Primm Valley Resort -  as well as two\nchampionship golf courses located near the resorts. The Company also owns\nShadow Creek, an exclusive world-class golf course located approximately ten miles\nnorth of its Las Vegas Strip resorts.\nThe Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, MGM Grand Detroit, Inc.,\nand its local partners formed MGM Grand Detroit, LLC, to develop a hotel, casino\nand entertainment complex in Detroit, Michigan. MGM Grand Detroit, LLC\noperates a casino in an interim facility in downtown Detroit. See Note 10 for\ndiscussion of the revised development agreement with the City of Detroit and\nplans for a permanent casino resort.\nThe Company owns and operates Beau Rivage, a beachfront resort located in Biloxi,\nMississippi. The Company also owns a 50% interest in a limited liability company\nthat owns Borgata, a casino resort at Renaissance Pointe, located in the Marina area\nof Atlantic City, New Jersey.  Boyd Gaming Corporation owns the other 50% of\nBorgata and also operates the resort.  Borgata opened in July 2003. The Company\nowns approximately 95 developable acres adjacent to Borgata, a portion of which\nconsists of common roads, landscaping and master plan improvements which the\nCompany designed and developed as required under the agreement with Boyd.\nUntil July 2004, the Company owned and operated MGM Grand Australia and\nuntil January 2004, the Company owned and operated the Golden Nugget Las\nVegas in downtown Las Vegas and the Golden Nugget Laughlin in Laughlin,\nNevada (the “Golden Nugget Subsidiaries”). Until June 2003, the Company",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\nEFX! show and restaurants closed during 2003 at MGM Grand Las Vegas.\nIn 2002, Tropical Storm Isidore caused property damage at Beau Rivage totaling\n$8 million, including clean-up costs. The amount of the write-down for damaged assets\nwas determined based on the net book value of the assets and engineering estimates. In\nconnection with the revised development agreement in Detroit, we wrote off $5 million,\nwhich was the net book value of previously incurred development costs associated with\nthe riverfront permanent casino site ($9 million), offset by previously accrued obliga-\ntions no longer required under the revised development agreement ($4 million).\n**Non-operating Results**\nThe following table summarizes information related to interest on our long-term debt:\nYear Ended December 31 (In thousands)\n\nInterest cost  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 401,391**  $ 352,820 $ 345,448\nLess: Capitalized interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **(23,005)**  (15,234) (61,712)\nInterest expense, net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 378,386**  $ 337,586 $ 283,736\nCash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized  . . .  **$ 321,008**  $ 308,198 $ 266,071\nAverage total debt balance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 5.5 billion**  $ 5.2 billion $ 5.2 billion\nWeighted average interest rate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **7.2%**  6.9% 6.8%\nInterest cost was higher in 2004 as we had a higher average borrowing rate due to\nincreases in variable interest rates and the issuance of significant fixed rate debt in\nthe second half of 2004 in anticipation of the Mandalay merger.\nCapitalized interest increased in 2004 due to the ongoing Bellagio expansion and\n*KÀ*  theatre projects. Capitalized interest in 2005 will include interest capitalized on\nProject CityCenter. Capitalized interest decreased in 2003 due to the suspension of\ndevelopment in Atlantic City in late 2002 and the mid-2003 cessation of interest cap-\nitalization on the Company’s investment in Borgata, which opened on July 3, 2003.",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Consolidated Statements of Income 43\n\nYear Ended December 31 (In thousands, except per share amounts)  **2004**  2003 2002\n**Revenues**\nCasino  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 2,223,965**  $ 2,037,514 $ 2,012,840\nRooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **911,259**  833,272 796,861\nFood and beverage  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **841,147**  757,278 706,153\nEntertainment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **270,799**  255,995 251,488",
+                    "page_start": 52,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\nroom base. In addition, we added new meeting, retail and dining space and signifi-\ncantly expanded the spa and salon. *KÀ*  opened in late November 2004 at MGM\nGrand Las Vegas, which had been without a featured production show for almost\ntwo years. Along with the numerous restaurant and other entertainment additions\nat MGM Grand Las Vegas,  *KÀ*  will enhance our ability to generate visitor traffic\nand capture a greater share of our guests’ spending.\nWynn Las Vegas will add room capacity to the Las Vegas market, with its 2,700\nrooms representing a 2% increase in Las Vegas room supply. Wynn Las Vegas will\nalso feature numerous upscale restaurants and generally target customers who might\notherwise choose Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas or The Mirage. We believe there\nwill be some impact on these resorts from Wynn Las Vegas, but also believe that the\nbreadth of amenities in our portfolio of resorts and our loyalty and other marketing\nprograms will help minimize these competitive pressures. The proximity of Wynn\nLas Vegas to TI and The Mirage, along with pedestrian bridges linking TI with the\nFashion Show Mall and Venetian, will also benefit these resorts.\n**Mandalay Merger**\nOn June 16, 2004, we announced that we had entered into a definitive merger\nagreement with Mandalay Resort Group (“Mandalay”), a publicly traded company,\nunder which we will acquire Mandalay for $71.00 in cash for each share of\ncommon stock of Mandalay. Mandalay owns and operates eleven properties in\nNevada, including Mandalay Bay, Luxor, Excalibur, Circus Circus, and Slots-A-Fun\nin Las Vegas, Circus Circus-Reno in Reno, Colorado Belle and Edgewater in\nLaughlin, Gold Strike and Nevada Landing in Jean, and Railroad Pass in\nHenderson. Mandalay also owns and operates Gold Strike, a hotel/casino in Tunica\nCounty, Mississippi. In addition, Mandalay owns a 50% interest in Silver Legacy in\nReno, a 50% interest in Monte Carlo in Las Vegas, a 50% interest in Grand\nVictoria, a riverboat in Elgin, Illinois, and a 53.5% interest in MotorCity in\nDetroit, Michigan. The total consideration is approximately $8.1 billion, including\nequity value of approximately $4.8 billion, convertible debentures with a redemp-\ntion value of approximately $574 million, the assumption or repayment of other\noutstanding Mandalay debt with a fair value of approximately $2.6 billion as of\nDecember 31, 2004, and $100 million of estimated transaction costs. The transac-",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf",
+                "query": "What possess all naval aviators ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "All Naval Aviators possess a natural  interest in the basic aerodynamic factors which affect the performance  of all aircraft. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n**NA VAIR 00·801·80 AERODYNAMICS FOR NAVAL AVIATORS BY**\n**H. H. HURT, JR.**\n**UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA**\nDISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DESTRUCTION NOTICE - For unclassified, limited documents, destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.\n**PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND**\n**REVISED JANUARY 1965** �������������\nReproduction for non-military use of the information or illustrations contained in this publication is not permitted without specific approval of the issuing service (NA VAIR or USAF). The policy for use of Classified Publications is established for the Air Force in AFR 205-1 and for the Navy in Navy Regulations, Article 1509 -",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 2.6. Turbojet Engines\n\n109\nNAVWEPS GOdOT- AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE\nDWGLE ENTRY CENfRlFuGAL COMPRESSCR\nf-~&ARGE\nCENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR 9A\nAXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR\nSTA’VM BLADES7\nINLET\nSHAFT7\nCOMPRESSOR BLADING\nUSCHARGE\nROTATING Rows",
+                    "page_start": 126,
+                    "page_end": 127,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## STABILITY AND CONTROL\n\n### Figure 4.20. Longiitudinal Dynamic Sttxbility\n\n282\nNAVWEPS 00-ROT-80 STABILITY AND CONTROL\nCONTROL SYSTEM GEARING\nCONTROL SYSTEM STICK FORCE\n-40\nSTICK FORCE LBS.\n-30\nPULL\n-20\n-10\nSTABILIZER DEFLECTION\nLEADING EDGE DOWN LEADING EDGE UP\n25O 200 I50 100 50 50 I00",
+                    "page_start": 299,
+                    "page_end": 300,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## STABILITY AND CONTROL\n\n### Figure 4.35. Rotor Forces and Moments\n\n321\nNAVWEPS DD-80T-80 STABILITY AND CONTROL\nTANDEM ROTOR LONGITUDINAL CONTROL\nTANDEM ROTOR DIRECTIONAL CONTROL\nAFT ROTOR\n*JR\n9\nF”&%iD",
+                    "page_start": 338,
+                    "page_end": 339,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## INDEX\n\n415\nNAVWEPS OO-EOT-80 INDEX\nproprllcrs lmd charactcrlstics. ........... : ............... 14s efficiency .................................. 145 opcrarmg limitations. ............ : ......... 148 propulsion etlicicncy .................................. 106 principles. ............. : _ ................. 104 ram tempcraturc rise. ......................... 242 range performance. $ .................... ..... 158 off-optimum conditions. .................... 172 propeller airplanes. ......................... 160 turbojet airplanes ........................... 164 rate of climb. ................................ 154 reciprocating engines operating characteristics ..................... 13s operating limitations. ....................... 144 refusal speed, ....... .+: .................... :, .... 392\n\ntetreating blade stall. ......................... 402 reversed command region. ..................... 353 Reynolds number. .............\n\n:. ............. 54 scale effect. .................................. 59 separation, airflow. ............................ 56 service life. ................................ 328 shock induced separation. ..................... 218 shock wave formation. ....................... 218 sideslip angle. ............................... 284 slipstream rotation. .......................... 294 sonic booms. ................................. 396 spanwise lift distribution.\n\n..................... 74 specificendurance ............................. 170 specific fuel consumption reciprocating engine. ....................... 141 turbojet cngi.ne. ......................... 117 specificrange ................................. 158 speed, maximum and minimum. ............... 150\n\nspin,spinrecovery..........................291, 307 Srability and Control, Chapter IV. ............. 243 stability directional. ................................ 284 dynamic ................................... 245 helicopter .................................. 319 lateral ..................................... 294 longitudinal. ... : .......................... 250 miscellaneous problems. ..................... 305 static ............................ ......... 243 stallspeeds ................................. 35\nPage seal pattern. ................................ 77 stall rec”very. ............................... 39 standard atmosphere. ......................... 4 static strength. ............................... 326 streamline pattern. .............\n\n............. 14 supercharging. ............................... 141 supersonic airfoil sections. .................... 223 sweepback ................................... 63 advantages .................................. 226 disadvantages. ............................. 231 takeoff ...................................... 365 takeoff performance. .......................... 184 factors affecting performance. ................ 187 taper, taper ratio. ............................ 63 thrust augmentation. ......................... 129 thrust required. .............................. 96 time limitations, powcrplants. ............... 128, 144 tip stall. .................................... 77 tip vortex. .................................. 63 torque. ............................... ,;, ........ 137 transition of boundary layer. .................. 52 .. transon1c aIrfoIl scctlo”s. ...................... 220 true airspeed, TAS. ........................... 14 turbojetengines .............................. 107 operating characteristics. ................... 116 operating limitations. ...................... 124 turboprop, gas turbine-propeller combination. ... 132\n\nturbulence.................................332, 339 turning performance. ......................... 178 turn rate, turn radius. ........................ 176 unsymmetrical power, see asymmetrical power. viscosity. ................................... 4 V-n or V-g diagram. ......................... 334 vortex system. ............................... 63 line or bound vortex. ....................... 64 tip or trailing vortex. ...................... 64 w&r injection reciprocating engine. ....................... 144 turbojetengine ............................. 131 wavedrag................................. , 215 wind, effect on range. ........................ 168 windshear ................................. 367 yaw,adverse ................................ 291 yawangle ................................... 284 YPWm”me”t ................................ 284",
+                    "page_start": 432,
+                    "page_end": 433,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## STABILITY AND CONTROL\n\n### Figure 4.4. Airplane Rekre&e Axes\n\n251\nNAVWEPS 00-8OT-80 STABILITY AND CONTROL\nTRIM CM=0 LIFT COEFFICIENT\nCL\n-I\n0 <sup>0</sup> + CM ---- b CL\n-\n- LESS STABLE -NEUTRAL",
+                    "page_start": 268,
+                    "page_end": 269,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.10. Airfoil ~erminoh\n\n23\nH P\nLIFT\nCOEFFICIENT\nCL\nLIFT PRESSURE\nDYNAMIC PRESSURE\nL\nqs\n600\nANGLE OF ATTACK, DEGREES\na",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## STABILITY AND CONTROL\n\n### Figure 4.9. Contribution of Tail and Downwash Effects\n\n259\nNAVWEPS OD-BOT-80 STABILITY AND CONTROL\nTYPICAL GUILD-UP 0F tzci~m~ENTs\nCM ,-WING+ FUSELAGE\nWING ONLY/.\n- -\nCL\n-\nC.G. @ 30% MAC .\nt\nEFFECT OF C.G. WsITION\nCM 50% MAC\n40% MAC (NEUTRAL pOlNn ---",
+                    "page_start": 276,
+                    "page_end": 277,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.34. Airplane Parasite and Induced Drag\n\nNAVWEPS OO-ROT-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nVELOCITY KNOTS",
+                    "page_start": 110,
+                    "page_end": 110,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## NAVWEPS OD-8OT-80 APPLICATION OF AERODYNAMICS TO SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF FLYING\n\n### Figure 6.6. Glide Performance\n\nt ANGLE OF ATTACK, a",
+                    "page_start": 391,
+                    "page_end": 391,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the static pressure of the aire at standard sea level ?",
+                "target_page": 20,
+                "target_passage": "At standard sea  level conditions the static pressure of the air  is 2,116 psf (or 14.7 psi, 29.92 in. Hg, etc.) ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\nAltitude pressure ratio\nAmbient static pressure =Standard sea level static pressure\n6 = PIP0\nMany items of gas turbine engine perform- ance are directly related to some parameter involving the altitude pressure ratio. TEMPERATURE. The absolute tempera- cure of the air is another important property. The ordinary temperature measurement by the Centigrade scale has a/datum at the freezing point of water but absolute zero temperature is obtained at a temperature of -273“ Centi- grade. Thus, the standard sea level tcmpera- ture of 15” C. is an absolute temperature of 288”. This scale of absolute temperature using the Centigrade increments is the Kelvin scale, e.g., o K. The shorthand notation for the ambient air temperature is “T” and the stand- ard sea level air temperature of 288’ K. is signified by Ta. The more usual reference is,\nthe proportion of the ambient air temperature and the standard sea level air temperature. This temperature ratio is assigned the short- hand notation of 0 (theta). Temperature ratio\nAmbient air temperature =Standard sea level air temperature @=TITtl ,+273 288\nMany items of compressibility effects and jet engine performance involve consideration of the temperature ratio. DENSITY. The density of the air is a prop- erty of greatest importance in the study of aerodynamics. The density of air is simply the mass of air per~cubic foot of volume and is a direct measure of the quantity of matter in each cubic foot of air. Air at standard sea lcvcl conditions weighs 0.0765 pounds per cubic foot and has a density of 0.002378 slugs per cubic foot. At an altitude of 40,000 feet the air density is approximately 25 percent of the sea level value. The shorthand notation used for air density is p (rho) and the standard sea level air density is then pO. In many parts of aerodynamics it is very convenient to consider the proportion of the ambient air density and standard sea level air density. This density ratio is assigned the shorthand notation of c (sigma).\ndensity ratio= ambient air density standard sea level air density\na = PIP0\nA general gas law defines the relationship of pressure temperature, and density when there is no change of state or heat transfer. Simply stated this would be “density varies directly with pressure, inversely with temperature.” Using the properties previously defined,",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.3. Variation o\\ Pressure in Tube\n\nIf the potential energy is represented by the static pressure, p, the sum of the potential and kinetic energy is the total pressure of the air-\nstream.\nH=p+% P V’ where H=total pressure, psf (sometimes re- ferred to as “head ’ pressure)\np=static pressure, psf. p=density, siugs per cu. ft. V= velocity, ft./set.\nThis equation is the Bernoulli equation for ‘incompressible flow. It is important to ap- preciate that the term >$pV2 has the units of pressure, psf. This term is one of the most important in all aerodynamics and appears so frequently t&it is given the name “dynamic pressure” and the shorthand notation “4”.\nq= dynamic pressure, psf = jgpv2\nWith this definition it could be said that the sum of static and dynamic pressure in the flow tube remains constant. Figure 1.3 illustrates the variation of static, dynamic, and total pressure of air flowing through a closed tube. Note that the total pressure is con,stant throughout the length and any change in dynamic pressure produces the same magnitude change in static pressure. The dynamic pressure of a free airstream is the one ‘common denominator of all aero- dynamic forces and moments. Dynamic pres- sure represents the kinetic energy of the free airstream and is a factor relating the capability for producing changes in static pressure on a surface. As defined, the dynamic, pressure varies directly as the density and the square of the velocity. Typical values of dynamic pres- sure, 4, are shown in table l-1 for various true airspeeds in the standard atmosphere. Notice that the dynamic pressure at some fixed veloc- ity varies directly with the density ratio at any altitude. Also, appreciate the fact that at an altitude of 40,oM) feet (where the density ratio, b, is 0.2462) it is necessary to have a true air velocity twice that at sea level in order to product the same dynamic pressure.",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.7. Standard Altitude Table\n\nbe an unbalance of force to provide the ac- celeration. Since there is only air within the tube, the unbalance of force is provided by the static pressure at station 1 being greater than the static pressure at the constriction, station 2. (2) The total energy of the air stream in the tube is unchanged. However, the air- .’ stream energy may be in two forms. The airstream may have a potential energy which is related by the static pressure and a kimtic energy by virtue of mass and motion. As the total energy is unchanged, an increase in velocity (kinetic energy) will be accompa- nied by a decrease in static pressure (poten- tial energy). This situation is analagous to a ball rolling along-a smooth surface. As the ball rolls downhill, the potential energy due to position is exchanged for kinetic energy of motion. If .friction- were negli- gibie, the change of potential energy would equal the change in ki,netic energy. This- is also the case for the airflow within the tube.\nThe relationship of static pressure and veloc- ity is maintained throughout the length of the tube. As the flow moves past the constriction toward station 3, the velocity decreases and the static pressure increases. The Bernoulli equation for incompressible flow is most readily explained ,by accounting for the energy of the~airflow within the tube. As the airstream has no energy added or sub- tracted at any point, the sum of the potential +id kinetic energy must be constant. The kinetic energy of an object is found by:\n“KE. =%MV=\nwhere K;E. = kinetic energy, ft.-lbs.\nM = mass, slugs V’=velocity, ft./set. The kinetic energy of a cubic foot of air is: K&x,,\nwhere g= kinetic energy per cu. ft., psf\np=air density, slugs per cu. ft. V=ait velocity, ft./set.\n6\nNAWEPS DD-BDT-BD BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nINCREASEOVELOC DECREASE0 HEIG\nPE + KE = CONSTANT",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Ftgure 1.4. Flow Pattern on a Symmetrical Object\n\nsurface anflow continues to the aft stagnation point where the local velocity is again zero. The important point of this example of aero- dynamic flow is existence of the stagnation point. The change in airflow static pressure which takes place at the stagnation point IS equal to the free stream dynamic pressure, q. The measurement of free stream dynamic pressure is fundamental to the indication of airspeed. In fact, airspeed indicators are sim- ply pressure gauges which measure dynamic pressure related to various airspeeds. Typical airspeed measuring systems are illustrated in figure 1.5. The pitot head has no internal flow velocity and the pressure in the pitot tube is equal to the total pressure of the airstream. The purpose of the static-ports is to sense the true static pressure of the free airstream. The total pressure and static pressure lines are attached to a differential pressure gauge and the net pressure indicated is the dynamic\npressure, q. The pressure gauge is then cali- brated to indicate flight speed in the standard sea level air mass. For example, a dynamic pressure of 305 psf would be realized at a sea level flight ,speed of 300 knots. Actually there can be many conditions of flight where the airspeed indicator does not truly reflect the actual velocity through the air mass. The corrections that must be applied are many and lisred in sequence below: (1) The indicated airspeed (IAS) is the actual instrument indication for some given flight condition. Factors such as an altitude other than standard sea level, errors of the instrument and errors due to the installation, compressibility, etc. may create great vari- ance between this instrument indication and\nthe actual flight speed. (2) The calibrated airspeed (CM) is the result of correcting IAS for errors of the\n10\nNAVWEPS 00-807-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nPITOT-STATIC SYSTEM\nw <sup>/ :%</sup> . I. q\nPITOT WITH SEPARATE\nSTATIC SOURCE\nPRESSURE INDICATED BY GAUGE IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOTAL AND STATIC PRESSURE, H-p= q",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure. 1.5. Airspeed Measurement\n\ninstrument and errors due to position or lo- cation of the installation. The instrument error must be small by design of the equip- ment and is usually negligible in equjpment which is properly maintained and cared for. The position error of the installation must be small in the range of airspeeds involving critical performance conditions. Position errors are most usually confine,d to the static source in that the actual static pressure sensed at the static port may be different from the free airstream static pressure. When the .,aircraft is operated through a large range’ of angles of attack, the static pressure distribution varies ‘quite greatly and it becomes quite difficult to’minimize the static source error. In most instances a compensating group of static sources may be combined to reduce the position error. In order to appreciate the magnitude of this problem, at flight speed near 100 knots a\n11\n0.05 psi position error is an airspeed error of 10 knots. A typical variation of air- speed system position error is illustrated in figure 1.6. (3) The equivalent airspeed (PAS) is the result of correcting the (CAS) for compressi- bility effects. At high flight speeds the stagnation pressure recovered in the pitot tube is not representative of the airstream dynamic pressure due to a magnification by compressibility. Compressibility of the airflow produces a stagnation pressure in the pitot which is greater than if the flow were incompressible. As a result, the air- speed indication is given an erroneous mag- nihcation. The standard airspeed indicator is calibrated to read correct when at standard sea level conditions and thus has a com- pressibility correction appropriate for these conditions. However, when the aircraft is operating above standard sea level altitude,\nRevised January 1965\nNAVWEPS 00-801-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nTYPICAL POSITION ERROR CORRECTION\nINDICATED AIRSPEED, KNOTS\nCOMPRESSIBILITY CORREt\n300\nCALIBRATED AIRSPEED, KNOTS",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.10. Airfoil ~erminoh\n\nexisting on the surface. Of course, the ve- locity distribution, and resulting pressure dis- tribution, is determmed by the.shape or pro- file of the surface and the angle of a’track. Thus, any aerodynamic force can be repre- sented as the product df three major factors:\nthe surface area of the objects the dynamic pressure of the airstream the coefficient or index of force determined by the relative pressure distribution This relationship is expressed by the following equation : F= C,qS where F = aerodynamic force, lbs. C,=coeflicient of aerodynamic force ,iay;mic pressure, psf\nS=surface area, sq. ft. In order to fully appreciate the importance of the aerodynamic force coe&cient, C,, the , above equation is rearranged to alternate forms :\nIn this form, the aerodynamic force coefficient Js appreciared as the aerodynamic force per surface area and dynamic pressure. In other words, the force coefficient is a dimensionless ratio between the average aerodynamic pres- sure (aerodynamic force.per ‘area) and the air- stream dynamic pressure. All the aerodynamic forces of lift and drag are studied on this basis- the common denominator in each case being surface area and dynamic pressure. By such a definition, a “lift coefficient” would .be the ratio between lift pressure and dynamic pres- sure; a “drag coefficient” would be the ratio between drag pressure and.:d.ynamic pressure. The use of the coefficient form of an aero- dynamic force is necessary since the force coellicient is: (1) An index 04 the aerodynamic force independent of area, density, and velocity.\nNAVWEPS m-60T-30 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nIt is derived from the relative pressure and velocity distribution. (2) Influenced only by the shape of the surface and angle of attack since these factors determine the pressure distribution. (3) An index which allows evaluation of the effects of compressibility and viscosity. Since the effects of area, density, and velocity are obviated by the coefficient form, com- pressibility and viscosity effects can be separated for study. THE BASIC LIFT EQUATION. Lift has been dehned as the net force developed per- pendicular to the relative wind. The aero- dynamic force of lift on an airplane results from the generation of a pressure distribution on the wing. This lift force is described by the following equation: L=C& where L=lift, lbs. C, = lift coefficient. q= dy;:mic pressure, psf +p\nS= wing surface area, sq. ft.\nThe lift coefhcient used in this equation is the ratio of the lift pressure and dynamic pressure and is a function of the shape of the wing and angle of attack. If the lift coefficient of a conventional airplane wing planfoi-m were plotted versus angle of attack, the result would be typical of the graph of figure 1.11. Since the effects of speed, density, area, weight, alti- tude, etc., are eliminated by the coefficient form, an indication of the true lift capability is ob- tained. Each angle of attack produces a par- ticular lift coefficient since the angle of attack is the controlling factor in the pressure dis- tribution. Lift coeflicient increases with angle of attack up to the maximum lift coefficient, c L,,,~., and, as angle of attack is increased be- yond the maximum lift angle, the airflow is unable to adhere to the upper surface. The airflow then separates from the upper surface and stall occurs. JNTERPRETATION OF THE LIFT EQUA- TION. Several important relationships are",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.6. Airspeed Corrections (sheet 1 of 2)\n\n12\nNAVWEPS 00-801-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nDENSITY ALTITUDE CHART\n+g&\n‘Id -30fl1111v AlISNxl\nFigure 1.6. Airspeed Corrections (sheet 2 of 2)\nNAVWEPS 00-SOT-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nthe inherent compensation is inadequate and additional correction must be applied. The subtractive corrections that must be applied to CA$ depend on pressure altitude and CAS and are shown on figure 1.6 for the subsonic flight range. The equivalent airspeed (EAS) is the flight speed in the standard sea level air mass which would produce the same free stream dynamic pressure as the actual flight condition. (4) The true airspeed (TAS) results when the &4X is corrected for density altitude. Since the airspeed indicator is calibrated for the dynamic pressures corresponding to airspeeds at standard sea level conditions, variations in air density must be accounted for. To relate EAS and TAX requires con- sideration that the EAS coupled with stand- .ard sea level density produces the same dy- namic pressure as the TAX Soupled with the ^^_._^ 1 .:.. 2---:... ,.f *L., bl:A.* rnrJ;r;m.. dCLUd, ‘all UcIIJIcy “I L11L “‘6°C C”IIUACI”L‘. From this reasoning, it can be shown that:\n(TAS)2p=(EAS)2 po\nd\n- or, TAS=EAS 62 P\nTAS= EAS 2 4\nwhere TAX= true airspeed EAS=equivalent airspeed p=actual air density PO= standard sea level air density n=altitude density ratio, p/pa\nThe result shows that the TAX is a function of EAS and density altitude. Figure 1.6 shows a chart of density altitude as a function of pressure altitude and temperature. Each par- ticular density altitude fixes the proportion between TAX and EAS. The use of a naviga- tion computer requires setting appropriate values of pressure altitude and temperature on the scales which then fixes rhe proportion be- tween the scales of TAS and EAS (or TAS and CAS when compressibiliry corrections are applicable).\nRevlted Jmuoy 1965\n14\nThus, the airspeed indicator system measures dynamic pressure and will relate true flight velocity when instrument, position, compress- ibility, and density corrections are applied. These corrections are quite necessary for ac- curate determination of true airspeed and accurate navigation. Bernoulli’s principle and the concepts of static, dynamic, and total pressure are the basis of aerodynamic fundamentals. The pressure distribution caused by the variation of local stack and dynamic pressures on a surface is the source of the major aerodynamic forces and moment.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 7.7 1. Typical lib Characteristics\n\nNAVWEPS 00.401-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nThus, a sea level airspeed (or EAS) of 100 knots would provide the dynamic pressure necessary at maximum lift to produce 14,250 Ibs. of lift. If the airplane were operated at a higher weight, a higher dynamic pressure would be required to furnish the greater lift and a higher stall speed would result. If the airplane were placed in a steep turn, the greater lift required in the turn would increase the stall speed. If the airplane were flown at a higher density altitude the TAX at stall would increase. However, one factor common to each of these conditions is that the angle of attack at C,,,, is the same. It is important to\nrealize that stall warning devices must sense angle of attack (a) or pressure distribution (related to CL). Another important fact related by the basic lift equation and lift curve is variation of angle of attack and lift coefficient with airspeed. Suppose that the example airplane is flown in steady, wing 1eveJ flight at various airspeeds with lift equal to the weight. It is obvious that an increase in airspeed above the stall speed will require a corresponding decrease in lift coeflicient and angle of attack to maintain steady, lift-equal-weight flight. The exact relationship of lift coefficient and airspeed is evolved from the basic lift equation assuming constant lift (equal to weight) and equivaIent airspeeds.\nderived from study of the basic lift equation and the typical wing lift curve. One impor- tant fact to be appreciated is that the airplane shown in figure 1.11 stalls at the same angle of attack regardless of weight, dynamic pres- sure, bank angle, etc. Of course, the stall speed of the aircraft will be affected by weight, bank angle, and other factors since the product of dynamic pressure, wing area, and lift co- efficient must produce the required lift. A rearrangement of the basic lift equation de- fines this relationship.\nL = c&Y\nusing q =$ (I’ in knots, TAX)\nsolving for V, -\nV=17.2 & J L,J\nSince the stall speed is the minimum flying speed necessary to sustain flight, the lift co- efficient must be the maximum (CL,,,,). Suppose that the airplane shown in’ figure 1.11 has the following properties:\nWeight = 14,250 lbs\nWing area=280 sq. ft.\nC &=1.5",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.7. Standard Altitude Table\n\nNAVWEPS 00401-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nthe pressure forces created on an aerodynamic surface can be studied in a simple form which at first neglects the effect of friction and vis- cosity of the airflow. The most appropriate means of visualizing the effect of airflow and the resulting aerodynamic pressures is to study the fluid flow within a closed tube.\nSuppose a stream of air is flowing through the tube shown in figure 1.2. The airflow at station 1 in the tube has a certain velocity, static pressure, and density. As the airstream approaches the constriction at station 2 certain changes must take place. Since the airflow is enclosed within the tube, the mass flow at any point along the tube must be the same and the velocity, pressure, or density must change to accommodate this continuity of flow.\nBERNOULLI’S EQUATION. A distin- guishing feature of submnic airflow is that changes in pressure and velocity take place with sniall and negligible changes in density. For this reason the study of subsonic airflow can be simplified by neglecting the variation of density in the flow and assuming the flow to be incomprmiblc. Of course, at high flow speeds whjch approach the speed of sound, the flow must be considered as compressible and “compressibility effects” taken into account. However, if the flow through the tube of figure 1.2 is considered subsonic, the density of the airstream is essentially constant at all sta- tions along the length.\nIf the density of the flow remains constant, static pressure and velocity are the variable quantities. As the flow approaches the con- striction of station 2 the velocity must increase to maintain the same mass flow. As the velocity increases the static pressure will de- crease and the decrease in static pressure which accompanies the increase in velocity can be verified in two ways:\n(I) Newton’s laws of motion state the requirement of an unbalanced force to pro- duce an acceleration (velocity change). If the airstream experiences an increase in veloc- ity approaching the constriction, there must",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\ndensity ratio= Pressure rat’o. temperature rat10\n2\n,. n\n,:,j ,-g # I\nPlAVWEPS 00-8OT-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nThis relationship has great application in aerodynamics and is quite fundamental and necessary in certain parts of airplane perform- ance. VISCOSITY. The viscosity of the air is important in scale and friction effects. The coefficient of absolute viscosity is the propor- tion between the shearing stress and velocity gradient for a fluid flow. The viscosity of gases is unusual in that the viscosity is gen- erally a function of temperature alone and an increase in temperature increases the viscosity. The coefficient of absolute viscosity is assigned the shorthand notation I, (mu). Since many parts of aerodynamics involve consideration of viscosity and density, a more usual form of viscosity measure is the proportion of the co- efficient of absolute viscosity and density. This combination is termed the “kinematic viscosity” and is noted by Y (nu).\nkinematic viscosity\ncc <sup>coefficient of absolute viscosity</sup> density\nv=PlP\nThe kinematic viscosity of air at standard sea level conditions is 0.0001576 square feet per second. At an altitude of 40,000 feet the kinematic viscosity is increased to 0.0005059 square foot per second. In order to provide a common denominator for comparison of various aircraft, a standard atmosphere has been adopted. The standard atmosphere actually represents the mean or average properties of the atmosphere. Figure 1.1 illustrates the variation of the most im- portant properties of the air throughout the standard atmosphere. Notice that the lapse rate is constant in the troposphere and the stratosphere begins with the isothermal region. Since all aircraft performance is compared and,evaluated in the environment of the stand- ard atmosphere, all of the aircraft instrumenta- tion is calibrated for the standard atmosphere.\nThus, certain corrections must apply to the instrumentation as well as the aircraft per- formance if the operating conditions do not fit the standard atmosphere. In order to prop- erly account for the nonstandard atmosphere certain terms must be defined. Pressure .&itudc is the altitude in the standard atmosphere corresponditrg to a particular pressure. The aircraft altimeter is essentially a sensitive barometer calibrated to indicate altitude in the staotlard atmosphere. If the altimeter is set for 29.92 in. Hg the altitude indicated is the pressure altitude-the altitude in the stand- ard atmosphere corresponding to the sensed pressure. Of course, this indicated pressure altitude may not be the actual height above sea level due to variations in remperature, lapse rate; atniospheric pressure, and possible errors in the sensed pressure. The more appropriate term for correlating aerodynamic performance in the nonstandard atmosphere is density &it&-the altitude in the standard atmosphere corresponding to a particular value of air density. The computa- tion of density altitude must certainly involve consideration of pressure (pressure altitude) and temperature. Figure 1.6 illustrates the manner in which pressure altitude and tem- perature combine to produce a certain density altitude. This chart is quite standard in use and is usually included in the performance section of the flight handbook. Many subject areas of aerodynamics and aircraft performance will emphasize density altitude and temperature as the most important factors requiring con- sideration.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the phenomenon associated with the production  of lift  by an airfoil ?",
+                "target_page": 34,
+                "target_passage": "An important  phenomenon associated with the production  of lift  by an airfoil is the “circulation”  parted to the airstream. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### figure 1.20. Power Effects\n\n46\nand high power, the dynamic pressure in the shaded area can be much greater than the free stream and this causes considerably greater lift than at zero thrust. At high power con- ditions the induced flow also causes an effect similar to boundary layer control and increases the maximum lift angle of attack. The typical four-engine propeller driven airplane may have 60 to 80 percent of the wing area affected by the induced flow and power effects on stall speeds may be considerable. Also, the lift of the airplane at a given angle of attack and air- speed will be greatly affected. Suppose the airplane shown is in the process of landing flare from a power-on approach. If there is a sharp, sudden reduction of power, the air- plane may drop suddenly because of the reduced lift. The typical jet aircraft does not experience the induced flow velocities encountered in propeller driven airplanes, thus the only sig- nificant factor is the vertical component of thrust. Since this vertical component con- tributes to supporting the airplane, less aero- dynamic lift is required to hold the airplane in flight. If the thrust is small and the thrust inclination is slight at maximum lift angle, only negligible changes in stall speed will re- sult. On the other hand, if the thrust is very great and is given a large inclination at maxi- mum lift angle, the effect on stall speed can be very large. One important relationship remains-since there is very little induced flow from the jet, the angle of attack at stall is essentially the same power-on or power-off.\nDEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC PITCHING MOMENTS\nThe distribution of pressure over a surface is the ,source of the aerodynamic moments as well as the aerodynamic forces. A typical example of this fact is the pressure distribution acting on the cambered airfoil of figure 1.21. The upper surface has pressures distributed which produce the upper surface lift; the lower surface has pressures distributed which pro- duce the lower surface lift. Of course, the\nNAVWEPS 00-801~0 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nnet lift produced by the airfoil is difference between the lifts on the upper and lower sur- faces. The point along the chord where the distributed lift is effectively concentrated is termed the “center of pressure, c.p.“ The center of pressure is essentially the “center of gravity” of the distributed lift pressure and the location of the c.p. is a function of camber and section lift coe&cient Another aerodynamic reference point is the “aerodynamic center, d.e.” The aerodynamic center is defmed as the point along the chord where all changes in lift effectively take place. To visualize the existence of such a point, notice the change in pressure distribution with angle of attack for the symmetrical airfoil of figure 1.21. When at zero lift, the upper and lower surface lifts are equal and located at the same point. With an increase in angle of attack, the upper surface lift increases while the lower surface lift decreases. The change ,of lift has taken place with no change in the center of pressure-a characteristic of sym- metrical airfoils. Next, consider the cambered airfoil of figure 1.21 at zero lift. To produce zero lift, the upper and lower surface lifts must be equal. One difference noted from the symmetrical air- foil is that the upper and lower surface lifts are not opposite one another. While no net lift exists on the airfoil, the couple produced by the upper and lower surface lifts creates a nose down moment. As the angle of attack is in- creased, the upper surface lift increases while the lower surface lift decreases. While a change in lift has taken place, no change in moment takes place about the point where the lift change occurs. Since the moment about the aerodynamic center is the product of a force (lift at the c.P.) and a lever arm (distance from c.9. to a.~.), an increase in lift moves the center of pressure toward the aero- dynamic center. It should be noted that the symmetrical air- foil at zero lift has no pitching moment about the aerodynamic center because the upper and",
+                    "page_start": 63,
+                    "page_end": 64,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.9. Airfoil Pressure Distribution\n\n19\nNAVWEPS 00-801-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nrotation will be quite a “curve ball artist” the golfer that cannot control the lateral mo- tion of the club face striking the golf ball will impart an uncontrollable spin and have trouble with a “hook” or “slice.” While a rotating cylinder can produce a net lift from the circulatory flow, the method is relatively inefficient and only serves to point out the relationship between lift and circula-, tion. An airfoil is capable of producing lift with relatively high efficiency and the process is illustrated in figure 1.8. If a symmetrical airfoil is placed at zero angle of attack to the airstream, the streamline pattern and pressure distribution give evidence of zero lift. HOW- ever, if the airfoil is given a positive angle of attack, changes occur in the streamline pattern and pressure distribution similar to changes caused by the addition of circulation to the cylinder. The positive angle of attack causes increased velocity on the upper surface with an increase in upper surface suction while the decreased velocity on the lower surface causes a decrease in lower surface suction. Also, upwash is generated ahead of the airfoil, the forward stagnation point moves under the leading edge, and a downwash is evident aft of the airfoil. The pressure distribution 0” the airfoil now provides a net force perpendicu- lar to the airstream-lift. The generation of lift by an airfoil is depend- ent upon the airfoil being able to create circu- lation in the airstream and develop the lifting, pressure distribution on the surface. In all cases, the generated lift will be the net force caused by the distribution of pressure over the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil. At low angles of attack, suction pressures usually will exist on both upper and lower surfaces. but the upper surface suction must be greater for positive lift. At high angles of attack near that for maximum lift, a positive pressure will exist on the lower surface but this will account for approximately one-third the net lift.\nThe effect of free stream density and velocity is a necessary consideration when studying the development of the various aerodynamic forces. Suppose that a particular shape of airfoil is fixed at a particular angle to the airstream. The relative velocity and pressure distribution will be determined by the shape of the airfoil and the angle to the airstream. The effect of varying the airfoil size, air density and air- speed is shown in figure 1.9. If the same air- foil shape is placed at the same angle to an airstream with twice as great a dynamic pres- sure the magnitude of the pressure distribution will be twice as great but the r&rive shape of the pressure distribution will be the same. With twice as great a pressure existing over the surface, all aerodynamic forces and mo- ments will ~double. If a half-size airfoil ib placed at the same angle to the original air- stream, the magnitude of the pressure distri- bution is the same as the origina! airfoi! and again the relative shape of the pressure dis- tribution is identical. The same pressure act- ing on the half-size surface would reduce all aerodynamic forces to one-half that of the original. This similarity of flow patterns means that the stagnation point occurs at the same place, the peak suction pressure occurs at the same place, and the actual magnitude of the aerodynamic forces and moments depends upon the airstream dynamic pressure and the surface area. This concept is extremely im- portant when attempting to separate and ana- lyze the most important factors affecting the development of aerodynamic forces. AIRFOIL TERMINOLOGY. Since the shape of an airfoil and the inclination to the airstream are so important in determining the pressure distribution, it is necessary to properly define the airfoil terminology. Figure 1.10 shows a typical airfoil and illustrates the various items of airfoil terminology (1) The chord line is a straight line connect- ing the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil.",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 4.32. Sponwise Lift Distribution\n\nexists. This situation creates an induced angle of attack at the root which is less than the average for the wing and a local section angle of attack higher than the average for the wing. The result is shown by the graph of figure 1.32 which depicts a local lift coefficient at the root almost 20 percent greater than the wing lift coefficient. The effect of the rectangular planform may be appreciated by matching a near elliptical lift distribution with a planform with a constant chord. The chords near ‘the tip develop less lift pressure than the root and consequently have lower section lift coe&- cients. The great nonuniformity of local lift coefficient along the span implies that some sections carry .more than their share of the load while others carry less than their share of the load. Hence, for a given aspect ratio, the rectangular planform will be less efficient -t-- -L. -11:. -!-~I LlLill UK C‘lqJLlCal wing. For exampie, a rectangular wing of AR=6 would have 16 percent higher induced angle of attack for the wing and 5 percent higher induced drag than an elliptical wing of the same aspect ratio. At the other extreme of taper is the pointed wing which has a taper ratio of zero. The extremely small parcel of area at the pointed tip is not capable of holding the main tip vortex at the tip and a drastic change in down- wash distribution results. The pointed wing has greatest downwash at the root and this downwash decreases toward the tip. In the immediate vicinity of the pointed tip, an upwash is encountered which indicates that negative induced angles of attack exist in this area. The resulting variation of local lift coefficient shows low cr at the root and very high c, at the tip. This effect may be appre- ciated by realizing that the wide chords at the root produce low lift pressures while the very narrow chords toward the tip are sub-\nject to very high lift pressures.. The varia-\ntion of 2 throughout the span of the wing of L taper ratio==0 is shown on the graph of figure",
+                    "page_start": 93,
+                    "page_end": 93,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.27. Development of Pitching Moments\n\n48\nlower surface lifts act along the same vertical line. An increase in.lift on the symmetrical airfoil produces no change in this situation and the center of pressure remains fixed at the aero- dynamic center. The location of the aerodynamic center of an airfoil is not affected by camber, thickness, and angle of attack. In fact, two-dimensional in- compressible airfoil theory will predict the aerodynamic center at the 25 percent chord point for any airfoil regardless of camber, thickness, and angle of attack. Actual airfoils, which are subject to real fluid flow, may not have the lift due to angle of .attack concentrated at the exact 25 percent chord point. However, the actual location of the aerodynamic center for various sections is rarely forward of 23 percent or aft of 27 percent chord point. The moment about the aerodynamic center has its source in the relative pressure distribu- tion and requires application of the coefficient form of expression for proper evaluation. The moment about the aerodynamic center is ex- pressed by the following equation :\nwhere\nA&, = moment about the aerodynamic center, a.c., ft.-lbs.\nCMa.c,=coefbcient of moment about the a.c.\nq= dynamic pressure, psf\nS=wing area, sq ft.\nc=chord, ft.\nThe moment coefficient used in this equation is the dimensionless ratio of the moment pressure to dynamic pressure moment and is a function\nc ML3.C. %.c. = p-\nof. the shape of the airfoil mean camber line. Figure 1.22 shows the moment coefficient,\nNAVWEPS O&601-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nC%C. <sup>versus lift coefficient for several repre-.</sup> sentative sections. The sign convention ap- plied to moment coefficients is that the nose-up moment is positive. The NACA Ooog airfoil is a symmettical sec- tion of 9 percent maximum thickness. Since the mean line of this airfoil has no camber, the coefhcient of moment about the aerody- namic center is zero, i.e., the c.p. is at the ac. The departure from zero cno.+ occurs only as the airfoil approaches maximum lift and the stall produces a moment change in the negative (nose-down) direction. The NACA 4412 and 63,-412 sections have noticeable positive cam- ber which cause relatively large moments about the aerodynamic center. Notice that for each sectionshowninfrgure 1.22, the c,,,.... isconstant for all lift coefficients less than cl,-. The NACA 23012 airfoil is a very efficient conventional section which has been used on many airplanes. One of the features of the ~section is a relatively high c& with only a small c,,,,,,; The pitching moment coefficients 1 for this section are shown on figure 1.22 along with the effect of various type flaps added to the basic section. Large amounts of camber applied well aft on the chord cause large nega- tive moment coefficients. This fact is illus- trated by the large negative moment coefli- cients produced by the 30” deflection of a 25 percent chord flap.",
+                    "page_start": 65,
+                    "page_end": 66,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS\n\n### Figure 3.9. Transonic Flow Patterns (sheet 1 of 2)\n\nvalue all oblique portions of the waves incline more greatly and the detached normal shock portion of the bow wave moves closer to the leading edge. Of course, all components of the aircraft are affected by compressibility in a manner somewhat similar to that of basic airfoil. The tail, fuselage, nacelles, canopy, etc. and the efkct of the interference between the various surfaces of the aircraft must be considered. FORCE DIVERGENCE. The airflow sepa- ration induced by shock wave formation can create significant variations in the aerody- namic force coefficients. When the free stream speed is greater than critical Mach number some typical effects on an airfoil section are as follows : (1) An increase in the section drag coeffi- cient for a given section lift coe5cient. (2) A decrease in section lift coefficient for a given section angle of attack. (3) A change in section pitching moment coe5cient. A reference point is usually taken by a plot of drag coe5cient versus Mach number for a constant lift coefficient. Such a graph is shown in figure 3.10. The Mach number which produces a sharp change in the drag coe5cient is termed the “force divergence” Mach number and, for most airfoils, usually exceeds the critical Mach number at least 5 to 10 percent. This condition is also referred to as the “drag divergence” or “drag rise.” PHENOMENA OF TRANSONIC FLIGHT. Associated with the “drag rise” are buffet, trim and stability changes, and a decrease in control surface effectiveness. Conventional aileron, rudder, and elevator surfaces sub jetted to this high frequency buffet may “buzz,” and changes in hinge moments may produce undesirable control forces. Of course, if the buffet is quite severe and prolonged, structural damage may occur if this operation is in violation of operating limitations. When airflow separation occurs on the wing due to\n218\nNAVWEPS OO-EOT-80 HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS\nCD DRAG COEFFICIENT\nFORCE DIVERGENCE MACH NUMBER\nCRITICAL MACH NUMBER.\nI I I c\n0.5 1.0\nht,MACH NUMBER",
+                    "page_start": 235,
+                    "page_end": 236,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.29. Wing Three Dimensional Flow (sheet 1 of 2)\n\nage relative wind which is different from the remote free stream wind. Since the aerody- namic forces created by the airfoil sections of a wing depend upon the immediate airstream in which they operate, consideration must be given to the effect of the inclined average rela- tive wind. To create a certain lift coefficient with the airfoil section, a certain angle must exist be- tween the airfoil chord line and the avcragc relative wind. This angle of attack is a,,, the section angle of attack. However, as this lift is developed on the wing, downwash is in- curred and the average relative wind is in- clined. Thus, the wing must be given some angle attack greater than the required section angle of attack to account for the inclination of the average relative wind. Since the wing must be given this additional angle of attack because of the induced flow, the angle between the average reiative wind arid tlie remote fiCC\nstream is termed the induced angle of attack, ai. From this influence, the wing angle of attack is the sum of the section and induced angles of attack. a=ul)+a; where a= wing angle of attack OLD= section angle of attack OI;= induced angle of attack\nINDUCED DRAG\nAnother important influence of the induced flow is the orientation of the actual lift on a wing. Figure 1.30 illustrates the fact that the lift produced by the wing sections is perpen- dicular to the average relative wind. Since the average relative wind is inclined down- ward, the section lift is inclined aft, by the same amount-the induced angle of attack, ai. The lift and drag of a wing must continue to be referred perpendicular and parallel to the remote free stream ahead of the wing. In this respect, the lift on the wing has a component of force parallel to the remote free stream. This component of lift in the drag direction is the undesirable-but unavoidable-conse-",
+                    "page_start": 83,
+                    "page_end": 83,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.27. Development of Pitching Moments\n\nme kc. is a quantity determined by the shape of the mean-camber line. Symmetrical airfoils have zero c,,,,. and the c.p. remains at the a.~. in unstalled flight. The airfoil with positive camber will have a negative c,,,~,~, which means the c.p. is behind the a.~. Since the c5.c. <sup>is constant in unstalled flight a certain</sup> relationship between lift coefficient and center of pressure can be evolved. An example of this relationship is shown in figure 1.22 for the NACA 63i-412 airfoil by a plot of c.p. versus c,. Note that at low lift coefficients the center of pressure is well aft-even past the trailing edge-and an increase in C~ moves the c.p, for- ward toward the a.~. The c.9. approaches the\n49\nRevised Jmuoy 1965\nNAVWEPS 00-801-80 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\n5 1 I 25k I I\ng -0.2 NACA 23012 WITH SPLIT FLAP AT 3D”\nI \\\nz I ” I I 1 1 I F\nI 25%\n-0.3 - NACA 23012 WITH PLAIN FLAP AT 30’ 1 I --T--rT~, I I I . \\\nNACA 23012 WITH SLOTTED FLAP &T 30”\n-0.4\n7\nRevised January 1965\nCP POSITION PERCENT CHORD AFT OF LEADING EDGE",
+                    "page_start": 66,
+                    "page_end": 67,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## TABLE OF CONTENTS\n\n### Figure 1.10. Airfoil ~erminoh\n\nexisting on the surface. Of course, the ve- locity distribution, and resulting pressure dis- tribution, is determmed by the.shape or pro- file of the surface and the angle of a’track. Thus, any aerodynamic force can be repre- sented as the product df three major factors:\nthe surface area of the objects the dynamic pressure of the airstream the coefficient or index of force determined by the relative pressure distribution This relationship is expressed by the following equation : F= C,qS where F = aerodynamic force, lbs. C,=coeflicient of aerodynamic force ,iay;mic pressure, psf\nS=surface area, sq. ft. In order to fully appreciate the importance of the aerodynamic force coe&cient, C,, the , above equation is rearranged to alternate forms :\nIn this form, the aerodynamic force coefficient Js appreciared as the aerodynamic force per surface area and dynamic pressure. In other words, the force coefficient is a dimensionless ratio between the average aerodynamic pres- sure (aerodynamic force.per ‘area) and the air- stream dynamic pressure. All the aerodynamic forces of lift and drag are studied on this basis- the common denominator in each case being surface area and dynamic pressure. By such a definition, a “lift coefficient” would .be the ratio between lift pressure and dynamic pres- sure; a “drag coefficient” would be the ratio between drag pressure and.:d.ynamic pressure. The use of the coefficient form of an aero- dynamic force is necessary since the force coellicient is: (1) An index 04 the aerodynamic force independent of area, density, and velocity.\nNAVWEPS m-60T-30 BASIC AERODYNAMICS\nIt is derived from the relative pressure and velocity distribution. (2) Influenced only by the shape of the surface and angle of attack since these factors determine the pressure distribution. (3) An index which allows evaluation of the effects of compressibility and viscosity. Since the effects of area, density, and velocity are obviated by the coefficient form, com- pressibility and viscosity effects can be separated for study. THE BASIC LIFT EQUATION. Lift has been dehned as the net force developed per- pendicular to the relative wind. The aero- dynamic force of lift on an airplane results from the generation of a pressure distribution on the wing. This lift force is described by the following equation: L=C& where L=lift, lbs. C, = lift coefficient. q= dy;:mic pressure, psf +p\nS= wing surface area, sq. ft.\nThe lift coefhcient used in this equation is the ratio of the lift pressure and dynamic pressure and is a function of the shape of the wing and angle of attack. If the lift coefficient of a conventional airplane wing planfoi-m were plotted versus angle of attack, the result would be typical of the graph of figure 1.11. Since the effects of speed, density, area, weight, alti- tude, etc., are eliminated by the coefficient form, an indication of the true lift capability is ob- tained. Each angle of attack produces a par- ticular lift coefficient since the angle of attack is the controlling factor in the pressure dis- tribution. Lift coeflicient increases with angle of attack up to the maximum lift coefficient, c L,,,~., and, as angle of attack is increased be- yond the maximum lift angle, the airflow is unable to adhere to the upper surface. The airflow then separates from the upper surface and stall occurs. JNTERPRETATION OF THE LIFT EQUA- TION. Several important relationships are",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS\n\n### TABLE 3-P. Suprnonk Wave Charactwiltks\n\nType of wave formation\nFlow direction change.\nEfkct cm velociry and Mach number.\nEffect on static pressure and density.\n_-\nOblique shock wave\n“Flow into a corner,” turned into preceding flow.\nDecreased but still supcr- sonic.\nIncrease. :.\nDKICaSe\n_-\n__\n__\n__\n-\nNormal shock wave.\nNo change.\nGreat increase,\nGreat decrease\n-\n__\n-.\n-.\n-.\n-\nExpansion wwc.\n‘/ //\n<\n\n- ,/$y\n“Flow around a corner,” turned away from pre- ceding flow.\nIncreased to higher super- sonic.\nDeCrWSe.\nNo change (no shock).\nSECTIONS IN SUPERSONIC FLOW\nIn order to appreciate the effect of these various wave forms on the aerodynamic char- acteristics in supersonic flow, inspect figure 3.8. Parts (a) and (b) show the wave pattern and resulting pressure distribution for a thin flat plate at a positive angle of attack. The air- stream moving over the upper surface passes through an expansion wave at the leading edge and then an oblique shock wave at the trailing edge. Thus, a uniform suction pressure exists over the upper surface. The airstream moving underneath the flat plate passes through an oblique shock wave at the leading edge then an expansion wave at the trailing edge. This pro- duces a uniform positive pressure on the under- side of the section. This distribution of pres- sure on the surface will produce a net lift and incur a subsequent drag due co lift from the in- clination of the resultant lift from a perpen- dicular co the free stream.\nParts (c) and (d) of figure 3.8 show the wave pattern and resulting pressure distribu- tion for a double wedge airfoil at zero lift. The airstream moving over the surface passes through an oblique shock, an expansion wave, and another oblique shock. The resulting pressure distribution on the surfaces produces no net lift, but the increased pressure on the forward half of the chord along with the de- creased pressure on the aft half of the chord produces a “wave” drag. This wave drag is caused by the components of pressure forces which are parallel to the free scream direction. The wave drag is in addition to the drag due to friction, separatien, lift, etc., and can be a very considerable part of the total drag at high supersonic speeds. Parts (e) and (f) of figure 3.8 illustrate the wave pattern and resulting pressure distribu- tion for the double wedge airfoil at a small positive angle of attack. The net pressure",
+                    "page_start": 230,
+                    "page_end": 230,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# AERODYNAMICS  FOR  NAVAL  AVIATORS\n\n## HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS\n\n### Figure 3.8. Typical Supersonic Flow Patterns and Distribution of Pressure\n\n214\ndistribution produces an inclined lift with drag due to lift which is in addition to the wave drag at zero lift. Part (g) of figure 3.8 shows the wave pattern for a circular arc air- foil. After the airflow traverses the oblique shock wave at the leading edge, the airflow undergoes a gradual but continual expansion until the trailing edge shock wave is en- countered. Part (h) of figure 3.8 illustrates the wave pattern on a conventional blunt nose airfoil in supersonic flow. When the nose is blunt the wave must detach and become a normal shock wave immediately ahead of the leading edge. Of course, this wave form produces an area of subsonic airflow at the leading edge with very high pressure and density behind the detached wave. The drawings of figure 3.8 illustrate the typical patterns of supersonic flow and point out these facts concerning aerodynamic surfaces in two dimensional supersonic flow: (1) All changes in velocity, pressure, density and flow direction will take place quite suddenly through the various. wave forms. The shape of the object and the required flow ,direction change dictate the type and strength of the wave formed. (2) As always, lift results from the distri- bution of pressure on a surface and is the net force perpendicular to the free stream direc- tion. Any component of the lift in a direc- tion parallel to the windstream will be drag due to lift. (3) In supersonic flight, the zero lift drag of an airfoil of some finite thickness will include a “wave drag.” The thickness of the airfoil will have an extremely powerful effect on this wave drag since the wave drag varies as the square of the thickness ratio- if the thickness is reduced 50 percent, the wave drag is reduced 73 percent. The lead- ing edges of supersonic shapes must be sharp or the wave formed at the leading edge will be a strong detached shock wave. (4) Once the flow on the airfoil is super- sonic, the aerodynamic center of the surface",
+                    "page_start": 231,
+                    "page_end": 232,
+                    "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the recyclable waste ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "All types of paper   and cardboard, Metal packaging,   even the smallest ones, Plastic bottles and flasks, All other packaging",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\n##### **INSTRUCTIONS**\n\n####### **Town Black container Yellow container**\n\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nT\nS\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nM\nW T\nT\n2024 **OUT BLACK CONTAINER**\n**=**\n**CONTAINER COUNTED**\n**FULL CONTAINER OR**\n**HALF FILLED CONTAINER**\n**IT’S THE SAME PRICE!**\n**I PUT MY RUBBISH**\n**CONTAINER OUT**\n**ONLY WHEN FULL**\n**//50% green materials : all fruit and vegetable peelings, leftover meat, egg shells, tea and coffee...**\n**//50% brown materials : dead leaves, twigs, kitchen rolls, shavings, possibly paper, newspaper and cardboard ...**\n**RECYCLABLE WASTE**\n**ORGANIC WASTE**\n##### **INSTRUCTIONS**\n###### in the Pays de Lauzun district\n**Plastic bottles and flasks**\n**All types of paper and cardboard Metal packaging, even the smallest ones**\n**All other packaging**\n**NEW**\n####### **SORTING ERROR IN YELLOW BIN = YELLOW BIN NOT COLLECTED**\n**GOOD SORTING HABITS: EMPTY THEM WELL, NO NEED WASH THEM, PUT IN THE**\n**CONTAINER SEPARATE FROM EACH OTHER AND WITHOUT BAG**\n**RECYCLING CENTRE**\nWood\nReusable objects Ink cartridges Light bulbs Textiles Drain oils Batteries Rubbles\nMetals Dangerous waste Plants Buried waste Furniture Cardboard Electrical devices\n**Bocaux et bouteilles //Sans les couvercles !**\n**ALL GLASS BOTTLES**\n**HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE**\n**Masks, nappies, Broken dishes, toothbrush, Disposable wipes, Vacuum bags...**\n**YELLOW BIN OR YELLOW COLUMN**\n**COMPOSTER**\n**BLACK BIN OR BLACK COLUMN**\n####### **Town Black container Yellow container**\n|  AGNAC  |  TUESDAY  white weeks  |  THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT  | MONDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| ARMILLAC  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| BOURGOUGNAGUE  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  | FRIDAY  white weeks  |\n| CAMBES  | MONDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| LACHAPELLE  | MONDAY  green weeks  | THURSDAY  white weeks  |\n| LAPERCHE  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\n| LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| LAUZUN  | MONDAY  green weeks  | FRIDAY  white weeks  |\n| LAVERGNE  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE  | TUESDAY  green weeks  | THURSDAY  white weeks  |\n| MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\n| MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| MOUSTIER  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| PEYRIÈRE  | MONDAY  green weeks  | THURSDAY  white weeks  |\n| PUYSSERAMPION  | MONDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| ROUMAGNE  | MONDAY  white weeks  |  |\n| SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\n| SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC  | MONDAY  white weeks  | FRIDAY  green weeks  |\n| SEGALAS  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\nConception : Adékoi - www.adekoi.com - 11.2023",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\nCrédits photo : AdobeStock - Freepik\n**HOW DOES IT WORK?**\n**\u0007When to put my garbage container outside?** The evening before the waste collection day.\n**Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?** You will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n**Container stolen: What to do?** In case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n**Out container = full container** Put your rubbish container out only when full.\n**Attention !**  Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n**MORE QUESTIONS ?**\nWebsite:  **www.ccpl47.fr** / Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n**Environnement Service**  : 12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN **05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr Composting**  : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n**Recycling centre access, registration or modification**  : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n**Buy your own compost kit and get tips for good composting practice.** Only during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department). 30 minute workshops/awareness- raising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops <sup>**</sup> . Registration and information with the service.\n* Only payment by cheque made payable to the ‘Tresor Public‘ are accepted**\nSpecific condition of acquisition apply accor- ding to your municipality of residence\n**HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?**\n**Compost kit Plastic Wood**\n\n400 L 25 € 35 €\nOn the CCPL website",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n####### **Compost adds organic material and nutrients to the soil,**\n####### **increases water-holding capacity and biological activity,**\n####### **and improves plant growth and health.**\n####### **Revised 2009**\nA project of the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with\nsupport from the Washington State Department of Ecology’s\nPublic Participation Grant program.\nThis product was partly funded through a grant from the\nWashington Department of Ecology. While these materials\nwere reviewed for grant consistency, this does not necessarily\nconstitute endorsement by the department.\n**Special thanks:**  the original version of this brochure in 2003\nwas created by the Washington County, Oregon Solid Waste and\nRecycling Program in cooperation with the Washington Organic\nRecycling Council and the Composting Council of Oregon.\n##### Tips to Remember:\n*-*   *Don’t put plants into 100% compost.  Mix*\n*compost thoroughly into existing soil before*\n*planting.*\n*-*   *When transplanting, it’s better to amend the*\n*whole bed, not just planting holes, to promote*\n*root growth.*\n*-*   *Ask your compost supplier which compost*\n*product is best for your intended use.*\n*-*   *Use compost at the recommended application*\n*rate.*\n*-*   *To maintain healthy soil, reapply compost or*\n*mulch every 1-2 years.*\n*-*   *Many composts are rich in plant nutrients, so*\n*you may be able to reduce fertilizer use after*\n*applying compost.*\n*-*   *Compost can also reduce your lawn and garden’s*\n*summer irrigation needs.*\n*-*   *Compost-amended soil and mulching slow run*\n*off, reduce erosion, and break down pollutants.*\n*When you use compost, you’re helping to*\n*protect our precious streams, rivers, lakes, and*\n*marine waters.*\n**original artwork provided by:**\nwww.compostwashington.org www.ecy.wa.gov www.soilsforsalmon.org\n##### Resources\n**Compost Organizations**\n####### **Washington Organic Recycling Council**\nFind a compost producer in your area\nwww.compostwashington.org\n####### **US Composting Council**\nSeal of Testing Assurance (STA) program\nwww.compostingcouncil.org/programs/sta/\n**Restoring the Soil to Protect our Waterways**\nwww.soilsforsalmon.org\nCompost amendment and erosion control\nduring construction: information for builders\nwww.buildingsoil.org\n**Natural Lawn & Garden Care, Soils, and Home**\n**Composting**\n####### **City of Seattle**\nwww.seattle.gov/util/services/yard\n####### **King County**\nwww.kingcounty.gov/soils\n####### **Washington State University**\nwww.puyallup.wsu.edu/soilmgmt/\n###### The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden Blossoms from the Soil\nThank you for your interest in compost.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\n##### Let’s sort\n##### better and let’s\n##### compost!\n**MY BLACK GARBAGE COLLECTION’S DAY MY YELLOW GARBAGE COLLECTION’S DAY**\n**Collection on public holidays will take place, except May 1st and December 25th. The collection for Wednesday May 1st will be brought forward to Tuesday April 30th and the collection for Wednesday December 25th will be brought forward to Tuesday December 24th. The collection for Wednesday January 1st 2025 will be brought forward to Tuesday December 31st.**\n####### **JANUARY**\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM T\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nW T\nM T\nF S S\nW T\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nF S S M\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nS\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nS S M\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nS S\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nS M\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nS S\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nM T\nF S S\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nT\nF S S\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S\nF S\nS\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nT\n####### **JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER**\n####### **FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE**\nF S S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### The Composting Process\n\nencourages the use of compost for construction site erosion control, to reduce\nstormwater runoff and help keep our rivers, lakes, and Puget Sound clean.\nLearn more at  **www.SoilsforSalmon.org**  or  **www.BuildingSoil.org.**\n##### Selecting Quality Compost\nCompost is available in many product types and blends that may be\nused for different gardening applications.  The type of feedstock,\nthe composting process, and any supplementary additives determine\nthe end product.\nMany facilities offer a variety of blends based on compost, such as\ngarden mix, potting soil, planting mix, mulches, turf top-dressing\nand soil blends.\n**What to Look for in Compost**\nFor most compost applications you will want a finished product that\nhas matured and stabilized.  Look for material\nl  with a dark, crumbly texture\nl  with a mild odor\nFor most compost applications you will not want compost that is\nextremely dry or wet, or extremely hot.  (Note that it is okay for\ncompost to be warm and to give off some steam and mild odor.)\n**Quality Testing at Composting Facilities**\nFeel free to ask your compost provider if they have a quality control\nprogram, and ask for test results.  Compost facilities in Washington\nare permitted by the Department of Ecology and must meet\nstandards for both the composting process and contaminants,\nensuring a quality product.  Some facilities also participate in the\n“Seal of Testing Assurance” (STA) testing program.  See\n“Resources” on page 11 to learn more.\n####### **Remember:**\n####### **Your compost provider can help you pick the best compost mix**\n####### **for your needs.**\n##### The Composting Process\nEven though there are a variety of composting methods, most\ncomposting follows a similar process:\n**1.  Grinding Organic Materials:**\nDepending on the facility, the feedstock (material) available, and\nthe desired compost product, different combinations of materials\nare added together and ground into small pieces:\n-    Nitrogen-rich materials (such as grass, fresh plant\ncuttings, biosolids, and manures)\n-    Carbon-rich materials (such as dried leaves, woody\nmaterials, and straw).\n**2.  Heating Up:**\nThe material is placed into piles where it begins to heat up from\nthe biological activity of the compost microbes.  Typically, com-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Regulation**\n\n\"\"substances'' characterized by the U.S. EPA as \"\"hazardous,'' many of which may be found in common\nhousehold waste.\nAmong other things, CERCLA authorizes the federal government to investigate and remediate sites\nat which hazardous substances have been or are threatened to be released into the environment or to\norder (or oÅer an opportunity to) persons potentially liable for the cleanup of the hazardous substances to\ndo so. In addition, the U.S. EPA has established a National Priorities List of sites at which hazardous\nsubstances have been or are threatened to be released and which require investigation or cleanup.\nLiability under CERCLA is not dependent upon the intentional disposal of hazardous waste or\nhazardous substances. It can be founded upon the release or threatened release, even as a result of\nunintentional, non-negligent or lawful action, of thousands of hazardous substances, including very small\nquantities of such substances. Thus, even if our landÑlls have never knowingly received hazardous waste\nas such, it is possible that one or more hazardous substances may have been deposited or \"\"released'' at\nour landÑlls or at other properties which we currently own or operate or may have owned or operated.\nTherefore, we could be liable under CERCLA for the cost of cleaning up such hazardous substances at\nsuch sites and for damages to natural resources, even if those substances were deposited at our facilities\nbefore we acquired or operated them. The costs of a CERCLA cleanup can be very expensive. Given the\ndiÇculty of obtaining insurance for environmental impairment liability, such liability could have a\nmaterial impact on our business and Ñnancial condition. For a further discussion, see \"\"Ì Liability\nInsurance and Bonding.''\n(3)  *The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, as amended.*  This Act regulates the\ndischarge of pollutants from a variety of sources, including solid waste disposal sites, into streams, rivers\nand other waters of the United States. Point source runoÅ from our landÑlls and transfer stations that is\ndischarged into surface waters must be covered by discharge permits that generally require us to conduct\n10\nsampling and monitoring, and under certain circumstances, reduce the quantity of pollutants in those\ndischarges. Storm water discharge regulations under this Act require a permit for certain construction\nactivities and discharges from industrial operations and facilities, which may aÅect our operations. If a\nlandÑll or transfer station discharges wastewater through a sewage system to a publicly-owned treatment",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\n\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n\na drop-off site, or set out for curbside\ncollection could become the compost that\nyou later use on your garden, lawn, and\nflowerbeds.\nIt is essential to place only quality organic\nmaterial into the composting process.  Here\nare some tips:\nl The products you use or spray in your\nyard can end up in the compost process.\nCarefully read the labels of pesticide and\nherbicide products you use. (See page 9.)\nl Please keep yard debris free of :\nx  Garbage\nx  Plastic of any sort\n- Plastic plant pots\n- Plastic plant tabs\n- Plastic bags (if you want to bag\nyour yard debris, use paper\ngarden bags - available at most\ngarden centers)\nx  Rock, brick, or masonry\nx  Glass or metal\nx  Pet waste.\n* Many localities now collect food scraps and\nfood-soiled paper along with yard debris for\ncomposting.  Call your local collection service\nto find out what is collected in your area.\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\nTo grow healthy plants you need healthy soil.\n**Healthy Soil:**\nl Is teeming with life!  Healthy soil is a miniature ecosystem.\nA teaspoon of healthy soil will have upwards of four billion\ntiny organisms which recycle nutrients, suppress disease, and\ndiscourage pests.\nl  Retains moisture but allows drainage.  Healthy soil has\nstructure that allows water to drain through, retains moisture,\nand promotes strong root growth.\nl  Is full of organic nutrients.  Plants depend on the micro-\norganisms found in healthy organic-rich soil to provide\nnutrients to their roots, and help them thrive.\nA healthy garden and landscape is naturally resistant to pests,\ndrought, weeds, and diseases.  Maintaining healthy soil may allow\nyou to reduce use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.\n####### **Soil is a planting medium.  Compost is a soil amendment.**\n####### **Do not place plants directly into 100% compost.**\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n**Washington State Encourages the Use of Compost,**\n**to Protect Our Water Quality**\nThe Washington State Department of Ecology recommends that soils\non construction sites be restored with compost before planting, and also",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Compost Beginnings\n\namounts to supplement natural soil fertility.\n**Topsoil**  that is sold is usually not native topsoil.  Quality\nmanufactured topsoils are a blend of native sandy sub-soils with\ncomposted organic matter to support soil life.\nAsk Your Compost Supplier\n**Whether you’re buying direct from the composting facility, or from a local**\n**vendor, here are some good questions to ask:**\n**- What ingredients go into your compost?**\n**- What compost products or blends do you sell?**\n**- Are there quality control or testing results available for these**\n**products? (These may be on the manufacturer’s website.)**\n**- Which product is best for my intended use?**\n**- What application rate do you recommend?**\n**- How much do I need for my area?  (Or see pages 4-6.)**\n##### Compost Questions and Answers\n####### **What is compost?**\nCompost is a natural humus-like soil amendment that results from\nthe controlled aerobic (with oxygen) decomposition of organic\nmaterials.  Compost is not soil -  it should be mixed with soil.  It is\nnot fertilizer, although it contains many slowly released nutrients.\n####### **What materials (“feedstocks”) are used to make compost?**\nCompost facilities in Washington recycle a variety of organic\nmaterials, including yard debris, food scraps, manure, biosolids,\nforest residuals like sawdust and bark, construction wood, and\nagricultural residues.  All of these materials can be used to produce\nhigh quality compost.  Your supplier can tell you which materials\nthey compost.\n####### **How do I know I’m getting safe, quality compost?**\nFortunately, in Washington we have strict permitting and production\nstandards for compost facilities, that include both time and\ntemperature requirements and contaminant limits.\n####### **What about weed seeds, plant diseases or pesticide residues?**\nThe controlled time, aeration, and temperature process required in\nWashington has been shown to kill weed seeds and plant diseases.\nThat same process breaks down most pesticide residues.  There are\na few agricultural pesticides that are not easily broken down, and\npermitted Washington compost manufacturers carefully watch their\nfeedstocks to keep those materials out of the composting process.\n##### Compost Beginnings\nThe yard debris or food scraps* that you\nplace into your home compost bin, take to",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n### **REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC.**\n\n####### **Sales and Marketing**\n\napproximately 1.7 billion in-place cubic yards. The in-place capacity of our landÑlls is subject to change based\non engineering factors, requirements of regulatory authorities and the ability to expand our sites successfully.\nSome of our landÑlls accept non-hazardous special waste, including utility ash, asbestos and contaminated\nsoils. See \"\"Ì Properties.''\nMost of our existing landÑll sites have the potential for expanded disposal capacity beyond the currently\npermitted acreage. We monitor the availability of permitted disposal capacity at each of our landÑlls and\nevaluate whether to pursue expansion at a given landÑll based on estimated future waste volumes and prices,\nmarket needs, remaining capacity and likelihood of obtaining an expansion. To satisfy future disposal demand,\nwe are currently seeking to expand permitted capacity at certain of our landÑlls, although no assurances can be\nmade that all future expansions will be permitted as designed.\n*Other Services.*  We have 35 materials recovery facilities and other recycling operations, which are\ngenerally required to fulÑll our obligations under long-term municipal contracts for residential collection\nservices. These facilities sort recyclable paper, aluminum, glass and other materials. Most of these recyclable\nmaterials are internally collected by our residential collection operations. In some areas, we receive\ncommercial and industrial solid waste that is sorted at our facilities into recyclable materials and non-\nrecyclable waste. The recyclable materials are salvaged, repackaged and sold to third parties and the non-\nrecyclable waste is disposed of at landÑlls or incinerators. Wherever possible, our strategy is to reduce our\nexposure to Öuctuations in recyclable commodity prices by utilizing third party recycling facilities, thereby\nminimizing our recycling investment.\nWe provide remediation and other heavy construction services primarily through our subsidiary located in\nMissouri.\nWe also have a Texas-based compost, mulch and soil business at which yard, mill and other waste is\nprocessed, packaged and sold as various products.\n####### **Sales and Marketing**\nWe seek to provide quality services that will enable our company to maintain high levels of customer\nsatisfaction. We derive our business from a broad customer base which we believe will enable our company to\nexperience stable growth. We focus our marketing eÅorts on continuing and expanding business with existing\ncustomers, as well as attracting new customers.\nWe employ approximately 500 sales and marketing employees. Our sales and marketing strategy is to\nprovide high-quality, comprehensive solid waste collection, recycling, transfer and disposal services to our\ncustomers at competitive prices. We target potential customers of all sizes, from small quantity generators to",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.10.*    *Addressing invasive alien species*\n\n54 [Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:02009L0128-20091125) (2009/128/EC). 55 [European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy](http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1516265440535&uri=COM:2018:28:FIN) (COM(2018) 28). [A new Circular Economy Action Plan for a cleaner and more competitive Europe](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0098&from=ES) (COM(2020) 98). 57 See for example: Hulme P. (2014). [Invasive species challenge the global response to emerging diseases](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492214000543) , *Trends in parasitology (2014) Vol. 30, Issue 6*  ; Duscher et al. (2017). [Regulation (EU) 1143/2014 on invasive alien species](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1417443504720&uri=CELEX:32014R1143) . [Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature](http://www.iucnredlist.org/) (IUCN).\n9.  There is a 50% reduction in the number of Red List species threatened by invasive alien species. 10.  The losses of nutrients from fertilisers are reduced by 50%, resulting in the reduction ofthe use of fertilisers by at least 20%. 11.  Cities with at least 20,000 inhabitants have an ambitious Urban Greening Plan. 12.  No chemical pesticides are used in sensitive areas such as EU urban green areas. 13.  The negative impacts on sensitive species and habitats,  including on the seabed through fishing and extraction activities, are substantially reduced to achieve good environmental status. 14.  The by-catch of species is eliminated or reduced to a level that allows species recovery and conservation.",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the day of the black container in Lachapelle ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "LACHAPELLE MONDAY green weeks",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\n##### **INSTRUCTIONS**\n\n####### **Town Black container Yellow container**\n\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nT\nS\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nM\nW T\nT\n2024 **OUT BLACK CONTAINER**\n**=**\n**CONTAINER COUNTED**\n**FULL CONTAINER OR**\n**HALF FILLED CONTAINER**\n**IT’S THE SAME PRICE!**\n**I PUT MY RUBBISH**\n**CONTAINER OUT**\n**ONLY WHEN FULL**\n**//50% green materials : all fruit and vegetable peelings, leftover meat, egg shells, tea and coffee...**\n**//50% brown materials : dead leaves, twigs, kitchen rolls, shavings, possibly paper, newspaper and cardboard ...**\n**RECYCLABLE WASTE**\n**ORGANIC WASTE**\n##### **INSTRUCTIONS**\n###### in the Pays de Lauzun district\n**Plastic bottles and flasks**\n**All types of paper and cardboard Metal packaging, even the smallest ones**\n**All other packaging**\n**NEW**\n####### **SORTING ERROR IN YELLOW BIN = YELLOW BIN NOT COLLECTED**\n**GOOD SORTING HABITS: EMPTY THEM WELL, NO NEED WASH THEM, PUT IN THE**\n**CONTAINER SEPARATE FROM EACH OTHER AND WITHOUT BAG**\n**RECYCLING CENTRE**\nWood\nReusable objects Ink cartridges Light bulbs Textiles Drain oils Batteries Rubbles\nMetals Dangerous waste Plants Buried waste Furniture Cardboard Electrical devices\n**Bocaux et bouteilles //Sans les couvercles !**\n**ALL GLASS BOTTLES**\n**HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE**\n**Masks, nappies, Broken dishes, toothbrush, Disposable wipes, Vacuum bags...**\n**YELLOW BIN OR YELLOW COLUMN**\n**COMPOSTER**\n**BLACK BIN OR BLACK COLUMN**\n####### **Town Black container Yellow container**\n|  AGNAC  |  TUESDAY  white weeks  |  THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| ALLEMANS-DU-DROPT  | MONDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| ARMILLAC  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| BOURGOUGNAGUE  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  | FRIDAY  white weeks  |\n| CAMBES  | MONDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| LACHAPELLE  | MONDAY  green weeks  | THURSDAY  white weeks  |\n| LAPERCHE  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\n| LA-SAUVETAT-DU-DROPT  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| LAUZUN  | MONDAY  green weeks  | FRIDAY  white weeks  |\n| LAVERGNE  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| MIRAMONT-DE-GUYENNE  | TUESDAY  green weeks  | THURSDAY  white weeks  |\n| MONTIGNAC-DE-LAUZUN  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\n| MONTIGNAC-TOUPINERIE  | TUESDAY  white weeks  | THURSDAY  green weeks  |\n| MOUSTIER  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| PEYRIÈRE  | MONDAY  green weeks  | THURSDAY  white weeks  |\n| PUYSSERAMPION  | MONDAY  green weeks  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  |\n| ROUMAGNE  | MONDAY  white weeks  |  |\n| SAINT-COLOMB-DE-LAUZUN | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\n| SAINT-PARDOUX-ISAAC  | MONDAY  white weeks  | FRIDAY  green weeks  |\n| SEGALAS  | WEDNESDAY  white weeks  | WEDNESDAY  green weeks  |\nConception : Adékoi - www.adekoi.com - 11.2023",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\nCrédits photo : AdobeStock - Freepik\n**HOW DOES IT WORK?**\n**\u0007When to put my garbage container outside?** The evening before the waste collection day.\n**Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?** You will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n**Container stolen: What to do?** In case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n**Out container = full container** Put your rubbish container out only when full.\n**Attention !**  Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n**MORE QUESTIONS ?**\nWebsite:  **www.ccpl47.fr** / Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n**Environnement Service**  : 12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN **05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr Composting**  : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n**Recycling centre access, registration or modification**  : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n**Buy your own compost kit and get tips for good composting practice.** Only during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department). 30 minute workshops/awareness- raising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops <sup>**</sup> . Registration and information with the service.\n* Only payment by cheque made payable to the ‘Tresor Public‘ are accepted**\nSpecific condition of acquisition apply accor- ding to your municipality of residence\n**HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?**\n**Compost kit Plastic Wood**\n\n400 L 25 € 35 €\nOn the CCPL website",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\n##### Let’s sort\n##### better and let’s\n##### compost!\n**MY BLACK GARBAGE COLLECTION’S DAY MY YELLOW GARBAGE COLLECTION’S DAY**\n**Collection on public holidays will take place, except May 1st and December 25th. The collection for Wednesday May 1st will be brought forward to Tuesday April 30th and the collection for Wednesday December 25th will be brought forward to Tuesday December 24th. The collection for Wednesday January 1st 2025 will be brought forward to Tuesday December 31st.**\n####### **JANUARY**\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM T\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nW T\nM T\nF S S\nW T\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nF S S M\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nS\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nS S M\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nS S\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nS M\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nS S\nW T\nT\nF\nW T\nM T\nM T\nF S S\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nT\nF S S\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S S\nW T\nT\nM\nF S\nF S\nS\nW T\nT\nM\nW T\nT\n####### **JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER**\n####### **FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE**\nF S S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 5. Annihilation into hh\n\n� − 4 +  <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>+</sup> <sup>A</sup>\n2 b ln ���� A + 2 b\nA − 2 b ���� � , (B9)\nwhere θ is the scattering angle in the center of mass frame. The auxiliary functions appear\nabove are defined as\nI 22 ( s ) ≡ 4 <sup>(</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>a</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>+ 4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> A <sup>2</sup> − 4 b <sup>2</sup> , (B10)\nJ 22 ( s, m h ) ≡ 1\nAb � 2 A ( A + 2 a ) − A ( s + 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>) +</sup> <sup>A</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>a</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)(</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h <sup>)</sup>\n+3 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � , (B11)\nA ( s, m h ) ≡− <sup>s</sup> 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h <sup>,</sup> (B12)\nb ( s, m N , m h ) ≡ � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> h � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> N <sup>.</sup> (B13)",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 2. Annihilation into neutrinos\n\n#### b. Annihilation into ν s , ν s (heavy sterile-like neutrinos)\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4 <sup>+</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s � cos <sup>2</sup> θ �\n+4 λ <sup>2</sup> N <sup>λ</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂ Ψ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂ Ψ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)(</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>4</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> ν s <sup>)</sup> <sup>.</sup>\n(B3)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# date                             #\n####################################\nlog=$a8\nlog=${log##*=}\nif [[ $log = \"\" ]]\nthen\nlog=001\n####################################",
+                    "page_start": 284,
+                    "page_end": 284,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## IV. SUMMARY\nWe have proposed a scenario of the RH neutrino dark matter in the context of the minimal\ngauged U (1) B − L model. We have introduced a discrete Z 2 parity in the model, so that one\nRH neutrino assigned as Z 2 -odd can be stable and, hence, the DM candidate, while the other\ntwo RH neutrinos account for neutrino masses and mixings through the seesaw mechanism.\nNo additional degrees of freedom are necessary to be added. We have evaluated the relic\ndensity of the dark matter particle. The dominant annihilation modes are via the Higgs\nboson exchange processes in the s -channel and thus, our model can be called Higgs portal\nDM model. It has been found that the relic density consistent with the current observation\n8\ncan be achieved only when the annihilation processes are enhanced by Higgs resonances.\nTherefore, the mass of the RH neutrino DM should be around a half of Higgs boson masses.\nWe have also calculated the elastic scattering cross section between the DM particle and a\nproton and found it within the reach of future experiments for the direct DM search.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## II. THE MINIMAL GAUGED U (1) B − L MODEL WITH Z 2 PARITY\n\n3\nThe Higgs fields φ and ψ are obtained by expanding Φ and Ψ as\nΦ =  \n0\n1 √ 2 <sup>(</sup> <sup>v</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>φ</sup> <sup>)</sup>   , (5)\nΨ = 1 √ 2 <sup>(</sup> <sup>v</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>ψ</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>,</sup> (6)\naround the true vacuum with the vacuum expectation values v and v <sup>′</sup> . These are related\nwith the mass eigenstates h and H through\n  <sup>h</sup> H   =   <sup>cos</sup> <sup>θ</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>θ</sup> sin θ cos θ     <sup>φ</sup> ψ   , (7)\nwith θ being the mixing angle. Their masses are given by\nM <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>= 2</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>v</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>cos</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>θ</sup> <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>v</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>θ</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>vv</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>θ</sup> <sup>cos</sup> <sup>θ,</sup> (8)\nM <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>= 2</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>v</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>θ</sup> <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>v</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>cos</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>θ</sup> <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>vv</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>sin</sup> <sup>θ</sup> <sup>cos</sup> <sup>θ.</sup> (9)\nThe mass of the new neutral gauge boson Z <sup>′</sup> arises by the U (1) B − L gauge symmetry\nbreaking,\nM <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>= 4</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>v</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>.</sup> (10)\nAssociated with the U (1) B − L gauge symmetry breaking, the RH neutrinos N i acquire masses\nM N i = − λ R i\nv <sup>′</sup> √ 2 <sup>.</sup> (11)\nFrom LEP experiment, the current lower bound on the Z <sup>′</sup> boson mass has been found to\nbe [10, 11]\nM Z ′\ng B − L\n= 2 v <sup>′</sup> ≳ 6 − 7 TeV . (12)\nTwo Z 2 -even RH neutrinos N 1 and N 2 are responsible for light neutrino masses via the\nseesaw mechanism,\nm ν αβ = − � i =1 , 2\ny αi y iβ\nv <sup>2</sup>\n2 M N i\n. (13)\nNote that the rank of this mass matrix is two, so that the lightest neutrino is massless.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 4. Annihilation into ZZ\n|M| <sup>2</sup> = 8 λ <sup>2</sup> N � 1 4 <sup>(</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>v</sup> � 2 ���� ∂ Ψ\n∂h\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂φ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Ψ</sup> ∂H\n1\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂φ\n∂H ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 1 + 1\n2 M <sup>4</sup> Z � s 2  <sup>−</sup> <sup>M</sup> <sup>2</sup> Z � 2 <sup>�</sup> . (B5)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Higgs portal dark matter in the minimal gauged  U (1)  model Abstract\n\n## Appendix A: The Higgs sector\n\n### 1. Annihilation into charged fermions\n|M| <sup>2</sup> =\n32 ���� g <sup>2</sup> B − L <sup>q</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>q</sup> <sup>N</sup> s − M <sup>2</sup> Z <sup>′</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>Z</sup> <sup>′</sup> ���� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � 3 8 <sup>s</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 2  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> f � + <sup>1</sup> 2 � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> f � cos <sup>2</sup> θ �\n+16 λ <sup>2</sup> N ���� y f � ∂ Φ\n∂h\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>h</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>h</sup>\n∂ Ψ ∂h  <sup>+</sup> <sup>∂</sup> <sup>Φ</sup> ∂H\ni\ns − M <sup>2</sup> H  <sup>+</sup> <sup>iM</sup> <sup>H</sup> <sup>Γ</sup> <sup>H</sup>\n∂ Ψ\n∂H ����� 2\n( s − 4 m <sup>2</sup> N <sup>)</sup> � s 4  <sup>−</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>2</sup> f � . (B1)",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf",
+                "query": "What to do if my container is stolen ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Container stolen: What to do?  In case of theft, your container will  be replaced on presentation of a  theft report effected at your local  police station.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\nCrédits photo : AdobeStock - Freepik\n**HOW DOES IT WORK?**\n**\u0007When to put my garbage container outside?** The evening before the waste collection day.\n**Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?** You will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n**Container stolen: What to do?** In case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n**Out container = full container** Put your rubbish container out only when full.\n**Attention !**  Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n**MORE QUESTIONS ?**\nWebsite:  **www.ccpl47.fr** / Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n**Environnement Service**  : 12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN **05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr Composting**  : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n**Recycling centre access, registration or modification**  : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n**Buy your own compost kit and get tips for good composting practice.** Only during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department). 30 minute workshops/awareness- raising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops <sup>**</sup> . Registration and information with the service.\n* Only payment by cheque made payable to the ‘Tresor Public‘ are accepted**\nSpecific condition of acquisition apply accor- ding to your municipality of residence\n**HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?**\n**Compost kit Plastic Wood**\n\n400 L 25 € 35 €\nOn the CCPL website",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 12. Encryption\n\n### **12.7  Recovering from a provider loss**\nIf both encryption key providers are enabled, and you lose one of them (by losing all copies of\nthe encryption key kept on the USB flash drives or by losing all SKLM servers), you can\nrecover from this situation by disabling the provider to which you lost the access. To disable\nthe unavailable provider, you must have access to a valid master access key on the remaining\nprovider.\nIf you have lost access to the encryption key server provider, issue the following command:\nchencryption -keyserver disable\nIf you have lost access to the USB flash drives provider, issue the following command:\nchencryption -usb disable\nIf you want to restore the configuration with both encryption key providers, follow the\ninstructions that are described in 12.5, “Configuring more providers” on page 647.",
+                    "page_start": 677,
+                    "page_end": 677,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 10. Migration and expiring data and indexes\n\n### **10.5  Expiration processing on Multiplatforms and z/OS**\n\n#### **10.5.3  Removing documents from the Tivoli Storage Manager archive**\n\nlibrary whether a volume has scratch or private status:\n� A *scratch volume*  is a labeled volume that is empty or contains no valid data, and it can be\nused to satisfy any request to mount a scratch volume. To support Content Manager\nOnDemand, you define scratch volumes to Tivoli Storage Manager. Tivoli Storage\nManager uses scratch volumes as needed, and returns the volumes to scratch when they\nbecome empty (for example, when all data on the volume expires).\n� A *private volume*  is a volume that is in use or owned by an application, and it might contain\nvalid data. Volumes that you define to Tivoli Storage Manager are private volumes. A\nprivate volume is used to satisfy only a request to mount that volume by name. When\nTivoli Storage Manager uses a scratch volume, it changes the volume’s status to private.\nTivoli Storage Manager tracks whether defined volumes were originally scratch volumes.\nVolumes that were originally scratch volumes return to scratch status when they become\nempty.\n**Secondary storage of storage volumes**\nFor instructions that describe how to handle physical storage volumes and remove them from\nthe library, see the documentation that is provided by the library manufacturer.\nFor instructions about documentation that you might need to complete when you remove\nstorage volumes from a library and where to store them for safekeeping, see your\norganization’s media storage guide.\n**Protecting data with data retention protection**\nTo avoid the accidental erasure or overwriting of critical data, Content Manager OnDemand\nsupports the Tivoli Storage Manager APIs that relate to data retention. *Data retention*\n*protection* prohibits the explicit deletion of documents until their specified retention criterion is\nmet. Although documents can no longer be explicitly deleted, they can still expire.\nTivoli Storage Manager supports two retention policies:\n� In *creation-based retention*  , the policy becomes active when the data is stored (created)\non the Tivoli Storage Manager server. This policy is the default retention policy method\nand it is used with normal backup/archive clients.\n� In *event-based retention*  , the policy becomes active when the client sends a retention",
+                    "page_start": 257,
+                    "page_end": 257,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 12. Encryption\n\n### **12.9  Rekeying an encryption-enabled system**\n\n#### **12.9.2  Rekeying using USB flash drives**\n\nDuring the rekey process, new keys are generated and copied to the USB flash drives. These\nkeys are then used instead of the current keys. The rekey operation fails if at least one of the\nUSB flash drives does not contain the current key. To rekey the system, you need at least\nthree USB flash drives to store the master access key copies.\nAfter the rekey operation is complete, update all other copies of the encryption key, including\ncopies stored on other media. Take the same precautions to securely store all copies of the\nnew encryption key as when you were enabling encryption for the first time.\nTo rekey the master access key on USB flash drives, complete the following steps:\n1. Click  **Settings**  →   **Security**  →   **Encryption**  . Click  **USB Flash Drives**  to expand the\nsection, as shown in Figure 12-86.\n*Figure 12-86   Locate USB Flash Drive section in the Encryption view*\nChapter 12. Encryption\n2. Verify that all USB drives plugged into the system are detected and show as Validated , as\nshown in Figure 12-87. Click  **Rekey**  . You need at least three USB flash drives, with at least\none reported as Validated to process with rekey.\n*Figure 12-87   Start rekey on USB flash drives provider*\n3. If the system detects a validated USB flash drive and at least three available USB flash\ndrives, new encryption keys are automatically copied on the USB flash drives, as shown in\nFigure 12-88 on page 670. Click  **Commit** to finalize the rekey operation.\n*Figure 12-88   Writing new keys to USB flash drives*\n4. You receive a message confirming the rekey operation was successful, as shown in\nFigure 12-89. Click  **Close**  .\n*Figure 12-89   Successful rekey operation using USB flash drives*\nChapter 12. Encryption",
+                    "page_start": 689,
+                    "page_end": 692,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 6. Storage pools\n\n### **6.2  Working with internal drives and arrays**\n\n#### **6.2.1  Working with drives**\n\nshown in Figure 6-25 on page 209.\n*Figure 6-29   A drive can be marked as Unused, Candidate, or Spare*\nTo change the drive role with the CLI, use  **[chdrive](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_chdrive.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  . See Example 6-13. It shows the drive that\nwas set offline with a previous command is set to spare. Notice that it can’t go from *Failed*  to *Spare*  use in one step. It needs to be assigned to a  *Candidate*  role before.\n*Example 6-13   Changing drive role with CLI*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>lsdrive -filtervalue status=offline\nid status  error_sequence_number use    tech_type       capacity mdisk_id\n3  offline                       failed tier_enterprise 558.4GB\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chdrive -use spare 3\nCMMVC6537E The command cannot be initiated because the drive that you have\nspecified has a Use property that is not supported for the task.\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chdrive -use candidate 3\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chdrive -use spare 3\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>\n**Action: Identify**\nSelect  **Identify**  to turn on the LED light that identifies a drive that must be replaced or that you\nwant to troubleshoot. Select this action to access a dialog box like the one shown in\nFigure 6-30.\n*Figure 6-30   Identifying an internal drive*\nYour action makes an amber LED flash (turn on and off continuously) for the drive that you\nwant to identify.\nClick  **Turn LED Off**  when you are finished. The LED returns to its initial state.\nIn the CLI, this action requires a command that operates with the drive enclosure. The LED\ndoes not belong to a drive itself, but to the slot of the enclosure, so the command is\n**[chenclosureslot](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_chenclosureslot.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  . See Example 6-14 for commands to turn on and off identification LED on\nslot 3 of enclosure 1, populated with drive id 21.\n*Example 6-14   Changing slot LED to identification mode with CLI*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>lsenclosureslot -slot 3 1\nenclosure_id 1\nslot_id 3\nfault_LED off\npowered yes\ndrive_present yes\ndrive_id 21\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chenclosureslot -identify yes -slot 3 1\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>lsenclosureslot -slot 3 1\nenclosure_id 1\nslot_id 3\nfault_LED slow_flashing\npowered yes\ndrive_present yes\ndrive_id 21\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chenclosureslot -identify no -slot 3 1\n**Action: Upgrade**\nSelect  **Upgrade**  to update the drive firmware as shown in Figure 6-31 on page 213. You can",
+                    "page_start": 232,
+                    "page_end": 233,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 6. Storage pools\n\n### **6.2  Working with internal drives and arrays**\n\n#### **6.2.1  Working with drives**\n\nas *Candidates*  . Initial setup or Assign storage GUI wizards do that automatically.\n*Figure 6-26   Actions on internal storage*\nThe actions available depend on the status of the drive or drives selected. Some actions can\nbe run only on a set of them, and some are possible only for individual drives.\n**Action: Fix error**\nThis action is only available if the drive selected has an error event that is associated with it.\nSelect  **Fix Error**  to start the Directed Maintenance Procedure (DMP) for the selected drive.\nFor more information about DMPs, see Chapter 13, “RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting”\non page 673.\n**Action: Take offline**\nSelect  **Take Offline**  to take a drive offline. You must confirm the action, as shown in\nFigure 6-27.\n*Figure 6-27   Taking a drive offline*\nIf a spare drive is available and the drive is taken offline, the MDisk of which the failed drive is\na member remains *Online*  . The spare is automatically reassigned. If no spare drive is\navailable and the drive is taken offline, the status of the array of which the failed drive is a\nmember becomes *Degraded*  . Therefore, the status of the storage pool to which the MDisk\nbelongs becomes *Degraded*  as well.\nThe system prevents you from taking the drive offline if one of the following conditions is true:\n� The first option was selected and no suitable spares are available.\n� Losing another drive in the array results in data loss.\nA drive that is taken offline is considered *Failed*  , as shown in Figure 6-28 on page 211.\nChapter 6. Storage pools\n*Figure 6-28   An offline drive is marked as failed*\nTo set the drive offline with the CLI, use  **[chdrive](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_chdrive.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  . See Example 6-12. This command returns\nno feedback.\n*Example 6-12   Setting drive offline with CLI*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K::superuser>chdrive -use failed 3\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K::superuser>\n**Action: Mark as**\nSelect  **Mark as**  to change the usage that is assigned to the drive, as shown in Figure 6-29. A\nlist of available use options depends on current drive state and allowed state changes, as was",
+                    "page_start": 230,
+                    "page_end": 232,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 7. Volumes\n\n### **7.8  Volume operations by using the CLI**\n\n#### **7.8.23  Tracing a volume from a host back to its physical disks**\n\nIn some cases, you might need to verify exactly which physical disks are used to store data of\na volume. This information is not directly available to the host; however, it might be obtained\nby using a sequence of queries.\nThe first step is to unequivocally map a logical device seen by the host to a volume that is\npresented by the storage system. The best volume characteristics for this purpose is the\nvolume ID. This ID is available to the operating system in the Vendor Specified Identifier field\nof page 0x80 or 0x83 (vital product data, VPD), which the storage device sends in response\nto SCSI INQUIRY command from the host.\nIn practice, the ID can be obtained from the multipath driver in the operating system. After the\nvolume ID is known, it can be used to identify physical location of data.\nOn hosts that are running IBM System Storage Multipath Subsystem Device Driver, you can\nobtain the volume ID from the output of the  **datapath query device**  command. You see a long\ndisk serial number for each vpath device, as shown in Example 7-37.\n*Example 7-37   The datapath query device command*\nDEV#:   0  DEVICE NAME: Disk1 Part0  TYPE: 2145       POLICY: OPTIMIZED\nSERIAL: 60050768018301BF2800000000000005\n============================================================================\nPath#            Adapter/Hard Disk        State  Mode       Select     Errors\n0     Scsi Port2 Bus0/Disk1 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL         20          0\n1     Scsi Port3 Bus0/Disk1 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL       2343          0\nDEV#:   1  DEVICE NAME: Disk2 Part0  TYPE: 2145       POLICY: OPTIMIZED\nSERIAL: 60050768018301BF2800000000000004\n============================================================================\nPath#            Adapter/Hard Disk        State  Mode       Select     Errors\n0     Scsi Port2 Bus0/Disk2 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL       2335          0\n1     Scsi Port3 Bus0/Disk2 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL          0          0\nDEV#:   2  DEVICE NAME: Disk3 Part0  TYPE: 2145       POLICY: OPTIMIZED\nSERIAL: 60050768018301BF2800000000000006\n============================================================================\nPath#            Adapter/Hard Disk        State  Mode       Select     Errors\n0     Scsi Port2 Bus0/Disk3 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL       2331          0\n1     Scsi Port3 Bus0/Disk3 Part0     OPEN   NORMAL          0          0\n**Note:**  For sequential and image mode volumes, a volume copy is mapped to exactly one\nMDisk. This configuration often is not the case for stripped volumes, unless volume size is\nnot greater than an extent size. Therefore, a single stripped volume uses multiple mDisks",
+                    "page_start": 335,
+                    "page_end": 335,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n### **5.11  Additional frequent tasks in GUI**\n\n#### **5.11.2  Working with enclosures**\n\n**>**  , which allows you to view details about the enclosure because it is now part of the\nsystem, as shown in Figure 5-90.\n*Figure 5-90   Enclosure successfully added*\n**Removing enclosure**\nThe enclosure removal procedure includes its logical detachment from the system by using\nGUI and physical unmount from the rack. The IBM Storwize V7000 guides you through this\nprocess. Complete the following steps:\n1. In the System pane that is available from the Monitoring menu, select  **>**  of the enclosure\nyou want to remove. The Enclosure Details pane opens. You can then click  **Enclosure**\n**Actions**  and select  **Remove**  , as shown in Figure 5-91.\n*Figure 5-91   Selecting enclosure for removal*\n2. The system asks if you want to remove the enclosure. All disk drives in the removed\nenclosure must be in the *Unused*  state. Otherwise, the removal process fails (see\nFigure 5-92).\n*Figure 5-92   Confirm the removal*\nChapter 5. Graphical user interface\n3. After the enclosure is logically removed from the system (set to *unmanaged*  state), the IBM\nStorwize V7000 reminds you about steps necessary for physical removal, such as power\noff, uncabling, dismantling from the rack, and secure handling (see Figure 5-93).\n*Figure 5-93   Enclosure removed*\nAs part of the enclosure removal process, consult your company security policies about how\nto handle sensitive data on removed storage devices before they leave the secure data\ncenter. Most companies require data to be encrypted or logically shredded.",
+                    "page_start": 208,
+                    "page_end": 210,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NOTE: it will use storageclass default if storage class not specified\n\n### **6.5  Managing OpenShift Resources using CLI**\n\n**# oc types**\nCommand \"types\" is deprecated, refer to official documentation instead\nConcepts and Types\nKubernetes and OpenShift help developers and operators build, test, and deploy applications\nin a containerized cloud\nenvironment. Applications may be composed of all of the components below, although most\ndevelopers will be concerned\nwith Services, Deployments, and Builds for delivering changes.\nConcepts:\n* Containers:\nA definition of how to run one or more processes inside of a portable Linux\nenvironment. Containers are started from an Image and are usually isolated\nfrom other containers on the same machine.\n\n* Image:\nA layered Linux filesystem that contains application code, dependencies,\nand any supporting operating system libraries. An image is identified by\na name that can be local to the current cluster or point to a remote Docker\nregistry (a storage server for images).\n\n* Pods [pod]:\nA set of one or more containers that are deployed onto a Node together and\nshare a unique IP and Volumes (persistent storage). Pods also define the\nsecurity and runtime policy for each container.\n\n* Labels:\nLabels are key value pairs that can be assigned to any resource in the\nsystem for grouping and selection. Many resources use labels to identify\nsets of other resources.\n\n* Volumes:\nContainers are not persistent by default - on restart their contents are\ncleared. Volumes are mounted filesystems available to Pods and their\ncontainers which may be backed by a number of host-local or network\nattached storage endpoints. The simplest volume type is EmptyDir, which\nis a temporary directory on a single machine. Administrators may also\nallow you to request a Persistent Volume that is automatically attached\nto your pods.\n\n* Nodes [node]:\nChapter 6. Installing Red Hat OpenShift 3.11 on IBM PowerVC  **149**\nMachines set up in the cluster to run containers. Usually managed\nby administrators and not by end users.\n\n* Services [svc]:\nA name representing a set of pods (or external servers) that are\naccessed by other pods. The service gets an IP and a DNS name, and can be",
+                    "page_start": 163,
+                    "page_end": 164,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 12. Encryption\n\n### **12.4  Enabling encryption**\n\n#### **12.4.2  Enabling encryption using USB flash drives**\n\nshown in Figure 12-24.\n*Figure 12-24   Selecting USB flash drives in the Enable Encryption wizard*\n2. If there are fewer than three USB flash drives inserted into the system, you are prompted\nto insert more drives, as shown in Figure 12-25. The system reports how many more\ndrives must be inserted.\n*Figure 12-25   Waiting for USB flash drives to be inserted*\n3. Insert the USB flash drives into the USB ports as requested.\n**Note:**  The  **Next**  option remains disabled until at least three USB flash drives are\ndetected.\nChapter 12. Encryption\nAfter the minimum required number of drives is detected, the encryption keys are\nautomatically copied on the USB flash drives, as shown in Figure 12-26.\n*Figure 12-26   Writing the master access key to USB flash drives*\nYou can keep adding USB flash drives or replacing the drives that are plugged in to create\nnew copies. When done, click  **Next**  .\n4. The number of keys that were created is shown in the Summary tab, as shown in\nFigure 12-27. Click  **Finish** to finalize the encryption enablement.\n*Figure 12-27   Commit the encryption enablement*\nYou receive a message confirming that the encryption is now enabled on the system, as\nshown in Figure 12-28.\n*Figure 12-28   Encryption enabled message using USB flash drives*\nChapter 12. Encryption\n5. You can confirm that encryption is enabled and verify which key providers are in use by\nclicking  **Settings**  →   **Security**  →   **Encryption**  , as shown in Figure 12-29.\n*Figure 12-29   Encryption view showing using USB flash drives as the enabled provider*",
+                    "page_start": 644,
+                    "page_end": 648,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "How many people include the Dyspnea study ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "This population-based study included 2,857 adults who were  experiencing respiratory symptoms.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\nControl Patients\nBetween June 2017 and January 2023, adults aged $ 18\nyears were recruited through a two-step process into the\nUndiagnosed COPD and Asthma Population (UCAP) study, a multicenter case fi nding study. Approval for\nthe study was obtained from the research ethics boards\nof the 17 participating study sites across Canada.\nInformed, written consent was provided by all study\nparticipants.\nBoth landlines and cellphones within a 90-minute radius\nof any of the 17 study sites were dialed randomly. A\nTake-home Points\nStudy Question: How profoundly are adults with\nundiagnosed respiratory symptoms affected by\ndyspnea?\nResults: In community-based adults with undiag-\nnosed respiratory symptoms, those identi fi ed with\npreserved ratio impaired spirometry experienced the\ngreatest impact of dyspnea, followed by those with\nundiagnosed asthma or COPD. Greater dyspnea\nimpact was associated with increased health care\nutilization, lower quality of life, and reduced work\nproductivity.\nInterpretation: Dyspnea imposes burdens on the\nhealth care system and is associated with impaired\nquality of life and work productivity.\nABBREVIATIONS: ASQ = Asthma Screening Questionnaire; BD =\nbronchodilator; CAT = COPD Assessment Test; PCA = principal\ncomponent analysis; PRISm = preserved ratio impaired spirometry;\nSGRQ = St. George ’ s Respiratory Questionnaire\nAFFILIATIONS: From The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J. B., E.\nG., K. L. V., G. G. A., S. M., and S. D. A.), University of Ottawa,\nOttawa, ON; the Desautels Faculty of Management (G. A. W.), McGill\nUniversity, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (C. B.), The\nUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; the Centre de\nrecherche (L.-P. B. and A. C.), Institut de cardiologie et de pneumo-\nlogie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC; the Cumming School\nof Medicine (S. K. F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB; the\nDepartment of Medicine (E. P.), University of Saskatchewan, Regina,\nSK; the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health (R. A. M.), McMaster",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Acknowledgments\n\nMT; and Meliza Benabdallah; St. Joseph ’ s\nHamilton, Hamilton, ON: Liz Johnson; St.\nBoniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB: Cheryl\nNoble, RN; Institut Universitaire de\nCardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-\nUniversité Laval, Québec, QC: Johane\nLepage, BSc; Joanne Milot, RN; and\nChristiane Balizet, RN; University of Calgary,\nCalgary, AB: Lisette Machado, MD; and\nCurtis Dumonceaux, BSc; University of\nAlberta, Edmonton, AB: Miranda Bowen,\nRRT; Fay Hartt; Angie Hillaby, RRT; and\nAmy Haartsma, RRT; St. Michael ’ s Hospital,\nToronto, ON: Stephanie Segovia, PhD; and\nCarolyn Spiegel-Feld; Queen ’ s University\nKingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON:\nAnn Taite, BSc; Alison Morra, BScN; Emma\nBullock, HBSc; and Taylar Wall, RRT;\nUniversity of Saskatchewan Royal University\nHospital, Saskatoon, SK: Nancy Zacher; Janet\nBaran, RN; and Yessica Lopez, BA; London\nHealth Sciences Centre - Victoria Hospital,\nLondon, ON: Katie Maguire; Heba\nAlmadhoun; and Robert Campbell-Pereira,\nBSc; St. Clare ’ s Mercy Hospital, St John ’ s, NL:\nSarah Anthony, BNRN; and Tanya Nolan,\nBNRN; McGill University Health Centre,\nMontreal, QC: Francine Noel; Royal Victoria\nRegional Health Centre, Barrie, ON: Masoud\nMahdavian; and Ashley Brown, RRT; and\nMichael Garron Hospital, Toronto, ON: Ian\nFraser; Han Byul (Liz) Lee; and Yuna Lee,\nBA. We would also thank Dong Vo We (data\nmanager, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute,\nOttawa, ON). We also thank the thousands of\nstudy participants who gave their time and\ncame in for the study visits. We also thank\nASDE Survey Sampler, Inc (Gatineau, QC,\nCanada) for organizing the random digit\ndialing.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\nUniversity, Hamilton, ON; the Department of Medicine (C. L.), Uni-\nversité de Montreal, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine and\nthe Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (S. G.), St. Michael ’ s Hospital\nUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, ON; the Department of Medicine\n(P. H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; the Department of Medicine\n(I. M. and M. B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB; the Depart-\nment of Medicine (M. D. L.), Queen ’ s University, Kingston; the\nDepartment of Medicine (C. J. L.), University of Western Ontario,\nLondon, ON; the Department of Medicine (T. A.), Memorial Uni-\nversity, St. John ’ s, NF; the Department of Medicine (N. E.), McGill\nUniversity, Montreal, QC; the Department of Medicine (M. A.), Uni-\nversity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.\nDrs Bierbrier and Gerstein contributed equally to this manuscript.\nPart of this work has been presented at the American Thoracic Society\nConference, May 17-22, 2024, San Diego, CA.\nCORRESPONDENCE TO: Shawn D. Aaron, MD; email: [ saaron@ohri.ca](mailto:saaron@ohri.ca)\nCopyright � 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc under li-\ncense from the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an open\naccess article under the CC BY license ( [http://creativecommons.org/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n[licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).\nDOI: [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.07.183](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.07.183)\nprerecorded message then inquired whether any house-\nhold member was $ 18 years of age and had experi-\nenced respiratory symptoms (eg, shortness of breath,\nwheezing, increased mucus or sputum, prolonged\ncough) within the past 6 months. Households with af fi r-\nmative responses were subsequently contacted by the\nlocal study coordinator for a follow-up call. The house-\nhold member reporting respiratory symptoms was\nverbally consented and screened for eligibility to partic-\nipate in the study over the telephone. <sup>8</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>9</sup>\nExclusion criteria included the following: (1) a history of\ndiagnosis of lung or airway disease, (2) use of respiratory\ninhalers aside from as-needed salbutamol, (3) contrain-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Results\n\nFigure 1 illustrates the results of the case fi nding\napproach, including the enrollment of the control group.\nAmong 5,631 potentially eligible participants, 1,359\nparticipants (24%) did not meet the threshold of $ 6\npoints on the ASQ or $ 20 points on the COPD-\nDiagnostic Questionnaire and were thus excluded,\nleaving 4,272 individuals deemed eligible for spirometry.\n38,353 individuals indicated that they had respiratory\nsymptoms and were phoned back by study personnel\n26,905 were symptomatic\n11,448 had no respiratory symptoms\n5,631 potentially eligible for the\ncase finding study\n1,359 did not score ≥ 6\npoints on ASQ or ≥ 20\npoints on the COPD-DQ\n2,090 (73.2%) had normal\nspirometry\n265 (9.3%) had\nundiagnosed asthma\n330 (11.5%) had\nundiagnosed COPD 172 (6.0%) had PRISM\n21,274 excluded\n8,273 Previous diagnosis of asthma\n5,363 Previous diagnosis of COPD\n190 Age < 18 years\n1,763 Previous diagnosis of CF, bronchiectasis, pulmonary\nfibrosis, or lung cancer\n1,331 History of MI, heart problems, stroke, aortic or cerebral\naneurysm, eye surgery, or detached retina in past 3 mos.\n19 Pregnant, in the third trimester\n3,715 Under care of respirologist or using an inhaled respiratory\n1,415 did not complete spirometry\n1,337 refused to travel to study site\n67 participants unable to complete acceptable\nspirometry\n11 participants deemed ineligible after consent\n4,272 potentially eligible for the\ncase finding study\n2,857 completed pre and post\nbronchodilator spirometry and\ncould be evaluated for a\ndiagnosis of asthma or COPD\n231 healthy controls with\nno respiratory symptoms\nwho scored 0 points on the\nASQ were selected and\ncompleted pre and post\nbronchodilator spirometry\nFigure 1 - Study fl ow diagram demonstrating the case fi nding and control group recruitment and allocation. ASQ 1⁄4 Asthma Screening Questionnaire; COPD-DQ 1⁄4 COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire; CF 1⁄4 cystic fi brosis; MI 1⁄4 myocardial infarction; PRISM 1⁄4 preserved ratio impaired spirometry.\nTABLE 1 ] Descriptive Characteristics and Demographics of the Study Group\nDescriptive Characteristic\nControl Group\n(n 1⁄4 231)\nNormal Spirometry Group\n(n 1⁄4 2,090)\nAsthma Group\n(n 1⁄4 265)\nCOPD Group\n(n 1⁄4 330)\nPRISm Group\n(n 1⁄4 172)\nAge, y 61.5 (14.6) 59.2 (15.3) 58.7 (16.0) 66.1 (11.3) 60.9 (14.4)\nFemale, No. (%) 98 (42) 1082 (52) 116 (44) 121 (37) 86 (50)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Recruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy\n\ndications for spirometry (eg, occurrences of myocardial\ninfarction, stroke, aortic or cerebral aneurysm, eye sur-\ngery, detached retina within the last 3 months), (4)\ninability or refusal to provide informed consent, (5) be-\ning in the third trimester of pregnancy, and (6) being <\n18 years of age.\nEach participant completed the Asthma Screening Ques- tionnaire (ASQ) <sup>10</sup> via telephone. Individuals aged $ 60\nyears, and those aged < 60 years who scored < 6 points\non the ASQ, also completed the COPD-Diagnostic Questionnaire. <sup>11</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>12</sup> Participants scoring $ 6 points on\nthe ASQ or $ 20 points on the COPD-Diagnostic Ques-\ntionnaire were invited to the study site for pre- and post-\nbronchodilator (BD) spirometry.\nA control group without respiratory symptoms was\nselected randomly using identical random digit dialing\nmethods. Control patients reported no respiratory\nsymptoms in the preceding 6 months and obtained a\nscore of 0 on the ASQ. Participants were recruited as\ncontrol patients if they could be matched with an indi-\nvidual from the undiagnosed group based on age ( � 5 years) and sex. This matching process aimed to have\nsimilar demographic pro fi les between the control group\nand the newly found cases. This matching was imple-\nmented solely to ensure demographic comparability\nacross the study groups and not for pairing patients\nfor statistical analysis purposes.\nAll participants fi lled out the COPD Assessment Test\n(CAT) questionnaire. Elevated CAT scores indicate a\ngreater burden of respiratory symptoms impacting daily activities and health status. <sup>13</sup> The St. George ’ s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) <sup>14-16</sup> was used to\nassess respiratory disease-related quality of life. Higher\nSGRQ scores indicate poorer health status. Both the\nCAT and SGRQ questionnaires were completed prior\nto spirometry to avoid in fl uencing patients ’ perceptions\nof their dyspnea.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Acknowledgments\n\nAuthor contributions: S. D. A. and G. A. W.\ncontributed to conception and design. J. B., E.\nG., G. A. W., K. L. V., and S. D. A.\ncontributed to analysis and interpretation. J.\nB., E. G., G. A. W., K. L. V., S. D. A., C. B., C.\nL., L.-P. B., A. C., E. P., S. K. F., S. G., R. A.\nM., I. M., M. B., P. H., M. D. L., M. A., C. J. L.,\nT. A., N. E., G. G. A., and S. M. contributed to\ndrafting the manuscript for important\nintellectual content. All authors had access to\nand participated in the interpretation of the\ndata and provided input into the preparation\nand submission of the manuscript. The\nauthors vouch for the accuracy and\ncompleteness of the data.\nRole of sponsors: The sponsor had no role in\nthe design of the study, the collection and\nanalysis of the data, or the preparation of the\nmanuscript.\nOther contributions: We thank the\nfollowing individuals from the Canadian\nstudy sites: Ottawa Hospital Research\nInstitute, Ottawa, Ontario: Taylor Poulin;\nSusan Deveau, RRT; Victoria Thompson;\nMeredith McCleery; Angelina Tohme; Vicky\nPanteleakos, RRT; Geneviève Longtin, RRT;\nJoanne Cassidy, RRT; Amanda Bergeron,\nMSc; Jennifer Biggs, RN; Jessica Bergeron;\nand Elisabet White; Vancouver General\nHospital, Vancouver, British Columbia:\nShelley Abercromby, BSc; Jana Caine; David\nSavage; Natasha Verzosa; Ravneet Mahal; and\nMary Justine Angeles; Queen Elizabeth II\nHealth Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS: Scott\nFulton, RRT; Hôpital du Sacré Coeur de\nMontréal, Montréal, QC: Simone Chaboillez,",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Discussion\n\nApproximately 65% of the variability in dyspnea\nremained unexplained by the factors examined in our\nstudy. Most individuals in our study showed normal\nspirometry results but still carried a substantial\nburden of dyspnea, an inconsistency that needs\nexplanation. Several factors not included in our\nanalysis may have contributed to the unexplained\nvariation. Environmental factors (eg, air pollution,\nallergen exposure, seasonal variations in symptoms)\nare potential contributors to this unexplained variability. <sup>22</sup> Genetic predispositions could also play a\nsigni fi cant role, as suggested by a study that revealed\nthat parents with dyspnea were 1.8 times more likely to have offspring with dyspnea. <sup>23</sup> Additionally, fi tness\ncould be a contributing factor, especially in\nindividuals with undiagnosed PRISm, asthma, or\nCOPD who may restrict their activities to avoid\ndyspnea, and hence become deconditioned. <sup>6</sup>\nThere were signi fi cant but modest differences in mean\ndyspnea levels across the 17 study sites (data not\nshown), which are not explained by the risk factors we\naccounted for in our study. This fi nding is not surprising\nbecause some of the potential contributing factors\npreviously mentioned and other site-speci fi c factors\n(eg, climate, air quality/industrialization, socioeconomic\nstatus) of the catchment population tend to vary across\nstudy sites.\nDyspnea is a complex, subjective symptom that is\nmodi fi ed by nonrespiratory factors including\npsychosocial, social, and environmental in fl uences. <sup>5</sup>\nInterindividual variability in the perception of dyspnea,\nin fl uenced by these nonrespiratory factors, may play an\nimportant role. A study conducted by Ziegler et al <sup>24</sup>\nassessed the perception of dyspnea in 42 healthy\nindividuals using a standardized inspiratory resistive\nloading stimulus. The study used the modi fi ed Borg\nscale to measure dyspnea perception levels. Among the\nparticipants subjected to the same inspiratory resistive\nload, 31%, 45%, and 24% of participants classi fi ed their\nlevel of dyspnea as low, intermediate, and high,\nrespectively. The study revealed that differences between\nindividuals contribute considerable variability to the\nperception of dyspnea, even among healthy participants.\nThe affective dimension of dyspnea can be captured\nusing additional questionnaires (eg, Multidimensional",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Study Design and Methods\n\n#### Assessment of the Impact of Participants ’ Dyspnea\n\nAlthough neither the CAT nor the SGRQ are dyspnea-\nspeci fi c tools, both are recommended by the Global Initia-\ntive for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease to evaluate symptoms, including dyspnea, <sup>20</sup> and both yield a richer\nassessment of dyspnea than the modi fi ed Medical Research Council breathlessness scale. <sup>20</sup> Fifteen questions\nwere taken from the CAT and SGRQ questionnaires that\nreferred to individuals ’ experiences with dyspnea, and a\ncomposite measure of dyspnea impact using a weighted\nsum of the responses to the 15 questions was constructed.\nQuestions were coded so that larger values indicate more\nimpactful dyspnea. Weights used for question responses\nin calculating the dyspnea impact assessment measure\nwere those of the fi rst component of a principal compo-\nnent analysis (PCA) based on the covariance matrix of\nquestion responses. Questions with multiple responses\nand ordinal structure are individually more informative\nand thus were accorded higher weight than individual\ntrue-false questions. No additional PCA component was\nanticipated a priori to be material for our investigation,\nand an eigenvalue analysis of the PCA was conducted to\nverify this assumption.\nThe composite dyspnea impact measure was scaled so its\nminimum value was 0 if the response to each of the 15\nquestions was 0, and the maximum value was scaled to\n100 if the individual responses for all 15 questions rep-\nresented the most severe dyspnea response.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Discussion\n\nOur study explored dyspnea in community-based adults\nwith undiagnosed respiratory symptoms identi fi ed via\ncase fi nding. Surprisingly, we found that the dyspnea\nexperienced by those with PRISm had a greater impact\non their activities and health status than those with\nnewly diagnosed COPD or asthma.\nThe prevalence of individuals who were obese and\nmorbidly obese in the PRISm group partially explains\nthe between-group difference in dyspnea. The excess\ndyspnea seen in the PRISm group when compared with\nthe normal spirometry group is partly explained by\npatient-speci fi c risk factors, including BMI, which\nshrink the mean dyspnea differential between the groups\nfrom 11.2 to 5.5 points ( Tables 3-6 ). The remaining 5.5-\npoint difference indicates that PRISm patients have\nexcess dyspnea relative to symptomatic individuals with\nnormal spirometry for additional reasons other than\nobesity.\nTABLE 4 ] Sequential Regression Analyses of Risk Factors Contributing to Variability in Dyspnea: Dyspnea\nRegressed on Patient-Speci fi c Risk Factors (20.6% of Variability Explained)\nRisk Factor P Value\n|  Regression Coef fi cient  |\n|:---|\n| � 0.0909 8.217 0.899 1.420 � 2.149 0.144 5.123 0.00975 10.119 4.813 6.892 1.627 3.433 1.738 0.952 4.663 1.081 2.073 8.463 |\nAge .005\nFemale < .001\nBMI < .001\nHousehold income < CAD $30,000 .40\nHousehold income $ CAD $30,000 .07\nSmoking history, pack-y < .001\nSmoking exposure < .001\nOccupational exposure < .001\nCongestive heart failure .004\nCoronary artery disease .001\nDepression/anxiety < .001\nDiabetes mellitus .22\nHypertension < .001\nAnemia .15\nCancer .49\nGERD < .001\nLiver disease .61\nRenal disease .32\nStroke < .001\nBoldface indicates statitistical signi fi cance. GERD 1⁄4 gastroesophageal re fl ux disease.\nTABLE 5 ] Dyspnea Regressed on Spirometry Disease\nGroup\nDisease Group P Value\n|  Regression Coef fi cient  |\n|:---|\n| � 31.2 NA 4.6 3.8 5.5 51.9  |\nControl < .001\nNormal spirometry <sup>a</sup> NA\nAsthma .001\nCOPD .003\nPRISm .001\nConstant NA\nDyspnea regressed on spirometry disease group, after removing contri-\nbutions from subject-speci fi c factors in Table 4 (12.4% of variability\nexplained). Boldface indicates statitistical signi fi cance. NA 1⁄4 not appli- cable; PRISm 1⁄4 preserved ratio impaired spirometry. a Normal spirometry group is the reference category.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis [  ]\n\n## Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With Respiratory Symptoms Without a De fi ned Diagnosis\n\n### Funding/Support\nThis study is supported by the Canadian Institutes of\nHealth Research [FDN Grant 154322].",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf",
+                "query": "Can I put my plants directly on my compost ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Don’t\tput\tplants\tinto\t100%\tcompost.\t\tMix\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t compost\tthoroughly\tinto\texisting\tsoil\tbefore\t\t\t planting.",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### The Composting Process\n\nencourages the use of compost for construction site erosion control, to reduce\nstormwater runoff and help keep our rivers, lakes, and Puget Sound clean.\nLearn more at  **www.SoilsforSalmon.org**  or  **www.BuildingSoil.org.**\n##### Selecting Quality Compost\nCompost is available in many product types and blends that may be\nused for different gardening applications.  The type of feedstock,\nthe composting process, and any supplementary additives determine\nthe end product.\nMany facilities offer a variety of blends based on compost, such as\ngarden mix, potting soil, planting mix, mulches, turf top-dressing\nand soil blends.\n**What to Look for in Compost**\nFor most compost applications you will want a finished product that\nhas matured and stabilized.  Look for material\nl  with a dark, crumbly texture\nl  with a mild odor\nFor most compost applications you will not want compost that is\nextremely dry or wet, or extremely hot.  (Note that it is okay for\ncompost to be warm and to give off some steam and mild odor.)\n**Quality Testing at Composting Facilities**\nFeel free to ask your compost provider if they have a quality control\nprogram, and ask for test results.  Compost facilities in Washington\nare permitted by the Department of Ecology and must meet\nstandards for both the composting process and contaminants,\nensuring a quality product.  Some facilities also participate in the\n“Seal of Testing Assurance” (STA) testing program.  See\n“Resources” on page 11 to learn more.\n####### **Remember:**\n####### **Your compost provider can help you pick the best compost mix**\n####### **for your needs.**\n##### The Composting Process\nEven though there are a variety of composting methods, most\ncomposting follows a similar process:\n**1.  Grinding Organic Materials:**\nDepending on the facility, the feedstock (material) available, and\nthe desired compost product, different combinations of materials\nare added together and ground into small pieces:\n-    Nitrogen-rich materials (such as grass, fresh plant\ncuttings, biosolids, and manures)\n-    Carbon-rich materials (such as dried leaves, woody\nmaterials, and straw).\n**2.  Heating Up:**\nThe material is placed into piles where it begins to heat up from\nthe biological activity of the compost microbes.  Typically, com-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\n\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n\na drop-off site, or set out for curbside\ncollection could become the compost that\nyou later use on your garden, lawn, and\nflowerbeds.\nIt is essential to place only quality organic\nmaterial into the composting process.  Here\nare some tips:\nl The products you use or spray in your\nyard can end up in the compost process.\nCarefully read the labels of pesticide and\nherbicide products you use. (See page 9.)\nl Please keep yard debris free of :\nx  Garbage\nx  Plastic of any sort\n- Plastic plant pots\n- Plastic plant tabs\n- Plastic bags (if you want to bag\nyour yard debris, use paper\ngarden bags - available at most\ngarden centers)\nx  Rock, brick, or masonry\nx  Glass or metal\nx  Pet waste.\n* Many localities now collect food scraps and\nfood-soiled paper along with yard debris for\ncomposting.  Call your local collection service\nto find out what is collected in your area.\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\nTo grow healthy plants you need healthy soil.\n**Healthy Soil:**\nl Is teeming with life!  Healthy soil is a miniature ecosystem.\nA teaspoon of healthy soil will have upwards of four billion\ntiny organisms which recycle nutrients, suppress disease, and\ndiscourage pests.\nl  Retains moisture but allows drainage.  Healthy soil has\nstructure that allows water to drain through, retains moisture,\nand promotes strong root growth.\nl  Is full of organic nutrients.  Plants depend on the micro-\norganisms found in healthy organic-rich soil to provide\nnutrients to their roots, and help them thrive.\nA healthy garden and landscape is naturally resistant to pests,\ndrought, weeds, and diseases.  Maintaining healthy soil may allow\nyou to reduce use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.\n####### **Soil is a planting medium.  Compost is a soil amendment.**\n####### **Do not place plants directly into 100% compost.**\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n**Washington State Encourages the Use of Compost,**\n**to Protect Our Water Quality**\nThe Washington State Department of Ecology recommends that soils\non construction sites be restored with compost before planting, and also",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n####### **Compost adds organic material and nutrients to the soil,**\n####### **increases water-holding capacity and biological activity,**\n####### **and improves plant growth and health.**\n####### **Revised 2009**\nA project of the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with\nsupport from the Washington State Department of Ecology’s\nPublic Participation Grant program.\nThis product was partly funded through a grant from the\nWashington Department of Ecology. While these materials\nwere reviewed for grant consistency, this does not necessarily\nconstitute endorsement by the department.\n**Special thanks:**  the original version of this brochure in 2003\nwas created by the Washington County, Oregon Solid Waste and\nRecycling Program in cooperation with the Washington Organic\nRecycling Council and the Composting Council of Oregon.\n##### Tips to Remember:\n*-*   *Don’t put plants into 100% compost.  Mix*\n*compost thoroughly into existing soil before*\n*planting.*\n*-*   *When transplanting, it’s better to amend the*\n*whole bed, not just planting holes, to promote*\n*root growth.*\n*-*   *Ask your compost supplier which compost*\n*product is best for your intended use.*\n*-*   *Use compost at the recommended application*\n*rate.*\n*-*   *To maintain healthy soil, reapply compost or*\n*mulch every 1-2 years.*\n*-*   *Many composts are rich in plant nutrients, so*\n*you may be able to reduce fertilizer use after*\n*applying compost.*\n*-*   *Compost can also reduce your lawn and garden’s*\n*summer irrigation needs.*\n*-*   *Compost-amended soil and mulching slow run*\n*off, reduce erosion, and break down pollutants.*\n*When you use compost, you’re helping to*\n*protect our precious streams, rivers, lakes, and*\n*marine waters.*\n**original artwork provided by:**\nwww.compostwashington.org www.ecy.wa.gov www.soilsforsalmon.org\n##### Resources\n**Compost Organizations**\n####### **Washington Organic Recycling Council**\nFind a compost producer in your area\nwww.compostwashington.org\n####### **US Composting Council**\nSeal of Testing Assurance (STA) program\nwww.compostingcouncil.org/programs/sta/\n**Restoring the Soil to Protect our Waterways**\nwww.soilsforsalmon.org\nCompost amendment and erosion control\nduring construction: information for builders\nwww.buildingsoil.org\n**Natural Lawn & Garden Care, Soils, and Home**\n**Composting**\n####### **City of Seattle**\nwww.seattle.gov/util/services/yard\n####### **King County**\nwww.kingcounty.gov/soils\n####### **Washington State University**\nwww.puyallup.wsu.edu/soilmgmt/\n###### The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden Blossoms from the Soil\nThank you for your interest in compost.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Compost Beginnings\n\namounts to supplement natural soil fertility.\n**Topsoil**  that is sold is usually not native topsoil.  Quality\nmanufactured topsoils are a blend of native sandy sub-soils with\ncomposted organic matter to support soil life.\nAsk Your Compost Supplier\n**Whether you’re buying direct from the composting facility, or from a local**\n**vendor, here are some good questions to ask:**\n**- What ingredients go into your compost?**\n**- What compost products or blends do you sell?**\n**- Are there quality control or testing results available for these**\n**products? (These may be on the manufacturer’s website.)**\n**- Which product is best for my intended use?**\n**- What application rate do you recommend?**\n**- How much do I need for my area?  (Or see pages 4-6.)**\n##### Compost Questions and Answers\n####### **What is compost?**\nCompost is a natural humus-like soil amendment that results from\nthe controlled aerobic (with oxygen) decomposition of organic\nmaterials.  Compost is not soil -  it should be mixed with soil.  It is\nnot fertilizer, although it contains many slowly released nutrients.\n####### **What materials (“feedstocks”) are used to make compost?**\nCompost facilities in Washington recycle a variety of organic\nmaterials, including yard debris, food scraps, manure, biosolids,\nforest residuals like sawdust and bark, construction wood, and\nagricultural residues.  All of these materials can be used to produce\nhigh quality compost.  Your supplier can tell you which materials\nthey compost.\n####### **How do I know I’m getting safe, quality compost?**\nFortunately, in Washington we have strict permitting and production\nstandards for compost facilities, that include both time and\ntemperature requirements and contaminant limits.\n####### **What about weed seeds, plant diseases or pesticide residues?**\nThe controlled time, aeration, and temperature process required in\nWashington has been shown to kill weed seeds and plant diseases.\nThat same process breaks down most pesticide residues.  There are\na few agricultural pesticides that are not easily broken down, and\npermitted Washington compost manufacturers carefully watch their\nfeedstocks to keep those materials out of the composting process.\n##### Compost Beginnings\nThe yard debris or food scraps* that you\nplace into your home compost bin, take to",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### How Much Compost to Use\n\npost temperatures are required to reach at least 131 degrees F in a\nspecified time period in order to destroy weed seeds and patho-\ngens.  The compost is turned or aerated, allowing the composting\nmicrobes to breathe.  After a period of time, the nitrogen-rich\nmaterial is depleted, the biological process slows, and the hot\ncompost begins to cool.\n**3.  Finishing:**\nTypically “finished” compost has undergone a series of steps to\nensure maturity and stability.  The cooling compost is aged, which\nallows the decomposition process to slow down and the finished\ncompost to stabilize.\nThe end products you purchase may be entirely compost, or a\ncombination of compost blended with uncomposted additives\n(such as peat, bark, minerals, or soil).\n##### Applications for Compost\n####### **Planting New Garden Beds or Lawns**\nSpread a 2-4 inch layer of compost and mix into the upper 6-12\ninches of existing soil: use more in sandy soils, and less in heavy clay.\nReapply 1⁄2-1 inch annually on garden beds.\n####### **Mulch (surface applications on landscape beds)**\nSpread a 1-2 inch layer of coarse, woody compost.  To allow proper\nairflow, it is best not to pile mulch around the stems of trees and\nshrubs. Pull mulch 1-2 inches away from stems.\n####### **Top Dressing for Lawns**\nSpread a 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch layer of fine screened compost, and rake it into\nthe lawn.  For best results, plug-aerate the lawn before top-dressing.\nOverseeding at the same time will thicken thin patches in lawns.\n####### **Blended (Manufactured) Topsoils**\nGood quality “topsoil” products usually include 10-40% compost by\nvolume, mixed with a sandy loam soil that allows good drainage.\nThese compost-soil blends help establish healthy lawns and gardens.\n**When to Use Compost?**\n-  Any time you’re preparing soil for planting\n-  Mulching beds and gardens in spring, summer, or fall\n-  Top-dressing lawns in spring or fall.\n##### How Much Compost to Use\nl  Estimate the planting area (Math Hint:  Square feet = length x width)\nl  Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4)\nl  Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs.  (Abbreviations:  ft = foot;  yd = yard;  sq = square;  cu = cubic.)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Comparing Landscape Products\n\nCompost is a versatile product with many benefits.  It enhances\nsoil quality, helps save water, and supports your community’s\nefforts to recycle organic debris.  All this helps to conserve our\nnatural resources and reduces the amount of material sent to the\nlandfill.\nCompost-amended soil also helps break down pollutants and\nabsorb stormwater runoff.  By making nutrients slowly available\nto plants and enhancing plant health, compost can reduce the\nneed for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.  All these benefits\nhelp protect our lakes, rivers, and marine waters from pollution\nand excessive runoff.\nCompost is a natural amendment for your lawn or garden, and\ncan be used regularly to enrich your soil.  This guide is designed\nto help you get the most from the compost that you buy.\n##### Compost: A Natural Cycle\nComposting is a natural process in which micro-\norganisms and macro-organisms break down organic\nmaterial (leaves, twigs, grass, etc.) into a dark crum-\nbly soil amendment.  Modern compost facilities use\nthe same natural biological composting process.\nTheir controlled-temperature process works faster,\nbreaks down pesticide residues, and also kills weed\nseeds and plant diseases.\nCompost improves soil structure and plant\ngrowth by\n-   Replenishing soil organic matter, and storing\nnutrients in plant-available forms\n-   Supporting beneficial soil life\n-   Reducing erosion and water run-off\n-   Loosening clay soils for better root\ndevelopment (increasing soil pore space)\n-   Retaining moisture in sandy soils so\nplants need less watering.\n##### Comparing Landscape Products\nA variety of soil and landscape products are sold.  Here’s a\ncomparison:\n**Compost**  is stable, decomposed organic matter, excellent for\nimproving soil structure, fertility, moisture holding capacity, and\nplant growth.\n**Mulch**  is any material applied to the soil surface.  Woody mulches\n(high in carbon, low in nitrogen) like wood chips, bark and woody\ncomposts are great for woody plants.  Annual plants should be\nmulched with nutrient-balanced mulches like compost, grass\nclippings, or leaves.\n**Peat Moss**  is partially decayed sphagnum moss from peat bogs.  It\nprovides soil porosity, but not the nutrients or biological diversity for\nhealthy soil that compost provides.\n**Fertilizers**  are concentrated sources of plant nutrients, used in small",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\nl  Conversions:  9 square feet = 1 square yard;  27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.\nPlot Size # of Sq Feet 1/2” Deep - Mulching 2” Deep - Amending new\nor Top-dressing lawns or gardens\n\n5' x 10' plot 50 sq ft  2.08 cu ft of compost  8.33 cu ft of compost (0.31 cu yd)\n10' x 10' plot 100 sq ft  4.17 cu ft of compost  16.66 cu ft of compost (0.62 cu yd)\n20 x 50' plot 1000 sq ft  41.7 cu ft of compost  166.7 cu ft of compost (6.2 cu yd)\n1 acre  43,600 sq ft  1,815 cu ft of compost (67 cu yd)  7,257 cu ft of compost (268 cu yd)\n\n##### **Question:**     * **I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?** *\nCompost Quantity 1/2” Deep - Mulching 2” Deep - Amending new\nor Top-dressing  lawns or gardens\n\n1 cu ft bag of compost 24 sq foot area 6 sq foot area\n1.5 cu ft bag of compost 36 sq foot area 9 sq foot area\n2.2 cu ft bag of compost 53 sq foot area 13 sq foot area\n2.5 cu ft bag of compost 60 sq foot area 15 sq foot area\n1 cubic yard of compost 648 sq foot area 162 sq foot area\n*Compost Works!  Soil blending trials conducted in 2008 by the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with funding from the Washington Department of Ecology,*\n*demonstrated that compost improves soil structure (lowers bulk density), nutrient availability (increases cation exchange capacity), moisture holding*\n*capacity, and supplies both nutrients that plants need and organic matter that supports soil life.   See the 2008 Soil Blending Trial report at*\n**www.compostwashington.org.**\n##### **Question:**    * **If I buy this much compost, how many square feet will it cover?** *",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# YOUR  COLLECTION   CALENDAR  2024\n\n### **YOUR COLLECTION CALENDAR**  2024\n\n#### **Let’s reduce our household garbage!**\n\nCrédits photo : AdobeStock - Freepik\n**HOW DOES IT WORK?**\n**\u0007When to put my garbage container outside?** The evening before the waste collection day.\n**Who is responsible for the maintenance of the containers?** You will have to keep them in a clean working state (periodical washing).\n**Container stolen: What to do?** In case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.\n**Out container = full container** Put your rubbish container out only when full.\n**Attention !**  Black garbage bags left on the ground will no longer be collected.\nPlease be respectful with the agents.\n**MORE QUESTIONS ?**\nWebsite:  **www.ccpl47.fr** / Section En Pratique > Environnement > Gestion des déchets\n**Environnement Service**  : 12 rue du Renfort 47410 LAUZUN **05 53 94 11 23 / secretariat.environnement@ccpl47.fr Composting**  : anim.biodechets@ccpl47.fr / 06 33 72 84 18\n**Recycling centre access, registration or modification**  : iris@ccpl47.fr / 05 53 64 12 26\nEverything you need to know about sorting\n**Buy your own compost kit and get tips for good composting practice.** Only during opening hours every wednesday from 2 pm to 4 pm at the old recycling centre impasse Elie Teyssier-Miramont. (In case of unavailability, please contact the environment department). 30 minute workshops/awareness- raising sessions are regularly organised (starting at 4pm). It is possible to leave with a composter during these workshops <sup>**</sup> . Registration and information with the service.\n* Only payment by cheque made payable to the ‘Tresor Public‘ are accepted**\nSpecific condition of acquisition apply accor- ding to your municipality of residence\n**HOW TO GET A COMPOST KIT?**\n**Compost kit Plastic Wood**\n\n400 L 25 € 35 €\nOn the CCPL website",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n21\nMangroves, a tropical evergreen shrub, which forms dense thickets along\ncoastlines, are a key element of the life cycle of a large number of marine species in the areas in\nwhich Mermaid principally operates.\nThe potential exposure to accidental damage, pollution or destruction of mangroves represents\na significant environmental issue in the region.\nAs part of its plans to expand the Dampier Base, Mermaid volunteered a replanting program to\nencourage the growth of mangroves in previously denuded areas, immediately adjacent to the\nexpanded Base.\nAs at the date of the report, five hundred (500) juvenile mangroves have been transplanted with\n90% success. A further 174 mangrove seedlings have been planted and are showing very good\ngrowth rates. Attempts to transplant adult mangrove trees, have proved to be more difficult, but\nthe success with young plants now appears to guarantee a more than satisfactory outcome.\nE N V I RO N M E N TA L  I S S U E S\nM E R M A I D  A R R O W\n19.95m Crew Boat\nM E R M A I D  E A G L E\n35m Towing, Utility, Supply\nM E R M A I D  R A I D E R\n50m Supply/Standby Vessel\nM E R M A I D  M A R E L L A\n24.9m Steel Catamaran, Supply Vessel\nM E R M A I D  WA R R I O R\n19.52m Steel Tug, Work Boat\nM E R M A I D  PAT R O L\n13.63m Utility Vessel",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.9.*    *Reducing pollution*\n\nPollution is a key driver of biodiversity loss and has a harmful impact on our health and environment. While the EU has a solid legal framework in place to reduce pollution, greater efforts are still required. Biodiversity is suffering from the release of nutrients, chemical pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hazardous chemicals, urban and industrial wastewater, and other waste including litter and plastics. All of these pressures must be reduced.\nAs part of the Commission’s Zero Pollution Ambition for a toxic-free environment, a new EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability will be put forward along with a  **Zero Pollution Action Plan for Air, Water and Soil**  .\nThe Commission will also promote the goal of zero pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus flows from fertilisers through reducing nutrient losses by at least 50%, while ensuring that there is no deterioration in soil fertility. This will result in the  **reduction of use of fertilisers by at least 20%**  . This will be achieved by implementing and enforcing the relevant environmental and climate legislation in full, identifying with Member States the nutrient load reductions needed to achieve these goals, applying balanced fertilisation and sustainable nutrient management, and by managing nitrogen and phosphorus better throughout their lifecycle. To this end, the Commission will work with Member States to\n\nThere are 11,000 Natura 2000 sites within, or partly within, cities, representing 15% of the total area of the Natura 2000 network. [The Green City Accord.](http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/calendar/events_list/CITIES-Forum-2020-Working-corner-The-EU-Green-City-Accord-Cities-becoming-leaders-for-the-environment-WSPO-BL4E22)\ndevelop an Integrated Nutrient Management Action Plan in 2022. The Farm to Fork strategy will address the reduction in the use and risk of pesticides and support wider implementation of Integrated Pest Management <sup>54</sup> . As part of this,  **the environmental risk assessment of pesticides will be strengthened**  . The pressure from plastics is notably addressed through the implementation of the European Strategy for Plastics <sup>55</sup> and the new Circular Economy Action Plan <sup>56</sup> .\nThe Commission will develop a  **set of indicators for the progressive reduction of pollution**  , and will establish baselines to help monitor progress. Pressures from marine litter and underwater noise are being addressed under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf",
+                "query": "What are fertilizers ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": " Fertilizers are concentrated sources of plant nutrients, used in small  amounts to supplement natural soil fertility.  ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Comparing Landscape Products\n\nCompost is a versatile product with many benefits.  It enhances\nsoil quality, helps save water, and supports your community’s\nefforts to recycle organic debris.  All this helps to conserve our\nnatural resources and reduces the amount of material sent to the\nlandfill.\nCompost-amended soil also helps break down pollutants and\nabsorb stormwater runoff.  By making nutrients slowly available\nto plants and enhancing plant health, compost can reduce the\nneed for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.  All these benefits\nhelp protect our lakes, rivers, and marine waters from pollution\nand excessive runoff.\nCompost is a natural amendment for your lawn or garden, and\ncan be used regularly to enrich your soil.  This guide is designed\nto help you get the most from the compost that you buy.\n##### Compost: A Natural Cycle\nComposting is a natural process in which micro-\norganisms and macro-organisms break down organic\nmaterial (leaves, twigs, grass, etc.) into a dark crum-\nbly soil amendment.  Modern compost facilities use\nthe same natural biological composting process.\nTheir controlled-temperature process works faster,\nbreaks down pesticide residues, and also kills weed\nseeds and plant diseases.\nCompost improves soil structure and plant\ngrowth by\n-   Replenishing soil organic matter, and storing\nnutrients in plant-available forms\n-   Supporting beneficial soil life\n-   Reducing erosion and water run-off\n-   Loosening clay soils for better root\ndevelopment (increasing soil pore space)\n-   Retaining moisture in sandy soils so\nplants need less watering.\n##### Comparing Landscape Products\nA variety of soil and landscape products are sold.  Here’s a\ncomparison:\n**Compost**  is stable, decomposed organic matter, excellent for\nimproving soil structure, fertility, moisture holding capacity, and\nplant growth.\n**Mulch**  is any material applied to the soil surface.  Woody mulches\n(high in carbon, low in nitrogen) like wood chips, bark and woody\ncomposts are great for woody plants.  Annual plants should be\nmulched with nutrient-balanced mulches like compost, grass\nclippings, or leaves.\n**Peat Moss**  is partially decayed sphagnum moss from peat bogs.  It\nprovides soil porosity, but not the nutrients or biological diversity for\nhealthy soil that compost provides.\n**Fertilizers**  are concentrated sources of plant nutrients, used in small",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\n\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n\na drop-off site, or set out for curbside\ncollection could become the compost that\nyou later use on your garden, lawn, and\nflowerbeds.\nIt is essential to place only quality organic\nmaterial into the composting process.  Here\nare some tips:\nl The products you use or spray in your\nyard can end up in the compost process.\nCarefully read the labels of pesticide and\nherbicide products you use. (See page 9.)\nl Please keep yard debris free of :\nx  Garbage\nx  Plastic of any sort\n- Plastic plant pots\n- Plastic plant tabs\n- Plastic bags (if you want to bag\nyour yard debris, use paper\ngarden bags - available at most\ngarden centers)\nx  Rock, brick, or masonry\nx  Glass or metal\nx  Pet waste.\n* Many localities now collect food scraps and\nfood-soiled paper along with yard debris for\ncomposting.  Call your local collection service\nto find out what is collected in your area.\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\nTo grow healthy plants you need healthy soil.\n**Healthy Soil:**\nl Is teeming with life!  Healthy soil is a miniature ecosystem.\nA teaspoon of healthy soil will have upwards of four billion\ntiny organisms which recycle nutrients, suppress disease, and\ndiscourage pests.\nl  Retains moisture but allows drainage.  Healthy soil has\nstructure that allows water to drain through, retains moisture,\nand promotes strong root growth.\nl  Is full of organic nutrients.  Plants depend on the micro-\norganisms found in healthy organic-rich soil to provide\nnutrients to their roots, and help them thrive.\nA healthy garden and landscape is naturally resistant to pests,\ndrought, weeds, and diseases.  Maintaining healthy soil may allow\nyou to reduce use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.\n####### **Soil is a planting medium.  Compost is a soil amendment.**\n####### **Do not place plants directly into 100% compost.**\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n**Washington State Encourages the Use of Compost,**\n**to Protect Our Water Quality**\nThe Washington State Department of Ecology recommends that soils\non construction sites be restored with compost before planting, and also",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### The Composting Process\n\nencourages the use of compost for construction site erosion control, to reduce\nstormwater runoff and help keep our rivers, lakes, and Puget Sound clean.\nLearn more at  **www.SoilsforSalmon.org**  or  **www.BuildingSoil.org.**\n##### Selecting Quality Compost\nCompost is available in many product types and blends that may be\nused for different gardening applications.  The type of feedstock,\nthe composting process, and any supplementary additives determine\nthe end product.\nMany facilities offer a variety of blends based on compost, such as\ngarden mix, potting soil, planting mix, mulches, turf top-dressing\nand soil blends.\n**What to Look for in Compost**\nFor most compost applications you will want a finished product that\nhas matured and stabilized.  Look for material\nl  with a dark, crumbly texture\nl  with a mild odor\nFor most compost applications you will not want compost that is\nextremely dry or wet, or extremely hot.  (Note that it is okay for\ncompost to be warm and to give off some steam and mild odor.)\n**Quality Testing at Composting Facilities**\nFeel free to ask your compost provider if they have a quality control\nprogram, and ask for test results.  Compost facilities in Washington\nare permitted by the Department of Ecology and must meet\nstandards for both the composting process and contaminants,\nensuring a quality product.  Some facilities also participate in the\n“Seal of Testing Assurance” (STA) testing program.  See\n“Resources” on page 11 to learn more.\n####### **Remember:**\n####### **Your compost provider can help you pick the best compost mix**\n####### **for your needs.**\n##### The Composting Process\nEven though there are a variety of composting methods, most\ncomposting follows a similar process:\n**1.  Grinding Organic Materials:**\nDepending on the facility, the feedstock (material) available, and\nthe desired compost product, different combinations of materials\nare added together and ground into small pieces:\n-    Nitrogen-rich materials (such as grass, fresh plant\ncuttings, biosolids, and manures)\n-    Carbon-rich materials (such as dried leaves, woody\nmaterials, and straw).\n**2.  Heating Up:**\nThe material is placed into piles where it begins to heat up from\nthe biological activity of the compost microbes.  Typically, com-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Compost Beginnings\n\namounts to supplement natural soil fertility.\n**Topsoil**  that is sold is usually not native topsoil.  Quality\nmanufactured topsoils are a blend of native sandy sub-soils with\ncomposted organic matter to support soil life.\nAsk Your Compost Supplier\n**Whether you’re buying direct from the composting facility, or from a local**\n**vendor, here are some good questions to ask:**\n**- What ingredients go into your compost?**\n**- What compost products or blends do you sell?**\n**- Are there quality control or testing results available for these**\n**products? (These may be on the manufacturer’s website.)**\n**- Which product is best for my intended use?**\n**- What application rate do you recommend?**\n**- How much do I need for my area?  (Or see pages 4-6.)**\n##### Compost Questions and Answers\n####### **What is compost?**\nCompost is a natural humus-like soil amendment that results from\nthe controlled aerobic (with oxygen) decomposition of organic\nmaterials.  Compost is not soil -  it should be mixed with soil.  It is\nnot fertilizer, although it contains many slowly released nutrients.\n####### **What materials (“feedstocks”) are used to make compost?**\nCompost facilities in Washington recycle a variety of organic\nmaterials, including yard debris, food scraps, manure, biosolids,\nforest residuals like sawdust and bark, construction wood, and\nagricultural residues.  All of these materials can be used to produce\nhigh quality compost.  Your supplier can tell you which materials\nthey compost.\n####### **How do I know I’m getting safe, quality compost?**\nFortunately, in Washington we have strict permitting and production\nstandards for compost facilities, that include both time and\ntemperature requirements and contaminant limits.\n####### **What about weed seeds, plant diseases or pesticide residues?**\nThe controlled time, aeration, and temperature process required in\nWashington has been shown to kill weed seeds and plant diseases.\nThat same process breaks down most pesticide residues.  There are\na few agricultural pesticides that are not easily broken down, and\npermitted Washington compost manufacturers carefully watch their\nfeedstocks to keep those materials out of the composting process.\n##### Compost Beginnings\nThe yard debris or food scraps* that you\nplace into your home compost bin, take to",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n####### **Compost adds organic material and nutrients to the soil,**\n####### **increases water-holding capacity and biological activity,**\n####### **and improves plant growth and health.**\n####### **Revised 2009**\nA project of the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with\nsupport from the Washington State Department of Ecology’s\nPublic Participation Grant program.\nThis product was partly funded through a grant from the\nWashington Department of Ecology. While these materials\nwere reviewed for grant consistency, this does not necessarily\nconstitute endorsement by the department.\n**Special thanks:**  the original version of this brochure in 2003\nwas created by the Washington County, Oregon Solid Waste and\nRecycling Program in cooperation with the Washington Organic\nRecycling Council and the Composting Council of Oregon.\n##### Tips to Remember:\n*-*   *Don’t put plants into 100% compost.  Mix*\n*compost thoroughly into existing soil before*\n*planting.*\n*-*   *When transplanting, it’s better to amend the*\n*whole bed, not just planting holes, to promote*\n*root growth.*\n*-*   *Ask your compost supplier which compost*\n*product is best for your intended use.*\n*-*   *Use compost at the recommended application*\n*rate.*\n*-*   *To maintain healthy soil, reapply compost or*\n*mulch every 1-2 years.*\n*-*   *Many composts are rich in plant nutrients, so*\n*you may be able to reduce fertilizer use after*\n*applying compost.*\n*-*   *Compost can also reduce your lawn and garden’s*\n*summer irrigation needs.*\n*-*   *Compost-amended soil and mulching slow run*\n*off, reduce erosion, and break down pollutants.*\n*When you use compost, you’re helping to*\n*protect our precious streams, rivers, lakes, and*\n*marine waters.*\n**original artwork provided by:**\nwww.compostwashington.org www.ecy.wa.gov www.soilsforsalmon.org\n##### Resources\n**Compost Organizations**\n####### **Washington Organic Recycling Council**\nFind a compost producer in your area\nwww.compostwashington.org\n####### **US Composting Council**\nSeal of Testing Assurance (STA) program\nwww.compostingcouncil.org/programs/sta/\n**Restoring the Soil to Protect our Waterways**\nwww.soilsforsalmon.org\nCompost amendment and erosion control\nduring construction: information for builders\nwww.buildingsoil.org\n**Natural Lawn & Garden Care, Soils, and Home**\n**Composting**\n####### **City of Seattle**\nwww.seattle.gov/util/services/yard\n####### **King County**\nwww.kingcounty.gov/soils\n####### **Washington State University**\nwww.puyallup.wsu.edu/soilmgmt/\n###### The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden Blossoms from the Soil\nThank you for your interest in compost.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### How Much Compost to Use\n\npost temperatures are required to reach at least 131 degrees F in a\nspecified time period in order to destroy weed seeds and patho-\ngens.  The compost is turned or aerated, allowing the composting\nmicrobes to breathe.  After a period of time, the nitrogen-rich\nmaterial is depleted, the biological process slows, and the hot\ncompost begins to cool.\n**3.  Finishing:**\nTypically “finished” compost has undergone a series of steps to\nensure maturity and stability.  The cooling compost is aged, which\nallows the decomposition process to slow down and the finished\ncompost to stabilize.\nThe end products you purchase may be entirely compost, or a\ncombination of compost blended with uncomposted additives\n(such as peat, bark, minerals, or soil).\n##### Applications for Compost\n####### **Planting New Garden Beds or Lawns**\nSpread a 2-4 inch layer of compost and mix into the upper 6-12\ninches of existing soil: use more in sandy soils, and less in heavy clay.\nReapply 1⁄2-1 inch annually on garden beds.\n####### **Mulch (surface applications on landscape beds)**\nSpread a 1-2 inch layer of coarse, woody compost.  To allow proper\nairflow, it is best not to pile mulch around the stems of trees and\nshrubs. Pull mulch 1-2 inches away from stems.\n####### **Top Dressing for Lawns**\nSpread a 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch layer of fine screened compost, and rake it into\nthe lawn.  For best results, plug-aerate the lawn before top-dressing.\nOverseeding at the same time will thicken thin patches in lawns.\n####### **Blended (Manufactured) Topsoils**\nGood quality “topsoil” products usually include 10-40% compost by\nvolume, mixed with a sandy loam soil that allows good drainage.\nThese compost-soil blends help establish healthy lawns and gardens.\n**When to Use Compost?**\n-  Any time you’re preparing soil for planting\n-  Mulching beds and gardens in spring, summer, or fall\n-  Top-dressing lawns in spring or fall.\n##### How Much Compost to Use\nl  Estimate the planting area (Math Hint:  Square feet = length x width)\nl  Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4)\nl  Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs.  (Abbreviations:  ft = foot;  yd = yard;  sq = square;  cu = cubic.)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\nl  Conversions:  9 square feet = 1 square yard;  27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.\nPlot Size # of Sq Feet 1/2” Deep - Mulching 2” Deep - Amending new\nor Top-dressing lawns or gardens\n\n5' x 10' plot 50 sq ft  2.08 cu ft of compost  8.33 cu ft of compost (0.31 cu yd)\n10' x 10' plot 100 sq ft  4.17 cu ft of compost  16.66 cu ft of compost (0.62 cu yd)\n20 x 50' plot 1000 sq ft  41.7 cu ft of compost  166.7 cu ft of compost (6.2 cu yd)\n1 acre  43,600 sq ft  1,815 cu ft of compost (67 cu yd)  7,257 cu ft of compost (268 cu yd)\n\n##### **Question:**     * **I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?** *\nCompost Quantity 1/2” Deep - Mulching 2” Deep - Amending new\nor Top-dressing  lawns or gardens\n\n1 cu ft bag of compost 24 sq foot area 6 sq foot area\n1.5 cu ft bag of compost 36 sq foot area 9 sq foot area\n2.2 cu ft bag of compost 53 sq foot area 13 sq foot area\n2.5 cu ft bag of compost 60 sq foot area 15 sq foot area\n1 cubic yard of compost 648 sq foot area 162 sq foot area\n*Compost Works!  Soil blending trials conducted in 2008 by the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with funding from the Washington Department of Ecology,*\n*demonstrated that compost improves soil structure (lowers bulk density), nutrient availability (increases cation exchange capacity), moisture holding*\n*capacity, and supplies both nutrients that plants need and organic matter that supports soil life.   See the 2008 Soil Blending Trial report at*\n**www.compostwashington.org.**\n##### **Question:**    * **If I buy this much compost, how many square feet will it cover?** *",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **OPEN**\n\n##### www.nature.com/scientificreports/\n\n**Simulation of maize yield using DSSAT.**  According to the data of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C selected above, we simulated global maize yield changes compared with the average yield during 1986- 2005 on grid level using CERES-Maize, which is part of DSSAT version 4.6 <sup>49</sup> . The inputs for DSSAT simulation include daily weather data, soil parameters, crop calendar data and man- agement information. All the inputs are formatted at a 0.5° × 0.5° grid resolution which are computed by high- performance computers. Weather data is from the AgMERRA dataset, including maximum and minimum tem- peratures, precipitation, total radiation and humidity. Crop calendar data were from the Center for Sustainability and Global Environment (SAGE), in which the existing observations of crop planting and harvesting dates are gridded formatted at a resolution of 5 ­min <sup>50</sup> . For management information, fertilizer applications, irrigation and other management practices are required. A crop-specific gridded dataset of nitrogen fertilizer application for the world was developed by integrating national and subnational fertilizer application data from a variety of sources, which is used to set up current fertilizer application rates for maize in each grid cell. Soil parameters are from the International Soil Profile Dataset (WISE), including soil texture, bulk density, pH, organic carbon content and fraction of calcium carbonate for each of five 20 cm thick soil ­layers <sup>51</sup> . All the soil data is allocated to be in accordance with the request of DSSAT simulation; the missing soil parameters for organic soils were adopted from FAO soil dataset. First maize yields across the world during the historical period 1986- 2005 were simulated at the 0.5° × 0.5° grid scale with two main production systems, including Spring maize and Summer maize. Historical national maize production is aggregated from simulated gridded yield and weighted by grid cell maize areas in 2000 from the gridded global dataset by combining two data ­products <sup>47</sup> . Second, genetic parameters of specific cultivars of maize from previous works were adopted for the initial parameters; model parameters related to crop genotype characteristics were calibrated and tuned following the method in Xiong et al. <sup>52</sup> , in which the simulated yields from 1986- 2005 were comparable to the statistical data. Third, maize yields across the world were simulated under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. Finally, global and national maize yields were aggregated from grid- ded values; changes in national and global yields under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C were calculated, comparing maize yield average for 1986- 2005.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.9.*    *Reducing pollution*\n\nPollution is a key driver of biodiversity loss and has a harmful impact on our health and environment. While the EU has a solid legal framework in place to reduce pollution, greater efforts are still required. Biodiversity is suffering from the release of nutrients, chemical pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hazardous chemicals, urban and industrial wastewater, and other waste including litter and plastics. All of these pressures must be reduced.\nAs part of the Commission’s Zero Pollution Ambition for a toxic-free environment, a new EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability will be put forward along with a  **Zero Pollution Action Plan for Air, Water and Soil**  .\nThe Commission will also promote the goal of zero pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus flows from fertilisers through reducing nutrient losses by at least 50%, while ensuring that there is no deterioration in soil fertility. This will result in the  **reduction of use of fertilisers by at least 20%**  . This will be achieved by implementing and enforcing the relevant environmental and climate legislation in full, identifying with Member States the nutrient load reductions needed to achieve these goals, applying balanced fertilisation and sustainable nutrient management, and by managing nitrogen and phosphorus better throughout their lifecycle. To this end, the Commission will work with Member States to\n\nThere are 11,000 Natura 2000 sites within, or partly within, cities, representing 15% of the total area of the Natura 2000 network. [The Green City Accord.](http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/calendar/events_list/CITIES-Forum-2020-Working-corner-The-EU-Green-City-Accord-Cities-becoming-leaders-for-the-environment-WSPO-BL4E22)\ndevelop an Integrated Nutrient Management Action Plan in 2022. The Farm to Fork strategy will address the reduction in the use and risk of pesticides and support wider implementation of Integrated Pest Management <sup>54</sup> . As part of this,  **the environmental risk assessment of pesticides will be strengthened**  . The pressure from plastics is notably addressed through the implementation of the European Strategy for Plastics <sup>55</sup> and the new Circular Economy Action Plan <sup>56</sup> .\nThe Commission will develop a  **set of indicators for the progressive reduction of pollution**  , and will establish baselines to help monitor progress. Pressures from marine litter and underwater noise are being addressed under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **Glossary of terms and abbreviations**\n\nAD -  Activity Data\nAWMS -  Animal Waste Management System\nBOD -  Biochemical Oxygen Demand\nC -  Carbon\nC 2 F 6\n\n-  Hexafluoroethane\nCF 4\n\n-  Tetrafluoromethane\nCH 4\n\n-  Methane\nCO -  Carbon Monoxide\nCO 2\n\n-  Carbon dioxide\nCOD -  Chemical Oxygen Demand\ndm -  dry matter\nGg -  Gigagram\nha -  hectare\nHFC -  Hydrofluorocarbon\nhl -  hectolitre\nk -  kilo\nkg -  kilogram\nkha -  kilo hectare\nkt -  kilotonne\nLTO -  Landing/Take Off\nLUCF -  Land-Use Change and Forestry\nLULUCF -  Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry\nm <sup>3</sup>\n\n-  cubic meter\nMCF -  Methane Correction Factor\nMg -  Megagram\nMha -  Megahectare\nMSW -  Municipal Solid Waste\nN -  Nitrogen\nN 2 O -  Nitrous Oxide\nNFP -  National Focal Point\nNH 3\n\n-  Ammonia\nNMVOC -  Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound\nNO X\n\n-  Nitrogen Dioxide\nPFC -  Perfluorocarbon\nRA - Reference Approach\nSE -  Sectoral Expert\nSF 6\n\n-  Sulphur Hexafluoride\nSO 2\n\n-  Sulphur Dioxide\nSWDS -  Solid Waste Disposal Site\nt -  tonne\nTg -  Teragram\nTJ -  Terajoules\nXML -  Extensible Markup Language\nyear t -  inventory year\n\nPage 45 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf",
+                "query": "Explain to me what is peat moss ?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Peat Moss is partially decayed sphagnum moss from peat bogs.  It  provides soil porosity, but not the nutrients or biological diversity for  healthy soil that compost provides.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Compost Beginnings\n\namounts to supplement natural soil fertility.\n**Topsoil**  that is sold is usually not native topsoil.  Quality\nmanufactured topsoils are a blend of native sandy sub-soils with\ncomposted organic matter to support soil life.\nAsk Your Compost Supplier\n**Whether you’re buying direct from the composting facility, or from a local**\n**vendor, here are some good questions to ask:**\n**- What ingredients go into your compost?**\n**- What compost products or blends do you sell?**\n**- Are there quality control or testing results available for these**\n**products? (These may be on the manufacturer’s website.)**\n**- Which product is best for my intended use?**\n**- What application rate do you recommend?**\n**- How much do I need for my area?  (Or see pages 4-6.)**\n##### Compost Questions and Answers\n####### **What is compost?**\nCompost is a natural humus-like soil amendment that results from\nthe controlled aerobic (with oxygen) decomposition of organic\nmaterials.  Compost is not soil -  it should be mixed with soil.  It is\nnot fertilizer, although it contains many slowly released nutrients.\n####### **What materials (“feedstocks”) are used to make compost?**\nCompost facilities in Washington recycle a variety of organic\nmaterials, including yard debris, food scraps, manure, biosolids,\nforest residuals like sawdust and bark, construction wood, and\nagricultural residues.  All of these materials can be used to produce\nhigh quality compost.  Your supplier can tell you which materials\nthey compost.\n####### **How do I know I’m getting safe, quality compost?**\nFortunately, in Washington we have strict permitting and production\nstandards for compost facilities, that include both time and\ntemperature requirements and contaminant limits.\n####### **What about weed seeds, plant diseases or pesticide residues?**\nThe controlled time, aeration, and temperature process required in\nWashington has been shown to kill weed seeds and plant diseases.\nThat same process breaks down most pesticide residues.  There are\na few agricultural pesticides that are not easily broken down, and\npermitted Washington compost manufacturers carefully watch their\nfeedstocks to keep those materials out of the composting process.\n##### Compost Beginnings\nThe yard debris or food scraps* that you\nplace into your home compost bin, take to",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Comparing Landscape Products\n\nCompost is a versatile product with many benefits.  It enhances\nsoil quality, helps save water, and supports your community’s\nefforts to recycle organic debris.  All this helps to conserve our\nnatural resources and reduces the amount of material sent to the\nlandfill.\nCompost-amended soil also helps break down pollutants and\nabsorb stormwater runoff.  By making nutrients slowly available\nto plants and enhancing plant health, compost can reduce the\nneed for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.  All these benefits\nhelp protect our lakes, rivers, and marine waters from pollution\nand excessive runoff.\nCompost is a natural amendment for your lawn or garden, and\ncan be used regularly to enrich your soil.  This guide is designed\nto help you get the most from the compost that you buy.\n##### Compost: A Natural Cycle\nComposting is a natural process in which micro-\norganisms and macro-organisms break down organic\nmaterial (leaves, twigs, grass, etc.) into a dark crum-\nbly soil amendment.  Modern compost facilities use\nthe same natural biological composting process.\nTheir controlled-temperature process works faster,\nbreaks down pesticide residues, and also kills weed\nseeds and plant diseases.\nCompost improves soil structure and plant\ngrowth by\n-   Replenishing soil organic matter, and storing\nnutrients in plant-available forms\n-   Supporting beneficial soil life\n-   Reducing erosion and water run-off\n-   Loosening clay soils for better root\ndevelopment (increasing soil pore space)\n-   Retaining moisture in sandy soils so\nplants need less watering.\n##### Comparing Landscape Products\nA variety of soil and landscape products are sold.  Here’s a\ncomparison:\n**Compost**  is stable, decomposed organic matter, excellent for\nimproving soil structure, fertility, moisture holding capacity, and\nplant growth.\n**Mulch**  is any material applied to the soil surface.  Woody mulches\n(high in carbon, low in nitrogen) like wood chips, bark and woody\ncomposts are great for woody plants.  Annual plants should be\nmulched with nutrient-balanced mulches like compost, grass\nclippings, or leaves.\n**Peat Moss**  is partially decayed sphagnum moss from peat bogs.  It\nprovides soil porosity, but not the nutrients or biological diversity for\nhealthy soil that compost provides.\n**Fertilizers**  are concentrated sources of plant nutrients, used in small",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\n\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n\na drop-off site, or set out for curbside\ncollection could become the compost that\nyou later use on your garden, lawn, and\nflowerbeds.\nIt is essential to place only quality organic\nmaterial into the composting process.  Here\nare some tips:\nl The products you use or spray in your\nyard can end up in the compost process.\nCarefully read the labels of pesticide and\nherbicide products you use. (See page 9.)\nl Please keep yard debris free of :\nx  Garbage\nx  Plastic of any sort\n- Plastic plant pots\n- Plastic plant tabs\n- Plastic bags (if you want to bag\nyour yard debris, use paper\ngarden bags - available at most\ngarden centers)\nx  Rock, brick, or masonry\nx  Glass or metal\nx  Pet waste.\n* Many localities now collect food scraps and\nfood-soiled paper along with yard debris for\ncomposting.  Call your local collection service\nto find out what is collected in your area.\n##### Building Rich and Healthy Soil With Compost\nTo grow healthy plants you need healthy soil.\n**Healthy Soil:**\nl Is teeming with life!  Healthy soil is a miniature ecosystem.\nA teaspoon of healthy soil will have upwards of four billion\ntiny organisms which recycle nutrients, suppress disease, and\ndiscourage pests.\nl  Retains moisture but allows drainage.  Healthy soil has\nstructure that allows water to drain through, retains moisture,\nand promotes strong root growth.\nl  Is full of organic nutrients.  Plants depend on the micro-\norganisms found in healthy organic-rich soil to provide\nnutrients to their roots, and help them thrive.\nA healthy garden and landscape is naturally resistant to pests,\ndrought, weeds, and diseases.  Maintaining healthy soil may allow\nyou to reduce use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.\n####### **Soil is a planting medium.  Compost is a soil amendment.**\n####### **Do not place plants directly into 100% compost.**\n####### **Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**\n**Washington State Encourages the Use of Compost,**\n**to Protect Our Water Quality**\nThe Washington State Department of Ecology recommends that soils\non construction sites be restored with compost before planting, and also",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### How Much Compost to Use\n\npost temperatures are required to reach at least 131 degrees F in a\nspecified time period in order to destroy weed seeds and patho-\ngens.  The compost is turned or aerated, allowing the composting\nmicrobes to breathe.  After a period of time, the nitrogen-rich\nmaterial is depleted, the biological process slows, and the hot\ncompost begins to cool.\n**3.  Finishing:**\nTypically “finished” compost has undergone a series of steps to\nensure maturity and stability.  The cooling compost is aged, which\nallows the decomposition process to slow down and the finished\ncompost to stabilize.\nThe end products you purchase may be entirely compost, or a\ncombination of compost blended with uncomposted additives\n(such as peat, bark, minerals, or soil).\n##### Applications for Compost\n####### **Planting New Garden Beds or Lawns**\nSpread a 2-4 inch layer of compost and mix into the upper 6-12\ninches of existing soil: use more in sandy soils, and less in heavy clay.\nReapply 1⁄2-1 inch annually on garden beds.\n####### **Mulch (surface applications on landscape beds)**\nSpread a 1-2 inch layer of coarse, woody compost.  To allow proper\nairflow, it is best not to pile mulch around the stems of trees and\nshrubs. Pull mulch 1-2 inches away from stems.\n####### **Top Dressing for Lawns**\nSpread a 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 inch layer of fine screened compost, and rake it into\nthe lawn.  For best results, plug-aerate the lawn before top-dressing.\nOverseeding at the same time will thicken thin patches in lawns.\n####### **Blended (Manufactured) Topsoils**\nGood quality “topsoil” products usually include 10-40% compost by\nvolume, mixed with a sandy loam soil that allows good drainage.\nThese compost-soil blends help establish healthy lawns and gardens.\n**When to Use Compost?**\n-  Any time you’re preparing soil for planting\n-  Mulching beds and gardens in spring, summer, or fall\n-  Top-dressing lawns in spring or fall.\n##### How Much Compost to Use\nl  Estimate the planting area (Math Hint:  Square feet = length x width)\nl  Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4)\nl  Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs.  (Abbreviations:  ft = foot;  yd = yard;  sq = square;  cu = cubic.)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n##### The Composting Process\n\nencourages the use of compost for construction site erosion control, to reduce\nstormwater runoff and help keep our rivers, lakes, and Puget Sound clean.\nLearn more at  **www.SoilsforSalmon.org**  or  **www.BuildingSoil.org.**\n##### Selecting Quality Compost\nCompost is available in many product types and blends that may be\nused for different gardening applications.  The type of feedstock,\nthe composting process, and any supplementary additives determine\nthe end product.\nMany facilities offer a variety of blends based on compost, such as\ngarden mix, potting soil, planting mix, mulches, turf top-dressing\nand soil blends.\n**What to Look for in Compost**\nFor most compost applications you will want a finished product that\nhas matured and stabilized.  Look for material\nl  with a dark, crumbly texture\nl  with a mild odor\nFor most compost applications you will not want compost that is\nextremely dry or wet, or extremely hot.  (Note that it is okay for\ncompost to be warm and to give off some steam and mild odor.)\n**Quality Testing at Composting Facilities**\nFeel free to ask your compost provider if they have a quality control\nprogram, and ask for test results.  Compost facilities in Washington\nare permitted by the Department of Ecology and must meet\nstandards for both the composting process and contaminants,\nensuring a quality product.  Some facilities also participate in the\n“Seal of Testing Assurance” (STA) testing program.  See\n“Resources” on page 11 to learn more.\n####### **Remember:**\n####### **Your compost provider can help you pick the best compost mix**\n####### **for your needs.**\n##### The Composting Process\nEven though there are a variety of composting methods, most\ncomposting follows a similar process:\n**1.  Grinding Organic Materials:**\nDepending on the facility, the feedstock (material) available, and\nthe desired compost product, different combinations of materials\nare added together and ground into small pieces:\n-    Nitrogen-rich materials (such as grass, fresh plant\ncuttings, biosolids, and manures)\n-    Carbon-rich materials (such as dried leaves, woody\nmaterials, and straw).\n**2.  Heating Up:**\nThe material is placed into piles where it begins to heat up from\nthe biological activity of the compost microbes.  Typically, com-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\n####### **Compost adds organic material and nutrients to the soil,**\n####### **increases water-holding capacity and biological activity,**\n####### **and improves plant growth and health.**\n####### **Revised 2009**\nA project of the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with\nsupport from the Washington State Department of Ecology’s\nPublic Participation Grant program.\nThis product was partly funded through a grant from the\nWashington Department of Ecology. While these materials\nwere reviewed for grant consistency, this does not necessarily\nconstitute endorsement by the department.\n**Special thanks:**  the original version of this brochure in 2003\nwas created by the Washington County, Oregon Solid Waste and\nRecycling Program in cooperation with the Washington Organic\nRecycling Council and the Composting Council of Oregon.\n##### Tips to Remember:\n*-*   *Don’t put plants into 100% compost.  Mix*\n*compost thoroughly into existing soil before*\n*planting.*\n*-*   *When transplanting, it’s better to amend the*\n*whole bed, not just planting holes, to promote*\n*root growth.*\n*-*   *Ask your compost supplier which compost*\n*product is best for your intended use.*\n*-*   *Use compost at the recommended application*\n*rate.*\n*-*   *To maintain healthy soil, reapply compost or*\n*mulch every 1-2 years.*\n*-*   *Many composts are rich in plant nutrients, so*\n*you may be able to reduce fertilizer use after*\n*applying compost.*\n*-*   *Compost can also reduce your lawn and garden’s*\n*summer irrigation needs.*\n*-*   *Compost-amended soil and mulching slow run*\n*off, reduce erosion, and break down pollutants.*\n*When you use compost, you’re helping to*\n*protect our precious streams, rivers, lakes, and*\n*marine waters.*\n**original artwork provided by:**\nwww.compostwashington.org www.ecy.wa.gov www.soilsforsalmon.org\n##### Resources\n**Compost Organizations**\n####### **Washington Organic Recycling Council**\nFind a compost producer in your area\nwww.compostwashington.org\n####### **US Composting Council**\nSeal of Testing Assurance (STA) program\nwww.compostingcouncil.org/programs/sta/\n**Restoring the Soil to Protect our Waterways**\nwww.soilsforsalmon.org\nCompost amendment and erosion control\nduring construction: information for builders\nwww.buildingsoil.org\n**Natural Lawn & Garden Care, Soils, and Home**\n**Composting**\n####### **City of Seattle**\nwww.seattle.gov/util/services/yard\n####### **King County**\nwww.kingcounty.gov/soils\n####### **Washington State University**\nwww.puyallup.wsu.edu/soilmgmt/\n###### The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden Blossoms from the Soil\nThank you for your interest in compost.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST\n\n#### A USER'S GUIDE TO COMPOST **The Beauty of Your Lawn & Garden Blossoms from the Soil**\n\nl  Conversions:  9 square feet = 1 square yard;  27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.\nPlot Size # of Sq Feet 1/2” Deep - Mulching 2” Deep - Amending new\nor Top-dressing lawns or gardens\n\n5' x 10' plot 50 sq ft  2.08 cu ft of compost  8.33 cu ft of compost (0.31 cu yd)\n10' x 10' plot 100 sq ft  4.17 cu ft of compost  16.66 cu ft of compost (0.62 cu yd)\n20 x 50' plot 1000 sq ft  41.7 cu ft of compost  166.7 cu ft of compost (6.2 cu yd)\n1 acre  43,600 sq ft  1,815 cu ft of compost (67 cu yd)  7,257 cu ft of compost (268 cu yd)\n\n##### **Question:**     * **I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?** *\nCompost Quantity 1/2” Deep - Mulching 2” Deep - Amending new\nor Top-dressing  lawns or gardens\n\n1 cu ft bag of compost 24 sq foot area 6 sq foot area\n1.5 cu ft bag of compost 36 sq foot area 9 sq foot area\n2.2 cu ft bag of compost 53 sq foot area 13 sq foot area\n2.5 cu ft bag of compost 60 sq foot area 15 sq foot area\n1 cubic yard of compost 648 sq foot area 162 sq foot area\n*Compost Works!  Soil blending trials conducted in 2008 by the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with funding from the Washington Department of Ecology,*\n*demonstrated that compost improves soil structure (lowers bulk density), nutrient availability (increases cation exchange capacity), moisture holding*\n*capacity, and supplies both nutrients that plants need and organic matter that supports soil life.   See the 2008 Soil Blending Trial report at*\n**www.compostwashington.org.**\n##### **Question:**    * **If I buy this much compost, how many square feet will it cover?** *",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#climatechange users to address all three communities together [ 91 ], consolidating climate change as\n\na topic rather than a loosely organized topic. Previous communication studies also confirmed hashtags’\nfunction of serving as a hybrid forum [ 68 ], where heterogeneous individuals coordinate to solve\nproblems at various levels of di ff erent domains [ 92 ]. No similar mechanism was observed in the global\nwarming discourse, suggesting that global warming was less evocative of diverse adjacent sub-themes.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n\n### **PROJECTIONS OVER LAND**\n\n#### How can I get the information and when?\nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available\nthrough a dedicated website.\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised\nvisualisations.  The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users.\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses.  For the\nlatest information visit:\n####### **[http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125](http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125)**\n*UKCP Project Team*\n*July 2017*",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW  What is UKCP18  and why do we need it? What improvements[...]\n\n## **UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n### **OBSERVATIONS**\n###### **Annual report: State of the UK Climate. Downloadable data.**\nThe “State of the UK Climate” report for 2017 will be included as part of the UKCP18 package,\nbringing the observed data right up to date.  This annual update <sup>8</sup> covers trends, the multi-\ndecade climate record and significant weather events such as the early July 2015 hot spell\nand the exceptionally mild and wet December of the same year.\nQuality controlled UK observational datasets from the Met Office observing network, provided\nat spatial resolutions to match the land projections and for pre-defined administrative regions\nand river basins, will be available under an Open Government Licence <sup>9</sup> .  For variables such as\ntemperature and precipitation these data sets will span the late 19th Century to the present\nday and will be provided for daily, monthly, seasonal, annual and long term averages.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf",
+                "query": "How encourage temporally adjacent representations to be predictive of each other ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "One way to encourage temporally  adjacent representations to be predictive of each other  is to ensure that they vary slowly over time. ",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **2 Related Works**\n\n**Slow Features.**  One way to encourage temporally\nadjacent representations to be predictive of each other\nis to ensure that they vary slowly over time. Early\nworks targeting predictive features encouraged represen-\ntations of individual video frames to be locally tempo-\nrally invariant, while preventing representation collapse\nby using spectral methods, as in SFA ( Wiskott and Se-\njnowski , 2002 ), SSA ( Kayser et al. , 2001 ), and Simulated\nFixations ( Zou et al. , 2012 ). More recently, Goroshin\net al. ( 2015 ); Wang et al. ( 2010 ) train a siamese con-\nvolutional network to map the representations of two\nsubsequent frames to the same point, while encouraging\ndistant frames to have diverse representations via a pair-\nwise margin loss and a triplet loss, respectively. Other\nworks ( Oord et al. , 2018 ; Surís et al. , 2021 ; Feichtenhofer\net al. , 2021 ) implement temporal invariance using noise-\ncontrastive estimation ( Gutmann and Hyvärinen , 2012 ).\nOur exploration in this paper goes beyond temporal in-\nvariance and explores feature prediction using masked\nmodeling.\n**Predictive Features.**  Going beyond local invariance,\na family of works trains a predictor network to map the\nrepresentation of a frame or clip at one time-step to a\ndistinct representation at another time-step. Srivastava\net al. ( 2015 ); Vondrick et al. ( 2016 ); Wang et al. ( 2023b )\ntrain such a video feature predictor network on top of\na frozen pretrained image or video encoder. Unfreezing\nthe target feature extractor, several methods train the\nvideo encoder and the predictor network simultaneously,\nwhile preventing collapse by using a supervised action\nforecasting loss ( Girdhar and Grauman , 2021 ), or by\nusing the representations of distant clips as negative",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **1 Introduction**\n\nHumans possess the remarkable ability to map low-level\nsignals originating from the retina into a semantic spatio-\ntemporal understanding of the world; synthesizing no-\ntions such as objects and global motion ( Spelke et al. ,\n1995 ). A long-standing goal of the machine learning\ncommunity is to identify the principles or objectives that\nmay guide such unsupervised learning in humans ( Field ,\n1994 ; Berkes and Wiskott , 2005 ; Hinton , 1989 ). One\nrelated hypothesis is based on the  *predictive feature*\n*principle*  ( Rao and Ballard , 1999 ), which posits that\nrepresentations of temporally adjacent sensory stimuli\nshould be predictive of each other.\nIn this work, we revisit feature prediction as a stand-\nalone objective for unsupervised learning of visual repre-\nsentations from video. Numerous advances in the field —\nsuch as the standard use of transformer architectures in\nvision ( Dosovitskiy et al. , 2020 ), the maturing of masked\nautoencoding frameworks ( Xie et al. , 2021 ; Bao et al. ,\n2021 ; He et al. , 2021 ), query-based feature pooling ( Chen\net al. , 2022 ), joint-embedding predictive architectures\n(JEPA) ( LeCun , 2022 ; Assran et al. , 2023 ; Baevski et al. ,\n2022b ), and larger datasets — form a unique arsenal of\ntools, which we integrate in a modern and conceptually\nsimple method, the  *video joint-embedding predictive ar-*\n*chitecture*  or V-JEPA , which is based solely on feature\nprediction, without using pretrained image encoders,\ntext, negative examples, human annotations, or pixel-\n70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92\n40\n50\n60\n70\n|  |  ecific n SSv  |  pecific n SSv  |  pecific 2  (M  |  ecific VD)  |  fic  |  |  V-J ViT  |  EPA -H/ 16  |  |  |  |  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  |  | Omni ViT-H/  | MAE 16  | Hiera Hiera-H | Video ViT-H | V MAE / 16  | iT-L/ 16  | S task on K  | -tuned c model 400  (Un | -tuned  model ormer) | ed el r)  |  |\n| Vi | oMAEv ViT-g/  | Ev 2 14  |  | I-J  | EPA  | DINOv ViT-g/ | 2 14  |  |  |  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |  | ViT-H  | / 16  |  |  |  |  | e Pred.  | red.  | ed.  |\n|  |  |  |  |  | OpenC ViT-G | LIP / 14  |  |  |  | l Pred. Models  | red. dels | ed. ls |\n**Kinetics 400**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **7 Conclusion**\n\n*ference on computer vision and pattern recognition*  , pages\n2536- 2544, 2016.\nSilvia L Pintea, Jan C van Gemert, and Arnold WM Smeul-\nders. Déja vu: Motion prediction in static images. In\n*Computer Vision- ECCV 2014: 13th European Conference,*\n*Zurich, Switzerland, September 6-12, 2014, Proceedings,*\n*Part III 13*  , pages 172- 187. Springer, 2014.\nAlec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya\nRamesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry,\nAmanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al. Learn-\ning transferable visual models from natural language su-\npervision. In  *International conference on machine learning*  ,\npages 8748- 8763. PMLR, 2021.\nRajesh PN Rao and Dana H Ballard. Predictive coding\nin the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some\nextra-classical receptive-field effects.  *Nature neuroscience*  ,\n2(1):79- 87, 1999.\nOlga Russakovsky, Jia Deng, Hao Su, Jonathan Krause, San-\njeev Satheesh, Sean Ma, Zhiheng Huang, Andrej Karpathy,\nAditya Khosla, Michael Bernstein, Alexander C. Berg, and\nLi Fei-Fei. Imagenet large scale visual recognition chal-\nlenge.  *International Journal of Computer Vision*  , 115(3):\n211- 252, 2015.\nChaitanya Ryali, Yuan-Ting Hu, Daniel Bolya, Chen Wei,\nHaoqi Fan, Po-Yao Huang, Vaibhav Aggarwal, Arka-\nbandhu Chowdhury, Omid Poursaeed, Judy Hoffman, et al.\nHiera: A hierarchical vision transformer without the bells-\nand-whistles.  *arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.00989*  , 2023.\nLaura Sevilla-Lara, Shengxin Zha, Zhicheng Yan, Vedanuj\nGoswami, Matt Feiszli, and Lorenzo Torresani. Only time\ncan tell: Discovering temporal data for temporal modeling.\nIn  *Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF winter conference on*\n*applications of computer vision*  , pages 535- 544, 2021.\nElizabeth S Spelke, Peter Vishton, and Claes Von Hofsten.\nObject perception, object-directed action, and physical\nknowledge in infancy. 1995.\nNitish Srivastava, Elman Mansimov, and Ruslan Salakhudi-\nnov. Unsupervised learning of video representations using\nlstms. In  *International conference on machine learning*  ,\npages 843- 852. PMLR, 2015.\nChen Sun, Austin Myers, Carl Vondrick, Kevin Murphy, and\nCordelia Schmid. Videobert: A joint model for video and\nlanguage representation learning. In  *Proceedings of the*\n*IEEE/CVF international conference on computer vision*  ,\npages 7464- 7473, 2019.\nDídac Surís, Ruoshi Liu, and Carl Vondrick. Learning the pre-\ndictability of the future. In  *Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF*\n*Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition*  ,\npages 12607- 12617, 2021.\nReuben Tan, Matthias De Lange, Michael Iuzzolino, Bryan A\nPlummer, Kate Saenko, Karl Ridgeway, and Lorenzo Tor-\nresani. Multiscale video pretraining for long-term activity\nforecasting.  *arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.12854*  , 2023.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.4 Masking Strategy**\n\nVideoMAEv1 ViT-L/16 K400  *|*  SSv2 380M  *|*  410M 85.4 74.3 ViT-H/16 K400  *|*  SSv2 380M  *|*  410M 86.6 74.8 VideoMAEv2 ViT-H/16 Un.Hybrid 1600M 86.9 76.8\nMVD ViT-L/16 K400+IN1K 2400M 86.4 76.7 ViT-H/16 K400+IN1K 2400M  **87.2 77.3**\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 VideoMix2M 270M 85.6 75.1 ViT-H/16 VideoMix2M 270M 86.6 77.0\nexamine our multi-masking strategy and find that sampling two masks for each clip (long-range and short-range) to\nbe more effective than sampling just a single mask for each clip.\nIn Figure 8c , we explore different average spatial and temporal masking ratio, i.e. the spatial/temporal ratio of\nthe area that is covered by a mask on average for a clip. Recall that each mask is constructed by sampling several\n(possibly overlapping) blocks and taking their union. We change the average spatial or temporal masking ratio by\nchanging a block spatial or temporal size, as well as the overall number of blocks. We found that low spatial or\ntemporal coverage results in a trivial prediction task, which degrades downstream performance. Based on those\nresults, we sample masks that remove roughly 90% of the frame and extend along the entire temporal dimension of\nthe clip by default.\nIn Figure 8b , we explore different block size given an effective spatial masking ratio of 90% and temporal ratio of\n100%. We keep the masking ratio approximately constant by changing the block size and the number of block at the\nsame time. We find that sampling several blocks to perform better than sampling a single large block. Figure 9\nvisually illustrates the effect of sampling several smaller blocks to construct a mask.\nIn Figure 8a , we explore the effect of sampling various number of masks per samples. We find that sampling two\nmasks for each clip, with different spatial block sizes for each, to be more effective than sampling just a single mask.\nWe hypothesize that this masking strategy induces complementary tasks. In our experiment, we use this as our",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **A Extended Related Works**\n\nrepresentations from static images, such as iBOT ( Zhou et al. , 2021 ) and DINOv2 ( Zhou et al. , 2021 ; Oquab et al. ,\n2023 ), the latter is currently the most competitive instantiation of self-supervised learning with static images, scaled\nto a model with over 1.1B parameters trained on a curated dataset of 142M images.\n**Weakly-Supervised Learning from Videos**\nOne family of approaches for learning visual perception from videos relies on weakly-supervised guidance from closed\ncaptioning, often computed from an ASR transcription of audio data accompanying internet videos. For instance,\nVideoBERT ( Sun et al. , 2019 ; Xu et al. , 2021 ) trains a video encoder to predict masked spans in the textual closed\ncaptions. Similarly, VideoCLIP ( Xu et al. , 2021 ) trains a video encoder to predict the representation of video\ncaptions computed by a text encoder. Follow-up work such as MERLOT ( Zellers et al. , 2022 ), VATT ( Akbari et al. ,\n2021 ), and InternVideo ( Wang et al. , 2022 ) extended VideoCLIP by incorporating additional unsupervised objectives.\n**Self-Supervised Learning from Videos**\nSimilar to unsupervised learning from images, a family of unsupervised video representation learning approaches\nenforces a spatio-temporal representation of a video clip to be invariant to hand-crafted spatio-temporal data\naugmentations ( Parthasarathy et al. , 2022 ). However, one obvious insight is that the temporal ordering of visual\ninformation in video can provide implicit supervision. Indeed, this insight is the key insight leveraged by many works\non unsupervised video learning. Towards leveraging temporal information as supervision, some approaches train a\nvisual encoder by predicting the temporal ordering of frames ( Xu et al. , 2019 ; Lee et al. , 2017 ). Other approaches\nseek to predict low-level motion vectors computed from optical flow ( Pintea et al. , 2014 ), or to predict mixing pixels\nin video frames, using either a frame-interpolation objective ( Kalluri et al. , 2023 ) or a denoising autoencoder ( Tong\net al. , 2022 ; Feichtenhofer et al. , 2022 ; Wang et al. , 2023a ).",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.3 Evaluation: Attentive Probing**\n\nNext we explore the feature pooling strategy for apply-\ning the model’s representations in downstream tasks.\nSince the prediction objective in equation ( 1 ) is unnor-\nmalized, there is no a priori reason for the encoder to\nyield a linearly separable subspace ( Chen et al. , 2020 ).\nThus, rather than using a linear operation (averaging)\nto pool the features output of the frozen backbone, we\nexplore a learnable non-linear pooling strategy. Specifi-\ncally, when evaluating the frozen pretrained backbone\non downstream tasks, we learn a cross-attention layer\nwith a learnable query token. The output of the cross-\nattention layer is then added back to the query token\n(residual connection), and then fed into two-layer MLP\n**Table 4**   *Ablating Prediction Task.*  Models are ViT-L/16\nnetworks pretrained on K710 and SSv2 and evaluated with\nan attentive probe using a single center view. The region  *x*  is\nsampled by masking spatio-temporal regions in the video;  *y*  is\nthe mask complement.  **1) random-tube[r]:**   *x*  is obtained by\nmasking a fraction  *r*  of tubes (spatial patches extended across\nthe entire temporal duration) from the video,  **2) causal**\n**multi-block[p]:**   *x*  is restricted to the first  *p*  frames of the\n16-frame video, which are then masked with a random set\nof spatio-temporal blocks,  **3) multi-block**  :  *x*  is obtained\nby masking a random set of spatio-temporal blocks from the\nentire video. Best performance obtained by using multiblock\nmasking.\n*Frozen Evaluation*\n**K400 SSv2 IN1K Masking**  (16  *×*  1  *×*  1) (16  *×*  1  *×*  1)\nrandom-tube[0.9] 51.5 46.4 55.6 causal multi-block[6] 61.3 49.8 66.9 causal multi-block[12] 71.9 63.6 72.2 multi-block **72.9 67.4 72.8**\nwith a single GeLU activation, followed by a LayerNorm,\nand finally a linear classifier.\nIn Table 3 we see that using adaptive pooling with\na learnable cross-attention layer leads to a significant\nimprovement of +17 points on K400 and +16  *.*  1 points\non SSv2. Using an attentive-probe is also beneficial for\nother baseline models as reported in Appendix E .",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **6 Evaluating the Predictor**\n\nstrate an understanding of object-permanence, as the\nvisual objects remain consistent after partial occlusion.\n**Frozen**\nx-encoder predictor decoder\n**(a) Visualization Methodology.**  We train a conditional diffusion model to decode the V-JEPA feature-space predictions to\ninterpretable pixels; the pretrained V-JEPA encoder and predictor networks are kept frozen in this process. The decoder is\nonly fed the representations predicted for the missing regions of the video, and does not have access to the unmasked regions\nof the video.\n**(b) Visualizations.**   *First Row:*  Masked videos used as input to the V-JEPA models (a pretrained ViT-H/16 encoder and its\ncorresponding predictor network).  *Other rows:*  Bounding boxes contain various samples from the decoder overlayed on the\noriginal video. V-JEPA is not a generative model and the decoder does not have access to the context (first row), so we do\nnot expect samples to exactly match the input. This experiment qualitatively illustrates what information is encoded and\npredicted by V-JEPA. In particular, characteristics that are common across samples represent information that is encoded in\nthe V-JEPA predictions. V-JEPA generates predictions that are spatially and temporally coherent with unmask region of the\nvideo. The predictions also capture consistent motion through time.\n**Figure 6**   *Qualitative Analysis.*  Offline visualizations of the V-JEPA feature-space predictions.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **6 Evaluating the Predictor**\n\nNext, we seek to qualitatively inspect the V-JEPA mod-\nels. Recall that the predictor network in V-JEPA predicts\nthe representations of a masked spatio-temporal region  *y*\nfrom a visible region  *x*  , given the positional information\nof the masked regions (see Section 3 ). To qualitatively in-\nvestigate the grounding of the feature-space predictions,\nwe freeze the pretrained encoder and predictor networks\nand train a conditional diffusion decoder to map the\nV-JEPA predictions to interpretable pixels. Notably, the\ndecoder is only fed the representations predicted for the\nmissing regions of the video, and does not have access\nto the unmasked regions of the video (see Figure 6a ).\nGiven a masked video, we use the V-JEPA pretrained\nmodels to predict the representations of the missing\nregions, and then use the decoder to project the rep-\nresentations to pixel space. Figure 6b shows decoder\noutputs for various random seeds. Qualities that are\ncommon across samples represent information that is\ncontained in the predictor representation.\nFigure 6b shows that the V-JEPA feature predictions\nare indeed grounded, and exhibit spatio-temporal con-\nsistency with the unmasked regions of the video. Specif-\nically, the samples in Figure 6b show that the V-JEPA\npredictor correctly captures positional uncertainty and\nproduces a variety of visual objects at various locations\nwith consistent motion. Some of the samples also demon-",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.4 Prediction Task: Predicting**   *y*   **from**   *x*\n\n*Frozen Evaluation w/ Att. Pooling*   *Fine-Tuning*\n**#Samples K400 SSv2 AVA IN1K Places205 iNat21 K400-ft SSv2-ft Method Arch. Seen Iter.**  (16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3) (16  *×*  5  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n*Methods pretrained using pixel prediction*\nOmniMAE ViT-L/16 2400M 1170K 65.6 60.6 14.4  **75.1**  59.8 66.1 84.0 74.2 VideoMAE ViT-L/16 410M 400K 77.8 65.5 21.6 71.1 59.3 64.6 85.4 74.3 Hiera Hiera-L 770M 1500K 75.5 64.2 15.8 68.9 58.5 56.9  **87.3 75.1**\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 270M 90K  **80.8 69.5 25.6**  74.8  **60.3 67.8**  85.6  **75.1**\n**Table 6**   *Comparison with State-of-the-Art Models.*  We compare V-JEPA with state-of-the-art baselines in frozen evaluation\nwith an attentive probe on downstream image tasks (IN1K, Place205, iNat21) and video tasks (K400, SSv2, AVA). All models\nare evaluated at resolution 224, except I-JEPA 512 and V-JEPA 384 which are evaluated respectively at resolution 512 and\n384 . On K400 and SSv2 we follow the standard practice of reporting accuracy from several spatial and temporal views\nfrom the video. Compared to other video baselines, V-JEPA exhibits a consistent improvement across all downstream tasks.\nCompared to image-models that excel under the frozen evaluation, V-JEPA shows a significant performance improvement on\ntasks requiring motion understanding (+21 points on SSv2), and reduces the gap between video and image models on tasks\nrequiring static appearance-based features.\n*Video Tasks*   *Image Tasks*\n**K400 SSv2 AVA IN1K Places205 iNat21 Method Arch. Params. Data**  (16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n*Methods pretrained on Images*\nI-JEPA ViT-H/16 512 630M IN22K 79.7 50.0 19.8 84.4 66.5 85.7 OpenCLIP ViT-G/14 1800M LAION 81.8 34.8 23.2 85.3  **70.2**  83.6 DINOv2 ViT-g/14 1100M LVD-142M  **83.4**  50.6 24.3  **86.2**  68.4  **88.8**\n*Methods pretrained on Videos*\nMVD ViT-L/16 200M IN1K+K400 79.4 66.5 19.7 73.3 59.4 65.7 OmniMAE ViT-H/16 630M IN1K+SSv2 71.4 65.4 16.0 76.3 60.6 72.4 VideoMAE ViT-H/16 630M K400 79.8 66.2 20.7 72.3 59.1 65.5 VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 1100M Un.Hybrid 71.2 61.2 12.9 71.4 60.6 68.3 Hiera Hiera-H 670M K400 77.0 64.7 17.5 71.4 59.5 61.7\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 200M VideoMix2M 80.8 69.5 25.6 74.8 60.3 67.8 ViT-H/16 630M  **82.0**  71.4  **25.8**  75.9 61.7 67.9 ViT-H/16 384 630M 81.9  **72.2**  25.0  **77.4 62.8 72.6**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **3 Methodology: Video-JEPA**\n\nx\nx-encoder\npredictor z\ny\ny-encoder\nD( ˆ s y , s y ) ˆ s y s y\n**Figure 2**  Joint-Embedding Predictive Architectures are\ntrained to predict the representation of an input  *y*  from\nthe representation of another input  *x*  . The additional vari-\nable  *z*  provides the predictor with information about the\ntransformation that computes  *y*  from  *x*  .\nOur goal is to explore the effectiveness of feature pre-\ndiction as a stand-alone objective for learning visual\nrepresentations from video. To that end, we use a\njoint-embedding predictive architecture (JEPA) ( LeCun ,\n2022 ); see Figure 2 . The main idea behind a JEPA is\nto learn by predicting the representation of an input  *y*\nfrom the representation of another input  *x*  . The basic\narchitecture is made up of an encoder,  *E* *θ* (  *·*  ) , which com- putes the representation of the inputs, and a predictor,\n*P* *φ* (  *·*  ) , which predicts the representation of  *y*  from the representation of  *x*  , conditioned on a variable  *z*  indicat-\ning the transformation (or corruption) between  *x*  and\n*y*  . Conditioning on  *z*  enables the generation of distinct\npredictions for various transformations of  *x*  .",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf",
+                "query": "What does mean the JEPA acronym ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": " joint-embedding predictive architecture (JEPA)",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#epa, short for the United States Environmental Protection Agency founded in 1970, an agency\naiming at protecting environment.",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with IAM**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\n##### **Authorization - PARC**\n\n###### **Resources**\n\n###### **Principals**\nIAM implements  *authentication*  , proving who an entity claims to be, with  *principals,*  which are\nentities such as IAM users, federated users from Google, Facebook, etc, IAM roles, AWS accounts,\nand AWS services.\nFundamentals\n**Tip**\nAn IAM role is identical in function to an IAM user, with the important distinction that it\nis not uniquely associated with one entity, but assumable by many entities. Typically, IAM\nroles correspond to a job function.\nA loose analogy for IAM roles are that of professional uniforms: a surgeon's scrubs, a firefighter's\nhardhat, or a startup CTO's favorite hoodie. Many people can  *assume the role*  of a surgeon,\nfirefighter, and startup CTO, which identifies them with a certain job function.\nOne of the most useful things about IAM roles is they can be associated not only with human\nentities, but also with AWS services. These types of roles are known as  *service roles*  . This means you\ncan assign an IAM role directly to a service. With an IAM role assigned to the service instance, you\ncan then associate specific IAM policies with the instance role, so that the service instance itself can\naccess other AWS services. This is extremely useful for automation.\n##### **Authorization - PARC**\nSo far we've been talking about principals. Principals represent the  **authentication**  component. For\nauthorization, you will attach JSON documents called  *IAM policies*  to principals.\n**Principals**\nAs mentioned,  *principals*  are the entities that are allowed or denied access.\n###### **Actions**\n*Actions*  are the type of access that is allowed or denied. Actions are commonly AWS service API\ncalls that represent create, read, describe, list, update, and delete semantics.\n###### **Resources**\n*Resources*  are the AWS resources the action will act upon.\nAll AWS resources are identified by an [Amazon Resource Name (ARN)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/aws-arns-and-namespaces.html) . Because AWS services are\ndeployed all over the world, ARNs function like an addressing system to precisely locate a specific\ncomponent. ARNs have hierarchical structures:",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n#### **11.5.5  ARSYSPIN and sample APKACIF exit on z/OS**\n\nThe JES Spool Capture facility  **ARSYSPIN**  and the sample  **APKACIF**  exit are provided on z/OS.\n**ARSYSPIN**  provides a means to collect and consolidate the JES spool (SYSOUT) dataset into\none or more files so they can be archived by Content Manager OnDemand. The facility runs\nas a started task in its own address space. A control statement file is used to provide\n**ARSYSPIN**  parameters. These parameters specify JES Spool file selection criteria (for\nexample, the sysout class that is taken for Capture output) and other operational\ncharacteristics.\n**ARSYSPIN**  creates an intermediate output file that contains one or more spool files from one or\nmore jobs. The intermediate output file is indexed and stored in Content Manager OnDemand\nby using the  **ARSLOAD**  program.  **ARSYSPIN**  invokes  **ARSLOAD**  when sufficient data is captured in\nthe intermediate output file.  **ARSLOAD**  calls the indexer program (  **APKACIF**  ) to extract the index\nvalues from the data and store them in an index file.  **ARSLOAD**  adds these index values to the\ndatabase and stores the data object. If you want, you can use  **ARSYSPIN**  exits to augment the\ndata stream.\nIn particular, the  **ARSYSPIN**  Input Exit (UX03) and Separator Exit (UX06) provide substantially\nmore information about the job that produced the spool file that is being processed than what\nis available at the time when  **APKACIF**  (or another indexer program) is driven by Content\nManager OnDemand. In addition, the processing impact of driving  **ARSYSPIN**  exit routines is\nlower than the impact that is associated with the indexer exit routines, such as  **ARSSPVIN**  .\n**ARSSPVIN**  is a sample  **APKACIF**  input exit that is provided with  **ARSYSPIN**  to introduce additional\nindex values into the data stream, by using a “trailer” record. Trailer records are inserted at\nthe end of the JESMSGLG data. They reflect the highest severity condition (a step completion\ncode, an ABEND code, or another type of problem, such as a JCL error) that is observed in\nmessages that are contained within these spool files.\n**Special considerations for APKACIF exits that are written in COBOL**\nThe provided sample exit is written as a COBOL main program. To prevent the IBM Language\nEnvironment® from creating and destroying the COBOL runtime environment each time that",
+                    "page_start": 298,
+                    "page_end": 299,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with IAM**\n\n#### **Fundamentals**\n\nprincipals, so that common policies can be re-used for many roles, services, etc.\nThe Effect is Allow , so this is a policy that explicitly grants access. This is the most common type\nof policy. You can write policies that explicitly Deny access as well.\nThe Action is an array of multiple actions that permit using EC2 to run instances and describe\ninstance metadata. Actions can be a single action, or multiple actions in an array like depicted here.\nThere is no specific ARN in the Resource field, but instead * , which is a wildcard character that\nmeans this policy applies to all resources.\nFinally, we have a Condition set that applies this policy only if the caller's IP address matches\nexactly 12.34.56.78. Conditions are optional, and do not need to be specified if the policy is to be\napplied unconditionally.\nIAM policies can be combined, each with varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity. The net\neffect of combining policies is fine-grained access control for every resource in an AWS account.\nFundamentals\n##### **How policies are evaluated**\nFor IAM principals, requests to AWS are implicitly  * **denied** *  . This means that if no policies are\nattached to a principal, IAM's default behavior is to deny access.\nNext, if the principal does have an attached policy, and there is an explicit allow, the implicit deny\nis overridden. However, an explicit deny in any policy overrides any allows. In complex situations,\nthere can be additional steps, but the following diagram represents this simplified model of how\nIAM evaluates identity based policies:\n**Warning**\nIdentity based policies do not affect the  **root user**  , so actions taken by the  **root user**\naccount are implicitly  * **allowed** *  .\nThe root user is special in this regard and is the  **only**  principal that has this type of access.\nFundamentals",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\n(g)  “member of a diplomatic mission” means the “head of the mission”, “members of the\ndiplomatic staff”, “members of the administrative and technical staff” and “members of\nthe service staff” as defined in Schedule 1 to the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964(  **b**  );\n(h)  “relevant person” means—\n(i)  where P is to attend or facilitate a G7 event on behalf of a State, a foreign territory or\nan organisation, the head of the relevant mission or post, the office representing the\nforeign territory in the United Kingdom or the organisation,\n(ii)  where P is to attend or facilitate a G7 event on their own behalf, P.\n(5)  This paragraph is without prejudice to any immunity from jurisdiction or inviolability which\nis accorded to any person described in sub-paragraph (1) or (2) under the law of England and\nWales apart from these Regulations.\n**2.**  —(1) A Crown servant or government contractor where they are—\n(a)  required to undertake essential government work related to the United Kingdom border in\nthe United Kingdom within the period during which they would, but for this paragraph,\nhave had to self-isolate in accordance with regulation 9; or\n(b)  undertaking essential government work related to the United Kingdom border outside of\nthe United Kingdom but—\n\n(  **a**  ) 1968 c. 18. There are amendments but none is relevant.\n(  **b**  ) 1964 c. 81. There are amendments but none is relevant.\n(i)  are required to return to the United Kingdom temporarily,\n(ii)  will thereafter depart to undertake essential government work related to the United\nKingdom border outside of the United Kingdom.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) and paragraph 3—\n(a)  “Crown servant” has the meaning given in section 12(1)(a) to (e) of the Official Secrets\nAct 1989(  **a**  );\n(b)  “essential government work” means work which has been designated as such by the\nrelevant Department or employer;\n(c)  “government contractor” has the meaning given in section 12(2) of the Official Secrets\nAct 1989.\n**3.**  —(1) A person who is a Crown servant, a government contractor, or a member of a visiting\nforce, who—\n(a)  is required to undertake work necessary to the delivery of essential defence activities;\n(b)  has travelled from a point of origin within the common travel area or from a category 1\ncountry or territory on a vessel or aircraft operated by, or in support of, Her Majesty’s",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Focusing on core serverless services**\n\n### **Common serverless services**\n\n#### **Security, identity & compliance**\n-  **IAM**  - identity and access management; provides policies to authorize service resources to\ninteract with each other and your data.\n-  **Amazon Cognito**  - authentication and authorization of users and systems\n-  **AWS Secrets Manager**  - manage access to secrets using fine-grained policies",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\n(d)  “nuclear site licence” has the meaning given in section 1 of the Nuclear Installations Act\n1965(  **a**  ).\n**25.**  An inspector from the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, within the\nmeaning given to “inspector” by section 24(e) of the Chemical Weapons Act 1996(  **b**  ), who has\ntravelled to the United Kingdom for the purposes of an inspection.\n**26.**  —(1) A person who is—\n(a)  carrying out a critical function at a space site or spacecraft controller who is responsible\nfor command and control of a launch vehicle or spacecraft for nominal operations,\ncollision avoidance or anomalies; or\n(b)  employed by, or contracted to provide services to, a person who operates or maintains\nspace situational awareness capabilities,\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “space site” has the meaning given in paragraph 5(3) of Schedule 4 to the Space Industry\nAct 2018(  **c**  );\n(b)  “space situational awareness capabilities” means the sensors, systems and analytical\nservices needed to provide time-sensitive warnings of space weather events, orbital\ncollisions, orbital fragmentations or the re-entry of man-made objects from orbit;\n(c)  “spacecraft” has the meaning given in section 2(6) of the Space Industry Act 2018;\n(d)  “spacecraft controller” means a person competent, authorised and responsible for\nmaintaining safe and secure operation of spacecraft through monitoring the status of a\nspacecraft, issuing manoeuvre commands or controlling other aspects of the spacecraft\nthat influence its behaviour including its motion in space.\n**27.**  —(1) A specialist aerospace engineer, or a specialist aerospace worker, where they have\ntravelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “specialist aerospace engineer” means a person who is employed or otherwise engaged to\nprovide engineering services for the purpose of ensuring the continued operation of\naviation activities (including but not limited to the provision of maintenance and repair\nservices for production lines, aviation components, grounded aircraft and new aircraft);\n(b)  “specialist aerospace worker” means a person who is employed or otherwise engaged to\nprovide services for the purpose of ensuring safety management and quality assurance as\nrequired by relevant standards, guidance and publications on aviation safety produced by\nthe Civil Aviation Authority or the European Union Aviation Safety Agency(  **d**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with IAM**\n\nInteractions with AWS services and resources by developers and entities require:\n-  **Authentication**  : proof that the entity requesting access is who they claim to be\n-  **Authorization**  : actions that are allowed or denied",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 14. Report distribution\n\n### **14.4  Customizable user exits**\n\n#### **14.4.1  arsodfxa: Spool file dataset allocation attributes exit**\nYou can use the  **arsodfxa**  spool file dataset preallocation exit to modify the currently defined\nODF JES spool file dataset output parameter definitions that are used for dynamic allocation\nof the report and manifest JES spool file datasets. The  **arsodfxa**  exit is called when ODF\ndetects a non-blank Customer Variables field in either the ODF distribution or report bundle\ndefinition, but only if the field value is not set to DO NOT SCHED or NOSCHED.\nThe output parameters that are specified in the report bundle definition and the output\nparameter string are passed to the  **arsodfxa**  exit. The exit can modify the output parameter\nstring. The string that is returned from the user exit is used to allocate the JES spool file\ndatasets for the report bundle and manifest JES spool file datasets.",
+                    "page_start": 352,
+                    "page_end": 352,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 1\n\n##### Introductory\n\n###### **Interpretation and introduction of Schedules 1 to 4**\n\n(  **c**  ) Category 2 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Amber List” countries and territories.\n(  **d**  ) Category 3 countries and territories are referred to colloquially and in guidance as “Red List” countries and territories.\n(  **e**  ) 1971 c. 77; section 1(3) provides that the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and the Republic of Ireland\nare collectively referred to in that Act as “the common travel area”.\n(  **f**  ) S.I. 2002/618.\n(  **g**  ) 2010 c. 15.\n(  **h**  ) Paragraph 1 was amended by paragraph 3 of Schedule 3 to the Health Protection Agency Act 2004 (c. 17), and by S.I.\n1993/1813.\n4\n“passenger” means a person travelling on a conveyance who is not a member of the\nconveyance’s crew;\n“passenger information” has the meaning given in regulation 3(1);\n“Passenger Locator Form” means the form published electronically by the Secretary of State\nfor the provision of passenger information(  **a**  );\n“port”, except where the context otherwise requires, means—\n(a)  any port (including a seaport, airport or heliport), or\n(b)  a place which is an authorised terminal control point for international services for the\npurposes of sections 11 and 12 of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987(  **b**  );\n“qualifying test” means a test that is a qualifying test for the purposes of regulation 4;\n“relevant service” means a commercial transport service carrying passengers travelling to\nEngland from outside the common travel area, other than a shuttle service;\n“Schedule 11 passenger” means a passenger to whom Schedule 11 (additional measures\napplicable to arrivals from category 3 countries or territories) applies;\n“self-isolate” has the meaning given in regulation 9(2), and “self-isolation” and “self-\nisolating” are to be construed accordingly;\n“the Self-Isolation Regulations” means the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions)\n(Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020(  **c**  );\n“sensitivity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a positive\nresult;\n“shuttle service” has the meaning given in section 1(9) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987;\n“specificity”, in relation to a device, means how often the device correctly generates a\nnegative result;\n“tunnel system” has the meaning given in section 1(7) of the Channel Tunnel Act 1987.\n(2)  For the purposes of these Regulations, an individual has responsibility for a child if the\nindividual—\n(a)  has custody or charge of the child for the time being, or",
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+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the average performance of the ViT-L/16 architecture on the K710 dataset with 700k samples ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
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+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **5 Comparison with Prior Work**\n\n### **5.2 Comparison with State-of-the-Art**\n\nprobe. We train the probes in several low-shot settings: using either 5% of the train set, 10%, or 50%, and take 3 random\nsplits in each setting to obtain more robust metrics, resulting in 9 different evaluation experiments for each model. We report\nthe mean performances and standard deviation using the K400 and SSv2 validation sets. V-JEPA is more label-efficient than\nother models; specifically, decreasing the available number of labeled examples from each class increases the performance gap\nbetween V-JEPA and the baselines.\n*Frozen Evaluation*\n**K400 SSv2**\n(16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n5% 10% 50% 5% 10% 50% **Method Arch.**  (  *∼*  29 samples per class) (  *∼*  58 samples per class) (  *∼*  287 samples per class) (  *∼*  48 samples per class) (  *∼*  96 samples per class) (  *∼*  440 samples per class)\nMVD ViT-L/16 62.6  *±*  0.2 68.3  *±*  0.2 77.2  *±*  0.3 42.9  *±*  0.8 49.5  *±*  0.6 61.0  *±*  0.2 VideoMAE ViT-H/16 62.3  *±*  0.3 68.5  *±*  0.2 78.2  *±*  0.1 41.4  *±*  0.8 48.1  *±*  0.2 60.5  *±*  0.4 VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 37.0  *±*  0.3 48.8  *±*  0.4 67.8  *±*  0.1 28.0  *±*  1.0 37.3  *±*  0.3 54.0  *±*  0.3\nV-JEPA ViT-H/16 67.0  *±*  0.2 72.1  *±*  0.1 80.2  *±*  0.2 51.9  *±*  0.3 57.5  *±*  0.4 67.3  *±*  0.2 ViT-H/16 384 **68.2**   *±*   **0.2 72.8**   *±*   **0.2 80.6**   *±*   **0.2 54.0**   *±*   **0.2 59.3**   *±*   **0.5 67.9**   *±*   **0.2**\nlayer attentive probe, which can be further improved to\n**77**   *.*   **9**  % using a two-layer attentive probe. More generally,\nwe hypothesize that the datasets used to train V-JEPA\nand other video models are too constrained and lack the\nvisual diversity of the internet-scale pretraining data used\nby the images models; as such, there is value in focusing\nfuture work on building diverse publicly available video\ndatasets.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.2 Finetuning**\nIn Table 15 , we evaluate V-JEPA using finetuning (separately) on K400 and SSv2. We compare V-JEPA with\nVideoMAEv2 ( Wang et al. , 2023a ), VideoMAE ( Tong et al. , 2022 ) and MVD ( Wang et al. , 2023b ) using a ViT-L/16\nor a ViT-H/16 architecture. V-JEPA obtains competitive performance using a finetuning protocol. With a ViTiH/16\narchitecture, V-JEPA outperforms by 1  *.*  2% VideoMAE and +0  *.*  3% VideoMAEv2 on the SSv2 dataset, while obtaining\ncomparable performance on K400. V-JEPA also obtains performance similar to MVD on the SSv2 dataset. The\nMVD model achieves the best performance across models on the K400 dataset, and is trained using the image\ndataset ImageNet1K, in contrast to the other methods in the table, which only use video data. Additionally MVD\nrequires the processing of significantly more samples during pretraining due to the cost of training the teacher\nencoder networks in a pre-pre-training step.",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.4 Prediction Task: Predicting**   *y*   **from**   *x*\n\n*Frozen Evaluation w/ Att. Pooling*   *Fine-Tuning*\n**#Samples K400 SSv2 AVA IN1K Places205 iNat21 K400-ft SSv2-ft Method Arch. Seen Iter.**  (16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3) (16  *×*  5  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n*Methods pretrained using pixel prediction*\nOmniMAE ViT-L/16 2400M 1170K 65.6 60.6 14.4  **75.1**  59.8 66.1 84.0 74.2 VideoMAE ViT-L/16 410M 400K 77.8 65.5 21.6 71.1 59.3 64.6 85.4 74.3 Hiera Hiera-L 770M 1500K 75.5 64.2 15.8 68.9 58.5 56.9  **87.3 75.1**\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 270M 90K  **80.8 69.5 25.6**  74.8  **60.3 67.8**  85.6  **75.1**\n**Table 6**   *Comparison with State-of-the-Art Models.*  We compare V-JEPA with state-of-the-art baselines in frozen evaluation\nwith an attentive probe on downstream image tasks (IN1K, Place205, iNat21) and video tasks (K400, SSv2, AVA). All models\nare evaluated at resolution 224, except I-JEPA 512 and V-JEPA 384 which are evaluated respectively at resolution 512 and\n384 . On K400 and SSv2 we follow the standard practice of reporting accuracy from several spatial and temporal views\nfrom the video. Compared to other video baselines, V-JEPA exhibits a consistent improvement across all downstream tasks.\nCompared to image-models that excel under the frozen evaluation, V-JEPA shows a significant performance improvement on\ntasks requiring motion understanding (+21 points on SSv2), and reduces the gap between video and image models on tasks\nrequiring static appearance-based features.\n*Video Tasks*   *Image Tasks*\n**K400 SSv2 AVA IN1K Places205 iNat21 Method Arch. Params. Data**  (16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n*Methods pretrained on Images*\nI-JEPA ViT-H/16 512 630M IN22K 79.7 50.0 19.8 84.4 66.5 85.7 OpenCLIP ViT-G/14 1800M LAION 81.8 34.8 23.2 85.3  **70.2**  83.6 DINOv2 ViT-g/14 1100M LVD-142M  **83.4**  50.6 24.3  **86.2**  68.4  **88.8**\n*Methods pretrained on Videos*\nMVD ViT-L/16 200M IN1K+K400 79.4 66.5 19.7 73.3 59.4 65.7 OmniMAE ViT-H/16 630M IN1K+SSv2 71.4 65.4 16.0 76.3 60.6 72.4 VideoMAE ViT-H/16 630M K400 79.8 66.2 20.7 72.3 59.1 65.5 VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 1100M Un.Hybrid 71.2 61.2 12.9 71.4 60.6 68.3 Hiera Hiera-H 670M K400 77.0 64.7 17.5 71.4 59.5 61.7\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 200M VideoMix2M 80.8 69.5 25.6 74.8 60.3 67.8 ViT-H/16 630M  **82.0**  71.4  **25.8**  75.9 61.7 67.9 ViT-H/16 384 630M 81.9  **72.2**  25.0  **77.4 62.8 72.6**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.1 Frozen Evaluation.**\n\n*Linear vs. Attentive probe*  Table 12 shows that V-JEPA and VideoMAE benefit from using a non-linear attentive\nprobe and multiple clips on the K400 and SSv2 downstream tasks. Additionally, Table 13 shows that attentive\nprobing leads to better performance on average for DINOv2 and OpenCLIP models. Since attentive probing and\nmulticlips eval improves the performance of all models, we use it as our default protocol in frozen evaluation.\n**Table 11 Finetuning Evaluation hyper-parameters.**\nHyper-parameter K400 SSv2\n*data* num_segments 1 num_frames 16 sampling_rate 4 resolution 224\n*model* model_name ViT-L/16 ViT-H/16 ViT-L/16 ViT-H/16 drop_path 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 head_drop_rate 0. 0. 0.5 0.5\n*optimization* batch_size 256 1024 256 256 epochs 35 25 15 15 opt adamw opt_eps 0.00000001 momentum 0.9 weight_decay 0.05 lr 0.002 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 layer_decay 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 warmup_lr 1e-6 1e-8 1e-6 1e-6 min_lr 1e-6 1e-5 1.5e-4 1.5e-3 warmup_epochs 5\n*augmentations* color_jitter 0.4 horizontal_flip True True False False num_sample 2 aa rand-m7-n4-mstd0.5-inc1 smoothing 0.1 train_interpolation bicubic test_num_segment 5 5 2 2 test_num_crop 3 3 3 3\n*erase* prob 0.25 mode pixel count 1 split False\n*mixup* mixup 0.8 cutmix 1.0 mixup_prob 1.0 mixup_switch_prob 0.5 mixup_mode batch\n**Table 12 Linear vs. Attentive Probe Evaluation for V-JEPA and VideoMAE.**  We evaluate the effect of linear (Lin.)\nand attentive (Att.) probing when adapting V-JEPA to the K400 ( 16  *×*  5  *×*  3 ) and SSv2 (16  *×*  2  *×*  2) tasks. V-JEPA and VideoMAE benefit from using a non-linear attentive probe.\n**K400 SSv2 Method Arch.**  Lin. Att. Lin. Att.\nVideoMAE ViT-L/16 52.5 77.8 41.3 61.2 V-JEPA ViT-L/16 56.7  **80.8**  50.1  **69.5**\n**Table 13 Linear vs. Attentive Probe Evaluation for DINOv2 and OpenCLIP.**  We evaluate the effect of linear (Lin.)",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.4 Masking Strategy**\n\nVideoMAEv1 ViT-L/16 K400  *|*  SSv2 380M  *|*  410M 85.4 74.3 ViT-H/16 K400  *|*  SSv2 380M  *|*  410M 86.6 74.8 VideoMAEv2 ViT-H/16 Un.Hybrid 1600M 86.9 76.8\nMVD ViT-L/16 K400+IN1K 2400M 86.4 76.7 ViT-H/16 K400+IN1K 2400M  **87.2 77.3**\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 VideoMix2M 270M 85.6 75.1 ViT-H/16 VideoMix2M 270M 86.6 77.0\nexamine our multi-masking strategy and find that sampling two masks for each clip (long-range and short-range) to\nbe more effective than sampling just a single mask for each clip.\nIn Figure 8c , we explore different average spatial and temporal masking ratio, i.e. the spatial/temporal ratio of\nthe area that is covered by a mask on average for a clip. Recall that each mask is constructed by sampling several\n(possibly overlapping) blocks and taking their union. We change the average spatial or temporal masking ratio by\nchanging a block spatial or temporal size, as well as the overall number of blocks. We found that low spatial or\ntemporal coverage results in a trivial prediction task, which degrades downstream performance. Based on those\nresults, we sample masks that remove roughly 90% of the frame and extend along the entire temporal dimension of\nthe clip by default.\nIn Figure 8b , we explore different block size given an effective spatial masking ratio of 90% and temporal ratio of\n100%. We keep the masking ratio approximately constant by changing the block size and the number of block at the\nsame time. We find that sampling several blocks to perform better than sampling a single large block. Figure 9\nvisually illustrates the effect of sampling several smaller blocks to construct a mask.\nIn Figure 8a , we explore the effect of sampling various number of masks per samples. We find that sampling two\nmasks for each clip, with different spatial block sizes for each, to be more effective than sampling just a single mask.\nWe hypothesize that this masking strategy induces complementary tasks. In our experiment, we use this as our",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.4 Masking Strategy**\n\nAn important component of the V-JEPA pretraining strategy is the 3D clip masking strategy. In this section, we\ndetail 26 ablation experiments exploring different masks. For all the experiments, we pretrain a ViT-B/16 pretrained\non K400. Figure 8 presents a summary of those results.\nFigure 8c shows the effect of changing the spatial and temporal masking ratio. Figure 8b ablates the number of\nsampled blocks used to construct the masks given a fixed effective masking ratio of 90% . Finally, in Figure 8a we\n**Table 14 Temporal Coverage on Kinetics-400.**  We evaluate the effect of temporal coverage on K400. We train an attentive\nprobe on K400 using either 1 clip (  *≈*  2 seconds of a video) or 8 clips (  *≈*  16 seconds of a video). To sample  *N*  clips, we first divide a video in  *N*  equal-length temporal segments and sample one clip at random per segment. The video encoder processes\neach clip in parallel and all the encoder output tokens are concatenated at the input of the attentive probe. Increasing the\ntemporal coverage from 1 clip per video to 8 clips significantly improves the performance for both our VideoMAE baseline\nand V-JEPA.\n**Method Arch.**  1 Clip 8 Clips\nVideoMAE ViT-L/16 69.4 77.8\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 73.7 80.9\n**Table 15 Finetuning results.**  We evaluate a V-JEPA model with the finetuning protocol on the K400 and SSv2 datasets\nusing 16 frames per clip and multi-view fusion (5  *×*  3 or 2 × 3 ) for inference. The  **#Samples Seen**  entry corresponds to the number of video clips processed during pretraining, which is larger than the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch\ntraining. We compare V-JEPA with different video self-supervised learning approaches. We report the VideoMAEv2 results\nwithout instruction-turning for consistency with the other approaches. V-JEPA obtains competitive performance using the\nfinetuning protocol.\n**Method Arch. Pretraining Data #Samples Seen K400 SSv2**\n(16  *×*  5  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **E Extra Results**\n\n### **E.4 Masking Strategy**\n\ndefault masks sampling.\n**Table 16 Sample efficiency.**  We compare the sample efficiency of pretraining various state-of-the-art image and video models.\nThe  **#Samples Seen**  entry corresponds to the number of samples (image or video clips) processed by the network during\npretraining, which is larger than the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch training. The V-JEPA results in this\npaper are obtained while processing an order of magnitude fewer samples than previous methods.\n**Method Arch. Data #Samples Seen**\nOpenCLIP ViT-G/14 LAION-2B 39000M DINOv2 ViT-g/14 LVD 142M 1900M VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 UnlabeledHybrid 1600M V-JEPA ViT-H/16 384 VideoMix2M 210M\n1 2 3\n50\n51\n52\n53\n54\n55\n**Number of Masks per Samples**\n**Kinetics 400**\nAblating Number of Masks per Sample\n**(a)**\n1 2 4 8 16\n47\n48\n49\n50\n**Number of Blocks per Mask**\n**Kinetics 400**\nAblating Number of Blocks per Mask\n**(b)**\n25 50 75 90 0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n**Spatial Masking Ratio**\n**Kinetics 400**\nAblating Masking Ratio\n**Temporal Masking Ratio**\n100%\n75%\n50%\n**(c)**\n**Figure 8 Masking Strategy Ablation.**  Evaluating a linear probe on a ViT-B/16 pretrained with V-JEPA on K400 under\nvarious 3D Multi-Block masking settings. We examine the impact of  **(a)**  sampling several masks per video,  **(b)**  varying the\nnumber of blocks in a mask, and  **(c)**  varying the average spatial and temporal masking ratio. A temporal masking ratio of\n100% extends the spatial mask across all the frames in the clip. We find it important to maintain a high spatial and temporal\nmasking ratio during pretraining.\n**(a)**  Num. Blocks: 8, Spatial Block Size: 32  *×*  32\n**(b)**  Num. Blocks: 4, Spatial Block Size: 80  *×*  80\n**(c)**  Num. Blocks: 2, Spatial Block Size: 160  *×*  160\n**Figure 9**  Illustration of mask with number of blocks and block size. Each mask is constructed by sampling several (possibly\noverlapping) blocks and taking their union.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **3 Methodology: Video-JEPA**\n\n### **3.4 Pretraining Data and Evaluation Setup**\n\n**Pretraining.**  We combine several public datasets to\nconstruct an unsupervised video pretraining dataset,\nwhich we refer to as VideoMix2M. Specifically, we com-\nbine the videos from HowTo100M (HT) ( Miech et al. ,\n2019 ), Kinetics-400/600/700 (K710) ( Kay et al. , 2017 ),\nand Something-Something-v2 (SSv2) ( Goyal et al. , 2017 ),\nand remove any overlap with the validation sets of\nKinetics-400/600/700 and Something-Something-v2, re-\nsulting in approximately 2 million videos. We train a\nViT-L/16, a ViT-H/16, and a ViT-H/16 384 transformer model on VideoMix2M. We use a batch size of 3072 for\nthe ViT-L/16 and ViT-H/16 models, and a batch size\nof 2400 for the ViT-H/16 384 model. Each model takes as input a video clip of 16 frames sampled with a frame-\nskip of 4, corresponding to roughly 3 second clips on\naverage. The ViT-L/16 and ViT-H/16 process the video\nat a spatial resolution of 224, while the ViT-H/16 384\nuses an input resolution of 384; cf. Appendix C .\n4\n**Table 1**   *Pixels vs. Featurized Targets.*  We ablate the effect of computing the prediction loss in feature space vs pixel space. All\nmodels are trained on VideoMix2M for 90K iterations with a batch size of 3072 using the multi-block prediction task. We\nexamine downstream performance using a frozen backbone with attentive probing, and report top-1 accuracy using a single\ncenter view. We also examine end-to-end fine-tuning performance of the models on K400. Predicting in feature space provide\na consistent improvement over pixel space prediction.\n*Frozen Evaluation*   *Fine-Tuning*\n**K400 SSv2 IN1K K400-ft Target Arch.**  (16  *×*  1  *×*  1) (16  *×*  1  *×*  1) (16  *×*  5  *×*  3)\nPixels ViT-L/16 68.6 66.0 73.3 85.4 Features ViT-L/16  **73.7 66.2 74.8 85.6**\n**Table 2**   *Pretraining Data Distribution.*  We pretrain all models for 90K iterations using a batch size of 3072, and evaluate\ndownstream performance of the frozen backbones with an attentive probe using a single center view. Average performance",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.1 Predicting Representations versus Pixels**\nWe first ablate the effect of computing the prediction\nloss in representation space. We train a pair of ViT-L/16\nmodels using either a V-JEPA feature prediction loss,\nor a mean-squared error loss with the normalized pixel\nvalues, as in masked autoencoders ( He et al. , 2021 ), and\nperform a sweep over the learning rate and weight decay\nschedules for both approaches. All models are pretrained\non VideoMix2M for 90K iterations with a batch size of\n3072 using multi-block masking. We examine perfor-\nmance on Kinetics-400 (K400), Something-Something-v2\n(SSv2), and ImageNet-1K (IN1K), using a frozen back-\nbone with an attentive probe, and report top-1 accuracy\nusing a single center view. We also examine end-to-end\nfine-tuning performance of the models on Kinetics-400.\nResults of this comparison are reported in Table 1 and\nindicate that predicting in feature space provides a con-\nsistent performance improvement over pixel space pre-\ndiction in both frozen evaluation of the video backbone,\nas well as end-to-end fine-tuning.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **4 What Matters for Learning Represen-**\n\n### **4.2 Pretraining Data Distribution**\n\nNext we study the impact of the pretraining data dis-\ntribution in Table 2 . Leveraging large scale datasets\n**Table 3**   *Average Pooling vs. Adaptive Pooling.*  We pool the\nfeature map output by the frozen V-JEPA encoder using\nan attentive probe, which is then fed into a linear classifier\nfor downstream supervised tasks (K400 and SSv2). We\nevaluate two pooling strategies: 1) average pooling (Avg.),\nand attentive pooling (Att.). Results are reported using\na single center view. Using adaptive pooling with a cross-\nattention layer leads to improvements of +17  *.*  3 points on\nK400 and +16  *.*  1 points on SSv2.\n*Frozen Evaluation*\n**K400 SSv2**\n(16  *×*  1  *×*  1) (16  *×*  1  *×*  1) **Method Arch.**  Avg. Att. Avg. Att.\nV-JEPA ViT-L/16 56.7  **73.7**  50.1  **66.2**\nhas been critical for enabling the surge of advancements\nin other modalities, such as text and images ( Kaplan\net al. , 2020 ; Cherti et al. , 2023 ). We investigate whether\na similar trend holds for video data. To control for the\npossible confounding variable of compute budget, we\npretrain all models in Table 2 for 90K iterations using\na batch-size of 3072. We report downstream results on\nK400, SSv2, and IN1K using a frozen backbone with an\nattentive probe, and report top-1 accuracy using a single\ncenter view.\nTable 2 shows that average performance across tasks\nmonotonically increases as we increase the size of the\npretraining dataset, but the best task-specific perfor-\nmance is obtained by independently selecting the pre-\ntraining data for each specific downstream task. For\ninstance, the L/16 obtains its best SSv2 performance\nwhen pretrained on K710+SSv2, its best K400 perfor-\nmance when pretrained only on K710, and its best IN1K\nperformance when pretrained only on K710+HT. The\nbest average performance across all tasks is achieved by\npretraining VideoMix2M, which combines all the data\nsources. Similarly, the H/16 pretrained on K710+SSv2\nachieves a greater K400 score than the H/16 pretrained\non VideoMix2M, however, the top performing H/16 on\naverage is pretrained on VideoMix2M.",
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+                "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf",
+                "query": "What is appropriate authority ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY.—The term ‘appropriate  authority’ means the head of a Federal agency, the Architect  of the Capitol, or other official authority responsible for the  operation of a public building. ",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n## **Chapter 3. Administration**\n\n### **3.2  User and group administration**\n\nWhen you design a Content Manager OnDemand system, you must determine the best way\nto implement the many authority structures that are available for users and administrators of\nyour system. The span of control for the administration of the system must be considered with\nthe level of user access to the data that is stored in the system. How many different\nadministrators are required? Will all administrators have system administrator authority or will\ndifferent administrators have different levels of authority? What is the most effective way to\nrestrict a user’s access to only the data that is necessary to do that user’s job?\nThe answers to these questions depend on the size of the system, the degree of\ncentralization to be exercised over system administration, and the nature of the data and the\nbusiness needs of the users.\n**Centralized or decentralized**\nIn a system design that exercises centralized control, one or a few administrators are granted\nsystem administrator authority. A centralized system typically is used when the number of\nreports and users to be added to the system is small. Centralized administration is also\nappropriate where resources are limited and only one person might have the skills and\nknowledge to perform the system administration tasks, or where one user group performs all\nof the administration tasks.\nIn a system design with decentralized control, different users are granted different levels of\nadministrative authority. For example, you might have users that have the authority to create\nusers and groups. Other users might have the authority to create application groups and",
+                    "page_start": 89,
+                    "page_end": 89,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 3\n\nauthorised person considers that it is a necessary and proportionate means of ensuring compliance\nwith regulation 9 or Schedule 11.\n(11)  For the purposes of this regulation, “authorised person” means—\n(a)  a constable;\n(b)  for the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) only, an immigration officer; or\n(c)  a person designated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this regulation.\n###### **Power of entry**\n**12.**  —(1) A constable may enter premises in order—\n(a)  to search for a person who is suspected of committing an offence of contravening the\nrequirement in paragraph 10 (duty to self-isolate) of Schedule 11;\n(b)  to remove a person of the description in sub-paragraph (a) to accommodation designated\nby the Secretary of State for the purposes of Schedule 11.\n(2)  The power in paragraph (1) is exercisable if the constable—\n(a)  has reasonable grounds to believe that a person of the description in paragraph (1)(a) is in\nor on the premises; and\n(b)  has a reasonable belief that it is necessary and proportionate to enter the premises for the\npurposes specified in paragraph (1)(b).\n(3)  A constable exercising the power in paragraph (1)—\n(a)  may use reasonable force if necessary; and\n(b)  may be accompanied by a police community support officer.\n(4)  A constable exercising the power in paragraph (1)—\n(a)  if asked by a person on the premises, must show evidence of the constable’s identity and\noutline the purpose for which the power is being exercised; and\n(b)  if the premises are unoccupied or the occupier is temporarily absent, must leave the\npremises as effectively secured against unauthorised entry as when the constable found\nthem.\n(5)  In this regulation, “premises” includes any building or structure and any land.",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\ncommunication be to the public generally or to any person or class of persons) and freedom from interference with his or her correspondence. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision- (  *a*  ) that is reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health; or (  *b*  ) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the reputations, rights and freedoms of other persons or the private lives of persons concerned in legal proceedings, preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, maintaining the authority and independence of the courts, regulating educational institutions in the interests of persons receiving instruction therein, or regulating the technical administration or the technical operation of telephony, telegraphy, posts, wireless, broadcasting or television; or (  *c*  ) that imposes restrictions upon public officers, employees of local government bodies, or teachers, and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. **13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association** (1) Except with his or her own consent, no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his or her freedom of assembly and association, that is to say, his or her right to assemble freely and associate with other persons and in particular to form or belong to trade unions or other associations for the protection of his or her interests. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision- (  *a*  ) that is reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health; (  *b*  ) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons; (  *c*  ) that imposes restrictions upon public officers, employees of local government bodies, or teachers; or (  *d*  ) for the registration of trade unions and associations of trade unions in a register established by or under any law, and for imposing reasonable conditions relating to the requirements for entry on such a register (including conditions as to the minimum number of persons necessary to constitute a trade union qualified for registration, or of members necessary to constitute an association of trade unions qualified for registration) and conditions whereby registration may be refused on the grounds that any other trade union already registered, or association of trade unions already registered, as the case may be, is sufficiently representative of the whole or of a substantial proportion of the interests in respect of which registration of a trade union or association of trade unions is sought, and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. **14. Protection of freedom of movement** (1) No person shall be deprived of his or her freedom of movement, and for the purposes of this section the said freedom means the right to move freely throughout Botswana, the right to reside in any part of Botswana, the right to enter Botswana and immunity from expulsion from Botswana. (2) Any restriction on a person's freedom of movement that is involved in his or",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nregulation or rule, or to give any direction or instruction, the power shall be construed as including the power, exercisable in like manner to amend or revoke any such Act, order, regulation, rule, direction or instruction. (12) Any reference in this Constitution to a law made before 30th September, 1966 shall be construed as a reference to that law as it had effect on 29th September, 1966. (13) The Interpretation Act, 1889 shall apply, with the necessary adaptations, for the purpose of interpreting this Constitution and otherwise in relation thereto as it applies for the purpose of interpreting and in relation to Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. **FIRST SCHEDULE TO THE CONSTITUTION** (  *Section 58(2)(b)*  ) **ELECTION OF SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1.**  (1) In this Schedule- **\"by-election\"**  means an election to fill a vacancy among the Specially Elected Members occurring otherwise than upon a dissolution of Parliament; **\"general election\"**  means an election to fill the vacancies among the Specially Elected Members occurring upon a dissolution of Parliament; **\"the Speaker\"**  means the Speaker of the National Assembly; and **\"prescribed\"**  means prescribed by rules made under paragraph 2 of this Schedule. (2) At any time when the office of Speaker is vacant or the holder of that office is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise the functions vested in him or her by this Schedule those functions may be exercised by the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or, if there is no Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise those functions, by such Member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that purpose. **2.**  Subject to the provisions of this Schedule the National Assembly may make rules for the election of its Specially Elected Members. **3.**  Elections of Specially Elected Members shall be conducted by the Speaker and, subject to the provisions of this Schedule and of any rules made under paragraph 2 thereof, shall be conducted in such manner as he or she may direct. **4.**  (1) The President shall nominate four candidates for election in the case of a general election and he or she shall nominate one candidate for election in the case of a by-election. (2) The names of the four candidates or, as the case may be, the name of the one candidate nominated for election by the President under the foregoing subparagraph shall be presented to the National Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed, and any Elected Member of the Assembly (other than the President if he or she is an Elected Member) shall thereupon be entitled to nominate four candidates for election in the case of a general election and one candidate for election in the case of a by-election. (3) A list of the candidates nominated for election by the President and the Elected Members of the National Assembly under the foregoing provisions of this paragraph shall be prepared, and each Elected Member of the Assembly shall be entitled to vote- (  *a*  ) in the case of a general election, for four candidates; and (  *b*  ) in the case of a by-election, for one candidate, on the list so constituted. (4) The vote of every Elected Member of the National Assembly shall be given by ballot in such a manner as not to disclose how he or she has voted. (5) An Elected Member of the National Assembly shall not cast more than one vote for any one candidate. **5.**  (1) The Speaker shall cause elections of Specially Elected Members to be held- (  *a*  ) in the case of a general election, as soon as practicable after the holding of a general election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and before the Assembly first meets after that general election; and",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision- (  *a*  ) that is reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning, the development and utilization of mineral resources, for the purpose of any census or in order to secure the development or utilization of any property for a purpose beneficial to the community; (  *b*  ) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons; (  *c*  ) that authorizes an officer or agent of the Government of Botswana, a local government authority or a body corporate established by law for a public purpose to enter on the premises of any person in order to inspect those premises or anything thereon for the purpose of any tax, rate or duty or in order to carry out work connected with any property that is lawfully on those premises and that belongs to that Government, authority or body corporate, as the case may be; or (  *d*  ) that authorizes, for the purpose of enforcing the judgment or order of a court in any civil proceedings, the search of any person or property by order of a court or entry upon any premises by such order, and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, anything done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. **10. Provisions to secure protection of law** (1) If any person is charged with a criminal offence, then, unless the charge is withdrawn, the case shall be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established or recognized by law. (2) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence- (  *a*  ) shall be presumed to be innocent until he or she is proved or has pleaded guilty; (  *b*  ) shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable, in a language that he or she understands and in detail, of the nature of the offence charged; (  *c*  ) shall be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his or her defence; (  *d*  ) shall be permitted to defend himself or herself before the court in person or, at his or her own expense, by a legal representative of his or her own choice; (  *e*  ) shall be afforded facilities to examine in person or by his or her legal representative the witnesses called by the prosecution before the court, and to obtain the attendance and carry out the examination of witnesses to testify on his or her behalf before the court on the same conditions as those applying to witnesses called by the prosecution; and (  *f*  ) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge, and except with his or her own consent the trial shall not take place in his or her absence unless he or she so conducts himself or herself as to render the continuance of the proceedings in his or her presence impracticable and the court has ordered him or her to be removed and the trial to proceed in his or her absence. (3) When a person is tried for any criminal offence, the accused person or any person authorized by him or her in that behalf shall, if he or she so requires and subject to payment of such reasonable fee as may be prescribed by law, be given within a reasonable time after judgment a copy for the use of the accused person of any record of the proceedings made by or on behalf of the court.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nGeneral unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court. (3) The Attorney-General shall be the principal legal adviser to the Government. (4) A person holding the Office of Attorney-General shall vacate his or her office when he or she attains the age of 60 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament. **51A. Director of Public Prosecutions** (1) There shall be a Director of Public Prosecutions appointed by the President whose office shall be a public office and who shall be subject to the administrative supervision of the Attorney-General. (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court. (3) The Director of Public Prosecutions shall have power in any case in which he or she considers it desirable to do so- (  *a*  ) to institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a court martial) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed by that person; (  *b*  ) to take over and continue any such criminal proceedings that have been instituted or undertaken by any other person or authority; and (  *c*  ) to discontinue, at any stage before judgment is delivered, any such criminal proceedings instituted or undertaken by himself or herself or any other person or authority. (4) The powers of the Director of Public Prosecutions under subsection (3) may be exercised by him or her in person or by officers subordinate to him or her acting in accordance with his or her general or special authority. (5) For the purposes of this section any appeal from any judgment in any criminal proceedings before any court, or any case stated or question of law reserved for the purpose of any such proceedings, to any other court shall be deemed to be part of those proceedings: Provided that the power conferred on the Director of Public Prosecutions by subsection (3)(  *c*  ) of this section shall not be exercised in relation to any appeal by a person convicted in any criminal proceedings or to any case stated or question of law reserved at the instance of such person. (6) In the exercise of the functions vested in him or her by subsection (3) of this section the Director of Public Prosecutions shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority: Provided that- (  *a*  ) where any other person or authority has instituted criminal proceedings, nothing in this subsection shall prevent the withdrawal of those proceedings by or at the instance of that person or authority, and with the leave of the court; and (  *b*  ) before exercising his or her powers in relation to cases considered by the Attorney-General to be of national importance, the Director of Public Prosecutions shall consult the Attorney-General. **52. Permanent Secretaries** Where any Minister has been charged with responsibility for any department of Government, he or she shall exercise general direction and control over that department and, subject to such direction and control, the department shall be under the supervision of a Permanent Secretary whose office shall be a public office. **53. Prerogative of Mercy** The President may-",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n## **Chapter 3. Administration**\n\n### **3.2  User and group administration**\n\nfolders, and others might be given full system administration authority.\nChapter 3. Administration  **67**\nThe skill level of the users might be a determining factor in the degree of authority that is\ngranted. It takes a more skilled user to define indexes and report parameters than to set up\nusers and groups. A decentralized system is typically used when data from different sources\nis stored on the same Content Manager OnDemand system but must be maintained\nindependently of other data. Decentralization also makes sense when report loading and\nprocessing needs are limited to a specific group of users for security purposes or when\nadministrators that add users and groups must be prevented from accessing report data.\nThe decision about whether to use a centralized or a decentralized administration model is\nbest made *before*  any data is set up in the system. Even though the type of administration that\nis chosen can be changed later, the amount of work that is involved in that change is greater\nthan the amount of work that is necessary to study the requirements of the system and\nimplement the appropriate administration policies from the beginning.\nIn this section, we describe different types of users, followed by a description of a\ndecentralized administrative plan. We also introduce a new administrative tool, Content\nManager OnDemand XML Batch Administration, which is a command-line program that is run\non the Content Manager OnDemand server.",
+                    "page_start": 89,
+                    "page_end": 90,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nperson or authority. (3) Nothing in this section shall prevent Parliament from conferring functions on persons or authorities other than the President. **48. Command of armed forces** (1) The supreme command of the armed forces of the Republic shall vest in the President and he or she shall hold the office of Commander in Chief. (2) The powers conferred on the President by subsection (1) of this section shall include- (  *a*  ) the power to determine the operational use of the armed forces; (  *b*  ) the power to appoint members of the armed forces, to make appointments on promotion to any office in the armed forces and to dismiss any member of the armed forces. (3) The President may, by directions in writing and subject to such conditions as he or she may think fit, delegate to any member of the armed forces any of the powers mentioned in subsection (2) of this section. (4) Parliament may regulate the exercise of the powers conferred by or under this section. **49. Functions of Vice-President** The Vice-President shall be the principal assistant of the President in the discharge of his or her executive functions and shall be responsible, under the directions of the President, for such business of the government of Botswana (including the administration of any department of Government) as the President may assign to him or her. **50. Functions of Cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers** (1) The Cabinet shall be responsible for advising the President with respect to the policy of the Government and with respect to such other matters as may be referred to it by the President and shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, be responsible to the National Assembly for all things done by or under the authority of the President, Vice-President or any Minister in the execution of his or her office. (2) The President shall, so far as practicable and subject to the provisions of this Constitution, consult the Cabinet on matters of policy and the exercise of his or her functions. (3) The obligation of the President to consult his or her Cabinet and for the Cabinet to accept responsibility under this section shall not apply to the exercise by the President of his or her powers in relation to the appointment or removal of the Vice- President, Ministers and Assistant Ministers, the dissolution of Parliament, the Prerogative of Mercy, the assignment of responsibility to the Vice-President or any Minister and the specification of the functions of an Assistant Minister. (4) A Minister shall be responsible, under the direction of the President, for such business of the government of Botswana (including the administration of any department of Government) as the President may assign to him or her. (5) An Assistant Minister shall- (  *a*  ) assist the President or the Vice-President in the discharge of such of the functions of the office of President or Vice-President as the President may specify; or (  *b*  ) assist such Minister in the discharge of the functions assigned to him or her under subsection (4) of this section as the President may specify. **51. Attorney-General** (1) There shall be an Attorney-General appointed by the President whose office shall be a public office. (2) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Attorney-",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(1) The High Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any question whether- (  *a*  ) any person has been validly elected as an Elected Member of the National Assembly or the seat of any such Member has become vacant; (  *b*  ) any person has been validly elected as Speaker of the Assembly or, having been so elected, has vacated the office of Speaker. (2) Any question whether any person has been validly elected as a Specially Elected Member of the National Assembly or whether the seat of any such Member has become vacant shall be determined by the Speaker. (3) Parliament may make provision with respect to- (  *a*  ) the persons who may apply to the High Court for the determination of any question under this section; (  *b*  ) the circumstances and manner in which the conditions upon which any such application may be made; and (  *c*  ) the powers, practice and procedure of the High Court in relation to any such application. **70. Clerk of the Assembly** (1) There shall be a Clerk of the National Assembly and an Assistant Clerk of the National Assembly and their offices shall be offices in the public service. (2) There shall be such other offices in the department of the Clerk of the Assembly as may be prescribed by resolution of the National Assembly and such offices shall be offices in the public service. **PART II** * **General Provisions Relating to Procedure in National Assembly** *   **(ss 71-76) 71. Oaths to be taken by Speaker and Members** The Speaker, before assuming the duties of his or her office, and every Member of the National Assembly before taking his or her seat therein, shall take and subscribe before the Assembly the oath of allegiance. **72. Presiding in Assembly** There shall preside at any sitting of the National Assembly- (  *a*  ) the Speaker; (  *b*  ) in the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker; or (  *c*  ) in the absence of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, such Member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that sitting. **73. Quorum in Assembly** If objection is taken by any Member of the National Assembly present that there are present in the Assembly (besides the person presiding) less than one third of the Members of the Assembly and, after such interval as may be prescribed in the rules of procedure of the Assembly, the person presiding ascertains that the number of Members present is less than one third, he or she shall thereupon adjourn the Assembly. **74.  Voting in Assembly** (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, any question proposed for decision in the National Assembly shall be determined by a majority of the votes of the Members present and voting. (2) ... (3) The person presiding in the National Assembly shall have neither an original vote nor a casting vote and if upon any question before the Assembly the votes are equally divided the motion shall be lost. **75. Unqualified persons sitting or voting** Any person who sits or votes in the National Assembly knowing or having",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nher lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section. (3) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision- (  *a*  ) for the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health or the imposition of restrictions on the acquisition or use by any person of land or other property in Botswana and except so far as that provision or, as the case may be, the thing done under the authority thereof, is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society; (  *b*  ) for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of movement of any person who is not a citizen of Botswana; (  *c*  ) for the imposition of restrictions on the entry into or residence within defined areas of Botswana of persons who are not Bushmen to the extent that such restrictions are reasonably required for the protection or well-being of Bushmen; (  *d*  ) for the imposition of restrictions upon the movement or residence within Botswana of public officers; or (  *e*  ) ....... (4) If any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted by order under such a provision as is referred to in subsection (3)(  *a*  ) of this section (other than a restriction which is applicable to persons generally or to general classes of persons) so requests at any time during the period of that restriction not earlier than six months after the order was made or six months after he or she last made such request, as the case may be, his or her case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal presided over by a person, qualified to be enrolled as an advocate in Botswana, appointed by the Chief Justice. (5) On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of this section of the case of a person whose freedom of movement has been restricted, the tribunal may make recommendations, concerning the necessity or expediency of continuing the restriction to the authority by which it was ordered but, unless it is otherwise provided by law, that authority shall not be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations. **15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc.** (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority. (3) In this section, the expression \"discriminatory\" means affording different treatment to different persons, attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description. (4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision- (  *a*  ) for the appropriation of public revenues or other public funds; (  *b*  ) with respect to persons who are not citizens of Botswana; (  *c*  ) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law;",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf",
+                "query": "What criteria must a lactation room meet?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "LACTATION ROOM.—The term ‘lactation room’ means  a hygienic place, other than a bathroom, that—  ‘‘(A) is shielded from view;  ‘‘(B) is free from intrusion; and  ‘‘(C) contains a chair, a working surface, and, if the  public building is otherwise supplied with electricity, an  electrical outlet. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 133 STAT. 1032  PUBLIC LAW 116- 30—JULY 25, 2019  Public Law 116- 30  116th Congress  An Act\n\n## 133 STAT. 1032 PUBLIC LAW 116- 30—JULY 25, 2019\n\n### An Act\n\nTo provide a lactation room in public buildings.\n*Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of* *the United States of America in Congress assembled,*\n**SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.**\nThis Act may be cited as the ‘‘Fairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019’’.\n**SEC. 2. LACTATION ROOM IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.**\n(a) L ACTATION R OOM IN P UBLIC B UILDINGS .—Chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section:\n##### **‘‘§ 3318. Lactation room in public buildings**\n‘‘(a) D EFINITIONS .—In this section: ‘‘(1) A PPROPRIATE AUTHORITY .—The term ‘appropriate authority’ means the head of a Federal agency, the Architect of the Capitol, or other official authority responsible for the operation of a public building. ‘‘(2) C OVERED PUBLIC BUILDING .—The term ‘covered public building’ means a public building (as defined in section 3301) that is open to the public and contains a public restroom, and includes a building listed in section 6301 or 5101. ‘‘(3) L ACTATION ROOM .—The term ‘lactation room’ means a hygienic place, other than a bathroom, that— ‘‘(A) is shielded from view; ‘‘(B) is free from intrusion; and ‘‘(C) contains a chair, a working surface, and, if the public building is otherwise supplied with electricity, an electrical outlet. ‘‘(b) L ACTATION R OOM R EQUIRED .—Except as provided in sub- section (c), the appropriate authority of a covered public building shall ensure that the building contains a lactation room that is made available for use by members of the public to express breast milk. ‘‘(c) E XCEPTIONS .—A covered public building may be excluded from the requirement in subsection (b) at the discretion of the appropriate authority if— ‘‘(1) the public building— ‘‘(A) does not contain a lactation room for employees who work in the building; and ‘‘(B) does not have a room that could be repurposed as a lactation room or a space that could be made private using portable materials, at a reasonable cost; or\n40 USC 3318.\nFairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019. 40 USC 101 note.\nJuly 25, 2019\n[H.R. 866]\nVerDate Sep 11 2014 15:46 Aug 08, 2019 Jkt 089139 PO 00030 Frm 00001 Fmt 6580 Sfmt 6581 E:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116 PUBL030 dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 133 STAT. 1032  PUBLIC LAW 116- 30—JULY 25, 2019  Public Law 116- 30  116th Congress  An Act\n\n## Æ\n‘‘(2) new construction would be required to create a lacta- tion room in the public building and the cost of such construc- tion is unfeasible. ‘‘(d) N O U NAUTHORIZED E NTRY .—Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building or portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized to enter.’’. (b) C LERICAL A MENDMENT .—The table of sections at the begin- ning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following new item:\n‘‘3318. Lactation room in public buildings.’’.\n(c) E FFECTIVE D ATE .—The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act.\nApproved July 25, 2019.\n40 USC 3318 note.\n40 USC 3301 prec.\nVerDate Sep 11 2014 15:46 Aug 08, 2019 Jkt 089139 PO 00030 Frm 00002 Fmt 6580 Sfmt 6580 E:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116 PUBL030 dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 2\n\n##### Requirements on persons arriving in England\n\n###### **Test requirements: offshore installation workers**\n\nthe result of the day 2 test undertaken pursuant to paragraph (2).\n(5)  If the day 2 test undertaken pursuant to paragraph (2) generates a positive result P must self-\nisolate in accordance with regulation 2 of the Self-Isolation Regulations until the end of the 10th\nday after P undertook that test.\n(6)  If the day 2 test undertaken pursuant to paragraph (2) generates a negative result, from the\ntime that P is notified of that result, P is no longer subject to any requirement to self-isolate by\nvirtue of paragraph (4).\n(7)  Subject to paragraph (8), while P is on an offshore installation, P must undertake a\nworkforce test before the end of the third day following the day P arrives on the installation and\nthen within each successive 3 day period within 3 days of the test most recently taken.\n(8)  P is not required to undertake any workforce test after the 10th day after the day P arrived in\nEngland.\n(9)  If a workforce test undertaken pursuant to paragraph (7) generates a positive result, P must—\n(a)  undertake a day 2 test as soon as reasonably practicable; and\n(b)  self-isolate in accordance with regulation 2 of the Self-Isolation Regulations until the\nearlier of—\n(i)  the time P is notified of the result of the day 2 test undertaken pursuant to sub-\nparagraph (a), or\n(ii)  the end of the 10th day after the day P arrived in England.\n(10)  If a day 2 test undertaken pursuant to paragraph (9)(a) generates a positive result, P must\nself-isolate in accordance with regulation 2 of the Self-Isolation Regulations until the 10th day\nafter the day P undertook that test.\n(11)  If a day 2 test undertaken pursuant to paragraph (9)(a) generates a negative result, from the\ntime that P is notified of that result P is no longer subject to any requirement to self-isolate by\nvirtue of paragraph (9)(b).\n(12)  If P returns to England from the offshore installation on or before the 8th day after the day\nP arrived in England, P must undertake a day 8 test on, or as soon as reasonably practicable after,\nthe 8th day after P the day arrived in England.\n(13)  If the day 8 test undertaken pursuant to paragraph (12) generates a positive result, P must\nself-isolate in accordance with regulation 2 of the Self-Isolation Regulations until the end of the",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Mandatory testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Day 8 tests: private provider requirements**\n\n2002, other than solely by virtue of regulation 39(2) of those Regulations, and\n(ii)  has been validated no more than 18 months before the test is administered or\nprovided to P.\n(3)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2) “validated”, in relation to a device, has the meaning\ngiven by paragraph 2(2) of Schedule 10.\n###### **Day 8 tests: private provider requirements**\n**9.**  —(1) For the purposes of paragraph 8(1)(b)(iii), a private provider complies with this\nparagraph where—\n(a)  they comply with the requirements of paragraph 3(1)(a) and (e) to (h) of Schedule 10 as if\nany reference in those provisions to an appropriate test were a reference to a day 8 test;\n(b)  if the provider is a laboratory that conducts diagnostic test evaluation for testing in\naccordance with this Schedule, they have made a declaration to the Department of Health\nand Social Care that they meet the minimum standards for private sector-provided testing\nat https://support-covid-19-testing.dhsc.gov.uk/InternationalTesting;\n(c)  they have provided the Department of Health and Social Care with a list of all\norganisations that they work with (whether by sub-contract or otherwise) to carry out the\ntesting service or to carry out genomic sequencing, indicating the nature of the service\nthat each organisation is providing and kept that list updated as appropriate;\n(d)  in relation to a test which requires laboratory processing—\n(i)  the person responsible for the taking of samples meets the relevant requirements for\naccreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025 in respect of the\ntaking of samples, and\n(ii)  the laboratory used by the test provider for the processing of samples meets the\nrelevant requirements for accreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard\n17025 in respect of the processing of samples;\n(e)  in relation to a point of care test, they meet the relevant requirements for accreditation to\nISO Standard 15189 and ISO standard 22870;\n(f)  they receive the information required by paragraph 10(3) or (4) (as appropriate), and if\nthey administer the test to P, they do so no earlier than the end of the seventh day after the\nday on which P arrived in England;\n(g)  each day, they notify the Secretary of State in writing of—\n(i)  the number of tests they sold on that day, and",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### territories\n\n###### **Modification of application of this Schedule where P is a relevant person**\n\nread as references to a self-isolation package containing such provisions as to\naccommodation, transport and testing as the Secretary of State considers appropriate;\n(c)  paragraph 7 does not apply to P.\n(2)  P is a relevant person if—\n(a)  P is—\n(i)  a person requiring urgent medical assistance,\n(ii)  a person on immigration bail,\n(iii)  a person who has been detained by an immigration officer,\n(iv)  a person who has been refused leave to enter the UK,\n(v)  an illegal entrant,\n(vi)  an asylum seeker,\n(vii)  a person who is in police custody,\n(viii)  a prisoner,\n(ix)  an unaccompanied child, where it is not reasonable for a person with responsibility\nfor P to reside with the child in accommodation designated by the Secretary of State\nfor the purposes of this Schedule,\n(x)  a potential victim of modern slavery; and\n(b)  the Secretary of State has confirmed in writing that this paragraph applies in relation to P\nand has not withdrawn that confirmation.\n(3)  P is also a relevant person if—\n(a)  P is, or was on the 1st September 2020, a child;\n(b)  P travels to the UK for the purposes of receiving education at a boarding school in\nEngland at which education and accommodation is due to be provided for P;\n(c)  P is not accompanied into the UK by an individual who has responsibility for P, or if P is\naged 18 or over, would have had such responsibility if P were a child; and\n(d)  the Secretary of State has confirmed in writing that this paragraph applies in relation to P\nand has not withdrawn that confirmation.\n(4)  P is also a relevant person if—\n(a)  P is vulnerable as a result of a severe medical or health condition;\n(b)  P would not receive appropriate support in designated accommodation and that condition\nwould be severely detrimentally impacted if P were required to self-isolate in such\naccommodation;\n(c)  P has provided evidence from a suitably qualified or registered medical practitioner of the\nmatters specified in paragraphs (a) and (b); and\n(d)  the Secretary of State has confirmed in writing that this paragraph applies in relation to P\nand has not withdrawn that confirmation.\n(5)  P is also a relevant person if travelling with a person who is a relevant person by virtue of",
+                    "page_start": 78,
+                    "page_end": 79,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Mandatory testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Day 2 tests: general test requirements**\n\narrived in England),\n(ii)  undertaken in the circumstances specified in paragraph 10 (other than the\ncircumstances in paragraph 10(2) about when a test must be undertaken), and\n(iii)  undertaken during the period specified in sub-paragraph (5)(a).\n###### **Optional tests**\n**4.**  —(1) This paragraph applies where P—\n(a)  is a non-Schedule 11 passenger who is required to comply with regulation 9, and\n(b)  undertakes a day 2 test which generates a negative or inconclusive result.\n(2)  P may undertake a test in accordance with Schedule 10 (optional testing after arrival in\nEngland), and, where the test generates a negative result, P ceases to be required to self-isolate\nfrom the time that P is notified of that result.\n(3)  P must in any event undertake the day 8 test booked in accordance with regulation 6.\n(4)  Where P ceases to be required to self-isolate under these Regulations in accordance with\nregulation 9(16), paragraph 3(1), (4) and (5) do not apply in relation to P’s day 8 test.\n###### **Tests other than in accordance with these Regulations**\n**5.**  —(1) This paragraph applies where—\n(a)  P is a non-Schedule 11 passenger;\n(b)  P undertakes a day 2 test which generates a negative result;\n(c)  while P is self-isolating under these Regulations, P subsequently undertakes a test other\nthan in accordance with these Regulations; and\n(d)  P is notified that such test generates a positive result.\n(2)  P ceases to be required to self-isolate in accordance with these Regulations, and regulation\n2A of the Self-Isolation Regulations applies in relation to P.\n###### **Day 2 tests: general test requirements**\n**6.**  —(1) For the purposes of regulation 6(12)(a), a day 2 test complies with this paragraph\nwhere—\n(a)  it is a test provided by a public provider; or\n(b)  it is a test provided by a private provider—\n(i)  in respect of—\n(aa)  a non-Schedule 11 passenger, on or after 1st March 2021;\n(bb)  a Schedule 11 passenger, on 1st or 2nd March 2021,\n(ii)  where the test complies with sub-paragraph (2), and\n(iii)  where the private provider complies with paragraph 7.\n(2)  A test complies with this sub-paragraph where—\n(a)  it is a semi-quantitative test for the detection of coronavirus which—\n(i)  targets a minimum of two distinguishable SARS-CoV-2 genes other than the S gene",
+                    "page_start": 59,
+                    "page_end": 60,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### territories\n\n###### **Modification of application of this Schedule where P is a relevant person**\n\nthis purpose;\n(b)  if P complies with any reasonable requirements imposed by the person so authorised in\nrelation to the exercise, the visit to the person or attendance at the funeral.\n###### **Meaning of “place”**\n**14.**  For the purposes of this Schedule the place referred to in paragraphs 8 to 13 means the room\nin the designated accommodation where P is staying and, if connected to the room where P is\nstaying, the room of any person referred to in paragraph 11(a) (travelling companion), including\nany balcony, and does not include the communal areas or any garden, yard, passage, stair, garage,\nouthouse or appurtenance of the accommodation in which the place is situated.\n###### **Designations**\n**15.**  The Secretary of State must designate for the purposes of this Schedule—\n(a)  accommodation;\n(b)  transportation to the designated accommodation,\nand must publish details of the designations in such manner as appears to the Secretary of State to\nbe appropriate.\n###### **Duties where P is a child**\n**16.**  If P is a child—\n(a)  any person who has custody or charge of P when P is travelling to England must ensure,\nso far as is reasonably practicable, that P complies with the obligations in paragraphs 5\nand 6;\n(b)  any person who has custody or charge of P during P’s period of self-isolation must\nensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that P self-isolates in accordance with this\nSchedule.\n###### **Person caring for P**\n**17.**  A person may reside in the place where P is residing pursuant to this Schedule to provide\nassistance P reasonably requires by reason of—\n(a)  P being a child; or\n(b)  any disability of P’s,\nand paragraphs 10 to 13 apply to that person as they apply to P for the period those paragraphs\napply to P.\n###### **Modification of application of this Schedule where P is a relevant person**\n**18.**  —(1) Where P is a relevant person, this Schedule applies to P with the following\nmodifications—\n(a)  the reference in paragraph 6 to the means of transport designated in the managed self-\nisolation package booked for P is to be read as a reference to transport determined by the\nSecretary of State;\n(b)  the references in paragraphs 6, 9 and 10 to a managed self-isolation package are to be",
+                    "page_start": 77,
+                    "page_end": 78,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Mandatory testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Day 2 tests: private provider requirements**\n\norganisations that they work with (whether by sub-contract or otherwise) to carry out the\ntesting service or to carry out genomic sequencing, indicating the nature of the service\nthat each organisation is providing, and kept that list updated as appropriate;\n(d)  the person responsible for the taking of samples meets the relevant requirements for\naccreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025 in respect of the taking\nof samples;\n(e)  the laboratory used by the test provider for the processing of samples meets the relevant\nrequirements for ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025 in respect of the\nevaluation of the established molecular detection method and the genomic sequencing of\nsamples;\n(f)  they receive the information required by paragraph 10(3) or (4) (as appropriate), and if\nthey administer the test to P, they do so no later than the end of the second day after the\nday on which P arrived in England;\n(g)  each day, they notify the Secretary of State in writing of—\n(i)  the number of tests they sold on that day, and\n(ii)  in relation to each test sold on that day—\n(aa)  the date of the arrival in England of the person in respect of whom the test\nwas sold, and\n(bb)  whether the person in respect of whom the test was sold is a category 1 arrival\nor not;\n(h)  they sequence each sample with a cycle threshold less than 30 (equivalent to ~1,000 viral\ngenome copies per millilitre);\n(i)  in respect of the sequencing of samples, they must secure a reference genome coverage\nbreadth of at least 50% and at least 30 times coverage;\n(j)  on a request by the Secretary of State or the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium, they\nmake samples available for the purpose of dual sequencing;\n(k)  they preserve and transport samples in a manner that enables genome sequencing;\n(l)  they have in place a process to remove human reads from any data submitted in a\nnotification to Public Health England pursuant to the Health Protection (Notification)\nRegulations 2010; and\n(m)  if they arrange with another person (“X”) for X to carry out any element of the single\nend-to-end testing service on their behalf, the test provider ensures that X complies with\nthe following so far as relevant to the carrying out of that element—",
+                    "page_start": 61,
+                    "page_end": 61,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Mandatory testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Consequences of test results**\n\nSelf-Isolation Regulations as if P had been notified under regulation 2A(1)(a) of those\nRegulations, on the date that P should have undertaken the day 2 test, that P had tested positive,\nuntil the earlier of —\n(a)  the end of the 14th day after the day P arrived in England; or\n(b)  the time that P is notified of the result of a test meeting the requirements of a day 2 test\nsave as to the time at which that test is to be undertaken, that P has undertaken.\n(5)  Sub-paragraph (6) applies where P is a person of the description in regulation 5(1)(b), (c) or\n(d) and P fails to undertake a day 8 test.\n(6)  Where this sub-paragraph applies, P must self-isolate in accordance with regulation 2 of the\nSelf-Isolation Regulations as if P had been notified under regulation 2A(1)(a) of those\nRegulations, on the date that P should have undertaken the day 8 test, that P had tested positive,\nuntil the earlier of—\n(a)  the end of the 14th day after the day P arrived in England; or\n(b)  the time that P is notified of the result of a test meeting the requirements of day 8 test\nsave as to the time at which the test is undertaken, that P has undertaken.\n(7)  If the result notified to P of a test of the description in sub-paragraph (4)(b) or (6)(b) is a\npositive result, P must self-isolate in accordance with regulation 2 of the Self-Isolation\nRegulations until the end of the 10th day after the day P arrived in England.\n(8)  Where P undertakes a test to which paragraph 3(7)(b) applies and which generates—\n(a)  a positive result, paragraph 3(1) applies as if the test were a mandatory test;\n(b)  a negative result, paragraph 3(4) applies as if—\n(i)  P had taken both a day 2 test and a day 8 test, and\n(ii)  both tests had generated a negative result.\n###### **Consequences of test results**\n**3.**  —(1) Subject to paragraphs 4 (optional tests) and 5 (tests other than in accordance with these\nRegulations), where a mandatory test undertaken by P in accordance with regulation 6 generates a\npositive result—\n(a)  the following do not apply in relation to P—\n(i)  regulation 9(11)(a) or, as the case may be, paragraph 13(1)(a) of Schedule 11",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 58,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 2\n\n##### Requirements on persons arriving in England\n\n###### **Further requirements on arrivals from category 2 countries and territories**\n\ninserted by S.I. 2021/364.\n(d)  where P leaves, or is outside of, the place where they are self-isolating in accordance with\nparagraph (11)(j), from any person (other than a person who is required by paragraph (2)\nto self-isolate) whose assistance P reasonably requires in order to undertake the test, by\nreason of —\n(i)  P being a child, or\n(ii)  any disability of P’s.\n(10)  Paragraph (2) does not require P to remain in isolation from a person (“V”) when V is at the\nplace where P is self-isolating—\n(a)  to provide emergency assistance;\n(b)  to provide care or assistance, including relevant personal care within the meaning of\nparagraph 1(1B) or 7(3B) of Schedule 4 to the Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act\n2006(  **a**  ), to P or to any other person who is living in the place where P is self-isolating;\n(c)  to provide medical assistance, including to provide any of the services mentioned in\nparagraph (11)(b), to P or to any other person who is living in the place where P is self-\nisolating, where this is required urgently or on the advice of a registered medical\npractitioner;\n(d)  to provide veterinary services, where this is required urgently or on the advice of a\nveterinary surgeon;\n(e)  to provide critical public services, including those mentioned in paragraph (11)(i)(ii);\n(f)  to administer a test to P in accordance with Schedule 9.\n(11)  During the period of their self-isolation, P may not leave, or be outside of, the place where\nP is self-isolating except—\n(a)  to travel in order to leave England, provided that they do so directly (subject to paragraph\n3(1) of Schedule 8);\n(b)  to seek medical assistance, where this is required urgently or on the advice of a registered\nmedical practitioner, including to access services from dentists, opticians, audiologists,\nchiropodists, chiropractors, osteopaths and other medical or health practitioners,\nincluding services relating to mental health;\n(c)  to undertake a workforce test required by regulation 7;\n(d)  to access veterinary services where this is required urgently or on the advice of a\nveterinary surgeon;\n(e)  to fulfil a legal obligation, including attending court or satisfying bail conditions, or to\nparticipate in legal proceedings;\n(f)  to avoid injury or illness or to escape a risk of harm;\n(g)  on compassionate grounds, including to attend a funeral of—\n(i)  a member of P’s household,\n(ii)  a close family member, or",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf",
+                "query": "When take effect the Fairness For Breastfeeding  Mothers Act ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "The amendments made by this section  shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this  Act. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 133 STAT. 1032  PUBLIC LAW 116- 30—JULY 25, 2019  Public Law 116- 30  116th Congress  An Act\n\n## 133 STAT. 1032 PUBLIC LAW 116- 30—JULY 25, 2019\n\n### An Act\n\nTo provide a lactation room in public buildings.\n*Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of* *the United States of America in Congress assembled,*\n**SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.**\nThis Act may be cited as the ‘‘Fairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019’’.\n**SEC. 2. LACTATION ROOM IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.**\n(a) L ACTATION R OOM IN P UBLIC B UILDINGS .—Chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following new section:\n##### **‘‘§ 3318. Lactation room in public buildings**\n‘‘(a) D EFINITIONS .—In this section: ‘‘(1) A PPROPRIATE AUTHORITY .—The term ‘appropriate authority’ means the head of a Federal agency, the Architect of the Capitol, or other official authority responsible for the operation of a public building. ‘‘(2) C OVERED PUBLIC BUILDING .—The term ‘covered public building’ means a public building (as defined in section 3301) that is open to the public and contains a public restroom, and includes a building listed in section 6301 or 5101. ‘‘(3) L ACTATION ROOM .—The term ‘lactation room’ means a hygienic place, other than a bathroom, that— ‘‘(A) is shielded from view; ‘‘(B) is free from intrusion; and ‘‘(C) contains a chair, a working surface, and, if the public building is otherwise supplied with electricity, an electrical outlet. ‘‘(b) L ACTATION R OOM R EQUIRED .—Except as provided in sub- section (c), the appropriate authority of a covered public building shall ensure that the building contains a lactation room that is made available for use by members of the public to express breast milk. ‘‘(c) E XCEPTIONS .—A covered public building may be excluded from the requirement in subsection (b) at the discretion of the appropriate authority if— ‘‘(1) the public building— ‘‘(A) does not contain a lactation room for employees who work in the building; and ‘‘(B) does not have a room that could be repurposed as a lactation room or a space that could be made private using portable materials, at a reasonable cost; or\n40 USC 3318.\nFairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019. 40 USC 101 note.\nJuly 25, 2019\n[H.R. 866]\nVerDate Sep 11 2014 15:46 Aug 08, 2019 Jkt 089139 PO 00030 Frm 00001 Fmt 6580 Sfmt 6581 E:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116 PUBL030 dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 133 STAT. 1032  PUBLIC LAW 116- 30—JULY 25, 2019  Public Law 116- 30  116th Congress  An Act\n\n## Æ\n‘‘(2) new construction would be required to create a lacta- tion room in the public building and the cost of such construc- tion is unfeasible. ‘‘(d) N O U NAUTHORIZED E NTRY .—Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building or portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized to enter.’’. (b) C LERICAL A MENDMENT .—The table of sections at the begin- ning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following new item:\n‘‘3318. Lactation room in public buildings.’’.\n(c) E FFECTIVE D ATE .—The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act.\nApproved July 25, 2019.\n40 USC 3318 note.\n40 USC 3301 prec.\nVerDate Sep 11 2014 15:46 Aug 08, 2019 Jkt 089139 PO 00030 Frm 00002 Fmt 6580 Sfmt 6580 E:\\PUBLAW\\PUBL030.116 PUBL030 dkrause on DSKBC28HB2PROD with PUBLAWS",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nregulation or rule, or to give any direction or instruction, the power shall be construed as including the power, exercisable in like manner to amend or revoke any such Act, order, regulation, rule, direction or instruction. (12) Any reference in this Constitution to a law made before 30th September, 1966 shall be construed as a reference to that law as it had effect on 29th September, 1966. (13) The Interpretation Act, 1889 shall apply, with the necessary adaptations, for the purpose of interpreting this Constitution and otherwise in relation thereto as it applies for the purpose of interpreting and in relation to Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. **FIRST SCHEDULE TO THE CONSTITUTION** (  *Section 58(2)(b)*  ) **ELECTION OF SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1.**  (1) In this Schedule- **\"by-election\"**  means an election to fill a vacancy among the Specially Elected Members occurring otherwise than upon a dissolution of Parliament; **\"general election\"**  means an election to fill the vacancies among the Specially Elected Members occurring upon a dissolution of Parliament; **\"the Speaker\"**  means the Speaker of the National Assembly; and **\"prescribed\"**  means prescribed by rules made under paragraph 2 of this Schedule. (2) At any time when the office of Speaker is vacant or the holder of that office is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise the functions vested in him or her by this Schedule those functions may be exercised by the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or, if there is no Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise those functions, by such Member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that purpose. **2.**  Subject to the provisions of this Schedule the National Assembly may make rules for the election of its Specially Elected Members. **3.**  Elections of Specially Elected Members shall be conducted by the Speaker and, subject to the provisions of this Schedule and of any rules made under paragraph 2 thereof, shall be conducted in such manner as he or she may direct. **4.**  (1) The President shall nominate four candidates for election in the case of a general election and he or she shall nominate one candidate for election in the case of a by-election. (2) The names of the four candidates or, as the case may be, the name of the one candidate nominated for election by the President under the foregoing subparagraph shall be presented to the National Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed, and any Elected Member of the Assembly (other than the President if he or she is an Elected Member) shall thereupon be entitled to nominate four candidates for election in the case of a general election and one candidate for election in the case of a by-election. (3) A list of the candidates nominated for election by the President and the Elected Members of the National Assembly under the foregoing provisions of this paragraph shall be prepared, and each Elected Member of the Assembly shall be entitled to vote- (  *a*  ) in the case of a general election, for four candidates; and (  *b*  ) in the case of a by-election, for one candidate, on the list so constituted. (4) The vote of every Elected Member of the National Assembly shall be given by ballot in such a manner as not to disclose how he or she has voted. (5) An Elected Member of the National Assembly shall not cast more than one vote for any one candidate. **5.**  (1) The Speaker shall cause elections of Specially Elected Members to be held- (  *a*  ) in the case of a general election, as soon as practicable after the holding of a general election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and before the Assembly first meets after that general election; and",
+                    "page_start": 55,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## **400 Pine Street**\n\n####### **Supervision and Regulation**\n\nmanaging and controlling banks.  The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which took effect on March 12, 2000, dismantled\nmany Depression-era restrictions against affiliation between banking, securities and insurance firms by permitting\nbank holding companies to engage in a broader range of financial activities, so long as certain safeguards are\nobserved. Specifically, bank holding companies may elect to become “financial holding companies” that may\naffiliate with securities firms and insurance companies and engage in other activities that are financial in nature or\n4\nincidental to a financial activity. Thus, with the enactment of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, banks, securities firms\nand insurance companies find it easier to acquire or affiliate with each other and cross-sell financial products.  The\nact permits a single financial services organization to offer a more complete array of financial products and services\nthan historically was permitted.\nA financial holding company is essentially a bank holding company with significantly expanded powers.  Under\nthe Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, among the activities that will be deemed “financial in nature” for financial holding\ncompanies are, in addition to traditional lending activities, securities underwriting, dealing in or making a market in\nsecurities, sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies, insurance underwriting and agency activities,\nactivities which the Federal Reserve Board determines to be closely related to banking, and certain merchant\nbanking activities. The Federal Reserve Board has proposed permitting a number of additional financial activities,\nbut we cannot predict whether any of these additional proposals will be adopted or the form any final rule will take.\nWe elected to become a financial holding company in September 2001.  As a financial holding company, we\nhave very broad discretion to affiliate with securities firms and insurance companies, make merchant banking\ninvestments, and engage in other activities that the Federal Reserve Board has deemed financial in nature.  In order\nto continue as a financial holding company, we must continue to be well-capitalized, well-managed and maintain\ncompliance with the Community Reinvestment Act.  Depending on the types of financial activities that we may\nengage in in the future, under Gramm-Leach-Bliley’s fractional regulation principles, we may become subject to\nsupervision by additional government agencies.  The election to be treated as a financial holding company increases\nour ability to offer financial products and services that historically we were either unable to provide or were only\nable to provide on a limited basis.  As a result, we will face increased competition in the markets for any new",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Together with Our Customers**\n\nstaggered and shortened working hours staggered and shortened working hours\nfor care-giving are allowed has been for care-giving are allowed has been\nextended to three years; and (3) greater extended to three years; and (3) greater\nflexibility has been introduced in reduction flexibility has been introduced in reduction\nof working hours for care purposes. of working hours for care purposes.\nWe have also established the SMBC Care We have also established the SMBC Care\nConsultation Desk as a convenient general Consultation Desk as a convenient general\nservice for employees and their family service for employees and their family\nmembers concerned about care issues. members concerned about care issues.\nIn this way, SMBC is creating better working In this way, SMBC is creating better working\nenvironments, based on an understanding environments, based on an understanding\nof diversifying employee needs. of diversifying employee needs.\n**After Before**\nTotal care leave\n**Improvements to care support system**\n**For Services**\n**SMBC Care Consultation Desk**\nLanguage booths at the Head Office\n“Global Corporate Banker Training” program\n**Creating support tools**\n**for developing the role of**\n**female employees**\n####### **“My Story”**\nSMBC has surveyed approximately 1,000\nfemale employees on their careers and\nmajor events in their lives. Role models\nhave been created based on 50 of these\nindividual interviews, and presented in\nthe form of book, which is distributed as a\nguide to individual women’s career paths\nand as a management aid for superiors in\nexecutive training.\n####### **Career development handbook**\n####### **for young mothers**\nSMBC has compiled a career development\nhandbook covering maternity leave for all\nwomen employees wishing to strike a\nbetter balance between work and family\nlife. It provides pathways for mothers\npursuing careers, citing answers by\nwomen who have been through this\nexperience to questions such as “What do\nI need to do to return to work?” and “How\ndo I go about arranging nursery school?”\nIt also includes preparatory exercises for\nexpectant mothers and support lectures\non child-raising leave after they return to\nthe workplace.\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities\n**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\ninvestigated then- (  *a*  ) the Assembly shall, by resolution, appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office; (  *b*  ) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the Assembly; (  *c*  ) the Assembly shall consider the report of the tribunal at the first convenient sitting of the Assembly after it is received and may, upon such consideration, by resolution, remove the Auditor-General from office. (4) If the question of removing a person holding the office of Auditor-General from office has been referred to a tribunal under this section, the National Assembly may, by resolution, suspend that person from performing the functions of his or her office, and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the Assembly by resolution and shall in any case cease to have effect if, upon consideration of the report of the tribunal in accordance with the provisions of this section, the Assembly does not remove the Auditor-General from office. **115. Pensions laws and protection of pensions rights** (1) The law to be applied with respect to any pensions benefits that were granted to any person before the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be the law that was in force at the date on which those benefits were granted or any law in force at a later date that is not less favourable to that person. (2) The law to be applied with respect to any pensions benefits (not being benefits to which subsection (1) of this section applies) shall- (  *a*  ) in so far as those benefits are wholly in respect of a period of service as a public officer that commenced before the date on which this Constitution comes into operation, be the law that was in force immediately before that date; and (  *b*  ) in so far as those benefits are wholly or partly in respect of a period of service as a public officer that commenced after the date on which this Constitution comes into operation, be the law in force on the date on which that period of service commenced, or any law in force at a later date that is not less favourable to that person. (3) Where a person is entitled to exercise an option as to which of two or more laws shall apply in his or her case, the law for which he or she opts shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be more favourable to him or her than the other law or laws. (4) All pensions benefits shall (except to the extent to which under any law providing for the funding of pensions benefits they are a charge on a fund established by that law and have been duly paid out of that fund to the person or authority to whom payment is due) be a charge on the Consolidated Fund. (5) In this section \"pensions benefits\" means any pensions, compensation, gratuities or other like allowances for persons in respect of their service as public officers or as members of the armed forces or for the widows, children, dependants or personal representatives of such persons in respect of such service. (6) References in this section to the law with respect to pensions benefits include (without prejudice to their generality) references to the law regulating the circumstances in which such benefits may be granted or in which the grant of such benefits may be refused, the law regulating the circumstances in which any such benefits that have been granted may be withheld, reduced in amount or suspended and the law regulating the amount of any such benefits. (7) In this section references to service as a public officer include references to service as a public officer of the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland.",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\nwhich case not more than two further ballots may be taken; (  *g*  ) only one ballot shall be taken at any sitting of the Assembly, and the Speaker may adjourn the meeting at which a second or subsequent ballot is to be taken for such number of days (in addition to the days on which and to which the meeting is adjourned), not being more than two, as he or she thinks fit; (  *h*  ) if there is no candidate duly nominated for the first ballot in accordance with paragraph (  *b*  ) or if after the number of ballots permitted under paragraph (  *f*  ) have been taken no candidate has been declared elected Parliament shall stand dissolved or, in the case of a Presidential election held in accordance with section 32(6) of this Constitution, the foregoing general election shall be void. (6) No business other than the election of a President shall be transacted at a meeting of the National Assembly under subsection (4) of this section or under section 32(6) of this Constitution and such a meeting or any sitting thereof shall not be regarded as a meeting or sitting of the Assembly for the purposes of any other provision of this Constitution. (7) At any time when the office of Speaker is vacant or the holder of that office is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise the functions vested in him or her by this section and section 32(6) of this Constitution, those functions may be exercised by the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or, if there is no Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise those functions, by such member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that purpose. **36. Discharge of functions of President during absence, illness, etc.** (1) Whenever the President is absent from Botswana or considers it desirable to do so by reason of illness or any other cause he or she may, by directions in writing, authorize- (  *a*  ) the Vice-President; or (  *b*  ) during any period when there is no Vice-President or the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or is, by reason of physical or mental infirmity, unable to perform the functions of his or her office, some other Minister, to discharge such of the functions of the office of President as he or she may specify, and the Vice-President or other Minister may discharge those functions until his or her authority is revoked by the President. (2) If the President is incapable by reason of physical or mental infirmity of discharging the functions of his or her office and the infirmity is of such a nature that the President is unable to authorize another person under this section to perform those functions- (  *a*  ) the Vice-President; or (  *b*  ) during any period when there is no Vice-President or the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or the Vice-President is, by reason of physical or mental infirmity, unable to perform the functions of his or her office, such Minister as the Cabinet shall appoint, shall perform the functions of the office of President. (3) A person performing the functions of the office of President under this section shall not exercise the power of the President to revoke the appointment of the Vice- President or to dissolve Parliament. (4) A person performing the functions of the office of President by virtue of subsection (2) of this section shall cease to perform those functions if he or she is notified by the President that the President is about to resume those functions. (5) For the purposes of this section, a certificate of the Chief Justice that- (  *a*  ) the President is incapable by reason of physical or mental infirmity of",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n*Made*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *-*    *at 10.32 a.m. on 14th May 2021*\n*Laid before Parliament*    *at 2.30 p.m. on 14th May 2021*\n*Coming into force*    *-*    *-*    *at 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021*",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### territories\n\n###### **nurse**\n\nSchedule 3 to the Education and Inspections Act 2006 (c. 40) and S.I. 2010/1158.\n(  **c**  ) 1996 c. 56; section 463 was substituted by section 172 of the Education Act 2002 and amended so far as relevant by\nparagraphs 1 and 43 of Schedule 3 to the Children and Families Act 2014 (c. 6) and S.I. 2010/1158\n(  **d**  ) 2008 c. 25\n(  **e**  ) 1996 c. 56; section 337A was substituted by section 142(1) of the Education and Skills Act 2008 (c. 25).\n(  **f**  ) Section 19(2B) was amended so far as relevant by section 47 of and Schedule 8 to the Education Act 1997, section 3 of and\nparagraph 1 of Schedule 3 and Schedule 4 to the Children, Schools and Families Act 2010, section 101 of the Education and\nInspections Act 2006, S.I. 2007/1507 and S.I. 2010/1158.\n(  **g**  ) 1992 c. 13; section 91 was amended in so far as relevant by paragraph 42 of Schedule 9 and Schedule 11 to the Learning\nand Skills Act 2000 (c. 21), paragraph 13 of Schedule 8 to the apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 (c.\n22) and by paragraphs 23 and 26 of Schedule 8 to the Higher Education and Research Act 2018 (c. 29).\n(  **h**  ) Section 1B was inserted by section 53(7) of the Education Act 2011.\n###### **Modification of application of this Schedule where P is taking up employment as an NHS**\n###### **nurse**\n**19.**  —(1) This paragraph applies where—\n(a)  on P’s arrival in England, P is entitled to enter the United Kingdom pursuant to a skilled\nworker visa granted in accordance with Appendix Skilled Worker to the immigration\nrules(  **a**  );\n(b)  P is eligible for the visa by virtue of being sponsored—\n(i)  for a job within the entry for occupation code 2231 (nurses) in Table 2 of Appendix\nSkilled Occupations to the immigration rules, and\n(ii)  by an NHS trust or an NHS foundation trust (“P’s sponsor”); and\n(c)  prior to P’s arrival in England, P’s sponsor has confirmed in writing that this paragraph\napplies in relation to P and has not withdrawn that confirmation.\n(2)  Where this paragraph applies, this Schedule applies in relation to P as if—",
+                    "page_start": 79,
+                    "page_end": 80,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n**116. Power of Commissions in relation to pensions, etc.** (1) Where under any law any person or authority has a discretion- (  *a*  ) to decide whether or not any pensions benefits shall be granted; or (  *b*  ) to withhold, reduce in amount or suspend any such benefits that have been granted, those benefits shall be granted and may not be withheld, reduced in amount or suspended unless the appropriate Commission concurs in the refusal to grant the benefits or, as the case may be, in the decision to withhold them, reduce them in amount or suspend them. (2) Where the amount of any pensions benefits that may be granted to any person is not fixed by law, the amount of the benefits to be granted to him or her shall be the greatest amount for which he or she is eligible unless the appropriate Commission concurs in his or her being granted benefits of a smaller amount. (3) The appropriate Commission shall not concur under subsection (1) or subsection (2) of this section in action taken on the ground that any person who holds or has held the office of a judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court or the Auditor- General or Director of Prosecutions has been guilty of misbehaviour unless he or she has been removed from office by reason of such misbehaviour. (4) In this section \"the appropriate Commission\" means- (  *a*  ) in the case of benefits for which any person may be eligible in respect of the service in the public service of a person who, immediately before he or she ceased to be a public officer, was subject to the disciplinary control of the Judicial Service Commission or that have been granted in respect of such service, the Judicial Service Commission; (  *b*  ) in any other case, the Public Service Commission. (5) In this section \"pensions benefits\" means any pensions, compensation, gratuities or other like allowances for persons in respect of their service as public officers (including service as public officers of the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland) or for the widows, children, dependants or personal representatives of such persons in respect of such service. **CHAPTER VIII** * **Finance** *   **(ss 117-124) 117. Consolidated Fund** All revenues or other moneys raised or received for the purposes of the Government of Botswana (not being revenues or other moneys that are payable by or under any law into some other fund established for a specific purpose or that may by or under any law be retained by the department of Government that received them for the purposes of defraying the expenses of that department) shall be paid into and form one Consolidated Fund. **118. Withdrawals from Consolidated Fund or other public funds** (1) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except- (  *a*  ) to meet expenditure that is charged upon the Fund by this Constitution or by any Act of Parliament; (  *b*  ) where the issue of those moneys has been authorized by an Appropriation Act, by a supplementary estimate approved by resolution of the National Assembly or by a law enacted in pursuance of section 120 of this Constitution. (2) No moneys shall be withdrawn from any public fund of Botswana other than the Consolidated Fund unless the issue of those moneys has been authorized by or under a law. (3) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except in the manner prescribed by Parliament.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf",
+                "query": "When is it not necessary to review an EHC plan ?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": " It is not necessary for a local authority to review an EHC plan in accordance  with section 44(1) of the Act if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the  incidence or transmission of coronavirus. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Methods**\n\n#### **Statistical Analysis**\n\nBased on prior work, 3 board certified EM physician leaders (M.M., A.F., and P.S.) with experience in\nformal quality and patient safety review processes performed retrospective reviews of ED-based\nEHR records of 50 individual ED patient encounters, randomly selected from the test dataset. <sup>49</sup>\nBased on prior published clinical evaluations of LLM, as well as the study feasibility of using EM physician quality and patient safety leaders, 50 ED patient encounters were evaluated. <sup>50</sup> Reviewers\nFigure. Data Flow of Generating Emergency Department (ED) Handoff Summary\nEHR data\nTransition of\ncare notes Consult\nnotes\nProgress\nnotes Procedure\nnotes\nVitals Medications\nRadiology\nresults Labs\nHPI\nExtract recent HPI\nRegex\nprocessing\nRegex\nprocessing\nRegex\nprocessing\nRegex\nprocessing\nCourse of treatment\nSalience selection\nLLM 1\ntransformer\nRemove duplicates\nLLM 2\ntransformer\nGet most salient medications and\nlaboratory tests, vitals, consults, and\nimages with pattern-matching rules\nAutomated summary\nHPI:\nPatient is a 64-year-old male with history of alcoholic hepatitis sent in\nfrom urgent care for hypotension in setting of N/V/D 3 days ago, also\nwith fall outside of ED\nEvents:\n-  Presented to the ED on January 6, 1972, for hypotension in setting of\nN/V/D 4 days\n-  On January 7, 1972, patient is to be admitted to medicine SDU\nPlans:\nLaboratory tests: CBC, CMP, trop, cultures, VBG, imaging: CTH. Aggressive\nIVF, monitor.\nDisposition:\nAdmit to medicine-general, intermediate care (stepdown), for dizziness\nMedications:\n-  Calcium gluconate-NaCl 2-0.67 GM/100ML-% IV solution 2g\n-  Octreotide acetate 100 mcg/mL solution (wrapper): 50mcg\nLabs:\nCBC: Hgb: 4.9 panic (!), Hct: 17.2 panic (!), WBC: 14.13 high (!), platelet:\n174\nVitals:\n-  HR: 105, BP: 94/62,  RR: 18, SPO2: 100, temp 97.9F\nConsults:\n-  IP consult to gastroenterology\nCBC indicates complete blood count; CMP, comprehensive metabolic panel; CTH, computed tomography of the head; EHR, electronic health record; Hct, hematocrit; Hgb,\nhemoglobin; HPI, history of present illness; HR, heart rate; IP, inpatient; IVF, intravenous fluid; N/V/D, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; RR, respiratory rate; SDU, step down unit; SPO2,\nperipheral capillary oxygen saturation; WBC, white blood cell; WBG, whole blood glucose.\nDecember 3, 2024 5/12",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\nnecessary), after paragraph (2) insert—\n“(3) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraph (1) if\nit is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of\ncoronavirus.”.\n**22.**  In regulation 5(4) (decision whether or not to conduct a detained person’s EHC needs\nassessment)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert—\n“, or\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n) S.I. 2015/62.\n**23.**  In regulation 8(2) (duty to co-operate in a detained person’s EHC needs assessment), at the\nend of sub-paragraph (d) insert—\n“; or\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**24.**  In regulation 10(4) (decision not to secure an EHC plan)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert—\n“; or\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**25.**  In regulation 13(3) (timescales for EHC plans), for “(c)” substitute “(d)”.\n**26.**  In regulation 29 (compliance with the orders of the First-tier Tribunal)—\n(a)  after paragraph (6) insert—\n“(6A) The home authority need not comply with the time limits specified in paragraph (3)\nif it is impractical to do so because the circumstances referred to in regulation 10(4)(d)\napply.”.\n(b)  in paragraph (7)(c) after “10(4)(a)” insert “or (d)”.\n**27.**  In regulation 30(7)(c) (unopposed appeals), after “10(4)(a)” insert “or (d)”.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Mandatory testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Form A: negative test result**\n\naddresses at which they intend to self-isolate, or are self-isolating, in accordance\nwith regulation 9 (if different from their home address), or\n(ii)  where P is a person to whom regulation 10 applies, the address of the\naccommodation designated for the purposes of Schedule 11.\n(4)  Where P is a child, or a person with a disability who is unable for that reason to provide the\nnotification and information set out or referred to in sub-paragraph (3) to the test provider—\n(a)  the notification and information set out or referred to in sub-paragraph (3), other than the\ninformation set out in paragraph 4(b)(xi) and (xii) of Schedule 10, is provided to the test\nprovider on P’s behalf by another person (“Y”); and\n(b)  either the information set out in paragraph 4(b)(xi) and (xii) of Schedule 10 is provided\nby Y to the test provider or, where appropriate, Y provides their own telephone number\nand email address to the test provider.\n(5)  At the time the test is booked and payment made the test provider gives P a test reference\nnumber in the format specified in sub-paragraph (6) and, where appropriate, also provides that test\nreference number to Y.\n(6)  A test reference number must consist of 12 characters comprising 5 letters followed by 7\ndigits.\n###### **Notification of test results**\n**11.**  —(1) This paragraph applies to a private provider who administers or provides a test to P in\nthe circumstances described in paragraph 10.\n(2)  The private provider must, within 24 hours of the result becoming available—\n(a)  notify P or, where paragraph 10(4) applies, Y by email, letter, or text message, of the\nresult of P’s test; or\n(b)  make P’s test result available to P, or where paragraph 10(4) applies, to Y via a secure\nweb portal,\nin accordance with sub-paragraph (3).\n(3)  The notification of P’s test result must include P’s name, date of birth, passport number, or\ntravel document reference number (as appropriate), the name and contact details of the test\nprovider and P’s test reference number, and must be conveyed using one of the following forms of\nwords, as appropriate—\n###### **Form A: negative test result**\nYour coronavirus (COVID-19) test result is negative. You did not have the virus when the test was",
+                    "page_start": 64,
+                    "page_end": 64,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Mandatory testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Day 8 tests: private provider requirements**\n\n2002, other than solely by virtue of regulation 39(2) of those Regulations, and\n(ii)  has been validated no more than 18 months before the test is administered or\nprovided to P.\n(3)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2) “validated”, in relation to a device, has the meaning\ngiven by paragraph 2(2) of Schedule 10.\n###### **Day 8 tests: private provider requirements**\n**9.**  —(1) For the purposes of paragraph 8(1)(b)(iii), a private provider complies with this\nparagraph where—\n(a)  they comply with the requirements of paragraph 3(1)(a) and (e) to (h) of Schedule 10 as if\nany reference in those provisions to an appropriate test were a reference to a day 8 test;\n(b)  if the provider is a laboratory that conducts diagnostic test evaluation for testing in\naccordance with this Schedule, they have made a declaration to the Department of Health\nand Social Care that they meet the minimum standards for private sector-provided testing\nat https://support-covid-19-testing.dhsc.gov.uk/InternationalTesting;\n(c)  they have provided the Department of Health and Social Care with a list of all\norganisations that they work with (whether by sub-contract or otherwise) to carry out the\ntesting service or to carry out genomic sequencing, indicating the nature of the service\nthat each organisation is providing and kept that list updated as appropriate;\n(d)  in relation to a test which requires laboratory processing—\n(i)  the person responsible for the taking of samples meets the relevant requirements for\naccreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025 in respect of the\ntaking of samples, and\n(ii)  the laboratory used by the test provider for the processing of samples meets the\nrelevant requirements for accreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard\n17025 in respect of the processing of samples;\n(e)  in relation to a point of care test, they meet the relevant requirements for accreditation to\nISO Standard 15189 and ISO standard 22870;\n(f)  they receive the information required by paragraph 10(3) or (4) (as appropriate), and if\nthey administer the test to P, they do so no earlier than the end of the seventh day after the\nday on which P arrived in England;\n(g)  each day, they notify the Secretary of State in writing of—\n(i)  the number of tests they sold on that day, and",
+                    "page_start": 62,
+                    "page_end": 63,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Optional testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Test providers**\n\non their behalf);\n(b)  they have made a declaration to the Department of Health and Social Care that they meet\nthe minimum standards for private sector-provided testing at https://support-covid-19-\ntesting.dhsc.gov.uk/PrivateSectorSelfDeclaration;\n(c)  in relation to a test which requires laboratory processing—\n(i)  the person responsible for the taking of samples meets the relevant requirements for\naccreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025, in respect of the\ntaking of samples, and\n(ii)  the laboratory used by the test provider for the processing of samples meets the\nrelevant requirements for accreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard\n17025, in respect of the processing of samples;\n(d)  in relation to a point of care test, they meet the relevant requirements for accreditation to\nISO standard 15189 and ISO standard 22870(  **a**  );\n(e)  a registered medical practitioner has oversight and approval of medical practices\nundertaken by the test provider, and responsibility for reporting medical issues;\n(f)  they have an effective system of clinical governance in place which includes appropriate\nstandard operating procedures in relation to the carrying out of appropriate tests;\n(g)  a registered clinical scientist has oversight of clinical practices undertaken by the test\nprovider, and responsibility for reporting clinical issues;\n(h)  they have systems in place to identify any adverse incidents or quality control issues in\nrelation to appropriate tests and be able to report them as soon as reasonably practicable\nto the Secretary of State;\n(i)  they administer or provide an appropriate test to P, on or after the fifth day after the day\non which P arrived in England having received the information required by paragraph\n4(b) and (c) (as appropriate); and\n(j)  if they arrange with another person (“X”) for X to carry out any element of the single\nend-to-end testing service on their behalf, the test provider ensures that X complies with\nany of paragraphs (c) to (i) and 5(2), (3) and (5) as is relevant to the carrying out of that\nelement.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “point of care test” means a test processed outside a laboratory environment;\n(b)  “registered clinical scientist” means a person registered as a clinical scientist with the\nHealth and Care Professions Council pursuant to article 5 of the Health Professions Order",
+                    "page_start": 69,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Mandatory testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Interpretation of this Schedule**\n**1.**  —(1) In this Schedule—\n(a)  “default self-isolation period” means—\n(i)  in the case of a non-Schedule 11 passenger, the period specified in paragraph (7)(a)\nof regulation 9 (requirement to self-isolate),\n(ii)  in the case of a Schedule 11 passenger, the period specified in paragraph 10(a) of\nSchedule 11;\n(b)  “mandatory test” means a day 2 test or a day 8 test within the meaning of regulation\n6(12);\n(c)  “non-Schedule 11 passenger” means a person to whom regulation 9 applies;\n(d)  “P” means a person required to undertake a mandatory test under regulation 6\n(requirement to book and undertake tests);\n(e)  “private provider” means a test provider other than a public provider;\n(f)  “public provider” means a test provider who provides or administers a test under the\nNational Health Service Act 2006, the National Health Services (Wales) Act 2006, the\nNational Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978, or the Health and Personal Social Services\n(Northern Ireland) Order 1972;\n(g)  “relevant self-isolation provisions” means—\n(i)  in relation to a Schedule 11 passenger, regulation 9 and Schedule 11,\n(ii)  in relation to a non-Schedule 11 passenger, regulation 9.\n(2)  Where this Schedule requires P to continue to self-isolate in accordance with the relevant\nself-isolation provisions—\n(a)  regulation 19 (offences and penalties) applies in relation to that requirement as it applies\nin relation to the relevant self-isolation provisions;\n(b)  such a requirement to self-isolate does not apply in respect of a person exempt from\nregulation 9.\n###### **Requirement to self-isolate on failure to undertake a mandatory test**\n**2.**  —(1) Sub-paragraph (2) applies where P is not a person of the description in regulation\n5(1)(b), (c) or (d) and—\n(a)  either—\n(i)  P fails to undertake a day 2 test, or\n(ii)  P’s day 2 test generates a negative or inconclusive result, and\n(b)  P fails to undertake a day 8 test.\n(2)  Where this sub-paragraph applies, P must continue to self-isolate in accordance with the\nrelevant self-isolation provisions until the end of the 14th day after the day on which they arrived\nin England.\n(3)  Sub-paragraph (4) applies where P is a person of the description in regulation 5(1)(b), (c) or\n(d) and P fails to undertake a day 2 test.\n(4)  Where this sub-paragraph applies, P must self-isolate in accordance with regulation 2 of the",
+                    "page_start": 57,
+                    "page_end": 58,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 4\n\n##### Requirements on operators\n\n###### **Required information and manner**\n\npassenger on the relevant service), the check-in information requirement is to be treated as\ncomplied with if the required information was provided to A in the required manner at the time of\ncheck-in, along with a written request that A provide that information to the passenger unless A\nconsiders that, by virtue of age or mental capacity, the passenger is unlikely to be capable of\nunderstanding it.\n###### **Required information and manner**\n**14.**  —(1) For the purposes of regulation 13(2)(a) (pre-booking information requirement), the\nrequired information—\n(a)  in the case of online bookings—\n(i)  must be displayed prominently on an operator’s website or mobile application,\n(ii)  is the information specified in Part 1 of Schedule 12 (information for passengers) and\na hyperlink to each of the relevant websites;\n(b)  in the case of telephone bookings—\n(i)  must be provided orally,\n(ii)  is the information specified in Part 1 of Schedule 12;\n(c)  in the case of in-person bookings—\n(i)  must be provided orally or in writing,\n(ii)  where provided orally, is the information specified in Part 1 of Schedule 12,\n(iii)  where provided in writing, is a written notice which informs passengers of the\nrequirements to provide information, to possess notification of a negative test result,\nto book and undertake tests and to self-isolate in regulations 3, 4, 6 and 9.\n(2)  For the purposes of regulation 13(2)(b) (pre-departure information requirement), the required\ninformation—\n(a)  must be provided by text message, push notification, email or orally;\n(b)  where provided by text message or push notification, is text which—\n(i)  informs passengers of the requirements to provide information in regulation 3 and\nthat penalties apply for failure to comply with those requirements,\n(ii)  includes a hyperlink to https://www.gov.uk/provide-journey-contact-details-before-\ntravel-uk,\n(iii)  informs passengers of the requirement to possess notification of a negative test result\nin regulation 4, and\n(iv)  informs passengers of the requirement to book and undertake tests in regulation 6;\n(c)  where provided orally, is the information specified in Part 1 of Schedule 12;\n(d)  where provided by email, is the information specified in Part 1 of Schedule 12 and a\nhyperlink to each of the relevant websites.\n(3)  For the purposes of regulation 13(2)(c) (check-in information requirement)—\n(a)  in relation to digital check-in, the required information—\n(i)  must be displayed prominently on an operator’s website or mobile application,",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Optional testing after arrival in England\n\n###### **Notification of test results**\n\n(i)  their full name,\n(ii)  their sex,\n(iii)  their date of birth,\n(iv)  their NHS number (if known and applicable),\n(v)  their ethnicity,\n(vi)  their home address, and the address or addresses at which they intend to self-isolate\nin accordance with regulation 9 while in England (if different),\n(vii)  the date of their arrival in the United Kingdom,\n(viii)  their coach number, flight number or vessel name (as appropriate),\n(ix)  the date on which they last departed from or transited through a category 2 country\nor territory,\n(x)  the country or territory they were travelling from when they arrived in the United\nKingdom, and any country or territory they transited through as part of that journey,\n(xi)  their email address,\n(xii)  their telephone number,\n(xiii)  their passport number, or travel document reference number (as appropriate);\n(c)  where P is a child, or a person with a disability who is unable for that reason to provide\nthe notification and information set out in paragraph (b) to the test provider—\n(i)  the notification and information set out in paragraph (b), other than in paragraph\n(b)(xi) and (xii), is provided to the test provider on P’s behalf by another person\n(“X”), and\n(ii)  either the information set out in paragraph (b)(xi) and (xii) is provided by X to the\ntest provider or, where appropriate, X provides their own telephone number and\nemail address to the test provider;\n(d)  at the time the test is booked and payment made the test provider gives P a test reference\nnumber in the format specified in sub-paragraph (e) and, where appropriate, also provides\nthat test reference number to X;\n(e)  a test reference number must consist of 12 characters comprising 5 letters followed by 7\ndigits.\n###### **Notification of test results**\n**5.**  —(1) Sub-paragraphs (2) to (6) apply to a test provider who administers or provides an\nappropriate test to P in the circumstances described in paragraph 4.\n(2)  The test provider must, within 24 hours of the result becoming available—\n(a)  notify P or, where paragraph 4(c) applies, X by email, letter, or text message, of the result\nof P’s test; or\n(b)  make P’s test result available to P, or to X where paragraph 4(c) applies, via a secure web\nportal,",
+                    "page_start": 70,
+                    "page_end": 71,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes + +\n\n## DevelopingandEvaluatingLargeLanguageModel- GeneratedEmergencyMedicine HandoffNotes\n\n### **Methods**\n\n#### **Data Collection**\nThe study, with review and approval from the Weill Cornell institutional review board (IRB), was\nconducted at an urban academic 840-bed quaternary-care hospital in New York City, with\napproximately 71 000 adult ED visits and 21 000 admissions annually. EHR data from 1600\nindividual EM patient encounters leading to acute hospital admission were randomly selected from\nvisits occurring between April and September of 2023. We limited our analysis to EM patient\nencounters occurring after April 2023, as the study site had updated the EM-handoff at that time.\nEncounters before this date used an earlier version of the EM-handoff note that would have provided\nsuboptimal data for training labels. We used these data to fine-tune a pretrained LLM, which then\ngenerated an abstractive EM-handoff note. For the 1600 patient encounters (the study participants),\nWeill Cornell Medicine IRB approved a waiver of informed consent because the study used\nretrospective data and posed minimal risk to patients. We used Strengthening the Reporting of\nObservational Studies in Epidemiology ( [STROBE](http://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/) ) reporting guidelines.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Prediction of healthcare utilization following an episode of physical t[...]\n\n## Ethics approval and consent to participate\nEthics approval for this study was granted by the University of Florida\nInstitutional Review Board-01 (Study #: 525 - 2012). All participants provided\nwritten consent to participate in the study.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf",
+                "query": "Give me some info about the scroll bars in excel",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "Appear at the right and on the bottom of the screen. You may click  the scroll arrows, drag the scroll box or click the scroll bar to move  through the document. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n*Page 2*\n\n###### **N AVIGATING IN A F ILE**\n|  Arrow  Keys  |  Move one cell to the right, left, up or down  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Tab  | Move once cell to the right  |\n| Ctrl+Home  | To beginning file  |\n| Ctrl+End  | To end of typed information  |\n| Home  | Beginning of a line  |\n| End  | End of a line  |\n| Page Down  | Down one screen  |\n| Page Up  | Up one screen  |\n| F5  | To a specific page  |\n| Scroll bars  | Appear at the right and on the bottom of the screen. You may click  the scroll arrows, drag the scroll box or click the scroll bar to move  through the document. |\n*Page 3*\n###### **T YPING T EXT OR N UMBERS I NTO A W ORKSHEET**\n\nGenerally when you start a new spreadsheet project, the first task is to enter some headings into rows and columns. To type anything into a worksheet you need to make the cell into which\nyou wish to enter the data active. This can be done in a number of ways but the most common is to click in it first before typing.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n\n*Before you begin ensure* *that there is a blank* *workbook on the screen...*\n Click in cell  * **A3** *  to make this the active cell, type **Garden Settings**  and press",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n###### **HANGING T HE C HART L AYOUT**\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the file* *E1317 Charting_8.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Revenue** * * **Chart** *  worksheet tab to see the chart, then click anywhere on the chart to select it and see the * **CHART TOOLS:** * * **DESIGN** *  and  * **CHART** * * **TOOLS: FORMAT** *  tabs  Click on the  * **CHART** * * **TOOLS:** *    * **DESIGN** *  tab, then click on  * **Quick** * * **Layout** *  in the  * **Chart** * * **Layouts** *  group to display a gallery of layout options  Click on  * **Layout** *    * **3** *  to apply this chart layout to the chart  Repeat steps  * **2** *  and  * **3** *  to select other  * **chart** * * **layouts** *  and see how they appear when applied to the chart  Click on  * **Quick Layout** *  in the  * **Chart** *    * **Layouts** *  group and click on  * **Layout 5** *  Click on the  * **Chart** *    * **Data** * worksheet tab to display this worksheet",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **2**\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the file* *E1317 Charting_2.xlsx...*\n Point to the border of the chart and click once to select the chart as an object\n*The border of the chart will* *thicken to indicate that the* *chart is selected, the* *range of data used for the* *chart will be coloured, the* *ribbon will show* *chart-specific tabs and* *commands, and additional* *tools will appear to the* *right of the chart...*  Click on the chart  * **legend** * to make it the active object in the chart  Click on the  **vertical axis** to make it the active object  Click on the  **horizontal axis**  to make it the active object  Click on the border of the chart to make the overall chart the active object again -  notice that the range of data has been coloured again  Click in cell  * **A1** *  to deselect the chart\n\nBy default, new charts are placed in the active worksheet, which is usually the one that contains the data. Charts are placed over the top of the worksheet,  * **embedded** *  as  * **objects** *  . When you\nwant to work with a chart you must select it -  this can be done by clicking on the chart. The chart itself is made up of many objects and these too can be selected by clicking on them.\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **select a chart** *  and its  * **objects** *  :\n1. Click on the border of the chart to select an embedded chart\n2. Click on the various objects of a chart to select them\n**Handy to Know...**\n- Once an object is selected, be it a chart, a legend on the chart, or the like, you can right- click on the object to see a shortcut menu specific to the selected object.",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n###### **S ELECTING R OWS**\n\nIf you want to make changes to an  * **entire row** *  , such as bolding all of the headings in a row or changing the font of all the cell entries, you must first select the row. This is done by clicking on the\nrow header to the left of the row. Remember that any changes you make will apply to every cell in the row all the way across to column XFD, so be careful!\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous file* *with this exercise, or open the file* *E705 Ranges_1.xlsx...*\n Press + <sup>to make cell</sup>  * **<sup>A1</sup>** * the active cell  Move the mouse pointer to the row heading for row  * **5** *\n*Notice that the mouse pointer* *changes to a black arrow that* *points towards the row...*  Click once on row heading  * **5** *  to select the entire row  Click in cell  * **B7** *  and press +\n\n*This is the key combination for* *selecting an entire row...*  Click on the row header for row  * **7** * to select this row  Hold down and click on the\nrow header for row  * **10** *\n*All rows from 7 to 10 will be* *selected...*  Click in the row header for row  * **5** *  , then hold down the left mouse button and drag down the row headers to row  * **10** *\n*This is another technique for* *selecting rows, but it does require* *a steady hand!*\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **select** *  an entire  * **row** *  :\n1. Click on the row header of the row that you want to select\nOR\n1. Click in any cell in the row and press\n<sup>+</sup>\n**Handy to Know...**\n- When  * **every cell** *  in a row or column is selected, the corresponding row or column header is filled in dark blue. When only  * **some** * of the cells are selected, the row or column header is filled in orange. These indicators help you locate the active cell(s) on the worksheet.\n-",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n*Page 8*\n###### **ENAMING A W ORKSHEET**\n\nBy default, Excel names worksheets as  * **Sheet1** *  , * **Sheet2** *  ,  * **Sheet3** *  , etc. These names are fine if you are not planning to share the workbook, but changing these to something more relevant\nmakes it much easier to understand the purpose of a worksheet. You can also adjust the horizontal scroll bar to make room for longer, more meaningful worksheet names.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_2.xlsx...*\n Point to the vertical dots between the sheet names and the horizontal scroll bar, as shown\n*The pointer will change to a* *double-headed arrow...*  Click and drag the bar across to the right, to the end of column  * **L** *  , then release the mouse button  Double-click on  * **Sheet1 (5)** *  to select the worksheet tab name\n*This will also place it into edit* *mode...*  Type  **Comms**  , then press\n Repeat steps  * **3** *  and  * **4** *  to rename the other worksheets:\n* **Sheet1 (4)** *    **Admin** * **Sheet1 (3)** *    **Shop** * **Sheet1 (2)** *    **IT** * **Sheet1** *    **Maintenance**",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n###### **HANGING F ONT S IZE**\n\nOne way that text can be emphasised is by changing the  * **size** *  of the font. For example, if your normal text is 11 pt, you may like to make the headings 13 pt or larger. Font size may also\nbe changed for small detailed items, such as comments or a caption. Main headings in a worksheet usually appear in a slightly larger font size compared to the rest of the data.\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E722 Font* *Formatting_2.xlsx...*\n Click in cell  * **A1** *  to make the cell with the main heading the active cell  Click on the drop arrow next to the  * **Font Size** *  command\nin the  * **Font** *  group on\nthe  * **Home** *  tab to display a gallery of available sizes  Point to various sizes and notice how  * **Live Preview** * shows you how the heading will look  Click on  * **16** *  to change the heading to  * **16** *  pt\n*You can also change the font* *size of parts of a document,* *and you can use the Mini* *toolbar...*  Click in cell  * **A2** *\n Click with the right-mouse button to display the mini- toolbar and the shortcut menu  Click on the drop arrow next to\n* **Font Size** *   and\nclick on  * **14** *  Click in cell  * **A3** *  to hide the toolbar\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **change font size** *  :\n1. Select the cell or range that you want to change\n2. Click on the drop arrow of  * **Font Size** *\n3. Click on the required font size\n**Handy to Know...**\n- You may have noticed that the text didn’t change size when you used the mini toolbar until you actually clicked on a different font size. This is because  * **Live Preview** *  doesn’t work with the mini toolbar.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n\n###### **W RAPPING A ND M ERGING T EXT**\n\nMicrosoft Excel will allow long cell entries to spill across to other adjacent cells to the right as long as those cells are empty. If those cells contain data the spill-over will be chopped off. If you need\nto place long text entries in a cell you can arrange for Microsoft Excel to wrap the text within the cell and also merge that cell with others to accommodate the longer text entry.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Open** * * **File** *\n*Before starting this exercise* *you MUST open the file E723* *Cell Alignment_9.xlsx...*\n Click in cell  * **A5** *\n*This cell contains a long text* *entry that spills across several* *columns...*  Click on the  * **Expand Formula** * * **Bar** *  tool to the right of the\nformula bar to see all of the text  Click on the  * **Wrap Text** *\ncommand in the\n* **Alignment** *  group on the * **Home** *  tab to wrap the text in cell  * **A5** *\n*Notice how the row height has* *now increased...*  Hold down the key and click in cell  * **E5** *  to select the range  * **A5:E5** *  Click on the drop arrow\nfor  * **Merge & Centre** *   in the\n* **Alignment** *  group and select **Merge Cells**  to merge the cells in the range  Move the mouse pointer to the bottom of the row  * **5** *  heading border and drag the row height up until you reach  * **30** *  points\n\n**For Your Reference...**\n- To wrap text - click in the cell to merge and\nclick on the  * **Wrap Text** *  command in the\n* **Alignment** *  group on the  * **Home** *  tab\n- To merge text - click on the drop arrow\nfor  * **Merge & Centre** *   in the  * **Alignment** *\ngroup and select  **Merge Cells**\n**Handy to Know...**\n- In the example above, wrapping forced the text into one cell and Excel expanded the row height so that all of the text was accommodated. We then merged the text across several horizontal cells in the exercise above so that we could reduce the row height to a more acceptable level.\n-",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n*When you press*   *the* *next cell down* *automatically becomes* *the active cell. By the* *way, even though the text* *looks like it is in cells A3* *and B3 it really only is in* *cell A3 -  since there is* *nothing in B3, Excel* *allows the spill over to be* *displayed giving the* *illusion it is in 2 cells...*  Type  **Pool Covers**  and press  Repeat the above steps and enter the remaining text in column  * **A** *  as shown  Click in cell  * **B2** *  to make this the active cell, type **UK**  and press\n*When you press*   *the* *cell to the right becomes* *the active cell...*  Enter the remaining text in row  * **2** *  as shown\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **enter text** *  :\n1. Click the cell pointer on the desired cell and type the required information\n2. Press , an arrow key or to\nconfirm the data entry and to move the cell pointer to another cell\n**Handy to Know...**\n- You don’t have to use or to make adjacent cells active. You can simply use the mouse and click in the cells if you want or even press the arrow keys to move up, down, left, or right.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **7**\n\n#### **U NDERSTANDING Q UICK A NALYSIS**\n\n###### **Q UICK F ORMATTING**\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Open** * * **File** *\n*Before starting this* *exercise you MUST open* *the file E1355 Quick* *Analysis_1.xlsx...*\n Click in cell  * **B5** *  , hold down , then click in cell  * **E9** *  to select the range * **B5:E9** *  Point to the bottom of the selected range so that the * **Quick Analysis** *  button appears, as shown, then click on it to see the * **Quick Analysis** *  gallery  On the  * **FORMATTING** * tab, point to  * **Data** *    * **Bars** *  to see data bars representing the size of the selected values  Point to  * **Colour** *    * **Scale** *  to see colours used to signify the scale of values (from red for low to green for high)  Point to  * **Top 10%** *  to see the top 10% of values  Click on  * **Greater Than** *  to see the  * **Greater Than** * dialog box  Type  **200000**  in  * **Format** * * **cells that are GREATER** * * **THAN** *  , then click in cell * **A1** *  to see the changes\n\nThe first tab in the  * **Quick Analysis** *  gallery is * **FORMATTING** *  . This tab provides access to the conditional formatting tools of Excel. These are the tools that allow you to analyse data by\ncolouring it or presenting it in a slightly different way. In the  * **Quick** *    * **Analysis** *  gallery you can apply data bars, colour high and low values, values over or below a value, and more.",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n###### **HANGING T HE C HART S TYLE**\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the* *file E1317* *Charting_9.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Revenue** * * **Chart** *  worksheet tab to see the chart, then click anywhere on the chart to select it  Click on the  * **Chart** * * **Styles** *  tool to the right of the chart to see a gallery of style options, as shown  Scroll through the gallery and point to each style to see how your chart will look in Live Preview  Scroll to and click on * **Style 9** *  Click on the  * **Chart** * * **Styles** *  tool to the right of the chart to close the gallery  Click on the  * **Chart** *    * **Data** * worksheet tab",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 54,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf",
+                "query": "How to rename a worksheet in Excel ?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": "To rename a worksheet:  1. Double click on the current name on the  worksheet tab  2. Type the new name and press   ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **rename** *  a  * **worksheet** *  :\n1. Double click on the current name on the worksheet tab\n2. Type the new name and press\n**Handy to Know...**\n- You can rename a worksheet by right-clicking on the worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu and clicking on  * **Rename** *  .\n- A worksheet tab name can contain up to 31 characters including spaces, but it is better to keep it short and succinct.\n*Page 9*\n###### **M OVING OR C OPYING A S HEET T O A NOTHER W ORKBOOK**\nYou can  * **copy** *  worksheets  to other workbooks as required. For example, you might need to keep records for six different divisions -  rather than send each division the entire set of records, you\ncan copy their worksheet to another workbook and send them their data only. If worksheets exist in the other workbook, you will need to determine the order in which to place the copied worksheet.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the file* *E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_6.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Maintenance** * worksheet tab\n*We’ll copy this completed* *data to another workbook...*  Right-click on the worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu, then click on  * **Move or Copy** *   to display the  * **Move or Copy** * dialog box  Click on the drop arrow for * **To book** *  , then select  **(new book)**  Click on  * **Create a copy** *  so it appears ticked\n*This will create a new* *workbook as well as* *making a copy of the* *worksheet...*  Click on  **[OK]**\n*A new workbook will be* *created and Maintenance* *will be the only worksheet* *in the workbook...*  Save the new workbook as * **Maintenance.xlsx** *  , then close it",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n*Page 8*\n###### **ENAMING A W ORKSHEET**\n\nBy default, Excel names worksheets as  * **Sheet1** *  , * **Sheet2** *  ,  * **Sheet3** *  , etc. These names are fine if you are not planning to share the workbook, but changing these to something more relevant\nmakes it much easier to understand the purpose of a worksheet. You can also adjust the horizontal scroll bar to make room for longer, more meaningful worksheet names.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_2.xlsx...*\n Point to the vertical dots between the sheet names and the horizontal scroll bar, as shown\n*The pointer will change to a* *double-headed arrow...*  Click and drag the bar across to the right, to the end of column  * **L** *  , then release the mouse button  Double-click on  * **Sheet1 (5)** *  to select the worksheet tab name\n*This will also place it into edit* *mode...*  Type  **Comms**  , then press\n Repeat steps  * **3** *  and  * **4** *  to rename the other worksheets:\n* **Sheet1 (4)** *    **Admin** * **Sheet1 (3)** *    **Shop** * **Sheet1 (2)** *    **IT** * **Sheet1** *    **Maintenance**",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **change the colour** *  of a  * **worksheet** *    * **tab** *  :\n1. Right-click on the worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu\n2. Point to  * **Tab colour** *   to display a palette of colour options\n3. Click on the desired colour\n**Handy to Know...**\n- To apply the same colour to two or more sheets at once, select them first. Hold down to select consecutive worksheets or hold down to select non-consecutive worksheets.\n###### **G ROUPING W ORKSHEETS**\nWorksheet  * **grouping** *  enables you to make the same change at once to all selected worksheets. This feature is useful in situations where your worksheets have identical layouts or text. For\nexample, if you want to format the heading for multiple worksheets, you simply  * **group** *  the worksheets, make a change to one worksheet and the other worksheets will reflect the change also.\n**1 Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or* *open the file E1324* *Worksheet* *Techniques_8.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Admin** * worksheet tab, hold down , then click on the  * **Shop** * worksheet tab to select the first three worksheets  Click in cell  * **A1** *  to select the cell  Click on the  * **HOME** *  tab, then click on  * **Italics** *  in the  * **Font** * group\n*This will italicise the text in* *cell A1 on this and all other* *worksheets in the group...*  Click on the  * **Maintenance** * worksheet tab, then the * **Shop** *  worksheet tab to see that the changes have been applied here  Click on the  * **IT** *  worksheet tab to see that the changes have  *not*  been applied to this worksheet\n*Since this was not part of* *the grouped sheets the* *changes have not been* *applied here. Notice too that* *clicking on a tab deselects* *the previous grouping*",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n*Page 6*\n###### **I NSERTING A ND D ELETING W ORKSHEETS**\nOnce you’ve decided on a structure for your workbook, you may find that there are some worksheets that can be  * **deleted** *  . Alternatively, you may find that you need additional blank\nworksheets  * **inserted** *  . However, remember that\ndeletion of worksheets is permanent and can’t be undone using  * **Undo** *  , so always save your workbook before making these changes.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Open** * * **File** *\n*Before starting this exercise* *you MUST open the file* *E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_1.xlsx...*\n Examine the workbook -  it currently contains one worksheet named  * **Sheet1** *  Click on the  * **New Sheet** *  icon at the end of the worksheet tabs\n*A new worksheet named* *Sheet2 will be inserted. You* *can also use the keyboard* *shortcut...*  Press + to insert another new worksheet\n*This sheet is named Sheet3* *and is inserted before the* *currently selected sheet.* *Now let’s delete a sheet...*  Right-click on the  * **Sheet3** * worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu  Select  **Delete**  to remove the worksheet\n*As the worksheet contains no* *data, the sheet will be* *deleted immediately. If a* *worksheet contains data,* *Excel will ask you to confirm* *your actions...*  Repeat steps  * **4** *  and  * **5** *  to delete  * **Sheet2** *",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n\n###### **HANGING W ORKSHEET T AB C OLOURS**\nTo make it easier for you to distinguish between worksheets, Excel enables you to change the colours of  worksheet tabs. This allows you, for example, to quickly distinguish between different\nfinancial years, departments or months. The  * **active** * * **sheet** *  appears as underlined in a gradient version of the selected colour, while inactive tabs will display a solid colour background.\n**2 Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_7.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Admin** * worksheet tab to select the worksheet  Right-click on the worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu, then point to  * **Tab** * * **colour** *\n*This will display a palette of* *colour options...*  Click on  * **Red** *  under * **Standard colours** *  to apply the colour to the tab  Right-click on the * **Maintenance** *  worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu, click on  * **Tab colour** *  , then click on  * **Blue** *  under * **Standard colours** *\n*Notice how the Admin* *worksheet tab colour is now* *a solid rather than a* *gradient...*  Repeat either technique to apply the following colours:\n* **Shop** *   * **Yellow** * * **IT** *   * **Green** *  Click on the  * **Admin** * worksheet tab to view the results",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **insert** *  a  * **new** *    * **worksheet** *  into a  * **workbook** *  :\n- Click on the  * **New Sheet** *  icon to the right of the worksheet tabs\nTo  * **delete** *  a  * **worksheet** *  from a  * **workbook** *  :\n- Right click on the worksheet tab, then select **Delete**\n**Handy to Know...**\n- To insert a worksheet between existing worksheets, right-click on the worksheet tab before which you want to insert a new sheet, then click on  * **Insert** *  to display the  * **Insert** * dialog box. Select  * **Worksheet** *  and click on **[OK]**  .",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n\n*Page 7*\n###### **OPYING A W ORKSHEET**\nJust as you can copy the contents of cells and ranges within a worksheet, you can  * **duplicate** * worksheets within a workbook. This technique is ideal for replicating layouts. For example, if you\nhave a budget workbook that contains data for several departments, you can create a worksheet for the first department and then copy it to create identical worksheets for other departments.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_1.xlsx...*\n Right-click on  * **Sheet1** *  to display the worksheet shortcut menu  Select  **Move or Copy**  to display the  * **Move or Copy** * dialog box  Click on  * **Create a copy** *  so it appears ticked, then click on **[OK]**\n*The new worksheet is named*\n*Sheet1 (2). Let’s create a* *“template” from this worksheet* *by deleting unwanted data...*  Select the range  * **B7:E9** *  , then press to clear it  Repeat step  * **4** *  to clear the ranges  * **B14:E23** *  ,  * **G7:J9** *  and * **G14:J23** *  , then press + to return to cell  * **A1** *\n*Now we can copy this* *“template” to create additional* *worksheets...*  Repeat steps  * **1** *  to  * **3** *  three times to create three copies of the  *template*  worksheet -  this time without data\n*The final worksheet should be* *named Sheet1 (5)*",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **2**\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **copy** *  a  * **worksheet** *  :\n1. Right-click on the worksheet to copy, then select  * **Move or Copy** *\n2. Click on  * **Create a copy** *  so it appears ticked\n3. Click on  **[OK]**\n**Handy to Know...**\n- You can copy the current worksheet using the  * **HOME** *  tab by clicking on  * **Format** *  in the * **Cells** *  group, then clicking on  * **Move or Copy** * * **Sheet** *  .\n- The  * **Before sheet** *  options in the  * **Move or** * * **Copy** *  dialog box allow you to position the copied worksheet where you want.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **create** *  a  * **chart sheet** *  :\n1. Click on the  * **CHART TOOLS:** *    * **DESIGN** *  tab, then click on  * **Move** *    * **Chart** *  in the  * **Location** * group\n2. Click on  * **New** *    * **Sheet** *  , type a name for the sheet and click on  **[OK]**\n**Handy to Know...**\n- Keeping charts on their own sheets makes them easier to work with as they do not obstruct the data.\n###### **HANGING T HE C HART T YPE**\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the* *file E1317* *Charting_7.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Revenue** * * **Chart** *  worksheet tab to see the chart, then click anywhere on the chart to select it and display the chart commands on the ribbon  Click on the  * **CHART** * * **TOOLS:** *    * **DESIGN** *  tab, then click on  * **Change** * * **Chart** *    * **Type** *  in the  * **Type** * group to display the * **Change** *    * **Chart** *    * **Type** * dialog box  Click on  * **3-D Column** *  , as shown  Click on  **[OK]**  to apply the change to the chart  Click on the  * **Chart** *    * **Data** * worksheet tab to return to the worksheet",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **7**\n\n###### **S ELECTING C OLUMNS**\n\nIf you want to make changes to an  * **entire** * * **column** *  , such as bolding all of the headings in a column or changing the font of all the cell entries, you must first select the column. This is done by\nclicking on the column header directly above the column. Remember that any changes you make will apply to every cell in the column all the way down to row 1,048,576!\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E705 Ranges_1.xlsx...*\n Press + <sup>to make</sup> cell  * **A1** *  the active cell  Move the mouse pointer to the column heading for column  * **B** *\n*Notice that the mouse pointer* *changes to a black arrow* *pointing down the column...*  Click once to select the column\n*This time the row headers* *change to orange to indicate* *that at least one cell (but not* *all) in each row is selected...*  Click in cell  * **D6** *  and press\n+\n*This key combination also* *selects an entire column...*  Click on the column header for column  * **B** *  to select it  Hold down and click on the\ncolumn header for column  * **D** *\n*This time, columns B, C, and D* *are all selected...*  Click in the column header for column  * **A** *  , then hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse pointer across the column headings to column  * **E** *\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **select** *  an entire  * **column** *  :\n1. Click on the column heading of the column that you want to select\nOR\n1. Click in any cell in the column and press\n+\n**Handy to Know...**\n- Make sure that you check your worksheet\ncarefully after you’ve made changes to entire columns. Remember that all of the cells in that column are affected -  even those in rows below the visible area.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf",
+                "query": "I want to freeze a pane in my Excel worksheet ",
+                "target_page": 16,
+                "target_passage": "To freeze panes in a worksheet:  1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the  area you want to freeze/unfreeze  2. Click on the VIEW tab  3. Click on Freeze Panes in the Window  group, then select Freeze Panes ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **freeze panes** *  in a  * **worksheet** *  :\n1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the area you want to freeze/unfreeze\n2. Click on the  * **VIEW** *  tab\n3. Click on  * **Freeze Panes** *  in the  * **Window** * group, then select  **Freeze Panes**\n**Handy to Know...**\n- If you want to freeze only the rows above the selected cell (leaving all columns unfrozen), select the cell in column  * **A** *  of that row -  e.g. to freeze rows  * **1** *  to  * **6** *  , click in cell  * **A7** *  . The same applies to freezing only columns and leaving the rows unfrozen: select the cell in row  * **1** *  .",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **group** *    * **worksheet** *    * **tabs** *  :\n1. Click on the first worksheet tab\n2. Hold down , then click on the last worksheet tab\n**Handy to Know...**\n- To deselect a group, either click on the tab of a worksheet that is not in the group, or right- click on a tab and select  **Ungroup Sheets**  .\n- Most formatting and text changes done on a worksheet in a group will be applied to other sheets in that grouping.\n###### **F REEZING R OWS A ND C OLUMNS**\nWhen you lay out your data in rows and columns, it is most likely that your headings end up at the top or to the left of your data. If you have a large amount of data, you may find that when you\nscroll across or down to particular cells, the headings scroll out of view. This problem can be resolved by  * **freezing** *  the rows and/or columns that hold the headings.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous file* *with this exercise, or open the file* *E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_11.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Maintenance** * worksheet tab, then spend a few moments examining the worksheet\n*Depending on your screen, it is* *possible that you won’t be able to* *see all of the figures on the screen* *at once...*  Click in cell  * **B6** *  to select the cell\n Click on the  * **VIEW** *  tab, click on * **Freeze Panes** *  in the  * **Window** * group, then select  **Freeze Panes**\n*Thin black lines appear above and* *to the left of the selected cell. This* *indicates that the areas above and* *to the left are frozen...*  Scroll to the right until  * **Yearly** * * **Average** *  in column  * **L** *  appears next to column  * **A** *  Scroll down until  * **Overheads** *  in row * **25** *  is below row  * **5** *  Press + to move to cell * **B6** *  -  this is our temporary home cell, as the cells above and to the left are frozen  On the  * **VIEW** *  tab, click on  * **Freeze** * * **Panes** *  in the  * **Freeze Panes** *  group, then click on  * **Unfreeze Panes** *  to unfreeze the rows and columns",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **change the colour** *  of a  * **worksheet** *    * **tab** *  :\n1. Right-click on the worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu\n2. Point to  * **Tab colour** *   to display a palette of colour options\n3. Click on the desired colour\n**Handy to Know...**\n- To apply the same colour to two or more sheets at once, select them first. Hold down to select consecutive worksheets or hold down to select non-consecutive worksheets.\n###### **G ROUPING W ORKSHEETS**\nWorksheet  * **grouping** *  enables you to make the same change at once to all selected worksheets. This feature is useful in situations where your worksheets have identical layouts or text. For\nexample, if you want to format the heading for multiple worksheets, you simply  * **group** *  the worksheets, make a change to one worksheet and the other worksheets will reflect the change also.\n**1 Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or* *open the file E1324* *Worksheet* *Techniques_8.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Admin** * worksheet tab, hold down , then click on the  * **Shop** * worksheet tab to select the first three worksheets  Click in cell  * **A1** *  to select the cell  Click on the  * **HOME** *  tab, then click on  * **Italics** *  in the  * **Font** * group\n*This will italicise the text in* *cell A1 on this and all other* *worksheets in the group...*  Click on the  * **Maintenance** * worksheet tab, then the * **Shop** *  worksheet tab to see that the changes have been applied here  Click on the  * **IT** *  worksheet tab to see that the changes have  *not*  been applied to this worksheet\n*Since this was not part of* *the grouped sheets the* *changes have not been* *applied here. Notice too that* *clicking on a tab deselects* *the previous grouping*",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **2**\nIt’s unlikely that a chart embedded in the worksheet by Excel will be exactly where you would like it to be. You can easily relocate a chart to a more appropriate position by clicking\non and dragging the border of the chart to the desired location. The chart obviously must be selected before it can be dragged to a new position.\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **move** *  a  * **chart** *  :\n1. Click on the chart to select it\n2. Move the mouse pointer to the border of the chart until the mouse pointer changes to a four-headed arrow\n3. Drag the chart to a new location\n**Handy to Know...**\n- You can use the standard cut and paste commands to move a chart. Select the chart, click on the  * **HOME** *  tab, then click on  * **Cut** *  in the  * **Clipboard** *  group to copy it to the clipboard. Click in a new location and, on the * **HOME** *  tab, click on  * **Paste** *  in the  * **Clipboard** * group to paste the chart.",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **2**\n\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the file* *E1317 Charting_2.xlsx...*\n Point to the border of the chart and click once to select the chart as an object\n*The border of the chart will* *thicken to indicate that the* *chart is selected, the* *range of data used for the* *chart will be coloured, the* *ribbon will show* *chart-specific tabs and* *commands, and additional* *tools will appear to the* *right of the chart...*  Click on the chart  * **legend** * to make it the active object in the chart  Click on the  **vertical axis** to make it the active object  Click on the  **horizontal axis**  to make it the active object  Click on the border of the chart to make the overall chart the active object again -  notice that the range of data has been coloured again  Click in cell  * **A1** *  to deselect the chart\n\nBy default, new charts are placed in the active worksheet, which is usually the one that contains the data. Charts are placed over the top of the worksheet,  * **embedded** *  as  * **objects** *  . When you\nwant to work with a chart you must select it -  this can be done by clicking on the chart. The chart itself is made up of many objects and these too can be selected by clicking on them.\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **select a chart** *  and its  * **objects** *  :\n1. Click on the border of the chart to select an embedded chart\n2. Click on the various objects of a chart to select them\n**Handy to Know...**\n- Once an object is selected, be it a chart, a legend on the chart, or the like, you can right- click on the object to see a shortcut menu specific to the selected object.",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n**For Your Reference...**\nTo  * **insert** *  a  * **new** *    * **worksheet** *  into a  * **workbook** *  :\n- Click on the  * **New Sheet** *  icon to the right of the worksheet tabs\nTo  * **delete** *  a  * **worksheet** *  from a  * **workbook** *  :\n- Right click on the worksheet tab, then select **Delete**\n**Handy to Know...**\n- To insert a worksheet between existing worksheets, right-click on the worksheet tab before which you want to insert a new sheet, then click on  * **Insert** *  to display the  * **Insert** * dialog box. Select  * **Worksheet** *  and click on **[OK]**  .",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n*Page 6*\n###### **I NSERTING A ND D ELETING W ORKSHEETS**\nOnce you’ve decided on a structure for your workbook, you may find that there are some worksheets that can be  * **deleted** *  . Alternatively, you may find that you need additional blank\nworksheets  * **inserted** *  . However, remember that\ndeletion of worksheets is permanent and can’t be undone using  * **Undo** *  , so always save your workbook before making these changes.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Open** * * **File** *\n*Before starting this exercise* *you MUST open the file* *E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_1.xlsx...*\n Examine the workbook -  it currently contains one worksheet named  * **Sheet1** *  Click on the  * **New Sheet** *  icon at the end of the worksheet tabs\n*A new worksheet named* *Sheet2 will be inserted. You* *can also use the keyboard* *shortcut...*  Press + to insert another new worksheet\n*This sheet is named Sheet3* *and is inserted before the* *currently selected sheet.* *Now let’s delete a sheet...*  Right-click on the  * **Sheet3** * worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu  Select  **Delete**  to remove the worksheet\n*As the worksheet contains no* *data, the sheet will be* *deleted immediately. If a* *worksheet contains data,* *Excel will ask you to confirm* *your actions...*  Repeat steps  * **4** *  and  * **5** *  to delete  * **Sheet2** *",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **4**\n\n###### **E MBEDDING A C HART I NTO A W ORKSHEET**\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same File** *\n*Continue using the* *previous file with this* *exercise, or open the* *file E1317* *Charting_11.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Revenue** * * **Chart** *  worksheet tab  Click on the  * **CHART** * * **TOOLS: DESIGN** *  tab, then click on the  * **Move** * * **Chart** *  tool in the * **Location** *  group to display the  * **Move** *    * **Chart** * dialog box  Click on  * **Object in** *  , then click on the drop arrow and click on  * **Sheet 2** *  Click on  **[OK]**  to move the chart to the worksheet  Reposition the chart by dragging it to the top left of the sheet, then drag the resizing handles to resize it as shown  Click on the  * **Chart Data** * worksheet tab\n\nCharts can either be presented in their own sheets or they can be embedded into a worksheet that contains data. In fact, you can move a chart back and forth between its own\nsheet and a worksheet as often as you wish without impacting at all on the chart. Sometimes it is easier to work with a chart in its own sheet, but it may be necessary to print the chart with its data.",
+                    "page_start": 56,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n\n*Page 7*\n###### **OPYING A W ORKSHEET**\nJust as you can copy the contents of cells and ranges within a worksheet, you can  * **duplicate** * worksheets within a workbook. This technique is ideal for replicating layouts. For example, if you\nhave a budget workbook that contains data for several departments, you can create a worksheet for the first department and then copy it to create identical worksheets for other departments.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_1.xlsx...*\n Right-click on  * **Sheet1** *  to display the worksheet shortcut menu  Select  **Move or Copy**  to display the  * **Move or Copy** * dialog box  Click on  * **Create a copy** *  so it appears ticked, then click on **[OK]**\n*The new worksheet is named*\n*Sheet1 (2). Let’s create a* *“template” from this worksheet* *by deleting unwanted data...*  Select the range  * **B7:E9** *  , then press to clear it  Repeat step  * **4** *  to clear the ranges  * **B14:E23** *  ,  * **G7:J9** *  and * **G14:J23** *  , then press + to return to cell  * **A1** *\n*Now we can copy this* *“template” to create additional* *worksheets...*  Repeat steps  * **1** *  to  * **3** *  three times to create three copies of the  *template*  worksheet -  this time without data\n*The final worksheet should be* *named Sheet1 (5)*",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **6**\n\n*Page 8*\n###### **ENAMING A W ORKSHEET**\n\nBy default, Excel names worksheets as  * **Sheet1** *  , * **Sheet2** *  ,  * **Sheet3** *  , etc. These names are fine if you are not planning to share the workbook, but changing these to something more relevant\nmakes it much easier to understand the purpose of a worksheet. You can also adjust the horizontal scroll bar to make room for longer, more meaningful worksheet names.\n**Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_2.xlsx...*\n Point to the vertical dots between the sheet names and the horizontal scroll bar, as shown\n*The pointer will change to a* *double-headed arrow...*  Click and drag the bar across to the right, to the end of column  * **L** *  , then release the mouse button  Double-click on  * **Sheet1 (5)** *  to select the worksheet tab name\n*This will also place it into edit* *mode...*  Type  **Comms**  , then press\n Repeat steps  * **3** *  and  * **4** *  to rename the other worksheets:\n* **Sheet1 (4)** *    **Admin** * **Sheet1 (3)** *    **Shop** * **Sheet1 (2)** *    **IT** * **Sheet1** *    **Maintenance**",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the msodocexStructTypeArticle type value ?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "A group of nodes forming a single flow of text that  should be read or searched as a contiguous block  of content. Some documents have a single article  and others have multiple articles.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nmsodocexStructTypeListBody.\ntypedef  struct _ MsoDocexStructNode\n{\nint idNode;\nMSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE nodetype;\nWCHAR* pwchAltText;\nunion\n{\nint iHeadingLevel;\nULONG idPara;\nULONG idDropCap;\nint iPage;\nWCHAR* pwchActualText;\nMSODOCEXLINEBREAKTYPE bt;\nint iListLevel;\nMSODOCEXLISTTYPE listType;\nULONG idAtn;\nlong cpLim;\nint shapeProperty;\nMsoDocexTableAttr tableAttr;\nWCHAR* idTableHeader;\nint iTargetParentId;\n};\n} MSODOCEXSTRUCTNODE;\n**shapeProperty**  is for a msodocexStructTypeFigure where the content is a shape,\ntext box, or table cell and contains bit fields from the MSODOCEXSHAPEPROPERTY\nenumeration.\n**tableAttr**  is the table cell attributes for a msodocexStructTypeTH or\nmsodocexStructTypeTD.\n**idTableHeader**  is the unique id for an msodocexStructTypeTH or\nmsodocexStructTypeTD.\n**iTargetParentId**  is the id of the node to reparent an msodocexStructTypeDiagram\nto.\nTable 3. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXLINEBREAKTYPE\n|  Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexLineBreakTypeNormal Normal line break. |\n| msodocexLineBreakTypeManual Manual line break. |\n| msodocexLineBreakTypeEOP End of paragraph.  |\nTable 4. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXLISTTYPE\n|  Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexListTypeNone No bullets or numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletDisc Disc-shaped bullets.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletCircle Circle-shaped bullets.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletSquare Square-shaped bullets.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletDecimal Decimal numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeUpperRoman Uppercase Roman numeral numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeLowerRoman Lowercase Roman numberal numbering. |\n| msodocexListTypeUpperAlpha Uppercase alphabetic numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeLowerAlpha Lowercase alphabetic numbering.  |\nTable 5. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXSHAPEPROPERTY bit fields\nノ **Expand table**\nノ **Expand table**\n|  Value Numeric Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexShape 0x00000001 The object is a shape or text box.  |\n| msodocexShapeText 0x00000002 The object has non-whitespace text.  |\n| msodocexShapePath 0x00000004 The object has a fill and/or outline.  |\n| msodocexShapeAltText 0x00000008 The object has Alt Text.  |\n| msodocexShapeEquation 0x00000010 The object has text that contains an equation. |\n| msodocexShapeTabelCell 0x00000020 The object is a cell in a table.  |\nThe  **MsoDocexTableAttr**  structure fits in 32 bits and includes the row and column span\nand header scope information for a table cell.\nC++\nThe members of  **MsoDocexTableAttr**  structure are as follows:\n**MaxSpanBits**  Specifies the number of bits available for the rowSpan and colSpan\nvalues, which is 15.\n**MaxSpanValue**  Specifies the maximum value that can be specified for the\nrowSpan and colSpan.\n**rowSpan**  Specifies the number of rows that a table cell spans.\n**fRowScope**  Specifies whether the header is Row/Both or Column.\n**colSpan**  Specifies the number of columns that a table cell spans.\nノ **Expand table**\n**MsoDocexTableAttr**\nstruct  MsoDocexTableAttr\n{\nstatic  constexpr  unsigned  int MaxSpanBits = sizeof ( unsigned  int ) * 8 / 2",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentBeginStructNode.\n**idNodeParent**  Specifies the ID of the parent node. A value of  **0**  specifies the root\nnode. A value of  **-1**  specifies the currently open structure node, that is, the\n*enclosing*  structure node.\n**iSortOrder**  Specifies the sort order of the structure node among its sibling nodes.\nThe sort order enables the add-in to order the content correctly in the exported\ndocument.\nNo two nodes can have the same sort order. However, the set of integers that\nconstitute the sort order do not need to be contiguous.\nA value of  **-1**  indicates that the sibling order is the same order in which the nodes\nappear in the EMF comments. Note that the order in which the content appears in\nthe EMF is not necessarily the order in which the content is consumed by a user of\nthe document.\n**desn**  Specifies a  **MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE**  structure, which is defined earlier in\nthe document.\nstruct  DocExComment_BeginStructNode\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nint idNodeParent {};\nint iSortOrder {};\nMSODOCEXSTRUCTNODE desn;\nBOOL fContentNode {};\nint cwchAltText {};\n};\nThe  **idNode**  member specifies the ID of the node. This member may not have a value of\n**0**  . A value of  **-1**  indicates that child nodes do not use the  **idNodeParent**  member to\nspecify this node as their parent. Instead, this node can be a parent only by enclosing\nchild nodes in the EMF. Multiple nodes can have a ID of  **-1**  . If the ID is not  **-1**  , the value is\nunique across the document.\nThe  **nodetype**  specifies the type of structure node. This member is equal to one of the\nvalues from the  **MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE**  enumeration type. The following table lists\nexamples of document structure node types.\nTable 7. Document structure node types\n|  Type Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexStructTypePara A block of text within an article. Its parent node must be an article.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeFigure A graphical element (for example, an image or collection of shapes) that has a textual representation. The textual representation is the alternate text used for reading or searching the document. |\n| msodocexStructTypeArticle A group of nodes forming a single flow of text that should be read or searched as a contiguous block of content. Some documents have a single article and others have multiple articles.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeHeading A heading in the text.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTable A block of text forming a table.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTR A block of text forming a single row of a table.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTD A block of text forming a single cell in a table row.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTH A block of text forming a single header cell in a table row.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeList A block of text forming a list.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeListItem A block of text forming a list item.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeListBody A block of text forming the body of a list item.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeDocument A document.  |\n| msodocexStructTypePage A page in the document.  |\nノ **Expand table**",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\n|  Type Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexStructTypeTOC A table of contents.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTOCI An item in a table of contents.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeExtLink A link to an external resource.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeIntLink A link to an internal resource.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeFootnote A footnote.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeEndnote An endnote.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTextbox A text box.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeHeader A block of text forming a header.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeFooter A footer.  |\n| msodocexStructInlineShape An inline shape.  |\n| msodocexStructAnnotation An annotation.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeSpanBlock A block of text.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeWorkbook A workbook.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeWorksheet A worksheet.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeMacrosheet A macrosheet.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeChartsheet A chartsheet.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeDialogsheet A dialogsheet.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeSlide A slide.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeChart A chart.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeDiagram A SmartArt diagram.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeBulletText Buller text.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTextLine A line of text.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeDropCap A drop cap.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeSection A section.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeAnnotationBegin The beginning of an annotation. |\n| msodocexStructTypeAnnotationEnd The end of an annotation.  |\n|  Type Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexStructTypeParaRTLAttr A block of text within an article with right-to-left layout.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTableRTLAttr A block of text forming a table with right-to-left layout.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeHeadingRTLAttr A heading in the text with right-to-left layout.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeListItemRTLAttr A block of text forming a list item with right-to-left layout.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeParaUnannotatableAttr A block of text within an article that is not annotatable. |\n| msodocexStructTypeTHead The header row area in a table.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTBody The body area in a table, i.e. the portion between the THead and TFoot.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeLabel A label.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeEquation An equation.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeIntLinkNoteRef A footnote or endnote reference mark link.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTFoot The footer row area in a table.  |\n**fContentNode**  Specifies whether a  **DocExComment_EndStructNode**  structure marks\nthe end of this structure node. If  **fContentNode**  is  **true**  , a\n**DocExComment_EndStructNode**  structure closes off the content bounded by the node.\nIf this  **fContentNode**  has a  **false**  value, then the node does not bound any content.\nThe  **fContentNode**  member affects the interpretation of the parent ID value of\nsubsequent nodes. If  **fContentNode**  is  **true**  , nodes that are inserted between this\n**DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  and a subsequent  **DocExComment_EndStructNode**  ,\nand that have a parent ID of  **-1**  , are children of this node. However, if  **fContentNode**  is",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#define ARCCSXIT_PRMODE_SOSI3  (ArcCSXitPrMode) '3'\n\ntypedef struct _ArcCSXitAppl\n{\nchar              *name;\nArcI32            aid;\nArcCSXitDocType   doc_type;\nArcCSXitDocFormat doc_fmt;     /* Document Format for Linedata */\nunion\n{\nArcI32  fixed;              /* Fixed - Record Length */\nchar    streamÝ17 ̈;         /* Stream - Character Delimiters */\n} u;\nArcU8             trc_present; /* 0 = no, 1 = yes */\nArcI32            line_count;  /* Lines per page for line data */\nArcI32            code_page;   /* Code Page for line data */\nArcCSXitCarCtl    cc_type;     /* CC type for line data */\nArcCSXitPrMode    prmode;      /* PRMode for line data */\n} ArcCSXitAppl;\n\ntypedef struct _ArcCSXitApplU\n{\nArcChar           *name;\nArcI32            aid;\nArcCSXitDocType   doc_type;\nArcCSXitDocFormat doc_fmt;     /* Document Format for Linedata */\nunion\n{\nArcI32  fixed;              /* Fixed - Record Length */\nArcChar streamÝ17 ̈;         /* Stream - Character Delimiters */\n} u;\nArcU8             trc_present; /* 0 = no, 1 = yes */\nArcI32            line_count;  /* Lines per page for line data */\nArcI32            code_page;   /* Code Page for line data */\nArcCSXitCarCtl    cc_type;     /* CC type for line data */\nArcCSXitPrMode    prmode;      /* PRMode for line data */\n} ArcCSXitApplU;\n\ntypedef ArcU8 ArcCSXitFieldType;",
+                    "page_start": 288,
+                    "page_end": 288,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\n- 1;\nstatic  constexpr  unsigned  int MaxSpanValue = (1u << MaxSpanBits) - 1;\nunsigned  int rowSpan : MaxSpanBits;\nunsigned  int fRowScope : 1;\nunsigned  int colSpan : MaxSpanBits;\nunsigned  int fColScope : 1;\n};\n**fColScope**  Specifies whether the header is Column/Both or Row.\nFor table structure nodes, the union is interpreted as an ordering of the table ends\nrelative to other tables by using  **cpLim**  , which can be used to determine the nesting\norder of tables within tables.\nIn the context of the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  , the add-in can ignore the\n**pwchActualText**  member of this union.\nThe  **pwchAltText**  member specifies alternate text for the structure node.\nThe  *fNoEndNode*  parameter to  **HrBeginStructNode**  specifies whether Publisher calls the\n**HrEndStructNode**  method to mark the end of the structure node. If  *fNoEndNode*  is false,\nthen Publisher calls  **HrEndStructNode**  to close off the content bounded by the node. If\nthis parameter has a  **true**  value, then the node does not bound any content.\nThe  *fNoEndNode*  parameter affects the interpretation of the parent ID value of\nsubsequent nodes. If  *fNoEndNode*  is  **false**  , nodes inserted between this call to\n**HrBeginStructNode**  and the subsequent call to  **HrEndStructNode**  , and that have a\nparent ID of -1, are children of this node. However, if  *fNoEndNode*  is  **true**  , then nodes\ninserted after this call to  **HrBeginStructNode**  , and that have a parent ID of  **-1**  , are not\nchildren of this node but are children of the next-most-recently specified node that has\n*fNoEndNode*  equal to  **false**  .\nDocument structure nodes can be nested to arbitrary depth.\nThe nodes specified by  **HrBeginStructNode**  and those specified by\n**DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  share the same ID space and exist in the same\ndocument structure tree.  **HrBeginStructNode**  and  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**\nare two alternative ways of adding nodes to this tree. For example, if the most recently\nopened node was opened by  **HrBeginStructNode**  and the next node encountered is\nfrom a  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  EMFcommentrecord with  *idNodeParent*  equal\nto  **-1**  , it means that the node from  **HrBeginStructNode**  is the parent of the node from\nthe  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  record.\nPublisher calls the  **HrEndStructNode**  method to specify the end of a document-\nstructure node for content that encompasses multiple pages in the document. The\nstructure node ended by the  **HrEndStructNode**  was begun previously by a call to the\n**HrBeginStructNode**  method. For more information, see HrBeginStructNode in this\narticle.\n**HrEndStructNode**\nC++\nPublisher calls the  **HrCreateDoc**  method to specify the creation of a new, empty fixed-",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColor**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSColor.\n**colorInfo[]**  Specifies the color information for the EPS file. The add-in should pass\nthis information to Publisher using the  **IMsoDocExporterSite::SetEPSInfo**  method.\nThe  **DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**  structure specifies the start, in the EMF, of a\nbinary object that is a CMYKJPEG file stream. For more information about this structure,\nsee the section Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSCMYKJPEG;\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nBYTE colorInfo[];\n} DocExComment_EPSColor;\n**DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\n} DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG;\n**DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**\nThe  **DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  structure provides spot color information for\nthe subsequent RGB image. For more information about this structure, see the section\nExtended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSSpotImage.\n**cmykAlt**  Specifies a CMYK color ID.\n**rgbAlt**  Specifies an RGB color ID.\n**flTintMin**  Specifies the minimum tint.\n**flTintMax**  Specifies the maximum tint.\n**szSpotName[1]**  Specifies a variable length, zero-terminated string that contains\nthe spot name.\nTo support extended color spaces in Publisher, additional EMF semantic records and\ninterfaces are needed because EMF only supports RGB (red-green-black) colors.\nExtended color spaces include CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow-black) and spot color space,\nwhich are commonly used in commercial printing.\nPublisher uses color mapping to represent extended colors in the document EMF.\nPublisher builds a color table for all colors used in the document and replaces actual\ncolors with color IDs in the EMF. The type for the color ID is  **COLORREF**  , which is the\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nCOLORREF cmykAlt { 0 };\nCOLORREF rgbAlt { 0 };\nfloat flTintMin {};\nfloat flTintMax {};\nchar szSpotName[1];\n} DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage;\n**Extended Color Support**\nsame type that is used for RGB color. For information about the COLORREF structure,\nsee COLORREF.\nTo resolve color IDs in the EMF back to the extend color space, the add-in calls back to\nPublisher through the  **HrResolveColor**  method of the  **IMsoDocExporterSite**  interface.\nThe add-in passes Publisher an interface pointer to an  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface as one",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nwhich each node has a single parent and zero or more child nodes.\nThe first parameter to  **HrAddOutlineNode**  provides the ID of the node that is the parent\nof the node being passed in.\nPublisher always calls  **HrAddOutlineNode**  for a parent node before calling the method\nfor any of the parent node's children. In other words, the export code is assured of\nalready having the node information for the node identified by the  *idNodeParent*\nparameter. The only exception is the initial call to  **HrAddOutlineNode**  that specifies the\nroot node. For this call, the value of  *idNodeParent*  is  **0**  .\nAdditional information that the export code needs for each node is passed by\n**HrAddOutlineNode**  in an  **MSODOCEXOUTLINENODE**  structure pointed to by the\n*pNode*  parameter.\nC++\n**HrAddOutlineNode**\nHRESULT HrAddOutlineNode (\nint idNodeParent\nconst MSODOCEXOUTLINENODE* pNode\n);\ntypedef  struct _ MsoDocexOutlineNode\n{\nThe members of the  **MSODOCEXOUTLINENODE**  are described as follows:\n**idNode**  The ID for the node. A value of  **-1**  indicates that this node cannot have\nchild nodes in the outline. Otherwise, this member has a value that is unique across\nthe document.\n**rgwchNodeText**  A Unicode string that represents the title text for each node. This\ntext is not required to be unique across the outline.\n**iDestPage**  The page number of the page that contains the destination location\nwithin the document.\n**dytfvDestPage**  The height of the destination page in points. The offset specified\nby the  **dytfvDestOffset**  member is relative to the upper-left corner of the page.\nHowever, some fixed-format types use a coordinate system that is relative to the\nbottom-left corner of the page. For these types of documents, the page height is\nrequired to convert the offset.\n**dxtfvDestOffset**  The horizontal offset of the destination location on the\ndestination page.\n**dytfvDestOffset**  The vertical offset of the destination location on the destination\npage.\nPublisher calls the  **HrAddDocumentMetadataString**  method to specify document\nmetadata in the form of a Unicode string.\nC++\nint idNode {};\nWCHAR rgwchNodeText[cwchMaxNodeText];\nint iDestPage {};\nfloat dytfvDestPage {};\nfloat dxtfvDestOffset {};\nfloat dytfvDestOffset {};\n} MSODOCEXOUTLINENODE;\n**HrAddDocumentMetadataString**\nHRESULT HrAddDocumentMetadataString (\nMSODOCEXMETADATA metadataType,\nconst WCHAR* pwchValue\n);\nThe  *metadatatype*  parameter specifies the type of metadata represented by the string.\nThe  *metadatatype*  parameter must be one of the following values from the\nMSODOCEXMETADATA enumeration type.\nTable 8. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXMETADATA\n|  Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexMetadataTitle The title of the document.  |\n| msodocexMetadataAuthor The author of the document  |\n| msodocexMetadataSubject String that describes the subject matter of the document (for example, business or science).  |\n| msodocexMetadataKeywords Keyword relevant to the document content.  |\n| msodocexMetadataCreator The creator of the document, possibly distinct from the author.  |\n| msodocexMetadataProducer The producer of the document, possibly distinct from the author or creator.  |\n| msodocexMetadataCategory String that describes the type of document (for example, memo, article, or book).  |\n| msodocexMetadataStatus Status of the document. This field can reflect where the document is in the publication process (for example, draft or final). |\n| msodocexMetadataComments Miscellaneous comments relevant to the document.  |\nFor a given document, each metadata type can have only one string associated with it.",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nFor more information about this structure, see the section Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_ColorInfo**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentColorInfo.\n**clr**  Specifies a color ID that represents a current color state in the EMF.\n**fForeColor**  Specifies whether the color ID in the  **clr**  member represents a\nforeground color or a background color. If this member has a value of  **true**  , the\n**DocExComment_ColorInfo**\nstruct  DocExComment_ColorInfo\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nCOLORREF clr { 0 };\nBOOL fForeColor {};\n};\ncolor ID represents a foreground color. If this member has a value of  **false**  , the\ncolor ID represents a background color.\nThe  **DocExComment_ColorEnable**  structure specifies whether color mapping is enabled\nfor subsequent content in the EMF. For more information about this structure, see the\nsection Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_ColorEnable**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentColorMapEnable.\n**fEnable**  Specifies whether color mapping is enabled for subsequent content. A\nvalue of  **true**  indicates that color mapping is enabled. A value of  **false**  indicates\nthat color mapping is disabled.\nThe  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  structure marks the start of a document\nstructure node. Structure nodes serve one of two possible purposes:\nStructure nodes can identify the type of content they contain and specify the\nhierarchical relationship between that content and other content in the document.\nStructure nodes can specify alternate text for elements in the document.\nIf the  **fContentNode**  member has a  **true**  value, the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  is\nfollowed later in the document by a  **DocExComment_EndStructNode**  . The\n**DocExComment_EndStructNode**  marks the end of the content that is wrapped by the\ninformation in the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  .\n**DocExComment_ColorEnable**\nstruct  DocExComment_ColorEnable\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nBOOL fEnable {};\n};\n**DocExComment_BeginStructNode**\nThe collection of structure nodes within the document forms a tree; each node has a\nparent node and may also have sibling nodes. The  **idNodeParent**  and  **iSortOrder**\nmembers describe the structure of this tree. Note that a child node may or may not\nappear between the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  and\n**DocExComment_EndStructNode**  structures of the parent node in the EMF.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\ntypedef struct _ArcCSXitApplGroup\n{\nchar   *name;\nArcI32 agid;\nchar   *agid_name;\n} ArcCSXitApplGroup;\n\ntypedef struct _ArcCSXitApplGroupU\n{\nArcChar *name;\nArcI32  agid;\nArcChar *agid_name;\n} ArcCSXitApplGroupU;\n\ntypedef ArcU8 ArcCSXitDocType;",
+                    "page_start": 287,
+                    "page_end": 287,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#define ARCCSXIT_FIELD_TYPE_QUAL_TZ_DATETIME (ArcCSXitFieldTypeQual) 0x5A\n\ntypedef struct _ArcCSXitField\n{\nchar                  *db_name;\nArcCSXitFieldType     type;\nArcCSXitFieldTypeQual qual;\nunion\n{\nArcI16        n;\nArcI32        i;\nArcI64        b;\ndouble        d;\nchar          *str;\nArcDateTime   dt;\nArcDecimal64  d64;\nArcDecimal128 d128;\n} u;\n} ArcCSXitField;\n\ntypedef struct _ArcCSXitFieldU\n{\nArcChar               *db_name;\nArcCSXitFieldType     type;\nArcCSXitFieldTypeQual qual;\nunion\n{\nArcI16        n;\nArcI32        i;\nArcI64        b;\ndouble        d;\nArcChar       *str;\nArcDateTime   dt;\nArcDecimal64  d64;\nArcDecimal128 d128;\n} u;\n} ArcCSXitFieldU;\n\ntypedef struct _ArcCSXitDocFields\n{\nArcI32        flds_num;\nArcCSXitField *flds;\n} ArcCSXitDocFields;",
+                    "page_start": 289,
+                    "page_end": 289,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf",
+                "query": "What are vector colors ?",
+                "target_page": 29,
+                "target_passage": "Vector colors are any COLORREF values that the add-in receives from Publisher.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Visualize the true alpha value\nvline!([data[ 1 ,:Alpha]], line=:dash, color = :darkorange2, label = \"Generative Alpha\" )",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nof the parameters to  **HrResolveColor**  . Publisher takes the color IDs, also specified in the\ncall to  **HrResolveColor**  , converts them to extended color (RGB, CMYK, or spot color), and\npasses them back to the add-in through the methods in the  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface.\nVector colors are any  **COLORREF**  values that the add-in receives from Publisher. For\nexample, text color, line stroke color, and color for metafile recolor. When color\nmapping is enabled, Publisher uses a color ID for  **COLORREF**  rather than a real RGB\ncolor value. If Publisher provides the add-in an  **IMsoDocExporterSite**  interface pointer\nby calling the  **SetDocExporterSite**  method of the  **IMsoDocExporter**  interface, the add-in\nshould always call the  **IMsoDocExporterSite::HrResolveColor**  method to convert the\n**COLORREF**  to an extended color, which the add-in receives through the methods in the\n**IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface.\nTo support vector color mapping, the add-in needs to do the following:\nImplement class support for an  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface. The methods in this\ninterface enable Publisher to pass extended color back to the add-in.\nCache the following color state values from the semantic records in the EMF.\nSet foreground color for recoloring. This is set through the\n**DocExComment_ColorInfo**  structure.\nSet background color for recoloring. This is set through the\n**DocExComment_ColorInfo**  structure.\nDetermine when color mapping is enabled. This is set through the\n**DocExComment_ColorEnable**  structure.\nFor a vector color, create an  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface with the color ID, so that\n**IDOCEXCOLOR::GetUnresolvedRGB**  returns the color ID. The add-in should call the\n**IMsoDocExporterSite::HrResolveColor**  method with the  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface\nand cached color states. Publisher calls the  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface methods with\nthe final color, which can be RGB, CMYK, spot, or registration tint.\n**Vector Color and Recolored Images**\nWhen either foreground color or background color for recoloring is specified from\nan EMF semantic record, the add-in should recolor images in the add-in (for\nexample, metafiles or raster pictures).\nEMF supports CMYK  *images*  using GDI+. Therefore, images in the EMF may be either\nRGB or CMYK. If the image is a CMYK image, the add-in needs to convert the image to\nthe target color space.\nPublisher maintains a target color space for the document. The add-in can use this\ntarget color space by calling the  **IMsoDocExporterSite::HrConvertImageColorSpace**\nmethod with the image's color space.\nEncapsulated Postscript (EPS) is a metafile type that supports extended color spaces.\nUser who embed EPS images in a Publisher document expect the color information to",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nFor more information about this structure, see the section Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_ColorInfo**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentColorInfo.\n**clr**  Specifies a color ID that represents a current color state in the EMF.\n**fForeColor**  Specifies whether the color ID in the  **clr**  member represents a\nforeground color or a background color. If this member has a value of  **true**  , the\n**DocExComment_ColorInfo**\nstruct  DocExComment_ColorInfo\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nCOLORREF clr { 0 };\nBOOL fForeColor {};\n};\ncolor ID represents a foreground color. If this member has a value of  **false**  , the\ncolor ID represents a background color.\nThe  **DocExComment_ColorEnable**  structure specifies whether color mapping is enabled\nfor subsequent content in the EMF. For more information about this structure, see the\nsection Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_ColorEnable**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentColorMapEnable.\n**fEnable**  Specifies whether color mapping is enabled for subsequent content. A\nvalue of  **true**  indicates that color mapping is enabled. A value of  **false**  indicates\nthat color mapping is disabled.\nThe  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  structure marks the start of a document\nstructure node. Structure nodes serve one of two possible purposes:\nStructure nodes can identify the type of content they contain and specify the\nhierarchical relationship between that content and other content in the document.\nStructure nodes can specify alternate text for elements in the document.\nIf the  **fContentNode**  member has a  **true**  value, the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  is\nfollowed later in the document by a  **DocExComment_EndStructNode**  . The\n**DocExComment_EndStructNode**  marks the end of the content that is wrapped by the\ninformation in the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  .\n**DocExComment_ColorEnable**\nstruct  DocExComment_ColorEnable\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nBOOL fEnable {};\n};\n**DocExComment_BeginStructNode**\nThe collection of structure nodes within the document forms a tree; each node has a\nparent node and may also have sibling nodes. The  **idNodeParent**  and  **iSortOrder**\nmembers describe the structure of this tree. Note that a child node may or may not\nappear between the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  and\n**DocExComment_EndStructNode**  structures of the parent node in the EMF.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nbe used in the fixed-format output. Inside Publisher, the EPS is converted to an EMF with\nEPS-related semantic records. This EMF is then embedded in the page EMF file that the\napplication passes to the add-in.\nTo support color in EPS files, the add-in needs to do the following:\nCall the  **IMsoDocExporterSite::SetEPSInfo**  method for  **DocExComment_EPSColor**\nrecords encountered in the EMF.\nExtract the CMYK image from the  **DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**  record in\nthe EMF. This record contains a binary object that is the actual CMYK JPEG file\nstream. Use it to replace the RGB image specified in the subsequent call to the\n**StretchDIBits**  function.\nThe  **DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  record provides spot color information\nfor the subsequent RGB image, which is always an index image. The add-in needs\nto convert the spot image to the target color space.\nThe add-in can optionally call the  **IMsoDocExporterSite:: HrGetSpotRecolorInfo**\nmethod to obtain the document's target color from Publisher. Then the add-in can\nrecolor the subsequent RGB image by mapping colors from the palette of the RGB\nimage to  **flTintMin**  and  **flTintMax**  tints specified in the\n**DoxExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  record. The luminosity for each color of the\npalette is used for the mapping.\n**Non-Recolored Images**\n**Color from EPS Files**\nNote that the  **DocExComment_EPSStart**  record is only informational. The add-in can\nignore this record.\nPublisher calls  **SetDocExporterSite**  to provide the add-in with a pointer to an\n**IMsoDocExporterSite**  interface. The  **IMsoDocExporterSite**  interface exposes methods\nthat enable extended color support.\nC++\nThe  *pDocExporterSite*  parameter specifies the interface pointer to the\n**IMsoDocExporterSite**  interface.\nAn application can call the  **HrSetPageHeightForPagination**  method to specify the page\nheight in points.\nC++\nSome applications maintain the user's document in an unpaginated format. In these\ncases, the add-in paginates the document using the page height specified by the\napplication in the call to  **HrSetPageHeightForPagination**  . The  *dytfPageHeight*  parameter\nspecifies the page height in points.\nAfter specifying the page height information, the application passes the add-in the\nentire document as a single in-memory EMF file in a call to  **HrAddPageFromEmf**  . The\nadd-in then uses the page-height and EMF file to paginate the document.\nThe add-in returns the pagination information back to the application in subsequent\ncalls to the  **HrGetPageBreaks**  method.\n**SetDocExporterSite**\nvoid  SetDocExporterSite (\nIMsoDocExporterSite* pDocExporterSite\n);\n**HrSetPageHeightForPagination**\nHRESULT HrSetPageHeightForPagination (\nfloat dytfPageHeight\n);\n**HrGetPageBreaks**\nAn application can call the  **HrGetPageBreaks**  method to obtain the number and location\nof page breaks for documents that are paginated by the add-in.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Generate uniform templates for matrices and vectors of the generative model\nA, B, C, D, E = create_matrix_templates(states, observations, controls, policy_length) � � The  **A**  object generated here is a one-dimensional vector containing a uniform 5  *×*  6 matrix (six states and five observations). The  **B**  object is a one-dimensional vector containing\na uniform 6  *×*  6  *×*  2 array (six states and two actions). The  **C**  ,  **D**  and  **E**  objects are one- dimensional vectors, each containing uniform vectors with their corresponding sizes. We\ncan now modify these to supply the agent with more informative priors over observations,\ninitial states and policies. Here, we performed this using the onehot function: � � # We make C take the following form: [0, 0, 0, 0, 1]\nC[ 1 ] = onehot( 5 , 5 ) # Initialize the single element of the C object with a one -hot vector",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nvs. temperature for thickness n = 8. Inset: magnetic vector\n( m <sup>x</sup> l  <sup>, m</sup> <sup>y</sup> l  <sup>) profile for some temperatures for</sup> <sup>L</sup> <sup>= 64. Colors</sup> and symbols as in Fig. 2.\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12\n*l*\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\n∆φ\n*l*\n(deg)\n*T*  =100K\n130K\n135K\n140K\n145K\nFIG. 9: ∆ φ l for a BCT lattice and n = 12, when the six\ncoupling constants set employed in Ref. 14,15 (see text) is\nused. The temperature range has been chosen around T C ( n )\n(error bars lye within point size).\ngled out, with the high-temperature, paramagnetic phase\nseparated from the low-temperature, long-range ordered\none, by an intermediate-temperature block phase where\nouter ordered 4-layers blocks coexist with some inner dis-\nordered ones. Moreover, it was observed that the phase\ntransition of such inner layers turns out to have the sig-\nnatures of a Kosterlitz-Thouless one.\nThe absence of the block phase in the J 1 − J 2 model\nhere investigated has to be attributed to the different\nrange of interactions, rather than to the different lattice\nstructure. We came to this conclusion by doing some\nsimulations using the same set of interaction constants\nemployed in Refs. 14,15, but using a BCT lattice: the\nresults we obtained for ∆ φ l with n = 12 are reported in\nFig. 9. The latter is absolutely similar to Fig.7 of Ref. 15\nand clearly displays the footmarks of the block phase (see\ndown-triangle), with two external blocks of ordered layers\n( l =1. . . 5 and 8. . . 12 ), where ∆ φ l is roughly 10 <sup>◦</sup> , sep-\narated by a block of disordered layers, and with almost\n-140 -139 -138 -137 -136 -135 -134 -133 -132 -131 *e*\n0\n0.5\n1\n*P*\n*e*\n90K 91K 92K 93K 94K 95K\n-94 -92 -90 -88 -86 -84 -82 -80 -78 *e*\n0\n0.2\n0.4\n*P* *e*\n129K 130K 131K 132K 133K 134K\n*T* *C* (8) = 133.3(3)K\n*T* *N* (8) = 92(2)K\n**(a)**\n**(b)**\nFIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution\nof the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures\naround T N (8), (a) , and T C (8), (b) , respectively.\nopposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert\nthat, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# D will be: [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\nD[ 1 ] = onehot( 1 , 6 ) # Initialize the single element of the D object with a one -hot vector",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColor**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSColor.\n**colorInfo[]**  Specifies the color information for the EPS file. The add-in should pass\nthis information to Publisher using the  **IMsoDocExporterSite::SetEPSInfo**  method.\nThe  **DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**  structure specifies the start, in the EMF, of a\nbinary object that is a CMYKJPEG file stream. For more information about this structure,\nsee the section Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSCMYKJPEG;\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nBYTE colorInfo[];\n} DocExComment_EPSColor;\n**DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\n} DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG;\n**DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**\nThe  **DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  structure provides spot color information for\nthe subsequent RGB image. For more information about this structure, see the section\nExtended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSSpotImage.\n**cmykAlt**  Specifies a CMYK color ID.\n**rgbAlt**  Specifies an RGB color ID.\n**flTintMin**  Specifies the minimum tint.\n**flTintMax**  Specifies the maximum tint.\n**szSpotName[1]**  Specifies a variable length, zero-terminated string that contains\nthe spot name.\nTo support extended color spaces in Publisher, additional EMF semantic records and\ninterfaces are needed because EMF only supports RGB (red-green-black) colors.\nExtended color spaces include CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow-black) and spot color space,\nwhich are commonly used in commercial printing.\nPublisher uses color mapping to represent extended colors in the document EMF.\nPublisher builds a color table for all colors used in the document and replaces actual\ncolors with color IDs in the EMF. The type for the color ID is  **COLORREF**  , which is the\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nCOLORREF cmykAlt { 0 };\nCOLORREF rgbAlt { 0 };\nfloat flTintMin {};\nfloat flTintMax {};\nchar szSpotName[1];\n} DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage;\n**Extended Color Support**\nsame type that is used for RGB color. For information about the COLORREF structure,\nsee COLORREF.\nTo resolve color IDs in the EMF back to the extend color space, the add-in calls back to\nPublisher through the  **HrResolveColor**  method of the  **IMsoDocExporterSite**  interface.\nThe add-in passes Publisher an interface pointer to an  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface as one",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Excel  Fundamentals\n\n## **5**\n\n###### **HANGING W ORKSHEET T AB C OLOURS**\nTo make it easier for you to distinguish between worksheets, Excel enables you to change the colours of  worksheet tabs. This allows you, for example, to quickly distinguish between different\nfinancial years, departments or months. The  * **active** * * **sheet** *  appears as underlined in a gradient version of the selected colour, while inactive tabs will display a solid colour background.\n**2 Try This Yourself:**\n* **Same** * * **File** *\n*Continue using the previous* *file with this exercise, or open* *the file E1324 Worksheet* *Techniques_7.xlsx...*\n Click on the  * **Admin** * worksheet tab to select the worksheet  Right-click on the worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu, then point to  * **Tab** * * **colour** *\n*This will display a palette of* *colour options...*  Click on  * **Red** *  under * **Standard colours** *  to apply the colour to the tab  Right-click on the * **Maintenance** *  worksheet tab to display the shortcut menu, click on  * **Tab colour** *  , then click on  * **Blue** *  under * **Standard colours** *\n*Notice how the Admin* *worksheet tab colour is now* *a solid rather than a* *gradient...*  Repeat either technique to apply the following colours:\n* **Shop** *   * **Yellow** * * **IT** *   * **Green** *  Click on the  * **Admin** * worksheet tab to view the results",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Revisiting Feature Prediction for Learning Visual Representations from Video 1 Introduction\n\n## **5 Comparison with Prior Work**\n\n### **5.2 Comparison with State-of-the-Art**\n\nprobe. We train the probes in several low-shot settings: using either 5% of the train set, 10%, or 50%, and take 3 random\nsplits in each setting to obtain more robust metrics, resulting in 9 different evaluation experiments for each model. We report\nthe mean performances and standard deviation using the K400 and SSv2 validation sets. V-JEPA is more label-efficient than\nother models; specifically, decreasing the available number of labeled examples from each class increases the performance gap\nbetween V-JEPA and the baselines.\n*Frozen Evaluation*\n**K400 SSv2**\n(16  *×*  8  *×*  3) (16  *×*  2  *×*  3)\n5% 10% 50% 5% 10% 50% **Method Arch.**  (  *∼*  29 samples per class) (  *∼*  58 samples per class) (  *∼*  287 samples per class) (  *∼*  48 samples per class) (  *∼*  96 samples per class) (  *∼*  440 samples per class)\nMVD ViT-L/16 62.6  *±*  0.2 68.3  *±*  0.2 77.2  *±*  0.3 42.9  *±*  0.8 49.5  *±*  0.6 61.0  *±*  0.2 VideoMAE ViT-H/16 62.3  *±*  0.3 68.5  *±*  0.2 78.2  *±*  0.1 41.4  *±*  0.8 48.1  *±*  0.2 60.5  *±*  0.4 VideoMAEv2 ViT-g/14 37.0  *±*  0.3 48.8  *±*  0.4 67.8  *±*  0.1 28.0  *±*  1.0 37.3  *±*  0.3 54.0  *±*  0.3\nV-JEPA ViT-H/16 67.0  *±*  0.2 72.1  *±*  0.1 80.2  *±*  0.2 51.9  *±*  0.3 57.5  *±*  0.4 67.3  *±*  0.2 ViT-H/16 384 **68.2**   *±*   **0.2 72.8**   *±*   **0.2 80.6**   *±*   **0.2 54.0**   *±*   **0.2 59.3**   *±*   **0.5 67.9**   *±*   **0.2**\nlayer attentive probe, which can be further improved to\n**77**   *.*   **9**  % using a two-layer attentive probe. More generally,\nwe hypothesize that the datasets used to train V-JEPA\nand other video models are too constrained and lack the\nvisual diversity of the internet-scale pretraining data used\nby the images models; as such, there is value in focusing\nfuture work on building diverse publicly available video\ndatasets.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf",
+                "query": "What are  msodocexMetadataComments ?",
+                "target_page": 35,
+                "target_passage": "Miscellaneous comments relevant to the document.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentBeginStructNode.\n**idNodeParent**  Specifies the ID of the parent node. A value of  **0**  specifies the root\nnode. A value of  **-1**  specifies the currently open structure node, that is, the\n*enclosing*  structure node.\n**iSortOrder**  Specifies the sort order of the structure node among its sibling nodes.\nThe sort order enables the add-in to order the content correctly in the exported\ndocument.\nNo two nodes can have the same sort order. However, the set of integers that\nconstitute the sort order do not need to be contiguous.\nA value of  **-1**  indicates that the sibling order is the same order in which the nodes\nappear in the EMF comments. Note that the order in which the content appears in\nthe EMF is not necessarily the order in which the content is consumed by a user of\nthe document.\n**desn**  Specifies a  **MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE**  structure, which is defined earlier in\nthe document.\nstruct  DocExComment_BeginStructNode\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nint idNodeParent {};\nint iSortOrder {};\nMSODOCEXSTRUCTNODE desn;\nBOOL fContentNode {};\nint cwchAltText {};\n};\nThe  **idNode**  member specifies the ID of the node. This member may not have a value of\n**0**  . A value of  **-1**  indicates that child nodes do not use the  **idNodeParent**  member to\nspecify this node as their parent. Instead, this node can be a parent only by enclosing\nchild nodes in the EMF. Multiple nodes can have a ID of  **-1**  . If the ID is not  **-1**  , the value is\nunique across the document.\nThe  **nodetype**  specifies the type of structure node. This member is equal to one of the\nvalues from the  **MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE**  enumeration type. The following table lists\nexamples of document structure node types.\nTable 7. Document structure node types\n|  Type Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexStructTypePara A block of text within an article. Its parent node must be an article.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeFigure A graphical element (for example, an image or collection of shapes) that has a textual representation. The textual representation is the alternate text used for reading or searching the document. |\n| msodocexStructTypeArticle A group of nodes forming a single flow of text that should be read or searched as a contiguous block of content. Some documents have a single article and others have multiple articles.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeHeading A heading in the text.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTable A block of text forming a table.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTR A block of text forming a single row of a table.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTD A block of text forming a single cell in a table row.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeTH A block of text forming a single header cell in a table row.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeList A block of text forming a list.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeListItem A block of text forming a list item.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeListBody A block of text forming the body of a list item.  |\n| msodocexStructTypeDocument A document.  |\n| msodocexStructTypePage A page in the document.  |\nノ **Expand table**",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColor**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSColor.\n**colorInfo[]**  Specifies the color information for the EPS file. The add-in should pass\nthis information to Publisher using the  **IMsoDocExporterSite::SetEPSInfo**  method.\nThe  **DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**  structure specifies the start, in the EMF, of a\nbinary object that is a CMYKJPEG file stream. For more information about this structure,\nsee the section Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSCMYKJPEG;\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nBYTE colorInfo[];\n} DocExComment_EPSColor;\n**DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\n} DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG;\n**DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**\nThe  **DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  structure provides spot color information for\nthe subsequent RGB image. For more information about this structure, see the section\nExtended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentEPSSpotImage.\n**cmykAlt**  Specifies a CMYK color ID.\n**rgbAlt**  Specifies an RGB color ID.\n**flTintMin**  Specifies the minimum tint.\n**flTintMax**  Specifies the maximum tint.\n**szSpotName[1]**  Specifies a variable length, zero-terminated string that contains\nthe spot name.\nTo support extended color spaces in Publisher, additional EMF semantic records and\ninterfaces are needed because EMF only supports RGB (red-green-black) colors.\nExtended color spaces include CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow-black) and spot color space,\nwhich are commonly used in commercial printing.\nPublisher uses color mapping to represent extended colors in the document EMF.\nPublisher builds a color table for all colors used in the document and replaces actual\ncolors with color IDs in the EMF. The type for the color ID is  **COLORREF**  , which is the\ntypedef  struct\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nCOLORREF cmykAlt { 0 };\nCOLORREF rgbAlt { 0 };\nfloat flTintMin {};\nfloat flTintMax {};\nchar szSpotName[1];\n} DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage;\n**Extended Color Support**\nsame type that is used for RGB color. For information about the COLORREF structure,\nsee COLORREF.\nTo resolve color IDs in the EMF back to the extend color space, the add-in calls back to\nPublisher through the  **HrResolveColor**  method of the  **IMsoDocExporterSite**  interface.\nThe add-in passes Publisher an interface pointer to an  **IDOCEXCOLOR**  interface as one",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nmsodocexStructTypeListBody.\ntypedef  struct _ MsoDocexStructNode\n{\nint idNode;\nMSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE nodetype;\nWCHAR* pwchAltText;\nunion\n{\nint iHeadingLevel;\nULONG idPara;\nULONG idDropCap;\nint iPage;\nWCHAR* pwchActualText;\nMSODOCEXLINEBREAKTYPE bt;\nint iListLevel;\nMSODOCEXLISTTYPE listType;\nULONG idAtn;\nlong cpLim;\nint shapeProperty;\nMsoDocexTableAttr tableAttr;\nWCHAR* idTableHeader;\nint iTargetParentId;\n};\n} MSODOCEXSTRUCTNODE;\n**shapeProperty**  is for a msodocexStructTypeFigure where the content is a shape,\ntext box, or table cell and contains bit fields from the MSODOCEXSHAPEPROPERTY\nenumeration.\n**tableAttr**  is the table cell attributes for a msodocexStructTypeTH or\nmsodocexStructTypeTD.\n**idTableHeader**  is the unique id for an msodocexStructTypeTH or\nmsodocexStructTypeTD.\n**iTargetParentId**  is the id of the node to reparent an msodocexStructTypeDiagram\nto.\nTable 3. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXLINEBREAKTYPE\n|  Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexLineBreakTypeNormal Normal line break. |\n| msodocexLineBreakTypeManual Manual line break. |\n| msodocexLineBreakTypeEOP End of paragraph.  |\nTable 4. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXLISTTYPE\n|  Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexListTypeNone No bullets or numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletDisc Disc-shaped bullets.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletCircle Circle-shaped bullets.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletSquare Square-shaped bullets.  |\n| msodocexListTypeBulletDecimal Decimal numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeUpperRoman Uppercase Roman numeral numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeLowerRoman Lowercase Roman numberal numbering. |\n| msodocexListTypeUpperAlpha Uppercase alphabetic numbering.  |\n| msodocexListTypeLowerAlpha Lowercase alphabetic numbering.  |\nTable 5. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXSHAPEPROPERTY bit fields\nノ **Expand table**\nノ **Expand table**\n|  Value Numeric Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexShape 0x00000001 The object is a shape or text box.  |\n| msodocexShapeText 0x00000002 The object has non-whitespace text.  |\n| msodocexShapePath 0x00000004 The object has a fill and/or outline.  |\n| msodocexShapeAltText 0x00000008 The object has Alt Text.  |\n| msodocexShapeEquation 0x00000010 The object has text that contains an equation. |\n| msodocexShapeTabelCell 0x00000020 The object is a cell in a table.  |\nThe  **MsoDocexTableAttr**  structure fits in 32 bits and includes the row and column span\nand header scope information for a table cell.\nC++\nThe members of  **MsoDocexTableAttr**  structure are as follows:\n**MaxSpanBits**  Specifies the number of bits available for the rowSpan and colSpan\nvalues, which is 15.\n**MaxSpanValue**  Specifies the maximum value that can be specified for the\nrowSpan and colSpan.\n**rowSpan**  Specifies the number of rows that a table cell spans.\n**fRowScope**  Specifies whether the header is Row/Both or Column.\n**colSpan**  Specifies the number of columns that a table cell spans.\nノ **Expand table**\n**MsoDocexTableAttr**\nstruct  MsoDocexTableAttr\n{\nstatic  constexpr  unsigned  int MaxSpanBits = sizeof ( unsigned  int ) * 8 / 2",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 8 -  Error message dialog.*\n\n### **3.6 Metadata Quality Assurance (MQA)**\n\n#### **3.6.2 The Catalogue details view**\n\nThis page presents a detailed view of the issues per catalogue. The “Download as report” drop-down\nmenu provides a list of all available catalogues. As a next step, the user can choose whether to see\nthe catalogue dashboard, the distribution availability or dataset schema violations. The catalogue\ndashboard is the default view when visiting this page.\n\n*3.6.2.1*    *Catalogue Dashboard*\nThe catalogue dashboard provides the same information as the overall dashboard, but only for the\nselected catalogue.\n*3.6.2.2*    *Distributions*\nThis view provides a detailed report of the distributions’ status of the selected catalogue. The user\ncan see the URLs of the distributions that were checked (access and download URL), the\ncorresponding HTTP response codes and the dates when this issue occurred the first time.\nAdditionally, the distributions’ format is checked for its machine readability. The machine readability\ncheck is based on the results of the Open Data Monitor project <sup>1</sup> .\n\n1 [https://github.com/opendatamonitor/odm.restapi/blob/master/odmapi/def_formatLists.py#L44-L87](https://github.com/opendatamonitor/odm.restapi/blob/master/odmapi/def_formatLists.py#L44-L87)\n\n*3.6.2.3*    *Violations*\nThe MQA checks for each dataset if it is DCAT-AP compliant. The validation is done on the metadata\nthat is stored in the Virtuoso repository. Therefore, a JSON schema was created and is used for\nvalidation. The user can see the location where the violation occurs and its reason for each not\ncompliant dataset of the selected catalogue.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# TSM Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n### **5.3  Object access method for z/OS**\n\n#### **5.3.2  OAM configuration recommendations**\n\nThis section provides a list of recommendations for you to review and consider when you\nconfigure OAM for Content Manager OnDemand. They are classified in the following\ncategories:\n� General\n� DB2\n� Devices\n� Tapes\n� Maximum Object Size (MOS)\n� Optical platters\n� ARS.CFG setting\n**Important:**  A collection is the only interface that is used by the administrator to determine\nhow to store objects in OAM. It is used when you create a storage set.\nChapter 5. Storage management\n**General**\nConsider the following general recommendations when you work with OAM for Content\nManager OnDemand:\n� Define a user catalog exclusively for collection names.\n� Cache the user catalog in the virtual lookaside facility (VLF).\n� Migrate objects to optical or tape (OSMC) during non-peak hours.\n� Spread OAM collections over multiple DB2/disk/channels.\n� Spread out the application groups to different collection names:\nOAM collections → storage groups → DB2 database\n� Group your applications based on retrieval expectations:\n- Collect small, frequently used applications together.\n- Isolate your important applications so that the other applications do not get in the way.\n**DB2**\nConsider the following list of recommendations that relate to DB2:\n� Ensure that enough DB2 connections are available to support the OAM requests.\n� Run the  **REORG**  ,  **RUNSTATS**  , and  **REBIND**  commands, as appropriate.\n� Partition OAM table spaces larger than 2 GB.\n**Devices**\nConsider the following recommendations that relate to devices:\n� Determine and set the Initial Access Response Seconds (IARS) option.\n� Assign objects to storage classes that have an adequate IARS that is defined and to\nmanagement classes that do not cause a transition to a slower storage class until the\nfrequency of retrieving the objects is reasonably low.\n� Determine whether to place the object on disk or removable (optical or tape) media.\n� If the IARS opts for REMOVABLE media, determine whether to place the object on optical",
+                    "page_start": 133,
+                    "page_end": 134,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 8 -  Error message dialog.*\n\n### **3.6 Metadata Quality Assurance (MQA)**\n\nThe Metadata Quality Assurance is a component to monitor the quality of the metadata that is\nharvested from other portals or stored manually with the EDP metadata creation form. Currently\nquality measurement is based on metadata schema violation against DCAT-AP 1.1 and availability of\nthe distributions of a dataset. The MQA is running checks on a weekly basis. Each check has a\nduration of a couple of days. This is due to the HTTP GET requests against each single distribution in\nthe portal, checking their availability.\nIn addition to the navigation buttons in the dark blue bar at the top of the page, a drop down menu\nallows the downloading of a report file, in which all the data generated by the MQA is contained. The\nreport is available in various formats. The PDF report includes the charts displayed.",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nFor more information about this structure, see the section Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_ColorInfo**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentColorInfo.\n**clr**  Specifies a color ID that represents a current color state in the EMF.\n**fForeColor**  Specifies whether the color ID in the  **clr**  member represents a\nforeground color or a background color. If this member has a value of  **true**  , the\n**DocExComment_ColorInfo**\nstruct  DocExComment_ColorInfo\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nCOLORREF clr { 0 };\nBOOL fForeColor {};\n};\ncolor ID represents a foreground color. If this member has a value of  **false**  , the\ncolor ID represents a background color.\nThe  **DocExComment_ColorEnable**  structure specifies whether color mapping is enabled\nfor subsequent content in the EMF. For more information about this structure, see the\nsection Extended Color Support.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_ColorEnable**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentColorMapEnable.\n**fEnable**  Specifies whether color mapping is enabled for subsequent content. A\nvalue of  **true**  indicates that color mapping is enabled. A value of  **false**  indicates\nthat color mapping is disabled.\nThe  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  structure marks the start of a document\nstructure node. Structure nodes serve one of two possible purposes:\nStructure nodes can identify the type of content they contain and specify the\nhierarchical relationship between that content and other content in the document.\nStructure nodes can specify alternate text for elements in the document.\nIf the  **fContentNode**  member has a  **true**  value, the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  is\nfollowed later in the document by a  **DocExComment_EndStructNode**  . The\n**DocExComment_EndStructNode**  marks the end of the content that is wrapped by the\ninformation in the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  .\n**DocExComment_ColorEnable**\nstruct  DocExComment_ColorEnable\n{\nDWORD ident {};\nDWORD iComment {};\nBOOL fEnable {};\n};\n**DocExComment_BeginStructNode**\nThe collection of structure nodes within the document forms a tree; each node has a\nparent node and may also have sibling nodes. The  **idNodeParent**  and  **iSortOrder**\nmembers describe the structure of this tree. Note that a child node may or may not\nappear between the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  and\n**DocExComment_EndStructNode**  structures of the parent node in the EMF.\nC++\nThe members of the  **DocExComment_BeginStructNode**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# TSM Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n### **5.3  Object access method for z/OS**\n\n#### **5.3.1  OAM components and SMS terminology**\n\nIn this section, we describe the three components of OAM and also OAM terminology.\n**OAM components**\nOAM functions are performed by three components:\n� Object Storage and Retrieval (OSR) component\nThis component provides an API for OAM. All OAM API functions are requested through\nthe OSREQ assembler macro. Applications use this interface to store, retrieve, query, and\ndelete objects, and to change information about objects. OSR stores the objects in the\nstorage hierarchy and maintains the information about these objects in DB2 databases.\nOSR functions that start through the API require the OAM Thread Isolation Support (OTIS)\napplication for administrative processing.\n� Library Control System (LCS) component\nThis component writes and reads objects on tape and optical disk storage. It also\nmanipulates the volumes on which the objects are stored. The LCS component controls\nthe usage of optical hardware resources that are attached to the system.\n� OAM Storage Management Component (OSMC)\nThis component determines where to store objects in the OAM storage hierarchy. It\nmanages object movement within the object storage hierarchy and manages expiration\nattributes that are based on the installation storage management policy that is defined\nthrough the storage management subsystem (SMS). OSMC also creates the requested\nbackup copies of the objects and provides object and volume recovery functions.\n**SMS terminology**\nTo provide a better understanding of OAM, we explain SMS terms in the following sections.\n* **SMS storage class** *\nA  *storage class*  is a collection of performance goals and availability and accessibility\nrequirements that are defined to SMS. It is used to select a device to meet those goals and\nrequirements.\nUsually, three storage classes are set up for OAM where the storage administrator sets the\nnames of the storage classes based on the naming convention in the enterprise. The three\nOAM storage classes to set up are listed:\n� OAMDASD: Objects are stored in a DB2 table on fast magnetic disk.\n� OAMTAPE: Objects are stored on magnetic tape, including tape robots.\n� OAMOPTIC: Objects are stored on a 3995 optical device.\n* **SMS storage group** *\nAn SMS  *storage group*  is a collection of storage volumes and attributes that are defined by",
+                    "page_start": 132,
+                    "page_end": 132,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nAs an example, consider a document that contains alternate text. (Alternate text is used\nby document readers to describe images for users with sight impairments.) Publisher\ninjects EMF comments before and after rendering the image, and these EMF comments\nspecify the alternate text for the image. The add-in interprets the comments and writes\nthe information to the fixed-format export file.\nThe following table shows the semantic records types supported by the Microsoft Office\nfixed-format export feature. These types are enumerated by the\n**MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE**  enumeration. Each type corresponds to a structure type that\ndescribes the format for the record.\n**HrAddPageFromEmf**\nHRESULT HrAddPageFromEmf (\nHENHMETAFILE hemf\n);\n**EMF Comments Convey Semantic Information**\nTable 6. Semantic record types supported by fixed-format export\n|  Comment Value Structure Type  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexcommentExternalHyperlink DocExComment_ExternalHyperlink  |\n| msodocexcommentExternalHyperlinkRctfv DocExComment_ExternalHyperlink  |\n| msodocexcommentInternalHyperlink DocExComment_InternalHyperlink  |\n| msodocexcommentInternalHyperlinkRctfv DocExComment_InternalHyperlink  |\n| msodocexcommentColorInfo DocExComment_ColorInfo  |\n| msodocexcommentColorMapEnable DocExComment_ColorEnable  |\n| msodocexcommentBeginTextRun DocExComment_BeginTextRun  |\n| msodocexcommentBeginTextRunRTL DocExComment_BeginTextRun  |\n| msodocexcommentEndTextRun DocExComment_EndTextRun  |\n| msodocexcommentBeginStructNode DocExComment_BeginStructNode  |\n| msodocexcommentEndStructNode  DocExComment_EndStructNode  |\n| msodocexcommentUnicodeForNextTextOut DocExComment_UnicodeForNextTextOut  |\n| msodocexcommentUnicodeForNextTextOutRTL DocExComment_UnicodeForNextTextOut |\n| msodocexcommentEPSColor DocExComment_EPSColor  |\n| msodocexcommentEPSCMYKJPEG DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG  |\n| msodocexcommentEPSSpotImage DocExComment_EPSColorSpotImage  |\n| msodocexcommentEPSStart DocExComment_EPSStart  |\n| msodocexcommentPageName DocExComment_PageName  |\n| msodocexcommentTransparent DocExComment_Transparent  |\nThe  **DocExComment_ExternalHyperlink(Rctfv)**  structure describes a hyperlink that links\nto outside of the document, for example to a Web site on the Internet.\nC++\nノ **Expand table**\n**DocExComment_ExternalHyperlink(Rctfv)**\nThe members of  **DocExComment_ExternalHyperlink(Rctfv)**  structure are as follows:\n**ident**  Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF\ncomment as containing semantic information.\n**iComment**  Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value,\nmsodocexcommentExternalHyperlink or msodocexcommentExternalHyperlinkRctfv.\n**rcdvRegion**  and  **rctfvRegion**  A union that specifies the region of the page that is\nthe source location of the hyperlink. The region can be represented as a RECT type\n(rcdvRegion) that uses device pixels as the unit of measure, or as a structure that\ncontains floating-point coordinates (rctfvRegion), in which case the unit of\nmeasure is points.\nIf the  **iComment**  member is equal to msodocexcommentExternalHyperlink, the\nadd-in should use  **rcdvRegion**  . In this case, the add-in needs to apply the current\nEMF transformation matrix to  **rcdvRegion**  to convert it to the page space.\nIf the  **iComment**  member is equal to msodocexcommentExternalHyperlinkRctfv,\nthe add-in should use  **rctfvRegion**  . In this case,  **rctfvRegion**  is already in the page\nspace, so no transformation is needed.\n**wzLink[MAX_PATH]**  Specifies the destination URL for this hyperlink.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Microsoft 365 PDF Accessibility Extending Office PDF Export Office 2024 Excel PowerPoint Word\n\n## Office 2024 PDF Accessibility Improvements\n\nSo, for example, if the document has multiple keywords, they are passed to the add-in\nas one concatenated string.\nThe  *pwchValue*  parameter specifies a Unicode string that contains the metadata itself.\nHow the add-in incorporates the text-string metadata into the exported document\ndepends on the implementation details of the export code and the type of fixed-format\nused in the exported document.\nPublisher calls the  **HrAddDocumentMetadataDate**  method to specify document\nmetadata in the form of a FILETIME structure.\nノ **Expand table**\n**HrAddDocumentMetadataDate**\nC++\nThe  *metadatatype*  parameter specifies the type of metadata represented by the\n**FILETIME**  structure. The  *metadatatype*  parameter must be one of the following values\nfrom the MSODOCEXMETADATA enumeration type.\nTable 9. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXMETADATA\n|  Value Description  |\n|:---|\n| msodocexMetadataCreationDate The creation date for the document. |\n| msodocexMetadataModDate The last-modified date for the document. |\nThe  *pftLocalTime*  parameter specifies a pointer to a FILETIME structure that contains the\ndate and time information for the metadata. The following code snippet demonstrates\nhow to extract this information from the structure.\nC++\nHow the add-in incorporates the date and time metadata into the exported document\ndepends on the implementation details of the export code and the type of fixed-format\nused in the exported document.\nPublisher calls the  **HrFinalize**  method at the end of the document-export process.\nC++\nHRESULT HrAddDocumentMetadataDate (\nMSODOCEXMETADATA metadataType,\nconst FILETIME* pftLocalTime\n);\nノ **Expand table**\nSYSTEMTIME st = { 0 };\nWCHAR s[100];\nFileTimeToSystemTime(pfiletime, &st);\nswprintf(s, 99, L\" %04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02dZ\" , st.wYear % 10000,\nst.wMonth % 100, st.wDay % 100, st.wHour % 100, st.wMinute % 100,\nst.wSecond % 100);\n**HrFinalize**\nThe code that implements fixed-format export should use  **HrFinalize**  to perform tasks\nsuch as flushing data buffers, writing remaining data to disk, and freeing memory and\nother resources.\nYou can extend the fixed-format export feature of Office applications by implementing\nthe  **IMsoDocExporter**  interface. The methods of this interface provide a channel for\nOffice applications to communicate to the add-in the visual content and semantic\ninformation in the document to export. The visual content of the document is provided\nto the add-in as one or more in-memory enhanced metafiles. The semantic information\nis provided as specially formatted comment records within this EMF. Additional methods\nin the interface enable Office applications to communicate metadata and structural\ninformation about the document.\nFor more information, see the following resources:\n[Word.Document.ExportAsFixedFormat2](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/word.document.exportasfixedformat2)",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the total operating expenses of Wikimedia foundation in 2024 ?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "178,471,109",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 7
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions $ 5,696,324 5,782,673\n\n**(6) Functional Allocation of Expenses**\nCosts of providing the Foundation’s activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. Programs comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform that enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, growing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in key geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support Wikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for which the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and fundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent and office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as\ndirect costs incurred for the relevant activities. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated among the programs benefited and supporting services for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, as follows:\n**2024**\n**General and**\n**Programs administrative Fundraising Total**\nSalaries and benefits $ 83,645,901 14,018,534 9,129,525 106,793,960\nAwards and grants 26,820,080 — — 26,820,080\nInternet hosting 3,116,257 188 — 3,116,445\nIn-kind service expenses 228,338 35,138 — 263,476\nDonation processing expenses — — 7,547,718 7,547,718\nProfessional service expenses 9,670,261 1,870,513 1,549,266 13,090,040\nOther operating expenses 6,420,517 3,808,725 568,898 10,798,140\nTravel and conferences 4,979,409 536,887 308,683 5,824,979\nDepreciation and amortization 3,471,509 744,762 — 4,216,271\n$ 138,352,272 21,014,747 19,104,090 178,471,109\n\n**2023**\n**General and**\n**Programs administrative Fundraising Total**\nSalaries and wages $ 77,845,272 14,486,209 8,974,225 101,305,706\nAwards and grants 24,426,682 7,000 — 24,433,682\nInternet hosting 3,119,234 1,585 — 3,120,819\nIn-kind service expenses 998,857 41,596 — 1,040,453\nDonation processing expenses — — 6,855,680 6,855,680\nProfessional service expenses 11,785,153 2,297,431 1,382,051 15,464,635\nOther operating expenses 2,752,153 4,102,006 539,823 7,393,982\nTravel and conferences 3,799,260 530,517 548,583 4,878,360\nDepreciation and amortization 3,837,307 764,757 — 4,602,064\n$ 128,563,918 22,231,101 18,300,362 169,095,381\n\nThe Foundation has a program of awarding grants to support chapters, affiliates, user groups, and individuals in projects that further the mission of the Foundation. Chapters are independent organizations that share the goals of the Foundation and support the goals within a specified geographical region. In addition to this work, which is reflected above in the awards and grants line, an overwhelming majority of the Foundation’s project activities are carried out by an international network of volunteers, whose activity is not reflected in the tables above.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation’s existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n**(11) Contingencies and Commitments**\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n**(12) Subsequent Events**\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nChanges in operating assets and liabilities:\nContributions receivable (1,571,657) 700,000\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets (152,972) (469,201)\nAccounts payable 1,225,678 (483,402)\nAccrued expenses 1,037,299 1,224,690\nLease liability (1,666,935) (1,618,384)\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment (4,748,841) 5,254,730\nOther liabilities 205,056 (65,560)\nNet cash provided by operating activities 8,796,241 23,957,924\nCash flows from investing activities:\nPurchase of computer equipment and office furniture (4,435,982) (4,006,566)\nDevelopment of internal use software 2,235,481 (3,076,098)\nPurchase of investments (92,176,499) (49,998,612)\nProceeds from sales and maturities of investments 92,649,341 58,016,155\nNet cash provided by (used in) investing activities (1,727,659) 934,879\nNet increase in cash, cash equivalents, and\nrestricted cash 7,068,582 24,892,803\nCash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year 77,205,118 52,312,315\nCash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year $ 84,273,700 77,205,118\nSupplemental cash flow disclosure:\nNoncash changes in exchange rate $ 290,621 (96,027)\nInitial recognition of right of use asset - operating lease — (3,226,048)\nInitial recognition of lease liability — 3,580,607\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n5 6\n**(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n* **(a) Organization and Purpose** *\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net assets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC.\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. Based in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily through donations and contributions.\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the Foundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for charitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes.\n* **(b) Risks and Uncertainties** *\nThe Foundation’s operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts from foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not experienced an adverse impact on its business operations.\n* **(c) Income Taxes** *\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of Revenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined that the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nand free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is included within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards and grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n* **(p) Use of Estimates** *\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of contributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.\n* **(q) Reclassifications** *\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the 2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and losses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of $3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of activities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania event as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is now reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference expenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and conference expenses in the statement of activities.\n**(2) Contributions Receivable**\nAs of June 30, 2024 and 2023, contributions receivable is $1,571,657 and $0, respectively, and represents contributions receivable from two grants, as well as contributions receivable from payment processors.\n**(3) Fair Value of Investments**\nThe following tables present the fair value of investments based on hierarchical level as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:\n**Fair value measurements at reporting date using Quoted prices Significant in active other markets for observable identical assets inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) June 30, 2024**\nShort-term investments: Corporate bonds $ — 66,776,386 66,776,386 Mortgage-backed securities — 5,561,381 5,561,381 U.S. Treasury securities — 43,736,995 43,736,995\nTotal $ — 116,074,762 116,074,762\nLong-term investments: Corporate bonds $ — 14,854,407 14,854,407 Stocks 42,009,652 — 42,009,652 Mortgage-backed securities — 5,213,826 5,213,826 U.S. Treasury securities — 5,213,339 5,213,339\nTotal $ 42,009,652 25,281,572 67,291,224\n\n**Fair value measurements at reporting date using Quoted prices Significant in active other markets for observable identical assets inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) June 30, 2023**",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\n**2024 2023**\nCash and cash equivalents $ 82,845,159 75,808,401\nCurrent contributions receivable 856,657 —\nShort-term investments 116,074,763 132,216,667\nTotal financial assets 199,776,579 208,025,068\nLess:\nRestricted by donors for programs 5,696,323 5,882,673\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment 525,607 5,274,448\nFinancial assets available to meet cash needs for\ngeneral expenditures within one year $ 193,554,649 196,867,947\nThe Foundation’s liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to meet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and cash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the primary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the short-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed.\n**(10) Related Party Transactions**\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on September 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the operations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by and advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The Foundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the Wikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a related party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the Foundation.\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to services provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative support under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation's expenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the costs is recorded within other income, net.\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n18\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Opinion*\nWe have audited the consolidated financial statements of Wikimedia Foundation, Inc and its subsidiary (the\nFoundation), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of June 30, 2024 and 2023,\nand the related consolidated statements of activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related\nnotes to the consolidated financial statements.\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the\nfinancial position of the Foundation as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash\nflows for the years then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nFor example (unaudited):\n-  Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews per month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in more than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer community.\n-  For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation’s largest project, Wikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles.\n-  For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and sound files to the Foundation’s multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files.\n-  Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation’s wiki software: volunteer software developers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code base by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, there were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of which 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers.\n**(7) Operating Leases**\nOur operating lease relates to the Foundation’s headquarters in San Francisco and has a non-cancelable remaining term of 3 months as of June 30, 2024. The discount rate is 2.9%, the risk-free rate based on daily U.S. Treasury with a term comparable to the lease term. The lease provides the Foundation the option to extend the lease term for one additional period of five years. The Foundation determined during the year ended June 30, 2024 not to renew the lease. Operating lease expense was $1,859,383 and $1,489,134 for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\nUndiscounted lease payments as of June 30, 2024 were as follows:\n**Lease**\n**payments**\nYear ending June 30:\n2025 419,791\nTotal minimum lease payments $ 419,791\n\n**(8) Retirement Plan**\nThe Foundation offers a 401(k) plan (the Plan) to all of its employees residing in the United States. Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan upon employment. The Foundation matches employee contributions on a dollar-for-dollar basis up to 4% of the employee’s compensation. The Foundation contributed $1,859,839 and $1,859,012 to the Plan for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n**(9) Liquidity and Availability of Financial Assets**\nThe Foundation’s financial assets available for general expenditure within one year of the balance sheet date, June 30, 2024 and 2023, are as follows:",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nTotal current assets 205,499,036 213,594,553\nRestricted cash 1,428,542 1,396,717\nLong-term investments 67,291,224 43,265,786\nRight of use asset - operating lease, net — 1,821,174\nProperty and equipment, net 11,826,136 14,045,139\nContributions receivable 715,000 —\nTotal assets $ 286,759,938 274,123,369\n**Liabilities and Net Assets**\nCurrent liabilities:\nAccounts payable $ 4,009,582 2,783,904\nAccrued expenses 7,959,558 6,922,259\nLease liability 417,756 1,640,735\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment 525,607 5,274,448\nOther liabilities 2,292,045 2,124,939\nTotal current liabilities 15,204,548 18,746,285\nLease liability — 405,748\nTotal liabilities $ 15,204,548 19,152,033\nNet assets:\nNet assets without donor restrictions 265,859,067 249,088,663\nNet assets with donor restrictions 5,696,323 5,882,673\nTotal net assets 271,555,390 254,971,336\nTotal liabilities and net assets $ 286,759,938 274,123,369\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n3\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Statements of Activities\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n**2024 2023**\nNet assets without donor restrictions:\nSupport and revenue:\nContributions of cash and other financial assets $ 168,212,977 164,121,185\nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services 263,476 1,040,453\nForeign currency losses (300,907) (94,868)\nOther income, net 5,629,773 3,824,240\nInvestment income, net 5,096,842 3,002,929\nRelease of net assets with donor restrictions 6,481,350 4,732,654\nTotal support and revenue 185,383,511 176,626,593\nOperating expenses:\nSalaries and benefits 106,793,960 101,305,706\nAwards and grants 26,820,080 24,433,682\nInternet hosting 3,116,445 3,120,819\nIn-kind service expenses 263,476 1,040,453\nDonation processing expenses 7,547,718 6,855,680\nProfessional service expenses 13,090,040 15,464,635\nOther operating expenses 10,798,140 7,393,982\nTravel and conferences 5,824,979 4,878,359\nDepreciation and amortization 4,216,271 4,602,064\nTotal operating expenses 178,471,109 169,095,380\nChange in net assets without donor restrictions\nfrom operating activities 6,912,402 7,531,213\nNonoperating activities:\nUnrealized gains on investments, net 9,858,001 3,547,510\nChange in net assets without donor restrictions 16,770,403 11,078,723\nNet assets with donor restrictions:\nContributions with donor restrictions 6,295,000 9,273,736\nNet assets released from restrictions (6,481,350) (4,732,654)\nIncrease (decrease) in net assets with donor\nrestrictions (186,350) 4,541,082\nIncrease in net assets 16,584,053 15,619,805\nNet assets at beginning of year 254,971,337 239,351,532\nNet assets at end of year $ 271,555,390 254,971,337\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n4\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n**2024 2023**\nCash flows from operating activities:\nIncrease in net assets $ 16,584,053 15,619,804\nAdjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash\nprovided by operating activities:\nDepreciation and amortization 4,216,271 4,602,064\nLoss on disposal of equipment 203,233 64,518\nUnrealized and realized gains on investments, net (8,356,376) (2,276,210)\nRight of use asset - operating lease, net 1,821,432 1,404,875",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Financial Statements\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n(With Independent Auditors’ Report Thereon)\n\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\n**Table of Contents**\n**Page(s)**\nIndependent Auditors’ Report 1\nConsolidated Financial Statements:\nBalance Sheets 3\nStatements of Activities 4\nStatements of Cash Flows 5\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements 6- 18\n\nKPMG LLP\nSuite 1400\n55 Second Street\nSan Francisco, CA 94105\n\nKPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of\nthe KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with\nKPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee.\n\n**Independent Auditors’ Report**\nThe Board of Trustees\nWikimedia Foundation, Inc:",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\n* **(l) Contributions of Nonfinancial Assets and Services** *\nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services include contributed services, as described below.\nContributed services are reported at fair value in the consolidated financial statements for voluntary donations of services when those services (1) create or enhance nonfinancial assets, (2) require specialized skills provided by individuals possessing those skills and are services that would be typically purchased if not provided by the donation, and (3) are professional in nature, and have been explicitly agreed to in advance. Contributed services are reported as contributions of nonfinancial assets and services revenue and in-kind service expenses in the consolidated statements of activities. Fair value is estimated based on current local rates for similar services.\nA substantial number of volunteers make significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Foundation’s projects. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, as the criteria above are not met.\nContributed service revenue and expenses recorded in the consolidated statements of activities consist of contributed legal services, engineering services, subscription services, and internet hosting services and bandwidth. The amounts of specialized contributed legal services as revenue and expenses are $82,638 and $493,315 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of specialized engineering services as revenue and expenses are $0 and $498,800 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of donated subscription services as revenue and expenses was $124,738 and $0 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amounts of contributed internet hosting services and bandwidth for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is $56,100 and $48,338, respectively. Included in the 2024 and 2023 amounts are donated hosting services and bandwidth from the following companies: (1) FiberRing, (2) Tele2, (3) Datahop, (4) LibertyGlobal, (5) Init7, and (6) Arelion.\n* **(m) Revenue Recognition -  Contracts With Customers** *\nThe Foundation recognizes revenue from contracts with customers related to Wikimedia, LLC under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which establishes a principle that revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Foundation expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.\nThe Foundation determines the amount of revenue to be recognized through the application of the following 5-step process: 1) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; 2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; 3) determination of the transaction price; 4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and 5) recognition of revenue when or as the Foundation satisfies the performance obligations.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf",
+                "query": "What external events can affect Wikimedia Fundation in raising funds ?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency  markets may impact our ability to raise funds.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 6
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation’s existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n**(11) Contingencies and Commitments**\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n**(12) Subsequent Events**\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions $ 5,696,324 5,782,673\n\n**(6) Functional Allocation of Expenses**\nCosts of providing the Foundation’s activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. Programs comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform that enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, growing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in key geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support Wikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for which the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and fundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent and office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as\ndirect costs incurred for the relevant activities. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated among the programs benefited and supporting services for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, as follows:\n**2024**\n**General and**\n**Programs administrative Fundraising Total**\nSalaries and benefits $ 83,645,901 14,018,534 9,129,525 106,793,960\nAwards and grants 26,820,080 — — 26,820,080\nInternet hosting 3,116,257 188 — 3,116,445\nIn-kind service expenses 228,338 35,138 — 263,476\nDonation processing expenses — — 7,547,718 7,547,718\nProfessional service expenses 9,670,261 1,870,513 1,549,266 13,090,040\nOther operating expenses 6,420,517 3,808,725 568,898 10,798,140\nTravel and conferences 4,979,409 536,887 308,683 5,824,979\nDepreciation and amortization 3,471,509 744,762 — 4,216,271\n$ 138,352,272 21,014,747 19,104,090 178,471,109\n\n**2023**\n**General and**\n**Programs administrative Fundraising Total**\nSalaries and wages $ 77,845,272 14,486,209 8,974,225 101,305,706\nAwards and grants 24,426,682 7,000 — 24,433,682\nInternet hosting 3,119,234 1,585 — 3,120,819\nIn-kind service expenses 998,857 41,596 — 1,040,453\nDonation processing expenses — — 6,855,680 6,855,680\nProfessional service expenses 11,785,153 2,297,431 1,382,051 15,464,635\nOther operating expenses 2,752,153 4,102,006 539,823 7,393,982\nTravel and conferences 3,799,260 530,517 548,583 4,878,360\nDepreciation and amortization 3,837,307 764,757 — 4,602,064\n$ 128,563,918 22,231,101 18,300,362 169,095,381\n\nThe Foundation has a program of awarding grants to support chapters, affiliates, user groups, and individuals in projects that further the mission of the Foundation. Chapters are independent organizations that share the goals of the Foundation and support the goals within a specified geographical region. In addition to this work, which is reflected above in the awards and grants line, an overwhelming majority of the Foundation’s project activities are carried out by an international network of volunteers, whose activity is not reflected in the tables above.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\n**2024 2023**\nCash and cash equivalents $ 82,845,159 75,808,401\nCurrent contributions receivable 856,657 —\nShort-term investments 116,074,763 132,216,667\nTotal financial assets 199,776,579 208,025,068\nLess:\nRestricted by donors for programs 5,696,323 5,882,673\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment 525,607 5,274,448\nFinancial assets available to meet cash needs for\ngeneral expenditures within one year $ 193,554,649 196,867,947\nThe Foundation’s liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to meet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and cash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the primary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the short-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed.\n**(10) Related Party Transactions**\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on September 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the operations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by and advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The Foundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the Wikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a related party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the Foundation.\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to services provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative support under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation's expenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the costs is recorded within other income, net.\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n18\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\n* **(l) Contributions of Nonfinancial Assets and Services** *\nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services include contributed services, as described below.\nContributed services are reported at fair value in the consolidated financial statements for voluntary donations of services when those services (1) create or enhance nonfinancial assets, (2) require specialized skills provided by individuals possessing those skills and are services that would be typically purchased if not provided by the donation, and (3) are professional in nature, and have been explicitly agreed to in advance. Contributed services are reported as contributions of nonfinancial assets and services revenue and in-kind service expenses in the consolidated statements of activities. Fair value is estimated based on current local rates for similar services.\nA substantial number of volunteers make significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Foundation’s projects. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, as the criteria above are not met.\nContributed service revenue and expenses recorded in the consolidated statements of activities consist of contributed legal services, engineering services, subscription services, and internet hosting services and bandwidth. The amounts of specialized contributed legal services as revenue and expenses are $82,638 and $493,315 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of specialized engineering services as revenue and expenses are $0 and $498,800 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of donated subscription services as revenue and expenses was $124,738 and $0 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amounts of contributed internet hosting services and bandwidth for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is $56,100 and $48,338, respectively. Included in the 2024 and 2023 amounts are donated hosting services and bandwidth from the following companies: (1) FiberRing, (2) Tele2, (3) Datahop, (4) LibertyGlobal, (5) Init7, and (6) Arelion.\n* **(m) Revenue Recognition -  Contracts With Customers** *\nThe Foundation recognizes revenue from contracts with customers related to Wikimedia, LLC under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which establishes a principle that revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Foundation expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.\nThe Foundation determines the amount of revenue to be recognized through the application of the following 5-step process: 1) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; 2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; 3) determination of the transaction price; 4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and 5) recognition of revenue when or as the Foundation satisfies the performance obligations.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nFor example (unaudited):\n-  Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews per month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in more than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer community.\n-  For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation’s largest project, Wikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles.\n-  For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and sound files to the Foundation’s multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files.\n-  Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation’s wiki software: volunteer software developers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code base by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, there were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of which 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers.\n**(7) Operating Leases**\nOur operating lease relates to the Foundation’s headquarters in San Francisco and has a non-cancelable remaining term of 3 months as of June 30, 2024. The discount rate is 2.9%, the risk-free rate based on daily U.S. Treasury with a term comparable to the lease term. The lease provides the Foundation the option to extend the lease term for one additional period of five years. The Foundation determined during the year ended June 30, 2024 not to renew the lease. Operating lease expense was $1,859,383 and $1,489,134 for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\nUndiscounted lease payments as of June 30, 2024 were as follows:\n**Lease**\n**payments**\nYear ending June 30:\n2025 419,791\nTotal minimum lease payments $ 419,791\n\n**(8) Retirement Plan**\nThe Foundation offers a 401(k) plan (the Plan) to all of its employees residing in the United States. Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan upon employment. The Foundation matches employee contributions on a dollar-for-dollar basis up to 4% of the employee’s compensation. The Foundation contributed $1,859,839 and $1,859,012 to the Plan for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n**(9) Liquidity and Availability of Financial Assets**\nThe Foundation’s financial assets available for general expenditure within one year of the balance sheet date, June 30, 2024 and 2023, are as follows:",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nand free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is included within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards and grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n* **(p) Use of Estimates** *\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of contributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.\n* **(q) Reclassifications** *\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the 2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and losses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of $3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of activities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania event as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is now reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference expenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and conference expenses in the statement of activities.\n**(2) Contributions Receivable**\nAs of June 30, 2024 and 2023, contributions receivable is $1,571,657 and $0, respectively, and represents contributions receivable from two grants, as well as contributions receivable from payment processors.\n**(3) Fair Value of Investments**\nThe following tables present the fair value of investments based on hierarchical level as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:\n**Fair value measurements at reporting date using Quoted prices Significant in active other markets for observable identical assets inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) June 30, 2024**\nShort-term investments: Corporate bonds $ — 66,776,386 66,776,386 Mortgage-backed securities — 5,561,381 5,561,381 U.S. Treasury securities — 43,736,995 43,736,995\nTotal $ — 116,074,762 116,074,762\nLong-term investments: Corporate bonds $ — 14,854,407 14,854,407 Stocks 42,009,652 — 42,009,652 Mortgage-backed securities — 5,213,826 5,213,826 U.S. Treasury securities — 5,213,339 5,213,339\nTotal $ 42,009,652 25,281,572 67,291,224\n\n**Fair value measurements at reporting date using Quoted prices Significant in active other markets for observable identical assets inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) June 30, 2023**",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nChanges in operating assets and liabilities:\nContributions receivable (1,571,657) 700,000\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets (152,972) (469,201)\nAccounts payable 1,225,678 (483,402)\nAccrued expenses 1,037,299 1,224,690\nLease liability (1,666,935) (1,618,384)\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment (4,748,841) 5,254,730\nOther liabilities 205,056 (65,560)\nNet cash provided by operating activities 8,796,241 23,957,924\nCash flows from investing activities:\nPurchase of computer equipment and office furniture (4,435,982) (4,006,566)\nDevelopment of internal use software 2,235,481 (3,076,098)\nPurchase of investments (92,176,499) (49,998,612)\nProceeds from sales and maturities of investments 92,649,341 58,016,155\nNet cash provided by (used in) investing activities (1,727,659) 934,879\nNet increase in cash, cash equivalents, and\nrestricted cash 7,068,582 24,892,803\nCash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year 77,205,118 52,312,315\nCash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year $ 84,273,700 77,205,118\nSupplemental cash flow disclosure:\nNoncash changes in exchange rate $ 290,621 (96,027)\nInitial recognition of right of use asset - operating lease — (3,226,048)\nInitial recognition of lease liability — 3,580,607\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n5 6\n**(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n* **(a) Organization and Purpose** *\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net assets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC.\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. Based in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily through donations and contributions.\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the Foundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for charitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes.\n* **(b) Risks and Uncertainties** *\nThe Foundation’s operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts from foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not experienced an adverse impact on its business operations.\n* **(c) Income Taxes** *\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of Revenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined that the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Financial Statements\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n(With Independent Auditors’ Report Thereon)\n\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\n**Table of Contents**\n**Page(s)**\nIndependent Auditors’ Report 1\nConsolidated Financial Statements:\nBalance Sheets 3\nStatements of Activities 4\nStatements of Cash Flows 5\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements 6- 18\n\nKPMG LLP\nSuite 1400\n55 Second Street\nSan Francisco, CA 94105\n\nKPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of\nthe KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with\nKPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee.\n\n**Independent Auditors’ Report**\nThe Board of Trustees\nWikimedia Foundation, Inc:",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Opinion*\nWe have audited the consolidated financial statements of Wikimedia Foundation, Inc and its subsidiary (the\nFoundation), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of June 30, 2024 and 2023,\nand the related consolidated statements of activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related\nnotes to the consolidated financial statements.\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the\nfinancial position of the Foundation as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash\nflows for the years then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nTotal current assets 205,499,036 213,594,553\nRestricted cash 1,428,542 1,396,717\nLong-term investments 67,291,224 43,265,786\nRight of use asset - operating lease, net — 1,821,174\nProperty and equipment, net 11,826,136 14,045,139\nContributions receivable 715,000 —\nTotal assets $ 286,759,938 274,123,369\n**Liabilities and Net Assets**\nCurrent liabilities:\nAccounts payable $ 4,009,582 2,783,904\nAccrued expenses 7,959,558 6,922,259\nLease liability 417,756 1,640,735\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment 525,607 5,274,448\nOther liabilities 2,292,045 2,124,939\nTotal current liabilities 15,204,548 18,746,285\nLease liability — 405,748\nTotal liabilities $ 15,204,548 19,152,033\nNet assets:\nNet assets without donor restrictions 265,859,067 249,088,663\nNet assets with donor restrictions 5,696,323 5,882,673\nTotal net assets 271,555,390 254,971,336\nTotal liabilities and net assets $ 286,759,938 274,123,369\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n3\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Statements of Activities\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n**2024 2023**\nNet assets without donor restrictions:\nSupport and revenue:\nContributions of cash and other financial assets $ 168,212,977 164,121,185\nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services 263,476 1,040,453\nForeign currency losses (300,907) (94,868)\nOther income, net 5,629,773 3,824,240\nInvestment income, net 5,096,842 3,002,929\nRelease of net assets with donor restrictions 6,481,350 4,732,654\nTotal support and revenue 185,383,511 176,626,593\nOperating expenses:\nSalaries and benefits 106,793,960 101,305,706\nAwards and grants 26,820,080 24,433,682\nInternet hosting 3,116,445 3,120,819\nIn-kind service expenses 263,476 1,040,453\nDonation processing expenses 7,547,718 6,855,680\nProfessional service expenses 13,090,040 15,464,635\nOther operating expenses 10,798,140 7,393,982\nTravel and conferences 5,824,979 4,878,359\nDepreciation and amortization 4,216,271 4,602,064\nTotal operating expenses 178,471,109 169,095,380\nChange in net assets without donor restrictions\nfrom operating activities 6,912,402 7,531,213\nNonoperating activities:\nUnrealized gains on investments, net 9,858,001 3,547,510\nChange in net assets without donor restrictions 16,770,403 11,078,723\nNet assets with donor restrictions:\nContributions with donor restrictions 6,295,000 9,273,736\nNet assets released from restrictions (6,481,350) (4,732,654)\nIncrease (decrease) in net assets with donor\nrestrictions (186,350) 4,541,082\nIncrease in net assets 16,584,053 15,619,805\nNet assets at beginning of year 254,971,337 239,351,532\nNet assets at end of year $ 271,555,390 254,971,337\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n4\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n**2024 2023**\nCash flows from operating activities:\nIncrease in net assets $ 16,584,053 15,619,804\nAdjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash\nprovided by operating activities:\nDepreciation and amortization 4,216,271 4,602,064\nLoss on disposal of equipment 203,233 64,518\nUnrealized and realized gains on investments, net (8,356,376) (2,276,210)\nRight of use asset - operating lease, net 1,821,432 1,404,875",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf",
+                "query": "What include Wikimedia Fundation restricted cash ?",
+                "target_page": 9,
+                "target_passage": "Restricted cash includes standby letters of credit for (1) the Foundation’s headquarters office lease and  (2) one of the Foundation’s Employer of Record responsible for administering compensation and  benefits for non-US personnel.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 7
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\n**2024 2023**\nCash and cash equivalents $ 82,845,159 75,808,401\nCurrent contributions receivable 856,657 —\nShort-term investments 116,074,763 132,216,667\nTotal financial assets 199,776,579 208,025,068\nLess:\nRestricted by donors for programs 5,696,323 5,882,673\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment 525,607 5,274,448\nFinancial assets available to meet cash needs for\ngeneral expenditures within one year $ 193,554,649 196,867,947\nThe Foundation’s liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to meet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and cash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the primary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the short-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed.\n**(10) Related Party Transactions**\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on September 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the operations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by and advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The Foundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the Wikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a related party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the Foundation.\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to services provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative support under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation's expenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the costs is recorded within other income, net.\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements\nJune 30, 2024 and 2023\n18\nThe Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers additional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not donor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards and grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and $624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred to the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with grants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and $500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation’s existing audiences of consumers and contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with donor restrictions as of June 30, 2024.\n**(11) Contingencies and Commitments**\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of management, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial position of the Foundation.\n**(12) Subsequent Events**\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to disclose.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nTotal current assets 205,499,036 213,594,553\nRestricted cash 1,428,542 1,396,717\nLong-term investments 67,291,224 43,265,786\nRight of use asset - operating lease, net — 1,821,174\nProperty and equipment, net 11,826,136 14,045,139\nContributions receivable 715,000 —\nTotal assets $ 286,759,938 274,123,369\n**Liabilities and Net Assets**\nCurrent liabilities:\nAccounts payable $ 4,009,582 2,783,904\nAccrued expenses 7,959,558 6,922,259\nLease liability 417,756 1,640,735\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment 525,607 5,274,448\nOther liabilities 2,292,045 2,124,939\nTotal current liabilities 15,204,548 18,746,285\nLease liability — 405,748\nTotal liabilities $ 15,204,548 19,152,033\nNet assets:\nNet assets without donor restrictions 265,859,067 249,088,663\nNet assets with donor restrictions 5,696,323 5,882,673\nTotal net assets 271,555,390 254,971,336\nTotal liabilities and net assets $ 286,759,938 274,123,369\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n3\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Statements of Activities\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n**2024 2023**\nNet assets without donor restrictions:\nSupport and revenue:\nContributions of cash and other financial assets $ 168,212,977 164,121,185\nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services 263,476 1,040,453\nForeign currency losses (300,907) (94,868)\nOther income, net 5,629,773 3,824,240\nInvestment income, net 5,096,842 3,002,929\nRelease of net assets with donor restrictions 6,481,350 4,732,654\nTotal support and revenue 185,383,511 176,626,593\nOperating expenses:\nSalaries and benefits 106,793,960 101,305,706\nAwards and grants 26,820,080 24,433,682\nInternet hosting 3,116,445 3,120,819\nIn-kind service expenses 263,476 1,040,453\nDonation processing expenses 7,547,718 6,855,680\nProfessional service expenses 13,090,040 15,464,635\nOther operating expenses 10,798,140 7,393,982\nTravel and conferences 5,824,979 4,878,359\nDepreciation and amortization 4,216,271 4,602,064\nTotal operating expenses 178,471,109 169,095,380\nChange in net assets without donor restrictions\nfrom operating activities 6,912,402 7,531,213\nNonoperating activities:\nUnrealized gains on investments, net 9,858,001 3,547,510\nChange in net assets without donor restrictions 16,770,403 11,078,723\nNet assets with donor restrictions:\nContributions with donor restrictions 6,295,000 9,273,736\nNet assets released from restrictions (6,481,350) (4,732,654)\nIncrease (decrease) in net assets with donor\nrestrictions (186,350) 4,541,082\nIncrease in net assets 16,584,053 15,619,805\nNet assets at beginning of year 254,971,337 239,351,532\nNet assets at end of year $ 271,555,390 254,971,337\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n4\n**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\nConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows\nYears ended June 30, 2024 and 2023\n**2024 2023**\nCash flows from operating activities:\nIncrease in net assets $ 16,584,053 15,619,804\nAdjustments to reconcile increase in net assets to net cash\nprovided by operating activities:\nDepreciation and amortization 4,216,271 4,602,064\nLoss on disposal of equipment 203,233 64,518\nUnrealized and realized gains on investments, net (8,356,376) (2,276,210)\nRight of use asset - operating lease, net 1,821,432 1,404,875",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nNet assets with donor restrictions $ 5,696,324 5,782,673\n\n**(6) Functional Allocation of Expenses**\nCosts of providing the Foundation’s activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. Programs comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform that enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, growing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in key geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support Wikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for which the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and fundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent and office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as\ndirect costs incurred for the relevant activities. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated among the programs benefited and supporting services for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, as follows:\n**2024**\n**General and**\n**Programs administrative Fundraising Total**\nSalaries and benefits $ 83,645,901 14,018,534 9,129,525 106,793,960\nAwards and grants 26,820,080 — — 26,820,080\nInternet hosting 3,116,257 188 — 3,116,445\nIn-kind service expenses 228,338 35,138 — 263,476\nDonation processing expenses — — 7,547,718 7,547,718\nProfessional service expenses 9,670,261 1,870,513 1,549,266 13,090,040\nOther operating expenses 6,420,517 3,808,725 568,898 10,798,140\nTravel and conferences 4,979,409 536,887 308,683 5,824,979\nDepreciation and amortization 3,471,509 744,762 — 4,216,271\n$ 138,352,272 21,014,747 19,104,090 178,471,109\n\n**2023**\n**General and**\n**Programs administrative Fundraising Total**\nSalaries and wages $ 77,845,272 14,486,209 8,974,225 101,305,706\nAwards and grants 24,426,682 7,000 — 24,433,682\nInternet hosting 3,119,234 1,585 — 3,120,819\nIn-kind service expenses 998,857 41,596 — 1,040,453\nDonation processing expenses — — 6,855,680 6,855,680\nProfessional service expenses 11,785,153 2,297,431 1,382,051 15,464,635\nOther operating expenses 2,752,153 4,102,006 539,823 7,393,982\nTravel and conferences 3,799,260 530,517 548,583 4,878,360\nDepreciation and amortization 3,837,307 764,757 — 4,602,064\n$ 128,563,918 22,231,101 18,300,362 169,095,381\n\nThe Foundation has a program of awarding grants to support chapters, affiliates, user groups, and individuals in projects that further the mission of the Foundation. Chapters are independent organizations that share the goals of the Foundation and support the goals within a specified geographical region. In addition to this work, which is reflected above in the awards and grants line, an overwhelming majority of the Foundation’s project activities are carried out by an international network of volunteers, whose activity is not reflected in the tables above.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated the financial statement impact of positions taken or expected to be taken in its tax returns. The Foundation is subject to income taxes on any net income that is derived from a trade or business, regularly carried on, and not in furtherance of the purposes for which it was granted exemption. Net income from any unrelated trade or business, in the opinion of management, is not material to the consolidated financial statements taken as a whole.\n* **(d) Financial Statement Presentation** *\nNet assets, support and revenue, expenses, gains, and losses are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 958,  *Not-for-Profit Entities*  .\nNet assets without donor restrictions represent unrestricted resources available to support operations and also include previously temporarily restricted resources, which have become available for use by the Foundation in accordance with the intentions of donors.\nNet assets with donor restrictions represent contributions that are limited in use by the Foundation in accordance with donor-imposed stipulations. The stipulations may expire with time or may be satisfied and removed by the actions of the Foundation according to the terms of the contribution by the donor.\n7\nOnce such stipulations are satisfied, the associated net assets are released from net assets with donor restrictions and recognized as net assets without donor restrictions.\nContributions received are recorded as net assets without donor restriction or net assets with donor restrictions depending on the existence and/or nature of any donor restrictions.\n* **(e) Cash and Cash Equivalents** *\nThe Foundation manages its cash through major financial institutions. At June 30, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amount of the Foundation’s general ledger cash held primarily in nationally recognized financial institutions is $60.0 million and $63.9 million, respectively. Cash balances are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to the applicable limits. Cash balances held in these financial institutions at June 30, 2024 and 2023 exceed the applicable FDIC insurance limits. The Foundation’s current practice is to maintain at least four months of cash and cash equivalents to support a combination of operating cash and a current reserve fund. The Foundation considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents of $22.8 million and $12.0 million as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are considered Level 1 under ASC Topic 820,  *Fair Value Measurement*  .",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nChanges in operating assets and liabilities:\nContributions receivable (1,571,657) 700,000\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets (152,972) (469,201)\nAccounts payable 1,225,678 (483,402)\nAccrued expenses 1,037,299 1,224,690\nLease liability (1,666,935) (1,618,384)\nDonations payable to Wikimedia Endowment (4,748,841) 5,254,730\nOther liabilities 205,056 (65,560)\nNet cash provided by operating activities 8,796,241 23,957,924\nCash flows from investing activities:\nPurchase of computer equipment and office furniture (4,435,982) (4,006,566)\nDevelopment of internal use software 2,235,481 (3,076,098)\nPurchase of investments (92,176,499) (49,998,612)\nProceeds from sales and maturities of investments 92,649,341 58,016,155\nNet cash provided by (used in) investing activities (1,727,659) 934,879\nNet increase in cash, cash equivalents, and\nrestricted cash 7,068,582 24,892,803\nCash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of year 77,205,118 52,312,315\nCash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year $ 84,273,700 77,205,118\nSupplemental cash flow disclosure:\nNoncash changes in exchange rate $ 290,621 (96,027)\nInitial recognition of right of use asset - operating lease — (3,226,048)\nInitial recognition of lease liability — 3,580,607\nSee accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.\n5 6\n**(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n* **(a) Organization and Purpose** *\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net assets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC.\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. Based in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily through donations and contributions.\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the Foundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for charitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes.\n* **(b) Risks and Uncertainties** *\nThe Foundation’s operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts from foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not experienced an adverse impact on its business operations.\n* **(c) Income Taxes** *\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of Revenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined that the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\n* **(l) Contributions of Nonfinancial Assets and Services** *\nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services include contributed services, as described below.\nContributed services are reported at fair value in the consolidated financial statements for voluntary donations of services when those services (1) create or enhance nonfinancial assets, (2) require specialized skills provided by individuals possessing those skills and are services that would be typically purchased if not provided by the donation, and (3) are professional in nature, and have been explicitly agreed to in advance. Contributed services are reported as contributions of nonfinancial assets and services revenue and in-kind service expenses in the consolidated statements of activities. Fair value is estimated based on current local rates for similar services.\nA substantial number of volunteers make significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Foundation’s projects. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements, as the criteria above are not met.\nContributed service revenue and expenses recorded in the consolidated statements of activities consist of contributed legal services, engineering services, subscription services, and internet hosting services and bandwidth. The amounts of specialized contributed legal services as revenue and expenses are $82,638 and $493,315 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of specialized engineering services as revenue and expenses are $0 and $498,800 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The value of donated subscription services as revenue and expenses was $124,738 and $0 for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amounts of contributed internet hosting services and bandwidth for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is $56,100 and $48,338, respectively. Included in the 2024 and 2023 amounts are donated hosting services and bandwidth from the following companies: (1) FiberRing, (2) Tele2, (3) Datahop, (4) LibertyGlobal, (5) Init7, and (6) Arelion.\n* **(m) Revenue Recognition -  Contracts With Customers** *\nThe Foundation recognizes revenue from contracts with customers related to Wikimedia, LLC under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which establishes a principle that revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Foundation expects to receive in exchange for those products or services.\nThe Foundation determines the amount of revenue to be recognized through the application of the following 5-step process: 1) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; 2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; 3) determination of the transaction price; 4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and 5) recognition of revenue when or as the Foundation satisfies the performance obligations.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\n* **(f) Restricted Cash** *\nRestricted cash includes standby letters of credit for (1) the Foundation’s headquarters office lease and (2) one of the Foundation’s Employer of Record responsible for administering compensation and benefits for non-US personnel. As of June 30, 2024, neither letter of credit has been used.\n* **(g) Contributions Receivable** *\nContributions receivable represent gift amounts due from various entities, which are occasionally directed at specific activities. Contributions receivable due more than one year from the contribution date are discounted to present value using a fair value rate based on the U.S. Treasury bond rate and reflect the risks inherent in these cash flows. Contributions receivable are subject to review and adjustment by management should amounts be deemed uncollectible.\n* **(h) Investments** *\nThe Foundation’s policy regarding investments is to invest cash in short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term fixed income, and equity instruments without assuming material undue risk to principal. Preservation of principal and maintenance of liquidity are priorities over yield. Investments are reported at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses, and accrued interest included as a component of the change in net assets. Additionally, the Foundation holds no shares of donated stock as of June 30, 2024 or 2023, consistent with its policy to sell stock received through donations as soon as possible.\nThe Foundation presents its investment portfolios as short-term and long-term based on expectations of the holding period of the investment in line with the investment guidelines stipulated in the investment policy.\nASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted\n8\nprices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).\nThe three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:\n-  Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical investments that the Foundation has the ability to access at the measurement date. The Foundation’s Level 1 assets are investments in marketable securities, including stocks and mutual funds.\n-  Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the investment, either directly or indirectly. The Foundation’s Level 2 assets are investments in corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and U.S. Treasury securities.\n-  Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs from investments. Level 3 inputs incorporate assumptions about the factors that market participants would use in pricing the instrument.\n* **(i) Property and Equipment, Net** *",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nFor example (unaudited):\n-  Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews per month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in more than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer community.\n-  For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation’s largest project, Wikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles.\n-  For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and sound files to the Foundation’s multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files.\n-  Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation’s wiki software: volunteer software developers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code base by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, there were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of which 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers.\n**(7) Operating Leases**\nOur operating lease relates to the Foundation’s headquarters in San Francisco and has a non-cancelable remaining term of 3 months as of June 30, 2024. The discount rate is 2.9%, the risk-free rate based on daily U.S. Treasury with a term comparable to the lease term. The lease provides the Foundation the option to extend the lease term for one additional period of five years. The Foundation determined during the year ended June 30, 2024 not to renew the lease. Operating lease expense was $1,859,383 and $1,489,134 for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\nUndiscounted lease payments as of June 30, 2024 were as follows:\n**Lease**\n**payments**\nYear ending June 30:\n2025 419,791\nTotal minimum lease payments $ 419,791\n\n**(8) Retirement Plan**\nThe Foundation offers a 401(k) plan (the Plan) to all of its employees residing in the United States. Employees are eligible to participate in the Plan upon employment. The Foundation matches employee contributions on a dollar-for-dollar basis up to 4% of the employee’s compensation. The Foundation contributed $1,859,839 and $1,859,012 to the Plan for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n**(9) Liquidity and Availability of Financial Assets**\nThe Foundation’s financial assets available for general expenditure within one year of the balance sheet date, June 30, 2024 and 2023, are as follows:",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.  Consolidated Financial Statements  June 30, 2024 and 2023  (With Indepen[...]\n\n### *Auditors’ Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements*\n\nand free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is included within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards and grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.\n* **(p) Use of Estimates** *\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of contributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.\n* **(q) Reclassifications** *\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the 2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and losses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of $3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of activities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania event as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is now reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference expenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and conference expenses in the statement of activities.\n**(2) Contributions Receivable**\nAs of June 30, 2024 and 2023, contributions receivable is $1,571,657 and $0, respectively, and represents contributions receivable from two grants, as well as contributions receivable from payment processors.\n**(3) Fair Value of Investments**\nThe following tables present the fair value of investments based on hierarchical level as of June 30, 2024 and 2023:\n**Fair value measurements at reporting date using Quoted prices Significant in active other markets for observable identical assets inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) June 30, 2024**\nShort-term investments: Corporate bonds $ — 66,776,386 66,776,386 Mortgage-backed securities — 5,561,381 5,561,381 U.S. Treasury securities — 43,736,995 43,736,995\nTotal $ — 116,074,762 116,074,762\nLong-term investments: Corporate bonds $ — 14,854,407 14,854,407 Stocks 42,009,652 — 42,009,652 Mortgage-backed securities — 5,213,826 5,213,826 U.S. Treasury securities — 5,213,339 5,213,339\nTotal $ 42,009,652 25,281,572 67,291,224\n\n**Fair value measurements at reporting date using Quoted prices Significant in active other markets for observable identical assets inputs (Level 1) (Level 2) June 30, 2023**",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the price of the The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendment) Regulations 2020 ?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "£6.90",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                }
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+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Citation and commencement**\n**1.**  These Regulations may be cited as the Special Educational Needs and Disability\n(Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 and come into force on 1st May 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\n**3.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014(  **c**  ) are amended as follows.\n**4.**  In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**5.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\n\n(  **a**  ) 2014 c.6. Section 30(8) was amended by Schedule 2, Part 1, paragraph 4 to the Children and Social Work Act 2017 (c.16).\n(  **b**  ) 1996 c.56. Section 29(3) was amended by Schedule 30, paragraph 67 and Schedule 31 to the School Standards and\nFramework Act 1998 (c.31) and S.I. 2010/1158 and section 569(4) was amended by section 8(1) and (5) of the Education\n(Wales) Measure 2009.\n(  **c**  ) S.I. 2014/1530, relevant amending instruments are S.I. 2014/2096, S.I. 2015/359 and S.I. 2017/1306.\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 15(2) (transfer of EHC plans) (in relation to the second reference to 15\nworking days), (4), (5), (7) (in relation to the second reference to 15 working days)\nand (8);\n(b) regulation 16(2) and (3) (change of responsible commissioning body);\n(c) regulation 20(9) and (10) (review where the child or young person attends a school\nor other institution);\n(d) regulation 21(7), (8) and (9) (review of EHC plan where the child or young person",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014**\n**15.**  The Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014(  **a**  ) are amended as\nfollows.\n**16.**  In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**17.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time period due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, the requirement for the local authority\nto review the making and use of direct payments within the first three months of them being\nmade in regulation 11(2)(a) (monitoring and review of direct payments) is to be read\ninstead as a requirement for such action to be taken as soon as reasonably practicable.\n) S.I. 2014/1652, to which there are amendments not relevant to these Regulations.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for the local\nauthority to meet the requirement specified in regulation 11(2)(a) for a reason relating to the\nincidence or transmission of coronavirus.”.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Review and expiry**\n**2.**  —(1) The Secretary of State must review the effectiveness of these Regulations during the\nperiod for which they have effect.\n(2)  These Regulations cease to have effect on 25th September 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert—\n“; or\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**10.**  In regulation 13(3) (timescales for EHC plans), for “(d)” substitute “(e)”.\n**11.**  After regulation 18 (circumstances in which a local authority must review an EHC plan)\ninsert—\n“  **Circumstances in which it is not necessary to review an EHC plan**\n**18A.**  —(1) It is not necessary for a local authority to review an EHC plan in accordance\nwith section 44(1) of the Act if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the\nincidence or transmission of coronavirus.\n(2) Where paragraph (1) applies, a local authority must instead conduct such reviews as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.”.\n**12.**  In regulation 22 (amending an EHC plan following a review), after paragraph (5) insert—\n“(6) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraphs (3)\nand (4) if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.”.\n**13.**  In regulation 27(3) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert—\n“; or\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**14.**  In regulation 45 (unopposed appeals), after paragraph (7) insert—\n“(8) The local authority need not comply with the time limits specified in paragraph (3A)\nif it is impractical to do so because the circumstances referred to in regulation 10(4)(e)\napply.”.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThese Regulations make amendments to secondary legislation relating to special educational\nneeds and disability in order to provide exceptions to time limits set out in that legislation where\nthey cannot be met because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus.\nRegulation 2 contains review and expiry provisions. The Secretary of State is required to review\nthe effectiveness of the Regulations during the period in which they have effect. The Regulations\ncease to have effect on 25th September 2020.\nRegulations 3 to 14 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014 (‘the\nSEND Regulations 2014’).\nRegulation 5 inserts a glossing provision into the SEND Regulations 2014 which relaxes certain\nrequirements in those Regulations for actions to be taken within specified time limits where it is\nnot reasonably practicable for a person to meet those requirements for a reason relating to the\nincidence or transmission of coronavirus. Instead, any such requirement is to be read as a\nrequirement for such action to be taken as soon as reasonably practicable.\nRegulations 6 to 14 make textual amendments to the SEND Regulations 2014 to relax time limits.\nRegulations 15 to 17 amend the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014\n(‘the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014’).\nRegulation 17 inserts a similar glossing provision into the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014 as",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n**18.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations 2015(  **a**  ) are\namended as follows.\n**19.**  In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**20.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 15(1) and (4) (needs assessments which are not completed);\n(b) regulation 16(2), (3) and (4) (transfer of a kept EHC plan);\n(c) regulation 17(1) and (2) (restriction on disclosure of EHC plans);\n(d) regulation 19 (requirement to consider mediation);\n(e) regulation 20(1) and (2) (where the appropriate person does not wish to or fails to\npursue mediation);\n(f) regulation 21 (mediation);\n(g) regulation 24(1) and (3) (mediation certificate under section 55(5) of the Act);\n(h) regulation 27(3) (steps to be taken by a home authority);\n(i) regulation 29(2) and (6) (compliance with the orders of the First-tier Tribunal); and\n(j) regulation 30(3) and (6) (unopposed appeals).”.\n**21.**  In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\ndoes not attend a school or other institution);\n(e) regulation 25(1) (notification of decision whether it is necessary to re-assess\neducational, health care and social care provision);\n(f) regulation 27(4) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment);\n(g) regulation 33 (requirement to consider mediation);\n(h) regulation 34(1) and (2) (where a parent or young person does not wish to or fails\nto pursue mediation);\n(i) regulation 35(2), (3) and (4) (mediation -  health care issues);\n(j) regulation 36(2) (mediation - no health care issues);\n(k) regulation 39(1) and (3) (mediation certificate under section 55(5));\n(l) regulation 42(3) and (4) (steps to be taken by a local authority);\n(m) regulation 44(2)(d), (e), (f) and (h) (compliance with the orders of the First-tier\nTribunal);\n(n) regulation 45(4), (5) and (6A) (unopposed appeals);\n(o) regulation 47 (disclosure of EHC plans in relation to higher education); and\n(p) regulation 56(3) (publication of comments on the local offer).”.\n**6.**  In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be\nnecessary), after paragraph (2) insert—\n“(3) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraph (1) if\nit is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of\ncoronavirus.”.\n**7.**  In regulation 5(4) (decision whether or not to conduct an EHC needs assessment)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert—\n“; or\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**8.**  In regulation 8(2) (duty to co-operate in EHC needs assessments)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert—\n“; or\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**9.**  In regulation 10(4) (decision not to secure an EHC plan)—",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\nregulation 5 does in respect of the SEND Regulations 2014.\nRegulations 18 to 27 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons)\nRegulations 2015 (‘the Detained Persons Regulations 2015’).\nRegulation 20 inserts a glossing provision into the Detained Persons Regulations 2015 similar to\nthe ones in regulations 5 and 17 in relation to the SEND Regulations 2014 and the Personal\nBudgets Regulations 2014 respectively.\nRegulations 21 to 27 make textual amendments to the Detained Persons Regulations 2015 to relax\ntime limits.\nRegulations 28 to 30 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal\nRecommendations Power) Regulations 2017 (‘the First-tier Tribunal Regulations 2017’).\nRegulation 30 inserts a glossing provision into the First-tier Tribunal Regulations 2017 similar to\nthose in regulations 5, 17 and 20.\nAn impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument as this is a temporary, emergency\nmeasure and no significant impact on business, charities or voluntary bodies is foreseen.\nAn Explanatory Memorandum is published alongside this instrument on www.legislation.gov.uk.\n\n© Crown copyright 2020\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n\n£6.90\nUK202004291001   05/2020   19585\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2020/471",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n### **Recommendations Power) Regulations 2017**\n**28.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal Recommendations Power)\nRegulations 2017(  **a**  ) are amended as follows.\n**29.**  In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**30.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 6(3) and (6) (responding to health care recommendations); and\n(b) regulation 7(1) and (4) (responding to social care recommendations).”.\n\n*Vicky Ford*\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State\n28th April 2020 Department for Education\n\n) S.I. 2017/1306.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf",
+                "query": "When come into force the Special Educational Needs and Disability  (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "These Regulations may be cited as the Special Educational Needs and Disability  (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 and come into force on 1st May 2020.",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Citation and commencement**\n**1.**  These Regulations may be cited as the Special Educational Needs and Disability\n(Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 and come into force on 1st May 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Review and expiry**\n**2.**  —(1) The Secretary of State must review the effectiveness of these Regulations during the\nperiod for which they have effect.\n(2)  These Regulations cease to have effect on 25th September 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\n**3.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014(  **c**  ) are amended as follows.\n**4.**  In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**5.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\n\n(  **a**  ) 2014 c.6. Section 30(8) was amended by Schedule 2, Part 1, paragraph 4 to the Children and Social Work Act 2017 (c.16).\n(  **b**  ) 1996 c.56. Section 29(3) was amended by Schedule 30, paragraph 67 and Schedule 31 to the School Standards and\nFramework Act 1998 (c.31) and S.I. 2010/1158 and section 569(4) was amended by section 8(1) and (5) of the Education\n(Wales) Measure 2009.\n(  **c**  ) S.I. 2014/1530, relevant amending instruments are S.I. 2014/2096, S.I. 2015/359 and S.I. 2017/1306.\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 15(2) (transfer of EHC plans) (in relation to the second reference to 15\nworking days), (4), (5), (7) (in relation to the second reference to 15 working days)\nand (8);\n(b) regulation 16(2) and (3) (change of responsible commissioning body);\n(c) regulation 20(9) and (10) (review where the child or young person attends a school\nor other institution);\n(d) regulation 21(7), (8) and (9) (review of EHC plan where the child or young person",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n*Coming into force*    *-*    *-*    *1st May*    *2020*\nThe Secretary of State makes the following Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by\nsections 30(8), 31(4), 36(11), 37(4), 44(7)(b) and (c), 47, 49(3), 51(4), 56(1), 71(11), 73(4), 74(3)\nand 135(2) and (3) of the Children and Families Act 2014(  **a**  ) and sections 29(3) and 569(4) of the\nEducation Act 1996(  **b**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert—\n“; or\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**10.**  In regulation 13(3) (timescales for EHC plans), for “(d)” substitute “(e)”.\n**11.**  After regulation 18 (circumstances in which a local authority must review an EHC plan)\ninsert—\n“  **Circumstances in which it is not necessary to review an EHC plan**\n**18A.**  —(1) It is not necessary for a local authority to review an EHC plan in accordance\nwith section 44(1) of the Act if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the\nincidence or transmission of coronavirus.\n(2) Where paragraph (1) applies, a local authority must instead conduct such reviews as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.”.\n**12.**  In regulation 22 (amending an EHC plan following a review), after paragraph (5) insert—\n“(6) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraphs (3)\nand (4) if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.”.\n**13.**  In regulation 27(3) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert—\n“; or\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**14.**  In regulation 45 (unopposed appeals), after paragraph (7) insert—\n“(8) The local authority need not comply with the time limits specified in paragraph (3A)\nif it is impractical to do so because the circumstances referred to in regulation 10(4)(e)\napply.”.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014**\n**15.**  The Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014(  **a**  ) are amended as\nfollows.\n**16.**  In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**17.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time period due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, the requirement for the local authority\nto review the making and use of direct payments within the first three months of them being\nmade in regulation 11(2)(a) (monitoring and review of direct payments) is to be read\ninstead as a requirement for such action to be taken as soon as reasonably practicable.\n) S.I. 2014/1652, to which there are amendments not relevant to these Regulations.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for the local\nauthority to meet the requirement specified in regulation 11(2)(a) for a reason relating to the\nincidence or transmission of coronavirus.”.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n**18.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations 2015(  **a**  ) are\namended as follows.\n**19.**  In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**20.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 15(1) and (4) (needs assessments which are not completed);\n(b) regulation 16(2), (3) and (4) (transfer of a kept EHC plan);\n(c) regulation 17(1) and (2) (restriction on disclosure of EHC plans);\n(d) regulation 19 (requirement to consider mediation);\n(e) regulation 20(1) and (2) (where the appropriate person does not wish to or fails to\npursue mediation);\n(f) regulation 21 (mediation);\n(g) regulation 24(1) and (3) (mediation certificate under section 55(5) of the Act);\n(h) regulation 27(3) (steps to be taken by a home authority);\n(i) regulation 29(2) and (6) (compliance with the orders of the First-tier Tribunal); and\n(j) regulation 30(3) and (6) (unopposed appeals).”.\n**21.**  In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n### **Recommendations Power) Regulations 2017**\n**28.**  The Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal Recommendations Power)\nRegulations 2017(  **a**  ) are amended as follows.\n**29.**  In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert—\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);\n”.\n**30.**  After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert—\n“  **Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n**2A.**  —(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the\nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of\ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as\nsoon as reasonably practicable.\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person\nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or\ntransmission of coronavirus.\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)—\n(a) regulation 6(3) and (6) (responding to health care recommendations); and\n(b) regulation 7(1) and (4) (responding to social care recommendations).”.\n\n*Vicky Ford*\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State\n28th April 2020 Department for Education\n\n) S.I. 2017/1306.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## **2015**\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThese Regulations make amendments to secondary legislation relating to special educational\nneeds and disability in order to provide exceptions to time limits set out in that legislation where\nthey cannot be met because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus.\nRegulation 2 contains review and expiry provisions. The Secretary of State is required to review\nthe effectiveness of the Regulations during the period in which they have effect. The Regulations\ncease to have effect on 25th September 2020.\nRegulations 3 to 14 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014 (‘the\nSEND Regulations 2014’).\nRegulation 5 inserts a glossing provision into the SEND Regulations 2014 which relaxes certain\nrequirements in those Regulations for actions to be taken within specified time limits where it is\nnot reasonably practicable for a person to meet those requirements for a reason relating to the\nincidence or transmission of coronavirus. Instead, any such requirement is to be read as a\nrequirement for such action to be taken as soon as reasonably practicable.\nRegulations 6 to 14 make textual amendments to the SEND Regulations 2014 to relax time limits.\nRegulations 15 to 17 amend the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014\n(‘the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014’).\nRegulation 17 inserts a similar glossing provision into the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014 as",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\n## *Laid before Parliament*    *30th April*    *2020*\n\n### **Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\ndoes not attend a school or other institution);\n(e) regulation 25(1) (notification of decision whether it is necessary to re-assess\neducational, health care and social care provision);\n(f) regulation 27(4) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment);\n(g) regulation 33 (requirement to consider mediation);\n(h) regulation 34(1) and (2) (where a parent or young person does not wish to or fails\nto pursue mediation);\n(i) regulation 35(2), (3) and (4) (mediation -  health care issues);\n(j) regulation 36(2) (mediation - no health care issues);\n(k) regulation 39(1) and (3) (mediation certificate under section 55(5));\n(l) regulation 42(3) and (4) (steps to be taken by a local authority);\n(m) regulation 44(2)(d), (e), (f) and (h) (compliance with the orders of the First-tier\nTribunal);\n(n) regulation 45(4), (5) and (6A) (unopposed appeals);\n(o) regulation 47 (disclosure of EHC plans in relation to higher education); and\n(p) regulation 56(3) (publication of comments on the local offer).”.\n**6.**  In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be\nnecessary), after paragraph (2) insert—\n“(3) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraph (1) if\nit is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of\ncoronavirus.”.\n**7.**  In regulation 5(4) (decision whether or not to conduct an EHC needs assessment)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert—\n“; or\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**8.**  In regulation 8(2) (duty to co-operate in EHC needs assessments)—\n(a)  at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and\n(b)  at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert—\n“; or\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”.\n**9.**  In regulation 10(4) (decision not to secure an EHC plan)—",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg248459.pdf",
+                "query": "Who is Daniel Casali ?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": " Daniel Casali is a Thought Leader Information Technology Specialist working for 15 years at  IBM with Power Systems, high-performance computing, big data, and storage. His role at IBM  is to bring to reality solutions that address client’s needs by exploring new technologies for  different workloads. He is also fascinated by real multicloud implementations, always trying to  abstract and simplify the new challenges of the heterogeneous architectures that are intrinsic  to this new consumption model, be that on-premises or in the public cloud. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Figure 4.12 Inverse Properties\n\n#### to denote existential restrictions.\n\n###### **Exercise 18: Make Subclasses of NamedPizza Disjoint**\n\nright of the comment there are three little icons, an @ sign, an X and an O. Click on the O. This icon is the one you use to edit any existing data in Protégé. This should bring up a window where you can edit the comment. Change it to something appropriate such as: A pizza that only has Mozzarella, Tomato, and Pepperoni toppings. Then click on OK to enter the edit to the comment. _____________________________________________________________________________________\n\n###### **Exercise 17: Create AmericanaHotPizza and SohoPizza**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. An AmericanaHotPizza is almost the same as an AmericanaPizza but has Jalapeno peppers on it.\nCreate this by cloning the class AmericanaPizza and adding an existential restriction along the hasTopping property with a filler of JalapenoPepperTopping.\n2. A SohoPizza is almost the same as a MargheritaPizza but has additional toppings of olives and\nparmesan cheese — create this by cloning MargheritaPizza and adding two existential restrictions along the property hasTopping, one with a filler of OliveTopping, and one with a filler of ParmesanTopping. _____________________________________________________________________________________\n###### **Exercise 18: Make Subclasses of NamedPizza Disjoint**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. We want to make these subclasses of NamedPizza disjoint from each other. I.e., any individual can belong to at most one of these classes. To do that first select MargheritaPizza (or any other subclass of NamedPizza ).\n2. Click on the (+) sign next to Disjoint With near the bottom of the Description view. This will bring up a Class hierarchy view. Use this to navigate to the subclasses of NamedPizza and use <control><left\nclick> to select all of the other sibling classes to the one you selected. Then select OK. You should now see the appropriate disjoint axioms showing up on each subclass of NamedPizza . Synchronize the\nreasoner. Your UI should look similar to figure 4.19 now.\nFigure 4.19 Subclasses of NamedPizza are Disjoint\n4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can’t Have Members Next, we are going to use the reasoner to detect a class with a definition that means it can never have any members. In the current version of Protégé when the reasoner detects an inconsistency or problem on some operating systems the UI can occasionally lock up and be hard to use. So to make sure you don’t lose any of your work save your ontology using File>Save.\nSometimes it can be useful to create a class that we think should be impossible to instantiate to make sure the ontology is modeled as we think it is. Such a class is called a Probe Class.",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### WE THANK EVERY MEMBER OF TEAM CHESAPEAKE  »\n\nNick Delaloye\nJeff Delancy\nEric Denneny\nWilliam Denny\nJerry Derr\nTracey Devera\nDewey Deville\nTrey Dewald\nHolly DeRousse\nLisa DeSpain\nAdam DeVries\nRoque De La Torre\nBryan Dilger\nKristopher Dobbs\nMartin Dobson\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **35**\nDanny Games\nFelipe Garcia\nMelissa Gardner\nBilly Gary\nDon Gatewood\nTodd Gatewood\nBill Gee\nMatthew Gelnar\nJoseph Genovese Jr.\nMarissa Gibbs\nChristi Gibson\nJonathan Gill\nEric Gillespie\nBrian Gilliam\nDaniel Gilmore\nDavid Gilmore\nShane Glassey\nBarry Gober\nNeva Godwin\nAmy Gonzales\nAlfonso Gonzalez Jr.\nFrancisco Gonzalez\nHector Gonzalez Jr.\nBill Goode\nCarl Goodnight\nDavid Gordon\nAshlynn Gosnell\nCody Goss\nJacob Grafa\nZach Gragg\nDavid Graham\nJane Graham\nTim Graham\nLee Grampp\nKenneth C. Graves\nKevin Graves\nD’Angelo Gray\nKevin Gray\nTyler Gray\nMarcus A. Green\nRandy W. Green\nRichard Green\nCara Greenhaw\nBruce Griffin\nDevyn Griffin\nBrooke Grossman\nDave Grumieaux\nRoy Guerra\nBrianne Gungoll\nDonald Gunnoe II\nGilbert Gutierrez Jr.\nJose R. Gutierrez\nSummer Gwinn\nCharles Gerlich\nTimothy Haack\nGreg Haddock\nClarence Hadley\nJosh Halbert\nLindsay Hale\nTrey Hale\nRob Hall\nRobert Ham\nZaid Hamdokh\nJeremy Hamill\nErin Hamilton\nHeather Hamilton\nWeston Hamilton\nCarolyn Hancock\nMelanie Harless\nMichael Harman\nCharlie Harrington\nAaron Harris\nAmy Harris\nJeff A. Harris\nJohn Harris\nMichael Harris\nMark E. Harrison\nDaniel Hart\nDavid Hart\nDavid Hatton\nJerry Hausman\nShane Hayden\nCharles Hayes\nKelly Hayes\nPatrick Hayes\nStephanie Hayes\nDoug Haymaker\nMike Haynes\nDustin Hays\nSara Hays\nThomas Hays\nTyler Hays\nJames Head\nGary Heinen\nLindsey Heintz\nChristopher Heiskill\nKelly Helm\nKim Helvey\nRob Hembree\nKim Henderson\nKristi Henderson\nTJ Henderson II\nDave Henson\nAlvaro Hernandez\nFrancisco L. Hernandez\nMario Hernandez\nMarisol Hernandez\nRomualdo Hernandez Jr.\nJude Herring\nRichard Hess\nJosh Hicks\nWilliam Higginbotham\nHillary Higgins\nShane Hilliard\nAngelo Hilton\nWeston Hinton\nKeasha Hobbs\nCharles Hodges\nJoe Hofer\nDuston Hoffman\nEric Holcomb\nDan Holden\nAdam Holland\nJanice Holloway\nAdrianne Holmes\nDennis Holmes\nDon Holt\nKyle Holt\nTiffany Hopkins\nGreg Hopper\nRyan Horn\nTim Horne\nMatthew Horton\nBud Hoselton\nNicole Howard\nJoe Howell\nJohn Howell\nRonnie Hubbard\nMelissa Huddleston\nTara Hudson\nBarry Huggins\nKeystone Hughes\nOmar Huizar\nTracy Hulsey\nMatthew Humphrey\nJoe Hunley\nDanny Hunt\nSteven Hutchens Jr.\nDaniel Hyatt\nSteven Hyatt\nAngela Ibara\nKaty Igarta\nGerald Irwin III\nErnie Isenhart\nKate Ivey\nMonsuru Iyanda\nAlan Jackson\nAngela Jackson\nBeverly Jackson\nKristine Jackson\nLarry Jacobs\nCody Jacoway\nJeremy James\nKen James\nTommy Jamison\nVictor Jaramillo\nStephanie Jaronek\nBilly Jeffers\nClint Jennings\nLi Jett\nPablo Jimenez\nBilly Johnson\nBrenda Johnson",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Figure 4.12 Inverse Properties\n\n#### to denote existential restrictions.\n\n###### **Exercise 16: Create AmericanaPizza by Cloning MargheritaPizza and Adding Additional Restrictions**\n\n5. Click on OK to enter the new restriction.\n6. Repeat steps 1-5 only this time add the restriction hasTopping some TomatoTopping. Remember to use <control><space> to save time typing. Synchronize the reasoner to make sure things are consistent. Your UI should now look similar to figure 4.18.\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n\nFigure 4.18 Definition for the class MargheritaPizza\n\nNote in figure 4.18 the two classes listed under Disjoint With and highlighted in yellow. This is an example of an inference from the reasoner. When we defined Pizza , PizzaBase , and PizzaTopping\nwe made those 3 classes disjoint. I.e., no individual can be a member of more than one of those classes. Since MargheritaPizza is a subclass of Pizza it is also disjoint with PizzaBase and\nPizzaTopping, so the reasoner has added this information to the definition of MargheritaPizza and\nas with all inferences from the reasoner highlighted the new information in yellow.\nWe will now create the class to represent an AmericanaPizza , which has toppings of pepperoni,\nmozzarella and tomato. Because the class AmericanaPizza is similar to the class MargheritaPizza\n(i.e., an AmericanaPizza is almost the same as a MargheritaPizza but with an extra topping of\npepperoni) we will make a clone of the MargheritaPizza class and then add an extra restriction to say\nthat it has a topping of pepperoni.\n###### **Exercise 16: Create AmericanaPizza by Cloning MargheritaPizza and Adding Additional Restrictions**\n_____________________________________________________________________________________\n1. Select MargheritaPizza from the class hierarchy on the Classes tab.\n2. Select Edit>Duplicate selected class. This will bring up a dialogue for you to duplicate the class. The default is the name of the existing class so there will be a red error message when you start because you need to enter a new name. Change the name from MargheritaPizza to AmericanaPizza. Leave all the other options as they are and then select OK.\n3. Make sure that AmericanaPizza is still selected. Click on the Add icon (+) next to the SubClass Of field in the Description view for AmericanaPizza .\n4. Use either the Object restriction creator tab or the Class expression editor tab to add the additional restriction: hasTopping some PepperoniTopping.\n5. Click on OK to enter the new restriction.\n6. Edit the comment annotation on AmericanaPizza . It should currently be: A pizza that only has\nMozzarella and Tomato toppings since it was copied over from MargheritaPizza . Note that at the top",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\n#### **3.6.2. Real impact of data manipulation or misunderstanding**\n\nItaly, the data were being used to  *\"come to conclusions without any basis at all\"*  , both by the press,\nto sell more, and by local politicians trying to hide the lack of preventive measures, like enforcing\nanti seismic construction codes.\nStill in Italy, Daniele Belleri runs a Milan crime mapping blog called [\"Il giro della Nera\"](http://ilgirodellanera.wordpress.com/) , making a\nbig effort to explain to his readers the limits of the maps he publishes, and the potential for\nmisunderstanding if they are used without preparation, or with wrong expectations. This is a\nsynthesis of Belleri's explanation, also covered in [other websites](http://antonella.beccaria.org/2011/01/24/il-giro-della-nera-il-crime-mapping-in-italia-tra-utilita-e-strumento-da-analizzare-con-attenzione/) , that is applicable to any map-\nbased PSI analysis and presentation, not just to crime mapping:\nIn general, a map is just a map, not reality. It doesn't always and necessarily provide\nscientific evidence. Crime maps, for example, are NOT safety maps, as most citizens\nwould, more or less consciously, like them to be: a tool that tells them where to buy a\nhouse their according to the level of criminality in the district.\nWhen used in that way, crime maps can give unprepared users two false impressions:\nthe first, obvious one, is that certain areas are only criminal spaces, exclusively\ninhabited by criminals. The other is to encourage a purely egoistic vision of the city,\nwhere the need for safety becomes paranoia and intolerance and all that matters is to be\ninside some gated community. This doesn't lower crime levels at all: the only result is to\nincrease urban segregation.\nTo make things worse, crime data not analyzed and explained properly don't just contribute to\nstrengthen egoistic attitudes and lock the urban areas that are actually the most plagued by crime\ninto their current difficult state indefinitely. Sometimes, they may even perpetuate beliefs that are,\nat least in part, simply false. Of course, when those beliefs not grounded in facts already existed,\nopen crime data can help, by finding and proving the gaps between perception of criminality and\nreality. Belleri, for example, [notes](http://ilgirodellanera.wordpress.com/2011/01/10/mappe-del-crimine-istruzioni-per-luso/) that residents of Milan consider the outskirts of their city more\ndangerous than downtown Milan, while Londoners think the opposite about London... but in both\ncities the truth emerging from data is exactly the opposite (at least for certain categories of crime) of\nwhat their residents believe.",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n##### A N A NT I DOT E\n##### T O T H E\n##### OR DI NA R Y\nFunctional and timeless yet durable to the\ncore. Problem-solver who values long-lasting\nand well-designed solutions seeks modern\nprofessional with a passion for helping people\nbe both productive and inspired. Great cus-\ntomer relationships and confident, forward-\nthinking approach a must.\n###### A LLST EEL",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n* **Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being** *\n**Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:**\n**an active inference perspective on non-suicidal**\n**self-injury behaviors**\nBarca  Laura [*](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8553-7717) , Domenico  Maisto, Giovani  Pezzulo\nInstitute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy\n*Corresponding author. Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy.\nE-mail: [laura.barca@istc.cnr.it](mailto:laura.barca@istc.cnr.it)\nAbstract\n**A significant number of persons engage in paradoxical behaviors, such as extreme food restriction (up to starvation) and non-suicidal**\n**self-injuries, especially during periods of rapid changes, such as adolescence. Here, we contextualize these and related paradoxical**\n**behavior within an active inference view of brain functions, which assumes that the brain forms predictive models of bodily variables,**\n**emotional experiences, and the embodied self and continuously strives to reduce the uncertainty of such models. We propose that not**\n**only in conditions of excessive or prolonged uncertainty, such as in clinical conditions, but also during pivotal periods of developmental**\n**transition, paradoxical behaviors might emerge as maladaptive strategies to reduce uncertainty—by “acting on the body”— soliciting**\n**salient perceptual and interoceptive sensations, such as pain or excessive levels of hunger. Although such strategies are maladaptive**\n**and run against our basic homeostatic imperatives, they might be functional not only to provide some short-term reward (e.g. relief**\n**from emotional distress)—as previously proposed—but also to reduce uncertainty and possibly to restore a coherent model of one’s**\n**bodily experience and the self, affording greater confidence in who we are and what course of actions we should pursue.**\nKeywords: non-suicidal self-injuries; intolerance of uncertainty; interoception; adolescence; active inference\n© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press.\nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ), which\npermits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Discussion\n\nbehaviors. It may be only the uncertainty at deep hierarchical\nlevels (e.g. at the level of self-models) that promotes paradoxi-\ncal behaviors. Alternatively, it could be possible that it is not so\nmuch the kind of uncertainty that matters but somewhat its asso-\nciated distress, which in turn could be amplified by conditions\nlike the intolerance of uncertainty. While these and alternative\nhypotheses remain to be tested in future research, they might in\nthe future lead to novel tailored interventions. Current reviews of NSSI interventions (see, e.g. Turner et  al. 2014 , Witt et  al. 2021 ) out-\nline the various treatments currently available (e.g. psychological\nand psychosocial interventions, pharmacological treatments, and\na combination of both), but underline the need for further data\non their effectiveness. The use of formal models of brain function to characterize the mechanisms of psychopathology ( Friston et  al.\n2014 , Stephan and Mathys 2014 ) might help conceptualize dys-\nfunctional behaviors in operationalizable terms. In this vein, one\nmight delineate interventions aimed at reducing the uncertainty\nof self-models by starting from the bodily self and the definition\nof self-other boundaries (if these turn out to be the critical aspects\nfor the patient). In this endeavor, techniques such as virtual reality\nand robotics might help elucidate which levels of the multisen-\nsory integration process of the bodily self might be compromised ( Dieguez and Lopez 2017 , Tsakiris 2017 , Serino et  al. 2018 ). Virtual\nreality along with role-playing sessions and the use of avatars are\nincreasingly considered effective tools for the training of clinicians who deal with individuals engaging in NSSI ( Taliaferro et  al. 2023 ).\nIt remains to be tested whether the use of virtual reality or similar\ninterventions—and the definition of contexts and tasks aimed at\nreducing the uncertainty of the bodily self—might also be viable\nfor individuals engaging in NSSI.\nSecond, in this paper, we have mainly focused on uncertainty\nreduction, but as we reviewed earlier, there are other alterna-\ntive (or complementary) perspectives on the genesis of NSSI that\nconsiders elements such as affective regulation. In addition to\nthe studies discussed earlier, other insights into the pathologi-\ncal mechanisms that might underlie NSSI come from the anal-\nysis of clinical populations. For example, dysregulations of the\n10 Barca  *et*    *al.*\n“endogenous opioid system”—involved in reward and the regu-\nlation of pain and affect—have been documented ( Bresin and Gordon 2013 ), as low basal plasma levels of β -endorphins (which are peripherally released following tissue damage) in psychiatric patients ( van der Venne et  al. 2021 , Cakin Memik et  al. 2023 ). Lower salivary levels of β -endorphins have also been registered immediately before NSSI, compared to post-NSSI ( Störkel et  al.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\nservices and the whole welfare state won't remain sustainable for long with traditional means,\ncontinue to arrive, therefore strengthening the search for radical, innovative and cost-effective\nsolutions.\nBesides costs, another practical driver and justification for Open Data that is becoming more and\n*4/34*\nmore  concrete  over  time  is  damage  control.  In  a  world  that  produces  digital  data  without\ninterruption, uncontrolled and unpredictable data releases are facts of life that are very hard to\npredict, practically impossible to avoid and increasingly common. Opening public government data,\nthat is providing plenty of officially verified information, becomes therefore also a damage control\nsolution, to prevent or at least minimize damages from such uncontrolled releases. Without official\nOpen Public Data, individual citizens, political parties or other organizations will start to process\nand compare (if they already aren't...) data from unofficial sources anyway, maybe from different\ncountries. In such cases, it will be unavoidable not reach sometimes, even in good faith, wrong\nconclusions. This is not some theoretical possibility far in the future, as this real world example\n(from a comment to an [Open Data discussion in an italian blog](http://www.cottica.net/2010/09/16/spaghetti-open-data-reloaded/) ) proves:\n\"  *on the*   *[non italian]*   *Geonames website you can download geo-referenced data*\n*about... 47000 Italian municipalities. That worries me, because there are only 8094 of*\n*them. Besides, I grabbed a few random data about population, and I can guarantee you*\n*that not one was right. What should be done in such cases?*\nFrom an Open Data perspective, all these recent stories have (at least) one thing in common: they\nsuggest that, considering its current needs and problems, current societies want and need more Open\nData than they already have.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## TO OUR SHAREHOLDERS\n\nrom its roots some 35 years ago with the opening\nof the International Hotel, we have played a\nleading role in continuously redefining the Las\nVegas experience.\nWe announced two significant initiatives in 2004 that,\ntaken together, give your company unrivaled momentum\nto set industry standards for creativity, performance and\nresponsibility for decades to come.\nDefining Momentum for Las Vegas\nOur merger agreement with Mandalay Resort Group\nand our plans to develop Project CityCenter on the Las\nVegas Strip are among the most significant announcements\nin Las Vegas history. As this fabled city begins its second\nhundred years, MGM MIRAGE is positioned like no other\ncompany to take advantage of unsurpassed growth oppor-\ntunities in the most dynamic gaming and entertainment\nmarket in the world.\nProject CityCenter will uniquely re-position Las Vegas\nlike no other project before it. Far more than simply\nanother casino-hotel, Project CityCenter encompasses a\nmyriad of elements that will propel Las Vegas into a new\ngeneration of urban sophistication.\nWhile additional details of this extraordinary develop-\nment will come in the months ahead, I am pleased to tell\nyou that we have secured the services of the internationally\nacclaimed architect Cesar Pelli to design our anchor resort\nat the heart of Project CityCenter.\nCesar Pelli & Associates has worked with corporate,\ngovernment and private clients to design major public\nspaces, museums, airports, research centers, performing arts\ncenters, academic buildings, hotels, office and residential\ntowers and mixed-use projects.\nThe work of Cesar Pelli is not constrained by a personal\nstyle or a signature that would limit his architecture; instead,\nit celebrates the unique characteristics of each project. Using\nthis approach, he has designed several exceptional buildings\nin the United States and abroad.\nWe are very excited about our partnership with Mr.\nPelli and his colleagues and believe they will deliver for\nMGM MIRAGE and the residents of Southern Nevada\na building of iconic stature around the world.\nF\n“Your company has undergone several defining moments throughout its history.”\n**J. TERRENCE LANNI**  Chairman & Chief Executive Officer\n**SHIBUYA**  MGM GRAND\nDesigned by superstar team\nYabu Pushelberg, Shibuya\nfeatures stellar sushi and the\nwidest sake selection this\nside of the Pacific, all served\nin a sleek, airy ambiance.\n**CRAVINGS**  THE MIRAGE\nThe zenith of all-you-can-eat.\nDesigned by Adam Tihany, Cravings\nboasts 11 cooking stations, a\nstreet of unique restaurants,",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\n#### **3.6.4. Lack of education to data**\n\ninconsistent.\nTwo days later, two bloggers \"proved\" that Gelmini was right and Letta's analysis wrong because he\nhad cited gross figures instead of net ones and ignored that school budget cuts from 2012 onwards\nwere not new at all, but had been already approved in 2008. Right after this debunking, a third blog\n[asserted](http://www.valigiablu.it/doc/393/letta-gelmini-e-il-fact-checking-del-fact-checking-avevano-torto-tutti.htm) that  *everybody*  was wrong: Letta, Gelmini and also the first two bloggers who, for\nunknown reasons, had associated to the Education budget alone all the cuts to the whole public\nsector, and then based all their calculations on a different (and wrong) summary table, not the one\nused (still wrongly, but for other reasons) by Letta.\nAs far as we're concerned, the real issue here is not who was right and why, exactly, all the others\nmade  certain  mistakes.  The  actual  problem  is:  how  many  of  the  people  who  saw  Gelmini\nunprepared on TV the day this case started  *also*  followed up the story in the next days and found out\nthat things weren't exactly as they had looked in that talk show, even if Letta had \"proved\" his case\nwith actual, exact \"data\"? How many citizens are educated to follow the analysis of some data  *over*\n*time*  ?",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg248459.pdf",
+                "query": "When does IBM close its acquisition of Red Hat ?",
+                "target_page": 20,
+                "target_passage": " On July 9th, 2019, IBM closed its acquisition of Red Hat, a leader in enterprise Linux and  open source technology",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Part 1 Introduction**\n\n### **1.2  Red Hat and IBM**\n\nOn July 9th, 2019, IBM closed its acquisition of Red Hat, a leader in enterprise Linux and\nopen source technology.\nThis acquisition puts Red Hat and IBM in a unique position to unlock the true value of hybrid\ncloud for your business. By combining the power and flexibility of Red Hat’s open hybrid cloud\ntechnologies with the scale and depth of IBM innovation and industry expertise, you now have\nthe tools to accelerate your cloud journey.\nIBM and Red Hat worked together for more than 20 years in making open source a\ncompetitive advantage for businesses on x86, IBM Power Systems, and IBM z Systems®.\nTogether, we are both on a mission to improve open source technology and help your\ncompanies capture the business value of the cloud.\n**Note:**  This initial publication relates to Red Hat OpenShift 3.11, because this release was\nthe current OpenShift Container Platform (OCP) release for IBM Power Systems at the\ntime of this writing. IBM and Red Hat intend to deliver Red Hat OpenShift 4 for IBM\nPOWER® to accelerate agility for enterprise clients through integrated tooling and a\nfeature-rich Kubernetes container platform for cloud-native development on POWER9 and\nIBM POWER8® processor-based servers.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Notices**\n\n### **Trademarks**\n\nIBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. Other product and service names might be trademarks of IBM or other companies. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the web at “Copyright and trademark information” at [http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml](http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml)\nThe following terms are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, and might also be trademarks or registered trademarks in other countries.\nAIX®\nCognos®\nDB2®\nGuardium®\nIBM®\nIBM CloudTM\nIBM Cloud PakTM\nIBM ServicesTM\nIBM Spectrum®\nIBM Z®\nIBM z Systems®\nOpenCAPITM\nPOWER®\nPOWER8®\nPOWER9TM\nPowerHA®\nPowerVM®\nQRadar®\nRedbooks®\nRedbooks (logo) ®\nSystemMirror®\nTivoli®\nWebSphere®\nXIV®\nz Systems®\nThe following terms are trademarks of other companies:\nThe registered trademark Linux® is used pursuant to a sublicense from the Linux Foundation, the exclusive licensee of Linus Torvalds, owner of the mark on a worldwide basis.\nWindows, and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.\nJava, and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.\nAnsible, Gluster, JBoss, OpenShift, Red Hat, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.\nUNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.\nVMware, and the VMware logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of VMware, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other jurisdictions.\nOther company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.\n© Copyright IBM Corp. 2020. All rights reserved.  **ix**",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Front cover**\n**Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud Paks on IBM Power Systems**\n**Volume 1**\nDino Quintero\nRicardo Dobelin Barros\nDaniel Casali\nLuis Ferreira\nAlain Fisher\nFederico Fros\nLuis Daniel Gonzalez\nMiguel Gomez Gonzalez\nMahesh Gurugunti\nRogelio Rivera Gutierrez\nNicolas Joly\nBoris Litichevsky\nIsmael Solis Moreno\nGabriel Padilla\nSudipto Pal\nBogdan Savu\nRichard Wale\nIBM Redbooks\n**Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud Paks on IBM Power Systems: Volume 1**\nMarch 2020\nSG24-8459-00\n**© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2020. All rights reserved.**\nNote to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule\nContract with IBM Corp.\n**First Edition (March 2020)**\nThis edition applies to:\n� Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform for Power Enterprise V3.11\n� Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release V7.6 (Maipo) for ppc64le\n� IBM Virtual I/O Server V3.1.1.0\n� IBM Cloud PowerVC Manager V1.4.3.1\n� Terraform V0.12.9\n� provider.null V2.1.2\n� provider.openstack V1.22.0\n**Note:**  Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on\npage vii.\n© Copyright IBM Corp. 2020. All rights reserved.  **iii**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## Chapter 1. Introduction to the Journey to the Cloud: Volume 1  **5**\n\nThis publication describes how Red Hat and IBM can advance your cloud journey and speed\ngrowth and innovation for your business by using Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Power Systems.\n**Note:**  Red Hat joins IBM as a distinct unit, preserving the independence and neutrality of\nRed Hat’s open source development heritage and unique development culture. Red Hat’s\nunwavering commitment to open source remains unchanged and it continues to offer\ncustomers choice and flexibility.\n**6**   Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud Paks on IBM Power Systems: Volume 1 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2020. All rights reserved.  **7**\n**Chapter 2. Introduction to containers and**\n**orchestration with Kubernetes**\nThis chapter presents the conceptual foundations of containers and the open source\ncontainer orchestration Kubernetes. It also introduces the Red Hat Enterprise Kubernetes\nproduct that is called Red Hat OpenShift.\nThis chapter includes the following topics:\n� 2.1, “A new computing paradigm in cloud transformation” on page 8\n� 2.2, “Virtual machines meet containers” on page 12\n� 2.3, “Containers” on page 19\n� 2.4, “Kubernetes: An open source container orchestration” on page 24\n� 2.5, “Enterprise Kubernetes: Red Hat OpenShift” on page 31\n**2**\n**8**   Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud Paks on IBM Power Systems: Volume 1",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Preface**\n\n### **Stay connected to IBM Redbooks**\n� Find us on Facebook:\n[http://www.facebook.com/IBMRedbooks](http://www.facebook.com/IBMRedbooks)\n� Follow us on Twitter:\n[http://twitter.com/ibmredbooks](http://twitter.com/ibmredbooks)\n� Look for us on LinkedIn:\n[http://www.linkedin.com/groups?home=&gid=2130806](http://www.linkedin.com/groups?home=&gid=2130806)\n� Explore new Redbooks publications, residencies, and workshops with the IBM Redbooks\nweekly newsletter:\n[https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/Redbooks.nsf/subscribe?OpenForm](https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/Redbooks.nsf/subscribe?OpenForm)\n� Stay current on recent Redbooks publications with RSS Feeds:\n[http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/rss.html](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/rss.html)\n**xiv**   Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud Paks on IBM Power Systems: Volume 1 © Copyright IBM Corp. 2020. All rights reserved.  **1**",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Notices**\n\nThis information was developed for products and services offered in the US. This material might be available from IBM in other languages. However, you may be required to own a copy of the product or product version in that language in order to access it.\nIBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user’s responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.\nIBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not grant you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to: *IBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, MD-NC119, Armonk, NY 10504-1785, US*\nINTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some jurisdictions do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you.\nThis information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice.\nAny references in this information to non-IBM websites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those websites. The materials at those websites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those websites is at your own risk.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Notices**\n\nIBM may use or distribute any of the information you provide in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.\nThe performance data and client examples cited are presented for illustrative purposes only. Actual performance results may vary depending on specific configurations and operating conditions.\nInformation concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.\nStatements regarding IBM’s future direction or intent are subject to change or withdrawal without notice, and represent goals and objectives only.\nThis information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to actual people or business enterprises is entirely coincidental.\nCOPYRIGHT LICENSE:\nThis information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrate programming techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs. The sample programs are provided “AS IS”, without warranty of any kind. IBM shall not be liable for any damages arising out of your use of the sample programs.\n**viii**   Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud Paks on IBM Power Systems: Volume 1",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Notices**\n\n### **Trademarks**\n\nIBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. These and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with the appropriate symbol (® or TM), indicating US registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at [http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml](http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml)\nThe following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both:\nAIX®\nCICS®\nDaejaTM\nDB2®\nDB2 Universal DatabaseTM\ndeveloperWorks®\nFileNet®\nIBM®\nIBM zTM\nIBM z SystemsTM\nIMSTM\nLanguage Environment®\nLotus®\nMVSTM\nOMEGAMON®\nOS/390®\nOS/400®\nPower SystemsTM\nPowerHA®\nPrint Services FacilityTM\nRACF®\nRedbooks®\nRedbooks (logo) ®\nSystem Storage®\nSystem z®\nSystemMirror®\nTivoli®\nWebSphere®\nz SystemsTM\nz/OS®\nThe following terms are trademarks of other companies:\nAdobe, the Adobe logo, and the PostScript logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States, and/or other countries.\nEvolution, and Inc. device are trademarks or registered trademarks of Kenexa, an IBM Company.\nLinux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries, or both.\nMicrosoft, Windows, and the Windows logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.\nJava, and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.\nUNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.\nOther company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Preface**\n\n### **Authors**\n\ndelivered several critical deliverable with IBM clients from USA and Europe. He led Cognos\nadministration competency and monitored several candidates. He co-authored IBM\nRedbooks publications about Cognos implementation with PowerVM platform. He has\nexperience in IBM Power system for Virtualized environment setup and provisioning. He also\nhas hands-on experience in data lake implementation by using DIP over a big data platform.\nHe is based in IBM India, Kolkata. He holds Master of Computer Application and has\nexperience in product development that uses C, C++ and Python,\n**Bogdan Savu**  is a Cloud Infrastructure Architect at IBM Cloud Managed Application Services\nand works for IBM Global Technologies Services in Romania. He has over 13 years of\nexperience in designing, developing, and implementing Cloud Computing, Virtualization,\nAutomatization, and Infrastructure solutions. Bogdan holds a Bachelor’s degree in Computer\nScience from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. He is an IBM Certified Advanced\nTechnical Expert for Power Systems, TOGAF 9 Certified, VMware Certified Professional, and\nRed Hat Certified Specialist in Containerized Application Development. His areas of expertise\ninclude Cloud Computing, Virtualization, DevOps, and Scripting.\n**Richard Wale**  is a Senior IT Specialist, supporting many IBM development teams at the IBM\nHursley Lab, UK. He holds a B.Sc. (Hons) degree in Computer Science from Portsmouth\nUniversity, England. He joined IBM in 1996 and has been supporting production AIX systems\nsince 1998. His areas of expertise include IBM Power Systems, PowerVM, AIX, and IBM i. He\nhas participated in co-writing many IBM Redbooks publications since 2002.\nThanks to the following people for their contributions to this project:\nWade Wallace\n**IBM Redbooks, Austin Center**\nManoj Kumar, Joe Cropper, Chuck Bryan, Keshav Ranganathan, Bruce Anthony, Bruce\nSemple, Reza Ghasemi, Mike Easlon\n**IBM USA**\nMiguel Angel de la Mora, Cesar Dominguez Moreno, Guillermo Hernandez Gonzalez,\nArianne Navarro\n**IBM Guadalajara, Mexico**\nYenugu Madhavi\n**IBM India**\nAlfonso Jara\n**IBM Spain**",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red Hat OpenShift and IBM Cloud  Paks on IBM Power Systems Volume 1\n\n## **Preface**\n\n### **Comments welcome**\nYour comments are important to us!\nWe want our books to be as helpful as possible. Send us your comments about this book or\nother IBM Redbooks publications in one of the following ways:\n� Use the online  **Contact us**  review Redbooks form found at:\n**[ibm.com](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/)**  [/redbooks](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/)\n� Send your comments in an email to:\n[redbooks@us.ibm.com](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/contacts.html)\n� Mail your comments to:\nIBM Corporation, IBM Redbooks\nDept. HYTD Mail Station P099\n2455 South Road\nPoughkeepsie, NY 12601-5400",
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+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg248459.pdf",
+                "query": "What does an ITMS service provide ?",
+                "target_page": 30,
+                "target_passage": "An IT Service Management (ITSM) perspective can provide automation and a global  management view, and incorporate the necessary software disciplines that are required to  build a solid infrastructure for an enterprise, commercial or not. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
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+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 11. Advanced Copy Services\n\n### **11.6  Remote Copy services**\n\nThis section describes the Remote Copy services, which are a synchronous remote copy\ncalled Metro Mirror (MM), asynchronous remote copy called Global Mirror (GM), and Global\nMirror with Change Volumes. Remote Copy in an IBM Spectrum Virtualize system is similar to\nRemote Copy in the IBM System Storage DS8000 family at a functional level, but the\nimplementation differs.\nIBM Spectrum Virtualize provides a single point of control when remote copy is enabled in\nyour network (regardless of the disk subsystems that are used) if those disk subsystems are\nsupported by the system.\nThe general application of remote copy services is to maintain two real-time synchronized\ncopies of a volume. Often, the two copies are geographically dispersed between two IBM\nSpectrum Virtualize systems. However, it is possible to use MM or GM within a single system\n(within an I/O Group). If the master copy fails, you can enable an auxiliary copy for I/O\noperations.\nA typical application of this function is to set up a dual-site solution that uses two Storwize\nV7000 or IBM SAN Volume Controller systems. The first site is considered the *primary site*  or *production site*  , and the second site is considered the  *backup site*  or  *failover site*  . The failover\nsite is activated when a failure at the first site is detected.",
+                    "page_start": 535,
+                    "page_end": 535,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 8. User clients\n\n### **8.3  Client API overview**\n\n#### **8.3.2  Content Management Interoperability Services**\n\nCMIS is an open standard for accessing content management repositories. It is an OASIS\nspecification and it is supported by various applications from different vendors, including IBM\n(with FileNet P8, Content Manager, and Content Manager OnDemand).\nCMIS provides a common access interface for searching, retrieving, and in the case of\ndocument management systems, modifying and deleting documents. It is a web services\ninterface that is implemented in either SOAP web services and REST (Atom) services.\nFor more information about CMIS, see the CMIS page on the OASIS website, the CMIS\noverview page at the IBM Enterprise Content Manager website, and the technical\ndocumentation that is available:\n� [https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/cmis/](https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/cmis/)\n� [http://www.ibm.com/software/ecm/cmis.html](http://www.ibm.com/software/ecm/cmis.html)\n�  *Implementing Web Applications with CM Information Integrator for Content and*\n*OnDemand Web Enablement Kit*  , SG24-6338\n� Content Management Interoperability Services for Content Manager OnDemand is\ninstalled as part of the IBM Content Navigator installation. For more information, see\n“Installing Content Navigator” on page 194.\nWhen you consider implementing your own software on CMIS, remember CMIS is used for\naccessing document management systems, but not necessarily high-volume report archives,\nsuch as Content Manager OnDemand.\nThe methodology of accessing documents is based on folders and subfolders with\ndocuments in it (such as in a file system) and partially emulated by Content Manager\nOnDemand with its different object model. The use of CMIS must be considered as an\nabstraction layer that might have an impact on throughput and feature exposure. Also, much\nof the CMIS API is not supported by Content Manager OnDemand (such as the storage and\ndeletion functions).",
+                    "page_start": 227,
+                    "page_end": 227,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\n### **Get started with IAM**\n\n#### **What is Identity and Access Management?**\nAWS provides and uses a service called [Identity and Access Management (IAM)](https://aws.amazon.com/iam/) for authentication\nand authorization. IAM is used to manage developer accounts and secure the interaction between\nservices and resources.\n**Warning**\nSecurity is an important, complex, and broad topic. Large organizations generally have\nspecific operational procedures that developers need to follow. This guide will explain only\nessential concepts necessary to get started with AWS services. If in doubt, consult your IT\ndepartment or the official security documentation.\nIAM",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 11. Advanced Copy Services\n\n### **11.6  Remote Copy services**\n\n#### **11.6.7  Metro Mirror features**\n\nThe IBM Spectrum Virtualize Metro Mirror function supports the following features:\n� Synchronous remote copy of volumes that are dispersed over metropolitan distances.\n� The Metro Mirror relationships between volume pairs, with each volume in a pair that is\nmanaged by a Storwize V7000 system or IBM SAN Volume Controller system (requires\nV6.3.0 or later).\n� Supports intracluster Metro Mirror where both volumes belong to the same system (and\nI/O Group).\n� IBM Spectrum Virtualize supports intercluster Metro Mirror where each volume belongs to\na separate system. You can configure a specific system for partnership with another\nsystem. All intercluster Metro Mirror processing occurs between two IBM Spectrum\nVirtualize systems that are configured in a partnership.\n� Intercluster and intracluster Metro Mirror can be used concurrently.\n� IBM Spectrum Virtualize does not require that a control network or fabric is installed to\nmanage Metro Mirror. For intercluster Metro Mirror, the system maintains a control link\nbetween two systems. This control link is used to control the state and coordinate updates\nat either end. The control link is implemented on top of the same FC fabric connection that\nthe system uses for Metro Mirror I/O.\n� IBM Spectrum Virtualize implements a configuration model that maintains the Metro Mirror\nconfiguration and state through major events, such as failover, recovery, and\nresynchronization, to minimize user configuration action through these events.\nChapter 11. Advanced Copy Services\nIBM Spectrum Virtualize supports the resynchronization of changed data so that write failures\nthat occur on the master or auxiliary volumes do not require a complete resynchronization of\nthe relationship.",
+                    "page_start": 543,
+                    "page_end": 544,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 8. User clients\n\n### **8.2  Content Manager OnDemand Client options**\n\n#### **8.2.5  Federated search with IBM Information Integrator**\nInformation Integrator is an IBM Enterprise Content Manager product that is available for all\nEnterprise Content Manager customers. Although it has many functions, it is primarily a\nfederation system.\nIt can connect to various systems, such as Content Manager OnDemand, Content Manager,\nFileNet P8, and content management systems by other vendors. You can create a virtual\narchive, spanning across all connected systems and document models. Users can search in\none system and the search is propagated to multiple back-end repositories. Information\nIntegrator maps virtual fields to folder fields in Content Manager OnDemand (or respective\nmodels in other systems) and delivers a consistent hit list of documents to the user.\nContent Integrator might be an option for you if you use separate Content Manager\nOnDemand systems (instances or physical systems) and must provide a cross-system\nsearch (for example, for eDiscovery or legal inquiries). Another use case is to provide\nrepository-neutral services with access to multiple content management systems.",
+                    "page_start": 224,
+                    "page_end": 224,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#  **ssh -i /.ssh/sshkey admin@192.168.1.100**\n\n## Appendix C. Terminology\n\niqn.1986-03.com.ibm:2076.<  *clustername*  >.<  *nodename*  >\n**Internet storage name service**\nThe internet storage name service (iSNS) protocol that is used by a host system to manage\niSCSI targets and the automated iSCSI discovery, management, and configuration of iSCSI\nand FC devices. It was defined in Request for Comments (RFC) 4171.\n**Inter-switch link hop**\nAn inter-switch link (ISL) is a connection between two switches and counted as one ISL hop.\nThe number of hops is always counted on the shortest route between two N-ports (device\nconnections). In an IBM Storwize V7000 environment, the number of ISL hops is counted on\nthe shortest route between the pair of canister that are farthest apart. The V7000 supports a\nmaximum of three ISL hops.\nAppendix C. Terminology\n**Input/output group**\nA collection of volumes and canister relationships that present a common interface to host\nsystems. Each pair of canister is known as an I/O group.\n**I/O throttling rate**\nThe maximum rate at which an I/O transaction is accepted for a volume.\n**iSCSI initiator**\nAn initiator functions as an iSCSI client. An initiator typically serves the same purpose to a\ncomputer as a SCSI bus adapter would, except that, instead of physically cabling SCSI\ndevices (such as hard disk drives and tape changers), an iSCSI initiator sends SCSI\ncommands over an IP network.\n**iSCSI session**\nThe interaction (conversation) between an iSCSI Initiator and an iSCSI Target.\n**iSCSI target**\nAn iSCSI target is a storage resource on an iSCSI server.\n**Latency**\nThe time interval between the initiation of a send operation by a source task and the\ncompletion of the matching receive operation by the target task. More generally, latency is the\ntime between a task initiating data transfer and the time that transfer is recognized as\ncomplete at the data destination.\n**Least recently used**\nLeast recently used (LRU) pertains to an algorithm used to identify and make available the\ncache space that contains the data that was least recently used.\n**Licensed capacity**\nThe amount of capacity on a storage system that a user is entitled to configure.\n**License key**\nAn alphanumeric code that activates a licensed function on a product.\n**License key file**\nA file that contains one or more licensed keys.\n**Lightweight Directory Access Protocol**\nLightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open protocol that uses TCP/IP to",
+                    "page_start": 799,
+                    "page_end": 800,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Focusing on core serverless services**\n\n### **Common serverless services**\n\n#### **Security, identity & compliance**\n-  **IAM**  - identity and access management; provides policies to authorize service resources to\ninteract with each other and your data.\n-  **Amazon Cognito**  - authentication and authorization of users and systems\n-  **AWS Secrets Manager**  - manage access to secrets using fine-grained policies",
+                    "page_start": 36,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 11. Advanced Copy Services\n\n### **11.6  Remote Copy services**\n\n#### **11.6.5  Metro Mirror overview**\n\ninterruption in internode communication occurred.\n**Note:**  Use  **chsystem**  with  **-partnerfcportmask**  to dedicate several FC ports only to\nsystem-to-system traffic to ensure that remote copy is not affected by other traffic, such as\nhost-to-node traffic or node-to-node traffic within the same system.\nChapter 11. Advanced Copy Services\nIBM Spectrum Virtualize provides intracluster and intercluster Metro Mirror.\n**Intracluster Metro Mirror**\nIntracluster Metro Mirror performs the intracluster copying of a volume, in which both volumes\nbelong to the same system and I/O Group within the system. Because it is within the same\nI/O Group, there must be sufficient bitmap space within the I/O Group for both sets of volumes\nand licensing on the system.\n**Intercluster Metro Mirror**\nIntercluster Metro Mirror performs intercluster copying of a volume, in which one volume\nbelongs to a system and the other volume belongs to a separate system.\nTwo IBM Spectrum Virtualize systems must be defined in a partnership, which must be\nperformed on both systems to establish a fully functional Metro Mirror partnership.\nBy using standard single-mode connections, the supported distance between two systems in\na Metro Mirror partnership is 10 km (6.2 miles), although greater distances can be achieved\nby using extenders. For extended distance solutions, contact your IBM representative.",
+                    "page_start": 541,
+                    "page_end": 542,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 8. User clients\n\n#### **8.1.2  Client infrastructure options**\n\nSeveral basic architectural options, Windows client, Content Navigator, or API-based client\nintegration into your line-of-business application, are available.\n**Windows client**\nConsider the following items when you are planning a Windows client infrastructure:\n� It is faster than the web clients and more powerful.\n� It requires native installation on each user’s workstation or notebook. Server version\nupgrades might also require a new client installation.\n� This client supports Citrix and Terminal services environments.\n� It does not support the Transforms interface for transforming and converting data formats\nbecause the data formats are provided by ODWEK only.\n**Content Navigator**\nWhen you choose a ready-for-use web client, consider the IBM strategic client, IBM Content\nNavigator, because it is the most complete, most recent web client.\nSpecial use cases might require the development of a custom client application for Content\nManager OnDemand. For more information about development APIs, see 8.3, “Client API\noverview” on page 202.\nWith Content Navigator, you can run a cross-repository search to search for content across\nmultiple types of repositories, including Content Manager OnDemand. For example, Content\nManager OnDemand search results can be included in the same hit list as search results\nfrom other supported repositories to help provide a comprehensive view of content.\nWhen you create a cross-repository search, you can specify the following information:\n� Specify the scope of the search on each repository. You can specify the search or the\nclasses that you want to include in the cross-repository search by using IBM Content\nManager OnDemand. On IBM FileNet Content Manager and IBM Content Manager, you\nalso can limit the search to a specific folder.\n� Specify how properties from each repository are related to each other.\n� Specify any default search criteria that you want displayed when users open the search.\nFor more information about how to configure a cross-repository search, see the IBM Content\nNavigator Knowledge Center at the following web address:",
+                    "page_start": 213,
+                    "page_end": 213,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# /opt/ibm/odfts/V9.0/bin/configTool.sh printToken\n\n### OnDemand. Content Federation Services for Content Manager OnDemand is a mid-tier\nprocess that enhances your ability to manage content more efficiently.\nFigure 17-6 on page 373 shows the high-level access path to declare records from Content\nManager OnDemand, Content Navigator, and Content Manager OnDemand clients.\nChapter 17. Content Federation Services for Content Manager OnDemand and IBM Enterprise Records\n*Figure 17-6   High-level access path to declared records by using FileNet Content Federation Services*",
+                    "page_start": 395,
+                    "page_end": 396,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the two distinct public domain tools support by Creative Commons ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Creative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,  the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain  Mark.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization\ndedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet\nthat is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources\nfor people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way\nto give the public permission to share and use your creative\nwork — on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you\nchange your copyright terms from the default of “all rights\nreserved” to “some rights reserved.”\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world’s\nmost popular platforms for user-generated content. When\nyou use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog,\nyour creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources\nthat includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and\ngovernments.\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and\nrelated or neighboring rights to this guide using the\nCC0 Public Domain Dedication.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\n**Use this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database**\n**rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.**\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights\ntogether with all associated claims and causes of action with\nrespect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser\n( http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero ) which will lead you\nthrough the process. When completed, you will be provided\nwith HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work,\neven for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been\nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright\nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can\ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for\ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM\nchooser ( http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark ) which\nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be\nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into\nyour website.\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that\nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.\nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you\nshould use the PDM for a certain work.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### Public Domain Mark\n**Use this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known**\n**copyright restrictions.**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for** * * **Training** *\n\nchallenge (and expense) of reaching agreements with relevant rightsholders, there is also the\npractical difficulty of simply identifying and finding the rightsholder that one must negotiate\n\nFor a sense of the complexity, see e.g. Melissa Levine, Richard C. Adler.  *Finding the Public Domain:* 14\n*Copyright Review Management System Toolkit*  . 2016, [quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/14616082.0001.001)\n[14616082.0001.001](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/14616082.0001.001) . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.; Kopel, Matthew. “LibGuides: Copyright at Cornell Libraries:\nCopyright Term and the Public Domain.” [guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain](http://guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain) ;\nMannapperuma, Menesha, et al.  *Is It in the Public Domain? A HANDBOOK for EVALUATING the*\n*COPYRIGHT STATUS of a WORK CREATED in the UNITED STATES*  . 1923.\n\nSee e.g. Moody, Glyn. “Project Gutenberg Blocks Access in Germany to All Its Public Domain Books 15\nbecause of Local Copyright Claim on 18 of Them.”  *Techdirt*  , 7 Mar. 2018, www.techdirt.com/\n2018/03/07/project-gutenberg-blocks-access-germany-to-all-public-domain-books-because-local-\ncopyright-claim-18-them/ . Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.\nwith. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most\nare not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted\nworks and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially\nthose that have or have had limited commercial value.  Put differently, the barrier to using 17\nmost books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources,\nlicensing would not enable access to most works.\n**Permissively licensed works**\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as\nworks placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular\nuses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their\nfollow-on use).\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion\ndepends on whether the license’s terms can be complied with in the context of AI training.\nFor instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper\nattribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public\nDomain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18\n\nSee e.g. Heald, Paul J. “How Copyright Makes Books and Music Disappear (and How Secondary 16",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n[\"\"Kaleidoscope\" b](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04/11771644286) [y docoverachiever ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04) [is licensed under](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse) [ CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n**About this**\n**Open Work**\n2023 Annual Report\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n**[Except where otherwise noted, “Annual Report 2023” by Creative Commons ](https://creativecommons.org/mission/) [is licensed under CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en)**\n[\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published  under Public Domain Mark 1.0.](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **REMIND THAT...**\n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when ...\n**CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR ...** fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n**ALSO FOR ...** the work that is already in the Public Domain. For those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n**NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!** https://creativecommons.org/choose/\nTexts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. BY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. 3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. Line, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies.\nmore open »\n« more restrictive\nyou can share, remix, & commercialize\nyou can share & remix only\nyou can share only",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\nThe workshops briefly touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most\nrelevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these\nquestions may be relevant across both tracks.\n*Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders* *and creators have any ability to exclude their works?*\nOne of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of\ncopyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this\ncontext), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training.\nWhile a system that required affirmative “opt-in” consent would limit utility significantly (as\ndiscussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some\nforms of “opt-out” could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context\nof use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so significant.\nSince most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain\nin the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various\ndimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue\nto commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the\npotential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come\nforward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a\nlicense may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached.\nWorkshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example,\nopt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for\nexample to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or\nmirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to\ncopyright.  Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular 38",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Towards a Books Data  Commons for  AI Training\n\n## * **6. Cross-cutting design questions** *\n\n###### *Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?*\n\nuses or other categories of users, given that rights holders have many different sets of\npreferences.\nAnother question is about  *who*  can opt-out particular works from the dataset. This could\nsolely be an option for copyright holders, although authors might be allowed to exercise an\nopt-out for their books even if they don’t hold the copyrights. This might create challenges if\nthe author and rightsholder disagree about whether to opt a particular book out of the\ncorpus. Another related issue is that individual books, such as anthologies, may comprise\nworks created (and rights held) by many different entities. The images in a book may have\ncome from third-party sources, for instance, or a compendium of poetry might involve many\n\nIn fact, as noted above, to the extent an AI model developer intends for their model to abide by the 38\nEU’s legal regime, they will have to abide by such opt-outs, at least if they are engaged in text and data\nmining for commercial uses and/or are users outside of the covered set of research and heritage\ninstitutions. A books data commons may incorporate opt-outs in particular to serve such EU-focused AI\ndevelopers.\ndifferent rightsholders and authors. Managing opt-outs for so many different interests within\none book may get overly complicated very fast.\nIn any event, creating an opt-out system will need some ways of authenticating whether\nsomeone has the relevant authority to make choices about inclusion of a work.\n###### *Who would get to use the books data commons? For what?*\nA commons might be made publicly available to all, as has been done with datasets like The\nPile. Another possible design choice is to restrict access only to authorized users and to\nenforce particular responsibilities or obligations in return for authorization. Three particular\ndimensions of permitted uses and users came up in our discussions:\n- **Defining and ensuring acceptable and ethical use:**  Participants discussed to what\nextent restrictions should be put on use of the resource. In the case of HathiTrust,",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf",
+                "query": "What is Creative Commons ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": " Creative Commons is a global nonprofit organization  dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet  that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources  for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\nCreative Commons is a global nonprofit organization\ndedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet\nthat is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources\nfor people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.\nOur easy-to-use licenses provide a simple, standardized way\nto give the public permission to share and use your creative\nwork — on conditions of your choice. CC licenses let you\nchange your copyright terms from the default of “all rights\nreserved” to “some rights reserved.”\nMillions of people use CC licenses on some of the world’s\nmost popular platforms for user-generated content. When\nyou use a CC license to share your photos, videos, or blog,\nyour creation joins a globally accessible pool of resources\nthat includes the work of artists, educators, scientists, and\ngovernments.\nCreative Commons has waived all copyright and\nrelated or neighboring rights to this guide using the\nCC0 Public Domain Dedication.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be used by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of the legal code and key terms. \"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to recognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license.\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers:\n**FOUR ELEMENTS** BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they are using. SA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license. NC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for noncommercial purposes. ND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of the work.\nBY\nSA\nNC\nND\n**SIX LICENSES** CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or a compatible license. CC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for any purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n### Understanding Creative Commons license\n\n#### **REMIND THAT...**\n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and redistribute your work, and you want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or otherwise create derivative works based on your work.\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of copyright law. CC license can be used when ...\n**CC LICENSE CAN'T BE USED FOR ...** fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.\n**ALSO FOR ...** the work that is already in the Public Domain. For those who want to waive their rights from copyright protection, use CC0 (\"CC Zero\").\n**NOW, SHARE YOUR WORK!** https://creativecommons.org/choose/\nTexts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. BY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. 3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. Line, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies.\nmore open »\n« more restrictive\nyou can share, remix, & commercialize\nyou can share & remix only\nyou can share only",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### What Is Creative Commons?\n\n#### What is the difference between CC0 and the Public Domain Mark?\n\nCC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only\nby authors or holders of copyright and\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection\nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or\nmore countries.\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related\nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free\nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible.\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used\nto label works that are already free of\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t\nchange the copyright status of a work.\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use\nwith works that are already free of known copyright\nrestrictions throughout the world.\n##### Public domain works are valuable because anyone\n##### can freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for\n##### any purposes without restriction under copyright\n##### or database law.\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and\nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as\ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers\nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that\nare already in the public domain.\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools,\nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain\nMark . Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors\nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0\nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate\ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM\nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already\nfree of known copyright restrictions.\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum\nSome rights\nreserved\nAll rights\nreserved\nPDM\nNo known\ncopyright\nCC0\nPublic\ndomain",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### Public Domain Mark\n**Use this tool if you have identified a work that is free of known**\n**copyright restrictions.**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\n**Use this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database**\n**rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.**\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights\ntogether with all associated claims and causes of action with\nrespect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser\n( http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero ) which will lead you\nthrough the process. When completed, you will be provided\nwith HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work,\neven for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been\nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright\nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can\ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for\ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM\nchooser ( http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark ) which\nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be\nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into\nyour website.\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that\nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.\nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you\nshould use the PDM for a certain work.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n[\"\"Kaleidoscope\" b](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04/11771644286) [y docoverachiever ](https://www.flickr.com/photos/90692748@N04) [is licensed under](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse) [ CC BY 2.0.](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/?ref=openverse)\n**About this**\n**Open Work**\n2023 Annual Report\nCreative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. Since 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional copyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and institutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and cultural artifacts.\n**[Except where otherwise noted, “Annual Report 2023” by Creative Commons ](https://creativecommons.org/mission/) [is licensed under CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en)**\n[\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published  under Public Domain Mark 1.0.](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/?ref=openverse)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast  **[six CC Licenses](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/)**  and two public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing.\n##### **We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n**19 Workshops & Trainings** with institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, Digital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America.\n**[2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps ](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)** [for California Community Colleges.](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/21/more-california-community-colleges-get-cc-certified/)\n**27 Webinars** on topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational Resources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses in digital and online education.\n**12 CC Legal Open Office Hours** hosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC community to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing.\n##### **In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses training and education offerings:**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **cc global summit**\nOver 300 attendees from 45 countries joined us this past October in Mexico City for the first in-person  **[CC Global Summit](https://summit.creativecommons.org/)**  since 2019. The theme was AI & the Commons with over 60 sessions and 180 speakers. **[Learn more here](https://creativecommons.org/2023/12/01/cc-global-summit-2023-reflections/) .**\n**Thank you to our sponsors:**  John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Microsoft Corporation, Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web, Akin, Anthropic, Mozilla Foundation, The Michelson 20MM Foundation, MHz Curationist, Frontiers Media, Arnold & Porter, and Crowell & Moring.\n[ CC  photos are licensed under  CC BY 4.0. ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# \"\"Kaleidoscope\" b y docoverachiever  is licensed under  CC BY 2.0. About this Open Work Annual Repor[...]\n\n### **About Us**\n#### **Board of Directors**\nMarta Belcher Glenn Otis Brown [Delia Browne](https://creativecommons.org/person/deliabrowne/) [James Grimmelmann](https://creativecommons.org/person/jamesgrimmelmann-net/) Lawrence Lessig *  *Emeritus*\nAngela Oduor Lungati Bilal Randeree Alek Tarkowski Jeni Tennison Luis Villa\n**Chief Executive Officer** Anna Tumadóttir\n**General Counsel** Kat Walsh\n2023 was a busy year at Creative Commons. Our  **[Open Culture](https://creativecommons.org/2024/01/24/what-did-creative-commons-do-for-open-culture-in-2023/)**  program and  **[Open Climate Campaign](https://creativecommons.org/2023/10/23/a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=a-year-in-the-open-climate-campaign)**  entered their third and second years, respectively. We hosted our first in-person CC Global Summit since 2019 in Mexico City. We held critical consultations and open panels on AI, copyright, and the CC Licenses, cultural heritage, education, and science; and we launched our  **[Open](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/) [Infrastructure Circle](https://creativecommons.org/support-cc/open-infrastructure-circle/)**  in an effort to ensure the CC Licenses are funded well into the future.\nWe also marked transitions in leadership. At the end of December, Catherine Stihler concluded her time as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at Creative Commons, and I transitioned in as Interim. In March 2024, I was appointed CC’s permanent CEO. I look forward to working closely with our Board of Directors, staff, and larger community on  **[the critical work that](https://creativecommons.org/2024/03/01/what-lies-ahead-in-2024/) [awaits us in 2024](https://creativecommons.org/2024/03/01/what-lies-ahead-in-2024/)**  .\nCC staff photos are licensed [under CC BY 4.0.  ](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf",
+                "query": "How to apply the PDM to my work ?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Simply visit the PDM  chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which  will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be  provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into  your website.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Guide to  using public  domain tools What Is Creative Commons? The CC0 Public Domain Dedication Publ[...]\n\n## Guide to using public domain tools\n\n### The CC0 Public Domain Dedication\n\n**Use this universal tool if you are a holder of copyright or database**\n**rights, and wish to waive all your rights to the work worldwide.**\nBy using CC0, you waive all copyright and related rights\ntogether with all associated claims and causes of action with\nrespect to this work to the extent possible under the law.\nApplying CC0 to your work is easy. Simply visit the CC0 chooser\n( http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero ) which will lead you\nthrough the process. When completed, you will be provided\nwith HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.\nYou let others copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work,\neven for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nWorks marked with the Public Domain Mark have been\nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright\nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can\ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for\ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission.\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM\nchooser ( http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark ) which\nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be\nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into\nyour website.\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that\nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions.\nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you\nshould use the PDM for a certain work.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.2 Start of inventory/submission (NFP or PM)**\n\nThis procedure allows the NFP or PM to start a new (created) inventory. The existing data for the inventory year\nidentified will be made available in the new inventory/submission.\n\nThese are the steps to start a new inventory:\n\n1. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management” (figure 53).\n\n* **Figure 53. View Inventories Progress sub menu** *\n\n2. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears (figure 54).\n3. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column “Working Inventory” (figure 54, a).\n\n*** Note: The selected appropriate inventory should be in status “created” (figure 54, b)\n\n* **Figure 54. View Inventories Progress screen** *\n\n4. Click on “Work on Inventories” under “Submission” (figure 55).\n\n* **Figure 55. Work on Inventories sub menu** *\n\n5. Click the appropriate Inventory year on “Work on Inventories” under “Submission” (figure 56, a).\n6. Press the “Start Inventory” button to start the inventory (figure 56, b). Once pressed, the status changes to\n“started” (figure 57).\n\n*** Once the “Start Inventory” button has been pressed by the NFP or PM, a notification email will be sent to all\nSE’s with the information that a new inventory was created. SE’s and PM’s can start entering their data into the\nNAIIS software. More details on how to do the data entry please see section 4.1 above.\n\n* **Figure 56. Work on Inventories screen** *\n\n* **Figure 57. Work on Inventories screen -  Status = Started** *",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## Chapter 2. Setting up a Content Manager OnDemand instance  **17**\n\n### **2.3  Implementing a Content Manager OnDemand instance on a**\n\n#### **2.3.1  Defining a single instance**\n\nsteps:\n1. Install IBM DB2 Universal DatabaseTM Enterprise Edition.\n2. Select  **Typical**  as the installation type to install all of the DB2 components that are\nrequired to support Content Manager OnDemand.\n3. Create the DB2 instance for Content Manager OnDemand when you install DB2. Use the\nfollowing values:\n- Instance Owner: archive  *.*\n- Group Name: gname  *.*  The group must have SYSADM authority.\n- Home Directory: /home/archive .\n- Auto start DB2 instance at boot time: no .\n- Create a sample database for DB2 instance: no .\n**Installing IBM Global Security Kit**\nWhen you install the IBM Global Security Kit (GSKit), you can complete the task by using one\nof the following methods:\n� SMIT GUI\n�  **installp**  command\nBefore you perform the installation, complete the following steps:\n1. Content Manager OnDemand is 64-bit application. Validate whether the Content Manager\nOnDemand Web Enablement Kit (ODWEK) installation is 32 bit or 64 bit.\n2. Extract the correct GSKit media based on the version that is needed:\n- For the 32-bit version, run the following commands:\nzcat gskcrypt32-8.0.14.45.aix.ppc.tar.Z | tar -xvf -\nzcat gskssl32-8.0.14.45.aix.ppc.tar.Z | tar -xvf -\n- For the 64-bit version, run the following commands:\nzcat gskcrypt64-8.0.13.4.aix.ppc.tar.Z | tar -xvf -\nzcat gskssl64-8.0.13.4.aix.ppc.tar.Z | tar -xvf -\nChapter 2. Setting up a Content Manager OnDemand instance  **21**\n**Setting up Secure Sockets Layer**\nSetting up Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is optional. If you decide to use SSL, complete the\nfollowing steps:\n1. Create the key database and store it in the config subdirectory of the Content Manager\nOnDemand server installation directory:\n/opt/IBM/ondemand/V9.5/config\nTo create the key database, run a command that is similar to the following command:\ngsk8capicmd_64 -keydb -create -db \"ondemand.kdb\" -pw \"myKeyDBpasswd\" -stash\n-populate\n2. Create a digital certificate.\n3. Configure the Content Manager OnDemand for AIX server. Add the following lines to the\nARS.INI file:\nSSL_PORT=  *port_number*\nSSL_KEYRING_FILE=/opt/IBM/ondemand/V9.5/config/ondemand.kdb\nSSL_KEYRING_STASH=/opt/IBM/ondemand/V9.5/config/ondemand.sth\nSSL_KEYRING_LABEL=IBM Content Manager OnDemand\nSSL_CLNT_USE_SSL=0\n4. Restart the Content Manager OnDemand server.\n**Storing user IDs and passwords in a stash file**\nYou can store user IDs and passwords in  *stash*  files (encrypted files). By storing passwords in",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# NAIIS Web Application  (Release version 1.1.3)  User Manual  (As of 10 February 2014)\n\n## **10 Submission management**\n\n### **10.6 Submit inventory (PM)**\n\n#### **10.6.1 Submit select tables for preparing the general submission**\n\n1. Log in as PM.\n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”.\n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears.\n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column “Working inventory” (figure 68, a).\n*** Note: The selected inventory year to be submitted should be in status “approved” (figure 68, b).\n5. Click on “Work on Inventories” under Submission Management (figure 68, c).\nThis opens the Submit Inventory initial screen (figure 69).\n\n6. Click the inventory year to be submitted (figure 69, a).\n7. Press the “Generate Official Submission” button (figure 69, c).\n\n* **Figure 68. View Inventories Progress screen -  select inventory for the preparation for the general submission** *\n\n* **Figure 69. Submit select tables for the preparation for the general submission** *\n\nPage 43 10/02/2013\n\nOnce the “Generate Official Submission” button has been pressed the “Submit Inventory” initial screen for selecting\nthe tables appears (figure 70).\n\n8. Select or deselect by clicking the appropriate year(s) under “Inventory Years” box (figure 70, c) or the sector\ngrids under the “Table” box (figure 70, d) to generate the official submission.\n9. Press the “Submit” button (figure 70, e). An official submission will be generated in the NAIIS system.\n\n* **Figure 70. Submit -  select tables and grids for the general submission** *\n\nPage 44 10/02/2013",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# /opt/ibm/odfts/V9.0/bin/configTool.sh printToken\n\n### **16.3  Applying and releasing holds**\n\n#### **16.3.2  Applying holds**\nUsers can apply holds to a document or documents that are defined to an application group\nwith the enabled Enhanced Retention Management feature. To apply a hold, select a\ndocument and click  **Actions**  →  **Holds**  →  **Apply Hold**  , as shown in Figure 16-8 on page 362.\nThis action prevents the deletion of documents in Content Manager OnDemand regardless of\nthe documents’ expiration dates.\n*Figure 16-8   Highlighting and selecting documents to apply holds*",
+                    "page_start": 384,
+                    "page_end": 385,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Contents**\n\n7.2  Getting started with PDF indexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165\n7.2.1  Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166\n7.3  Performance considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166\n7.3.1  PDF fonts and output file size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166\n7.3.2  Reducing output file size with PDF documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167\n7.3.3  PDF indexing: Using PDF metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168\n7.3.4  PDF indexing: Using the report wizard (graphical indexer). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168\n7.3.5  PDF indexing: Using internal indexes (Page Piece Dictionary)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173\n7.4  Getting started with ACIF indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173\n7.4.1  Understanding the input data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Contents**\n\n14.2.3  Adding a report ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322\n14.2.4  Adding a distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323\n14.2.5  Adding a report bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325\n14.3  Defining the objects by using batch administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327\n14.3.1  Recipient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327\n14.3.2  Report ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328\n14.3.3  Distribution and report bundle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328\n14.4  Customizable user exits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329\n14.4.1  arsodfxa: Spool file dataset allocation attributes exit  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## Chapter 2. Setting up a Content Manager OnDemand instance  **17**\n\n### **2.3  Implementing a Content Manager OnDemand instance on a**\n\n**multiplatform UNIX environment**\nIn this section, we describe how to set up a single instance in a Content Manager OnDemand\nfor a multiplatform UNIX  environment. Always refer to the product documentation of your\nrelease for the specific steps to follow.",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Tivoli Storage Manager Parameters (Object Server Only) #\n\n### **2.4  Implementing a Content Manager OnDemand instance on**\n\n#### **2.4.1  Configuring the instance**\n\nTo create your Content Manager OnDemand instances, complete the following steps:\n1. Your user profile must have its locale set to the locale of the instance that you want to\ncreate.\nBecause the locale is set in the user profile, you might need to change your user profile,\nsign off, and sign on again before you create the instance. Use the Change User Profile\n(  **CHGUSRPRF**  ) command to change your user profile, if necessary. Also, ensure that other\nlanguage-related parameters in your user profile are set correctly. (The Change User\nProfile (  **CHGUSRPRF**  ) command does not show the current locale setting; it shows *SAME .\nRun the Display User Profile (  **DSPUSRPRF**  ) command to check the locale setting.)\nThe Locale Job Attributes (  **SETJOBATR**  ) parameter in your user profile is used to determine\nthe values that are obtained from the locale. For Content Manager OnDemand, at a\nminimum, you must use  **SETJOBATR(*CCSID)**  . For example, if you are in the US and are\nusing the English language, you enter the following Change User Profile command (all as\none command):\nCHGUSRPRF USRPRF(user_profile_name) LANGID(ENU) CNTRYID(US) CCSID(37)\nSETJOBATR(*CCSID *DATFMT *TIMSEP *DATSEP *DECFMT *SRTSEQ)\nLOCALE('/QSYS.LIB/EN_US.LOCALE')\nIf you are in Spain and are using the Spanish language with euro support, you enter the\nfollowing command (all as one command):\nCHGUSRPRF USRPRF(user_profile_name) LANGID(ESP) CNTRYID(ES) CCSID(1145)\nSETJOBATR(*CCSID *DATFMT *TIMSEP *DATSEP *DECFMT *SRTSEQ)\nLOCALE('/QSYS.LIB/ES_ES.LOCALE')\nFor more information about locales, see Chapter 13, “Defining a locale”, in the  *IBM*\n*Content Manager OnDemand for i - Common Server Planning and Installation Guide*  ,\nSC19-2790.\n2. Choose a name for the instance or use the default instance name of QUSROND  *.*\nThe instance name must be a valid library name for IBM i. The instance name must start\nwith an alphabetic character or @ followed by any of these characters: 0 - 9, A - Z, @, #, or\nunderscore (_). Ensure that no library, user profile, or authorization list by that name",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 14. Report distribution\n\n### **14.2  Defining the objects with the Administrator Client**\n\n#### **14.2.4  Adding a distribution**\n\nFor example, if this distribution requires special spool file allocation options, you can enter the\ninformation in this field. The preallocation exit can then use the information to change the\nspool file allocation parameters. For our example, we leave this field blank.\n**Account**\nThis field is optional. This field specifies the name to use on the JCL job card. For our\nexample, we leave this field blank.\n**Distribution Method**\nThe distribution method controls the scheduling and processing of the distribution. Because\nwe want the distribution to be processed while the documents are loaded, we select the\n**Loaded**  method.\nThe following distribution methods are available:\n� Loaded: The distribution is scheduled for processing when the first report bundle is\narchived or stored in Content Manager OnDemand. The distribution is submitted for print\nprocessing when all of the report bundles in the distribution with a Wait/Ignore  Indicator of\nWait are loaded.\n� All Ready: The distribution is scheduled for processing when the ODF address space is\nstarted. The distribution is submitted for print processing when all of the report bundles in\nthe distribution with a Wait/Ignore Indicator of Wait are loaded.\n� External: A process outside of ODF schedules the distribution. The distribution is\nsubmitted for print processing when all report bundles that are defined with a Wait/Ignore\nIndicator of Wait are loaded.\n**Note:**  The “Notify by e-mail” check box is available for use with Location values of Print,\nFile, or None. The selection of the “Notify by e-mail” check box sends an email to the\nrecipient to notify them that the distribution is available.\nChapter 14. Report distribution\n� Time of Print: The distribution is scheduled when the first report bundle of the distribution\nis archived or stored in Content Manager OnDemand. Before the Time of Print time, the\ndistribution is submitted for print processing whenever all of the report bundles with a",
+                    "page_start": 347,
+                    "page_end": 348,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf",
+                "query": "Which rivers flow through Lyon?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "It is located at the  confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n**Lyon**  <sup>[c]</sup> [ (Franco-Provençal: ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al)  *Liyon*  [) is the second-largest city in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France)\nby urban area and the third largest by city limits. <sup>[14]</sup> It is located at the\n[confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne)\n[French Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris)\n[of Marseille, 113 km (70 mi) southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, 58 km](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva)\n[(36 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne)\nThe City of Lyon had a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census\nwithin its small municipal territory of 48 km <sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi), <sup>[15]</sup> but\n[together with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon metropolitan area had a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France))\npopulation of 2,308,818 that same year, <sup>[7]</sup> the second most populated in\nFrance. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015\n[the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Metropolis)\ncharge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021. <sup>[16]</sup>\n[Lyon is the prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and seat of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France)\n[the Departmental Council of Rhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department))\nlonger extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015).\n[The capital of the Gauls during the Roman Empire, Lyon is the seat of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire)\n[an archbishopric whose holder bears the title of Primate of the Gauls.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon)\n[Lyon became a major economic hub during the Renaissance. The city is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **History**\n\n#### **Toponymy**\n\n|  Coordinates: 45°46′N 4°50′E Lyon Lyon  |\n|:---|\n| Country France Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Metropolis Lyon Metropolis Arrondissement Lyon  |\n| Subdivisions 9 arrondissements  |\n| Government  -  Mayor  (2020-  2026) Grégory Doucet [2] (EELV)  |\n| Area 1 47.87 km 2  (18.48 sq mi)  -  Urban  (2020 [3] ) 1,141.4 km 2 (440.7 sq mi)  -  Metro  (2020 [4] ) 4,605.8 km 2 (1,778.3 sq mi) |\n**Population** (2022) <sup>[5]</sup> 520,774\n**-  Rank**  [3rd in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants)\n**-  Density** 11,000/km <sup>2</sup>\n(28,000/sq mi)\n**[ -  Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area)**  (Jan.\n2021 <sup>[6]</sup> )\n1,702,921\n**-  Urban density** 1,500/km <sup>2</sup> (3,900/sq mi)\n**[ -  Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area)**  (Jan.\n2021 <sup>[7]</sup> )\n2,308,818\nThe name of the city has taken the forms  *Lugdon*  ,  *Luon*  , and since the\n13th century,  *Lyon*  . The Gallic  *Lugdun*  or  *Lugdunon*  that was Latinized\n[in Roman as Lugdunum is composed of two words. The first may be the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugdunum)\n[name of the Celtic god Lug (in charge of order and law), or the derived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugh)\nword  *lugon*  , meaning \"crow\" (the crow being the messenger of Lug), but\nmight also be another word  *lug*  , meaning \"light\". The second is  *dunos*\n[('fortress', 'hill'). The name thus may designate the hill of Fourvière, on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourvi%C3%A8re)\nwhich the ancient city of Lyon is founded, but could mean \"hill of the\ngod Lug\", \"hill of the crows\" or \"shining hill\". <sup>[21]</sup> <sup>[22]</sup>\n[Alternatively Julius Pokorny associates the first part of the word with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pokorny)\nthe Indo-European radical *  *lūg*  ('dark, black, swamp'), the basis of the\n[toponyms Ludza in Latvia, Lusatia in Germany (from Sorbian ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_language)  *Łužica*  ),\nand several places in the Czech Republic named Lužice; <sup>[23]</sup> it could then\n[also be compared to Luze in Franche-Comté and various hydronyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luze,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne)\n[such as Louge.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louge)\nFurther down, in the current Saint-Vincent district, was the Gallic\nvillage of Condate, probably a simple hamlet of sailors or fishermen",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **History**\n\n#### **Ancient Lyon**\n\n**-  Metro density** 500/km <sup>2</sup> (1,300/sq mi)\n|  Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)  -  Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)  |\n|:---|\n| INSEE/Postal code 69123 (https://www.inse e.fr/fr/statistiques/14055 99?geo=COM-69123) /69001-69009  |\n| Elevation 162- 349 m (531-  1,145 ft)  |\n| Website lyon.fr (https://www.lyon. fr/)  |\n| 1  French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km 2  (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |\n**Timeline of Lyon**\n**Historical affiliations**\n[ Roman Empire (Gallia Lugdunensis), 43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire)\nBC-286\nWestern [Roman ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire) Empire (Gallia\nLugdunensis), 286-411\n[ Kingdom of the Burgundians, 411- 534](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians)\n[ Francia, 534- 843](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia)\n[ Middle Francia, 843- 855](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia)\n[ Lotharingia, 855- 879](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia)\n[ Lower Burgundy, 879-933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Burgundy)\n[ Kingdom of Arles, 933- 1312](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles)\n[ Kingdom of France (Lyonnais), 1312- ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonnais)\n1792\n[ French First Republic, 1792- 1793](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic)\n[ Counter-revolutionary, 1793](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Lyon_against_the_National_Convention)\n[ French First Republic, 1793- 1804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic)\n[ First French Empire, 1804- 1814](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire)\n[ Kingdom of France, 1814- 1815](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France)\n[ First French Empire, 1815](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire)\n[ Kingdom of France, 1815- 1830](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France)\n[ Kingdom of France, 1830- 1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy)\n[ French Second Republic, 1848- 1852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic)\n[ Second French Empire, 1852- 1870](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire)\n[ French Third Republic, 1870- 1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic)\n[ Vichy France, 1940- 1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France)\n[ French Fourth Republic, 1944- 1958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic)\n[ France, 1958- present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France)\n[The Roman-era Theatre on the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Theatre_of_Fourvi%C3%A8re)\nFourvière Hill\nLyon under siege in 1793\n[Early Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christians)\n[of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius)\n[Septimius Severus.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus) <sup>[28]</sup> [ Local saints from this period include Blandina,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandina)\n[Pothinus, and Epipodius, among others. The Greek Irenaeus was the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus)\nsecond bishop of Lyon during the latter part of the second century. <sup>[29]</sup>\nTo this day, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as \"  *[Primat des](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop))*\n*[Gaules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop))* \". <sup>[30]</sup>\n[Burgundians fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns)\nre-settled in eastern Gaul. In 443 the Romans established the Kingdom\nof the Burgundians, and Lugdunum became its capital in 461. In 843,\n[under the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon went to the Holy Roman Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Geography**\n\n#### **Climate**\n\nof which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in\n[1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood)\n1867 and 1959, the third arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three\ntimes, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to\nLyon's fifth arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the fifth was split to create Lyon's 9th -  and, to date, final -\narrondissement. Within each arrondissement, the recognisable  *quartiers*  or neighbourhoods are:\n[1st arrondissement: Slopes of La Croix-Rousse, Terreaux, Martinière/St-Vincent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Terreaux)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **History**\n\n#### **Toponymy**\n\nliving on the banks of the Saône.  *Condate*  is a Gallic word meaning\n\"confluence\", from which the Confluence district gets its name.\n[In Roman times the city was called ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lyon#Antiquity)  *Caput Galliæ*  , meaning \"capital of\n[the Gauls\". As an homage to this title, the Archbishop of Lyon is still](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon)\ncalled the Primate of Gaul.\nDuring the revolutionary period, Lyon was renamed  *Commune-*\n*Affranchie*  [ (\"Emancipated Commune\") on 12 October 1793 by a decree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(France))\n[of the Convention Nationale. It resumed its name in 1794, after the end](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Convention)\n[of the Terror.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror)\nLyon is called  *Liyon*  [ in Franco-Provençal.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al) <sup>[24]</sup>\n[According to the historian Dio Cassius, in 43 BC, the Roman Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate)\nordered the creation of a settlement for Roman refugees of war with the\n[Allobroges. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne and were](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienne,_Isere)\n[now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers. The](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne)\nfoundation was built on Fourvière hill and officially called  *Colonia*\n*Copia Felix Munatia*  , a name invoking prosperity and the blessing of the\ngods. The city became increasingly referred to as  *Lugdunum*  (and\noccasionally  *Lugudunum*  <sup>[25]</sup> ). <sup>[26]</sup> The earliest translation of this Gaulish\nplace-name as \"Desired Mountain\" is offered by the 9th-century\n*[Endlicher Glossary](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endlicher_Glossary&action=edit&redlink=1)* . <sup>[27]</sup> In contrast, some modern scholars have\n[proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lug[o]dunon, after the Celtic god](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythology)\n[Lugus (cognate with Old Irish ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language)  *Lugh*  , Modern Irish  *Lú*  ), and  *dúnon*  (hill-\nfort).\nThe Romans recognised that Lugdunum's strategic location at the\nconvergence of two navigable rivers made it a natural communications\n[hub. The city became the starting point of main Roman roads in the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roads)\n[area, and it quickly became the capital of the province, Gallia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis)\n[Lugdunensis. Two Emperors were born in this city: Claudius, whose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius)\n[speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Tablet)\n[nomination of Gallic Senators, and Caracalla.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Administration**\n\n#### **Commune**\n\nMap of the City of Lyon\ndivided into 9\n[arrondissements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Lyon)\n[The lion, symbol of the city, on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion)\ndisplay at Maison des avocats\n[2nd arrondissement: Cordeliers, Bellecour, Ainay, Perrache, Confluence, Sainte-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrache_(quarter))\nBlandine\n[3rd arrondissement: Guillotière (north), Préfecture, Part-Dieu, Villette,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_arrondissement_of_Lyon)\nDauphiné/Sans Souci, Montchat, Grange Blanche (north), Monplaisir (north)\n[4th arrondissement: Plateau de la Croix-Rousse, Serin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_arrondissement_of_Lyon)\n[5th arrondissement: Vieux Lyon (Saint-Paul, Saint-Jean, Saint-Georges), Saint-Just,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Just_(Lyon))\nSaint-Irénée, <sup>[44]</sup> Fourvière, Point du Jour, Ménival, Battières, Champvert (south)\n[6th arrondissement: Brotteaux, Bellecombe, Parc de la Tête d'or, Cité Internationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Brotteaux)\n[7th arrondissement: Guillotière (south), Jean Macé, Gerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Lyon)\n[8th arrondissement: Monplaisir (south), Bachut, États-Unis, Grand Trou/Moulin à](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bachut)\n[Vent, Grange Blanche (south), Laënnec, Mermoz, Monplaisir-la-Plaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%ABnnec)\n[9th arrondissement: Vaise, Duchère, Rochecardon, St-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe, Gorge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaise)\nde Loup, Observance, Champvert (north)\nGeographically, Lyon's two main rivers, the Saône and the Rhône, divide the arrondissements into three groups:\nTo the west of the Saône, the fifth arrondissement covers the old city of Vieux Lyon, Fourvière hill and the\nplateau beyond. The 9th is immediately to the north, and stretches from Gorge de Loup, through Vaise to the\nneighbouring suburbs of Écully, Champagne-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or\nand Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or.\nBetween the two rivers, on the Presqu'île, are the second, first, and fourth arrondissements. The second\nincludes most of the city centre, Bellecour and Perrache railway station, and reaches as far as the confluence\nof the two rivers. The first is directly to the north of the second and covers part of the city centre (including the\n[Hôtel de Ville) and the slopes of La Croix-Rousse. To the north of the Boulevard is the fourth arrondissement,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Lyon)\nwhich covers the Plateau of La Croix-Rousse, up to its boundary with the commune of Caluire-et-Cuire.\nTo the east of the Rhône, are the third, sixth, seventh, and eighth arrondissements.\nThis is a list of mayors of the commune of Lyon since the end of the 19th century.\n##### **Mayors**\n[Map of the Metropolis of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Lyon)\n[Lyon and its 59](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_of_Lyon)\ncommunes (the\ncommune of Lyon is in\nred)\n|  Mayor  |  Term start  |  Term end  |  |  Party  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Antoine Gailleton  | 1881  | 1900  |  |  |\n| Victor Augagneur  | 1900  | 30 October 1905  |  | PRS  |\n| Édouard Herriot  | 30 October 1905  | 20 September 1940 |  | Radical  |\n| Georges Cohendy  | 20 September 1940 | 1941  |  | Nominated and dismissed by Vichy |\n| Georges Villiers  | 1941  | 1942  |  | Nominated and dismissed by Vichy |\n| Pierre-Louis-André Bertrand  | 1942  | 1944  |  | Nominated by Vichy  |\n| Justin Godart  | 1944  | 18 May 1945  |  | Radical  |\n| Édouard Herriot  | 18 May 1945  | 26 March 1957  |  | Radical  |\n| Pierre Montel,  ad interim  | 26 March 1957  | 14 April 1957  |  | Radical  |\n| Louis Pradel  | 14 April 1957  | 27 November 1976  |  | DVD  |\n| Armand Tapernoux,  ad interim | 27 November 1976  | 5 December 1976  |  | DVD  |\n| Francisque Collomb  | 5 December 1976  | 24 March 1989  |  | DVD  |\n| Michel Noir  | 24 March 1989  | 25 June 1995  |  | RPR  |\n| Raymond Barre  | 25 June 1995  | 25 March 2001  |  | DVD  |\n| Gérard Collomb  | 25 March 2001  | 17 July 2017  |  | PS  |\n| Georges Képénékian  | 17 July 2017  | 5 November 2018  |  | LREM  |\n| Gérard Collomb  | 5 November 2018  | 4 July 2020  |  | LREM  |\n| Grégory Doucet  | 4 July 2020  | Incumbent  |  | EELV  |\nSince 2015, the commune of Lyon (48 km <sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi) in land area) and 58 suburban communes",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Culture**\n\n#### **Sport**\n\nmetropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021. <sup>[16]</sup>\n##### **Population of Lyon (metropolis)**\n**(59 communes, within 2020 borders)**\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1861**  418,515 —\n**1866**  427,522 +0.43%\n**1872**  426,552 −0.04%\n**1876**  453,540 +1.37%\n**1881**  493,778 +1.66%\n**1886**  527,621 +1.47%\n**1891**  566,115 +1.46%\n**1896**  600,881 +1.21%\n**1901**  608,856 +0.26%\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1906**  627,073 +0.60%\n**1911**  629,931 +0.09%\n**1921**  659,007 +0.45%\n**1926**  691,446 +0.97%\n**1931**  743,297 +1.46%\n**1936**  738,220 −0.14%\n**1946**  746,062 +0.11%\n**1954**  790,662 +0.71%\n**1962**  947,569 +2.34%\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1968**  1,077,794 +2.17%\n**1975**  1,153,402 +0.98%\n**1982**  1,138,718 −0.18%\n**1990**  1,166,797 +0.30%\n**1999**  1,199,589 +0.31%\n**2010**  1,296,166 +0.72%\n**2015**  1,370,678 +1.12%\n**2021**  1,424,069 +0.64%",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n|  Lyon Liyon  (Arpitan)  |\n|:---|\n| Prefecture and commune  |\n| Skyline of Lyon in La Part-Dieu Basilica of Notre- Dame de Fourvière Place des Terreaux with the  Fontaine Bartholdi Parc de la Tête d'or Confluence District Vieux Lyon Pont Lafayette |\n| Flag Coat of arms  |\nMotto(s):  *Avant, avant, Lion le melhor*\n[(old Franco-Provençal for \"Forward, forward,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language)\nLyon the best\") <sup>[a]</sup>\n*Virtute duce, comite fortuna*\n(\"With virtue as guide and fortune as\ncompanion\") <sup>[b]</sup>\n**Location of Lyon**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n#### **Museums**\n\n[The Musée des Confluences from](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Confluences)\nthe Raymond Barre bridge\n[The lake in the Parc de la Tête d'or](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_la_T%C3%AAte_d%27or)\n[La Part-Dieu, the city's central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Part-Dieu)\nbusiness district\n[The Gallo-Roman Museum displaying many valuable objects and artworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_Museum_of_Lyon)\n[found on the site of Roman Lyon (Lugdunum) such as Circus Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_Games_Mosaic)\n[Mosaic, Coligny calendar and the Taurobolic Altar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taurobolic_Altar&action=edit&redlink=1)\n[Centre d'histoire de la résistance et de la déportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d%27histoire_de_la_r%C3%A9sistance_et_de_la_d%C3%A9portation)\n[Musée des Confluences, new museum of sciences and anthropology,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Confluences)\nwhich opened its doors on 20 December 2014\n[La Sucrière, contemporary art centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sucri%C3%A8re)\n[Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon houses the \"Musée des Hospices Civils\", a permanent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_Lyon)\nexhibit tracing the history and practice of medicine from the Middle Ages to\nmodern times\n[Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs, decorative arts and textile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Tissus_et_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs)\nmuseum, which is one of the world's larger textile collections with 2.5\nmillion works\nMusée d'art contemporain de Lyon, contemporary art museum\nMusée de L'imprimerie, printing museum\n[Musée Gadagne, museum of the history of Lyon housed in a historic building in Vieux Lyon, which includes a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Gadagne)\nlarge collection of marionettes\n[Musée des Automates, museum of automated puppets in Vieux Lyon, open since 1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Automates)\n[Musée Miniature & Cinéma, museum featuring miniature movie sets, movie props, and special effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Miniature_%26_Cin%C3%A9ma&action=edit&redlink=1) <sup>[45]</sup>\n[Parc de la Tête d'or, aka Golden Head Park, in central Lyon is the largest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_la_T%C3%AAte_d%27or)\nurban park in France at 117 hectares (290 acres). Located in the 6th\narrondissement, it features a large lake on which boating takes place\nduring the summer months.\n[Jardin botanique de Lyon (8 hectares (20 acres)), included in the Parc de](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_botanique_de_Lyon)\nla Tête d'Or, is a municipal botanical garden and is open weekdays\nwithout charge. The garden was established in 1857 as a successor to\nearlier botanical gardens dating to 1796, and now describes itself as",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Education**\n\n#### **Universities and tertiary education**\n\nLyon 3: Berges du Rhône campus\n[Lyon 2: Berges du Rhône campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2)\n[IPSA Lyon Campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_des_sciences_avanc%C3%A9es)\n[Platform I, Lyon-Part-Dieu train](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon-Part-Dieu)\nstation\nT1 tramway on the Raymond Barre\nbridge\nBellecour, Écoles D'Arts.\nThere are some international private schools in the Lyon area, including:\n[Cité Scolaire Internationale de Lyon or the Lycée de Gerland;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Scolaire_Internationale_de_Lyon)\nIncludes the  *Section Japonaises*  ( リヨン・ジェルラン補習授業校 *Riyon Jeruran Hoshū Jugyō Kō*  \"Lyon Gerland Japanese\n[Supplementary School\"), which the Japanese Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Ministry_of_Education)\n[(MEXT) counts as a part-time Japanese supplementary school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshuko) <sup>[73]</sup>\nOmbrosa;\n[International School of Lyon in nearby Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Foy-l%C3%A8s-Lyon)\nMontessori School of Lyon.\nOther Japanese supplementary schools:\nThe  *Association Pour le Développement de la Langue et de la Culture* *Japonaises*  (ADLCJ; リヨン補習授業校   *Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō*  ) is held in the  *Maison Berty Albrecht*  in Villeurbanne, near Lyon. <sup>[73]</sup> It was formed in\n1987. <sup>[74]</sup> It serves Japanese expatriate children who wish to continue their\nJapanese education whilst abroad.\n[Lyon- Saint-Exupéry Airport, located east of Lyon, serves as a base for domestic and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon%E2%80%93Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry_Airport)\ninternational flights. It is a key transport facility for the entire Rhône-Alpes region,\nwith coach links to other cities in the area. The in-house train station Gare de Lyon\n[Saint-Exupéry connects the airport to the nationwide TGV network. The Rhônexpress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4nexpress)\n[tram monopoly links the airport with the business quarter of La Part Dieu in less than](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4nexpress)\n30 minutes, and offers connections with Underground A & B, Tramway T1, T3 & T4,",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf",
+                "query": "How big was Lyon's population in 2022? ",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Population (2022)  520,774",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n**Lyon**  <sup>[c]</sup> [ (Franco-Provençal: ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al)  *Liyon*  [) is the second-largest city in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France)\nby urban area and the third largest by city limits. <sup>[14]</sup> It is located at the\n[confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne)\n[French Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris)\n[of Marseille, 113 km (70 mi) southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, 58 km](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva)\n[(36 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne)\nThe City of Lyon had a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census\nwithin its small municipal territory of 48 km <sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi), <sup>[15]</sup> but\n[together with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon metropolitan area had a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France))\npopulation of 2,308,818 that same year, <sup>[7]</sup> the second most populated in\nFrance. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015\n[the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Metropolis)\ncharge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021. <sup>[16]</sup>\n[Lyon is the prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and seat of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France)\n[the Departmental Council of Rhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department))\nlonger extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015).\n[The capital of the Gauls during the Roman Empire, Lyon is the seat of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire)\n[an archbishopric whose holder bears the title of Primate of the Gauls.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon)\n[Lyon became a major economic hub during the Renaissance. The city is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Culture**\n\n#### **Sport**\n\nmetropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021. <sup>[16]</sup>\n##### **Population of Lyon (metropolis)**\n**(59 communes, within 2020 borders)**\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1861**  418,515 —\n**1866**  427,522 +0.43%\n**1872**  426,552 −0.04%\n**1876**  453,540 +1.37%\n**1881**  493,778 +1.66%\n**1886**  527,621 +1.47%\n**1891**  566,115 +1.46%\n**1896**  600,881 +1.21%\n**1901**  608,856 +0.26%\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1906**  627,073 +0.60%\n**1911**  629,931 +0.09%\n**1921**  659,007 +0.45%\n**1926**  691,446 +0.97%\n**1931**  743,297 +1.46%\n**1936**  738,220 −0.14%\n**1946**  746,062 +0.11%\n**1954**  790,662 +0.71%\n**1962**  947,569 +2.34%\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1968**  1,077,794 +2.17%\n**1975**  1,153,402 +0.98%\n**1982**  1,138,718 −0.18%\n**1990**  1,166,797 +0.30%\n**1999**  1,199,589 +0.31%\n**2010**  1,296,166 +0.72%\n**2015**  1,370,678 +1.12%\n**2021**  1,424,069 +0.64%",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **History**\n\n#### **Toponymy**\n\n|  Coordinates: 45°46′N 4°50′E Lyon Lyon  |\n|:---|\n| Country France Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Metropolis Lyon Metropolis Arrondissement Lyon  |\n| Subdivisions 9 arrondissements  |\n| Government  -  Mayor  (2020-  2026) Grégory Doucet [2] (EELV)  |\n| Area 1 47.87 km 2  (18.48 sq mi)  -  Urban  (2020 [3] ) 1,141.4 km 2 (440.7 sq mi)  -  Metro  (2020 [4] ) 4,605.8 km 2 (1,778.3 sq mi) |\n**Population** (2022) <sup>[5]</sup> 520,774\n**-  Rank**  [3rd in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants)\n**-  Density** 11,000/km <sup>2</sup>\n(28,000/sq mi)\n**[ -  Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area)**  (Jan.\n2021 <sup>[6]</sup> )\n1,702,921\n**-  Urban density** 1,500/km <sup>2</sup> (3,900/sq mi)\n**[ -  Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area)**  (Jan.\n2021 <sup>[7]</sup> )\n2,308,818\nThe name of the city has taken the forms  *Lugdon*  ,  *Luon*  , and since the\n13th century,  *Lyon*  . The Gallic  *Lugdun*  or  *Lugdunon*  that was Latinized\n[in Roman as Lugdunum is composed of two words. The first may be the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugdunum)\n[name of the Celtic god Lug (in charge of order and law), or the derived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugh)\nword  *lugon*  , meaning \"crow\" (the crow being the messenger of Lug), but\nmight also be another word  *lug*  , meaning \"light\". The second is  *dunos*\n[('fortress', 'hill'). The name thus may designate the hill of Fourvière, on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourvi%C3%A8re)\nwhich the ancient city of Lyon is founded, but could mean \"hill of the\ngod Lug\", \"hill of the crows\" or \"shining hill\". <sup>[21]</sup> <sup>[22]</sup>\n[Alternatively Julius Pokorny associates the first part of the word with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pokorny)\nthe Indo-European radical *  *lūg*  ('dark, black, swamp'), the basis of the\n[toponyms Ludza in Latvia, Lusatia in Germany (from Sorbian ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_language)  *Łužica*  ),\nand several places in the Czech Republic named Lužice; <sup>[23]</sup> it could then\n[also be compared to Luze in Franche-Comté and various hydronyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luze,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne)\n[such as Louge.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louge)\nFurther down, in the current Saint-Vincent district, was the Gallic\nvillage of Condate, probably a simple hamlet of sailors or fishermen",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Demographics**\n\nForeign-born population in Lyon by\ncountry of birth <sup>[72]</sup>\n|  Country of birth  |  Population (2020)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| Algeria  | 14,779  |\n| Morocco  | 5,245  |\n| Tunisia  | 4,879  |\n| Italy  | 3,351  |\n| Portugal  | 3,068  |\n| Spain  | 2,064  |\n| DR Congo  | 1,520  |\n| China  | 1,429  |\n| Cameroon  | 1,364  |\n| Senegal  | 1,198  |\n[ENS Lyon: René Descartes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENS_Lyon)\ncampus\n[Lyon 3: Manufacture des Tabacs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University)\ncampus\nAll figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are computed using the redressed figures for the\n[commune of Lyon calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSEE)\nthe time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and\nremain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille). <sup>[68]</sup> The 1906 figure is computed using the figure for the commune of\nLyon published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate\nwas smaller than 10,000.\nSource: EHESS <sup>[70]</sup> and INSEE <sup>[71]</sup>\n[École Centrale de Lyon;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Lyon)\n[École Normale Supérieure de Lyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_de_Lyon)\n[EM Lyon (École de Management de Lyon);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_management_de_Lyon)\nECE Lyon (École de Commerce Européenne de Lyon);\n[Institut d'études politiques de Lyon (Sciences Po Lyon);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%A9tudes_politiques_de_Lyon)\n[CPE Lyon;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_de_chimie_physique_%C3%A9lectronique_de_Lyon)\n[CNSMD (Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_national_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_musique_et_de_danse_de_Lyon)\nLyon)\n[ECAM Lyon (École Catholique d'Arts et Métiers de Lyon);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Catholique_des_Arts_et_M%C3%A9tiers)\n[EPITECH;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPITECH)\n[EPITA;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPITA)\n[ENTPE (École Nationale des Travaux Publiques de l'État);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_travaux_publics_de_l%27%C3%89tat)\n[École nationale vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_v%C3%A9t%C3%A9rinaire_de_Lyon)\n[ESME-Sudria;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESME-Sudria)\n[École des Beaux-Arts;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts)\n[E-Artsup;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Artsup)\n[INSA Lyon (Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_des_sciences_appliqu%C3%A9es_de_Lyon)\n[Polytech Lyon;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_universitaire_de_l%27universit%C3%A9_Lyon-I)\n[Institut supérieur européen de gestion group;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_europ%C3%A9en_de_gestion_group)\n[ISARA (Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture Rhône Alpes);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_d%27agriculture_Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes)\n[Institution des Chartreux;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_des_Chartreux)\n[Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_polytechnique_des_sciences_avanc%C3%A9es)\n[Université Claude Bernard (Lyon 1);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1)\n[Université Lumière (Lyon 2);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2)\n[Université Jean Moulin (Lyon 3);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3)\n[IAE (Institut d'Administration des Entreprises de Lyon);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAE_Jean_Moulin_University_Lyon_3)\n[Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Sup%27Biotech_de_Paris)\n[Catholic University of Lyon;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Lyon)\n[ESDES Business School;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESDES)\nIDRAC (International School of Management);\n[Wesford Graduate Business School;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesford)\nIFAG (Business Management School);\n[Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_sup%C3%A9rieur_europ%C3%A9en_de_formation_par_l%27action)\n[Le Lycée du Parc;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_du_Parc)\n[La Martinière Lyon;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Martini%C3%A8re_Lyon)\n[Web@cademie;](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web@cademie)\nCEESO (Centre Européen d'Enseignement Supérieur de l'Ostéopathie);",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **References**\n\n[6. INSEE. \"Statistiques locales - Lyon : Unité urbaine 2020 - Population municipale 2021\" (https://statistiques-loc](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=00760&t=A01&view=map12)\n[ales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=00760&t=A01&view=map12).](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=00760&t=A01&view=map12)\nRetrieved 12 July 2024.\n[7. INSEE. \"Statistiques locales - Lyon : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 - Population municipale 2021\" (https://sta](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=002&t=A01&view=map13)\n[tistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=002&t=A01&view=map1](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=002&t=A01&view=map13)\n[3). Retrieved 12 July 2024.](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=002&t=A01&view=map13)\n[8. Wells, John C. (2008). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Wells)  *Longman Pronunciation Dictionary*  [ (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0)\n[9. \"Lyons\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200124144048/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lyons). ](https://web.archive.org/web/20200124144048/https://www.lexico.com/definition/lyons)  *[Lexico UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico)*\n*English Dictionary*  [. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original (http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lyons)](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Lyons)\non 24 January 2020.\n[10. Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Esling)  *[Cambridge English Pronouncing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary)*\n*[Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary)*  [ (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6)\n[11. \"Lyon\" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lyon). ](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Lyon)  *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster)*  . Merriam-\nWebster. Retrieved 8 August 2018.\n[12. \"Lyons\" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/lyons). ](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/lyons)  *[Collins English Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary)*  [. HarperCollins.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins)\nRetrieved 8 August 2018.\n[13. \"dicod'Òc - Recèrca\" (https://locongres.org/oc/aplicacions/dicodoc-oc/dicodoc-recerca?option=com_dicodoc&](https://locongres.org/oc/aplicacions/dicodoc-oc/dicodoc-recerca?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=168&type=fr-oc&dic%5B%5D=BASIC&dic%5B%5D=RBVD&dic%5B%5D=ALPC&dic%5B%5D=ATAU&dic%5B%5D=PROV&dic%5B%5D=PNST&dic%5B%5D=OMLH&dic%5B%5D=LAUS&dic%5B%5D=LAGA&dic%5B%5D=LEMO&q=Lyon&q2=&submit=Cercar)\n[view=search&Itemid=168&type=fr-oc&dic%5B%5D=BASIC&dic%5B%5D=RBVD&dic%5B%5D=ALPC&dic%5](https://locongres.org/oc/aplicacions/dicodoc-oc/dicodoc-recerca?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=168&type=fr-oc&dic%5B%5D=BASIC&dic%5B%5D=RBVD&dic%5B%5D=ALPC&dic%5B%5D=ATAU&dic%5B%5D=PROV&dic%5B%5D=PNST&dic%5B%5D=OMLH&dic%5B%5D=LAUS&dic%5B%5D=LAGA&dic%5B%5D=LEMO&q=Lyon&q2=&submit=Cercar)\n[B%5D=ATAU&dic%5B%5D=PROV&dic%5B%5D=PNST&dic%5B%5D=OMLH&dic%5B%5D=LAUS&dic%5](https://locongres.org/oc/aplicacions/dicodoc-oc/dicodoc-recerca?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=168&type=fr-oc&dic%5B%5D=BASIC&dic%5B%5D=RBVD&dic%5B%5D=ALPC&dic%5B%5D=ATAU&dic%5B%5D=PROV&dic%5B%5D=PNST&dic%5B%5D=OMLH&dic%5B%5D=LAUS&dic%5B%5D=LAGA&dic%5B%5D=LEMO&q=Lyon&q2=&submit=Cercar)\n[B%5D=LAGA&dic%5B%5D=LEMO&q=Lyon&q2=&submit=Cercar). ](https://locongres.org/oc/aplicacions/dicodoc-oc/dicodoc-recerca?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=168&type=fr-oc&dic%5B%5D=BASIC&dic%5B%5D=RBVD&dic%5B%5D=ALPC&dic%5B%5D=ATAU&dic%5B%5D=PROV&dic%5B%5D=PNST&dic%5B%5D=OMLH&dic%5B%5D=LAUS&dic%5B%5D=LAGA&dic%5B%5D=LEMO&q=Lyon&q2=&submit=Cercar)  *locongres.org*  . Retrieved 1 April 2022.\n[14. https://about-france.com/tourism/main-towns-cities.htm](https://about-france.com/tourism/main-towns-cities.htm)\n[15. INSEE. \"Statistiques locales - Lyon : Commune - Population municipale 2021\" (https://statistiques-locales.inse](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=69123&t=A01&view=map1)\n[e.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=691](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=69123&t=A01&view=map1)\n[23&t=A01&view=map1) (in French). Retrieved 12 July 2024.](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=69123&t=A01&view=map1)\n[16. \"Statistiques locales - Métropole de Lyon : Intercommunalité 2021 - Population municipale 2021\" (https://statis](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=200046977&t=A01&view=map4)\n[tiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=202](https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=451689,5797789,171704,103837&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=200046977&t=A01&view=map4)\n[1&selcodgeo=200046977&t=A01&view=map4). INSEE. Retrieved 12 July 2024.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSEE)\n[17. \"Lyon entrepreneurship, Lyon company, Invest Lyon -  Greater Lyon\" (https://web.archive.org/web/201003081](https://web.archive.org/web/20100308131020/http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-business-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&L=1)\n[31020/http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-business-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&](https://web.archive.org/web/20100308131020/http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-business-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&L=1)\n[L=1). Business.greaterlyon.com. Archived from the original (http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-busines](http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-business-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&L=1)\n[s-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&L=1) on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.](http://www.business.greaterlyon.com/city-business-support-lyon-entrepreneurship-system.85.0.html?&L=1)\n[18. \"Classement 2019 des villes étudiantes les plus importantes en France\" (https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualite](https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualites/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146)\n[s/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146). www.investirlmnp.fr. Retrieved](https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualites/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146)\n8 April 2022.\n[19. \"GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2018\" (https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html).](https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html)\n*www.lboro.ac.uk*  .\n[20. \"Quality of Living City Ranking | Mercer\" (https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankin](https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings)\n[gs). ](https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings)  *mobilityexchange.mercer.com*  .\n21. Mailhes, François; Piot, Cyrille; Rapini, Jean-Louis (2021).  *Les Miscellanées des Lyonnais*  [ (https://poutan.fr/si](https://poutan.fr/site/)\n[te/). éditions du poutan.](https://poutan.fr/site/)\n[22. \"Lyon, d'où vient ton nom ?\" (https://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/expressions-francaises/2017/03/30/3700](https://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/expressions-francaises/2017/03/30/37003-20170330ARTFIG00011-lyon-d-o-vient-ton-nom.php)\n[3-20170330ARTFIG00011-lyon-d-o-vient-ton-nom.php). ](https://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/expressions-francaises/2017/03/30/37003-20170330ARTFIG00011-lyon-d-o-vient-ton-nom.php)  *Le Figaro*  (in French). 30 March 2017. Retrieved\n8 September 2023.\n23. Pokorny, Julius (1959).  *Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch*  (in German). French & European\nPublications, Inc.\n24. Stich, Domenico (2003).  *Dictionnaire francoprovençal-français et français-francoprovençal*  (in French). Le\n[Carré. p. 189. ISBN 978-2908150155.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2908150155)\n25. Cassius Dio,  *Roman History*  , Book 46:  *Lepidus and Lucius Plancus [...] founded the town called Lugudunum,*\n*now known as Lugdunum*\n26. Louis, Jaucourt de chevalier (1765). \"Lyon\".  *Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation*",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Administration**\n\n#### **Commune**\n\nhave formed the Metropolis of Lyon (534 km <sup>2</sup> (206 sq mi) in land area), a directly elected\nmetropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues. The Metropolis of Lyon is the only\n[metropolitan authority in France which is a territorial collectivity, on par with French communes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_collectivity)\n[and departments. Its metropolitan council was for the first time directly elected by universal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage)\n[suffrage in 2020 within 14 electoral wards, the only directly elected metropolitan council in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage)\nFrance.\nThe 14 electoral wards are the following (see map for location):\nLônes et coteaux\nLyon-Centre (Lyon-Centre)\nLyon-Est (Lyon-East)\nLyon-Nord (Lyon-North)\nLyon-Ouest\nLyon-Sud\nLyon-Sud-Est\nOuest\nPlateau Nord-Caluire\nPorte des Alpes\nPortes du Sud\nRhône Amont\nVal de Saône\nVilleurbanne\n[The six wards with names starting with \"Lyon\" are all located within the commune of Lyon. The Villeurbanne ward is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeurbanne)\ncoterminous with the namesake commune. All other seven wards each group various suburban communes.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Culture**\n\n#### **Sport**\n\n[Stade de Gerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_Gerland)\n[Lyon is also home to the Lyon Hockey Club, an ice hockey team that competes in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey)\n[France's national ice hockey league. The Patinoire Charlemagne is the seat of Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinoire_Charlemagne)\n[des Sports de Glace de Lyon, the club of Olympic ice dancing champions Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Anissina)\n[Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat, and world champions Isabelle Delobel and Olivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Shoenfelder)\n[Shoenfelder.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Shoenfelder) <sup>[65]</sup> [ Lyon-Villeurbanne also has a basketball team, ASVEL, that plays at](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASVEL_Basket)\n[the Astroballe arena.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroballe)\n[Since 2000, Birdy Kids, a group of graffiti artists from the city, has decorated several](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdy_Kids)\nrandom buildings and walls along the Lyon ring road. In 2012, the artist collective\nwas chosen to represent the city as its cultural ambassadors. <sup>[66]</sup>\nThe population of the city (commune) of Lyon proper was 522,250 at the January 2021 census. <sup>[15]</sup> As of 2011, 14% of its\npopulation was born outside Metropolitan France. <sup>[67]</sup>\n|  Population of Lyon (commune) (within 2020 borders) Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1801 101,760 —  1806 114,643 +2.41% 1821 149,611 +1.79% 1831 182,668 +2.02% 1836 198,683 +1.60% 1841 206,670 +0.79% 1846 238,466 +2.86% 1851 259,220 +1.68% 1856 293,743 +2.66% 1861 320,326 +1.72% 1866 325,219 +0.30% 1872 324,590 −0.03% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1876 344,513 +1.33% 1881 378,581 +1.84% 1886 404,172 +1.45% 1891 440,315 +1.78% 1896 468,311 +1.25% 1901 461,687 −0.29% 1906 474,652 +0.56% 1911 462,248 −0.53% 1921 462,446 +0.00% 1926 463,125 +0.03% 1931 463,647 +0.02% 1936 463,061 −0.03% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1946 464,104 +0.02% 1954 475,343 +0.29% 1962 535,746 +1.54% 1968 527,800 −0.25% 1975 456,716 −2.06% 1982 413,095 −1.42% 1990 415,487 +0.07% 1999 445,452 +0.78% 2010 484,344 +0.78% 2015 513,275 +1.17% 2021 522,250 +0.29%  |\n|:---|\n| All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille). [68]  The 1906 figure is the one published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate was smaller than 10,000. Source: EHESS [69]  and INSEE [15]  |\nThe city of Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n#### **Museums**\n\nFrance's largest municipal botanical garden.\n[Parc de Gerland, in the south of the city (80 hectares (200 acres))](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_Gerland)\n[Parc des hauteurs, in Fourvières](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_des_hauteurs)\n[Parc de Miribel-Jonage (2,200 hectares (5,400 acres))](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_Miribel-Jonage)\n[Parc de Lacroix-Laval (115 hectares (280 acres))](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_Lacroix-Laval)\n[Parc de Parilly (178 hectares (440 acres))](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_de_Parilly)\nThe GDP of Lyon was 124 billion US dollars in 2019, <sup>[d][46]</sup> making it the second\n[richest city in France after Paris. Lyon and its region Rhône-Alpes represent one of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes)\nthe most important economies in Europe and, according to Loughborough University,\ncan be compared to Philadelphia, Mumbai or Athens with regard to its international\nposition. The city of Lyon is working in partnership to more easily enable the\n[establishment of new headquarters in the territory (ADERLY, Chambre du commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_de_commerce_et_d%27industrie_de_Lyon)\n[et d'industrie, Grand Lyon...). High-tech industries such as biotechnology, software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Community_of_Lyon)\n[development, video game (Arkane Studios, Ivory Tower, Eden Games, EA France,](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EA_France&action=edit&redlink=1)\nBandai Namco Entertainment Europe), and internet services are also growing. Other\nimportant sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions,\nand universities. Lyon is home to the P4-Inserm- ean Merieux Laboratory which\nconducts top-level vaccine research. <sup>[47]</sup>\n[The city is home to the headquarters of many large companies such as Groupe SEB, Sanofi Pasteur, Renault Trucks, Norbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Dentressangle)\n[Dentressangle, LCL S.A., Descours & Cabaud, Merial, Point S, BioMérieux, Iveco Bus, Compagnie Nationale du Rhône, GL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GL_Events)\n[Events, April Group, Boiron, Feu Vert, Panzani, Babolat, Lyon Airports, LVL Medical, and inter-governmental agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Airports)\n[IARC and Interpol. The specialisation of some sectors of activities has led to the creation of many main business centres: La](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer)\n[Part-Dieu, located in the 3rd arrondissement is the second biggest business quarter after La Défense in Paris with over](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Administration**\n\n#### **Metropolis**\n\nMap showing the 14\nelectoral wards of the\nMetropolis of Lyon\nThe division of the Metropolis of Lyon in large electoral wards often grouping various\ncommunes and dividing the commune of Lyon into six wards was criticized by the suburban\nmayors, as it ended the rule of 'one commune, one metropolitan councilor'. The goal of this\nelectoral division of the metropolis was to focus metropolitan elections more on metropolitan\nissues than parochial communal issues, and ensure the 'one person, one vote' rule be respected,\nby creating electoral wards of more homogeneous population sizes. Opponents said it diluted the\nvoice of the small suburban communes, which are now part of large electoral wards and do not\neach possess a representative in the metropolitan council anymore.\nThe two first presidents of the Metropolis of Lyon's metropolitan council were chosen by\nindirectly elected metropolitan councilors. The current president since July 2020 was elected by\nnew metropolitan councilors following their election by universal suffrage in March (1st round)\nand June (2nd round) 2020, the first direct election of a metropolitan council in France.\n|  President of the Metropolitan Council  |  Term start  |  Term end  |  |  Party  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Gérard Collomb  | 1 January 2015 | 10 July 2017 |  | PS  |\n| David Kimelfeld  | 10 July 2017  | 2 July 2020  |  | LREM  |\n| Bruno Bernard  | 2 July 2020  | Incumbent  |  | EELV  |\n[The Roman ruins on the hillside near the Fourvière Basilica, with the Ancient Theatre of Fourvière, the Odeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_of_Lyon)",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Economy**\n\n[Guignol, created in the early 19th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignol)\nC., associated with the silk-workers\n1,600,000 m <sup>2</sup> (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 55,000 jobs. <sup>[48]</sup> *Cité Internationale*  , created\nby the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide\nheadquarters of Interpol is located there. The district of  *Confluence*  , in the south of the historic centre, is a new pole of\neconomical and cultural development.\nTourism is an important part of the Lyon economy, with one billion euros in 2007 and 3.5 million hotel-nights in 2006\nprovided by non-residents. Approximately 60% of tourists visit for business, with the rest for leisure. In January 2009, Lyon\nranked first in France for hostels business. The festivals most important for attracting tourists are the  *[Fête des lumières](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_Lights_(Lyon))*  , the\n*[Nuits de Fourvière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuits_de_Fourvi%C3%A8re)*  every summer, the  *Biennale d'art contemporain*  and the  *[Nuits Sonores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuits_Sonores)*  .\nSince the Middle Ages, the region residents have spoken several dialects of Franco-\nProvençal. The Lyonnais dialect was replaced by the French language as the\nimportance of the city grew. However some \"frenchified\" Franco-Provençal words\ncan also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls\n\"gones\" and \"fenottes\" for example. <sup>[49]</sup>\n[The Lumière brothers pioneered cinema in the town in 1895. The Institut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re)\n[Lumière, built as Auguste Lumiere's house, and a fascinating piece of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re)\narchitecture in its own right, holds many of their first inventions and other\nearly cinematic and photographic artifacts.\n8 December each year is marked by the Festival of Lights (la Fête des\n[lumières), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus))\nsaved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event,\nthe local population places candles (  *luminions*  ) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes large-scale\n[light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Cathedral)",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the climate in Lyon ?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": " Lyon has a  humid subtropical climate (  Köppen: Cfa), bordering an  oceanic climate  (Köppen: Cfb,  Trewartha: Do).",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Geography**\n\nIce on the Saône, 2012\nPanorama of the inner city of Lyon, taken from the basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière's roof\n[Lyon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification)  *Cfa*  [), bordering an oceanic climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate)\n(  *Köppen*  :  *Cfb*  [, Trewartha: ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification)  *Do*  ). <sup>[38]</sup> The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month\nis 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January and in the warmest month in July is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F).\nPrecipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 820 mm (32.3 in), the winter\nmonths are the driest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) on 13\nAugust 2003 while the lowest recorded temperature was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 22\nDecember 1938. <sup>[39]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Geography**\n\n#### **Climate**\n\n|  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1991- 2020 normals, extremes 1920- present  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year  |\n| Record high °C (°F)  | 19.1 (66.4)  | 21.9 (71.4)  | 26.0 (78.8)  | 30.1 (86.2)  | 34.2 (93.6)  | 38.4 (101.1)  | 40.4 (104.7)  | 41.4 (106.5)  | 35.8 (96.4)  | 28.4 (83.1)  | 23.0 (73.4)  | 20.2 (68.4)  | 41.4 (106.5)  |\n| Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 7.1 (44.8)  | 9.0 (48.2)  | 13.8 (56.8)  | 17.4 (63.3)  | 21.5 (70.7)  | 25.6 (78.1)  | 28.2 (82.8)  | 28.0 (82.4)  | 23.1 (73.6)  | 17.7 (63.9)  | 11.4 (52.5)  | 7.7 (45.9)  | 17.5 (63.5)  |\n| Daily mean °C (°F)  | 4.1 (39.4)  | 5.2 (41.4)  | 9.0 (48.2)  | 12.3 (54.1)  | 16.3 (61.3)  | 20.3 (68.5)  | 22.6 (72.7)  | 22.3 (72.1)  | 17.9 (64.2)  | 13.7 (56.7)  | 8.1 (46.6)  | 4.8 (40.6)  | 13.0 (55.4)  |\n| Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 1.1 (34.0)  | 1.4 (34.5)  | 4.2 (39.6)  | 7.2 (45.0)  | 11.2 (52.2)  | 15.0 (59.0)  | 17.0 (62.6)  | 16.6 (61.9)  | 12.8 (55.0)  | 9.6 (49.3)  | 4.9 (40.8)  | 2.0 (35.6)  | 8.6 (47.5)  |\n| Record low °C (°F)  | −23.0 (−9.4)  | −22.5 (−8.5)  | −10.5 (13.1)  | −4.4 (24.1)  | −3.8 (25.2)  | 2.3 (36.1)  | 6.1 (43.0)  | 4.6 (40.3)  | 0.2 (32.4)  | −4.5 (23.9)  | −9.4 (15.1)  | −24.6 (−12.3)  | −24.6 (−12.3)  |\n| Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 49.8 (1.96)  | 41.6 (1.64)  | 49.4 (1.94)  | 68.9 (2.71)  | 80.9 (3.19)  | 74.1 (2.92)  | 67.4 (2.65)  | 65.5 (2.58)  | 82.5 (3.25)  | 99.8 (3.93)  | 87.2 (3.43)  | 53.7 (2.11)  | 820.8 (32.31)  |\n| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)  | 8.1  | 7.9  | 8.4  | 9.0  | 10.3  | 8.5  | 7.5  | 7.2  | 7.3  | 9.9  | 9.4  | 9.2  | 102.8  |\n| Mean monthly sunshine hours  | 71.1  | 102.4  | 173.7  | 197.7  | 223.8  | 256.5  | 288.1  | 263.1  | 204.1  | 131.4  | 78.9  | 58.7  | 2,049.5  |\n| Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  | Source 1: Meteo France [40]  |\n| Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  | Source 2: Meteo Lyon [41]  |\n|  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |  Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 201 m, 1961-1990 normals and extremes  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year  |\n| Record high °C (°F)  | 16.3 (61.3)  | 21.4 (70.5)  | 25.7 (78.3)  | 28.0 (82.4)  | 29.4 (84.9)  | 34.4 (93.9)  | 39.8 (103.6)  | 37.1 (98.8)  | 33.8 (92.8)  | 28.4 (83.1)  | 22.6 (72.7)  | 20.2 (68.4)  | 39.8 (103.6)  |\n| Mean maximum °C (°F)  | 10.2 (50.4)  | 14.4 (57.9)  | 15.9 (60.6)  | 18.6 (65.5)  | 23.1 (73.6)  | 28.8 (83.8)  | 32.8 (91.0)  | 28.1 (82.6)  | 27.3 (81.1)  | 19.7 (67.5)  | 14.1 (57.4)  | 9.5 (49.1)  | 32.8 (91.0)  |\n| Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 6.1 (43.0)  | 8.2 (46.8)  | 11.6 (52.9)  | 15.2 (59.4)  | 19.1 (66.4)  | 22.9 (73.2)  | 26.1 (79.0)  | 26.0 (78.8)  | 22.4 (72.3)  | 17.1 (62.8)  | 10.0 (50.0)  | 6.4 (43.5)  | 15.9 (60.7)  |\n| Daily mean °C (°F)  | 3.0 (37.4)  | 4.9 (40.8)  | 7.4 (45.3)  | 10.2 (50.4)  | 14.0 (57.2)  | 17.6 (63.7)  | 20.6 (69.1)  | 20.0 (68.0)  | 17.1 (62.8)  | 12.7 (54.9)  | 6.7 (44.1)  | 3.9 (39.0)  | 11.5 (52.7)  |\n| Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 0.2 (32.4)  | 1.4 (34.5)  | 2.9 (37.2)  | 5.2 (41.4)  | 9.1 (48.4)  | 12.5 (54.5)  | 14.8 (58.6)  | 14.4 (57.9)  | 11.7 (53.1)  | 8.3 (46.9)  | 3.5 (38.3)  | 0.7 (33.3)  | 7.1 (44.7)  |\n| Mean minimum °C (°F)  | −7.0 (19.4)  | −4.7 (23.5)  | −1.4 (29.5)  | 3.2 (37.8)  | 7.6 (45.7)  | 10.9 (51.6)  | 13.1 (55.6)  | 12.9 (55.2)  | 8.1 (46.6)  | 4.5 (40.1)  | 1.0 (33.8)  | −4.7 (23.5)  | −7.0 (19.4)  |\n| Record low °C (°F)  | −23.0 (−9.4)  | −19.3 (−2.7)  | −10.5 (13.1)  | −3.2 (26.2)  | −0.3 (31.5)  | 3.6 (38.5)  | 6.1 (43.0)  | 5.2 (41.4)  | 1.9 (35.4)  | −3.2 (26.2)  | −7.1 (19.2)  | −16.0 (3.2)  | −23.0 (−9.4)  |\n| Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 54.0 (2.13)  | 53.8 (2.12)  | 72.2 (2.84)  | 56.1 (2.21)  | 72.6 (2.86)  | 73.2 (2.88)  | 54.5 (2.15)  | 71.6 (2.82)  | 53.2 (2.09)  | 56.2 (2.21)  | 68.0 (2.68)  | 55.8 (2.20)  | 741.2 (29.19)  |\n| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)  | 10.4  | 9.3  | 9.7  | 9.6  | 10.9  | 8.2  | 6.8  | 8.2  | 7.3  | 8.5  | 8.9  | 9.8  | 107.6  |\n| Average snowy days  | 5.5  | 3.9  | 2.5  | 1.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 2.0  | 4.6  | 19.6  |\n| Average relative humidity (%)  | 84  | 80  | 74  | 71  | 72  | 70  | 65  | 70  | 76  | 82  | 84  | 86  | 76  |\n| Mean monthly sunshine hours  | 62.6  | 89.8  | 147.5  | 184.2  | 215.9  | 250.9  | 292.6  | 259.0  | 208.1  | 134.3  | 75.3  | 55.4  | 1,975.6  |\n| Percent possible sunshine  | 23  | 31  | 41  | 46  | 47  | 54  | 62  | 60  | 56  | 40  | 27  | 21  | 42  |\n| Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  | Source 1: NOAA [42]  |\n| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  | Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity) [43]  |\n[Like Paris and Marseille, the commune (municipality) of Lyon is divided into a number of municipal arrondissements, each](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_arrondissements_of_France)",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Geography**\n\n#### **Climate**\n\nof which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in\n[1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood)\n1867 and 1959, the third arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three\ntimes, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to\nLyon's fifth arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the fifth was split to create Lyon's 9th -  and, to date, final -\narrondissement. Within each arrondissement, the recognisable  *quartiers*  or neighbourhoods are:\n[1st arrondissement: Slopes of La Croix-Rousse, Terreaux, Martinière/St-Vincent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Terreaux)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n**Lyon**  <sup>[c]</sup> [ (Franco-Provençal: ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al)  *Liyon*  [) is the second-largest city in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France)\nby urban area and the third largest by city limits. <sup>[14]</sup> It is located at the\n[confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne)\n[French Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris)\n[of Marseille, 113 km (70 mi) southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, 58 km](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva)\n[(36 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne)\nThe City of Lyon had a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census\nwithin its small municipal territory of 48 km <sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi), <sup>[15]</sup> but\n[together with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon metropolitan area had a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_area_(France))\npopulation of 2,308,818 that same year, <sup>[7]</sup> the second most populated in\nFrance. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015\n[the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Metropolis)\ncharge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021. <sup>[16]</sup>\n[Lyon is the prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and seat of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France)\n[the Departmental Council of Rhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department))\nlonger extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015).\n[The capital of the Gauls during the Roman Empire, Lyon is the seat of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire)\n[an archbishopric whose holder bears the title of Primate of the Gauls.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Lyon)\n[Lyon became a major economic hub during the Renaissance. The city is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Culture**\n\n#### **Sport**\n\nmetropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021. <sup>[16]</sup>\n##### **Population of Lyon (metropolis)**\n**(59 communes, within 2020 borders)**\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1861**  418,515 —\n**1866**  427,522 +0.43%\n**1872**  426,552 −0.04%\n**1876**  453,540 +1.37%\n**1881**  493,778 +1.66%\n**1886**  527,621 +1.47%\n**1891**  566,115 +1.46%\n**1896**  600,881 +1.21%\n**1901**  608,856 +0.26%\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1906**  627,073 +0.60%\n**1911**  629,931 +0.09%\n**1921**  659,007 +0.45%\n**1926**  691,446 +0.97%\n**1931**  743,297 +1.46%\n**1936**  738,220 −0.14%\n**1946**  746,062 +0.11%\n**1954**  790,662 +0.71%\n**1962**  947,569 +2.34%\n##### **Year Pop. ±% p.a.**\n**1968**  1,077,794 +2.17%\n**1975**  1,153,402 +0.98%\n**1982**  1,138,718 −0.18%\n**1990**  1,166,797 +0.30%\n**1999**  1,199,589 +0.31%\n**2010**  1,296,166 +0.72%\n**2015**  1,370,678 +1.12%\n**2021**  1,424,069 +0.64%",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **History**\n\n#### **Ancient Lyon**\n\n**-  Metro density** 500/km <sup>2</sup> (1,300/sq mi)\n|  Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)  -  Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)  |\n|:---|\n| INSEE/Postal code 69123 (https://www.inse e.fr/fr/statistiques/14055 99?geo=COM-69123) /69001-69009  |\n| Elevation 162- 349 m (531-  1,145 ft)  |\n| Website lyon.fr (https://www.lyon. fr/)  |\n| 1  French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km 2  (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |\n**Timeline of Lyon**\n**Historical affiliations**\n[ Roman Empire (Gallia Lugdunensis), 43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire)\nBC-286\nWestern [Roman ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire) Empire (Gallia\nLugdunensis), 286-411\n[ Kingdom of the Burgundians, 411- 534](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians)\n[ Francia, 534- 843](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia)\n[ Middle Francia, 843- 855](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia)\n[ Lotharingia, 855- 879](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia)\n[ Lower Burgundy, 879-933](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Burgundy)\n[ Kingdom of Arles, 933- 1312](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles)\n[ Kingdom of France (Lyonnais), 1312- ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonnais)\n1792\n[ French First Republic, 1792- 1793](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic)\n[ Counter-revolutionary, 1793](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Lyon_against_the_National_Convention)\n[ French First Republic, 1793- 1804](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic)\n[ First French Empire, 1804- 1814](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire)\n[ Kingdom of France, 1814- 1815](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France)\n[ First French Empire, 1815](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire)\n[ Kingdom of France, 1815- 1830](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France)\n[ Kingdom of France, 1830- 1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy)\n[ French Second Republic, 1848- 1852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic)\n[ Second French Empire, 1852- 1870](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire)\n[ French Third Republic, 1870- 1940](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic)\n[ Vichy France, 1940- 1944](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France)\n[ French Fourth Republic, 1944- 1958](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic)\n[ France, 1958- present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France)\n[The Roman-era Theatre on the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Theatre_of_Fourvi%C3%A8re)\nFourvière Hill\nLyon under siege in 1793\n[Early Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christians)\n[of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius)\n[Septimius Severus.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus) <sup>[28]</sup> [ Local saints from this period include Blandina,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandina)\n[Pothinus, and Epipodius, among others. The Greek Irenaeus was the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irenaeus)\nsecond bishop of Lyon during the latter part of the second century. <sup>[29]</sup>\nTo this day, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as \"  *[Primat des](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop))*\n*[Gaules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop))* \". <sup>[30]</sup>\n[Burgundians fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns)\nre-settled in eastern Gaul. In 443 the Romans established the Kingdom\nof the Burgundians, and Lugdunum became its capital in 461. In 843,\n[under the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon went to the Holy Roman Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor)",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **References**\n\n[original (http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07480-lyon-bron.html) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February](http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07480-lyon-bron.html)\n2019.\n[44. \"St-Irénée -  France\" (http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/lyon-eglise-st-irenee). ](http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/lyon-eglise-st-irenee)  *sacred-*\n*destinations.com*  .\n[45. \"Discover the Musée Miniature et Cinéma in Lyon &#124 Unique in Europe\" (https://www.museeminiatureetcin](https://www.museeminiatureetcinema.fr/en/)\n[ema.fr/en/). ](https://www.museeminiatureetcinema.fr/en/)  *Musée Miniature et Cinéma*  .\n[46. OECD. \"City statistics : Economy\" (https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FUA_CITY). Retrieved](https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FUA_CITY)\n16 January 2023.\n[47. \"Le laboratoire P4, ménagerie virale\" (https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090606013924/http://www.lemonde.](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090606013924/http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/06/05/le-laboratoire-p4-menagerie-virale_1202866_3244.html)\n[fr/planete/article/2009/06/05/le-laboratoire-p4-menagerie-virale_1202866_3244.html). ](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090606013924/http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/06/05/le-laboratoire-p4-menagerie-virale_1202866_3244.html)  *Le Monde*  . France.\n[Archived from the original (http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/06/05/le-laboratoire-p4-menagerie-viral](http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/06/05/le-laboratoire-p4-menagerie-virale_1202866_3244.html)\n[e_1202866_3244.html) on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.](http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/06/05/le-laboratoire-p4-menagerie-virale_1202866_3244.html)\n[48. \"Official site of Lyon\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100424192931/http://www.grandlyon.com/La-Part-Dieu.2](https://web.archive.org/web/20100424192931/http://www.grandlyon.com/La-Part-Dieu.2315.0.html)\n[315.0.html). Grandlyon.com. Archived from the original (http://www.grandlyon.com/La-Part-Dieu.2315.0.html)](http://www.grandlyon.com/La-Part-Dieu.2315.0.html)\non 24 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.\n49. Jean-Baptiste Onofrio :  *Essai d'un glossaire des patois de Lyonnais, Forez et Beaujolais*  , Lyon 1864\n[50. \"Pierre Alain Muet Archives 2008\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100124093221/http://pa-muet.com/archives.](https://web.archive.org/web/20100124093221/http://pa-muet.com/archives.htm)\n[htm). Pa-muet.com. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original (http://pa-muet.com/archives.htm) on 24](http://pa-muet.com/archives.htm)\nJanuary 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.\n[51. \"Bottazzi fait le mur\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071125163711/http://www.brefonline.com/numeroERA_af](https://web.archive.org/web/20071125163711/http://www.brefonline.com/numeroERA_affichearticle.asp?idA=3262)\n[fichearticle.asp?idA=3262). Brefonline.Com. Archived from the original (http://www.brefonline.com/numeroER](http://www.brefonline.com/numeroERA_affichearticle.asp?idA=3262)\n[A_affichearticle.asp?idA=3262) on 25 November 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2009.](http://www.brefonline.com/numeroERA_affichearticle.asp?idA=3262)\n[52. \"The African Museum of Lyon Website\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090219232752/http://musee-africain-ly](https://web.archive.org/web/20090219232752/http://musee-africain-lyon.org/)\n[on.org/). Musee-africain-lyon.org. Archived from the original (http://www.musee-africain-lyon.org/) on 19](http://www.musee-africain-lyon.org/)\nFebruary 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.\n[53. UNESCO World Heritage Site (http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/tourisme/copy_of_patrimoine/a_patrimoinem](http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/tourisme/copy_of_patrimoine/a_patrimoinemondial)\n[ondial) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090826/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/Tourisme/co](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090826/http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/Tourisme/copy_of_patrimoine/a_patrimoinemondial)\n[py_of_patrimoine/a_patrimoinemondial) 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. City of Lyon official website.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)\nRetrieved 26 November 2009.\n[54. Perret, Aurelie. \"Les traboules de Lyon\" (http://www.histoire-pour-tous.fr/tourisme/101-france-sud-est/5105-les](http://www.histoire-pour-tous.fr/tourisme/101-france-sud-est/5105-les-traboules-de-lyon.html)\n[-traboules-de-lyon.html). ](http://www.histoire-pour-tous.fr/tourisme/101-france-sud-est/5105-les-traboules-de-lyon.html)  *histoire-pour-tous.fr*  . SF Webmedia. Retrieved 31 July 2015.\n55. Curnonsky, Marcel E. Grancher (1935).  *Lyon, capitale mondiale de la gastronomie*  [ (https://books.google.com/](https://books.google.com/books?id=D481HQAACAAJ&q=curnonsky+lyon)\n[books?id=D481HQAACAAJ&q=curnonsky+lyon). Editions Lugdunum. Retrieved 30 July 2015.](https://books.google.com/books?id=D481HQAACAAJ&q=curnonsky+lyon)\n[56. Buford, Bill (12 February 2011). \"Why Lyon is food capital of the world\" (https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2](https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/feb/13/bill-buford-lyon-food-capital)\n[011/feb/13/bill-buford-lyon-food-capital). ](https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/feb/13/bill-buford-lyon-food-capital)  *The Guardian*  . Retrieved 11 December 2014.\n[57. \"Priay Il y a 80 ans \" La mère Bourgeois \" obtenait 3 étoiles\" (http://www.leprogres.fr/ain/2013/01/09/priay-il-y-](http://www.leprogres.fr/ain/2013/01/09/priay-il-y-a-80-ans-la-mere-bourgeois-obtenait-3-etoiles)\n[a-80-ans-la-mere-bourgeois-obtenait-3-etoiles). ](http://www.leprogres.fr/ain/2013/01/09/priay-il-y-a-80-ans-la-mere-bourgeois-obtenait-3-etoiles)  *leprogres.fr*  . Le Progres. Retrieved 30 July 2015.\n[58. \"Histoire de la gastronomie 2/4\" (https://archive.today/20120605042553/http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-l](https://archive.today/20120605042553/http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-la-fabrique-de-l-histoire-histoire-de-la-gastronomie-24-2010-11-23.html)\n[a-fabrique-de-l-histoire-histoire-de-la-gastronomie-24-2010-11-23.html). ](https://archive.today/20120605042553/http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-la-fabrique-de-l-histoire-histoire-de-la-gastronomie-24-2010-11-23.html)  *franceculture.fr*  . Radio France.\n[Archived from the original (http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-la-fabrique-de-l-histoire-histoire-de-la-gastron](http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-la-fabrique-de-l-histoire-histoire-de-la-gastronomie-24-2010-11-23.html)\n[omie-24-2010-11-23.html) on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2015.](http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-la-fabrique-de-l-histoire-histoire-de-la-gastronomie-24-2010-11-23.html)\n[59. Gaudry, François-Régis (26 September 2014). \"Paul Bocuse: derniers secrets du \"pape\" de la gastronomie](http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/saveurs/paul-bocuse-derniers-secrets_1578426.html)\n[française\" (http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/saveurs/paul-bocuse-derniers-secrets_1578426.html). ](http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/saveurs/paul-bocuse-derniers-secrets_1578426.html)  *lexpress.fr*  .\nGroupe Express-Roularta. Retrieved 30 July 2015.\n[60. \"Cuisine et boissons Lyon et ses environs\" (http://www.routard.com/guide/lyon/372/cuisine_et_boissons.htm).](http://www.routard.com/guide/lyon/372/cuisine_et_boissons.htm)",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **History**\n\n#### **Toponymy**\n\n|  Coordinates: 45°46′N 4°50′E Lyon Lyon  |\n|:---|\n| Country France Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Metropolis Lyon Metropolis Arrondissement Lyon  |\n| Subdivisions 9 arrondissements  |\n| Government  -  Mayor  (2020-  2026) Grégory Doucet [2] (EELV)  |\n| Area 1 47.87 km 2  (18.48 sq mi)  -  Urban  (2020 [3] ) 1,141.4 km 2 (440.7 sq mi)  -  Metro  (2020 [4] ) 4,605.8 km 2 (1,778.3 sq mi) |\n**Population** (2022) <sup>[5]</sup> 520,774\n**-  Rank**  [3rd in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants)\n**-  Density** 11,000/km <sup>2</sup>\n(28,000/sq mi)\n**[ -  Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area)**  (Jan.\n2021 <sup>[6]</sup> )\n1,702,921\n**-  Urban density** 1,500/km <sup>2</sup> (3,900/sq mi)\n**[ -  Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area)**  (Jan.\n2021 <sup>[7]</sup> )\n2,308,818\nThe name of the city has taken the forms  *Lugdon*  ,  *Luon*  , and since the\n13th century,  *Lyon*  . The Gallic  *Lugdun*  or  *Lugdunon*  that was Latinized\n[in Roman as Lugdunum is composed of two words. The first may be the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugdunum)\n[name of the Celtic god Lug (in charge of order and law), or the derived](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugh)\nword  *lugon*  , meaning \"crow\" (the crow being the messenger of Lug), but\nmight also be another word  *lug*  , meaning \"light\". The second is  *dunos*\n[('fortress', 'hill'). The name thus may designate the hill of Fourvière, on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourvi%C3%A8re)\nwhich the ancient city of Lyon is founded, but could mean \"hill of the\ngod Lug\", \"hill of the crows\" or \"shining hill\". <sup>[21]</sup> <sup>[22]</sup>\n[Alternatively Julius Pokorny associates the first part of the word with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pokorny)\nthe Indo-European radical *  *lūg*  ('dark, black, swamp'), the basis of the\n[toponyms Ludza in Latvia, Lusatia in Germany (from Sorbian ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_language)  *Łužica*  ),\nand several places in the Czech Republic named Lužice; <sup>[23]</sup> it could then\n[also be compared to Luze in Franche-Comté and various hydronyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luze,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne)\n[such as Louge.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louge)\nFurther down, in the current Saint-Vincent district, was the Gallic\nvillage of Condate, probably a simple hamlet of sailors or fishermen",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **19th century and modern city**\n\n### **Culture**\n\n#### **Sport**\n\n[Stade de Gerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_Gerland)\n[Lyon is also home to the Lyon Hockey Club, an ice hockey team that competes in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey)\n[France's national ice hockey league. The Patinoire Charlemagne is the seat of Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinoire_Charlemagne)\n[des Sports de Glace de Lyon, the club of Olympic ice dancing champions Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Anissina)\n[Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat, and world champions Isabelle Delobel and Olivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Shoenfelder)\n[Shoenfelder.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Shoenfelder) <sup>[65]</sup> [ Lyon-Villeurbanne also has a basketball team, ASVEL, that plays at](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASVEL_Basket)\n[the Astroballe arena.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroballe)\n[Since 2000, Birdy Kids, a group of graffiti artists from the city, has decorated several](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdy_Kids)\nrandom buildings and walls along the Lyon ring road. In 2012, the artist collective\nwas chosen to represent the city as its cultural ambassadors. <sup>[66]</sup>\nThe population of the city (commune) of Lyon proper was 522,250 at the January 2021 census. <sup>[15]</sup> As of 2011, 14% of its\npopulation was born outside Metropolitan France. <sup>[67]</sup>\n|  Population of Lyon (commune) (within 2020 borders) Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1801 101,760 —  1806 114,643 +2.41% 1821 149,611 +1.79% 1831 182,668 +2.02% 1836 198,683 +1.60% 1841 206,670 +0.79% 1846 238,466 +2.86% 1851 259,220 +1.68% 1856 293,743 +2.66% 1861 320,326 +1.72% 1866 325,219 +0.30% 1872 324,590 −0.03% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1876 344,513 +1.33% 1881 378,581 +1.84% 1886 404,172 +1.45% 1891 440,315 +1.78% 1896 468,311 +1.25% 1901 461,687 −0.29% 1906 474,652 +0.56% 1911 462,248 −0.53% 1921 462,446 +0.00% 1926 463,125 +0.03% 1931 463,647 +0.02% 1936 463,061 −0.03% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1946 464,104 +0.02% 1954 475,343 +0.29% 1962 535,746 +1.54% 1968 527,800 −0.25% 1975 456,716 −2.06% 1982 413,095 −1.42% 1990 415,487 +0.07% 1999 445,452 +0.78% 2010 484,344 +0.78% 2015 513,275 +1.17% 2021 522,250 +0.29%  |\n|:---|\n| All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are the redressed figures calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at the time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and remain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille). [68]  The 1906 figure is the one published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate was smaller than 10,000. Source: EHESS [69]  and INSEE [15]  |\nThe city of Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Administration**\n\n#### **Commune**\n\nhave formed the Metropolis of Lyon (534 km <sup>2</sup> (206 sq mi) in land area), a directly elected\nmetropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues. The Metropolis of Lyon is the only\n[metropolitan authority in France which is a territorial collectivity, on par with French communes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_collectivity)\n[and departments. Its metropolitan council was for the first time directly elected by universal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage)\n[suffrage in 2020 within 14 electoral wards, the only directly elected metropolitan council in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage)\nFrance.\nThe 14 electoral wards are the following (see map for location):\nLônes et coteaux\nLyon-Centre (Lyon-Centre)\nLyon-Est (Lyon-East)\nLyon-Nord (Lyon-North)\nLyon-Ouest\nLyon-Sud\nLyon-Sud-Est\nOuest\nPlateau Nord-Caluire\nPorte des Alpes\nPortes du Sud\nRhône Amont\nVal de Saône\nVilleurbanne\n[The six wards with names starting with \"Lyon\" are all located within the commune of Lyon. The Villeurbanne ward is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeurbanne)\ncoterminous with the namesake commune. All other seven wards each group various suburban communes.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf",
+                "query": " What should do the rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of marriage  services has been provided ?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "ensure that the register is kept in that church or chapel, and  (b) do everything that is reasonably practicable to ensure that the register is protected against  theft, loss or damage.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Requirements about the keeping of registers of marriage services**\n**4.**  —(1) The rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of marriage\nservices has been provided under regulation 2(1) must—\n(a)  ensure that the register is kept in that church or chapel, and\n(b)  do everything that is reasonably practicable to ensure that the register is protected against\ntheft, loss or damage.\n(2)  Where there is no rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of\nmarriage services has been provided under regulation 2(1), the obligations under paragraph (1) in\nrespect of that register fall on the churchwardens of the parish in which the church or chapel is\nsituated.\n\nGiven under my hand on 29th April 2021\n\n*Abi Tierney*\nRegistrar General\n\nI approve\n\n*Kevin Foster*\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State\n29th April 2021 Home Office",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Duty of parochial church councils to provide registers of marriage services**\n\n**2.**  —(1) The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making\nrecords under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(  **c**  ) in that parish in\nwhich banns of matrimony may be published.\n(2)  Books provided under paragraph (1) are to be known as “registers of marriage services”.\n(3)  A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) must meet the requirements of\nparagraphs (4) and (5).\n(4)  The register must be made of durable material.\n(5)  For the purposes of enabling a record to be made in the register under regulation 3 in respect\nof a marriage, the register must be printed in such a way that it—\n\n(  **a**  ) 1949 c. 76 (12 & 13 Geo 6). Section 74 was amended by Schedule 2 to the Registration Service Act 1953 (c. 37) and by\nparagraph 5(1)(d) of Schedule 2 to the Transfer of Functions (Registration) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/678) and subsequently\nrenumbered as section 74(1) by article 12 of the Registration of Marriages etc. (Electronic Communications and Electronic\nStorage) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/2821). Section 74(1) was amended by paragraph 19 of Schedule 15 to the Immigration Act\n2016 (c. 19) and paragraph 43 of Schedule 1 to the Registration of Marriages Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/411), which also\ninserted subsection (1A).\n(  **b**  ) See section 68(2) of the Marriage Act 1949. The certification function of the Admiralty under that section was transferred to\nthe Secretary of State by the Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964 (c. 15).\n(  **c**  ) Section 78(2) of the Marriage Act 1949 provides for references to the Church of England to be construed as including\nreferences to the Church in Wales.\n(a)  indicates the descriptions of information required by each of sub-paragraphs (a) to (h) of\nregulation 3(2) in relation to the marriage, and\n(b)  provides corresponding spaces for recording information required by each of those sub-\nparagraphs in relation to the marriage.\n(6)  A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) by a parochial church council\nbelongs to that parochial church council.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **of England or Church in Wales**\n\n**3.**  —(1) Paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) apply where a marriage has been solemnized according to the\nrites of the Church of England in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be\npublished.\n(2)  As soon as practicable after the marriage has been solemnized, the clergyman by whom the\nmarriage was solemnized must make a record of the following information in relation to that\nmarriage in a register of marriage services provided to the church or chapel under regulation\n2(1)—\n(a)  the date and place of the marriage;\n(b)  the name and surname of each party;\n(c)  the date of birth of each party;\n(d)  the occupation (if any) of each party;\n(e)  the address of each party at the time of the marriage;\n(f)  the names and surnames of each party’s parents, so far as those names and surnames are\nknown to the clergyman who solemnized the marriage;\n(g)  the name and surname of each of the witnesses in whose presence the marriage was\nsolemnized;\n(h)  the name and surname of the clergyman by whom the marriage was solemnized.\n(3)  The clergyman must record the information required by paragraph (2) in English, and may\nalso record information required by that paragraph in Welsh where the church or chapel is situated\nin Wales.\n(4)  After making a record under paragraph (2) the clergyman must sign it.\n(5)  This regulation does not apply in relation to a marriage solemnized before 4th May 2021.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\nThese Regulations provide for records of marriages to be kept in churches and chapels of the\nChurch of England and the Church in Wales, other than chapels to which Part 5 of the Marriage\nAct 1949 applies (naval, military and air force chapels).\nRegulation 2 requires parochial church councils to provide books known as “registers of marriage\nservices” to churches and chapels in their parish in which banns of matrimony may be published,\nfor the purposes of keeping the records required by regulation 3. Regulation 2 also imposes\nrequirements relating to the durability and pre-printed content of these registers, and provides that\nthey belong to the parochial church council.\nRegulation 3 requires specified information to be recorded in a register of marriage services when\na marriage has been solemnized on or after 4th May 2021 according to the rites of the Church of\nEngland or Church in Wales in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be\npublished. The record must be made and signed by the member of the clergy by whom the\nmarriage was solemnized.\nRegulation 4 imposes requirements relating to the keeping of registers of marriage services\nprovided under regulation 2.\nA full impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument because no, or no significant,\nimpact on the private, public or voluntary sector is foreseen.\n\n© Crown copyright 2021\nPrinted and published in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited under the authority and superintendence of Jeff James,\nController of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and Queen’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.\n£4.90\nhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/uksi/2021/538",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Duty to record information about marriages solemnized according to the rites of the Church**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\nS T A T U T O R Y  I N S T R U M E N T S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n### **Citation, commencement, extent and interpretation**\n**1.**  —(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and\nChapels) Regulations 2021.\n(2)  These Regulations come into force on 4th May 2021.\n(3)  These Regulations extend to England and Wales.\n(4)  In these Regulations, “chapel” does not include a chapel to which Part 5 of the Marriage Act\n1949 (marriages in naval, military and air force chapels) applies(  **b**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 538  MARRIAGE, ENGLAND AND WALES  The Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and Chapels)[...]\n\n## Regulations 2021\n\n*Made*   *-*   *-*   *-*   *-*   *29th April 2021*\n*Coming into force -*   *-*   *4th May 2021*\nThe Registrar General makes these Regulations with the approval of the Secretary of State in\nexercise of the powers conferred by section 74(1)(c)(v), (1A)(a) and (3) of the Marriage Act\n1949(  **a**  ).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAPTER I**\n\n(  *b*  ) in the case of a by-election, as soon as practicable after a vacancy has occurred among the Specially Elected Members. (2) A meeting of the Elected Members of the National Assembly that is held for the purpose of a general election shall be summoned by the Speaker. (3) No other business than the holding of a general election may be transacted at any meeting of the Elected Members of the National Assembly summoned under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph and such a meeting shall not be regarded as a meeting of the Assembly for the purposes of any other provision of this Constitution. **6.**  When the votes have been cast, whether at a general election or at a by-election, a list shall be prepared showing the persons for whom votes have been cast in order according to the number of votes received by each of them, the person or persons who received the highest number of votes being placed first and those who received any lower number of votes being placed in descending order. **7.**  In the case of a general election, and subject to the provisions of paragraph 9 of this Schedule, those persons shall be deemed to have been elected as Specially Elected Members who stand in the first and each succeeding place on the list until the number of persons to be elected as Specially Elected Members has been completed. **8.**  In the case of a by-election, and subject to the provisions of paragraph 10 of this Schedule, the person who stands in the first place on the list shall be deemed to have been elected. **9.**  Where, by reason of an equality of votes between them, the number of candidates in any place on the list who would otherwise be deemed to have been elected under paragraph 7 of this Schedule exceeds the number of persons remaining to be elected as Specially Elected Members after the persons in the preceding places have been elected, none of the candidates in that place or in any succeeding place shall be deemed to have been elected and a further election shall be held to fill the vacancies still remaining among the Specially Elected Members; and the provisions of this Schedule shall apply in relation to that further election as if it were a general election where the total number of Specially Elected Members was equal to the number of vacancies still remaining to be filled. **10.**  Where, in a by-election, two or more candidates equally receive the highest number of votes, no candidates shall be deemed to have been elected and a further by-election shall be held, in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule, at which only those candidates who received the highest number of votes in the original by-election may again stand as candidates. **SECOND SCHEDULE TO THE CONSTITUTION DIVISION OF DISTRICTS INTO REGIONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF SELECTING MEMBERS OF NTLO YA DIKGOSI** THE CENTR AL DISTRI CT",
+                    "page_start": 56,
+                    "page_end": 56,
+                    "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### territories\n\n###### **Modification of application of this Schedule where P is a relevant person**\n\nthis purpose;\n(b)  if P complies with any reasonable requirements imposed by the person so authorised in\nrelation to the exercise, the visit to the person or attendance at the funeral.\n###### **Meaning of “place”**\n**14.**  For the purposes of this Schedule the place referred to in paragraphs 8 to 13 means the room\nin the designated accommodation where P is staying and, if connected to the room where P is\nstaying, the room of any person referred to in paragraph 11(a) (travelling companion), including\nany balcony, and does not include the communal areas or any garden, yard, passage, stair, garage,\nouthouse or appurtenance of the accommodation in which the place is situated.\n###### **Designations**\n**15.**  The Secretary of State must designate for the purposes of this Schedule—\n(a)  accommodation;\n(b)  transportation to the designated accommodation,\nand must publish details of the designations in such manner as appears to the Secretary of State to\nbe appropriate.\n###### **Duties where P is a child**\n**16.**  If P is a child—\n(a)  any person who has custody or charge of P when P is travelling to England must ensure,\nso far as is reasonably practicable, that P complies with the obligations in paragraphs 5\nand 6;\n(b)  any person who has custody or charge of P during P’s period of self-isolation must\nensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that P self-isolates in accordance with this\nSchedule.\n###### **Person caring for P**\n**17.**  A person may reside in the place where P is residing pursuant to this Schedule to provide\nassistance P reasonably requires by reason of—\n(a)  P being a child; or\n(b)  any disability of P’s,\nand paragraphs 10 to 13 apply to that person as they apply to P for the period those paragraphs\napply to P.\n###### **Modification of application of this Schedule where P is a relevant person**\n**18.**  —(1) Where P is a relevant person, this Schedule applies to P with the following\nmodifications—\n(a)  the reference in paragraph 6 to the means of transport designated in the managed self-\nisolation package booked for P is to be read as a reference to transport determined by the\nSecretary of State;\n(b)  the references in paragraphs 6, 9 and 10 to a managed self-isolation package are to be",
+                    "page_start": 77,
+                    "page_end": 78,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf",
+                "query": "What are Tesla's total liabilities and equity in 2024?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "119,852",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **Note 4 -  Property, Plant and Equipment, Net**\n\n(“2024 Notes”), which matured in the second quarter of 2024, and digital assets.\nWe estimated the fair value of the 2024 Notes using commonly accepted valuation methodologies and market-based risk\nmeasurements that are indirectly observable, such as credit risk (Level II). In addition, we estimate the fair values of our digital\nassets based on quoted prices in active markets (Level I). The following table presents the estimated fair values and the\ncarrying values (in millions):\n**September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023**\n**Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value**\n2024 Notes $ — $ — $ 37 $ 443\nDigital assets, net $ 184 $ 729 $ 184 $ 487\n16\n##### **Note 3 -  Inventory**\nOur inventory consisted of the following (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nRaw materials $ 5,555 $ 5,390\nWork in process 1,791 2,016\nFinished goods (1) 5,950 5,049\nService parts 1,234 1,171\nTotal $ 14,530 $ 13,626\n(1) Finished goods inventory includes products-in-transit to fulfill customer orders, new vehicles, used vehicles and energy\nproducts available for sale.\nWe write-down inventory for any excess or obsolete inventory or when we believe that the net realizable value of\ninventory is less than the carrying value. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded write-\ndowns of $46 million and $114 million, respectively, in Cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. During\nthe three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded write-downs of $43 million and $148 million, respectively,\nin Cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations.\n##### **Note 4 -  Property, Plant and Equipment, Net**\nOur property, plant and equipment, net, consisted of the following (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nMachinery, equipment, vehicles and office furniture $ 18,227 $ 16,309\nLand and buildings 10,680 9,498\nLeasehold improvements 3,584 3,136\nTooling 3,782 3,129\nComputer equipment, hardware and software 2,818 2,409\nAI infrastructure 3,693 1,510\nConstruction in progress 8,026 5,791\n50,810 41,782\nLess: Accumulated depreciation (14,694) (12,057)\nTotal $ 36,116 $ 29,725\nConstruction in progress is primarily comprised of ongoing construction and expansion of our facilities, equipment and\ntooling related to the manufacturing of our products as well as AI-related assets which have not yet been placed in service.\nDepreciation expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $1.05 billion and $2.96 billion,\nrespectively. Depreciation expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $897 million and $2.44",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\nDuring the second quarter of 2024, the 2024 Notes reached maturity and were fully settled. Additionally, during the third\nquarter of 2024, we settled the warrants entered into in connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes, resulting in the issuance\nof 8.5 million shares of our common stock. The remaining warrants were settled in October 2024.\n##### * **Automotive Asset-backed Notes** *\nDuring the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we transferred beneficial interests related to certain leased vehicles\nand financing receivables into special purpose entities and issued $1.57 billion in aggregate principal amount of Automotive\nAsset-backed Notes, with terms similar to our other previously issued Automotive Asset-backed Notes. The proceeds from the\nissuance, net of debt issuance costs, were $1.56 billion.\nIn October 2024, we transferred beneficial interests related to certain leased vehicles into a special purpose entity and\nissued $783 million in aggregate principal amount of Automotive Asset-backed Notes, with terms similar to our other\npreviously issued Automotive-backed Notes.\n##### * **China Working Capital Facility** *\nIn April 2024, one of our subsidiaries entered into a loan agreement (the “China Working Capital Facility”) with lenders\nin China for an unsecured revolving facility of up to RMB 20.00 billion to be used for certain production expenditures as well\nas repayment of certain finance facilities. Borrowed funds bear interest at a rate equal to the Loan Prime Rate published by the\nPeople’s Bank of China minus 1.18%. The China Working Capital Facility is non-recourse to our assets.\n19\n##### **Note 8 -  Equity Incentive Plans**\n##### **Other Performance-Based Grants**\nFrom time to time, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors grants certain employees performance-based\nrestricted stock units and stock options.\nAs of September 30, 2024, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $487 million under these grants\nto purchase or receive an aggregate 4.9 million shares of our common stock. For awards probable of achievement, we estimate\nthe unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $457 million will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 4.3\nyears.\nFor the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, stock-based compensation expense related to these\ngrants, net of forfeitures, were immaterial.\n##### **Summary Stock-Based Compensation Information**\nThe following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense by line item in the consolidated statements of\noperations (in millions):\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Revenues** *\n\nvarious products, increased capital efficiencies and the addition of new projects. Owing and subject to the foregoing as well as\nthe pipeline of announced projects under development, all other continuing infrastructure growth and varying levels of\ninflation, we currently expect our capital expenditures to exceed $11.00 billion in 2024 and be between $8.00 to $10.00 billion\nin each of the following two fiscal years.\nOur business has generally been consistently generating cash flow from operations in excess of our level of capital\nspend, and with better working capital management resulting in shorter days sales outstanding than days payable outstanding,\nour sales growth is also generally facilitating positive cash generation. We have and will continue to utilize such cash flows,\namong other things, to invest in autonomy, do more vertical integration, expand our product roadmap and provide financing\noptions to our customers. At the same time, we are likely to see heightened levels of capital expenditures during certain periods\ndepending on the specific pace of our capital-intensive projects and other potential variables such as rising material prices and\nincreases in supply chain and labor expenses resulting from changes in global trade conditions and labor availability. Overall,\nwe expect our ability to be self-funding to continue as long as macroeconomic factors support current trends in our sales.\n##### **Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates**\nFor a description of our critical accounting policies and estimates, refer to Part II, Item 7,  *Critical Accounting Policies*\n*and Estimates*  in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. There have been no material\nchanges to our critical accounting policies and estimates since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended\nDecember 31, 2023.\n##### **Recent Accounting Pronouncements**\nSee Note 1,  *Overview & Summary of Significant Accounting Policies*  , to the consolidated financial statements included\nelsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.\n28\n##### **Results of Operations**\n##### * **Revenues** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nAutomotive sales $ 18,831 $ 18,582 $ 249 1 % $ 53,821 $ 57,879 $ (4,058) (7)%\nAutomotive regulatory credits 739 554 185 33 % 2,071 1,357 714 53 %\nAutomotive leasing 446 489 (43) (9)% 1,380 1,620 (240) (15)%\nTotal automotive revenues 20,016 19,625 391 2 % 57,272 60,856 (3,584) (6)%",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Overview**\n\nhigh-performance fully electric vehicles, solar energy generation systems and energy storage products. We also offer\nmaintenance, installation, operation, charging, insurance, financial and other services related to our products. Additionally, we\nare increasingly focused on products and services based on AI, robotics and automation.\nIn 2024, we produced approximately 1,314,000 consumer vehicles and delivered approximately 1,294,000 consumer\nvehicles through the third quarter. We are focused on profitable growth, including by leveraging existing factories and\nproduction lines to introduce new and more affordable products, further improving and deploying our FSD capabilities,\nincluding through our planned robotaxi product, reducing costs, increasing vehicle production, utilized capacity and delivery\ncapabilities, improving and developing our vehicles and battery technologies, vertically integrating and localizing our supply\nchain, and expanding our global infrastructure, including our service and charging infrastructure.\nIn 2024, we deployed 20.41 GWh of energy storage products through the third quarter. We are focused on ramping the\nproduction and increasing the market penetration of our energy storage products.\nDuring the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized total revenues of $25.18 billion and\n$71.98 billion, respectively, representing increases of $1.83 billion and $377 million, respectively, compared to the same\nperiods in the prior year. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, our net income attributable to common\nstockholders was $2.17 billion and $4.77 billion, respectively, representing an increase of $314 million and a decrease of $2.30\nbillion, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. We continue to ramp production and build and optimize\nour manufacturing capacity, expand our operations while focusing on further cost reductions and operational efficiencies to\nenable increased deliveries and deployments of our products, and invest in research and development to accelerate our AI,\nsoftware, and fleet-based profits for further revenue growth.\nWe ended the third quarter of 2024 with $33.65 billion in cash and cash equivalents and investments, representing an\nincrease of $4.55 billion from the end of 2023. Our cash flows provided by operating activities were $10.11 billion during the\nnine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $8.89 billion during the same period ended September 30, 2023,\nrepresenting an increase of $1.22 billion. Capital expenditures amounted to $8.56 billion during the nine months ended\nSeptember 30, 2024, compared to $6.59 billion during the same period ended September 30, 2023, representing an increase of",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Overview**\n\nCurrent portion of debt and finance leases 1,930 1,564\nTotal current liabilities 1,973 1,637\nDeferred revenue, net of current portion 81 99\nDebt and finance leases, net of current portion 1,826 2,041\nTotal liabilities $ 3,880 $ 3,777\n24\n##### **Note 12 -  Segment Reporting and Information about Geographic Areas**\nWe have two operating and reportable segments: (i) automotive and (ii) energy generation and storage. The following\ntable presents revenues and gross profit by reportable segment (in millions):\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nAutomotive segment\nRevenues $ 22,806 $ 21,791 $ 64,958 $ 67,009\nGross profit $ 4,272 $ 3,797 $ 11,403 $ 12,395\nEnergy generation and storage segment\nRevenues $ 2,376 $ 1,559 $ 7,025 $ 4,597\nGross profit $ 725 $ 381 $ 1,868 $ 827\nThe following table presents revenues by geographic area based on the sales location of our products (in millions):\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nUnited States $ 12,584 $ 10,893 $ 35,602 $ 33,472\nChina 5,665 5,020 14,893 15,642\nOther international 6,933 7,437 21,488 22,492\nTotal $ 25,182 $ 23,350 $ 71,983 $ 71,606\nThe following table presents long-lived assets by geographic area (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nUnited States $ 32,367 $ 26,629\nGermany 4,447 4,258\nOther international 4,342 4,067\nTotal $ 41,156 $ 34,954\nThe following table presents inventory by reportable segment (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nAutomotive $ 12,266 $ 11,139\nEnergy generation and storage 2,264 2,487\nTotal $ 14,530 $ 13,626\n##### **Note 13 -  Restructuring and Other**\nIn the second quarter of 2024, we initiated and substantially completed certain restructuring actions to reduce costs and\nimprove efficiency. As a result, we recognized $583 million of employee termination expenses in Restructuring and other in\nour consolidated income statement. These expenses were substantially paid with an immaterial accrual remaining in Accrued\nliabilities and other in our consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024.\n25\n##### **ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF**\n##### **OPERATIONS**\n*The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the*\n*related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.*\n##### **Overview**\nOur mission is to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy. We design, develop, manufacture, lease and sell",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nCost of revenues $ 184 $ 181 $ 566 $ 554\nResearch and development 191 189 572 491\nSelling, general and administrative 82 95 280 283\nRestructuring and other — — 2 —\nTotal $ 457 $ 465 $ 1,420 $ 1,328\n##### **Note 9 -  Income Taxes**\nOur effective tax rate was 22% and 23% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively,\ncompared to 8% and 10% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increase in our effective\ntax rate is primarily due to the impact of releasing the valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter\nof 2023 and changes in the mix of our jurisdictional earnings.\nOur effective tax rates for the three and nine months of 2024 and 2023 as compared to the U.S. federal statutory rate of\n21% were primarily impacted by the mix of our jurisdictional earnings subject to different tax rates, valuation allowances on\nour deferred tax assets and benefits from our U.S. tax credits and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) manufacturing\ncredits.\nWe are subject to tax examinations in the U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions. Given the uncertainty in timing\nand outcome of our tax examinations, an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible change in gross unrecognized tax\nbenefits within twelve months cannot be made at this time.\n##### **Note 10 -  Commitments and Contingencies**\n##### * **Operating Lease Arrangements in Buffalo, New York and Shanghai, China** *\nFor a description of our operating lease arrangements in Buffalo, New York, and Shanghai, China, refer to Note 15,\n*Commitments and Contingencies*  , in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of\nSeptember 30, 2024, we expect to meet the requirements under these arrangements, as may be modified from time to time,\nbased on our current and anticipated level of operations.\n20\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n*Litigation Relating to 2018 CEO Performance Award*\nOn June 4, 2018, a purported Tesla stockholder filed a putative class and derivative action in the Delaware Court of\nChancery against Elon Musk and the members of Tesla’s board of directors as then constituted, alleging corporate waste, unjust\nenrichment and that such board members breached their fiduciary duties by approving the stock-based compensation plan",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **Reported as:**\n\npartially unsatisfied for contracts with an original expected length of more than one year was $6.61 billion. Of this amount, we\nexpect to recognize $4.23 billion in the next 12 months and the rest over the remaining performance obligation period.\nWe have financing receivables on our consolidated balance sheets related to loans we provide for financing our energy\nproducts. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had current net financing receivables of $32 million and $31\nmillion, respectively, in Accounts receivable, net, and $641 million and $578 million, respectively, in Other non-current assets\nfor the long-term portion.\n*Income Taxes*\nWe are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in many foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in\ndetermining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against\nour net deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not to be realized. We monitor the realizability of our deferred tax assets\ntaking into account all relevant factors at each reporting period. In completing our assessment of realizability of our deferred\ntax assets, we consider our history of income (loss) measured at pre-tax income (loss) adjusted for permanent book-tax\ndifferences on a jurisdictional basis, volatility in actual earnings, excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation in\nrecent prior years and impacts of the timing of reversal of existing temporary differences. We also rely on our assessment of the\nCompany’s projected future results of business operations, including uncertainty in future operating results relative to historical\nresults, volatility in the market price of our common stock and its performance over time, variable macroeconomic conditions\nimpacting our ability to forecast future taxable income, and changes in business that may affect the existence and magnitude of\nfuture taxable income. Our valuation allowance assessment is based on our best estimate of future results considering all\navailable information.\nOur provision for or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual\neffective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter, we update\nour estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment.\n*Net Income per Share of Common Stock Attributable to Common Stockholders*\nThe following table presents the reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to net income used in",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Summary of Cash Flows** *\n\nindebtedness, of which $2.12 billion is current. For details regarding our indebtedness, refer to Note 7,  *Debt,*  to the\nconsolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.\n*Sources and Conditions of Liquidity*\nOur sources to fund our material cash requirements are predominantly from our deliveries and servicing of new and used\nvehicles, sales and installations of our energy storage products, interest income, and proceeds from debt facilities and equity\nofferings, when applicable.\n33\nAs of September 30, 2024, we had $18.11 billion and $15.54 billion of cash and cash equivalents and short-term\ninvestments, respectively. Balances held in foreign currencies had a U.S. dollar equivalent of $3.32 billion and consisted\nprimarily of Chinese yuan and euros. We had $5.00 billion of unused committed credit amounts as of September 30, 2024. For\ndetails regarding our indebtedness, refer to Note 7,  *Debt*  , to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this\nQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q.\nWe continue adapting our strategy to meet our liquidity and risk objectives, such as investing in U.S. government\nsecurities and other investments, invest in autonomy, do more vertical integration, expand our product roadmap and provide\nfinancing options to our customers.\n##### * **Summary of Cash Flows** *\n**Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023**\nNet cash provided by operating activities $ 10,109 $ 8,886\nNet cash used in investing activities $ (11,184) $ (10,780)\nNet cash provided by financing activities $ 2,868 $ 1,702\n*Cash Flows from Operating Activities*\nNet cash provided by operating activities increased by $1.22 billion to $10.11 billion during the nine months ended\nSeptember 30, 2024 from $8.89 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. This increase was primarily due to\nfavorable changes in net operating assets and liabilities of $1.78 billion, partially offset by a decrease in net income excluding\nnon-cash expenses, gains and losses of $558 million.\n*Cash Flows from Investing Activities*\nNet cash flows from investing activities and their variability across each period related primarily to capital expenditures,\nwhich were $8.56 billion and $6.59 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, mainly for\nAI-related capital expenditures, global factory expansion, machinery and equipment as we expand and enhance our product\nroadmap. We also purchased $2.62 billion and $4.12 billion of short-term investments, net of proceeds from maturities and",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 44,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **Note 7 -  Debt**\n\nbillion, respectively.\n17\n##### **Note 5 -  Accrued Liabilities and Other**\nOur accrued liabilities and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nAccrued purchases (1) $ 2,424 $ 2,721\nAccrued warranty reserve, current portion 1,839 1,546\nPayroll and related costs 1,513 1,325\nTaxes payable (2) 1,265 1,204\nCustomer deposits 994 876\nOperating lease liabilities, current portion 797 672\nSales return reserve, current portion 226 219\nOther current liabilities 1,543 517\nTotal $ 10,601 $ 9,080\n(1) Accrued purchases primarily reflects receipts of goods and services for which we had not yet been invoiced. As we are\ninvoiced for these goods and services, this balance will reduce and accounts payable will increase.\n(2) Taxes payable primarily includes value added tax, income tax, sales tax, property tax and use tax payables.\n##### **Note 6 -  Other Long-Term Liabilities**\nOur other long-term liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nOperating lease liabilities $ 4,290 $ 3,671\nAccrued warranty reserve 4,524 3,606\nOther non-current liabilities 996 876\nTotal other long-term liabilities $ 9,810 $ 8,153\n##### **Note 7 -  Debt**\nThe following is a summary of our debt and finance leases as of September 30, 2024 (in millions):\n**Net Carrying Value Unpaid**\n**Principal**\n**Balance**\n**Unused**\n**Committed**\n**Amount (1)**\n**Contractual**\n**Interest Rates**\n**Contractual**\n**Maturity Date Current Long-Term**\n**Recourse debt:**\nRCF Credit Agreement $ — $ — $ — $ 5,000 Not applicable January 2028\nOther 8 3 11 — 3.96-5.75% March 2025-January 2031\nTotal recourse debt 8 3 11 5,000\n**Non-recourse debt:**\nAutomotive Asset-backed Notes 2,073 2,107 4,195 — 3.95-6.57% August 2025-June 2035\nChina Working Capital Facility — 2,851 2,851 — 2.27 % April 2025 (2)\nCash Equity Debt 30 309 348 — 5.25-5.81% July 2033-January 2035\nSolar Asset-backed Notes 4 5 10 — 4.80 % December 2026\nTotal non-recourse debt 2,107 5,272 7,404 —\nTotal debt 2,115 5,275 $ 7,415 $ 5,000\nFinance leases 176 130\nTotal debt and finance leases $ 2,291 $ 5,405\n18\nThe following is a summary of our debt and finance leases as of December 31, 2023 (in millions):\n**Net Carrying Value Unpaid**\n**Principal**\n**Balance**\n**Unused**\n**Committed**\n**Amount (1)**\n**Contractual**\n**Interest Rates**\n**Contractual**\n**Maturity Date Current Long-Term**\n**Recourse debt:**\n2024 Notes $ 37 $ — $ 37 $ — 2.00 % May 2024\nRCF Credit Agreement — — — 5,000 Not applicable January 2028",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **Reported as:**\n\n*Revenue from Contracts with Customers*  . We estimate a guarantee liability in accordance with ASC 460,  *Guarantees*  and record\nit within other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. On a quarterly basis, we assess the estimated market value of\nvehicles sold under this program to determine whether there have been changes to the amount of expected resale value\nguarantee liabilities. The total recorded guarantee liabilities on vehicles sold under this program were immaterial as of\nSeptember 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Our maximum exposure on the guarantees we provide if they are unable to sell\nthe vehicle at or above the vehicle’s contractual residual value at the end of the lease term was $1.04 billion and $166 million as\nof September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.\nAutomotive Regulatory Credits\nAs of September 30, 2024, total transaction price allocated to performance obligations that were unsatisfied or partially\nunsatisfied for contracts with an original expected length of more than one year was $4.72 billion. Of this amount, we expect to\nrecognize $683 million in the next 12 months and the rest over the remaining performance obligation period. Additionally,\nchanges in regulations on automotive regulatory credits may significantly impact our remaining performance obligations and\nrevenue to be recognized under these contracts.\n*Automotive Leasing Revenue*\nDirect Sales-Type Leasing Program\nLease receivables relating to sales-type leases are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in millions):\n**September 30, 2024 December 31, 2023**\nGross lease receivables $ 584 $ 780\nUnearned interest income (48) (78)\nAllowance for expected credit losses (7) (6)\nNet investment in sales-type leases $ 529 $ 696\n##### **Reported as:**\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets $ 171 $ 189\nOther non-current assets 358 507\nNet investment in sales-type leases $ 529 $ 696\n11\n*Energy Generation and Storage Segment*\nEnergy Generation and Storage Sales\nWe record as deferred revenue any non-refundable amounts that are collected from customers related to prepayments,\nwhich is recognized as revenue ratably over the respective customer contract term. As of September 30, 2024 and\nDecember 31, 2023, deferred revenue related to such customer payments amounted to $1.73 billion and $1.60 billion,\nrespectively, mainly due to contractual payment terms. Revenue recognized from the deferred revenue balances as of\nDecember 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1.09 billion and $511 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023,\nrespectively. As of September 30, 2024, total transaction price allocated to performance obligations that were unsatisfied or",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf",
+                "query": "Where was Tesla incorporated? ",
+                "target_page": 13,
+                "target_passage": "State of Delaware",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **(unaudited)**\n\nEnergy generation and storage 1,651 1,178 5,157 3,770\nServices and other 2,544 2,037 7,192 5,723\nTotal cost of revenues 20,185 19,172 58,712 58,384\n**Gross profit**  4,997 4,178 13,271 13,222\n**Operating expenses**\nResearch and development 1,039 1,161 3,264 2,875\nSelling, general and administrative 1,186 1,253 3,837 3,520\nRestructuring and other 55 — 677 —\nTotal operating expenses 2,280 2,414 7,778 6,395\n**Income from operations**  2,717 1,764 5,493 6,827\nInterest income 429 282 1,127 733\nInterest expense (92) (38) (254) (95)\nOther (expense) income, net (270) 37 (142) 317\n**Income before income taxes**  2,784 2,045 6,224 7,782\nProvision for income taxes 601 167 1,403 751\n**Net income**  2,183 1,878 4,821 7,031\nNet income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and\nredeemable noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 16 25 47 (38)\n**Net income attributable to common stockholders** $ 2,167 $ 1,853 $ 4,774 $ 7,069\nNet income per share of common stock attributable to\ncommon stockholders\nBasic $ 0.68 $ 0.58 $ 1.51 $ 2.23\nDiluted $ 0.62 $ 0.53 $ 1.38 $ 2.03\nWeighted average shares used in computing net income per\nshare of common stock\nBasic 3,198 3,176 3,192 3,171\nDiluted 3,497 3,493 3,489 3,481\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.\n5\n7 sur 49\n##### **Tesla, Inc.**\n##### **Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income**\n##### **(in millions)**\n##### **(unaudited)**\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nNet income $ 2,183 $ 1,878 $ 4,821 $ 7,031\nOther comprehensive income (loss):\nForeign currency translation adjustment 445 (289) 121 (343)\nUnrealized net gain on investments, net of tax 8 7 8 8\nNet loss realized and included in net income — — — 4\nComprehensive income 2,636 1,596 4,950 6,700\nLess: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to\nnoncontrolling interests and redeemable\nnoncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 16 25 47 (38)\nComprehensive income attributable to common\nstockholders $ 2,620 $ 1,571 $ 4,903 $ 6,738\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.\n6\n8 sur 49\n##### **Tesla, Inc.**\n##### **Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity**\n##### **(in millions)**\n##### **(unaudited)**\n**Three Months**\n**Ended**\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**Redeemable**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests**\n**Common Stock Additional**\n**Paid-In**\n**Capital**\n**Accumulated**\n**Other**\n**Comprehensive**\n**Loss**\n**Retained**\n**Earnings**\n**Total**\n**Stockholders’**\n**Equity**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests in**\n**Subsidiaries**\n**Total**\n**Equity Shares Amount**\n**Balance as of**\n**June 30, 2024**  $ 72 3,194 $ 3 $ 36,443 $ (467) $ 30,489 $ 66,468 $ 723 $67,191",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n\nOn February 9, 2022, the California Civil Rights Department (“CRD,” formerly “DFEH”) filed a civil complaint against\nTesla in Alameda County, California Superior Court, alleging systemic race discrimination, hostile work environment and pay\nequity claims, among others. CRD’s amended complaint seeks monetary damages and injunctive relief. The case is currently in\ndiscovery. Trial is scheduled for September 15, 2025.\nAdditionally, on June 1, 2022 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) issued a cause finding against\nTesla that closely parallels the CRD’s allegations. On September 28, 2023, the EEOC filed a civil complaint against Tesla in the\nUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California asserting claims for race harassment and retaliation and\nseeking, among other things, monetary and injunctive relief.\nOn June 16, 2022, two Tesla stockholders filed separate derivative actions in the U.S. District Court for the Western\nDistrict of Texas, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against certain of Tesla’s current and former directors. Both suits assert claims\nfor breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and violation of the federal securities laws in connection with alleged race and\ngender discrimination and sexual harassment. Among other things, plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, unspecified\ndamages payable to Tesla, and attorneys’ fees. On July 22, 2022, the Court consolidated the two cases and on September 6,\n2022, plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint. On November 7, 2022, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the case and on\nSeptember 15, 2023, the Court dismissed the action but granted plaintiffs leave to file an amended complaint. On November 2,\n2023, plaintiff filed an amended complaint purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Elon Musk. On December 19, 2023, the\ndefendants moved to dismiss the amended complaint, which the Court granted on April 12, 2024, with leave for plaintiffs to\namend. On May 15, 2024, plaintiffs filed a second amended consolidated complaint purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr.\nMusk. On July 1, 2024, the defendants moved to dismiss the second amended consolidated complaint.\n22\n*Other Litigation Related to Our Products and Services*\nWe are also subject to various lawsuits that seek monetary and other injunctive relief. These lawsuits include proposed\nclass actions and other consumer claims that allege, among other things, purported defects and misrepresentations related to our\nproducts and services. For example, on September 14, 2022, a proposed class action was filed against Tesla, Inc. and related",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **Note 1 -  Overview & Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n\nPrincipal payments on finance leases (291) (340)\nDebt issuance costs (6) (23)\nDistributions paid to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (76) (105)\nPayments for buy-outs of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (124) (17)\nNet cash provided by financing activities 2,868 1,702\nEffect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash (8) (142)\nNet increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash 1,785 (334)\nCash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period 17,189 16,924\nCash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period $ 18,974 $ 16,590\n**Supplemental Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities**\nAcquisitions of property and equipment included in liabilities $ 2,727 $ 1,717\nLeased assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities $ 32 $ 1\nLeased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities $ 1,232 $ 1,548\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.\n9\n##### **Tesla, Inc.**\n##### **Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\n##### **(unaudited)**\n##### **Note 1 -  Overview & Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n*Overview*\nTesla, Inc. (“Tesla”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on July 1, 2003 and\nconverted to a Texas corporation on June 13, 2024.\n*Unaudited Interim Financial Statements*\nThe consolidated financial statements, including the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024, the\nconsolidated statements of operations, the consolidated statements of comprehensive income, the consolidated statements of\nredeemable noncontrolling interests and equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the\nconsolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, as well as other information\ndisclosed in the accompanying notes, are unaudited. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023 was derived from\nthe audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. The interim consolidated financial statements and the\naccompanying notes should be read in conjunction with the annual consolidated financial statements and the accompanying\nnotes contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.\nThe interim consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes have been prepared on the same basis as the\nannual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal\nrecurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results of operations for the periods presented. The consolidated\nresults of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year or for any",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **1934**\n##### **For the transition period from _________ to _________**\n##### **Commission File Number: 001-34756**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n\nElon Musk in connection with Mr. Musk’s August 7, 2018 Twitter post that he was considering taking Tesla private. On\nJanuary 16, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their consolidated complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of\nCalifornia and added as defendants the members of Tesla’s board of directors. The consolidated complaint asserts claims for\nviolations of the federal securities laws and seeks unspecified damages and other relief. The parties stipulated to certification of\na class of stockholders, which the court granted on November 25, 2020. Trial started on January 17, 2023, and on February 3,\n2023, a jury rendered a verdict in favor of the defendants on all counts. After trial, plaintiffs filed a motion for judgment as a\nmatter of law and a motion for new trial, which the Court denied and judgement was entered in favor of defendants on July 11,\n2023. On July 14, 2023, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal. The appeal, which is pending in the United States Court of Appeals\nfor the Ninth Circuit, has been fully briefed by the parties, and is scheduled for oral argument on October 25, 2024.\nBetween October 17, 2018 and March 8, 2021, seven derivative lawsuits were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery,\npurportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr. Musk and the members of Tesla’s board of directors, as constituted at relevant\ntimes, in relation to statements made and actions connected to a potential going private transaction, with certain of the lawsuits\nchallenging additional Twitter posts by Mr. Musk, among other things. Several of those actions were consolidated, and all have\nbeen stayed. In addition to these cases, two derivative lawsuits were filed on October 25, 2018 and February 11, 2019 in the\nU.S. District Court for the District of Delaware, purportedly on behalf of Tesla, against Mr. Musk and the members of the Tesla\nboard of directors as then constituted. Those cases have also been consolidated and stayed pending resolution of the appeal in\nthe above-referenced consolidated purported stockholder class action.\n21\nOn October 21, 2022, a lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery by a purported shareholder of Tesla\nalleging, among other things, that board members breached their fiduciary duties in connection with their oversight of the\nCompany’s 2018 settlement with the SEC, as amended. Among other things, the plaintiff seeks reforms to the Company’s",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n\ncase pending arbitration.\nOn February 27, 2023, a proposed class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California\nagainst Tesla, Inc., Elon Musk and certain current and former Company executives. The complaint alleges that the defendants\nmade material misrepresentations and omissions about the Company’s Autopilot and FSD Capability technologies and seeks\nmoney damages and other relief on behalf of persons who purchased Tesla stock between February 19, 2019, and February 17,\n2023. An amended complaint was filed on September 5, 2023, naming only Tesla, Inc. and Elon Musk as defendants. On\nNovember 6, 2023, Tesla moved to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 30, 2024, the Court granted Tesla’s motion\nto dismiss without prejudice.\nOn March 14, 2023, a proposed class action was filed against Tesla, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Northern\nDistrict of California. Several similar complaints were also filed in the same court and these cases have now all been\nconsolidated. These complaints allege that Tesla violates federal antitrust and warranty laws through its repair, service, and\nmaintenance practices and seeks, among other relief, damages for persons who paid Tesla for repairs services or Tesla\ncompatible replacement parts from March 2019 to March 2023. On July 17, 2023, these plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended\ncomplaint. On September 27, 2023, the court granted Tesla’s motion to compel arbitration as to three of the plaintiffs, and on\nNovember 17, 2023, the court granted Tesla’s motion to dismiss without prejudice. The plaintiffs filed a Consolidated Second\nAmended Complaint on December 12, 2023, which Tesla moved to dismiss. Plaintiffs also appealed the court’s arbitration\norder, which was denied. On June 17, 2024, the Court granted in part and denied in part Tesla’s motion to dismiss the\nConsolidated Second Amended Complaint.\nThe Company intends to vigorously defend itself in these matters; however, we cannot predict the outcome or impact.\nWe are unable to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated with these claims, unless noted.\n23\n*Certain Investigations and Other Matters*\nWe regularly receive requests for information, including subpoenas, from regulators and governmental authorities such\nas the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Securities and Exchange\nCommission (“SEC”), the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), and various local, state, federal, and international agencies. The",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Overview**\n\nCurrent portion of debt and finance leases 1,930 1,564\nTotal current liabilities 1,973 1,637\nDeferred revenue, net of current portion 81 99\nDebt and finance leases, net of current portion 1,826 2,041\nTotal liabilities $ 3,880 $ 3,777\n24\n##### **Note 12 -  Segment Reporting and Information about Geographic Areas**\nWe have two operating and reportable segments: (i) automotive and (ii) energy generation and storage. The following\ntable presents revenues and gross profit by reportable segment (in millions):\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nAutomotive segment\nRevenues $ 22,806 $ 21,791 $ 64,958 $ 67,009\nGross profit $ 4,272 $ 3,797 $ 11,403 $ 12,395\nEnergy generation and storage segment\nRevenues $ 2,376 $ 1,559 $ 7,025 $ 4,597\nGross profit $ 725 $ 381 $ 1,868 $ 827\nThe following table presents revenues by geographic area based on the sales location of our products (in millions):\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nUnited States $ 12,584 $ 10,893 $ 35,602 $ 33,472\nChina 5,665 5,020 14,893 15,642\nOther international 6,933 7,437 21,488 22,492\nTotal $ 25,182 $ 23,350 $ 71,983 $ 71,606\nThe following table presents long-lived assets by geographic area (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nUnited States $ 32,367 $ 26,629\nGermany 4,447 4,258\nOther international 4,342 4,067\nTotal $ 41,156 $ 34,954\nThe following table presents inventory by reportable segment (in millions):\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\nAutomotive $ 12,266 $ 11,139\nEnergy generation and storage 2,264 2,487\nTotal $ 14,530 $ 13,626\n##### **Note 13 -  Restructuring and Other**\nIn the second quarter of 2024, we initiated and substantially completed certain restructuring actions to reduce costs and\nimprove efficiency. As a result, we recognized $583 million of employee termination expenses in Restructuring and other in\nour consolidated income statement. These expenses were substantially paid with an immaterial accrual remaining in Accrued\nliabilities and other in our consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024.\n25\n##### **ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF**\n##### **OPERATIONS**\n*The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the*\n*related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.*\n##### **Overview**\nOur mission is to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy. We design, develop, manufacture, lease and sell",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)**\n**Texas 91-2197729**\n**(State or other jurisdiction of**\n**incorporation or organization)**\n**(I.R.S. Employer**\n**Identification No.)**\n**1 Tesla Road**\n**Austin, Texas 78725**\n**(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)**\n##### **(512) 516-8177**\n**(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)**\n##### **Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:**\n|  Title of each class  |  Trading Symbol(s)  |  Name of each exchange on which registered  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| Common stock  | TSLA  | The Nasdaq Global Select Market  |\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of\n1934 (“Exchange Act”) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been\nsubject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405\nof Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).\nYes x No o\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or\nan emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth\ncompany” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:\nLarge accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o\nNon-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o\nEmerging growth company o\nIf an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised\nfinancial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x\nAs of October 18, 2024, there were 3,210,059,659 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.\n1 sur 49 2 sur 49\n##### **TESLA, INC.**\n##### **FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024**\n##### **INDEX**\n**Page**\n##### **PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION**\nItem 1. Financial Statements 4\nConsolidated Balance Sheets 4\nConsolidated Statements of Operations 5\nConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 6",
+                    "page_start": 0,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **(unaudited)**\n\n*statements.*\n4 sur 49\n##### **PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION**\n##### **ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n##### **Tesla, Inc.**\n##### **Consolidated Balance Sheets**\n##### **(in millions, except per share data)**\n##### **(unaudited)**\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**\n**Assets**\nCurrent assets\nCash and cash equivalents $ 18,111 $ 16,398\nShort-term investments 15,537 12,696\nAccounts receivable, net 3,313 3,508\nInventory 14,530 13,626\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets 4,888 3,388\nTotal current assets 56,379 49,616\nOperating lease vehicles, net 5,380 5,989\nSolar energy systems, net 5,040 5,229\nProperty, plant and equipment, net 36,116 29,725\nOperating lease right-of-use assets 4,867 4,180\nDigital assets, net 184 184\nIntangible assets, net 158 178\nGoodwill 253 253\nDeferred tax assets 6,486 6,733\nOther non-current assets 4,989 4,531\n**Total assets** $ 119,852 $ 106,618\n**Liabilities**\nCurrent liabilities\nAccounts payable $ 14,654 $ 14,431\nAccrued liabilities and other 10,601 9,080\nDeferred revenue 3,031 2,864\nCurrent portion of debt and finance leases 2,291 2,373\nTotal current liabilities 30,577 28,748\nDebt and finance leases, net of current portion 5,405 2,857\nDeferred revenue, net of current portion 3,350 3,251\nOther long-term liabilities 9,810 8,153\n**Total liabilities** 49,142 43,009\nCommitments and contingencies (Note 10)\nRedeemable noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 70 242\n**Equity**\nStockholders’ equity\nPreferred stock; $0.001 par value; 100 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding — —\nCommon stock; $0.001 par value; 6,000 shares authorized; 3,207 and 3,185 shares issued and\noutstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively 3 3\nAdditional paid-in capital 37,286 34,892\nAccumulated other comprehensive loss (14) (143)\nRetained earnings 32,656 27,882\nTotal stockholders’ equity 69,931 62,634\nNoncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 709 733\n**Total liabilities and equity** $ 119,852 $ 106,618\nThe accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 4\n5 sur 49 6 sur 49\n##### **Tesla, Inc.**\n##### **Consolidated Statements of Operations**\n##### **(in millions, except per share data)**\n##### **(unaudited)**\n**Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,**\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\n**Revenues**\nAutomotive sales $ 18,831 $ 18,582 $ 53,821 $ 57,879\nAutomotive regulatory credits 739 554 2,071 1,357\nAutomotive leasing 446 489 1,380 1,620\nTotal automotive revenues 20,016 19,625 57,272 60,856\nEnergy generation and storage 2,376 1,559 7,025 4,597\nServices and other 2,790 2,166 7,686 6,153\nTotal revenues 25,182 23,350 71,983 71,606\n**Cost of revenues**\nAutomotive sales 15,743 15,656 45,602 47,919\nAutomotive leasing 247 301 761 972\nTotal automotive cost of revenues 15,990 15,957 46,363 48,891",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 6,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **(unaudited)**\n\nSettlement of\nwarrants — 9 — — — — — — —\nIssuance of\ncommon\nstock for\nequity\nincentive\nawards — 4 — 340 — — 340 — 340\nStock-based\ncompensation — — — 503 — — 503 — 503\nDistributions to\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (3) — — — — — — (29) (29)\nNet income 1 — — — — 2,167 2,167 15 2,182\nOther\ncomprehensive\nincome — — — — 453 — 453 — 453\n**Balance as of**\n**September 30,**\n**2024** $ 70 3,207 $ 3 $ 37,286 $ (14) $ 32,656 $ 69,931 $ 709 $70,640\n**Nine Months**\n**Ended**\n**September 30,**\n**2024**\n**Redeemable**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests**\n**Common Stock Additional**\n**Paid-In**\n**Capital**\n**Accumulated**\n**Other**\n**Comprehensive**\n**Loss**\n**Retained**\n**Earnings**\n**Total**\n**Stockholders’**\n**Equity**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests in**\n**Subsidiaries**\n**Total**\n**Equity Shares Amount**\n**Balance as of**\n**December 31,**\n**2023**  $ 242 3,185 $ 3 $ 34,892 $ (143) $ 27,882 $ 62,634 $ 733 $63,367\nSettlement of\nwarrants — 9 — — — — — — —\nIssuance of\ncommon\nstock for\nequity\nincentive\nawards — 13 — 787 — — 787 — 787\nStock-based\ncompensation — — — 1,565 — — 1,565 — 1,565\nDistributions to\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (11) — — — — — — (66) (66)\nBuy-outs of\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (166) — — 42 — — 42 — 42\nNet income 5 — — — — 4,774 4,774 42 4,816\nOther\ncomprehensive\nincome — — — — 129 — 129 — 129\n**Balance as of**\n**September 30,**\n**2024** $ 70 3,207 $ 3 $ 37,286 $ (14) $ 32,656 $ 69,931 $ 709 $70,640\n9 sur 49\n7\n**Three Months**\n**Ended**\n**September 30,**\n**2023**\n**Redeemable**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests**\n**Common Stock Additional**\n**Paid-In**\n**Capital**\n**Accumulated**\n**Other**\n**Comprehensive**\n**Loss**\n**Retained**\n**Earnings**\n**Total**\n**Stockholders’**\n**Equity**\n**Noncontrolling**\n**Interests in**\n**Subsidiaries**\n**Total**\n**Equity Shares Amount**\n**Balance as of**\n**June 30, 2023**  $ 288 3,174 $ 3 $ 33,436 $ (410) $ 18,101 $ 51,130 $ 764 $51,894\nIssuance of\ncommon\nstock for\nequity\nincentive\nawards — 5 — 254 — — 254 — 254\nStock-based\ncompensation — — — 513 — — 513 — 513\nDistributions to\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (10) — — — — — — (33) (33)\nBuy-outs of\nnoncontrolling\ninterests (5) — — (2) — — (2) — (2)\nNet income 4 — — — — 1,853 1,853 21 1,874\nOther\ncomprehensive\nloss — — — — (282) — (282) — (282)\n**Balance as of**",
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+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the reason for the increase in Tesla's tax rate from 2023 to 2024?",
+                "target_page": 26,
+                "target_passage": " increase in our effective tax rate is primarily due to the impact of releasing the valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter of 2023 and changes in the mix of our jurisdictional earnings",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n\n**2024 2023 2024 2023**\nCost of revenues $ 184 $ 181 $ 566 $ 554\nResearch and development 191 189 572 491\nSelling, general and administrative 82 95 280 283\nRestructuring and other — — 2 —\nTotal $ 457 $ 465 $ 1,420 $ 1,328\n##### **Note 9 -  Income Taxes**\nOur effective tax rate was 22% and 23% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively,\ncompared to 8% and 10% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increase in our effective\ntax rate is primarily due to the impact of releasing the valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter\nof 2023 and changes in the mix of our jurisdictional earnings.\nOur effective tax rates for the three and nine months of 2024 and 2023 as compared to the U.S. federal statutory rate of\n21% were primarily impacted by the mix of our jurisdictional earnings subject to different tax rates, valuation allowances on\nour deferred tax assets and benefits from our U.S. tax credits and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) manufacturing\ncredits.\nWe are subject to tax examinations in the U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions. Given the uncertainty in timing\nand outcome of our tax examinations, an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible change in gross unrecognized tax\nbenefits within twelve months cannot be made at this time.\n##### **Note 10 -  Commitments and Contingencies**\n##### * **Operating Lease Arrangements in Buffalo, New York and Shanghai, China** *\nFor a description of our operating lease arrangements in Buffalo, New York, and Shanghai, China, refer to Note 15,\n*Commitments and Contingencies*  , in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of\nSeptember 30, 2024, we expect to meet the requirements under these arrangements, as may be modified from time to time,\nbased on our current and anticipated level of operations.\n20\n##### * **Legal Proceedings** *\n*Litigation Relating to 2018 CEO Performance Award*\nOn June 4, 2018, a purported Tesla stockholder filed a putative class and derivative action in the Delaware Court of\nChancery against Elon Musk and the members of Tesla’s board of directors as then constituted, alleging corporate waste, unjust\nenrichment and that such board members breached their fiduciary duties by approving the stock-based compensation plan",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Liquidity and Capital Resources**\n\nchanges were primarily due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on our intercompany balances. As our\nintercompany balances are significant in nature and we do not typically hedge foreign currency risk, we can experience\nsignificant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rate gains and losses from period to period.\n##### * **Provision for Income Taxes** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nProvision for income taxes $ 601 $ 167 $ 434 260% $ 1,403 $ 751 $ 652 87%\nEffective tax rate 22 % 8 % 23 % 10 %\n32\nOur provision for income taxes increased by $434 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased\nby $652 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30,\n2023, respectively. Our effective tax rate increased from 8% to 22% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and\nincreased from 10% to 23% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three and nine months ended\nSeptember 30, 2023, respectively. These increases are primarily due to the impact of releasing the valuation allowance on our\nU.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter of 2023 and changes in mix of jurisdictional earnings.\nSee Note 9,  *Income Taxes*  , to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form\n10-Q for further details.\n##### **Liquidity and Capital Resources**\nWe expect to continue to generate net positive operating cash flow as we have done in the last five fiscal years. The cash\nwe generate from our core operations enables us to fund ongoing operations and production, our research and development\nprojects for new products and technologies including our proprietary battery cells, additional manufacturing ramps at existing\nmanufacturing facilities, the construction of future factories, and the continued expansion of our retail and service locations,\nbody shops, Mobile Service fleet, Supercharger, including to support NACS, energy product installation capabilities and\nautonomy and other artificial intelligence enabled products.\nIn addition, because a large portion of our future expenditures will be to fund our growth, we expect that if needed we\nwill be able to adjust our capital and operating expenditures by operating segment. For example, if our near-term manufacturing",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Selling, General and Administrative Expense** *\n\nSeptember 30, 2023. The increases were primarily due to margin improvements for our energy storage products driven by cost\nreductions, including benefits from IRA manufacturing credits, and a higher proportion of our storage business, which operated\nat a higher gross margin, within the segment as compared to the prior periods.\n##### * **Research and Development Expense** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nResearch and development $ 1,039 $ 1,161 $ (122) (11)% $ 3,264 $ 2,875 $ 389 14 %\nAs a percentage of revenues 4 % 5 % 5 % 4 %\nResearch and development (“R&D”) expenses decreased $122 million, or 11%, in the three months ended September 30,\n2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in vehicle programs, partially\noffset by an increase in AI related costs year over year. R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased from 5% to 4% in\nthe three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to lower\nR&D expenses in the current period.\nR&D expenses increased $389 million, or 14%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine\nmonths ended September 30, 2023. The overall increases were primarily driven by additional costs year over year related to AI\nprograms. R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue increased from 4% to 5% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024\nas compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as we continue to expand our product roadmap and technologies.\n##### * **Selling, General and Administrative Expense** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nSelling, general and administrative $ 1,186 $ 1,253 $ (67) (5)% $ 3,837 $ 3,520 $ 317 9 %\nAs a percentage of revenues 5 % 5 % 5 % 5 %\n31\nSelling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses decreased $67 million, or 5%, in the three months ended\nSeptember 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 driven by a $40 million decrease in employee\nand labor costs, including professional services and a $32 million decrease in marketing expenses.",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin** *\n\nprimarily due to volume increases in used vehicle sales, insurance services, paid Supercharging, non-warranty maintenance\nservices and collision and part sales.\n30\nGross margin for total automotive increased from 18.7% to 20.1% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as\ncompared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to lower average combined cost per unit of our vehicles,\nan increase in FSD revenue and an increase in regulatory credits revenue, partially offset by lower average selling price on our\nvehicles, as discussed above.\nGross margin for total automotive decreased from 19.7% to 19.0% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as\ncompared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to lower average selling price on our vehicles and\ntemporary under-utilization of manufacturing capacity during production ramps, partially offset by lower average combined\ncost per unit of our vehicles, an increase in regulatory credits revenue and an increase in FSD revenue, as discussed above.\nGross margin for total automotive & services and other segment increased from 17.4% to 18.7% in the three months\nended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Gross margin for total automotive &\nservices and other segment decreased from 18.5% to 17.6% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the\nnine months ended September 30, 2023. The changes in gross margin are primarily due to the automotive gross margin factors\ndiscussed above.\n*Energy Generation and Storage Segment*\nCost of energy generation and storage revenue increased $473 million, or 40%, in the three months ended September 30,\n2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Cost of energy generation and storage revenue increased\n$1.39 billion, or 37%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30,\n2023. The increases in cost of revenues were primarily due to increases in Megapack and Powerwall deployments, partially\noffset by increases in IRA manufacturing credits recognized as compared to the prior periods.\nGross margin for energy generation and storage increased from 24.4% to 30.5% in the three months ended\nSeptember 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Gross margin for energy generation and\nstorage increased from 18.0% to 26.6% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Revenues** *\n\nServices and other 2,790 2,166 624 29 % 7,686 6,153 1,533 25 %\nTotal automotive & services and other\nsegment revenue 22,806 21,791 1,015 5 % 64,958 67,009 (2,051) (3)%\nEnergy generation and storage segment\nrevenue 2,376 1,559 817 52 % 7,025 4,597 2,428 53 %\nTotal revenues $ 25,182 $ 23,350 $ 1,832 8 % $ 71,983 $ 71,606 $ 377 1 %\n*Automotive & Services and Other Segment*\nAutomotive sales revenue increased $249 million, or 1%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to\nthe three months ended September 30, 2023, due to an increase of approximately 23,000 combined Model 3 and Model Y cash\ndeliveries and an increase of 8,000 deliveries of other models primarily due to our production ramp of Cybertruck.\nAdditionally, we recognized $326 million of FSD revenue for Cybertruck and certain features such as Actually Smart Summon\nin the third quarter of 2024. The increases were partially offset by lower average selling price on our vehicles driven by overall\nprice reductions and attractive financing options provided year over year as well as mix.\nAutomotive sales revenue decreased $4.06 billion, or 7%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to\nthe nine months ended September 30, 2023, primarily due to lower average selling price on our vehicles driven by overall price\nreductions and attractive financing options provided year over year as well as mix. Additionally, there was a decrease of\napproximately 17,000 combined Model 3 and Model Y cash deliveries partially due to the early phase of the production ramp\nof the updated Model 3 at our Fremont factory. The decreases were partially offset by an increase of approximately 19,000\ndeliveries of other models primarily due to our production ramp of Cybertruck and an increase in FSD revenue compared to the\nprior period, as discussed above.\nAutomotive regulatory credits revenue increased $185 million, or 33%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024\nas compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Automotive regulatory credits revenue increased $714 million, or\n53%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These\nincreases were driven by demand for credits in North America as other automobile manufacturers scale back on their battery\nelectric vehicle plans.\nAutomotive leasing revenue decreased $43 million, or 9%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Management Opportunities, Challenges and Uncertainties and 2024 Outlook**\n\nfor our vehicles with each new factory.\n*Automotive—Demand, Sales, Deliveries and Infrastructure*\nOur cost reduction efforts, cost innovation strategies, and additional localized procurement and manufacturing are key to\nour vehicles’ affordability and have allowed us to competitively price our vehicles. We will also continue to generate demand\nby improving our vehicles’ performance and functionality, including through product offerings and features based on artificial\nintelligence such as Autopilot, FSD (Supervised), and other software, and delivering new vehicles and vehicle options. In\naddition, we have been increasing awareness, and expanding our vehicle financing programs, including attractive leasing terms\nfor our customers. Moreover, we expect to continue to benefit from ongoing electrification of the automotive sector and\nincreasing environmental regulations and initiatives.\nHowever, we operate in a cyclical industry that is sensitive to shifting consumer trends, political and regulatory\nuncertainty, including with respect to trade and the environment, all of which can be compounded by inflationary pressures,\nrising energy prices, interest rate fluctuations and the liquidity of enterprise customers. For example, as inflationary pressures\nincreased across the markets in which we operate, central banks in developed countries raised interest rates rapidly and\nsubstantially, which impacted the affordability of vehicle lease and finance arrangements. Further, sales of vehicles in the\nautomotive industry also tend to be cyclical in many markets, which may expose us to increased volatility as we expand and\nadjust our operations. Moreover, as additional competitors enter the marketplace and help bring the world closer to sustainable\ntransportation, we will have to adjust and continue to execute well to maintain our momentum. Additionally, our suppliers’\nliquidity and allocation plans may be affected by current challenges in the North American automotive industry, which could\nreduce our access to components or result in unfavorable changes to cost. These macroeconomic and industry trends have had,\nand will likely continue to have, an impact on the pricing of, and order rate for our vehicles, and in turn our operating margin.\nChanges in government and economic incentives or tariffs may also impact our sales, cost structure and the competitive\nlandscape. We will continue to adjust accordingly to such developments, and we believe our ongoing cost reduction, including\nimproved production innovation and efficiency at our newest factories and lower logistics costs, and focus on operating\nleverage will continue to benefit us in relation to our competitors, while our new products will help enable future growth.",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Other (Expense) Income, Net** *\n\nSG&A expenses increased $317 million, or 9%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine\nmonths ended September 30, 2023 driven by a $168 million increase in employee and labor costs, including professional\nservices, and a $153 million increase in facilities related expenses.\n##### * **Restructuring and Other** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nRestructuring and other\n$ 55 $ — $ 55\nNot\nmeaningful $ 677 $ — $ 677\nNot\nmeaningful\nIn the second quarter of 2024, we initiated and substantially completed certain restructuring actions to reduce costs and\nimprove efficiency. As a result, we recognized $583 million of employee termination expenses in Restructuring and other in\nour consolidated income statement. These expenses were substantially paid with an immaterial accrual remaining in Accrued\nliabilities and other in our consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2024.\n##### * **Interest Income** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nInterest income $ 429 $ 282 $ 147 52 % $ 1,127 $ 733 $ 394 54 %\nInterest income increased $147 million, or 52%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased $394\nmillion, or 54%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30,\n2023, respectively. The increases were primarily due to higher interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term\ninvestments compared to the prior periods due to increases in our portfolio balance and higher interest rates.\n##### * **Other (Expense) Income, Net** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nOther (expense) income, net $ (270) $ 37 $ (307)\nNot\nmeaningful $ (142) $ 317 $ (459)\nNot\nmeaningful\nOther (expense) income, net, changed unfavorably by $307 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as\ncompared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Other (expense) income, net changed unfavorably by $459 million in\nthe nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The unfavorable",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### * **Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin** *\n\nto the three months ended September 30, 2023. Automotive leasing revenue decreased $240 million, or 15%, in the nine\nmonths ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decreases were primarily\ndue to lower direct sales-type leasing deliveries and a decrease in lease buyouts.\nServices and other revenue increased $624 million, or 29%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared\nto the three months ended September 30, 2023. Services and other revenue increased $1.53 billion, or 25%, in the nine months\nended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increases were primarily due to\nincreases in non-warranty maintenance services and collision revenue, used vehicle revenue, paid Supercharging revenue,\ninsurance services revenue and part sales revenue.\n*Energy Generation and Storage Segment*\nEnergy generation and storage revenue increased $817 million, or 52%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024\nas compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Energy generation and storage revenue increased $2.43 billion, or\n53%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increases\nwere primarily due to increases in Megapack and Powerwall deployments compared to the prior periods.\n29\n##### * **Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin** *\n**Three Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n**Nine Months Ended**\n**September 30, Change**\n(Dollars in millions) **2024 2023 $ % 2024 2023 $ %**\nCost of revenues\nAutomotive sales $ 15,743 $ 15,656 $ 87 1 % $ 45,602 $ 47,919 $ (2,317) (5)%\nAutomotive leasing 247 301 (54) (18)% 761 972 (211) (22)%\nTotal automotive cost of\nrevenues 15,990 15,957 33 0 % 46,363 48,891 (2,528) (5)%\nServices and other 2,544 2,037 507 25 % 7,192 5,723 1,469 26 %\nTotal automotive & services and\nother segment cost of revenues 18,534 17,994 540 3 % 53,555 54,614 (1,059) (2)%\nEnergy generation and storage\nsegment 1,651 1,178 473 40 % 5,157 3,770 1,387 37 %\nTotal cost of revenues $ 20,185 $ 19,172 $ 1,013 5 % $ 58,712 $ 58,384 $ 328 1 %\nGross profit total automotive $ 4,026 $ 3,668 $ 10,909 $ 11,965\nGross margin total automotive 20.1 % 18.7 % 19.0 % 19.7 %\nGross profit total automotive &\nservices and other segment $ 4,272 $ 3,797 $ 11,403 $ 12,395",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
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+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## * **2024 Notes** *\n\n##### **Management Opportunities, Challenges and Uncertainties and 2024 Outlook**\n\nAs our production increases, we must work constantly to similarly increase vehicle delivery capability so that it does not\nbecome a bottleneck on our total deliveries. We are also committed to reducing the percentage of vehicles delivered in the third\nmonth of each quarter, which will help to reduce the cost per vehicle. As we expand our manufacturing operations globally, we\nwill also have to continue to increase and staff our delivery, servicing and charging infrastructure accordingly, maintain our\nvehicle reliability and optimize our Supercharger locations to ensure cost effectiveness and customer satisfaction. In particular,\nas other automotive manufacturers have announced their adoption of the North American Charging Standard (“NACS”) and\nagreements with us to utilize our Superchargers, we must correspondingly expand our network in order to ensure adequate\navailability to meet customer demands. We also remain focused on continued enhancements of the capability and efficiency of\nour servicing operations.\n27\n*Energy Generation and Storage Demand, Production and Deployment*\nThe long-term success of this business is dependent upon incremental volume growth. We continue to increase the\nproduction and capabilities of our energy storage products to meet high levels of demand, including the introduction of\nPowerwall 3 in 2024, the construction of a new Megafactory in Shanghai and the ongoing ramp at our Megafactory in Lathrop,\nCalifornia. For Megapack, energy storage deployments can vary meaningfully quarter to quarter depending on the timing of\nspecific project milestones and logistics. As these product lines grow, we will have to maintain adequate battery cell supply for\nour energy storage products. At the same time, changes in government and economic incentives or tariffs may also impact our\nsales, cost structure and the competitive landscape.\n*Cash Flow and Capital Expenditure Trends*\nOur capital expenditures are typically difficult to project beyond the short-term given the number and breadth of our\ncore projects at any given time, and may further be impacted by uncertainties in future global market conditions. We are\nsimultaneously developing and ramping new products, building or ramping manufacturing facilities on three continents,\npiloting the development and manufacture of new battery cell technologies, expanding our Supercharger network and investing\nin autonomy and other artificial intelligence enabled training and products, and the pace of our capital spend may vary\ndepending on overall priority among projects, the pace at which we meet milestones, production adjustments to and among our",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION FORM 10-Q Tesla, Inc.\n\n## **Tesla, Inc.**\n\n##### **Reported as:**\n\npartially unsatisfied for contracts with an original expected length of more than one year was $6.61 billion. Of this amount, we\nexpect to recognize $4.23 billion in the next 12 months and the rest over the remaining performance obligation period.\nWe have financing receivables on our consolidated balance sheets related to loans we provide for financing our energy\nproducts. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had current net financing receivables of $32 million and $31\nmillion, respectively, in Accounts receivable, net, and $641 million and $578 million, respectively, in Other non-current assets\nfor the long-term portion.\n*Income Taxes*\nWe are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in many foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in\ndetermining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against\nour net deferred tax assets that are not more likely than not to be realized. We monitor the realizability of our deferred tax assets\ntaking into account all relevant factors at each reporting period. In completing our assessment of realizability of our deferred\ntax assets, we consider our history of income (loss) measured at pre-tax income (loss) adjusted for permanent book-tax\ndifferences on a jurisdictional basis, volatility in actual earnings, excess tax benefits related to stock-based compensation in\nrecent prior years and impacts of the timing of reversal of existing temporary differences. We also rely on our assessment of the\nCompany’s projected future results of business operations, including uncertainty in future operating results relative to historical\nresults, volatility in the market price of our common stock and its performance over time, variable macroeconomic conditions\nimpacting our ability to forecast future taxable income, and changes in business that may affect the existence and magnitude of\nfuture taxable income. Our valuation allowance assessment is based on our best estimate of future results considering all\navailable information.\nOur provision for or benefit from income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of our annual\neffective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter, we update\nour estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if our estimated tax rate changes, we make a cumulative adjustment.\n*Net Income per Share of Common Stock Attributable to Common Stockholders*\nThe following table presents the reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to net income used in",
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+                    "page_end": 15,
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+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf",
+                "query": "Which is the first candidate for experimenting the case of electrons interacting with a single boson mode?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "The primary candidate for such mode is an optical phonon",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 4
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsigns of ∆ W K and of the kinetic energy <sup>43</sup> . It just hap-\npens that in a modified MFLI model the optical integral\nis still larger in the NS.\nD. The collective boson model\nWe now turn to a more microscopic model- the CB\nmodel. The model describes fermions interacting by ex-\nchanging soft, overdamped collective bosons in a partic-\nular, near-critical, spin or charge channel <sup>31,44,45</sup> . This\ninteraction is responsible for the normal state self-energy\nand also gives rise to a superconductivity. A peculiar\nfeature of the CB model is that the propagator of a col-\nlective boson changes below T c because this boson is not\nan independent degree of freedom (as in EB model) but\nis made out of low-energy fermions which are affected by\nsuperconductivity <sup>32</sup> .\nThe most relevant point for our discussion is that this\nmodel contains the physics which we identified above as\na source of a potential sign change of ∆ W K . Namely,\nat strong coupling the fermionic self-energy in the NS\nis large because there exists strong scattering between\nlow-energy fermions mediated by low-energy collective\nbosons. In the SCS, the density of low-energy fermions\ndrops and a continuum collective excitations becomes\ngaped. Both effects reduce fermionic damping and lead\nto the increase of W K in a SCS. If this increase exceeds a\nconventional loss of W K due to a gap opening, the total\n∆ W K may become positive.\nThe CB model has been applied numerous times to the\ncuprates, most often under the assumption that near-\ncritical collective excitations are spin fluctuations with\nmomenta near Q = ( π, π ). This version of a CB bo-\nson is commonly known as a spin-fermion model. This\nmodel yields d x 2 − y 2 superconductivity and explains in a\nquantitative way a number of measured electronic fea-\ntures of the cuprates, in particular the near-absence of\nthe quasiparticle peak in the NS of optimally doped and underdoped cuprates <sup>39</sup> and the peak-dip-hump structure\nin the ARPES profile in the SCS <sup>31,32,46,47</sup> . In our analy-\nsis we assume that a CB is a spin fluctuation.\nThe results for the conductivity within a spin-fermion\nmodel depend in quantitative (but not qualitative) way\non the assumption for the momentum dispersion of a col-",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsider two more sophisticated models: a phenomenological\n“marginal Fermi liquid with impurities” (MFLI) model\nof Norman and P ́epin <sup>30</sup> , and a microscopic collective bo- son (CB) model <sup>31</sup> in which in the NS fermions interact\nwith a gapless continuum of bosonic excitations, but in a\nd − wave SCS a gapless continuum splits into a resonance\nand a gaped continuum. This model describes, in par-\nticular, interaction of fermions with their own collective spin fluctuations <sup>32</sup> via\nΣ( k, Ω) = 3 g <sup>2</sup> � dω\n2 π\nd <sup>2</sup> q (2 π ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>χ</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>q, ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>G</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>q, ω</sup> <sup>+ Ω)</sup> (6)\nwhere g is the spin-fermion coupling, and χ ( q, ω ) is the\nspin susceptibility whose dynamics changes between NS\nand SCS.\nFrom our analysis we found that the introduction of\na finite fermionic bandwidth by means of a lattice has\ngenerally a notable effect on both W and ∆ W . We\nfound that for all models except for BCSI model, only\n70% − 80% of the optical spectral weight is obtained by\nintegrating up to the bandwidth. In these three models,\nthere also exists a wide range of ω c in which the behavior\nof ∆ W ( ω c ) is due to variation of ∆ f ( ω c ) which is domi-\nnant comparable to the ∆ W K term. This dominance of\nthe cut off term is consistent with the analysis in Refs.\n21,22,33.\nWe also found that for all models except for the origi-\nnal version of the MFLI model the optical weight at the\nhighest frequencies is greater in the NS than in the SCS\n(i.e., ∆ W < 0). This observation is consistent with the\nfindings of Abanov and Chubukov <sup>32</sup> , Benfatto et. al. <sup>28</sup> ,\nand Karakozov and Maksimov <sup>34</sup> . In the original ver- sion of the MFLI model <sup>30</sup> the spectral weight in SCS\nwas found to be greater than in the NS (∆ W > 0). We\nshow that the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) in this model cru-\ncially depends on how the fermionic self-energy modeled\nto fit ARPES data in a NS is modified when a system\nbecomes a superconductor and can be of either sign. We",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nlective boson. This momentum dependence comes from\nhigh-energy fermions and is an input for the low-energy\ntheory. Below we follow Refs. 31,33 and assume that\nthe momentum dependence of a collective boson is flat\nnear ( π, π ). The self energy within such model has been\nworked out consistently in Ref. 31,33. In the normal\nstate\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = − <sup>1</sup> 2  <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>sf</sup> <sup>log</sup> � 1 +  <sup>ω</sup> <sup>2</sup> ω <sup>2</sup> sf �\nΣ <sup>′</sup> ( ω ) = − λ n ω sf arctan <sup>ω</sup> ω sf\n(19)\nwhere λ n is the spin-fermion coupling constant, and ω sf\nis a typical spin relaxation frequency of overdamped spin\ncollective excitations with a propagator\nχ ( q ∼ Q, Ω) = χ Q\n1 − i  <sup>Ω</sup> ω sf\n(20)\nwhere χ Q is the uniform static susceptibility. If we use\nOrnstein-Zernike form of χ ( q ) and use either Eliashberg 45 or FLEX computational schemes 48 , we get rather sim-\nilar behavior of Σ as a function of frequency and rather\nsimilar behavior of optical integrals.\nThe collective nature of spin fluctuations is reflected in\nthe fact that the coupling λ and the bosonic frequency\nω sf are related: λ scales as ξ <sup>2</sup> , where ξ is the bosonic\nmass (the distance to a bosonic instability), and ω sf ∝ ξ <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> (see Ref. 49). For a flat χ ( q ∼ Q ) the product λω sf\ndoes not depend on ξ and is the overall dimensional scale\nfor boson-mediated interactions.\nIn the SCS fermionic excitations acquire a gap. This\ngap affects fermionic self-energy in two ways: directly, via\nthe change of the dispersion of an intermediate boson in\nthe exchange process involving a CB, and indirectly, via\nthe change of the propagator of a CB. We remind our-\nselves that the dynamics of a CB comes from a particle-\nhole bubble which is indeed affected by ∆.\nThe effect of a d − wave pairing gap on a CB has been\ndiscussed in a number of papers, most recently in <sup>31</sup> . In\na SCS a gapless continuum described by Eq. (20) trans-\nforms into a gaped continuum, with a gap about 2∆and\na resonance at ω = ω 0 < 2∆, where for a d − wave gap we",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\nfor two different λ . For large λ the jump (which indicates\nthe presence of quasiparticles) virtually disappears.\nOn a more careful look, we found that indifference of\nδW ( ω c ) to the increase of λ is merely the consequence of\nthe fact that above we kept λω sf constant. Indeed, at small frequencies, fermionic self-energy in the NS is Σ <sup>′</sup> =\nλω , Σ” = λ <sup>2</sup> ω <sup>2</sup> / ( λω sf ), and both Σ <sup>′</sup> and Σ <sup>′′</sup> increase\nwith λ if we keep λω sf constant. But at frequencies larger\nthan ω sf , which we actually probe by ∆ W ( ω c ), the self-\nenergy essentially depends only on λω sf , and increasing λ\nbut keeping λω sf constant does not bring us closer to the\nphysics associated with the recovery of electron coherence\nin the SCS. To detect this physics, we need to see how\nthings evolve when we increase λω sf above the scale of\n∆, i.e., consider a truly strong coupling when not only\nλ ≫ 1 but also the normal state Σ NS ( ω ≥ ∆) >> ∆.\nTo address this issue, we took a larger λ for the same\nω sf and re-did the calculation of the conductivities and\noptical integrals. The results for σ ( ω ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) are\npresented in Fig. 22. We found the same behavior as be-\nfore, i.e., ∆ W K is negative. But we also found that the\nlarger is the overall scale for the self-energy, the larger is a\nfrequency of zero-crossing of ∆ W ( ω c ). In particular, for\nthe same λ and ω sf that were used in Ref. 33 to fit the NS\nconductivity data, the zero crossing is at ∼ 0 . 8 eV which\nis quite close to the bandwidth. This implies that at a\ntruly strong coupling the frequency at which ∆ W ( ω c )\nchanges sign can well be larger than the bandwidth of\n1 eV in which case ∆ W integrated up to the bandwidth\ndoes indeed remain positive. Such behavior would be\nconsistent with Refs.8,9. we also see from Fig. 22 that",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n0 0.5 1 0\n0.5\n1\nω in eV\nσ ( ω )\nConductivities (BCSI)\nNS\nSC\n2 ∆\n0 50 100 160\n180\n200\nΓ in meV\nW K in meV\nBCSI\nSC\nNS\nFIG. 4: Top - a conductivity plot for the BCSI case in the\npresence of a lattice. The parameters are ∆= 30 meV , Γ =\n3 . 5 meV . Bottom -  the behavior of Kubo sums. Note that (a)\nthe spectral weight in the NS is always greater in the SCS, (b)\nthe spectral weight decreases with Γ, and (c) the difference\nbetween NS and SCS decreases as Γ increases.\nlittle variation of ∆ W ( ω c ) at above 0 . 1 − 0 . 3 eV what\nimplies that for larger ω c , ∆ W ( ω c ) ≈ ∆ W K >> ∆ f ( ω c ).\nTo make this more quantitative, we compare in Fig. 6\n∆ W ( ω c ) obtained for a constant DOS, when ∆ W ( ω c ) =\n∆ f ( ω c ), and for the actual lattice dispersion, when\n∆ W ( ω c ) = ∆ W K + ∆ f ( ω c ). In the clean limit there\nis obviously little cutoff dependence beyond 0 . 1 eV , i.e.,\n∆ f ( ω c ) is truly small, and the difference between the\ntwo cases is just ∆ W K . In the dirty limit, the situation\nis similar, but there is obviously more variation with ω c ,\nand ∆ f ( ω c ) becomes truly small only above 0 . 3 eV . Note\nalso that the position of the dip in ∆ W ( ω c ) in the clean\nlimit is at a larger ω c in the presence of the lattice than\nin a continuum.\nB. The Einstein boson model\nWe next consider the case of electrons interacting with\na single boson mode which by itself is not affected by su-\nperconductivity. The primary candidate for such mode is\nan optical phonon. The imaginary part of the NS self en-\nergy has been discussed numerous times in the literature.\nWe make one simplifying assumption -  approximate the\nDOS by a constant in calculating fermionic self-energy.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nSaurabh Maiti, Andrey V. Chubukov\nDepartment of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA\n(Dated: November 9, 2018)\nThe purpose of this work is to investigate the role of the lattice in the optical Kubo sum rule in\nthe cuprates. We compute conductivities, optical integrals W , and ∆ W between superconducting\nand normal states for 2-D systems with lattice dispersion typical of the cuprates for four different\nmodels -  a dirty BCS model, a single Einstein boson model, a marginal Fermi liquid model, and a\ncollective boson model with a feedback from superconductivity on a collective boson. The goal of\nthe paper is two-fold. First, we analyze the dependence of W on the upper cut-off ( ω c ) placed on\nthe optical integral because in experiments W is measured up to frequencies of order bandwidth.\nFor a BCS model, the Kubo sum rule is almost fully reproduced at ω c equal to the bandwidth. But\nfor other models only 70%-80% of Kubo sum rule is obtained up to this scale and even less so for\n∆ W , implying that the Kubo sum rule has to be applied with caution. Second, we analyze the sign\nof ∆ W . In all models we studied ∆ W is positive at small ω c , then crosses zero and approaches a\nnegative value at large ω c , i.e. the optical integral in a superconductor is smaller than in a normal\nstate. The point of zero crossing, however, increases with the interaction strength and in a collective\nboson model becomes comparable to the bandwidth at strong coupling. We argue that this model\nexhibits the behavior consistent with that in the cuprates.\nI. INTRODUCTION\nThe analysis of sum rules for optical conductivity has a long history. Kubo, in an extensive paper <sup>1</sup> in 1957, used\na general formalism of a statistical theory of irreversible\nprocesses to investigate the behavior of the conductivity\nin electronic systems. For a system of interacting elec-\ntrons, he derived the expression for the integral of the real\npart of a (complex) electric conductivity σ (Ω) and found\nthat it is independent on the nature of the interactions\nand reduces to\n� ∞\n0\nRe σ (Ω) d Ω=  <sup>π</sup> 2\nne <sup>2</sup>\nm (1)\nHere n is the density of the electrons in the system and",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\n∆ W K becomes small at a truly strong coupling, and over\na wide range of frequencies the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) is\npredominantly governed by ∆ f ( ω c ), i.e. by the cut-off term. <sup>50</sup> The implication is that, to first approximation,\n∆ W K can be neglected and positive ∆ W ( w c ) integrated\nto a frequency where it is still positive is almost compen-\nsated by the integral over larger frequencies. This again\nwould be consistent with the experimental data in Refs.\n8,9.\nIt is also instructive to understand the interplay be-\ntween the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) and the behavior of the\ndifference of the kinetic energy between the SCS and the\nNS, δ KE . We computed the kinetic energy as a function\nof λω sf and present the results in Fig. 23 for λ = 1 and\n10. For a relatively weak λ = 1 the behavior is clearly\nBCS like- δ KE > 0 and increases with increasing λω sf .\nHowever, at large λ = 10, we see that the kinetic energy\nbegin decreasing at large λω sf and eventually changes\nsign. The behavior of δ KE at a truly strong coupling is\nconsistent with earlier calculation of the kinetic energy\nfor Ornstein-Zernike form of the spin susceptibility <sup>43</sup> .\nWe clearly see that the increase of the zero crossing\nfrequency of ∆ W ( ω c ) at a truly strong coupling is cor-\nrelated with the non-BCS behavior of δ KE . At the same\ntime, the behavior of δW ( ω c ) is obviously not driven by\nthe kinetic energy as eventually δW ( ω c ) changes sign and\nbecome negative. Rather, the increase in the frequency\nrange where ∆ W ( ω c ) remains positive and non-BCS be-\nhavior of δ KE are two indications of the same effect that\nfermions are incoherent in the NS but acquire coherence\nin the SCS.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nIn this work we analyzed the behavior of optical in-\ntegrals W ( ω c ) ∝ � ω c\no σ ( ω ) dω and Kubo sum rules in",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\nthe normal and superconducting states of interacting\nfermionic systems on a lattice. Our key goal was to\nunderstand what sets the sign of ∆ W K = ∆ W ( ∞ ) be-\ntween the normal and superconducting states and what\nis the behavior of W ( ω c ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) at finite ω c . In a\nweak coupling BCS superconductor, ∆ W ( ω c ) is positive\nat ω c < 2∆due to a contribution from superfluid den-\nsity, but becomes negative at larger ω c , and approach a\nnegative value of ∆ W K . Our study was motivated by fas-\ncinating optical experiments on the cuprates <sup>7- 10</sup> . In over- doped cuprates, there is clear indication <sup>11</sup> that ∆ W ( ω c )\nbecomes negative above a few ∆, consistent with BCS\nbehavior. In underdoped cuprates, two groups argued <sup>8,9</sup>\nthat ∆ W integrated up to the bandwidth remains posi- tive, while the other group argued <sup>10</sup> that it is negative.\nThe reasoning why ∆ W K may potentially change sign\nat strong coupling involves the correlation between − W K\nand the kinetic energy. In the BCS limit, kinetic en-\nergy obviously increases in a SCS because of gap opening,\nhence − W K increases, and ∆ W K is negative. At strong\ncoupling, there is a counter effect -  fermions become more\nmobile in a SCS due to a smaller self-energy.\nWe considered four models: a BCS model with impu-\nrities, a model of fermions interacting with an Einstein\nboson, a phenomenological MFL model with impurities,\nand a model of fermions interacting with collective spin\nfluctuations. In all cases, we found that ∆ W K is neg-\native, but how it evolves with ω c and how much of the\nsum rule is recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth\ndepends on the model.\nThe result most relevant to the experiments on the\ncuprates is obtained for the spin fluctuation model.\nWe found that at strong coupling, the zero-crossing of\nδW ( ω c ) occurs at a frequency which increases with the\ncoupling strength and may become larger than the band-\nwidth at a truly strong coupling. Still, at even larger",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nZ o = 0 . 77. And for ω sf = 2 . 6 meV , λ = 10, we find\nω o = 13 . 5 meV , Z o = 1 . 22. Note that the conductivity\nin the SCS starts at 2∆+ ω o (i.e. the resonance energy\n0 0.5 1\n0.2\n0.6\n1\nω c in eV\nW( ω c\n)/W( ∞ )\nNS Optical Sums (CB model)\n0 0.5 1\n0.2\n0.6\n1\nω c in eV\nW( ω c\n)/W( ∞ )\nSCS Optical Sums (CB model)\nFIG. 19: The evolution of the optical integrals in the NS\nand the SCS in the CB model. Note that about ∼ 75% of the spectral weight is recovered up to 1 eV . We set ω sf =\n26 meV , λ = 1, and ∆= 30 meV .\n0 0.5 1\n−20\n0\n20\nω c in eV\nW SC ( ω c ) − W NS ( ω c )\n∆ W (CB model λ =1)\nwith lattice\nwithout lattice\n∆ W K\n0.2 0.6 1\n−20\n0\n20\nω c in eV\nW SC ( ω c\n) − W NS ( ω c\n)\n∆ W (CB model λ =10)\nwith lattice\nwithout lattice\n∆ W K\nFIG. 20: ∆ W (in meV) for λ = 1(top) and λ = 10(bottom).\nWe used ω sf = 26 meV/λ and ∆= 30 meV . The zero crossing\nis not affected because we keep λω sf constant. The notable\ndifference is the widening of the dip at a larger λ .",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\n0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0\n\n4\n8\nω c in eV\nW SC ( ω c\n) − W NS ( ω c\n)  in meV\n∆ W (CB model−larger λ  ω sf )\nwith lattice\nwithout lattice\nFIG. 22: Top -  conductivity at a larger value of ω sf λ ( ω sf =\n26 meV , λ = 7) consistent with the one used in Ref.33). Bot-\ntom -  ∆ W with and without lattice. Observe that the fre-\nquency of zero crossing of ∆ W enhances compared to the case\nof a smaller λω sf and becomes comparable to the bandwidth.\nAt energies smaller than the bandwidth, ∆ W > 0, as in the\nNorman- P ́epin model.\n0 2 4 6\n10\n30\n50\nSelf Energy prefactor\nδ KE in meV λ =10\nλ =1\nFIG. 23: Kinetic energy difference between the SCS and the\nNS, δ KE We set λ to be either λ = 1 or λ = 10 and varied ω sf\nthus changing the overall prefactor in the self-energy. At weak\ncoupling ( λ = 1) the behavior is BCS-like - δ KE is positive\nand increases with the overall factor in the self-energy. At\nstrong coupling ( λ = 7), δ KE shows a reverse trend at larger\nω sf .\nThe negative sign of ∆ W ( ω c ) above a relatively small\nω c ∼ 0 . 1 − 0 . 2 eV implies that the ‘compensating’ ef-\nfect from the fermionic self-energy on ∆ W is not strong\nenough to overshadow the decrease of the optical inte-\ngral in the SCS due to gap opening. In other words,the\nCB model displays the same behavior as BCSI, EB, and\nmodified MFLI models. It is interesting that this holds\ndespite the fact that for large λ CB model displays the\nphysics one apparently needs to reverse the sign of ∆ W K\n-  the absence of the quasiparticle peak in the NS and its\nemergence in the SCS accompanied by the dip and the\nhump at larger energies. The absence of coherent quasi-\nparticle in the NS at large λ is also apparent form Fig\n21 where we show the normal state distribution functions",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the optical integral analysis proposed by Norman and Pépin?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "a phenomenological model for the self energy which fits normal state scattering rate measure- ments by ARPES",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nfunction as n ⃗k = T  <sup>�</sup> m  <sup>G</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>⃗k, ω</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>).</sup> For ǫ k = k <sup>2</sup> / 2 m ,\n∇ <sup>2</sup> ⃗ k x <sup>ε</sup> <sup>⃗k</sup> <sup>= 1</sup> <sup>/m</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>W</sup> <sup>K</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>πne</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>(2</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>), and Kubo sum rule</sup>\nreduces to Eq. (1). In general, however, ε ⃗k is a lattice dispersion, and Eqs. (1) and (3) are different. Most im-\nportant, W K in Eq. (3) generally depends on T and on\nthe state of the system because of n ⃗k . In this situation,\nthe temperature evolution of the optical integral does not\nreduce to a simple redistribution of the spectral weight\n-  the whole spectral weight inside the conduction band\nchanges with T . This issue was first studied in detail by Hirsch  <sup>4</sup> who introduced the now-frequently-used nota-\ntion “violation of the conductivity sum rule”.\nIn reality, as already pointed out by Hirsch, there is no\ntrue violation as the change of the total spectral weight\nin a given band is compensated by an appropriate change\nof the spectral weight in other bands such that the total\nspectral weight, integrated over all bands, is conserved,\nas in Eq. (1). Still, non-conservation of the spectral\nweight within a given band is an interesting phenomenon\nas the degree of non-conservation is an indicator of rele-\nvant energy scales in the problem. Indeed, when relevant\nenergy scales are much smaller than the Fermi energy,\ni.e., changes in the conductivity are confined to a near\nvicinity of a Fermi surface (FS), one can expand ε k near\nk F as ε k = v F ( k − k F ) + ( k − k F ) <sup>2</sup> / (2 m B ) + O ( k − k F ) <sup>3</sup> and obtain ∇ <sup>2</sup> ⃗ k x <sup>ε</sup> <sup>⃗k</sup> <sup>≈</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>/m</sup> <sup>B</sup> <sup>[this approximation is equiv-</sup>\nalent to approximating the density of states (DOS) by a\nconstant]. Then W K becomes πne <sup>2</sup> / (2 m B ) which does\nnot depend on temperature. The scale of the tempera-\nture dependence of W K is then an indicator how far in\nenergy the changes in conductivity extend when, e.g., a\nsystem evolves from a normal metal to a superconductor.\nBecause relevant energy scales increase with the interac-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\ncomes from the interaction with the resonance and\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> B <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> � | E |\n2∆\ndx Re ω + x\n� ( ω + x ) <sup>2</sup> − ∆ <sup>2</sup>\nx\nω sf  <sup>K</sup> <sup>2</sup> � 1 − <sup>4∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> x <sup>2</sup> � � 1 − <sup>4∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> xω sf  <sup>D</sup> � 4∆ 2\nx <sup>2</sup> � <sup>�</sup> <sup>2</sup> + � x\nω sf  <sup>K</sup> <sup>2</sup> � 1 − <sup>4∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> x <sup>2</sup> � <sup>�</sup> <sup>2</sup> (25)\ncomes from the interaction with the gaped continuum. The real part of Σ is obtained by Kramers-Kr ̈onig trans-\nform of the imaginary part.\n0 0.5 1 0\n0.2\n0.4\nω in eV\nσ ( ω )\nConductivities (CB model λ =1)\nNS\nSC\n2 ∆ + ω o\n0 0.5 1\n0.2\n0.6\n1\nω in eV\nσ ( ω )\nConductivities (CB model λ =10)\nNS\nSC\n2 ∆ + ω o\nFIG. 17: Conductivities and ∆ W for a fixed λω sf . Top -\nω sf = 26 meV , λ = 1, ω o = 40 meV , Z o = 0 . 77 Bottom -\nω sf = 2 . 6 meV , λ = 10, ω o = 13 . 5 meV , Z o = 1 . 22. The zero\ncrossing for ∆ W is not affected by a change in λ because it\nis determined only by λω sf . We set ∆= 30 meV .\n1 2 3\n120\n160\n200\nλ (coupling)\nCB model ( Ω o =40 meV)\nW K (meV)\nSCS\nNS\nFIG. 18: The behavior of Kubo sums in the CB model. Note\nthat the spectral weight in the NS is always larger than in the\nSCS. We set ω sf = 26 meV , λ = 1, and ∆= 30 meV .\nWe performed the same calculations of conductivities\nand optical integrals as in the previous three cases. The\nresults are summarized in Figs. 17 - 22. Fig 17 shows con-\nductivities in the NS and the SCS for two couplings λ = 1\nand λ = 10 (keeping λω sf constant). Other parameters\nZ o and ω o are calculated according to the discussion after\nEq 21. for ω sf = 26 meV , λ = 1, we find ω o = 40 meV ,",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\nW. N. Hardy, Phys. Rev. B 69 , 024514 (2004). 14 J. Hwang et al , Phys. Rev. B 73 , 014508 (2006). 15 E. van Heumen, R. Lortz, A. B. Kuzmenko, F. Carbone,\nD. van der Marel, X. Zhao, G. Yu, Y. Cho, N. Barisic, M.\nGreven, C. C. Homes and S. V. Dordevic, Phys. Rev. B\n75 , 054522 (2007). 16 M. Ortolani, P. Calvani and S. Lupi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 ,\n067002 (2005). 17 A.F. Santander-Syro, R.P.S.M. Lobo, and N. Bontemps,\nPhys. Rev. B 70 , 134504(2004), A. F. Santander-Syro, R.\nP. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, Z. Konstantinovic, Z. Z. Li\nand H. Raffy, Europhys. Lett. 62 , 568 (2003). 18 P. F. Maldague, Phys. Rev. B 16 2437 (1977); E. H. Kim,\nPhys. Rev. B 58 2452 (1998). 19 J. Hirsch, Physica C, 201 , 347 (1992) and Ref 4. 20 for a review see F. Marsiglio, J. Superconductivity and\nNovel Magnetism 22 , 269 (2009). 21 F. Marsiglio, E. van Heumen, A. B. Kuzmenko, Phys. Rev.\nB 77 144510 (2008). 22 M. R. Norman, A. V. Chubukov, E. van Heumen, A. B.\nKuzmenko, and D. van der Marel, Phys. Rev. B 76 , 220509\n(2007). 23 J. E. Hirsch and F. Marsiglio, Physica C 331 , 150 (2000)\nand Phys. Rev. B 62 , 15131 (2000). 24 A. Toschi, M. Capone, M. Ortolani, P. Calvani, S. Lupi\nand C. Castellani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 , 097002 (2005). 25 F. Marsiglio, F. Carbone, A. Kuzmenko and D. van der\nMarel, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 174516 (2006). 26 L. Benfatto, S. G. Sharapov, N. Andrenacci and H. Beck,\nPhys. Rev. B 71 , 104511 (2005). 27 D. van der Marel, H.J.A. Molegraaf, C. Presura, and I.\nSantoso, Concepts in Electron Correlations, edited by A.\nHewson and V. Zlatic (Kluwer, 2003) 28 L. Benfatto, J.P. Carbotte and F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B\n74 , 155115 (2006) 29 F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B 73 , 064507(2006). 30 M.R. Norman and C. P ́epin, Phys. Rev. B 66 , 100506(R)\n(2002). 31 J. Fink et al. , Phys. Rev. B 74 , 165102(R) (2006). 32 M. Eschrig, Adv. Phys. 55 , 47-183 (2006) 33 M.R. Norman and A.V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B 73 ,",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsum rule. In Fig. 3 we plot for this case ∆ W ( ω c ) as a\nfunction of the cutoff ω c for different Γ <sup>′</sup> s . The plot shows\nthe two well known features: zero-crossing point is below\n2∆in the clean limit Γ << ∆and is roughly 2Γ in the dirty limit <sup>21,40</sup> The magnitude of the ‘dip’ decreases quite\nrapidly with increasing Γ. Still, there is always a point\nof zero crossing and ∆ W ( ω c ) at large ω c approaches zero\nfrom below.\nWe now perform the same calculations in the presence\nof lattice dispersion. The results are summarized in Figs\n4,5, and 6.\nFig 4 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) in the NS and the SCS\nand Kubo sums W K plotted against impurity scattering\nΓ. We see that the optical integral in the NS is always\ngreater than in the SCS. The negative sign of ∆ W K is\nsimply the consequence of the fact that n k is larger in the\nNS for ǫ k < 0 and smaller for ǫ k < 0, and ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k closely follows − ε ⃗k for our choice of dispersion <sup>38</sup> ), Hence n k is\nlarger in the NS for ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k > 0 and smaller for ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k < 0 and the Kubo sum rule, which is the integral of the\nproduct of n k and ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k (Eq. 3), is larger in the normal state.\nWe also see from Fig. 4 that ∆ W K decreases with Γ\nreflecting the fact that with too much impurity scattering\nthere is little difference in n k between NS and SCS.\nFig 5 shows the optical sum in NS and SCS in clean\nand dirty limits (the parameters are stated in the fig-\nure). This plot shows that the Kubo sums are almost\ncompletely recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth\nof 1 eV : the recovery is 95% in the clean limit and ∼ 90%\nin the dirty limit. In Fig 6 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function\nof ω c in clean and dirty limits. ∆ W ( ∞ ) is now non-zero,\nin agreement with Fig. 4 and we also see that there is",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n− Ω\ndω � G <sup>′′</sup> ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) G <sup>′′</sup> ( ω + Ω , <sup>⃗</sup> k ) + F  <sup>′′</sup> ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) F  <sup>′′</sup> ( ω + Ω , <sup>⃗</sup> k ) � (8b)\nΠ <sup>′</sup> (Ω) = <sup>1</sup> π <sup>2</sup> � ⃗k\n( ∇ ⃗k ε ⃗k ) <sup>2</sup> � ′ � ′ dx dy � G <sup>′′</sup> ( x, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) G <sup>′′</sup> ( y, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) + F  <sup>′′</sup> ( x, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) F  <sup>′′</sup> ( y, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) � n F ( y ) − n F ( x )\ny − x (8c)\nwhere � ′ denotes the principal value of the integral,\n� ⃗k <sup>is understood to be</sup> 1\nN � ⃗k <sup>,(</sup> <sup>N</sup> <sup>is the number of lat-</sup> tice sites), n F ( x ) is the Fermi function which is a step\nfunction at zero temperature, G and F are the normal\nand anomalous Greens functions. given by <sup>37</sup>\nFor a NS, G ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) = 1\nω − Σ( k, ω ) − ε ⃗k + iδ (9a)\nFor a SCS, G ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) = Z k,ω ω + ε ⃗k\nZ <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>ε</sup> <sup>2</sup> ⃗k <sup>+</sup> <sup>iδsgn</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> (9b)\nF ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) = Z k,ω ∆ k,ω\nZ <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>ε</sup> <sup>2</sup> ⃗k <sup>+</sup> <sup>iδsgn</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> (9c)\nwhere Z k,ω = 1 − <sup>Σ(</sup> <sup>k,ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> ω , and ∆ k,ω , is the SC gap. Fol-\nlowing earlier works <sup>31,33</sup> , we assume that the fermionic\nself-energy Σ( k, ω ) predominantly depends on frequency\nand approximate Σ( k, ω ) ≈ Σ( ω ) and also neglect the\nfrequency dependence of the gap, i.e., approximate ∆ k,ω\nby a d − wave ∆ k . The lattice dispersion ε ⃗k is taken from Ref. 38. To calculate W K , one has to evaluate the Kubo\nterm in Eq.3 wherein the distribution function n ⃗k , is cal-\nculated from\nn ( ε ⃗k ) = − 2 � 0\n−∞\ndω 2 π <sup>G</sup> <sup>′′</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω,⃗k</sup> <sup>)</sup> (10)\nThe 2 is due to the trace over spin indices. We show the",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nwhen K decreases, W K increases.\nA good amount of experimental effort has been put into\naddressing the issue of the optical sum rule in the c − axis <sup>7</sup> and in-plane conductivities  <sup>8- 16</sup> in overdoped, optimally\ndoped, and underdoped cuprates. The experimental re-\nsults demonstrated, above all, outstanding achievements\nof experimental abilities as these groups managed to de-\ntect the value of the optical integral with the accuracy\nof a fraction of a percent. The analysis of the change\nof the optical integral between normal and SCS is even\nmore complex because one has to (i) extend NS data to\nT < T c and (ii) measure superfluid density with the same\naccuracy as the optical integral itself.\nThe analysis of the optical integral showed that in over-\ndoped cuprates it definitely decreases below T c , in con-\nsistency with the expectations at weak coupling <sup>11</sup> . For\nunderdoped cuprates, all experimental groups agree that\na relative change of the optical integral below T c gets\nmuch smaller. There is no agreement yet about the sign of the change of the optical integral : Molegraaf et al. <sup>8</sup> and Santander-Syro et al. <sup>9</sup> argued that the optical inte-\ngral increases below T c , while Boris et al. <sup>10</sup> argued that\nit decreases. Theoretical analysis of these results <sup>21,22,25,28,30</sup> added\none more degree of complexity to the issue. It is tempt-\ning to analyze the temperature dependence of W K and\nrelate it to the observed behavior of the optical integral, and some earlier works <sup>25,28,30</sup> followed this route. In the\nexperiments, however, optical conductivity is integrated\nonly up to a certain frequency ω c , and the quantity which\nis actually measured is\nW ( ω c ) = � ω c\n0\nRe σ (Ω) d Ω= W K + f ( ω c )\nf ( ω c ) = − � ′ ∞ ′\nω c\nRe σ (Ω) d Ω (4)\nThe Kubo formula, Eq. (3) is obtained assuming that\nthe second part is negligible. This is not guaranteed,\nhowever, as typical ω c ∼ 1 − 2 eV are comparable to the\nbandwidth.\nThe differential sum rule ∆ W is also a sum of two\nterms\n∆ W ( ω c ) = ∆ W K + ∆ f ( ω c ) (5)",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\n140501(R)(2006). 34 [ A.E. Karakozov and E.G. Maksimov, cond-mat/0511185,](http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0511185)\nA. E. Karakozov, E. G. Maksimov and O. V. Dolgov, Solid\nState Comm. 124 , 119 (2002); A. E. Karakozov and E. G.\nMaksimov, ibid. 139 , 80 (2006). 35 see e.g., P. B. Allen, Phys. Rev. B 3 , 305 (1971); S. V.\nShulga, O. V. Dolgov and E. G. Maksimov, Physica C\n178 , 266 (1991). 36 A. A. Abriskov and L. P. Gor’kov, JETP 35 , 1090 (1959),\nSang Boo Nam, Phys. Rev. 156 , 470 (1967). 37 Theory of superconductivity, Schrieffer, (W. A. Benjamin\nInc., New York 1964). 38 M.R. Norman, M. Randeria, H. Ding, and J.C. Cam-\npuzano, Phys. Rev. B 52 , 615 (1995). 39 Z.X. Shen and D.S. Dessau, Phys. Rep. 253 , 1(1995),\nJ. C. Campuzano, M. R. Norman, and M. Randeria,\n“Superconductivity”(Vol-1), 923-992, Springer (2008). 40 A. V. Chubukov, Ar. Abanov, and D. N. Basov, Phys. Rev.\nB 68 , 024504 (2003). 41 T. Valla et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett 85 , 828(2000). 42 Kaminski et al. , Phys. Rev. B 71 , 014517 (2005). 43 Robert Haslinger and Andrey V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B\n67 , 140504(2003). 44 C. Castellani, C. DiCastro, and M. Grilli, Phys. Rev. Lett.\n75 , 4650 (1995). 45 Ar. Abanov, A. Chubukov, and J. Schmalian, Adv. Phys.\n52 , 119 (2003). 46 Dessau et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett 66 , 2160(1991), Norman et\nal , Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 , 3506(1997). 47 M.R. Norman and H. Ding, Phys. Rev. B 57 , 11089(1998). 48 C. Timm, D. Manske and K. H. Bennemann, Phys. Rev.\nB 66 , 094515(2002). 49 A.V. Chubukov, M.R. Norman, Phys. Rev. B 70 ,\n174505(2004). 50 In this respect, our results are consistent with the analysis\nof ∆ W ( ω c ) in a system without a lattice (Ref. <sup>51</sup> ). The\nauthors of that work also found that the frequency of zero-\ncrossing of ∆ W ( ω c ) increases with the coupling strength.\n51 Ar. Abanov and A.V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B 70 , 100504\n(2004).",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nWe will, however, keep the full lattice dispersion in the\ncalculations of the optical integral. The advantage of this\n0 0.5 1 0\n0.5\n1\nω c in eV\nW( ω c )/W( ∞ )\nNormal State Optical Sum (BCSI)\nDirty Limit\nClean Limit\n0 0.5 1 0\n0.5\n1\nω c in eV\nW( ω c )/W( ∞ )\nSuperconducting State Optical Sum (BCSI)\nDirty Limit\nClean Limit\nFIG. 5: The evolution of optical integral in NS(top) and\nSCS(bottom) for BCSI case. Plots are made for clean limit\n(solid lines, Γ = 3 . 5 meV ) and dirty limit (dashed lines,\nΓ = 150 meV ) for ∆= 30 meV . Observe that (a) W (0) = 0\nin the NS, but has a non-zero value in the SCS because of the\nδ -function (this value decreases in the dirty limit), and (b)\nthe flat region in the SCS is due to the fact that σ <sup>′</sup> ( ω ) = 0 for\nΩ < 2∆. Also note that ∼ 90 − 95% of the spectral weight is recovered up to 1 eV\napproximation is that the self-energy can be computed\nanalytically. The full self-energy obtained with the lat-\ntice dispersion is more involved and can only be obtained\nnumerically, but its structure is quite similar to the one\nobtained with a constant DOS.\nThe self-energy for a constant DOS is given by\nΣ( iω ) = − <sup>i</sup> 2 π <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> � dǫ k d ( i Ω) χ ( i Ω) G ( ǫ k , iω + i Ω) (13)\nwhere\nχ ( i Ω) = ω <sup>2</sup> 0\nω <sup>2</sup> 0  <sup>−</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>i</sup> <sup>Ω)</sup> <sup>2</sup> (14)\nand λ n is a dimensionless electron-boson coupling. Inte-\ngrating and transforming to real frequencies, we obtain\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = − <sup>π</sup> 2  <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>o</sup> <sup>Θ(</sup> <sup>|</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>| −</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>o</sup> <sup>)</sup>\nΣ <sup>′</sup> ( ω ) = − <sup>1</sup> 2  <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>o</sup> <sup>log</sup> ���� ω + ω o\nω − ω o ���� (15)\nIn the SCS, we obtain for ω < 0\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = − <sup>π</sup> 2  <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>o</sup> <sup>Re</sup> � ω + ω o\n� ( ω + ω o ) <sup>2</sup> − ∆ <sup>2</sup> �",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nalso found, however, that ω c at which ∆ W becomes neg-\native rapidly increases with the coupling strength and at\nstrong coupling becomes comparable to the bandwidth.\nIn the CB model, which, we believe, is most appropriate\nfor the application to the cuprates, ∆ W K = ∆ W ( ∞ ) is\nquite small, and at strong coupling a negative ∆ W ( ω c )\nup to ω c ∼ 1 eV is nearly compensated by the optical\nintegral between ω c and “infinity”, which, in practice, is\nan energy of interband transitions, which is roughly 2 eV .\nThis would be consistent with Refs. 8,9.\nWe begin with formulating our calculational basis in\nthe next section. Then we take up the four cases and\nconsider in each case the extent to which the Kubo sum is\nsatisfied up to the order of bandwidth and the functional\nform and the sign of ∆ W ( ω c ). The last section presents\nour conclusions.\nII. OPTICAL INTEGRAL IN NORMAL AND\nSUPERCONDUCTING STATES\nThe generic formalism of the computation of the op-\ntical conductivity and the optical integral has been dis- cussed several times in the literature <sup>21- 23,26,29</sup> and we\njust list the formulas that we used in our computations.\nThe conductivity σ (Ω) and the optical integral W ( ω c )\nare given by (see for example Ref. 35).\nσ <sup>′</sup> (Ω) = Im � − <sup>Π(Ω)</sup> Ω+ iδ � = − <sup>Π</sup> <sup>′′</sup> <sup>(Ω)</sup> Ω + πδ (Ω) Π <sup>′</sup> (Ω)\n(7a)\nW ( ω c ) = � ω c\n0\nσ <sup>′</sup> (Ω) d Ω= − � ω c\n0+\nΠ <sup>′′</sup> (Ω)\nΩ d Ω+  <sup>π</sup> 2 <sup>Π</sup> <sup>′</sup> <sup>(0)</sup>\n(7b)\nwhere ‘ X <sup>′</sup> ’ and ‘ X <sup>′′</sup> ’ stand for real and imaginary parts\nof X . We will restrict with T = 0. The polarization\noperator Π(Ω) is (see Ref. 36)\nΠ( i Ω) = T � ω � ⃗k\n( ∇ ⃗k ε ⃗k ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> G ( iω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) G ( iω + i Ω , <sup>⃗</sup> k ) + F ( iω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) F ( iω + i Ω , <sup>⃗</sup> k ) � (8a)\nΠ <sup>′′</sup> (Ω) = − <sup>1</sup> π � ⃗k\n( ∇ ⃗k ε ⃗k ) <sup>2</sup> � 0",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nthe optical integral can either remain positive for all fre-\nquencies below interband transitions (for large enough\npositive ∆ W K ), or change sign and remain negative (for\nnegative ∆ W K ). The first behavior would be consistent\nwith Refs. 8,9, while the second would be consistent with\nRef. 10. ∆ W can even show more exotic behavior with\nmore than one sign change (for a small positive ∆ W K ).\nWe show various cases schematically in Fig.1.\n0\nω c\n∆ W\n0\nω c\n∆ W\n0\nω c\n∆ W 0\nω c\n∆ W\n(a) (a) (a) (b)\n(c) (d)\nFIG. 1: Schematic behavior of ∆ W vs ω c , Eq. (4). The\nlimiting value of ∆ W at ω c = ∞ is ∆ W K given by Eq. (3)\nDepending on the value of ∆ W K , there can be either one sign\nchange of ∆ W (panels a and c), or no sign changes (panel b),\nor two sign changes (panel d).\nIn our work, we perform direct numerical calculations\nof optical integrals at T = 0 for a lattice dispersion ex-\ntracted from ARPES of the cuprates. The goal of our\nwork is two-fold. First, we perform calculations of the\noptical integral in the NS and analyze how rapidly W ( ω c )\napproaches W K , in other words we check how much of\nthe Kubo sum is recovered up to the scale of the band-\nwidth. Second, we analyze the difference between optical\nintegral in the SCS at T = 0 and in the NS extrapolated\nto T = 0 and compare the cut off effect ∆ f ( ω c ) to ∆ W K\nterm. We also analyze the sign of ∆ W ( ω c ) at large fre-\nquencies and discuss under what conditions theoretical\nW ( ∞ ) increases in the SCS.\nWe perform calculations for four models. First is a\nconventional BCS model with impurities (BCSI model).\nSecond is an Einstein boson (EB) model of fermions in-\nteracting with a single Einstein boson whose propaga-\ntor does not change between NS and SCS. These two\ncases will illustrate a conventional idea of the spectral\nweight in SCS being less than in NS. Then we con-",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the Ferrel-Glover-Tinkham sum rule?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "the redistribution of the spectral weight between normal and superconducting state",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n− Ω\ndω � G <sup>′′</sup> ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) G <sup>′′</sup> ( ω + Ω , <sup>⃗</sup> k ) + F  <sup>′′</sup> ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) F  <sup>′′</sup> ( ω + Ω , <sup>⃗</sup> k ) � (8b)\nΠ <sup>′</sup> (Ω) = <sup>1</sup> π <sup>2</sup> � ⃗k\n( ∇ ⃗k ε ⃗k ) <sup>2</sup> � ′ � ′ dx dy � G <sup>′′</sup> ( x, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) G <sup>′′</sup> ( y, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) + F  <sup>′′</sup> ( x, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) F  <sup>′′</sup> ( y, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) � n F ( y ) − n F ( x )\ny − x (8c)\nwhere � ′ denotes the principal value of the integral,\n� ⃗k <sup>is understood to be</sup> 1\nN � ⃗k <sup>,(</sup> <sup>N</sup> <sup>is the number of lat-</sup> tice sites), n F ( x ) is the Fermi function which is a step\nfunction at zero temperature, G and F are the normal\nand anomalous Greens functions. given by <sup>37</sup>\nFor a NS, G ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) = 1\nω − Σ( k, ω ) − ε ⃗k + iδ (9a)\nFor a SCS, G ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) = Z k,ω ω + ε ⃗k\nZ <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>ε</sup> <sup>2</sup> ⃗k <sup>+</sup> <sup>iδsgn</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> (9b)\nF ( ω, <sup>⃗</sup> k ) = Z k,ω ∆ k,ω\nZ <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> k,ω <sup>)</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>ε</sup> <sup>2</sup> ⃗k <sup>+</sup> <sup>iδsgn</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> (9c)\nwhere Z k,ω = 1 − <sup>Σ(</sup> <sup>k,ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> ω , and ∆ k,ω , is the SC gap. Fol-\nlowing earlier works <sup>31,33</sup> , we assume that the fermionic\nself-energy Σ( k, ω ) predominantly depends on frequency\nand approximate Σ( k, ω ) ≈ Σ( ω ) and also neglect the\nfrequency dependence of the gap, i.e., approximate ∆ k,ω\nby a d − wave ∆ k . The lattice dispersion ε ⃗k is taken from Ref. 38. To calculate W K , one has to evaluate the Kubo\nterm in Eq.3 wherein the distribution function n ⃗k , is cal-\nculated from\nn ( ε ⃗k ) = − 2 � 0\n−∞\ndω 2 π <sup>G</sup> <sup>′′</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω,⃗k</sup> <sup>)</sup> (10)\nThe 2 is due to the trace over spin indices. We show the",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nm is the bare mass of the electron. This expression is\nexact provided that the integration extends truly up to\ninfinity, and its derivation uses the obvious fact that at\nenergies higher than the total bandwidth of a solid, elec-\ntrons behave as free particles.\nThe independence of the r.h.s. of Eq. (1) on temper-\nature and the state of a solid (e.g., a normal or a super-\nconducting state -  henceforth referred to as NS and SCS\nrespectively) implies that, while the functional form of\nσ (Ω) changes with, e.g., temperature, the total spectral\nweight is conserved and only gets redistributed between\ndifferent frequencies as temperature changes. This con-\nservation of the total weight of σ (Ω) is generally called a\nsum rule.\nOne particular case, studied in detail for conventional\nsuperconductors, is the redistribution of the spectral\nweight between normal and superconducting states. This\nis known as Ferrel-Glover-Tinkham (FGT) sum rule: <sup>2,3</sup>\n� ∞\n0+\nRe σ NS (Ω) = � ∞\n0+\nRe σ sc (Ω) +  <sup>πn</sup> <sup>s</sup> <sup>e</sup> <sup>2</sup> 2 m (2)\nwhere n s is the superfluid density, and πn s e <sup>2</sup> / (2 m ) is\nthe spectral weight under the δ -functional piece of the\nconductivity in the superconducting state.\nIn practice, the integration up to an infinite frequency\nis hardly possible, and more relevant issue for practical\napplications is whether a sum rule is satisfied, at least ap-\nproximately, for a situation when there is a single electron\nband which crosses the Fermi level and is well separated\nfrom other bands. Kubo considered this case in the same\npaper of 1957 and derived the expression for the “band”,\nor Kubo sum rule\n� ‘ ∞ <sup>′</sup>\n0\nRe σ (Ω) d Ω= W K = <sup>πe</sup> <sup>2</sup> 2 N � ⃗k\n∇ <sup>2</sup> ⃗ k x <sup>ε</sup> <sup>⃗k</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>⃗k</sup> (3)\nwhere n ⃗k is the electronic distribution function and ε ⃗k is the band dispersion. Prime in the upper limit of the inte-\ngration has the practical implication that the upper limit\nis much larger than the bandwidth of a given band which\ncrosses the Fermi level, but smaller than the frequencies\nof interband transitions. Interactions with external ob-\njects, e.g., phonons or impurities, and interactions be-\ntween fermions are indirectly present in the distribution\nfunction which is expressed via the full fermionic Green’s",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\ndistribution functions in the NS and SCS under different\ncircumstances in Fig 2.\nThe  <sup>⃗</sup> k -summation is done over first Brillouin zone for a\n2-D lattice with a 62x62 grid. The frequency integrals are\ndone analytically wherever possible, otherwise performed\nusing Simpson’s rule for all regular parts. Contributions\nfrom the poles are computed separately using Cauchy’s\ntheorem. For comparison, in all four cases we also calcu-\nlated FGT sum rule by replacing � d <sup>2</sup> k = d Ω k dǫ k ν ǫ k , Ω k\nand keeping ν constant. We remind that the FGT is\nthe result when one assumes that the integral in W ( ω c )\npredominantly comes from a narrow region around the\nFermi surface.\nWe will first use Eq 3 and compute W K in NS and SCS.\nThis will tell us about the magnitude of ∆ W ( ω c = ∞ ).\nWe next compute the conductivity σ ( ω ) using the equa-\ntions listed above, find W ( ω c ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) and compare\n∆ f ( ω c ) and ∆ W K .\nFor simplicity and also for comparisons with earlier\nstudies, for BCSI, EB, and MFLI models we assumed\nthat the gap is just a constant along the FS. For CB\nmodel, we used a d − wave gap and included into consid-\neration the fact that, if a CB is a spin fluctuation, its\npropagator develops a resonance when the pairing gap is\nd − wave.\nFIG. 2: Distribution functions in four cases (a) BCSI model,\nwhere one can see that for ε > 0, SC > NS implying KE in-\ncreases in the SCS. (b) The original MFLI model of Ref. 30,\nwhere for ε > 0, SC < NS, implying KE decreases in the SCS.\n(c) Our version of MFLI model (see text) and (d) the CB\nmodel. In both cases, SC > NS, implying KE increases in the\nSCS. Observe that in the impurity-free CB model there is no\njump in n ( ǫ ) indicating lack of fermionic coherence. This is\nconsistent with ARPES <sup>39</sup>\nA. The BCS case\nIn BCS theory the quantity Z ( ω ) is given by\nZ BCSI ( ω ) = 1 + Γ",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\n140501(R)(2006). 34 [ A.E. Karakozov and E.G. Maksimov, cond-mat/0511185,](http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0511185)\nA. E. Karakozov, E. G. Maksimov and O. V. Dolgov, Solid\nState Comm. 124 , 119 (2002); A. E. Karakozov and E. G.\nMaksimov, ibid. 139 , 80 (2006). 35 see e.g., P. B. Allen, Phys. Rev. B 3 , 305 (1971); S. V.\nShulga, O. V. Dolgov and E. G. Maksimov, Physica C\n178 , 266 (1991). 36 A. A. Abriskov and L. P. Gor’kov, JETP 35 , 1090 (1959),\nSang Boo Nam, Phys. Rev. 156 , 470 (1967). 37 Theory of superconductivity, Schrieffer, (W. A. Benjamin\nInc., New York 1964). 38 M.R. Norman, M. Randeria, H. Ding, and J.C. Cam-\npuzano, Phys. Rev. B 52 , 615 (1995). 39 Z.X. Shen and D.S. Dessau, Phys. Rep. 253 , 1(1995),\nJ. C. Campuzano, M. R. Norman, and M. Randeria,\n“Superconductivity”(Vol-1), 923-992, Springer (2008). 40 A. V. Chubukov, Ar. Abanov, and D. N. Basov, Phys. Rev.\nB 68 , 024504 (2003). 41 T. Valla et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett 85 , 828(2000). 42 Kaminski et al. , Phys. Rev. B 71 , 014517 (2005). 43 Robert Haslinger and Andrey V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B\n67 , 140504(2003). 44 C. Castellani, C. DiCastro, and M. Grilli, Phys. Rev. Lett.\n75 , 4650 (1995). 45 Ar. Abanov, A. Chubukov, and J. Schmalian, Adv. Phys.\n52 , 119 (2003). 46 Dessau et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett 66 , 2160(1991), Norman et\nal , Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 , 3506(1997). 47 M.R. Norman and H. Ding, Phys. Rev. B 57 , 11089(1998). 48 C. Timm, D. Manske and K. H. Bennemann, Phys. Rev.\nB 66 , 094515(2002). 49 A.V. Chubukov, M.R. Norman, Phys. Rev. B 70 ,\n174505(2004). 50 In this respect, our results are consistent with the analysis\nof ∆ W ( ω c ) in a system without a lattice (Ref. <sup>51</sup> ). The\nauthors of that work also found that the frequency of zero-\ncrossing of ∆ W ( ω c ) increases with the coupling strength.\n51 Ar. Abanov and A.V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B 70 , 100504\n(2004).",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nfunction as n ⃗k = T  <sup>�</sup> m  <sup>G</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>⃗k, ω</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>).</sup> For ǫ k = k <sup>2</sup> / 2 m ,\n∇ <sup>2</sup> ⃗ k x <sup>ε</sup> <sup>⃗k</sup> <sup>= 1</sup> <sup>/m</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>W</sup> <sup>K</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>πne</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>(2</sup> <sup>m</sup> <sup>), and Kubo sum rule</sup>\nreduces to Eq. (1). In general, however, ε ⃗k is a lattice dispersion, and Eqs. (1) and (3) are different. Most im-\nportant, W K in Eq. (3) generally depends on T and on\nthe state of the system because of n ⃗k . In this situation,\nthe temperature evolution of the optical integral does not\nreduce to a simple redistribution of the spectral weight\n-  the whole spectral weight inside the conduction band\nchanges with T . This issue was first studied in detail by Hirsch  <sup>4</sup> who introduced the now-frequently-used nota-\ntion “violation of the conductivity sum rule”.\nIn reality, as already pointed out by Hirsch, there is no\ntrue violation as the change of the total spectral weight\nin a given band is compensated by an appropriate change\nof the spectral weight in other bands such that the total\nspectral weight, integrated over all bands, is conserved,\nas in Eq. (1). Still, non-conservation of the spectral\nweight within a given band is an interesting phenomenon\nas the degree of non-conservation is an indicator of rele-\nvant energy scales in the problem. Indeed, when relevant\nenergy scales are much smaller than the Fermi energy,\ni.e., changes in the conductivity are confined to a near\nvicinity of a Fermi surface (FS), one can expand ε k near\nk F as ε k = v F ( k − k F ) + ( k − k F ) <sup>2</sup> / (2 m B ) + O ( k − k F ) <sup>3</sup> and obtain ∇ <sup>2</sup> ⃗ k x <sup>ε</sup> <sup>⃗k</sup> <sup>≈</sup> <sup>1</sup> <sup>/m</sup> <sup>B</sup> <sup>[this approximation is equiv-</sup>\nalent to approximating the density of states (DOS) by a\nconstant]. Then W K becomes πne <sup>2</sup> / (2 m B ) which does\nnot depend on temperature. The scale of the tempera-\nture dependence of W K is then an indicator how far in\nenergy the changes in conductivity extend when, e.g., a\nsystem evolves from a normal metal to a superconductor.\nBecause relevant energy scales increase with the interac-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\ncomes from the interaction with the resonance and\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> B <sup>(</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> � | E |\n2∆\ndx Re ω + x\n� ( ω + x ) <sup>2</sup> − ∆ <sup>2</sup>\nx\nω sf  <sup>K</sup> <sup>2</sup> � 1 − <sup>4∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> x <sup>2</sup> � � 1 − <sup>4∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> xω sf  <sup>D</sup> � 4∆ 2\nx <sup>2</sup> � <sup>�</sup> <sup>2</sup> + � x\nω sf  <sup>K</sup> <sup>2</sup> � 1 − <sup>4∆</sup> <sup>2</sup> x <sup>2</sup> � <sup>�</sup> <sup>2</sup> (25)\ncomes from the interaction with the gaped continuum. The real part of Σ is obtained by Kramers-Kr ̈onig trans-\nform of the imaginary part.\n0 0.5 1 0\n0.2\n0.4\nω in eV\nσ ( ω )\nConductivities (CB model λ =1)\nNS\nSC\n2 ∆ + ω o\n0 0.5 1\n0.2\n0.6\n1\nω in eV\nσ ( ω )\nConductivities (CB model λ =10)\nNS\nSC\n2 ∆ + ω o\nFIG. 17: Conductivities and ∆ W for a fixed λω sf . Top -\nω sf = 26 meV , λ = 1, ω o = 40 meV , Z o = 0 . 77 Bottom -\nω sf = 2 . 6 meV , λ = 10, ω o = 13 . 5 meV , Z o = 1 . 22. The zero\ncrossing for ∆ W is not affected by a change in λ because it\nis determined only by λω sf . We set ∆= 30 meV .\n1 2 3\n120\n160\n200\nλ (coupling)\nCB model ( Ω o =40 meV)\nW K (meV)\nSCS\nNS\nFIG. 18: The behavior of Kubo sums in the CB model. Note\nthat the spectral weight in the NS is always larger than in the\nSCS. We set ω sf = 26 meV , λ = 1, and ∆= 30 meV .\nWe performed the same calculations of conductivities\nand optical integrals as in the previous three cases. The\nresults are summarized in Figs. 17 - 22. Fig 17 shows con-\nductivities in the NS and the SCS for two couplings λ = 1\nand λ = 10 (keeping λω sf constant). Other parameters\nZ o and ω o are calculated according to the discussion after\nEq 21. for ω sf = 26 meV , λ = 1, we find ω o = 40 meV ,",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\nW. N. Hardy, Phys. Rev. B 69 , 024514 (2004). 14 J. Hwang et al , Phys. Rev. B 73 , 014508 (2006). 15 E. van Heumen, R. Lortz, A. B. Kuzmenko, F. Carbone,\nD. van der Marel, X. Zhao, G. Yu, Y. Cho, N. Barisic, M.\nGreven, C. C. Homes and S. V. Dordevic, Phys. Rev. B\n75 , 054522 (2007). 16 M. Ortolani, P. Calvani and S. Lupi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 ,\n067002 (2005). 17 A.F. Santander-Syro, R.P.S.M. Lobo, and N. Bontemps,\nPhys. Rev. B 70 , 134504(2004), A. F. Santander-Syro, R.\nP. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, Z. Konstantinovic, Z. Z. Li\nand H. Raffy, Europhys. Lett. 62 , 568 (2003). 18 P. F. Maldague, Phys. Rev. B 16 2437 (1977); E. H. Kim,\nPhys. Rev. B 58 2452 (1998). 19 J. Hirsch, Physica C, 201 , 347 (1992) and Ref 4. 20 for a review see F. Marsiglio, J. Superconductivity and\nNovel Magnetism 22 , 269 (2009). 21 F. Marsiglio, E. van Heumen, A. B. Kuzmenko, Phys. Rev.\nB 77 144510 (2008). 22 M. R. Norman, A. V. Chubukov, E. van Heumen, A. B.\nKuzmenko, and D. van der Marel, Phys. Rev. B 76 , 220509\n(2007). 23 J. E. Hirsch and F. Marsiglio, Physica C 331 , 150 (2000)\nand Phys. Rev. B 62 , 15131 (2000). 24 A. Toschi, M. Capone, M. Ortolani, P. Calvani, S. Lupi\nand C. Castellani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 , 097002 (2005). 25 F. Marsiglio, F. Carbone, A. Kuzmenko and D. van der\nMarel, Phys. Rev. B 74 , 174516 (2006). 26 L. Benfatto, S. G. Sharapov, N. Andrenacci and H. Beck,\nPhys. Rev. B 71 , 104511 (2005). 27 D. van der Marel, H.J.A. Molegraaf, C. Presura, and I.\nSantoso, Concepts in Electron Correlations, edited by A.\nHewson and V. Zlatic (Kluwer, 2003) 28 L. Benfatto, J.P. Carbotte and F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B\n74 , 155115 (2006) 29 F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B 73 , 064507(2006). 30 M.R. Norman and C. P ́epin, Phys. Rev. B 66 , 100506(R)\n(2002). 31 J. Fink et al. , Phys. Rev. B 74 , 165102(R) (2006). 32 M. Eschrig, Adv. Phys. 55 , 47-183 (2006) 33 M.R. Norman and A.V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B 73 ,",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsum rule. In Fig. 3 we plot for this case ∆ W ( ω c ) as a\nfunction of the cutoff ω c for different Γ <sup>′</sup> s . The plot shows\nthe two well known features: zero-crossing point is below\n2∆in the clean limit Γ << ∆and is roughly 2Γ in the dirty limit <sup>21,40</sup> The magnitude of the ‘dip’ decreases quite\nrapidly with increasing Γ. Still, there is always a point\nof zero crossing and ∆ W ( ω c ) at large ω c approaches zero\nfrom below.\nWe now perform the same calculations in the presence\nof lattice dispersion. The results are summarized in Figs\n4,5, and 6.\nFig 4 shows conductivities σ ( ω ) in the NS and the SCS\nand Kubo sums W K plotted against impurity scattering\nΓ. We see that the optical integral in the NS is always\ngreater than in the SCS. The negative sign of ∆ W K is\nsimply the consequence of the fact that n k is larger in the\nNS for ǫ k < 0 and smaller for ǫ k < 0, and ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k closely follows − ε ⃗k for our choice of dispersion <sup>38</sup> ), Hence n k is\nlarger in the NS for ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k > 0 and smaller for ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k < 0 and the Kubo sum rule, which is the integral of the\nproduct of n k and ∇ <sup>2</sup> ε ⃗k (Eq. 3), is larger in the normal state.\nWe also see from Fig. 4 that ∆ W K decreases with Γ\nreflecting the fact that with too much impurity scattering\nthere is little difference in n k between NS and SCS.\nFig 5 shows the optical sum in NS and SCS in clean\nand dirty limits (the parameters are stated in the fig-\nure). This plot shows that the Kubo sums are almost\ncompletely recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth\nof 1 eV : the recovery is 95% in the clean limit and ∼ 90%\nin the dirty limit. In Fig 6 we plot ∆ W ( ω c ) as a function\nof ω c in clean and dirty limits. ∆ W ( ∞ ) is now non-zero,\nin agreement with Fig. 4 and we also see that there is",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nthe optical integral can either remain positive for all fre-\nquencies below interband transitions (for large enough\npositive ∆ W K ), or change sign and remain negative (for\nnegative ∆ W K ). The first behavior would be consistent\nwith Refs. 8,9, while the second would be consistent with\nRef. 10. ∆ W can even show more exotic behavior with\nmore than one sign change (for a small positive ∆ W K ).\nWe show various cases schematically in Fig.1.\n0\nω c\n∆ W\n0\nω c\n∆ W\n0\nω c\n∆ W 0\nω c\n∆ W\n(a) (a) (a) (b)\n(c) (d)\nFIG. 1: Schematic behavior of ∆ W vs ω c , Eq. (4). The\nlimiting value of ∆ W at ω c = ∞ is ∆ W K given by Eq. (3)\nDepending on the value of ∆ W K , there can be either one sign\nchange of ∆ W (panels a and c), or no sign changes (panel b),\nor two sign changes (panel d).\nIn our work, we perform direct numerical calculations\nof optical integrals at T = 0 for a lattice dispersion ex-\ntracted from ARPES of the cuprates. The goal of our\nwork is two-fold. First, we perform calculations of the\noptical integral in the NS and analyze how rapidly W ( ω c )\napproaches W K , in other words we check how much of\nthe Kubo sum is recovered up to the scale of the band-\nwidth. Second, we analyze the difference between optical\nintegral in the SCS at T = 0 and in the NS extrapolated\nto T = 0 and compare the cut off effect ∆ f ( ω c ) to ∆ W K\nterm. We also analyze the sign of ∆ W ( ω c ) at large fre-\nquencies and discuss under what conditions theoretical\nW ( ∞ ) increases in the SCS.\nWe perform calculations for four models. First is a\nconventional BCS model with impurities (BCSI model).\nSecond is an Einstein boson (EB) model of fermions in-\nteracting with a single Einstein boson whose propaga-\ntor does not change between NS and SCS. These two\ncases will illustrate a conventional idea of the spectral\nweight in SCS being less than in NS. Then we con-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nof the lattice (the dashed line in Fig. 9).\nC. Marginal Fermi liquid model\nFor their analysis of the optical integral, Norman and P ́epin <sup>30</sup> introduced a phenomenological model for the self\nenergy which fits normal state scattering rate measure-\nments by ARPES <sup>41</sup> . It constructs the NS Σ ′′ ( ω ) out\nof two contributions - impurity scattering and electron-\nelectron scattering which they approximated phenomeno-\nlogically by the marginal Fermi liquid form of αω at small frequencies <sup>6</sup> (MFLI model). The total Σ ′′ is\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = Γ + α | ω | f � ω\nω sat � (17)\nwhere ω sat is about ∼ <sup>1</sup> 2  <sup>of the bandwidth, and</sup> <sup>f</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>x</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>≈</sup> <sup>1</sup> for x < 1 and decreases for x > 1. In Ref 30 f ( x ) was assumed to scale as 1 /x at large x such that Σ <sup>′′</sup> is flat at\nlarge ω . The real part of Σ( ω ) is obtained from Kramers-\nKr ̈onig relations. For the superconducting state, they\nobtained Σ ′′ by cutting off the NS expression on the lower\nend at some frequency ω 1 (the analog of ω 0 + ∆that we\nhad for EB model):\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = (Γ + α | ω | )Θ( | ω | − ω 1 ) (18)\nwhere Θ( x ) is the step function. In reality, Σ ′′ which fits\nARPES in the NS has some angular dependence along the\nFermi surface <sup>42</sup> , but this was ignored for simplicity. This\nmodel had gained a lot of attention as it predicted the\noptical sum in the SCS to be larger than in the NS, i.e.,\n∆ W > 0 at large frequencies. This would be consistent\nwith the experimental findings in Refs. 8,9 if, indeed, one\nidentifies ∆ W measured up to 1eV with ∆ W K .\nWe will show below that the sign of ∆ W in the MFLI\nmodel actually depends on how the normal state results\nare extended to the superconducting state and, moreover,\nwill argue that ∆ W K is actually negative if the extension\nis done such that at α = 0 the results are consistent with\nBCSI model. However, before that, we show in Figs 10-",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf",
+                "query": "What does Kitaev show about spin- 1/2 model?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "spin- 1/2 model can be mapped to a model with one Majo- rana fermion per site coupled to Ising gauge fields on the links",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nFa Wang <sup>1</sup>\n1 Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA\nThe exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb lattice model is realized as the low energy effect Hamil-\ntonian of a spin-1/2 model with spin rotation and time-reversal symmetry. The mapping to low\nenergy effective Hamiltonian is exact, without truncation errors in traditional perturbation series\nexpansions. This model consists of a honeycomb lattice of clusters of four spin-1/2 moments, and\ncontains short-range interactions up to six-spin(or eight-spin) terms. The spin in the Kitaev model\nis represented not as these spin-1/2 moments, but as pseudo-spin of the two-dimensional spin singlet\nsector of the four antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 moments within each cluster. Spin corre-\nlations in the Kitaev model are mapped to dimer correlations or spin-chirality correlations in this\nmodel. This exact construction is quite general and can be used to make other interesting spin-1/2\nmodels from spin rotation invariant Hamiltonians. We discuss two possible routes to generate the\nhigh order spin interactions from more natural couplings, which involves perturbative expansions\nthus breaks the exact mapping, although in a controlled manner.\nPACS numbers: 75.10.Jm, 75.10.Kt\nContents\nI. Introduction. 1\nII. Formulation of the Pseudo-spin-1/2 from\nFour-spin Cluster. 2\nIII. Realization of the Kitaev Model. 3\nIV. Generate the High Order Physical Spin\nInteractions by Perturbative Expansion. 5\nA. Generate the High Order Terms by Coupling\nto Optical Phonon. 5\nB. Generate the High Order Terms by Magnetic\nInteractions between Clusters. 7\nV. Conclusions. 8\nAcknowledgments 8\nA. Coupling between Distortions of a\nTetrahedron and the Pseudo-spins 8\nB. Derivation of the Terms Generated by\nSecond Order Perturbation of Inter-cluster\nMagnetic Interactions 9\nReferences 10\nI. INTRODUCTION.\nKitaev’s exactly solvable spin-1/2 honeycomb lattice model <sup>1</sup> (noted as the Kitaev model hereafter) has in-\nspired great interest since its debut, due to its exact\nsolvability, fractionalized excitations, and the potential\nto realize non-Abelian anyons. The model simply reads\nH Kitaev = − � x − links <jk>\nJ x τ  <sup>x</sup> j  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>x</sup> k  <sup>−</sup> � y − links <jk>\nJ y τ  <sup>y</sup> j  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>y</sup> k\n− � z − links <jk>\nJ z τ  <sup>z</sup> j  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> k\n(1)\nwhere τ  <sup>x,y,z</sup> are Pauli matrices, and x, y, z -links are de- fined in FIG. 1. It was shown by Kitaev <sup>1</sup> that this spin-\n1/2 model can be mapped to a model with one Majo-",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nto realize in solid state systems. There are many pro-\nposals to realized the Kitaev model in more controllable\nsituations, e.g. in cold atom optical lattices <sup>17,18</sup> , or in\nsuperconducting circuits <sup>19</sup> . But it is still desirable for\ntheoretical curiosity and practical purposes to realize the\nKitaev-type models in spin rotation invariant systems.\nIn this paper we realize the Kitaev honeycomb lattice\nmodel as the low energy Hamiltonian for a spin rotation\ninvariant system. The trick is not to use the physical spin\nas the spin in the Kitaev model, instead the spin-1/2 in\nKitaev model is from some emergent two-fold degener-\nate low energy states in the elementary unit of physical\nsystem. This type of idea has been explored recently by\nJackeli and Khaliullin <sup>20</sup> , in which the spin-1/2 in the Ki-\ntaev model is the low energy Kramers doublet created by\nstrong spin-orbit coupling of t 2 g orbitals. In the model\npresented below, the Hilbert space of spin-1/2 in the Ki-\ntaev model is actually the two dimensional spin singlet\nsector of four antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 mo-\nments, and the role of spin-1/2 operators(Pauli matrices)\nin the Kitaev model is replaced by certain combinations\nof S j · S k [or the spin-chirality S j · ( S k × S l )] between the\nfour spins.\nOne major drawback of the model to be presented is\nthat it contains high order spin interactions(involves up\nto six or eight spins), thus is still unnatural. However it\nopens the possibility to realize exotic (exactly solvable)\nmodels from spin-1/2 Hamiltonian with spin rotation in-\nvariant interactions. We will discuss two possible routes\nto reduce this artificialness through controlled perturba-\ntive expansions, by coupling to optical phonons or by\nmagnetic couplings between the elementary units.\nThe outline of this paper is as follows. In Section II\nwe will lay out the pseudo-spin-1/2 construction. In Sec-\n4\n2 3\n1\n*z*   *z*\n*x*\n*x*\n*y*\n*y*\n2 3\n4\n1\nFIG. 2: Left: the physical spin lattice for the model (8). The\ndash circles are honeycomb lattice sites, each of which is ac-\ntually a cluster of four physical spins. The dash straight lines\nare honeycomb lattice bonds, with their type x, y, z labeled.\nThe interaction between clusters connected by x, y, z bonds\nare the J x,y,z terms in (8) or (9) respectively. Note this is not the 3-12 lattice used in Ref. <sup>9,10</sup> . Right: enlarged picture of",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n### Q <sup>E</sup> 1\n\nKitaev model will be mapped to dimer or spin-chirality\ncorrelations in the physical spin system. The correspond-\ning picture of the fractionalized Majorana fermion exci-\ntations and Ising vortices still remain to be clarified.\nThis exact construction contains high order physical\nspin interactions, which is undesirable for practical im-\nplementation. We described two possible approaches to\nreduce this problem: generating the high order spin in-\nteractions by perturbative expansion of the coupling to\noptical phonon, or the magnetic coupling between clus-\nters. This perturbative construction will introduce trun-\ncation error of perturbation series, which may be con-\ntrolled by small expansion parameters. Whether these\nconstructions can be experimentally engineered is how-\never beyond the scope of this study. It is conceivable that\nother perturbative expansion can also generate these high\norder spin interactions, but this possibility will be left for\nfuture works.\nAcknowledgments\nThe author thanks Ashvin Vishwanath, Yong-Baek\nKim and Arun Paramekanti for inspiring discussions, and\nTodadri Senthil for critical comments. The author is sup-\nported by the MIT Pappalardo Fellowship in Physics.\nAppendix A: Coupling between Distortions of a\nTetrahedron and the Pseudo-spins\nIn this Appendix we reproduce from Ref. <sup>35</sup> the cou-\nplings of all tetrahedron distortion modes to the spin\nsystem. And convert them to pseudo-spin notation in\nthe physical spin singlet sector.\nConsider a general small distortion of the tetrahedron,\nthe spin Hamiltonian becomes\nH cluster , SL = ( J cluster / 2)( � l\nS l ) <sup>2</sup> + J <sup>′</sup> <sup>�</sup> l<m\nδr lm ( S l · S m )\n(A1)\nwhere δr lm is the change of bond length between spins l and m , J <sup>′</sup> is the derivative of J cluster with respect to\nbond length.\nThere are six orthogonal distortion modes of the tetra-\nhedron [TABLE 1.1 in Ref. <sup>35</sup> ]. One of the modes A is the\ntrivial representation of the tetrahedral group T d ; two E\nmodes form the two dimensional irreducible representa-\ntion of T d ; and three T 2 modes form the three dimen-\nsional irreducible representation. The E modes are also\nillustrated in FIG. 3.\nThe generic couplings in (A1) [second term] can be\nconverted to couplings to these orthogonal modes,\nJ <sup>′</sup> ( Q <sup>A</sup> f  <sup>A</sup> + Q <sup>E</sup> 1  <sup>f</sup> <sup>E</sup> 1  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>E</sup> 2  <sup>f</sup> <sup>E</sup> 2  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1  <sup>f</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 2  <sup>f</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 2  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 3  <sup>f</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 3  <sup>)</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nthe clusters with the four physical spins labeled as 1 , . . . , 4.\nThick solid bonds within one cluster have large antiferromag-\nnetic Heisenberg coupling J cluster .\ntion III the Kitaev model will be explicitly constructed\nusing this formalism, and some properties of this con-\nstruction will be discussed. In Section IV we will discuss\ntwo possible ways to generate the high order spin in-\nteractions involved in the construction of Section III by\nperturbative expansions. Conclusions and outlook will\nbe summarized in Section V.\nII. FORMULATION OF THE PSEUDO-SPIN-1/2\nFROM FOUR-SPIN CLUSTER.\nIn this Section we will construct the pseudo-spin-1/2\nfrom a cluster of four physical spins, and map the phys-\nical spin operators to pseudo-spin operators. The map-\nping constructed here will be used in later Sections to\nconstruct the effective Kitaev model. In this Section we\nwill work entirely within the four-spin cluster, all unspec-\nified physical spin subscripts take values 1 , . . . , 4.\nConsider a cluster of four spin-1/2 moments(called\nphysical spins hereafter), labeled by S 1 ,..., 4 , antiferro-\nmagnetically coupled to each other (see the right bot-\ntom part of FIG. 2). The Hamiltonian within the clus-\nter(up to a constant) is simply the Heisenberg antiferro-\nmagnetic(AFM) interactions,\nH cluster = ( J cluster / 2) ( S 1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4 ) <sup>2</sup> (2)\nThe energy levels should be apparent from this form:\none group of spin-2 quintets with energy 3 J cluster , three\ngroups of spin-1 triplets with energy J cluster , and two spin\nsinglets with energy zero. We will consider large positive\nJ cluster limit. So only the singlet sector remains in low\nenergy.\nThe singlet sector is then treated as a pseudo-spin-1/2\nHilbert space. From now on we denote the pseudo-spin-\n1/2 operators as T = (1 / 2) ⃗τ , with ⃗τ the Pauli matri-\nces. It is convenient to choose the following basis of the\npseudo-spin\n| τ <sup>z</sup> = ± 1 ⟩ = 1 √ 6 � | ↓↓↑↑⟩ + ω <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> | ↓↑↓↑⟩ + ω <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> | ↓↑↑↓⟩\n+ | ↑↑↓↓⟩ + ω <sup>−</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> | ↑↓↑↓⟩ + ω <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> | ↑↓↓↑⟩ �\n(3)\nwhere ω = e <sup>2</sup> <sup>πi/</sup> <sup>3</sup> is the complex cubic root of unity,\n| ↓↓↑↑⟩ and other states on the right-hand-side(RHS) are basis states of the four-spin system, in terms of S <sup>z</sup> quan-\ntum numbers of physical spins 1 , . . . , 4 in sequential or-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nbecomes chirality-chirality correlation, or four-dimer cor-\nrelation. It will be interesting to see the corresponding\npicture of the exotic excitations in the Kitaev model, e.g.\nthe Majorana fermion and the Ising vortex. However this\nwill be deferred to future studies.\nIt is tempting to call this as an exactly solved spin liq-\nuid with spin gap ( ∼ J cluster ), an extremely short-range\nresonating valence bond(RVB) state, from a model with\nspin rotation and time reversal symmetry. However it\nshould be noted that the unit cell of this model contains\nan even number of spin-1/2 moments (so does the orig-\ninal Kitaev model) which does not satisfy the stringent\ndefinition of spin liquid requiring odd number of elec-\ntrons per unit cell. Several parent Hamiltonians of spin\nliquids have already been constructed. See for example,\nRef. <sup>24- 27</sup> .\nIV. GENERATE THE HIGH ORDER PHYSICAL\nSPIN INTERACTIONS BY PERTURBATIVE\nEXPANSION.\nOne major drawback of the present construction is that\nit involves high order interactions of physical spins[see\n(8) and (9)], thus is ‘unnatural’. In this Section we will\nmake compromises between exact solvability and natu-\nralness. We consider two clusters j and k and try to\ngenerate the J x,y,z interactions in (7) from perturbation\nseries expansion of more natural(lower order) physical\nspin interactions. Two different approaches for this pur-\npose will be laid out in the following two Subsections. In\nSubsection IV A we will consider the two clusters as two\ntetrahedra, and couple the spin system to certain opti-\ncal phonons, further coupling between the phonon modes\n(a) (b) (c) (d)\n(b) (c) (d)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n### Q <sup>E</sup> 1\n\n(1978). 23 A. H. MacDonald, S. M. Girvin, D. Yoshioka, Phys. Rev.\nB 37 , 9753 (1988). 24 J. T. Chayes, L. Chayes, S. A. Kivelson, Commun. Math.\nPhys. 123 , 53 (1989). 25 C. D. Batista, S. A. Trugman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 , 217202\n(2004).\n11\n26 K. S. Raman, R. Moessner, S. L. Sondhi, Phys. Rev. B 72 ,\n064413 (2005). 27 D. F. Schroeter, E. Kapit, R. Thomale, and M. Greiter,\nPhys. Rev. Lett. 99 , 097202 (2007); R. Thomale, E. Kapit,\nD. F. Schroeter, and M. Greiter, Phys. Rev. B 80 , 104406\n(2009). 28 O. Tchernyshyov, R. Moessner, S. L. Sondhi, Phys. Rev.\nLett. 88 , 067203 (2002). 29 F. Becca, F. Mila, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 , 037204 (2002). 30 K. Penc, N. Shannon, H. Shiba, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 ,\n197203 (2004). 31 C. Weber, F. Becca, F. Mila, Phys. Rev. B 72 , 024449\n(2005). 32 G.-W. Chern, C. J. Fennie, O. Tchernyshyov, Phys. Rev.\nB 74 , 060405(R) (2006). 33 D. L. Bergman, R. Shindou, G. A. Fiete, L. Balents, Phys.\nRev. B 74 , 134409 (2006). 34 Fa Wang, Ashvin Vishwanath, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 ,\n077201 (2008). 35 [ O. Tchernyshyov, G.-W. Chern, arXiv:0907.1693 (2009).](http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.1693) 36 Y. Taguchi, Y. Oohara, H. Yoshizawa, N. Nagaosa, Y.\nTokura, Science 291 , 2573 (2001). 37 X. G. Wen, Frank Wilczek, A. Zee, Phys. Rev. B 39, 11413\n(1989); X. G. Wen, Phys. Rev. B 40 , 7387 (1989). 38 Dimitris I. Tsomokos, Juan Jos ́e Garc ́ıa-Ripoll, Nigel R.\nCooper, Jiannis K. Pachos, Phys. Rev. A 77 , 012106\n(2008).",
+                    "page_start": 9,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n### Q <sup>E</sup> 1\n\nreplace by c -number ( − 2 J cluster ) <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . This term becomes\n− r λ <sup>2</sup>\n2 J cluster P jk [ S j 2 · ( S k 3 × S k 4 )][ S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 3 )] P jk .\nSpin rotation symmetry again helps to separate the terms\nfor cluster j and k , and we get − ( r λ <sup>2</sup> ) / (32 J cluster ) · τ  <sup>z</sup> j  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> k  <sup>.</sup> The other cross term r λ <sup>2</sup> P jk S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 )(1 − P jk )[0 − H cluster j − H cluster k ] <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (1 −P jk ) S j 2 · ( S k 3 × S k 4 ) P jk gives the same result.\nIn summary the second order perturbation from λ [ S j 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 ) + r S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 )] is\n− r λ <sup>2</sup>\n16 J cluster · τ  <sup>z</sup> j  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> k  <sup>+</sup> λ <sup>2</sup>\n32 J cluster\n( τ  <sup>x</sup> k  <sup>+</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>x</sup> j  <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>2)</sup> <sup>.</sup>\nUsing this result we can choose the following pertur-\nbation on z -links,\nλ z H perturbation , z\n= λ z [ S j 2 · ( S k 3 × S k 4 ) + sgn( J z ) · S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 )]\n−| J z | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 )\nwith λ z = 4 � | J z | J cluster , r = sgn( J z ) is the sign of J z .\nThe last term on the right-hand-side is to cancel the non- trivial terms ( r <sup>2</sup> τ  <sup>x</sup> j  <sup>+</sup> <sup>τ</sup> <sup>x</sup> k  <sup>)</sup> <sup>λ</sup> <sup>2</sup> z <sup>/</sup> <sup>(32</sup> <sup>J</sup> <sup>cluster</sup> <sup>) from the second</sup>\norder perturbation of the first term. Up to second order\nperturbation this will produce − J z τ  <sup>z</sup> j  <sup>τ</sup> <sup>z</sup> k  <sup>interactions.</sup>\nFinally we have been able to reduce the high order",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n(9)\nThis model, in terms of physical spins S , has full\nspin rotation symmetry and time-reversal symmetry. A\npseudo-magnetic field term  <sup>�</sup> j  <sup>⃗h</sup> <sup>·</sup> <sup>⃗τ</sup> <sup>j</sup> <sup>term can also be</sup> included under this mapping, however the resulting Ki-\ntaev model with magnetic field is not exactly solvable.\nIt is quite curious that such a formidably looking Hamil-\ntonian (8), with biquadratic and six-spin(or eight-spin)\nterms, has an exactly solvable low energy sector.\nWe emphasize that because the first intra-cluster term\n� cluster  <sup>H</sup> <sup>cluster</sup> <sup>commutes with the latter Kitaev terms</sup> independent of the representation used, the Kitaev model is realized as the exact low energy Hamiltonian of this\nmodel without truncation errors of perturbation theories,\nnamely no ( | J x,y,z | /J cluster ) <sup>2</sup> or higher order terms will\nbe generated under the projection to low energy clus-\nter singlet space. This is unlike, for example, the t/U\nexpansion of the half-filled Hubbard model <sup>22,23</sup> , where\nat lowest t <sup>2</sup> /U order the effective Hamiltonian is the\nHeisenberg model, but higher order terms ( t <sup>4</sup> /U  <sup>3</sup> etc.)\nshould in principle still be included in the low energy ef-\nfective Hamiltonian for any finite t/U . Similar compari-\nson can be made to the perturbative expansion studies of\nthe Kitaev-type models by Vidal et al. <sup>9</sup> , where the low\nenergy effective Hamiltonians were obtained in certian\nanisotropic (strong bond/triangle) limits. Although the\nspirit of this work, namely projection to low energy sec-\ntor, is the same as all previous perturbative approaches\nto effective Hamiltonians.\nNote that the original Kitaev model (1) has three-\nfold rotation symmetry around a honeycomb lattice site,\ncombined with a three-fold rotation in pseudo-spin space\n(cyclic permutation of τ  <sup>x</sup> , τ  <sup>y</sup> , τ <sup>z</sup> ). This is not apparent\nin our model (8) in terms of physical spins, under the\ncurrent representation of τ  <sup>x,y,z</sup> . We can remedy this by using a different set of pseudo-spin Pauli matrices τ <sup>′</sup> <sup>x,y,z</sup>\nin (7),\nτ  <sup>′</sup> <sup>x</sup> = � 1 / 3 τ  <sup>z</sup> + � 2 / 3 τ  <sup>x</sup> ,\nτ  <sup>′</sup> <sup>y</sup> = � 1 / 3 τ  <sup>z</sup> − � 1 / 6 τ  <sup>x</sup> + � 1 / 2 τ  <sup>y</sup> ,\nτ  <sup>′</sup> <sup>z</sup> = � 1 / 3 τ  <sup>z</sup> − � 1 / 6 τ  <sup>x</sup> − � 1 / 2 τ  <sup>y</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n### Q <sup>E</sup> 1\n\n+ � y − links <jk> � <sup>�</sup> 4 | J y | · J cluster � S j 1 · ( S k 3 − S k 4 ) + sgn( J y ) S k 1 · ( S j 3 − S j 4 ) � −| J y | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 ) �\n+ � z − links <jk> � 4 � | J z | · J cluster � S j 2 · ( S k 3 × S k 4 ) + sgn( J z ) S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 ) � −| J z | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 ) � .\n(16)\nIn (16), we have been able to reduce the four spin in-\nteractions in (8) to inter-cluster Heisenberg interactions,\nand the six-spin interactions in (8) to inter-cluster spin-\nchirality interactions. The inter-cluster Heisenberg cou-\nplings in H perturbation x,y may be easier to arrange. The\ninter-cluster spin-chirality coupling in H perturbation z ex-\nplicitly breaks time reversal symmetry and is probably\nharder to implement in solid state systems. However\nspin-chirality order may have important consequences\nin frustrated magnets <sup>36,37</sup> , and a realization of spin-\nchirality interactions in cold atom optical lattices has\nbeen proposed <sup>38</sup> .\nOur model (8) is achieved at second order of the per-\nturbation series. Higher order terms become trunca-\ntion errors but may be controlled by small parameters\nλ x,y,z /J cluster ∼ � | J x,y,z | /J cluster .\nV. CONCLUSIONS.\nWe constructed the exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb model <sup>1</sup> as the exact low energy effective Hamiltonian of\na spin-1/2 model [equations (8) or (9)] with spin-rotation\nand time reversal symmetry. The spin in Kitaev model is\nrepresented as the pseudo-spin in the two-fold degenerate\nspin singlet subspace of a cluster of four antiferromag-\nnetically coupled spin-1/2 moments. The physical spin\nmodel is a honeycomb lattice of such four-spin clusters,\nwith certain inter-cluster interactions. The machinery\nfor the exact mapping to pseudo-spin Hamiltonian was\ndeveloped (see e.g. TABLE I), which is quite general\nand can be used to construct other interesting (exactly\nsolvable) spin-1/2 models from spin rotation invariant\nsystems.\nIn this construction the pseudo-spin correlations in the",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nP 13 , and P 24 − (1 / 2) τ  <sup>x</sup> + ( √ 3 / 2) τ  <sup>y</sup>\nP 14 , and P 23 − (1 / 2) τ  <sup>x</sup> − ( √ 3 / 2) τ  <sup>y</sup>\n− χ 234 , χ 341 , − χ 412 , and χ 123 ( √ 3 / 4) τ  <sup>z</sup>\nTABLE I: Correspondence between physical spin operators\nand pseudo-spin operators in the physical spin singlet sector of\nthe four antiferromagnetically coupled physical spins. P jk =\n2 S j · S k +1 / 2 are permutation operators, χ jkl = S j · ( S k × S l )\nare spin-chirality operators. Note that several physical spin\noperators may correspond to the same pseudo-spin operator.\nHowever there is another simpler representation of τ  <sup>z</sup> ,\nby the spin-chirality operator χ jkl = S j · ( S k × S l ). Ex-\nplicit calculation shows that the effect of S 2 · ( S 3 × S 4 ) is\n− ( √ 3 / 4) τ  <sup>z</sup> in the physical singlet sector. This can also\nbe proved by using the commutation relation [ S 2 · S 3 , S 2 · S 4 ] = i S 2 · ( S 3 × S 4 ). A complete list of all chirality\noperators is given in TABLE I. Therefore we can choose\nanother representation of τ  <sup>z</sup> ,\nτ  <sup>z</sup> = − χ 234 / ( √ 3 / 4) = − (4 / √ 3) S 2 · ( S 3 × S 4 ) (6)\nThe above representations of τ  <sup>x,y,z</sup> are all invariant under\nglobal spin rotation of the physical spins.\nWith the machinery of equations (4), (5), and (6), it\nwill be straightforward to construct various pseudo-spin-\n1/2 Hamiltonians on various lattices, of the Kitaev vari-\nety and beyond, as the exact low energy effective Hamil-\ntonian of certain spin-1/2 models with spin-rotation sym-\nmetry. In these constructions a pseudo-spin lattice site\nactually represents a cluster of four spin-1/2 moments.\nIII. REALIZATION OF THE KITAEV MODEL.\nIn this Section we will use directly the results of the\nprevious Section to write down a Hamiltonian whose low\nenergy sector is described by the Kitaev model. The\nHamiltonian will be constructed on the physical spin lat-\ntice illustrated in FIG. 2. In this Section we will use",
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+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf",
+                "query": "How can fractionalised Majorana fermion excitations be understood?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "from the more familiar Jordan-Wigner transformation of 1D spin systems",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nrana fermion per site coupled to Ising gauge fields on the\nlinks. And as the Ising gauge flux has no fluctuation, the\nmodel can be regarded as, under each gauge flux config-\nuration, a free Majorana fermion problem. The ground\nstate is achieved in the sector of zero gauge flux through\neach hexagon. The Majorana fermions in this sector have\nDirac-like gapless dispersion resembling that of graphene,\nas long as | J x | , | J y | , and | J z | satisfy the triangular rela- tion, sum of any two of them is greater than the third\none <sup>1</sup> . It was further proposed by Kitaev <sup>1</sup> that opening of\nfermion gap by magnetic field can give the Ising vortices\nnon-Abelian anyonic statistics, because the Ising vortex\nwill carry a zero-energy Majorana mode, although mag-\nnetic field destroys the exact solvability.\nGreat efforts have been invested to better understand\nthe properties of the Kitaev model. For example, sev-\neral groups have pointed out that the fractionalized Ma-\njorana fermion excitations may be understood from the\nmore familiar Jordan-Wigner transformation of 1D spin\nsystems <sup>2,3</sup> . The analogy between the non-Abelian Ising\nvortices and vortices in p + ip superconductors has been\nraised in serveral works <sup>4- 7</sup> . Exact diagonalization has\nbeen used to study the Kitaev model on small lattices <sup>8</sup> .\nAnd perturbative expansion methods have been devel-\noped to study the gapped phases of the Kitaev-type\nmodels <sup>9</sup> .\nMany generalizations of the Kitaev model have been\ny x z z z\nz z z z\nz z\ny y\ny\nx\nx x\nx x x\ny y y\ny\nx\ny\nx\nz\nz\ny y\nx x x\ny\nz x\nx\nFIG. 1: The honeycomb lattice for the Kitaev model. Filled\nand open circles indicate two sublattices. x, y, z label the links\nalong three different directions used in (1).\nderived as well. There have been several proposals to\nopen the fermion gap for the non-Abelian phase without\nspoiling exact solvability <sup>4,6</sup> . And many generalizations\nto other(even 3D) lattices have been developed in the\nlast few years <sup>10- 16</sup> . All these efforts have significantly\nenriched our knowledge of exactly solvable models and\nquantum phases of matter.\nHowever, in the original Kitaev model and its later\ngeneralizations in the form of spin models, spin rotation\nsymmetry is explicitly broken. This makes them harder",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsider two more sophisticated models: a phenomenological\n“marginal Fermi liquid with impurities” (MFLI) model\nof Norman and P ́epin <sup>30</sup> , and a microscopic collective bo- son (CB) model <sup>31</sup> in which in the NS fermions interact\nwith a gapless continuum of bosonic excitations, but in a\nd − wave SCS a gapless continuum splits into a resonance\nand a gaped continuum. This model describes, in par-\nticular, interaction of fermions with their own collective spin fluctuations <sup>32</sup> via\nΣ( k, Ω) = 3 g <sup>2</sup> � dω\n2 π\nd <sup>2</sup> q (2 π ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>χ</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>q, ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>G</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>q, ω</sup> <sup>+ Ω)</sup> (6)\nwhere g is the spin-fermion coupling, and χ ( q, ω ) is the\nspin susceptibility whose dynamics changes between NS\nand SCS.\nFrom our analysis we found that the introduction of\na finite fermionic bandwidth by means of a lattice has\ngenerally a notable effect on both W and ∆ W . We\nfound that for all models except for BCSI model, only\n70% − 80% of the optical spectral weight is obtained by\nintegrating up to the bandwidth. In these three models,\nthere also exists a wide range of ω c in which the behavior\nof ∆ W ( ω c ) is due to variation of ∆ f ( ω c ) which is domi-\nnant comparable to the ∆ W K term. This dominance of\nthe cut off term is consistent with the analysis in Refs.\n21,22,33.\nWe also found that for all models except for the origi-\nnal version of the MFLI model the optical weight at the\nhighest frequencies is greater in the NS than in the SCS\n(i.e., ∆ W < 0). This observation is consistent with the\nfindings of Abanov and Chubukov <sup>32</sup> , Benfatto et. al. <sup>28</sup> ,\nand Karakozov and Maksimov <sup>34</sup> . In the original ver- sion of the MFLI model <sup>30</sup> the spectral weight in SCS\nwas found to be greater than in the NS (∆ W > 0). We\nshow that the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) in this model cru-\ncially depends on how the fermionic self-energy modeled\nto fit ARPES data in a NS is modified when a system\nbecomes a superconductor and can be of either sign. We",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n### Q <sup>E</sup> 1\n\nKitaev model will be mapped to dimer or spin-chirality\ncorrelations in the physical spin system. The correspond-\ning picture of the fractionalized Majorana fermion exci-\ntations and Ising vortices still remain to be clarified.\nThis exact construction contains high order physical\nspin interactions, which is undesirable for practical im-\nplementation. We described two possible approaches to\nreduce this problem: generating the high order spin in-\nteractions by perturbative expansion of the coupling to\noptical phonon, or the magnetic coupling between clus-\nters. This perturbative construction will introduce trun-\ncation error of perturbation series, which may be con-\ntrolled by small expansion parameters. Whether these\nconstructions can be experimentally engineered is how-\never beyond the scope of this study. It is conceivable that\nother perturbative expansion can also generate these high\norder spin interactions, but this possibility will be left for\nfuture works.\nAcknowledgments\nThe author thanks Ashvin Vishwanath, Yong-Baek\nKim and Arun Paramekanti for inspiring discussions, and\nTodadri Senthil for critical comments. The author is sup-\nported by the MIT Pappalardo Fellowship in Physics.\nAppendix A: Coupling between Distortions of a\nTetrahedron and the Pseudo-spins\nIn this Appendix we reproduce from Ref. <sup>35</sup> the cou-\nplings of all tetrahedron distortion modes to the spin\nsystem. And convert them to pseudo-spin notation in\nthe physical spin singlet sector.\nConsider a general small distortion of the tetrahedron,\nthe spin Hamiltonian becomes\nH cluster , SL = ( J cluster / 2)( � l\nS l ) <sup>2</sup> + J <sup>′</sup> <sup>�</sup> l<m\nδr lm ( S l · S m )\n(A1)\nwhere δr lm is the change of bond length between spins l and m , J <sup>′</sup> is the derivative of J cluster with respect to\nbond length.\nThere are six orthogonal distortion modes of the tetra-\nhedron [TABLE 1.1 in Ref. <sup>35</sup> ]. One of the modes A is the\ntrivial representation of the tetrahedral group T d ; two E\nmodes form the two dimensional irreducible representa-\ntion of T d ; and three T 2 modes form the three dimen-\nsional irreducible representation. The E modes are also\nillustrated in FIG. 3.\nThe generic couplings in (A1) [second term] can be\nconverted to couplings to these orthogonal modes,\nJ <sup>′</sup> ( Q <sup>A</sup> f  <sup>A</sup> + Q <sup>E</sup> 1  <sup>f</sup> <sup>E</sup> 1  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>E</sup> 2  <sup>f</sup> <sup>E</sup> 2  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1  <sup>f</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 2  <sup>f</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 2  <sup>+</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 3  <sup>f</sup> <sup>T</sup> <sup>2</sup> 3  <sup>)</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\ndistribution functions in the NS and SCS under different\ncircumstances in Fig 2.\nThe  <sup>⃗</sup> k -summation is done over first Brillouin zone for a\n2-D lattice with a 62x62 grid. The frequency integrals are\ndone analytically wherever possible, otherwise performed\nusing Simpson’s rule for all regular parts. Contributions\nfrom the poles are computed separately using Cauchy’s\ntheorem. For comparison, in all four cases we also calcu-\nlated FGT sum rule by replacing � d <sup>2</sup> k = d Ω k dǫ k ν ǫ k , Ω k\nand keeping ν constant. We remind that the FGT is\nthe result when one assumes that the integral in W ( ω c )\npredominantly comes from a narrow region around the\nFermi surface.\nWe will first use Eq 3 and compute W K in NS and SCS.\nThis will tell us about the magnitude of ∆ W ( ω c = ∞ ).\nWe next compute the conductivity σ ( ω ) using the equa-\ntions listed above, find W ( ω c ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) and compare\n∆ f ( ω c ) and ∆ W K .\nFor simplicity and also for comparisons with earlier\nstudies, for BCSI, EB, and MFLI models we assumed\nthat the gap is just a constant along the FS. For CB\nmodel, we used a d − wave gap and included into consid-\neration the fact that, if a CB is a spin fluctuation, its\npropagator develops a resonance when the pairing gap is\nd − wave.\nFIG. 2: Distribution functions in four cases (a) BCSI model,\nwhere one can see that for ε > 0, SC > NS implying KE in-\ncreases in the SCS. (b) The original MFLI model of Ref. 30,\nwhere for ε > 0, SC < NS, implying KE decreases in the SCS.\n(c) Our version of MFLI model (see text) and (d) the CB\nmodel. In both cases, SC > NS, implying KE increases in the\nSCS. Observe that in the impurity-free CB model there is no\njump in n ( ǫ ) indicating lack of fermionic coherence. This is\nconsistent with ARPES <sup>39</sup>\nA. The BCS case\nIn BCS theory the quantity Z ( ω ) is given by\nZ BCSI ( ω ) = 1 + Γ",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsigns of ∆ W K and of the kinetic energy <sup>43</sup> . It just hap-\npens that in a modified MFLI model the optical integral\nis still larger in the NS.\nD. The collective boson model\nWe now turn to a more microscopic model- the CB\nmodel. The model describes fermions interacting by ex-\nchanging soft, overdamped collective bosons in a partic-\nular, near-critical, spin or charge channel <sup>31,44,45</sup> . This\ninteraction is responsible for the normal state self-energy\nand also gives rise to a superconductivity. A peculiar\nfeature of the CB model is that the propagator of a col-\nlective boson changes below T c because this boson is not\nan independent degree of freedom (as in EB model) but\nis made out of low-energy fermions which are affected by\nsuperconductivity <sup>32</sup> .\nThe most relevant point for our discussion is that this\nmodel contains the physics which we identified above as\na source of a potential sign change of ∆ W K . Namely,\nat strong coupling the fermionic self-energy in the NS\nis large because there exists strong scattering between\nlow-energy fermions mediated by low-energy collective\nbosons. In the SCS, the density of low-energy fermions\ndrops and a continuum collective excitations becomes\ngaped. Both effects reduce fermionic damping and lead\nto the increase of W K in a SCS. If this increase exceeds a\nconventional loss of W K due to a gap opening, the total\n∆ W K may become positive.\nThe CB model has been applied numerous times to the\ncuprates, most often under the assumption that near-\ncritical collective excitations are spin fluctuations with\nmomenta near Q = ( π, π ). This version of a CB bo-\nson is commonly known as a spin-fermion model. This\nmodel yields d x 2 − y 2 superconductivity and explains in a\nquantitative way a number of measured electronic fea-\ntures of the cuprates, in particular the near-absence of\nthe quasiparticle peak in the NS of optimally doped and underdoped cuprates <sup>39</sup> and the peak-dip-hump structure\nin the ARPES profile in the SCS <sup>31,32,46,47</sup> . In our analy-\nsis we assume that a CB is a spin fluctuation.\nThe results for the conductivity within a spin-fermion\nmodel depend in quantitative (but not qualitative) way\non the assumption for the momentum dispersion of a col-",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nbecomes chirality-chirality correlation, or four-dimer cor-\nrelation. It will be interesting to see the corresponding\npicture of the exotic excitations in the Kitaev model, e.g.\nthe Majorana fermion and the Ising vortex. However this\nwill be deferred to future studies.\nIt is tempting to call this as an exactly solved spin liq-\nuid with spin gap ( ∼ J cluster ), an extremely short-range\nresonating valence bond(RVB) state, from a model with\nspin rotation and time reversal symmetry. However it\nshould be noted that the unit cell of this model contains\nan even number of spin-1/2 moments (so does the orig-\ninal Kitaev model) which does not satisfy the stringent\ndefinition of spin liquid requiring odd number of elec-\ntrons per unit cell. Several parent Hamiltonians of spin\nliquids have already been constructed. See for example,\nRef. <sup>24- 27</sup> .\nIV. GENERATE THE HIGH ORDER PHYSICAL\nSPIN INTERACTIONS BY PERTURBATIVE\nEXPANSION.\nOne major drawback of the present construction is that\nit involves high order interactions of physical spins[see\n(8) and (9)], thus is ‘unnatural’. In this Section we will\nmake compromises between exact solvability and natu-\nralness. We consider two clusters j and k and try to\ngenerate the J x,y,z interactions in (7) from perturbation\nseries expansion of more natural(lower order) physical\nspin interactions. Two different approaches for this pur-\npose will be laid out in the following two Subsections. In\nSubsection IV A we will consider the two clusters as two\ntetrahedra, and couple the spin system to certain opti-\ncal phonons, further coupling between the phonon modes\n(a) (b) (c) (d)\n(b) (c) (d)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\nthe normal and superconducting states of interacting\nfermionic systems on a lattice. Our key goal was to\nunderstand what sets the sign of ∆ W K = ∆ W ( ∞ ) be-\ntween the normal and superconducting states and what\nis the behavior of W ( ω c ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) at finite ω c . In a\nweak coupling BCS superconductor, ∆ W ( ω c ) is positive\nat ω c < 2∆due to a contribution from superfluid den-\nsity, but becomes negative at larger ω c , and approach a\nnegative value of ∆ W K . Our study was motivated by fas-\ncinating optical experiments on the cuprates <sup>7- 10</sup> . In over- doped cuprates, there is clear indication <sup>11</sup> that ∆ W ( ω c )\nbecomes negative above a few ∆, consistent with BCS\nbehavior. In underdoped cuprates, two groups argued <sup>8,9</sup>\nthat ∆ W integrated up to the bandwidth remains posi- tive, while the other group argued <sup>10</sup> that it is negative.\nThe reasoning why ∆ W K may potentially change sign\nat strong coupling involves the correlation between − W K\nand the kinetic energy. In the BCS limit, kinetic en-\nergy obviously increases in a SCS because of gap opening,\nhence − W K increases, and ∆ W K is negative. At strong\ncoupling, there is a counter effect -  fermions become more\nmobile in a SCS due to a smaller self-energy.\nWe considered four models: a BCS model with impu-\nrities, a model of fermions interacting with an Einstein\nboson, a phenomenological MFL model with impurities,\nand a model of fermions interacting with collective spin\nfluctuations. In all cases, we found that ∆ W K is neg-\native, but how it evolves with ω c and how much of the\nsum rule is recovered by integrating up to the bandwidth\ndepends on the model.\nThe result most relevant to the experiments on the\ncuprates is obtained for the spin fluctuation model.\nWe found that at strong coupling, the zero-crossing of\nδW ( ω c ) occurs at a frequency which increases with the\ncoupling strength and may become larger than the band-\nwidth at a truly strong coupling. Still, at even larger",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\n0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0\n\n4\n8\nω c in eV\nW SC ( ω c\n) − W NS ( ω c\n)  in meV\n∆ W (CB model−larger ��  ω sf )\nwith lattice\nwithout lattice\nFIG. 22: Top -  conductivity at a larger value of ω sf λ ( ω sf =\n26 meV , λ = 7) consistent with the one used in Ref.33). Bot-\ntom -  ∆ W with and without lattice. Observe that the fre-\nquency of zero crossing of ∆ W enhances compared to the case\nof a smaller λω sf and becomes comparable to the bandwidth.\nAt energies smaller than the bandwidth, ∆ W > 0, as in the\nNorman- P ́epin model.\n0 2 4 6\n10\n30\n50\nSelf Energy prefactor\nδ KE in meV λ =10\nλ =1\nFIG. 23: Kinetic energy difference between the SCS and the\nNS, δ KE We set λ to be either λ = 1 or λ = 10 and varied ω sf\nthus changing the overall prefactor in the self-energy. At weak\ncoupling ( λ = 1) the behavior is BCS-like - δ KE is positive\nand increases with the overall factor in the self-energy. At\nstrong coupling ( λ = 7), δ KE shows a reverse trend at larger\nω sf .\nThe negative sign of ∆ W ( ω c ) above a relatively small\nω c ∼ 0 . 1 − 0 . 2 eV implies that the ‘compensating’ ef-\nfect from the fermionic self-energy on ∆ W is not strong\nenough to overshadow the decrease of the optical inte-\ngral in the SCS due to gap opening. In other words,the\nCB model displays the same behavior as BCSI, EB, and\nmodified MFLI models. It is interesting that this holds\ndespite the fact that for large λ CB model displays the\nphysics one apparently needs to reverse the sign of ∆ W K\n-  the absence of the quasiparticle peak in the NS and its\nemergence in the SCS accompanied by the dip and the\nhump at larger energies. The absence of coherent quasi-\nparticle in the NS at large λ is also apparent form Fig\n21 where we show the normal state distribution functions",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\nfor two different λ . For large λ the jump (which indicates\nthe presence of quasiparticles) virtually disappears.\nOn a more careful look, we found that indifference of\nδW ( ω c ) to the increase of λ is merely the consequence of\nthe fact that above we kept λω sf constant. Indeed, at small frequencies, fermionic self-energy in the NS is Σ <sup>′</sup> =\nλω , Σ” = λ <sup>2</sup> ω <sup>2</sup> / ( λω sf ), and both Σ <sup>′</sup> and Σ <sup>′′</sup> increase\nwith λ if we keep λω sf constant. But at frequencies larger\nthan ω sf , which we actually probe by ∆ W ( ω c ), the self-\nenergy essentially depends only on λω sf , and increasing λ\nbut keeping λω sf constant does not bring us closer to the\nphysics associated with the recovery of electron coherence\nin the SCS. To detect this physics, we need to see how\nthings evolve when we increase λω sf above the scale of\n∆, i.e., consider a truly strong coupling when not only\nλ ≫ 1 but also the normal state Σ NS ( ω ≥ ∆) >> ∆.\nTo address this issue, we took a larger λ for the same\nω sf and re-did the calculation of the conductivities and\noptical integrals. The results for σ ( ω ) and ∆ W ( ω c ) are\npresented in Fig. 22. We found the same behavior as be-\nfore, i.e., ∆ W K is negative. But we also found that the\nlarger is the overall scale for the self-energy, the larger is a\nfrequency of zero-crossing of ∆ W ( ω c ). In particular, for\nthe same λ and ω sf that were used in Ref. 33 to fit the NS\nconductivity data, the zero crossing is at ∼ 0 . 8 eV which\nis quite close to the bandwidth. This implies that at a\ntruly strong coupling the frequency at which ∆ W ( ω c )\nchanges sign can well be larger than the bandwidth of\n1 eV in which case ∆ W integrated up to the bandwidth\ndoes indeed remain positive. Such behavior would be\nconsistent with Refs.8,9. we also see from Fig. 22 that",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nlective boson. This momentum dependence comes from\nhigh-energy fermions and is an input for the low-energy\ntheory. Below we follow Refs. 31,33 and assume that\nthe momentum dependence of a collective boson is flat\nnear ( π, π ). The self energy within such model has been\nworked out consistently in Ref. 31,33. In the normal\nstate\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = − <sup>1</sup> 2  <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>sf</sup> <sup>log</sup> � 1 +  <sup>ω</sup> <sup>2</sup> ω <sup>2</sup> sf �\nΣ <sup>′</sup> ( ω ) = − λ n ω sf arctan <sup>ω</sup> ω sf\n(19)\nwhere λ n is the spin-fermion coupling constant, and ω sf\nis a typical spin relaxation frequency of overdamped spin\ncollective excitations with a propagator\nχ ( q ∼ Q, Ω) = χ Q\n1 − i  <sup>Ω</sup> ω sf\n(20)\nwhere χ Q is the uniform static susceptibility. If we use\nOrnstein-Zernike form of χ ( q ) and use either Eliashberg 45 or FLEX computational schemes 48 , we get rather sim-\nilar behavior of Σ as a function of frequency and rather\nsimilar behavior of optical integrals.\nThe collective nature of spin fluctuations is reflected in\nthe fact that the coupling λ and the bosonic frequency\nω sf are related: λ scales as ξ <sup>2</sup> , where ξ is the bosonic\nmass (the distance to a bosonic instability), and ω sf ∝ ξ <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> (see Ref. 49). For a flat χ ( q ∼ Q ) the product λω sf\ndoes not depend on ξ and is the overall dimensional scale\nfor boson-mediated interactions.\nIn the SCS fermionic excitations acquire a gap. This\ngap affects fermionic self-energy in two ways: directly, via\nthe change of the dispersion of an intermediate boson in\nthe exchange process involving a CB, and indirectly, via\nthe change of the propagator of a CB. We remind our-\nselves that the dynamics of a CB comes from a particle-\nhole bubble which is indeed affected by ∆.\nThe effect of a d − wave pairing gap on a CB has been\ndiscussed in a number of papers, most recently in <sup>31</sup> . In\na SCS a gapless continuum described by Eq. (20) trans-\nforms into a gaped continuum, with a gap about 2∆and\na resonance at ω = ω 0 < 2∆, where for a d − wave gap we",
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+                    "page_end": 10,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf",
+                "query": "What happens when the spin-rotation symmetry is explicitly broken?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "makes them harder to realize in solid state systems",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
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+                }
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nder. This pseudo-spin representation has been used by Harris et al. to study magnetic ordering in pyrochlore\nantiferromagnets <sup>21</sup> .\nWe now consider the effect of Heisenberg-type inter-\nactions S j · S k inside the physical singlet sector. Note\nthat since any S j · S k within the cluster commutes with\nthe cluster Hamiltonian H cluster (2), their action do not\nmix physical spin singlet states with states of other total\nphysical spin. This property is also true for the spin-\nchirality operator used later. So the pseudo-spin Hamil-\ntonian constructed below will be exact low energy Hamil-\ntonian, without truncation errors in typical perturbation\nseries expansions.\nIt is simpler to consider the permutation operators\nP jk ≡ 2 S j · S k + 1 / 2, which just exchange the states\nof the two physical spin-1/2 moments j and k ( j ̸ = k ). As an example we consider the action of P 34 ,\nP 34 | τ <sup>z</sup> = − 1 ⟩ = 1 √ 6 � | ↓↓↑↑⟩ + ω | ↓↑↑↓⟩ + ω <sup>2</sup> | ↓↑↓↑⟩\n+ | ↑↑↓↓⟩ + ω | ↑↓↓↑⟩ + ω <sup>2</sup> | ↑↓↑↓⟩ �\n= | τ  <sup>z</sup> = +1 ⟩\nand similarly P 34 | τ <sup>z</sup> = − 1 ⟩ = | τ  <sup>z</sup> = +1 ⟩ . Therefore P 34 is just τ  <sup>x</sup> in the physical singlet sector. A complete list\nof all permutation operators is given in TABLE I. We can choose the following representation of τ <sup>x</sup> and τ  <sup>y</sup> ,\nτ  <sup>x</sup> = P 12 = 2 S 1 · S 2 + 1 / 2\nτ  <sup>y</sup> = ( P 13 − P 14 ) / √ 3 = (2 / √ 3) S 1 · ( S 3 − S 4 ) (4)\nMany other representations are possible as well, because\nseveral physical spin interactions may correspond to the\nsame pseudo-spin interaction in the physical singlet sec-\ntor, and we will take advantage of this later. For τ  <sup>z</sup> we can use τ  <sup>z</sup> = − iτ  <sup>x</sup> τ  <sup>y</sup> , where i is the imagi-\nnary unit,\nτ  <sup>z</sup> = − i (2 / √ 3)(2 S 1 · S 2 + 1 / 2) S 1 · ( S 3 − S 4 ) (5)\nphysical spin pseudo-spin\nP 12 , and P 34 τ  <sup>x</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## 1\n\n∆ W K becomes small at a truly strong coupling, and over\na wide range of frequencies the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) is\npredominantly governed by ∆ f ( ω c ), i.e. by the cut-off term. <sup>50</sup> The implication is that, to first approximation,\n∆ W K can be neglected and positive ∆ W ( w c ) integrated\nto a frequency where it is still positive is almost compen-\nsated by the integral over larger frequencies. This again\nwould be consistent with the experimental data in Refs.\n8,9.\nIt is also instructive to understand the interplay be-\ntween the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) and the behavior of the\ndifference of the kinetic energy between the SCS and the\nNS, δ KE . We computed the kinetic energy as a function\nof λω sf and present the results in Fig. 23 for λ = 1 and\n10. For a relatively weak λ = 1 the behavior is clearly\nBCS like- δ KE > 0 and increases with increasing λω sf .\nHowever, at large λ = 10, we see that the kinetic energy\nbegin decreasing at large λω sf and eventually changes\nsign. The behavior of δ KE at a truly strong coupling is\nconsistent with earlier calculation of the kinetic energy\nfor Ornstein-Zernike form of the spin susceptibility <sup>43</sup> .\nWe clearly see that the increase of the zero crossing\nfrequency of ∆ W ( ω c ) at a truly strong coupling is cor-\nrelated with the non-BCS behavior of δ KE . At the same\ntime, the behavior of δW ( ω c ) is obviously not driven by\nthe kinetic energy as eventually δW ( ω c ) changes sign and\nbecome negative. Rather, the increase in the frequency\nrange where ∆ W ( ω c ) remains positive and non-BCS be-\nhavior of δ KE are two indications of the same effect that\nfermions are incoherent in the NS but acquire coherence\nin the SCS.\nIII. CONCLUSION\nIn this work we analyzed the behavior of optical in-\ntegrals W ( ω c ) ∝ � ω c\no σ ( ω ) dω and Kubo sum rules in",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n### Q <sup>E</sup> 1\n\n+ � y − links <jk> � <sup>�</sup> 4 | J y | · J cluster � S j 1 · ( S k 3 − S k 4 ) + sgn( J y ) S k 1 · ( S j 3 − S j 4 ) � −| J y | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 ) �\n+ � z − links <jk> � 4 � | J z | · J cluster � S j 2 · ( S k 3 × S k 4 ) + sgn( J z ) S k 2 · ( S j 3 × S j 4 ) � −| J z | ( S j 3 · S j 4 + S k 3 · S k 4 ) � .\n(16)\nIn (16), we have been able to reduce the four spin in-\nteractions in (8) to inter-cluster Heisenberg interactions,\nand the six-spin interactions in (8) to inter-cluster spin-\nchirality interactions. The inter-cluster Heisenberg cou-\nplings in H perturbation x,y may be easier to arrange. The\ninter-cluster spin-chirality coupling in H perturbation z ex-\nplicitly breaks time reversal symmetry and is probably\nharder to implement in solid state systems. However\nspin-chirality order may have important consequences\nin frustrated magnets <sup>36,37</sup> , and a realization of spin-\nchirality interactions in cold atom optical lattices has\nbeen proposed <sup>38</sup> .\nOur model (8) is achieved at second order of the per-\nturbation series. Higher order terms become trunca-\ntion errors but may be controlled by small parameters\nλ x,y,z /J cluster ∼ � | J x,y,z | /J cluster .\nV. CONCLUSIONS.\nWe constructed the exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb model <sup>1</sup> as the exact low energy effective Hamiltonian of\na spin-1/2 model [equations (8) or (9)] with spin-rotation\nand time reversal symmetry. The spin in Kitaev model is\nrepresented as the pseudo-spin in the two-fold degenerate\nspin singlet subspace of a cluster of four antiferromag-\nnetically coupled spin-1/2 moments. The physical spin\nmodel is a honeycomb lattice of such four-spin clusters,\nwith certain inter-cluster interactions. The machinery\nfor the exact mapping to pseudo-spin Hamiltonian was\ndeveloped (see e.g. TABLE I), which is quite general\nand can be used to construct other interesting (exactly\nsolvable) spin-1/2 models from spin rotation invariant\nsystems.\nIn this construction the pseudo-spin correlations in the",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\n### Q <sup>E</sup> 1\n\n(a)\n1 1 1 1\n1 1 1\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2 2\n2\n3\n3\n3 3 3\n3 3 4 4\n4 4\n3\n4\n4\n4\n4\n1\nFIG. 3: Illustration of the tetragonal to orthorhombic\nQ <sup>E</sup> 1  <sup>(top) and</sup> <sup>Q</sup> <sup>E</sup> 2  <sup>(bottom) distortion modes. (a) Perspective</sup>\nview of the tetrahedron. 1 , . . . , 4 label the spins. Arrows in-\ndicate the motion of each spin under the distortion mode. (b)\nTop view of (a). (c)(d) Side view of (a).\nof the two clusters can generate at lowest order the de-\nsired high order spin interactions. In Subsection IV B we\nwill introduce certain magnetic, e.g. Heisenberg-type, in-\nteractions between physical spins of different clusters, at\nlowest order(second order) of perturbation theory the de-\nsired high order spin interactions can be achieved. These\napproaches involve truncation errors in the perturbation\nseries, thus the mapping to low energy effect Hamilto-\nnian will no longer be exact. However the error intro-\nduced may be controlled by small expansion parameters.\nIn this Section we denote the physical spins on cluster\nj ( k ) as j 1 , . . . , j 4 ( k 1 , . . . , k 4), and denote pseudo-spins\non cluster j ( k ) as ⃗τ j ( ⃗τ k ).\nA. Generate the High Order Terms by Coupling to\nOptical Phonon.\nIn this Subsection we regard each four-spin cluster\nas a tetrahedron, and consider possible optical phonon\nmodes(distortions) and their couplings to the spin sys-\ntem. The basic idea is that the intra-cluster Heisen-\nberg coupling J cluster can linearly depend on the dis-\ntance between physical spins. Therefore certain distor-\ntions of the tetrahedron couple to certain linear combi-\nnations of S l · S m . Integrating out phonon modes will\nthen generate high order spin interactions. This idea has\nbeen extensively studied and applied to several magnetic\nmaterials <sup>28- 34</sup> . More details can be found in a recent\nreview by Tchernyshyov and Chern <sup>35</sup> . And we will fre-\nquently use their notations. In this Subsection we will\nuse the representation (5) for τ  <sup>z</sup> .\nConsider first a single tetrahedron with four spins\n1 , . . . , 4. The general distortions of this tetrahedron can\nbe classified by their symmetry (see for example Ref. <sup>35</sup> ).",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nFIG. 15: Top - σ ( ω ) in the NS and the SCS in the ‘corrected’\nMFLI model with the feedback from SC on the quasiparticle\ndamping: i Γ term transforms into Γ √ − ω <sup>2</sup> +∆ <sup>2</sup> <sup>. In the SCS</sup> <sup>σ</sup>\nnow begins at Ω= 2∆. The parameters are same as in Fig.\n10. Bottom -  the behavior of Kubo sum with Γ. Observe\nthat W ( ω c ) in the NS is larger than in the SCS.\n0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8\n−10\n0\n10\nω c in eV\nW SC ( ω c\n) − W NS ( ω c\n)\nCorrected MFLI\nwithout lattice\nwith lattice\n∆ W K\nFIG. 16: Evolution of the difference of the optical integrals\nbetween the SCS and the NS with the upper cut-off ω c for\nthe “corrected” MFLI model. Now ∆ W ( ω c ) is negative above\nsome frequency. Parameters are same as in the Fig 15.\nmodel, where W K is larger in the NS for all Γ (see Fig.\n4). In other words, the original MFLI model does not\nhave the BCSI theory as its limiting case.\nWe modified the MFLI model is a minimal way by\nchanging the damping term in a SCS to Γ √ − ω <sup>2</sup> +∆ <sup>2</sup> <sup>to be</sup>\nconsistent with BCSI model. We still use Eq. (18) for\nthe MFL term simply because this term was introduced\nin the NS on phenomenological grounds and there is no\nway to guess how it gets modified in the SCS state with-\nout first deriving the normal state self-energy microscop-\nically (this is what we will do in the next section). The\nresults of the calculations for the modified MFLI model\nare presented in Figs. 15 and 16. We clearly see that the\nbehavior is now different and ∆ W K < 0 for all Γ. This\nis the same behavior as we previously found in BCSI\nand EB models. So we argue that the ‘unconventional’\nbehavior exhibited by the original MFLI model is most\nlikely the manifestation of a particular modeling incon-\nsistency. Still, Ref. 30 made a valid point that the fact\nthat quasiparticles behave more close to free fermions in\na SCS than in a NS, and this effect tends to reverse the",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nP 13 , and P 24 − (1 / 2) τ  <sup>x</sup> + ( √ 3 / 2) τ  <sup>y</sup>\nP 14 , and P 23 − (1 / 2) τ  <sup>x</sup> − ( √ 3 / 2) τ  <sup>y</sup>\n− χ 234 , χ 341 , − χ 412 , and χ 123 ( √ 3 / 4) τ  <sup>z</sup>\nTABLE I: Correspondence between physical spin operators\nand pseudo-spin operators in the physical spin singlet sector of\nthe four antiferromagnetically coupled physical spins. P jk =\n2 S j · S k +1 / 2 are permutation operators, χ jkl = S j · ( S k × S l )\nare spin-chirality operators. Note that several physical spin\noperators may correspond to the same pseudo-spin operator.\nHowever there is another simpler representation of τ  <sup>z</sup> ,\nby the spin-chirality operator χ jkl = S j · ( S k × S l ). Ex-\nplicit calculation shows that the effect of S 2 · ( S 3 × S 4 ) is\n− ( √ 3 / 4) τ  <sup>z</sup> in the physical singlet sector. This can also\nbe proved by using the commutation relation [ S 2 · S 3 , S 2 · S 4 ] = i S 2 · ( S 3 × S 4 ). A complete list of all chirality\noperators is given in TABLE I. Therefore we can choose\nanother representation of τ  <sup>z</sup> ,\nτ  <sup>z</sup> = − χ 234 / ( √ 3 / 4) = − (4 / √ 3) S 2 · ( S 3 × S 4 ) (6)\nThe above representations of τ  <sup>x,y,z</sup> are all invariant under\nglobal spin rotation of the physical spins.\nWith the machinery of equations (4), (5), and (6), it\nwill be straightforward to construct various pseudo-spin-\n1/2 Hamiltonians on various lattices, of the Kitaev vari-\nety and beyond, as the exact low energy effective Hamil-\ntonian of certain spin-1/2 models with spin-rotation sym-\nmetry. In these constructions a pseudo-spin lattice site\nactually represents a cluster of four spin-1/2 moments.\nIII. REALIZATION OF THE KITAEV MODEL.\nIn this Section we will use directly the results of the\nprevious Section to write down a Hamiltonian whose low\nenergy sector is described by the Kitaev model. The\nHamiltonian will be constructed on the physical spin lat-\ntice illustrated in FIG. 2. In this Section we will use",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nsider two more sophisticated models: a phenomenological\n“marginal Fermi liquid with impurities” (MFLI) model\nof Norman and P ́epin <sup>30</sup> , and a microscopic collective bo- son (CB) model <sup>31</sup> in which in the NS fermions interact\nwith a gapless continuum of bosonic excitations, but in a\nd − wave SCS a gapless continuum splits into a resonance\nand a gaped continuum. This model describes, in par-\nticular, interaction of fermions with their own collective spin fluctuations <sup>32</sup> via\nΣ( k, Ω) = 3 g <sup>2</sup> � dω\n2 π\nd <sup>2</sup> q (2 π ) <sup>2</sup> <sup>χ</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>q, ω</sup> <sup>)</sup> <sup>G</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>+</sup> <sup>q, ω</sup> <sup>+ Ω)</sup> (6)\nwhere g is the spin-fermion coupling, and χ ( q, ω ) is the\nspin susceptibility whose dynamics changes between NS\nand SCS.\nFrom our analysis we found that the introduction of\na finite fermionic bandwidth by means of a lattice has\ngenerally a notable effect on both W and ∆ W . We\nfound that for all models except for BCSI model, only\n70% − 80% of the optical spectral weight is obtained by\nintegrating up to the bandwidth. In these three models,\nthere also exists a wide range of ω c in which the behavior\nof ∆ W ( ω c ) is due to variation of ∆ f ( ω c ) which is domi-\nnant comparable to the ∆ W K term. This dominance of\nthe cut off term is consistent with the analysis in Refs.\n21,22,33.\nWe also found that for all models except for the origi-\nnal version of the MFLI model the optical weight at the\nhighest frequencies is greater in the NS than in the SCS\n(i.e., ∆ W < 0). This observation is consistent with the\nfindings of Abanov and Chubukov <sup>32</sup> , Benfatto et. al. <sup>28</sup> ,\nand Karakozov and Maksimov <sup>34</sup> . In the original ver- sion of the MFLI model <sup>30</sup> the spectral weight in SCS\nwas found to be greater than in the NS (∆ W > 0). We\nshow that the behavior of ∆ W ( ω c ) in this model cru-\ncially depends on how the fermionic self-energy modeled\nto fit ARPES data in a NS is modified when a system\nbecomes a superconductor and can be of either sign. We",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Interplay among helical order, surface effects and range of interacting layers in ultrathin films.\n\n## *J*\n\nwhich is related to the SO (2) symmetry breaking. At the\nsame time, it turns out to be significant also the average\norder parameter of the film, defined as\nM = <sup>1</sup> n\nn\n� l =1\nm l . (3)\nTurning to the helical order, which is the relevant\nquantity for the Z 2 × SO (2) symmetry, we can explore\nit along two different directions. The first one is by the\nintroduction of the chirality order parameter <sup>1,2</sup>\nκ = 1\n4( n − 1) L <sup>2</sup> sin Q z � ⟨ ij ⟩ � S <sup>x</sup> i  <sup>S</sup> <sup>y</sup> j  <sup>−</sup> <sup>S</sup> <sup>y</sup> i  <sup>S</sup> <sup>x</sup> j � , (4)\nwhere the sum refers to spins belonging to NN layers\ni and j , respectively, while Q z is the bulk helical pitch\nvector along the z direction. The second possibility is\nthat of looking at the integral of the structure factor:\nM HM = <sup>1</sup> K � π\n0\ndq z S ( ⃗q ) (5)\nwhere S ( ⃗q ), with ⃗q = (0 , 0 , q z ), is the structure factor <sup>24</sup>\n(i.e. the Fourier transform of the spin correlation func-\ntion) along the z-direction of the film, while the normal-\nization factor K is the structure factor integral at T = 0.\nAlthough the use of the last observable can be seen as a\nsuitable and elegant way to overcome the intrinsic diffi-\nculties met in defining a correct helical order parameter,\nfree of any undue external bias (as the wave-vector Q z\n0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140\n*T*  (K)\n0\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n2\n2.5\n*c* *v*\n*/ k*\n*B*\n*L*  = 24\n*L*  = 32\n*L*  = 48\n*L*  = 64\n20 30 40 50 60 70 2.1\n2.2\n2.3\n2.4\n2.5\n2.6 *c* *v,*  max\n*L*\nFIG. 2: (color online) Specific heat c v per spin vs. temper-\nature for thickness n = 16 (for lateral dimension, see the\nlegend inside the figure). Inset: Maximum of c v vs. L ob-\ntained through MH technique. The continuum red line is a\npower law fit.\nentering the definition of κ in Eq. (4)), we remind that\nsuch quantity has generally to be managed with particu-\nlar care, as discussed in details in Refs. <sup>14,15</sup> , where it was\nshown that the presence of block structures prevents us",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Realization of the Exactly Solvable Kitaev Honeycomb Lattice Model in a Spin Rotation Invariant Syst[...]\n\n## Rotation Invariant System\n\nbecomes chirality-chirality correlation, or four-dimer cor-\nrelation. It will be interesting to see the corresponding\npicture of the exotic excitations in the Kitaev model, e.g.\nthe Majorana fermion and the Ising vortex. However this\nwill be deferred to future studies.\nIt is tempting to call this as an exactly solved spin liq-\nuid with spin gap ( ∼ J cluster ), an extremely short-range\nresonating valence bond(RVB) state, from a model with\nspin rotation and time reversal symmetry. However it\nshould be noted that the unit cell of this model contains\nan even number of spin-1/2 moments (so does the orig-\ninal Kitaev model) which does not satisfy the stringent\ndefinition of spin liquid requiring odd number of elec-\ntrons per unit cell. Several parent Hamiltonians of spin\nliquids have already been constructed. See for example,\nRef. <sup>24- 27</sup> .\nIV. GENERATE THE HIGH ORDER PHYSICAL\nSPIN INTERACTIONS BY PERTURBATIVE\nEXPANSION.\nOne major drawback of the present construction is that\nit involves high order interactions of physical spins[see\n(8) and (9)], thus is ‘unnatural’. In this Section we will\nmake compromises between exact solvability and natu-\nralness. We consider two clusters j and k and try to\ngenerate the J x,y,z interactions in (7) from perturbation\nseries expansion of more natural(lower order) physical\nspin interactions. Two different approaches for this pur-\npose will be laid out in the following two Subsections. In\nSubsection IV A we will consider the two clusters as two\ntetrahedra, and couple the spin system to certain opti-\ncal phonons, further coupling between the phonon modes\n(a) (b) (c) (d)\n(b) (c) (d)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\n## Optical Integral and Sum Rule Violation\n\nlective boson. This momentum dependence comes from\nhigh-energy fermions and is an input for the low-energy\ntheory. Below we follow Refs. 31,33 and assume that\nthe momentum dependence of a collective boson is flat\nnear ( π, π ). The self energy within such model has been\nworked out consistently in Ref. 31,33. In the normal\nstate\nΣ <sup>′′</sup> ( ω ) = − <sup>1</sup> 2  <sup>λ</sup> <sup>n</sup> <sup>ω</sup> <sup>sf</sup> <sup>log</sup> � 1 +  <sup>ω</sup> <sup>2</sup> ω <sup>2</sup> sf �\nΣ <sup>′</sup> ( ω ) = − λ n ω sf arctan <sup>ω</sup> ω sf\n(19)\nwhere λ n is the spin-fermion coupling constant, and ω sf\nis a typical spin relaxation frequency of overdamped spin\ncollective excitations with a propagator\nχ ( q ∼ Q, Ω) = χ Q\n1 − i  <sup>Ω</sup> ω sf\n(20)\nwhere χ Q is the uniform static susceptibility. If we use\nOrnstein-Zernike form of χ ( q ) and use either Eliashberg 45 or FLEX computational schemes 48 , we get rather sim-\nilar behavior of Σ as a function of frequency and rather\nsimilar behavior of optical integrals.\nThe collective nature of spin fluctuations is reflected in\nthe fact that the coupling λ and the bosonic frequency\nω sf are related: λ scales as ξ <sup>2</sup> , where ξ is the bosonic\nmass (the distance to a bosonic instability), and ω sf ∝ ξ <sup>−</sup> <sup>2</sup> (see Ref. 49). For a flat χ ( q ∼ Q ) the product λω sf\ndoes not depend on ξ and is the overall dimensional scale\nfor boson-mediated interactions.\nIn the SCS fermionic excitations acquire a gap. This\ngap affects fermionic self-energy in two ways: directly, via\nthe change of the dispersion of an intermediate boson in\nthe exchange process involving a CB, and indirectly, via\nthe change of the propagator of a CB. We remind our-\nselves that the dynamics of a CB comes from a particle-\nhole bubble which is indeed affected by ∆.\nThe effect of a d − wave pairing gap on a CB has been\ndiscussed in a number of papers, most recently in <sup>31</sup> . In\na SCS a gapless continuum described by Eq. (20) trans-\nforms into a gaped continuum, with a gap about 2∆and\na resonance at ω = ω 0 < 2∆, where for a d − wave gap we",
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+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF",
+                "query": "What is the Oxbridge Academy email?",
+                "target_page": 59,
+                "target_passage": "Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\nbasis, as we’ll be using this address to communicate with you\nthroughout your studies. **Occupation**\nRefers to your current job (if you are employed). If you are\nunemployed, you can simply write “unemployed” or “not applicable”. **Delivery address**\nRefers to the address at which you want your study material to be\ndelivered. The reason why we prefer you to select your work address\nis  so that there will  always  be someone available  to receive your\nstudy material, even if you are not there when the courier arrives.\n\nPLEASE REMEMBER TO ATTACH THE FOLLOWING\nDOCUMENTS TO YOUR REGISTRATION FORM:\nA copy of your ID\nProof of your highest grade passed\nProof of any other relevant qualifications you have obtained In this section, you need to place a cross in the box next to the method\nby which you would like to receive your study material. In the example\nabove, the student has indicated that they would like to receive their\nstudy material via registered post.\nSTEP 3 -  SELECT YOUR DELIVERY OPTION\n\nSTEP 4 -  PAY YOUR REGISTRATION FEE AND SEND IN YOUR FORM\nDifferent courses have different registration fees. Please check the course\nfees list (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/Documents/ Price-list-2015.pdf) to\nfind out how much you need to pay to register for your chosen course, and\npay this amount using the banking details provided at the bottom of the\nregistration form. Remember to attach your proof of payment.\nIf you are under the age of 18, your parent or guardian will need to sign\nthis section of the form to state that they are aware of your registration\nwith Oxbridge Academy, and that they do not have any objections. If you\nare unemployed,  you will need a guarantor to sign this section of the\nform. Your parent or guarantor will be held responsible if you miss any of\nyour payments in relation to your course fees.\nSEND YOUR REGISTRATION FORM\nCHOOSE YOUR COURSE **1**\nFILL IN THE\nREGISTRATION FORM",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **4 5**\nIF YOU ARE REGISTERING\nFOR an ICB, or NATED\nCOURSE\nmake sure to indicate your preferred exam centre.\nIF YOU ARE UNDER\n18, OR IF YOU ARE\nUNEMPLOYED\nmake sure that your parent/guardian/guarantor signs the form.\nATTACH THE FOLLOWING\nDOCUMENTS\n1. Copy of your ID\n2. Proof of highest grade passed\n3. Proof of other qualifications\n4. Proof of payment\nPAY YOUR\nREGISTRATION FEE\nSend your registration form to the\nregistrations office at Oxbridge Academy via\none of the following channels:\nFax: 086 262 5550\nPost: PO Box 12723, Die Boord, 7613\nE-mail:    registrar@oxbridgeacademy.co.za",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n\n###### CHAPTER 5:\n\n**Uninterested/Disinterested**\n“Uninterested” means not interested.\nE.g. The spectator was uninterested in the outcome of the game, as he\ndid not support either of the teams on the field.\n“Disinterested” means impartial or unbiased.\nE.g. The judge was disinterested in the matter.\n**Your/You’re**\n“Your” is a possessive pronoun.\nE.g. Your assignment was due two days ago.\n“You’re” is a contraction of “you are”.\nE.g. You’re supposed to be at work today.\n###### CHAPTER 5:\nTIPS FOR FILLING IN YOUR COLLEGE REGISTRATION FORM\nApplying for college (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) can be a\ndaunting experience. Not only do you need to choose a course, but you\nalso need to make sure that you:\n- meet the entry requirements\n- meet the deadlines\n- fill in the forms correctly\n- send the forms to the right address\n- include all the necessary attachments\nTo make the college registration process easier for you, we’ve compiled a\ncomprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy\n(www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) . The guide also includes general\ntips that will be relevant to the application and registration processes at\nother colleges.\n**There are 4 steps you need to follow when you want to register as a student at Oxbridge Academy:**\n**1.**   Select Your Course\n**2.**   Fill in Your Student Details\n**3.**   Select Your Delivery Option\n**4.**   Pay Your Registration Fee and Send in Your Form\n\nSTEP 1 -  SELECT YOUR COURSE\n\nBefore you start filling in the registration form, you need to choose your\ncourse. Once you’ve identified the course that  you would like to study,\nremember to check that you meet the entry requirements.\nYou can find the course name and course code for  your chosen course on\nthe relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look\nat the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code\nare circled in red):\n\nPlease make sure to check the accreditation status of your chosen course.\nSome of our courses are non-credit bearing skills development courses,\nwhich are neither accredited by external bodies nor registered on the NQF.\nPlease go to our website: *oxbridgeacademy.co.za*  for more information\nabout  our  skills  development courses.\n\nOxbridge Academy Short Course: Marketing Management\nADV101\nSTEP 2 -  FILL IN YOUR STUDENT DETAILS\nTo complete this section, you need to provide us with your personal\ndetails:\n**E-mail address**\nPlease provide a valid e-mail address that you check on a regular",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n###### CHAPTER 8:\n\nyou make spelling mistakes, you will give your tutors  a bad impression,\nas it makes your writing look sloppy.\n####### **Check that you have typed in the correct e-mail address.**\nIt’s easy to type in the wrong address by mistake.\n####### **Take care when sending attachments.**\nIf you need to send an attachment, make sure that it is in an accessible\nfile format, and that the size doesn’t exceed the maximum\nlimit. Many e-mail clients limit the size  of attachments  to 5 MB -- and if\nyour attachment exceeds this size, your e-mail might not be delivered.\n####### **Say “thank you”.**\nIf you receive a reply from your tutor, it is good manners to acknowledge\nreceipt of the response by sending a “thank you” e- mail.\n\nBy following these tips, you are more likely to establish good relationships\nwith your tutors, as well as to get the type of academic support that\nyou need.\n**Remember that asking for help is a sign of strength. And asking for help early on in your studies will increase your chances of success.**\n###### CHAPTER 8:\nTIPS FOR COMPLETING YOUR WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS\nDepending on which course you study, you will either be assessed\nby means of written assignments, or through a combination of\nwritten assignments and exams. Assignments not only help to\ndeepen your understanding of the work, but they often also count\ntoward your final mark.\nIt is therefore important that you put effort into your assignments,\nand  that you complete them to the best of your ability.\nWe realise that, like many other students, you might be unsure of\nhow to go about completing your assignments, or that you might be\nafraid of failure.\nIf you are an Oxbridge Academy student, we’d like you to know\nthat we are here to help you every step of the way, and that we will\ngive you the opportunity to resubmit your assignments if you don’t\nachieve a pass mark the first time around.\nHERE ARE 10 TIPS FOR HOW YOU CAN ACHIEVE HIGHER MARKS FOR YOUR WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS:\n1. Read (and follow) the instructions carefully.\nIf you are an Oxbridge Academy student, the general assignment\nguidelines will be provided in your “Success” Study Guide. Specific\ninstructions will also be included at the beginning of each of your",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n20. Plagiarism is not a serious offence.\n21. When writing an exam, you should always answer the questions in\nnumerical order.\n22. E-mail etiquette is important in the workplace.\n23. Mind maps help you to understand the relationships between con­\ncepts.\n24. When you answer an essay question, you should try to include as\nmuch information as possible.\nDo the following:\n25. Create a mind map to summarise Chapter 7 (How to Ask for Help\nfrom Your Tutor). (5)\n26. List 3 things you need to do if you want to earn good marks for your\nwritten assignments. (3)\n27. List 5 important things to keep in mind when writing a cover letter.\n(5)\n28. List 5 of the things that you should include in a resignation letter.\n(5)\n29. List 3 methods you can use to summarise your study material. (3)\n30. Give 2 examples of how good language skills can benefit your ca­\nreer. (2)\n31. Complete the following sentence:\nSummarising your study material gives you the opportunity to\n###### Did you enjoy reading this book?\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa\ntwitter.com/oxbridgeEdu\nwww.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer­\ning skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised\ncourses to students in South Africa and abroad.\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our\nstudents’ needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic\nassistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study\nmaterial in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students\nto understand.\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\nCONTACT NUMBERS:\nTel: 021 1100 200\nTel:+2721 883 2454 (international)\nFax: 086 111 2121\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\nWhatsapp: 0605671585\nEmail: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\nPostal Address:\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section\n31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.\n*Developed for Oxbridge Academy*",
+                    "page_start": 57,
+                    "page_end": 58,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n####### **Proofread your e-mail.**\n\nAnd if you are studying via distance learning (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.\nza/distance-learning/), where you don’t  have  any face-to-face interac­\ntion with lecturers, you will need to rely on your tutors for the necessary\nacademic support.\nIf you have any questions about your course work, you are always\nwelcome to approach your tutors for help. Just remember that your\ntutors cannot guess what your needs are: you will have to make\ncontact with your tutors and communicate  your  questions clearly if\nyou want to get the assistance that you need.\nWhen it comes to contacting your tutors, your best option will\nusually be to send an e-mail.\nHere are some important tips to keep in mind when\nrequesting help from a tutor via e-mail:\n**Use a relevant and descriptive subject line.**\nThis way, your tutor will immediately know what your e-mail is\nabout, and he or she will be more likely to open it. A good subject\nline might read as follows: “Enquiry regarding Assignment 1 for\nSafety Management 101”\n####### **Be polite, and use an appropriate form of address.**\nAlways start your e-mail with an appropriate form of address,\nsuch as “Hello Mr/Ms ...” and sign it off with your full name and\nstudent number. This will help to give your message a friendly, yet\nprofessional tone.\n####### **Be clear and concise.**\nMake sure that your tutor will be able to understand what it is that\nyou are asking.\nCompare the following examples:\nExample A\nExample B\nBy stating the problem clearly, and by asking a specific question that\nyou would like your tutor to answer, such as in example B, you are much\nmore likely to get a meaningful response from your tutor.\n####### **Don’t use text-speak (such as “ur” and “pls”) in your e-mail.**\nNot only does this look unprofessional, but your tutor may have a hard\ntime understanding what it is that you are trying to say. You should also\navoid using emoticons ( ;-) ), as these don’t belong in formal communica­\ntion.\n####### **Proofread your e-mail.**\nRead through your e-mail to make sure you have:\n- Stated your question/problem clearly.\n- Used a suitable tone.\n- Used correct grammar.\n\nAlso use spellcheck to make sure that there are no spelling mistakes. If",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\nA Summary of the Registration Process at Oxbridge Academy\nAs soon as your details\nhave been captured\non our system you will\nreceive confirmation\nof your registration via\ne-mail or SMS\n###### CHAPTER 6:\nLEARN HOW TO SUMMARISE YOUR STUDY MATERIAL\n\nTo  be successful in your studies, you need to learn how to create\nmeaningful summaries of your course material. This is especially\nimportant if you are a distance learning student (www.oxbridgeacademy.\nco.za/distance-learning/), as you won’t have a teacher or lecturer to\npoint out key concepts, or to give you tips about the types of questions\nyou can expect in the exams.\nSUMMARISING YOUR WORK GIVES YOU AN OPPORTUNITY TO:\n- Organise your study material into a structure that makes sense to you.\n- Arrange your study material into a format that suits your learning style.\n- Create memory aids for yourself.\n- Identify key ideas and concepts.\n- Focus on what’s important.\n- Prepare for exams more easily.\nSO WHAT EXACTLY IS A SUMMARY?\nA summary is more than just a condensed or shortened version of your\nwork. A summary requires you to analyse your study material, to identify\nthe key concepts, and to explain it in your  own words.\nTo make a good summary, you need to:\n- Keep it brief.\n- Make sure to use main headings and keywords.\n- Focus on the main ideas.\n- Classify and organise the information in a logical manner.\n- Use your own words where possible.\n- Include examples.\n- Remember that your summaries are there to help you.\nYOU CAN MAKE YOUR SUMMARIES IN DIFFERENT FOR­ MATS. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:\nMind Maps (Spider Diagrams)\nA mind map is a visual expression of thoughts, ideas and concepts. It\nusually takes the form of a diagram, with the main concept in the centre,\nand the related concepts branching out from there. Here is an example:\n\nPayroll Contracts\n**HR**\n**Manager’s Duties**\nStaff\nTraining\nDiscipline\nThe benefits of using mind maps include the following:\n- They help you to see how the different bits of information fit into the\nbigger picture.\n- They help you to understand the relationships between concepts.\n- They help you to memorise information more quickly (by engaging both hemispheres of your brain).\nTips for making mind maps:",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 12:\n\n- Always use a relevant and descriptive subject line.\nE-mails with blank subject lines may be marked as spam by the\nrecipient’s e-mail client, and e-mails with non-descriptive subject\nlines such as “Hello” or “Meeting” may be ignored.\n- Write your e-mail in clear and simple language.\nDon’t try to sound too formal, and don’t use complicated words\nwhen simple ones would work just fine. As far as possible, write in\nthe active voice.\n- Structure your message clearly, and include only the necessary information.\nTake care not to confuse the message by including too many topics\nin one e-mail. Respect your colleagues’ time, and try to keep your\nmessages as short as possible.\n- Don’t type your e-mail in ALL CAPS.\nThis is regarded as the online equivalent of shouting.\n- Always proofread your e-mail before you hit ‘send’.\nGrammar and spelling errors come across as unprofessional.\n- If you include a link in your e-mail, make sure that you provide some\ncontext.\nYour recipients are unlikely to click on a link if they don’t have any\nidea as to what they are going to see when they open it.\n- Only mark an e-mail as ‘urgent’ when it really does require immedi­ ate attention.\nWhat’s urgent to you may not always be urgent to your recipients.\n- Don’t use the CC’ or Reply All’ functions unnecessarily.\nOnly send your e-mails to the people who really need to see them.\n- Only include necessary attachments with your e-mails.\nRemember that many e-mail clients have a size limit on attach­\nments, and that attachments over a certain size may cause your\ne-mail to be blocked.\n- Keep it professional.\nDon’t pass on spam e-mails, chain letters, or inappropriate jokes,\nand don’t spread gossip via e-mail.\nASSIGNMENT\n1. Identify the verb in the following sentence:\nThe grey elephant drinks water from the largest lake in Africa.\n2. Identify the collective noun in the following sentence:\nThe board of directors voted in favour of the decision.\n3. Correct the punctuation in the following sentence:\nAnthea will you please buy bread milk and eggs when you go to the\nshop.\n4. Choose the correct word:\nCharles was accepted/excepted into the engineering studies course at\nOxbridge Academy.\n5. Choose the correct word:\nIts/It’s time to go home now.\n6. Choose the correct word:",
+                    "page_start": 52,
+                    "page_end": 54,
+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted\nin any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,\nrecording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in\nwriting from the publisher. Subject to any applicable licensing terms and conditions in\nthe case of electronically supplied publications, a person may engage in fair dealing\nwith a copy of this publication for his or her personal or private use, or his or her\nresearch or private study. See Section 12(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978.\nThe authors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and\nto acknowledge the use of copyright material. Should any infringement of copyright\nhave occurred, please contact the publisher, and every effort will be made to rectify\nomissions or errors in the event of a reprint or new edition.\nDeveloped for Oxbridge Academy - 2015\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n1. General Language Tips to Get You Started\n2. Parts of Speech\n3. Punctuation\n4. Commonly Confused Words and Phrases\n5. Tips for Filling in Your College Registration Form\n6. Learn How to Summarise Your Study Material\n7. How to Ask for Help from Your Tutor\n8. Tips for Completing Your Written Assignments\n9. Tips for Answering Exam Questions\n10. Language Skills at Work -  How to Write a Cover Letter\n11. Language  Skills  at Work  -  How to Write a   Resignation Letter\n12. Language Skills at Work - Sending E-mails to Your Colleagues\n###### CHAPTER 1:\nGENERAL LANGUAGE TIPS TO GET YOU STARTED\nThis chapter focuses on the importance of language skills in the\nworkplace, and covers basic tips for how you can improve  your\ncommand of the English language.\n*“The English language is nobody’s special property.*\n*It is the property of the imagination.*\n*It is the property of the language itself”*\n*Derek Walcott*\nWhen we think about our careers, and what we need to do to establish them, we\noften forget about the need to develop an essential skill: communication. If you\nstart reading through the job descriptions in a industry, you will find that the vast\nmajority of jobs require one or more of the following:\n- Effective communication skills\n- Interpersonal skills\n- Ability to work in a team\n- Negotiation skills\n- Conflict resolution skills\n- Report writing skills\nWhat all of these skills have in common is that they involve the use of",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 4,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2020 No. 471  EDUCATION, ENGLAND The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus)  (Amendm[...]\n\nS T A T U T O R Y  I N S T R U M E N T S",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg247938.pdf",
+                "query": "When is it necessary to use a host multipathing driver for load balancing?",
+                "target_page": 340,
+                "target_passage": "For load balancing and access redundancy on the host side, the use of a host multipathing driver is required in the following situations: Protection from fabric link failures, including port failures on the IBM Spectrum Virtualize system nodes Protection from a host HBA failure (if two HBAs are in use) Protection from fabric failures if the host is connected through two HBAs to two separate fabrics  Provide load balancing across the host HBA",
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+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.6  SAN configuration planning**\n\n#### **3.6.5  Host zones**\n\nIn general, for I/O Group nodes with more than four ports, divide the hosts into as many\ngroups as you created sets in step 1.\n3. Map each host group to exactly one port set.\n4. Zone all hosts from each group to the corresponding set of I/O Group node ports.\nThe host connections in the example on Figure 3-4 on page 56 are defined in the following\nmanner:\n- Hosts in group one are always zoned to ports 1 and 4 on both nodes.\n- Hosts in group two are always zoned to ports 2 and 3 on both nodes of the I/O Group.\nThe use of this schema provides four paths to one I/O Group for each host, and helps to\nmaintain an equal distribution of host connections on Storwize V7000 ports.\n**Tip:**  Create an alias for the I/O Group port set. This step makes it easier to correctly zone\nhosts to the correct set of I/O Group ports. It also makes host group membership visible in\nthe FC switch configuration.\n**Tip:**  To maximize performance from the host point of view, distribute volumes that are\nmapped to each host between both I/O Group nodes.\n**56**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1\n*Figure 3-4   Overview of four-path host zoning*\nWhen possible, use the minimum number of paths that are necessary to achieve a sufficient\nlevel of redundancy. For the Storwize V7000 environment, no more than four paths per I/O\nGroup are required to accomplish this layout.\nAll paths must be managed by the multipath driver on the host side. Make sure that the\nmultipath driver on each server can handle the number of paths required to access all\nvolumes mapped to the host.\nFor hosts that use four HBAs/ports with eight connections to an I/O Group, use the zoning\nschema that is shown in Figure 3-5 on page 57. You can combine this schema with the\nprevious four-path zoning schema.\nChapter 3. Planning  **57**\n*Figure 3-5   Overview of eight-path host zoning*\nFor more information, see Chapter 8, “Hosts” on page 317.",
+                    "page_start": 76,
+                    "page_end": 78,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.15  Advanced Copy Services**\n\n#### **3.15.3  Planning for Metro Mirror and Global Mirror**\n\nredundant links, half of this traffic is sent over each link.\nThe bandwidth between sites must be sized to meet the peak workload requirements. You\ncan estimate the peak workload requirement by measuring the maximum write workload\naveraged over a period of 1 minute or less, and adding the heartbeat bandwidth. Statistics\nmust be gathered over a typical application I/O workload cycle, which might be days, weeks,\nor months, depending on the environment in which the Storwize V7000 is used.\nWhen planning the inter-site link, consider also the initial sync and any future resync\nworkloads. It might be worthwhile to secure additional link bandwidth for the initial data\nsynchronization.\nIf the link between the sites is configured with redundancy so that it can tolerate single\nfailures, you must size the link so that the bandwidth and latency requirements are met even\nduring single failure conditions.\nWhen planning the inter-site link, make a careful note whether it is dedicated to the\ninter-cluster traffic or is going to be used to carry any other data. Sharing link with other traffic\n(for example, cross-site IP traffic) might reduce the cost of creating the inter-site connection\nand improve link utilization. However, doing so might affect the links’ ability to provide the\nrequired bandwidth for data replication.\nVerify carefully that the devices that you plan to use to implement the intercluster link are\nsupported.\n**Cluster configuration**\nIf you configure replication services, you might decide to dedicate ports for intercluster\ncommunication, intracluster traffic, or both. In that case, make sure that your cabling and\nzoning reflects that decision. Also, such dedicated ports are inaccessible for host or back-end\nstorage traffic, so plan your volume mappings and hosts and back-end storage connections\naccordingly.\n|  Storwize V7000  System 1  |  Storwize V7000 System 2  |  Storwize V7000 System 2  |  Storwize V7000 System 2  |  Storwize V7000 System 2  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | 2 nodes  | 4 nodes  | 6 nodes  | 8 nodes  |\n| 2 nodes  | 5  | 0 6  | 0 6  | 0 6  |\n| 4 nodes  | 6  | 10  | 11  | 12  |\n| 6 nodes  | 6  | 11  | 16  | 17  |\n| 8 nodes  | 6  | 12  | 17  | 21  |\n**78**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1",
+                    "page_start": 98,
+                    "page_end": 99,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 7. Volumes\n\n### **7.8  Volume operations by using the CLI**\n\n#### **7.8.23  Tracing a volume from a host back to its physical disks**\n\n� Advanced Copy Services functions offered across storage systems from separate vendors\n� Only one multipath driver is required for attached hosts\nHosts can be connected to Storwize V7000 system using any of the following protocols:\n� Fibre Channel (FC)\n� Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)\n� Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI)\n� iSCSI Extensions over RDMA (iSER)\n� Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)\nHosts that connect to the Storwize V7000 system by using fabric switches that use FC or\nFCoE protocol must be zoned correctly, as described in 3.6, “SAN configuration planning” on\npage 50.\nHosts that connect to the Storwize V7000 system with iSCSI protocol must be configured\ncorrectly, as described in Chapter 3, “Planning” on page 43.\nFor load balancing and access redundancy on the host side, the use of a host multipathing\ndriver is required in the following situations:\n� Protection from fabric link failures, including port failures on the IBM Spectrum Virtualize\nsystem nodes\n� Protection from a host HBA failure (if two HBAs are in use)\n� Protection from fabric failures if the host is connected through two HBAs to two separate\nfabrics\n� Provide load balancing across the host HBAs\nFor more information about various host operating systems and versions that are supported\nby IBM Storwize V7000, see [this page ](https://www.ibm.com/systems/support/storage/ssic/interoperability.wss) of the IBM System Storage Interoperation Center\n(SSIC).\nFor more information about how to attach various supported host operating systems to IBM\nStorwize V7000, see [IBM Knowledge Center](https://ibm.biz/BdjKmd) .\nIf your host operating system is not in SSIC, you can ask an IBM representative to submit a\nspecial request for support by using the [Storage Customer Opportunity REquest (SCORE) ](https://www.ibm.com/systems/support/storage/scorerpq/int/logon.do)\n[tool](https://www.ibm.com/systems/support/storage/scorerpq/int/logon.do) for evaluation (log in required).\n**Note:**  Certain host operating systems can be directly connected to the Storwize V7000\nsystem without the need for FC fabric switches. For more information, see [this page ](https://www.ibm.com/systems/support/storage/ssic/interoperability.wss) of the\nIBM System Storage Interoperation Center (SSIC).",
+                    "page_start": 339,
+                    "page_end": 339,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000460000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Appendix A. Performance data and statistics gathering\n\n� Number of paths per host multipath device\nThe maximum supported number of paths per multipath device that is visible on the host is\neight. Although the IBM Subsystem Device Driver Path Control Module (SDDPCM),\nrelated products, and most vendor multipathing software can support more paths, the\nStorwize V7000 expects a maximum of eight paths. In general, you see only an effect on\nperformance from more paths than eight. Although the IBM Spectrum Virtualize can work\nwith more than eight paths, this design is technically unsupported.\n� Do not intermix dissimilar array types or sizes\nAlthough the IBM Spectrum Virtualize supports an intermix of differing storage within\nstorage pools, it is best to always use the same array model, Redundant Array of\nIndependent Disks (RAID) mode. RAID size (RAID 5 6+P+S does not mix well with RAID 6\n14+2), and drive speeds.\nRules and guidelines are no substitution for monitoring performance. Monitoring performance\ncan provide a validation that design expectations are met, and identify opportunities for\nimprovement.",
+                    "page_start": 762,
+                    "page_end": 762,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#endif\n\n## Chapter 13. Performance\n\n### **13.2  Data loading performance**\n\n#### **13.2.2  Recommendations**\n\nFor the most optimal performance in loading, we recommend the following practices:\n� For Multiplatforms and z/OS, run parallel load jobs to take advantage of multiprocessors,\nlarge memory pools, multiple data paths, and multiple disk drives.\n� Ensure that each parallel load is loading to a different application group.\n� Ensure that you set up a different temp directory for each of the parallel loads. The  **-c**\n**indexDir**  indexer parameter (which specifies the directory in which the indexer stores\ntemporary data) must always be specified for  **ARSLOAD**  and must be unique for each\nrunning  **ARSLOAD**  process.\n� For IBM i, start multiple output queue monitors over a single output queue to improve\nthroughput and take advantage of multiprocessors, large memory pools, and multiple disk\ndrives.\n� Each Content Manager OnDemand process is limited by the performance of a single\nprocessor. For example, the OS/400 indexer uses only one processor when it indexes a\ndocument. Using two or more processors in your system or LPAR does not improve the\nperformance of the OS/400 indexer. However, by using two or more processors in your\nsystem or LPAR, you might be able to run multiple load jobs simultaneously. You can start\nmultiple output queue monitors over a single output queue to improve document load\nperformance.\n� For IBM i, the use of the Merge Spooled Files (  **MRGSPLFOND**  ) command can provide\nsignificant performance improvements when you load SCS spooled files.\nChapter 13. Performance\n� For IBM i, depending on your retrieval patterns and system hardware configuration, it\nmight be advantageous to *not*  store a duplicate set of documents in the Content Manager\nOnDemand cache when you use ASM because ASM might already be using disk space. If",
+                    "page_start": 325,
+                    "page_end": 326,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000460000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n### **13.10  Service Assistant Tool**\n\n#### **Performance considerations**\n\nWhen you are designing the IBM Spectrum Virtualize infrastructure or maintaining an existing\ninfrastructure, you must consider many factors in terms of their potential effect on\nperformance. These factors include, but are not limited to, dissimilar workloads that are\ncompeting for the same resources, overloaded resources, insufficient available resources,\npoor performing resources, and similar performance constraints.\nRemember the following high-level rules when you are designing your storage area network\n(SAN) and IBM Spectrum Virtualize layout:\n� Host-to-System inter-switch link (ISL) oversubscription\nThis area is the most significant input/output (I/O) load across ISLs. The recommendation\nis to maintain a maximum of 7-to-1 oversubscription. A higher ratio is possible, but it tends\nto lead to I/O bottlenecks. This suggestion also assumes a core-edge design, where the\nhosts are on the edges and the Storwize V7000 is the core.\n� Storage-to-System ISL oversubscription\nThis area is the second most significant I/O load across ISLs. The maximum\noversubscription is 7-to-1. A higher ratio is not supported. Again, this suggestion assumes\na multiple-switch SAN fabric design.\n� Node-to-node ISL oversubscription\nThis area does not apply to Storwize V7000 clusters composed of a unique control\nenclosure. This area is the least significant load of the three possible oversubscription\nbottlenecks. In standard setups, this load can be ignored. Although this area is not entirely\nnegligible, it does not contribute significantly to the ISL load. However, node-to-node ISL\noversubscription is mentioned here in relation to the split-cluster capability that was made\navailable since V6.3 (HyperSwap).\nWhen the system is running in this manner, the number of ISL links becomes more\nimportant. As with the storage-to-System ISL oversubscription, this load also requires a\nmaximum of 7-to-1 oversubscription. Exercise caution and careful planning when you\ndetermine the number of ISLs to implement. If you need assistance, contact your IBM\nrepresentative.\n� ISL trunking/port channeling\nFor the best performance and availability, use ISL trunking or port channeling.\nIndependent ISL links can easily become overloaded and turn into performance\nbottlenecks. Bonded or trunked ISLs automatically share load and provide better\nredundancy in a failure.",
+                    "page_start": 761,
+                    "page_end": 761,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.13  Host mapping and LUN masking**\n\n#### **3.13.1  Planning for large deployments**\nEach I/O Group can have up to 512 host objects defined. This limit is the same whether hosts\nare attached by using FC, iSCSI, or a combination of both. To allow more than 512 hosts to\naccess the storage, you must divide them into groups of 512 hosts or less, and map each\ngroup to single I/O Group only. This approach allows you to configure up to 2048 host objects\non a system with four I/O Groups (eight nodes).\nFor best performance, split each host group into two sets. For each set, configure the\npreferred access node for volumes presented to the host set to one of the I/O Group nodes.\nThis approach helps to evenly distribute load between the I/O Group nodes.\n**72**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1",
+                    "page_start": 92,
+                    "page_end": 93,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.15  Advanced Copy Services**\n\n#### **3.15.3  Planning for Metro Mirror and Global Mirror**\n\nasynchronous replication, which allows the remote site to lag behind the local site. Choice of\nthe replication type has major effects on all other aspects of the copy services planning.\nThe use of Global Mirror and Metro Mirror between the same two clustered systems is\nsupported.\nIf you plan to use copy services to realize some application function (for example, disaster\nrecovery orchestration software), review the requirements of the application you plan to use.\nVerify that the complete solution is going to fulfill supportability criteria of both IBM and the\napplication vendor.\n**Intercluster link**\nThe local and remote clusters can be connected by FC, FCoE, or IP network. The IP network\ncan be used as a carrier for FCoIP solution or as a native data carrier.\nEach of the technologies has its own requirements concerning supported distance, link\nspeeds, bandwidth, and vulnerability to frame or packet loss. For the most current information\nregarding requirements and limitations of each of supported technologies, see [this website](https://ibm.biz/BdjKbu) .\nThe two major parameters of a link are its bandwidth and latency. Latency might limit\nmaximum bandwidth available over IP links, depending on the details of the technology that is\nused.\nWhen planning the Intercluster link, consider the peak performance that is required. This\nconsideration is especially important for Metro Mirror configurations.\nWhen Metro Mirror or Global Mirror is used, a certain amount of bandwidth is required for the\nIBM Storwize V7000 intercluster heartbeat traffic. The amount of traffic depends on how\nmany nodes are in each of the two clustered systems.\nChapter 3. Planning  **77**\nTable 3-5 lists the amount of heartbeat traffic (in megabits per second) that is generated by\nvarious sizes of clustered systems.\n*Table 3-5   Intersystem heartbeat traffic in Mbps*\nThese numbers estimate the amount of traffic between the two clustered systems when no\nI/O is taking place to mirrored volumes. Half of the data is sent by each of the systems. The\ntraffic is divided evenly over all available intercluster links. Therefore, if you have two",
+                    "page_start": 97,
+                    "page_end": 98,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.6  SAN configuration planning**\n\n#### **3.6.5  Host zones**\n\nunknown. The port mask is 64 bits. Valid mask values range from all zeroes (no ports\nenabled) to all ones (all ports enabled). For example, a mask of 0011 enables port 1 and\nport 2. The default value is all 1s.\n**Number of paths:**  For  *n*  + 1 redundancy, use the following number of paths:\n� With two HBA ports, zone HBA ports to Storwize V7000 ports 1:2 for a total of four\npaths.\n� With four HBA ports, zone HBA ports to Storwize V7000 ports 1:1 for a total of four\npaths.\n� Optional (  *n*  +2 redundancy): With four HBA ports, zone HBA ports to Storwize V7000\nports 1:2  for a total of eight paths.\nHere, the term *HBA port*  is used to describe the SCSI initiator and  *Storwize V7000 port*\nto describe the SCSI target.\n**Important:**  The maximum number of host paths per LUN must not exceed eight.\nChapter 3. Planning  **55**\n� Balanced host load across HBA ports\nIf the host has more than one HBA port per fabric, zone each host port with a separate\ngroup of Storwize V7000 ports.\n� Balanced host load across Storwize V7000 ports\nTo obtain the best overall performance of the subsystem and to prevent overloading, the\nload of each Storwize V7000 port should be equal. Assuming a similar load is generated\nby each host, you can achieve this balance by zoning approximately the same number of\nhost ports to each Storwize V7000 port.\nFigure 3-4 on page 56 shows an example of a balanced zoning configuration that was\ncreated by completing the following steps:\n1. Divide ports on the I/O Group into two disjoint sets, such that each set contains two ports\nfrom each I/O Group node, each connected to a different fabric.\nFor consistency, use the same port number on each I/O Group node. The example that is\nshown in Figure 3-4 on page 56 assigns ports 1 and 4 to one port set, and ports 2 and 3 to\nthe second set.\nBecause the I/O Group nodes have four FC ports each, two port sets are created.\n2. Divide hosts attached to the I/O Group into two equally numerous groups.",
+                    "page_start": 75,
+                    "page_end": 76,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Contents**\n\n3.6.5  Host zones  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54\n3.6.6  Zoning considerations for Metro Mirror and Global Mirror  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57\n3.6.7  Port designation recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58\n3.6.8  Port masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\n3.7  iSCSI configuration planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60\n3.7.1  iSCSI protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\n3.7.2  Topology and IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\n3.7.3  General recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62\n3.7.4  iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62",
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+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf",
+                "query": "Which orbiting instrument provides near-continuous full-sky coverage in the hard X-ray/low-energy gamma-ray range?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Gamma ray Burst Monitor",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nsignificant emission above 300 keV, consistent with\nthe power law tail observed when Cyg X-1 is in its\nhard state.\n**GRS 1915+105**  (Fig. 5) is a LMXB with the com-\npact object being a massive black hole. Evidence for\nemission above 100 keV has been seen previously [12]\nwith BATSE. The GBM light curve integrated over\n490 days shows significant emission above 100 keV.\n**1E 1740-29**  (Fig. 6) is a LMXB very near the\nGalactic Center. It is a microquasar, and spends most\nof its time in the low/hard state. Integral observa-\ntions indicate the presence of a power law tail above\n200 keV [13]. The present GBM results are consis-\ntent with this high energy emission. In the future, we\nFIG. 4: Cyg X-1 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modi-\nfied Julian days.\nFIG. 5: GRS 1915+105 light curve. Horizontal scale is in\nmodified Julian days.\n**eConf C091122**\nTABLE I: Fluxes and Significance in High Energy Bands\n|  |  50 - 100 keV  |  50 - 100 keV  |  50 - 100 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  |\n| Crab  | 1000  | 3  | 336  | 1000  | 6  | 182  | 1000  | 47  | 21.2  |\n| Cen A  | 72  | 4  | 18  | 108  | 7  | 15  | 42  | 47  | 0.9  |\n| Cyg X-1  | 1130  | 4  | 283  | 1094  | 8  | 137  | 474  | 50  | 9.5  |\n| GRS 1915+105  | 121  | 4  | 30  | 49  | 7  | 7  | 41  | 52  | 0.8  |\n| 1E 1740-29  | 113  | 5  | 23  | 96  | 10  | 10  | 97  | 68  | 1.4  |\n| SWIFT 1753.5-0127 | 135  | 5  | 27  | 151  | 9  | 17  | 131  | 64  | 2.0  |\n| XTE J1752-223  | 770  | 16  | 48  | 622  | 30  | 21  | 132  | 218  | 0.6  |\nFIG. 6: 1E1740-29 light curve. Horizontal scale is in mod-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **I. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi is\ncurrently the only instrument in orbit providing nearly\ncontinuous full sky coverage in the hard X-ray/low\nenergy gamma ray energy range. The Earth occul-\ntation technique, used very successfully on BATSE,\nhas been adapted to GBM. An initial catalog of 64\nsources is currently being monitored and continuously\naugmented. At energies above 100 keV, six steady\nsources (the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E\n1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105) and one transient\nsource (XTE J1752-223) have been detected in the\nfirst year of observation. We describe the instrument,\noutline the technique, and present light curves for the\nseven sources.\n**II. GBM AND THE EARTH OCCULTATION**\n**OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE**\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor is the secondary\ninstrument onboard the Fermi satellite [1, 2]. It con-\nsists of 12 NaI detectors 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* in diameter by 0.5  *<sup>′′</sup>* thick\nmounted on the corners of the spacecraft and oriented\nsuch that they view the entire sky not occulted by the Earth. GBM also contains 2 BGO detectors 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* in di- ameter by 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* thick located on opposite sides of the\nspacecraft. None of the GBM detectors have direct\nimaging capability.\nKnown sources of gamma ray emission can be mon-\nitored with non-imaging detectors using the Earth oc-\ncultation technique, as was successfully demonstrated\nwith BATSE [3, 4]. When a source of gamma rays\nis occulted by the Earth, the count rate measured by\nthe detector will drop, producing a step-like feature.\nWhen the source reappears from behind the Earths\nlimb, the count rate will increase, producing another\nstep. The diameter of the Earth seen from Fermi is\n*∼*  140  *<sup>◦</sup>* , so roughly 30% of the sky is occulted by the\nEarth at any one time. Coupled with the  *±*  35  *<sup>◦</sup>* slew-\ning of the pointing direction every orbit, this means\nthat the entire sky is occulted every two orbits. With\nan altitude of 565 km, a period of 96 minutes, and",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nified Julian days.\nwill use the GBM CSPEC data with their finer energy\nbins to obtain a fit to the spectrum and compare the\npower law index to that measured by Integral.\n**SWIFT J1753.5-0127**  (Fig. 7) is a LMXB with\nthe compact object likely being a black hole. Swift\ndiscovered this source when it observed a large flare\nin July of 2005. The source did not return to qui-\nescence but settled into a low intensity hard state\n[14]. BATSE occultation measurements from 1991-\n2000 showed no significant emission from this source\nabove 25 keV [15]. The GBM results show that this\nsource is still in a hard state, with significant emis-\nsion above 100 keV. We will continue to monitor this\nFIG. 7: SWIFTJ1753.5-0127 light curve. Horizontal scale\nis in modified Julian days.\nsource while it is in the hard state, with longer obser-\nvations potentially verifying significant emission above\n300 keV.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nThe sources Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E\n1740-29, Cen A, and GRS 1915+105 are detected by\nGBM at energies above 100 keV. We show GBM light\ncurves generated from the Earth occultation analysis\nin several energy bands with one day resolution for\nthese six sources in Figures 2 - 7.\nTable I gives the fluxes and significances averaged\nover all the days from Aug. 12, 2008 (the beginning of\nscience operations) to Dec. 15, 2009, approximately\n490 days.\nThe  **Crab**  (Fig. 2) spectrum in the hard x-ray/low\nenergy gamma-ray region can be described by a bro-\nken power law, with the spectrum steepening at 100\nkeV and then hardening at 650 keV [7, 8]. While the\nGBM CTIME data do not have the spectral resolution\n**eConf C091122**\nFIG. 3: Cen A light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified\nJulian days.\nto observe these breaks, GBM is able to see significant\nemission above 300 keV, consistent with the canonical\nhard spectrum.\n**Cen A**  (Fig. 3) is a Sy 2 galaxy that is the brightest\nAGN in hard x-rays/low energy gamma rays. It has\na hard spectrum (Γ = 1  *.*  8) and has been observed at\nenergies  *>*  1 MeV [9]. The GBM results are consis-\ntent with this hard spectrum, though GBM does not\nhave the sensitivity to determine if the hard spectrum\ncontinues beyond 300 keV or if the spectrum cuts off.\n**Cyg X-1**  (Fig. 4) is a HMXB and one of the\nfirst systems determined to contain a black hole. It\nhas been observed to emit significant emission above\n100 keV including a power law tail extending out to\ngreater than 1 MeV [10, 11]. The GBM results show",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n**Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources**   *>*  100  **keV Using Earth Occultation**\n**with GBM**\nG.L. Case, M.L. Cherry, J. Rodi\n*Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA*\nA. Camero-Arranz\n*Fundaci ́on Espa ̃nola de Ciencia y Tecnolog ́ıa (MICINN), C/Rosario Pino,14-16, 28020-Madrid, Spain*\nE. Beklen\n*Middle East Technical University (METU), 06531, Ankara, Turkey*\nC. A. Wilson-Hodge\n*NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812*\nP. Jenke\n*NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812*\nP.N. Bhat, M.S. Briggs, V. Chaplin, V. Connaughton, R. Preece\n*University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899*\nM.H. Finger\n*USRA, National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL 35899*\nThe NaI and BGO detectors on the Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi are now being\nused for long term monitoring of the hard X-ray/low energy gamma ray sky. Using the Earth\noccultation technique demonstrated previously by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma\nRay Observatory, GBM produces multiband light curves and spectra for known sources and transient\noutbursts in the 8 keV - 1 MeV band with its NaI detectors and up to 40 MeV with its BGO. Coverage\nof the entire sky is obtained every two orbits, with sensitivity exceeding that of BATSE at energies\nbelow  *∼*  25 keV and above  *∼*  1  *.*  5 MeV. We describe the technique and present preliminary results after the first  *∼*  17 months of observations at energies above 100 keV. Seven sources are detected: the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E 1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105, and the transient source\nXTE J1752-223.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\n\nThis work is supported by the NASA Fermi Guest\nInvestigator program. At LSU, additional support is\nprovided by NASA/Louisiana Board of Regents Co-\noperative Agreement NNX07AT62A.\n[1] C. Meegan et al., Ap. J.  **702**  , 791 (2009).\n[2] C. Wilson-Hodge et al. (2010), these proceedings.\n[3] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl.  **138**  , 149 (2002).\n[4] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl.  **154**  , 585 (2004).\n[5] G. L. Case et al., in  *The First GLAST Symposium*  ,\nedited by S. Ritz, P. Michelson, and C. Meegan\n(2007), vol. 921 of  *AIP Conf. Proceedings*  , p. 538.\n[6] J. Tueller et al. (2010), ap. J. Suppl., (to be pub-\nlished), astro-ph/0903.3037.\n[7] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Ap. J.  **598**  , 334\n(2003).\n[8] E. Jourdain and J. P. Roques, Ap. J.  **704**  , 17 (2009).\n[9] H. Steinle et al., Astron. and Astrophys.  **330**  , 97\n(1998).\n[10] M. McConnell et al., Ap. J.  **523**  , 928 (2000).\n[11] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Chinese J. Astron.\nAstrophys. Suppl.  **5**  , 80 (2005).\n[12] G. L. Case et al., Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.\n**5**  , 341 (2005).\n[13] L. Bouchet et al., Ap. J.  **693**  , 1871 (2009).\n[14] M. C. Bell et al., Ap. J.  **659**  , 549 (2007).\n[15] G. L. Case et al. (2010), to be submitted.\n[16] C. Wilson-Hodge et al., Astron. Telegram  **2280**\n(2009).\n**eConf C091122**",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\nThe results presented here are preliminary. We\nhave not completed the fine tuning of our algorithms,\nthough the average fluxes are not expected to change\nmuch. Future work will include using the GBM\nCSPEC data, with its finer energy binning, to exam-\nine the detailed spectra for these sources.\nThe measured 20 - 50 keV GBM light curves are\ncompared to Swift’s 15 - 50 keV light curves for sev-\nFIG. 2: Crab light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified\nJulian days over the 490 day GBM exposure period. Ver-\ntical scale is in photons/cm <sup>2</sup> /sec/keV averaged over daily\nintervals. Horizontal lines show the average flux in each of\nfive energy bands increasing from top to bottom\neral sources over the same time intervals in ref. [2],\nwhere it is seen that the results measured by the two\ninstruments compare well. At energies above the up-\nper energy limit of  *∼*  195 keV of the Swift 22-month catalog [6], however, the GBM observations provide\nthe only wide-field monitor available of the low en-\nergy gamma ray sky.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **B. Transient Source**\nThe new transient black hole candidate  **XTE**\n**J1752-223**  rose from undetectable on 2009 October\n24 to 511  *±*  50 mCrab (12 - 25 keV), 570  *±*  70 mCrab (25 - 50 keV), 970  *±*  100 mCrab (50 - 100 keV), and 330  *±*  100 mCrab (100 - 300 keV) on 2009 November 2 [2, 16]. The light curve is variable, especially in the\n**eConf C091122**\nFIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in\nmodified Julian days.\n12-25 keV band, where the flux initially rose to about\n240 mCrab (2009 Oct 25-28), suddenly dropped to\nnon-detectable on 2009 October 29-30, then rose again\nduring the period 2009 October 31 to November 2. As\nof mid December 2009, the source remains in a high\nintensity state. The light curve is shown for the pe-\nriod MJD 54700-55200, again with 1-day resolution,\nin Fig. 8. The fluxes for XTE J1752-223 in Table 1\nare given are for the interval of flaring activity, TJD\n55130-55180.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **I. INTRODUCTION**\n\nan orbital inclination of 26  *.*  5  *<sup>◦</sup>* , individual occultation\nsteps last for  *∼*  10 seconds (Fig. 1).\n**eConf C091122**\narXiv:1001.0955v2  [astro-ph.HE]  6 Jan 2010 FIG. 1: Single Crab occultation step in a single GBM NaI\ndetector. Horizontal scale is in seconds centered on the\noccultation time. Vertical scale is in measured counts.\nThe shape of the individual occultation steps de-\npends on energy and occultation angle. Transmis-\nsion as a function of time is modeled as  *T*  (  *t*  ) =\n*exp*  [  *−*   *μ*  (  *E*  )  *A*  (  *h*  )], where  *μ*  (  *E*  ) is the mass attenuation coefficient of gamma rays at energy  *E*  in air and  *A*  (  *h*  )\nis the air mass along the line of sight at a given alti-\ntude  *h*  (  *t*  ). Account is taken of the detector response\nas it changes as a function of angle across the fit win-\ndow. For each source, occultation times are predicted.\nEach step is fit over a 4-minute window along with a\nquadratic background and using an assumed spectrum\nto determine the detector count rate due to the source.\nThe instrument response is used to convert the count\nrate to a flux. Up to 31 steps are possible for a given\nsource in a day, and these steps are summed to get a\nsingle daily average flux. The GBM occultation sensi-\ntivity exceeds that of BATSE at energies below  *∼*  25 keV and above  *∼*  1  *.*  5 MeV [5]. This work uses the GBM CTIME data, with its\n8 broad energy channels and 0.256-second resolution,\nrebinned to 2-second resolution. The occultation tech-\nnique relies on an input catalog of known sources.\nCurrently, we are monitoring 64 sources. Of these\n64 sources, 6 steady sources are detected above 100\nkeV with a significance of at least 5  *σ*  after  *∼*  490 days of observations, and one transient source.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **2. VERITAS**\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of four 12-m\natmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona,\nis used to study VHE γ -rays from a variety of astro-\nphysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific obser-\nvations with a partial array in September 2006 and has\nroutinely observed with the full array since Septem-\nber 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS in-\nclude an energy threshold of ∼ 100 GeV, an energy\nresolution of ∼ 15%, an angular resolution of ∼ 0.1 <sup>◦</sup> ,\nand a sensitivity yielding a 5 σ detection of a 1% Crab Nebula flux object in < 30 hours <sup>1</sup> . VERITAS has an\nactive maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror re-\ncoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high\nperformance over time, and an upgrade improving\nboth the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs)\nand the trigger system has been proposed to the fund-\ning agencies.\n1 A VERITAS telescope was relocated during Summer 2009,\nincreasing the array’s sensitivity by a factor ∼ 1.3.\neConf C091122",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf",
+                "query": "What is Cyg X-1?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "is a HMXB and one of the first systems determined to contain a black hole",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nsignificant emission above 300 keV, consistent with\nthe power law tail observed when Cyg X-1 is in its\nhard state.\n**GRS 1915+105**  (Fig. 5) is a LMXB with the com-\npact object being a massive black hole. Evidence for\nemission above 100 keV has been seen previously [12]\nwith BATSE. The GBM light curve integrated over\n490 days shows significant emission above 100 keV.\n**1E 1740-29**  (Fig. 6) is a LMXB very near the\nGalactic Center. It is a microquasar, and spends most\nof its time in the low/hard state. Integral observa-\ntions indicate the presence of a power law tail above\n200 keV [13]. The present GBM results are consis-\ntent with this high energy emission. In the future, we\nFIG. 4: Cyg X-1 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modi-\nfied Julian days.\nFIG. 5: GRS 1915+105 light curve. Horizontal scale is in\nmodified Julian days.\n**eConf C091122**\nTABLE I: Fluxes and Significance in High Energy Bands\n|  |  50 - 100 keV  |  50 - 100 keV  |  50 - 100 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  |\n| Crab  | 1000  | 3  | 336  | 1000  | 6  | 182  | 1000  | 47  | 21.2  |\n| Cen A  | 72  | 4  | 18  | 108  | 7  | 15  | 42  | 47  | 0.9  |\n| Cyg X-1  | 1130  | 4  | 283  | 1094  | 8  | 137  | 474  | 50  | 9.5  |\n| GRS 1915+105  | 121  | 4  | 30  | 49  | 7  | 7  | 41  | 52  | 0.8  |\n| 1E 1740-29  | 113  | 5  | 23  | 96  | 10  | 10  | 97  | 68  | 1.4  |\n| SWIFT 1753.5-0127 | 135  | 5  | 27  | 151  | 9  | 17  | 131  | 64  | 2.0  |\n| XTE J1752-223  | 770  | 16  | 48  | 622  | 30  | 21  | 132  | 218  | 0.6  |\nFIG. 6: 1E1740-29 light curve. Horizontal scale is in mod-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nThe sources Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E\n1740-29, Cen A, and GRS 1915+105 are detected by\nGBM at energies above 100 keV. We show GBM light\ncurves generated from the Earth occultation analysis\nin several energy bands with one day resolution for\nthese six sources in Figures 2 - 7.\nTable I gives the fluxes and significances averaged\nover all the days from Aug. 12, 2008 (the beginning of\nscience operations) to Dec. 15, 2009, approximately\n490 days.\nThe  **Crab**  (Fig. 2) spectrum in the hard x-ray/low\nenergy gamma-ray region can be described by a bro-\nken power law, with the spectrum steepening at 100\nkeV and then hardening at 650 keV [7, 8]. While the\nGBM CTIME data do not have the spectral resolution\n**eConf C091122**\nFIG. 3: Cen A light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified\nJulian days.\nto observe these breaks, GBM is able to see significant\nemission above 300 keV, consistent with the canonical\nhard spectrum.\n**Cen A**  (Fig. 3) is a Sy 2 galaxy that is the brightest\nAGN in hard x-rays/low energy gamma rays. It has\na hard spectrum (Γ = 1  *.*  8) and has been observed at\nenergies  *>*  1 MeV [9]. The GBM results are consis-\ntent with this hard spectrum, though GBM does not\nhave the sensitivity to determine if the hard spectrum\ncontinues beyond 300 keV or if the spectrum cuts off.\n**Cyg X-1**  (Fig. 4) is a HMXB and one of the\nfirst systems determined to contain a black hole. It\nhas been observed to emit significant emission above\n100 keV including a power law tail extending out to\ngreater than 1 MeV [10, 11]. The GBM results show",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nified Julian days.\nwill use the GBM CSPEC data with their finer energy\nbins to obtain a fit to the spectrum and compare the\npower law index to that measured by Integral.\n**SWIFT J1753.5-0127**  (Fig. 7) is a LMXB with\nthe compact object likely being a black hole. Swift\ndiscovered this source when it observed a large flare\nin July of 2005. The source did not return to qui-\nescence but settled into a low intensity hard state\n[14]. BATSE occultation measurements from 1991-\n2000 showed no significant emission from this source\nabove 25 keV [15]. The GBM results show that this\nsource is still in a hard state, with significant emis-\nsion above 100 keV. We will continue to monitor this\nFIG. 7: SWIFTJ1753.5-0127 light curve. Horizontal scale\nis in modified Julian days.\nsource while it is in the hard state, with longer obser-\nvations potentially verifying significant emission above\n300 keV.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **B. Transient Source**\nThe new transient black hole candidate  **XTE**\n**J1752-223**  rose from undetectable on 2009 October\n24 to 511  *±*  50 mCrab (12 - 25 keV), 570  *±*  70 mCrab (25 - 50 keV), 970  *±*  100 mCrab (50 - 100 keV), and 330  *±*  100 mCrab (100 - 300 keV) on 2009 November 2 [2, 16]. The light curve is variable, especially in the\n**eConf C091122**\nFIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in\nmodified Julian days.\n12-25 keV band, where the flux initially rose to about\n240 mCrab (2009 Oct 25-28), suddenly dropped to\nnon-detectable on 2009 October 29-30, then rose again\nduring the period 2009 October 31 to November 2. As\nof mid December 2009, the source remains in a high\nintensity state. The light curve is shown for the pe-\nriod MJD 54700-55200, again with 1-day resolution,\nin Fig. 8. The fluxes for XTE J1752-223 in Table 1\nare given are for the interval of flaring activity, TJD\n55130-55180.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n**Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources**   *>*  100  **keV Using Earth Occultation**\n**with GBM**\nG.L. Case, M.L. Cherry, J. Rodi\n*Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA*\nA. Camero-Arranz\n*Fundaci ́on Espa ̃nola de Ciencia y Tecnolog ́ıa (MICINN), C/Rosario Pino,14-16, 28020-Madrid, Spain*\nE. Beklen\n*Middle East Technical University (METU), 06531, Ankara, Turkey*\nC. A. Wilson-Hodge\n*NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812*\nP. Jenke\n*NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812*\nP.N. Bhat, M.S. Briggs, V. Chaplin, V. Connaughton, R. Preece\n*University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899*\nM.H. Finger\n*USRA, National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL 35899*\nThe NaI and BGO detectors on the Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi are now being\nused for long term monitoring of the hard X-ray/low energy gamma ray sky. Using the Earth\noccultation technique demonstrated previously by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma\nRay Observatory, GBM produces multiband light curves and spectra for known sources and transient\noutbursts in the 8 keV - 1 MeV band with its NaI detectors and up to 40 MeV with its BGO. Coverage\nof the entire sky is obtained every two orbits, with sensitivity exceeding that of BATSE at energies\nbelow  *∼*  25 keV and above  *∼*  1  *.*  5 MeV. We describe the technique and present preliminary results after the first  *∼*  17 months of observations at energies above 100 keV. Seven sources are detected: the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E 1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105, and the transient source\nXTE J1752-223.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **I. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi is\ncurrently the only instrument in orbit providing nearly\ncontinuous full sky coverage in the hard X-ray/low\nenergy gamma ray energy range. The Earth occul-\ntation technique, used very successfully on BATSE,\nhas been adapted to GBM. An initial catalog of 64\nsources is currently being monitored and continuously\naugmented. At energies above 100 keV, six steady\nsources (the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E\n1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105) and one transient\nsource (XTE J1752-223) have been detected in the\nfirst year of observation. We describe the instrument,\noutline the technique, and present light curves for the\nseven sources.\n**II. GBM AND THE EARTH OCCULTATION**\n**OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE**\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor is the secondary\ninstrument onboard the Fermi satellite [1, 2]. It con-\nsists of 12 NaI detectors 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* in diameter by 0.5  *<sup>′′</sup>* thick\nmounted on the corners of the spacecraft and oriented\nsuch that they view the entire sky not occulted by the Earth. GBM also contains 2 BGO detectors 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* in di- ameter by 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* thick located on opposite sides of the\nspacecraft. None of the GBM detectors have direct\nimaging capability.\nKnown sources of gamma ray emission can be mon-\nitored with non-imaging detectors using the Earth oc-\ncultation technique, as was successfully demonstrated\nwith BATSE [3, 4]. When a source of gamma rays\nis occulted by the Earth, the count rate measured by\nthe detector will drop, producing a step-like feature.\nWhen the source reappears from behind the Earths\nlimb, the count rate will increase, producing another\nstep. The diameter of the Earth seen from Fermi is\n*∼*  140  *<sup>◦</sup>* , so roughly 30% of the sky is occulted by the\nEarth at any one time. Coupled with the  *±*  35  *<sup>◦</sup>* slew-\ning of the pointing direction every orbit, this means\nthat the entire sky is occulted every two orbits. With\nan altitude of 565 km, a period of 96 minutes, and",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\nThe results presented here are preliminary. We\nhave not completed the fine tuning of our algorithms,\nthough the average fluxes are not expected to change\nmuch. Future work will include using the GBM\nCSPEC data, with its finer energy binning, to exam-\nine the detailed spectra for these sources.\nThe measured 20 - 50 keV GBM light curves are\ncompared to Swift’s 15 - 50 keV light curves for sev-\nFIG. 2: Crab light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified\nJulian days over the 490 day GBM exposure period. Ver-\ntical scale is in photons/cm <sup>2</sup> /sec/keV averaged over daily\nintervals. Horizontal lines show the average flux in each of\nfive energy bands increasing from top to bottom\neral sources over the same time intervals in ref. [2],\nwhere it is seen that the results measured by the two\ninstruments compare well. At energies above the up-\nper energy limit of  *∼*  195 keV of the Swift 22-month catalog [6], however, the GBM observations provide\nthe only wide-field monitor available of the low en-\nergy gamma ray sky.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **C Optimization-Free Gadget Generation**\n\nWe evaluate optimization-free alternatives to our black-box optimization method for generating confounder gadgets.\n**Fixed gadget.**  A simple way to create a gadget without resorting to optimization is to repeat  *n*  tokens. We use ! as the initialization token, so the gadget in this case is !!!!!!!!!! . Another possibility is to select  *n*  tokens uniformly at random. Table 14 shows the upgrade rates for both options, were in the latter setting we repeat the process 10 times and report the average result and the standard error. While they are non-negligible, especially for the randomly sampled gadgets, they significantly underperform the upgrade rates reported in Table 1 for optimized gadgets.\n**Instruction injection.**  Prompt injection is a known attack on LLMs [50, 64], thus we consider a gadget consisting of a direct instruction to the router to treat the query as a complex one and obtain a high-quality response.\nWe evaluated 4 differently phrased instructions: two created manually and two generated by, respectively, Gemini [61] and GPT-4o [2], denoted as “ours-1”, “ours-2”, “Gemini”, and “GPT”.\nTable 15 reports the results. This method works well in a few cases but poorly in most. This highlights the difference between attacking LLMs and attacking LLM routers.",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# defining momentum MGM MIRAGE 2004 ANNUAL REPORT\n\n## Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 20\n\ntion is structured as a merger of one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries with and into\nMandalay. The transaction will be accounted for as a purchase and is anticipated to\nclose during the first quarter of 2005.\nThe Mandalay merger will impact our operations in several ways. We will have to\nintegrate Mandalay’s operations into ours. This could require additional operating\nand capital expenditures. However, we expect to achieve ongoing cost savings and\nManagement’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 22\nrevenue enhancements from this process. We expect to realize efficiencies in\noperations and economies of scale in purchasing, as well as more effectively market\nto a broader base of customers. Our operating cash flow will increase substantially,\nas will our interest and tax charges.\n**Summary Financial Results**\nThe following table summarizes our results of operations:\n(In thousands, except per share data)\nYear Ended December 31\n\nNet revenues . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 4,238,104 10%**  $ 3,862,743 3% $ 3,756,928\nOperating income  . . . . . . . **950,860 36%** 699,729 (6%) 746,538\nIncome from\ncontinuing operations . . . **349,856 52%**  230,273 (20%) 289,476\nDiluted income from continuing\noperations per share  . . .  **$ 2.42 59%**  $ 1.52 (16%) $ 1.81\nIncome from continuing operations increased in 2004 due to our strong top-line\ngrowth and the fact that revenue growth was driven largely by increased prices of\nour rooms and strong casino revenue. Operating margins correspondingly increased\nto 22% in 2004 from 18% in 2003 and 20% in 2002. Results on a per share basis\nwere positively impacted by a lower weighted average number of shares outstanding\nas the result of share repurchases throughout 2003 and 2004.\n**Operating Results**\nThe following table includes key information about our operating results:\n(In thousands)\nYear Ended December 31\n\nNet revenues  . . . . . . . . . . .  **$ 4,238,104 10%**  $ 3,862,743 3% $ 3,756,928\nOperating expenses:\nCasino and hotel operations **2,289,266 6%**  2,153,798 5% 2,044,369\nGeneral and administrative **612,615 5%**  583,599 4% 560,909\nCorporate expense  . . . . . **77,910 27%**  61,541 40% 43,856\nPreopening, restructuring and\nproperty transactions, net  **24,566 45%**  16,922 43% 11,832\nDepreciation and\namortization . . . . . . . . . **402,545 1%**  400,766 5% 381,785\n**3,406,902 6%**  3,216,626 6% 3,042,751",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# R EROUTING  LLM R OUTERS\n\n## **8 Defenses**\n\n*c*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>+1)</sup> *←*  arg max *c*   *∈B* � *S* *θ* (  *c*   *∥*   *x* *i* )  *−*   *α*   *· |*  PPL (  *c*  )  *−*   *ρ*   *|* � *,*\n14\n0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Perplexity\n0\n20\n40\n60\n80\nCount\nOriginal Confounded\n(a)  *R* *SW*\n20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Perplexity\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\nCount\nOriginal Confounded\n(b)  *R* *MF*\n50 100 150 200 Perplexity\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\nCount\nOriginal Confounded\n(c)  *R* *CLS*\n20 40 60 80 100 Perplexity\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\nCount\nOriginal Confounded\n(d)  *R* *LLM*\n0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 FPR\n0.5\n0.6\n0.7\n0.8\n0.9\n1.0\nTPR\nAUC = 1.00\n(e)  *R* *SW*\n0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 FPR\n0.4\n0.5\n0.6\n0.7\n0.8\n0.9\n1.0\nTPR\nAUC = 0.97\n(f)  *R* *MF*\n0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 FPR\n0.4\n0.5\n0.6\n0.7\n0.8\n0.9\n1.0\nTPR\nAUC = 0.99\n(g)  *R* *CLS*\n0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 FPR\n0.3\n0.4\n0.5\n0.6\n0.7\n0.8\n0.9\n1.0\nTPR\nAUC = 0.95\n(h)  *R* *LLM*\nFigure 5: Perplexity of the original queries in the GSM8K benchmark compared to the perplexity of confounded queries using a single uniformly sampled gadget. We additionally present the ROC curve of the defense that detects confounded queries by checking if they cross a perplexity threshold, and it’s corresponding ROCAUC score. Confounded queries have significantly higher perplexity values, and are thus easy to recognize and filter out.\nwhere PPL (  *·*  ) denotes the perplexity function computed using GPT-2, the value  *ρ*  denotes a target perplexity value to which we want gadgets’ perplexity to be close, and the value  *α*  is a balancing coefficient. For the experiments below, we set  *ρ*  to be the average perplexity value of 100 uniformly sampled queries <sup>3</sup> from the GSM8K benchmark.\nFigure 6 shows the results when setting  *α*  = 0  *.*  01 , for the GSM8K benchmark and one confounder gadget. The results demonstrate that modified queries can no longer be easily distinguished from normal queries by their perplexity alone. For instance, in the case of the  *R* *SW*  router, setting the threshold value at 55 as before, no confounded queries are flagged as anomalous, meaning the true-positive rate is zero. We note that there is some variability across gadgets. The average ROCAUC scores of the defense across ten gadgets with standard deviation indicated parenthetically, are 0  *.*  66 (  *±*  0  *.*  04 ), 0  *.*  69 (  *±*  0  *.*  02 ), 0  *.*  71 (  *±*  0  *.*  02 ), and 0  *.*  69 (  *±*  0  *.*  03 ) for the  *R* *SW*   *, R*   *MF*   *, R*   *CLS* , and  *R* *LLM*  routers, respectively.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf",
+                "query": "What satellite is the Gamma Ray Burst Observatory on?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": " Fermi satellite",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **I. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi is\ncurrently the only instrument in orbit providing nearly\ncontinuous full sky coverage in the hard X-ray/low\nenergy gamma ray energy range. The Earth occul-\ntation technique, used very successfully on BATSE,\nhas been adapted to GBM. An initial catalog of 64\nsources is currently being monitored and continuously\naugmented. At energies above 100 keV, six steady\nsources (the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E\n1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105) and one transient\nsource (XTE J1752-223) have been detected in the\nfirst year of observation. We describe the instrument,\noutline the technique, and present light curves for the\nseven sources.\n**II. GBM AND THE EARTH OCCULTATION**\n**OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE**\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor is the secondary\ninstrument onboard the Fermi satellite [1, 2]. It con-\nsists of 12 NaI detectors 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* in diameter by 0.5  *<sup>′′</sup>* thick\nmounted on the corners of the spacecraft and oriented\nsuch that they view the entire sky not occulted by the Earth. GBM also contains 2 BGO detectors 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* in di- ameter by 5  *<sup>′′</sup>* thick located on opposite sides of the\nspacecraft. None of the GBM detectors have direct\nimaging capability.\nKnown sources of gamma ray emission can be mon-\nitored with non-imaging detectors using the Earth oc-\ncultation technique, as was successfully demonstrated\nwith BATSE [3, 4]. When a source of gamma rays\nis occulted by the Earth, the count rate measured by\nthe detector will drop, producing a step-like feature.\nWhen the source reappears from behind the Earths\nlimb, the count rate will increase, producing another\nstep. The diameter of the Earth seen from Fermi is\n*∼*  140  *<sup>◦</sup>* , so roughly 30% of the sky is occulted by the\nEarth at any one time. Coupled with the  *±*  35  *<sup>◦</sup>* slew-\ning of the pointing direction every orbit, this means\nthat the entire sky is occulted every two orbits. With\nan altitude of 565 km, a period of 96 minutes, and",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nsignificant emission above 300 keV, consistent with\nthe power law tail observed when Cyg X-1 is in its\nhard state.\n**GRS 1915+105**  (Fig. 5) is a LMXB with the com-\npact object being a massive black hole. Evidence for\nemission above 100 keV has been seen previously [12]\nwith BATSE. The GBM light curve integrated over\n490 days shows significant emission above 100 keV.\n**1E 1740-29**  (Fig. 6) is a LMXB very near the\nGalactic Center. It is a microquasar, and spends most\nof its time in the low/hard state. Integral observa-\ntions indicate the presence of a power law tail above\n200 keV [13]. The present GBM results are consis-\ntent with this high energy emission. In the future, we\nFIG. 4: Cyg X-1 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modi-\nfied Julian days.\nFIG. 5: GRS 1915+105 light curve. Horizontal scale is in\nmodified Julian days.\n**eConf C091122**\nTABLE I: Fluxes and Significance in High Energy Bands\n|  |  50 - 100 keV  |  50 - 100 keV  |  50 - 100 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  100 - 300 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |  300 - 500 keV  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  | Flux (mCrab)  | Error  (mCrab)  | Signif. ( σ )  |\n| Crab  | 1000  | 3  | 336  | 1000  | 6  | 182  | 1000  | 47  | 21.2  |\n| Cen A  | 72  | 4  | 18  | 108  | 7  | 15  | 42  | 47  | 0.9  |\n| Cyg X-1  | 1130  | 4  | 283  | 1094  | 8  | 137  | 474  | 50  | 9.5  |\n| GRS 1915+105  | 121  | 4  | 30  | 49  | 7  | 7  | 41  | 52  | 0.8  |\n| 1E 1740-29  | 113  | 5  | 23  | 96  | 10  | 10  | 97  | 68  | 1.4  |\n| SWIFT 1753.5-0127 | 135  | 5  | 27  | 151  | 9  | 17  | 131  | 64  | 2.0  |\n| XTE J1752-223  | 770  | 16  | 48  | 622  | 30  | 21  | 132  | 218  | 0.6  |\nFIG. 6: 1E1740-29 light curve. Horizontal scale is in mod-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nified Julian days.\nwill use the GBM CSPEC data with their finer energy\nbins to obtain a fit to the spectrum and compare the\npower law index to that measured by Integral.\n**SWIFT J1753.5-0127**  (Fig. 7) is a LMXB with\nthe compact object likely being a black hole. Swift\ndiscovered this source when it observed a large flare\nin July of 2005. The source did not return to qui-\nescence but settled into a low intensity hard state\n[14]. BATSE occultation measurements from 1991-\n2000 showed no significant emission from this source\nabove 25 keV [15]. The GBM results show that this\nsource is still in a hard state, with significant emis-\nsion above 100 keV. We will continue to monitor this\nFIG. 7: SWIFTJ1753.5-0127 light curve. Horizontal scale\nis in modified Julian days.\nsource while it is in the hard state, with longer obser-\nvations potentially verifying significant emission above\n300 keV.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n**Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources**   *>*  100  **keV Using Earth Occultation**\n**with GBM**\nG.L. Case, M.L. Cherry, J. Rodi\n*Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA*\nA. Camero-Arranz\n*Fundaci ́on Espa ̃nola de Ciencia y Tecnolog ́ıa (MICINN), C/Rosario Pino,14-16, 28020-Madrid, Spain*\nE. Beklen\n*Middle East Technical University (METU), 06531, Ankara, Turkey*\nC. A. Wilson-Hodge\n*NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812*\nP. Jenke\n*NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812*\nP.N. Bhat, M.S. Briggs, V. Chaplin, V. Connaughton, R. Preece\n*University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899*\nM.H. Finger\n*USRA, National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL 35899*\nThe NaI and BGO detectors on the Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi are now being\nused for long term monitoring of the hard X-ray/low energy gamma ray sky. Using the Earth\noccultation technique demonstrated previously by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma\nRay Observatory, GBM produces multiband light curves and spectra for known sources and transient\noutbursts in the 8 keV - 1 MeV band with its NaI detectors and up to 40 MeV with its BGO. Coverage\nof the entire sky is obtained every two orbits, with sensitivity exceeding that of BATSE at energies\nbelow  *∼*  25 keV and above  *∼*  1  *.*  5 MeV. We describe the technique and present preliminary results after the first  *∼*  17 months of observations at energies above 100 keV. Seven sources are detected: the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E 1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105, and the transient source\nXTE J1752-223.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **A. Steady Sources**\n\nThe sources Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E\n1740-29, Cen A, and GRS 1915+105 are detected by\nGBM at energies above 100 keV. We show GBM light\ncurves generated from the Earth occultation analysis\nin several energy bands with one day resolution for\nthese six sources in Figures 2 - 7.\nTable I gives the fluxes and significances averaged\nover all the days from Aug. 12, 2008 (the beginning of\nscience operations) to Dec. 15, 2009, approximately\n490 days.\nThe  **Crab**  (Fig. 2) spectrum in the hard x-ray/low\nenergy gamma-ray region can be described by a bro-\nken power law, with the spectrum steepening at 100\nkeV and then hardening at 650 keV [7, 8]. While the\nGBM CTIME data do not have the spectral resolution\n**eConf C091122**\nFIG. 3: Cen A light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified\nJulian days.\nto observe these breaks, GBM is able to see significant\nemission above 300 keV, consistent with the canonical\nhard spectrum.\n**Cen A**  (Fig. 3) is a Sy 2 galaxy that is the brightest\nAGN in hard x-rays/low energy gamma rays. It has\na hard spectrum (Γ = 1  *.*  8) and has been observed at\nenergies  *>*  1 MeV [9]. The GBM results are consis-\ntent with this hard spectrum, though GBM does not\nhave the sensitivity to determine if the hard spectrum\ncontinues beyond 300 keV or if the spectrum cuts off.\n**Cyg X-1**  (Fig. 4) is a HMXB and one of the\nfirst systems determined to contain a black hole. It\nhas been observed to emit significant emission above\n100 keV including a power law tail extending out to\ngreater than 1 MeV [10, 11]. The GBM results show",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\nThe results presented here are preliminary. We\nhave not completed the fine tuning of our algorithms,\nthough the average fluxes are not expected to change\nmuch. Future work will include using the GBM\nCSPEC data, with its finer energy binning, to exam-\nine the detailed spectra for these sources.\nThe measured 20 - 50 keV GBM light curves are\ncompared to Swift’s 15 - 50 keV light curves for sev-\nFIG. 2: Crab light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified\nJulian days over the 490 day GBM exposure period. Ver-\ntical scale is in photons/cm <sup>2</sup> /sec/keV averaged over daily\nintervals. Horizontal lines show the average flux in each of\nfive energy bands increasing from top to bottom\neral sources over the same time intervals in ref. [2],\nwhere it is seen that the results measured by the two\ninstruments compare well. At energies above the up-\nper energy limit of  *∼*  195 keV of the Swift 22-month catalog [6], however, the GBM observations provide\nthe only wide-field monitor available of the low en-\nergy gamma ray sky.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **III. RESULTS**\n\n### **B. Transient Source**\nThe new transient black hole candidate  **XTE**\n**J1752-223**  rose from undetectable on 2009 October\n24 to 511  *±*  50 mCrab (12 - 25 keV), 570  *±*  70 mCrab (25 - 50 keV), 970  *±*  100 mCrab (50 - 100 keV), and 330  *±*  100 mCrab (100 - 300 keV) on 2009 November 2 [2, 16]. The light curve is variable, especially in the\n**eConf C091122**\nFIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in\nmodified Julian days.\n12-25 keV band, where the flux initially rose to about\n240 mCrab (2009 Oct 25-28), suddenly dropped to\nnon-detectable on 2009 October 29-30, then rose again\nduring the period 2009 October 31 to November 2. As\nof mid December 2009, the source remains in a high\nintensity state. The light curve is shown for the pe-\nriod MJD 54700-55200, again with 1-day resolution,\nin Fig. 8. The fluxes for XTE J1752-223 in Table 1\nare given are for the interval of flaring activity, TJD\n55130-55180.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\n\nThis work is supported by the NASA Fermi Guest\nInvestigator program. At LSU, additional support is\nprovided by NASA/Louisiana Board of Regents Co-\noperative Agreement NNX07AT62A.\n[1] C. Meegan et al., Ap. J.  **702**  , 791 (2009).\n[2] C. Wilson-Hodge et al. (2010), these proceedings.\n[3] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl.  **138**  , 149 (2002).\n[4] B. A. Harmon et al., Ap. J. Suppl.  **154**  , 585 (2004).\n[5] G. L. Case et al., in  *The First GLAST Symposium*  ,\nedited by S. Ritz, P. Michelson, and C. Meegan\n(2007), vol. 921 of  *AIP Conf. Proceedings*  , p. 538.\n[6] J. Tueller et al. (2010), ap. J. Suppl., (to be pub-\nlished), astro-ph/0903.3037.\n[7] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Ap. J.  **598**  , 334\n(2003).\n[8] E. Jourdain and J. P. Roques, Ap. J.  **704**  , 17 (2009).\n[9] H. Steinle et al., Astron. and Astrophys.  **330**  , 97\n(1998).\n[10] M. McConnell et al., Ap. J.  **523**  , 928 (2000).\n[11] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Chinese J. Astron.\nAstrophys. Suppl.  **5**  , 80 (2005).\n[12] G. L. Case et al., Chinese J. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl.\n**5**  , 341 (2005).\n[13] L. Bouchet et al., Ap. J.  **693**  , 1871 (2009).\n[14] M. C. Bell et al., Ap. J.  **659**  , 549 (2007).\n[15] G. L. Case et al. (2010), to be submitted.\n[16] C. Wilson-Hodge et al., Astron. Telegram  **2280**\n(2009).\n**eConf C091122**",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **2. VERITAS**\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of four 12-m\natmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona,\nis used to study VHE γ -rays from a variety of astro-\nphysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific obser-\nvations with a partial array in September 2006 and has\nroutinely observed with the full array since Septem-\nber 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS in-\nclude an energy threshold of ∼ 100 GeV, an energy\nresolution of ∼ 15%, an angular resolution of ∼ 0.1 <sup>◦</sup> ,\nand a sensitivity yielding a 5 σ detection of a 1% Crab Nebula flux object in < 30 hours <sup>1</sup> . VERITAS has an\nactive maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror re-\ncoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high\nperformance over time, and an upgrade improving\nboth the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs)\nand the trigger system has been proposed to the fund-\ning agencies.\n1 A VERITAS telescope was relocated during Summer 2009,\nincreasing the array’s sensitivity by a factor ∼ 1.3.\neConf C091122",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Observations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources  >  100  keV Using Earth Occultation with GBM\n\n## **I. INTRODUCTION**\n\nan orbital inclination of 26  *.*  5  *<sup>◦</sup>* , individual occultation\nsteps last for  *∼*  10 seconds (Fig. 1).\n**eConf C091122**\narXiv:1001.0955v2  [astro-ph.HE]  6 Jan 2010 FIG. 1: Single Crab occultation step in a single GBM NaI\ndetector. Horizontal scale is in seconds centered on the\noccultation time. Vertical scale is in measured counts.\nThe shape of the individual occultation steps de-\npends on energy and occultation angle. Transmis-\nsion as a function of time is modeled as  *T*  (  *t*  ) =\n*exp*  [  *−*   *μ*  (  *E*  )  *A*  (  *h*  )], where  *μ*  (  *E*  ) is the mass attenuation coefficient of gamma rays at energy  *E*  in air and  *A*  (  *h*  )\nis the air mass along the line of sight at a given alti-\ntude  *h*  (  *t*  ). Account is taken of the detector response\nas it changes as a function of angle across the fit win-\ndow. For each source, occultation times are predicted.\nEach step is fit over a 4-minute window along with a\nquadratic background and using an assumed spectrum\nto determine the detector count rate due to the source.\nThe instrument response is used to convert the count\nrate to a flux. Up to 31 steps are possible for a given\nsource in a day, and these steps are summed to get a\nsingle daily average flux. The GBM occultation sensi-\ntivity exceeds that of BATSE at energies below  *∼*  25 keV and above  *∼*  1  *.*  5 MeV [5]. This work uses the GBM CTIME data, with its\n8 broad energy channels and 0.256-second resolution,\nrebinned to 2-second resolution. The occultation tech-\nnique relies on an input catalog of known sources.\nCurrently, we are monitoring 64 sources. Of these\n64 sources, 6 steady sources are detected above 100\nkeV with a significance of at least 5  *σ*  after  *∼*  490 days of observations, and one transient source.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf",
+                "query": "When in present-day Poland did the first shift away from earlier ancestry occur?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "in the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1500 bce to 1000 bce), we observe a clear shift away from preceding ancestry originally associated with Corded Ware cultures",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 2 | Ancestry from the Iron Age to the early medieval period in Europe.**\n\nViking Age <sup>6</sup> , carried detectable Scandinavian-related ancestry. Some\nof the ancestry detected in individuals from later medieval Poland may\nhave persisted during the late first millennium ce in the cremating\nportion of the population, but regardless, this points to large-scale\nancestry transformation in medieval Poland (Fig. 3a). Future data could\nshed light on the extent to which this reflects the influence of groups\nspeaking Slavic languages in the region.\nIn present-day Slovakia, individuals associated with the Iron\nAge La Tène period appear close to Hungarian Scythians in the two\ndimensions of our MDS analysis, and are modelled as a mixture of\ncentral and eastern European ancestry. However, a first-century ce\nburial of a 50- 60-year-old woman from Zohor is modelled only with\nScandinavian-related ancestry, providing evidence of ancestry related\nto the Scandinavian EIA appearing southwest of the range of the Wiel-\nbark archaeological complex <sup>5,57</sup> (Fig. 3b). Later early medieval individu-\nals from Slovakia have partial Scandinavian-related ancestry, providing\nevidence for the integration between expanding and local groups.\nNearby, in present-day Hungary, we observe Scandinavian-related\nancestry components in several burials dating to the sixth century\nce associated with Longobards (Longobard_earlyMED(I)) <sup>10</sup> (Fig. 2c).\nThis is consistent with the original study <sup>10</sup> , which reported affinity to\npresent-day groups from northwestern Europe (GBR, CEU and FIN in\nthe 1000 Genomes Project (1000GP)) <sup>10</sup> but which we can resolve with\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 1000 CE 2000 CE\nScandinavia\nSouthern Europe\nBritain\nCentral\nEurope\nEastern Europe\nBA\nItaly\nCentral Europe\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE\nEBA\n1000 BCE\nTime\n0 1000 CE 2000 CE\nMLBA Wielbark Middle Ages\nLate Roman/Ottoman\nEarly Medieval\nBaiuvarii\nMedieval/present day\nEarly Medieval/Longobard Iron Roman\nPresent day\nPresent day BA/Scythian\nBell Beaker/EBA\nZohor\nSoutheastern Europe\nPoland\nBritain and Ireland\nScandinavia\n**e**\n**f**\n**d**\n**c**\n**b**\n**a**\nIron Roman\nIron/Republic Imperial Late Antiquity (Early) Medieval\nEarly Medieval\nPresent day\nPresent day Medieval Iron Roman BA\nBA EIA Viking Age Medieval Present day\nDriffeld\nTerrace\nTarquinia\nLate Etruscan\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE\n2000 BCE 0\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE",
+                    "page_start": 4,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Expansions of Scandinavian-like ancestry**\n\nWe assembled time transects using available aDNA data across several\ngeographical regions in Europe, and infer their ancestry using a model\nwith the EIA or Roman Iron Age sources previously defined (shown in\nFig. 2a). Our modelling provides direct evidence of individuals with\nancestry originating in northern Germany or Scandinavia appearing\nacross Europe as early as the first century ce (Figs. 2b,c and 3 and Sup-\nplementary Table 3).\nIn the region of present-day Poland, our analysis suggests several\nclear shifts in ancestry. First, in the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1500 bce\nto 1000 bce), we observe a clear shift away from preceding ancestry\noriginally associated with Corded Ware cultures <sup>55</sup> (Fig. 3a). Second,\nin the first to fifth century ce, individuals associated with Wielbark\nculture <sup>5,12</sup> show an additional strong shift away from the preceding\nBronze Age groups, and can only be modelled with a >75% component\nattributed to the EIA Scandinavian Peninsula. Multiple individuals,\nespecially from earlier Wielbark cemeteries, have approximately 100%\nNature | Vol 637 | 2 January 2025 |  **121**\nancestry related to EIA Scandinavian Peninsula (Fig. 2c). The Wielbark\narchaeological complex has been linked to the later Chernyakhov cul-\nture to the southeast and to early Goths, an historical Germanic group\nthat flourished in the second to fifth centuries ce <sup>56</sup> . Our modelling\nsupports the idea that some groups that probably spoke Germanic\nlanguages from Scandinavia expanded south across the Baltic into\nthe area between the Oder and Vistula rivers in the early centuries ce,\nalthough whether these expansions can be linked specifically with\nhistorical Goths is still debatable. Moreover, since a considerable\nproportion of Wielbark burials during this period were cremations,\nthe possible presence of individuals with other ancestries cannot be\nstrictly rejected if they were exclusively cremated (and are therefore\ninvisible in the aDNA record).\nA previous study could not reject continuity in ancestry from the\nWielbark-associated individuals to later medieval individuals from\na similar region <sup>12</sup> . With the improved power of Twigstats, models of",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Influx into pre-Viking Age Scandinavia**\n\nIn EIA Scandinavia (<500 ce), we find evidence for broad genetic homo-\ngeneity. Specifically, individuals from Denmark (100 ce- 300 ce) were\nindistinguishable from contemporary people in the Scandinavian Pen-\ninsula (Fig. 2c). However, we observe a clear shift in genetic ancestry\nalready in the eighth century ce (Late Iron Age/early Viking Age) on\nZealand (present-day Denmark) for which a 100% EIA ancestry model\nis rejected (  *P*  = 1 × 10 <sup>−17</sup> using Twigstats;  *P*  = 7.5 × 10 <sup>−4</sup> without). This\nshift in ancestry persists among later Viking Age groups in Denmark,\nwhere all groups are modelled with varying proportions of ancestry\nrelated to Iron Age continental groups in central Europe (Figs. 3f\nand 4c). A non-parametric MDS of Viking Age individuals suggests\nthat variation between individuals forms a cline spanning from the\nEIA Scandinavian Peninsula individuals to ancestry characteristic of\ncentral Europe (Fig. 4e). The observed shift in ancestry in Denmark\ncannot be confounded by potentially earlier unknown gene flow into\nIron Age source groups in Austria, France and Germany, but such gene\nflow could affect the exact ancestry proportions.\nThese patterns are consistent with northward expansion of ancestry,\npotentially starting before the Viking Age, into the Jutland peninsula\nand Zealand island towards southern Sweden. The geographical ori-\ngin of this ancestry is currently difficult to discern, as the available\nsamples from Iron Age central Europe remain sparse. The timing\nof this expansion is constrained only by the samples available: this\nancestry is not observed in individuals from the Copenhagen area of\nDenmark (around 100 ce- 300 ce) <sup>6</sup> , an individual from the southern tip\nof Sweden (around 500 ce) <sup>16</sup> , individuals from the Sandby Borg mas-\nsacre site on Öland in present-day Sweden (around 500 ce) <sup>7</sup> and 31 indi-\nviduals from the mid-eighth century Salme ship burials in present-day\nEstonia (Extended Data Fig. 9), who probably originated in central\nSweden <sup>6</sup> . Therefore, this ancestry transformation most likely post-\ndated these individuals in each particular region and mostly occurred\nin the second half of the first millennium ce.\nTo assess the full extent of the impact of this ancestry influx into\nScandinavia, we next aimed to understand the ancestry of individu-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Time transects across six geographical regions in Europe.**\n\nto approximately second to fourth century ce from the purported\ngladiator or military cemetery at Driffield Terrace in York (Roman\n*Eboracum*  ), England <sup>60</sup> , who was previously identified as an ancestry\noutlier <sup>61,62</sup> , specifically carried approximately 25% EIA Scandinavian\nPeninsula-related ancestry (Fig. 2c). This documents that people with\nScandinavian-related ancestry already were in Britain before the fifth\ncentury ce, after which there was a substantial influx associated with\nAnglo-Saxon migrations <sup>9</sup> . Although it is uncertain whether this indi-\nvidual was a gladiator or soldier, individuals and groups from northern\nEurope are indeed recorded in Roman sources both as soldiers and as\nenslaved gladiators <sup>63,64</sup> .\nAcross Europe, we see regional differences in the southeastern and\nsouthwestern expansions of Scandinavian-related ancestries. Early\nmedieval groups from present-day Poland and Slovakia carry spe-\ncific ancestry from one of the Scandinavian EIA groups—the one with\nindividuals primarily from the northern parts of Scandinavia in the\nEIA—with no evidence of ancestry related to the other primary group\nin more southern Scandinavia (Fig. 2d). By contrast, in southern and\nwestern Europe, Scandinavian-related ancestry either derives from\nEIA southern Scandinavia—as in the cases of the probable Baiuvarii\nin Germany, Longobard-associated burials in Italy and early medieval\nburials in southern Britain—or cannot be resolved to a specific region\nin Scandinavia. If these expansions are indeed linked to language, this\npattern is remarkably concordant with the main branches of Germanic\nlanguages, with the now-extinct eastern Germanic spoken by Goths in\nUkraine on the one hand, and western Germanic languages such as Old\nEnglish and Old High German recorded in the early medieval period\non the other hand.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Time transects across six geographical regions in Europe.**\n\n**a**  -  **f**  , Ancestry change visualized over a time transect spanning from the Bronze\nAge to the present day in Poland (  **a**  ), southeastern Europe (  **b**  ), central Europe\n(  **c**  ), Italy (  **d**  ), Britain and Ireland (  **e**  ) and Scandinavia (  **f**  ). The maps show sample\nlocations of all available ancient genomes with at least 0.5× coverage from\nthese regions (Supplementary Table 1). Their ancestry is shown on the same\nMDS model as in Fig. 2a for each time period. For each geographic region,\nthe early medieval period is highlighted in orange and the area in the MDS\ncorresponding to Scandinavian and central European ancestries is highlighted\nin an orange box.\nNature | Vol 637 | 2 January 2025 |  **123**\nhigher resolution using earlier genomes. Several other individuals from\nthese Longobard burials (Longobard_earlyMED(II)) show no detectable\nancestry from northern Europe and, instead, are more closely related to\nIron Age groups in continental central Europe, putatively representing\ndescendants of local people buried in a Longobard style. Our results are\nconsistent with attestations that the Longobards originated in the areas\nof present-day northern Germany or Denmark, but that by the sixth\ncentury ce they incorporated multiple different cultural identities, and\nmixed ancestries. Present-day populations of Hungary do not appear\nto derive detectable ancestry from early medieval individuals from\nLongobard contexts, and are instead more similar to Scythian-related\nancestry sources (Extended Data Fig. 6), consistent with the later impact\nof Avars, Magyars and other eastern groups <sup>58</sup> .\nIn southern Germany, the genetic ancestry of individuals from\nearly medieval Bavaria probably associated with the historical\nGermanic-language-speaking Baiuvarii <sup>59</sup> cannot be modelled as deriv-\ning ancestry solely from earlier groups in Iron Age central Germany",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Viking Age mobility into Scandinavia**\n\nPrevious studies had suggested a major influx of ancestry related to\nBritain into Viking Age Scandinavia <sup>6,7</sup> . Although we detect this ances-\ntry in some individuals (7 individuals in Norway, 14 in Denmark and\n14 in Sweden), including some individuals whose ancestry appears to\nbe entirely derived from Iron Age Britain, its overall impact appears\nreduced compared with previous reports. Our analysis indicates a pro-\nportionally larger impact of ancestry from Iron Age Britain in northern\nNorway, with southern Scandinavia predominantly influenced by\ncontinental central European ancestries (Fig. 4d). We hypothesize\nthat our estimates of ancestry from Britain are reduced relative to\nprevious studies because ancestry related to Britain and continen-\ntal central Europe may have been indistinguishable. This could be\ndue to a lack of statistical power to distinguish these closely related\nsources with standard methods, as well as through potential biases\nintroduced by using modern surrogate populations that have since\nbeen influenced by later gene flow (such as gene flow into Britain).\nWe illustrate this by replicating the analyses previously described <sup>6,7</sup>\n(Extended Data Fig. 8).\nSimilarly, a previous study has suggested that individuals at sites such\nas Kärda in southern Sweden carried ancestry from southern Europe <sup>6</sup> .\nIn our models, two Kärda individuals fit with central European-related\nancestry, but none of the individuals has a substantial proportion of\nancestry related to southern European sources (Extended Data Fig. 9).\nInstead, we detect ancestry from southern European sources in only\nthree individuals from Scandinavia, and in relatively small propor-\ntions (Fig. 4a).\nInterestingly, we detect ancestry from Bronze and Iron Age sources\nfrom Eastern Europe (present-day Lithuania and Poland), concentrated\nin southeastern parts of Sweden, particularly the island of Gotland\n(14 individuals; Fig. 4a). This is consistent with previous genetic\nstudies <sup>6,7</sup> . We find that this ancestry is enriched in male individuals\n(Extended Data Fig. 7d), suggesting male-biased mobility and/or burial.\nThe closest match tends to be Roman Iron Age Lithuanian genomes\nassociated with Balts, which would be consistent with mobility across\nthe Baltic Sea, but we caution that the geographical representation of\navailable genomes is still limited.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n**Leo Speidel <sup>1,2,3</sup>**  <sup>✉</sup> **, Marina Silva <sup>1</sup> , Thomas Booth <sup>1</sup> , Ben Raffield <sup>4</sup> , Kyriaki Anastasiadou <sup>1</sup> ,**\n**Christopher Barrington <sup>5</sup> , Anders Götherström <sup>6,7</sup> , Peter Heather <sup>8</sup> & Pontus Skoglund <sup>1</sup>**  <sup>✉</sup>\nMany known and unknown historical events have remained below detection thresholds\nof genetic studies because subtle ancestry changes are challenging to reconstruct.\nMethods based on shared haplotypes <sup>1,2</sup> and rare variants <sup>3,4</sup> improve power but are not\nexplicitly temporal and have not been possible to adopt in unbiased ancestry models.\nHere we develop Twigstats, an approach of time-stratified ancestry analysis that can\nimprove statistical power by an order of magnitude by focusing on coalescences in\nrecent times, while remaining unbiased by population-specific drift. We apply this\nframework to 1,556 available ancient whole genomes from Europe in the historical\nperiod. We are able to model individual-level ancestry using preceding genomes to\nprovide high resolution. During the first half of the first millennium ce, we observe\nat least two different streams of Scandinavian-related ancestry expanding across\nwestern, central and eastern Europe. By contrast, during the second half of the first\nmillennium ce, ancestry patterns suggest the regional disappearance or substantial\nadmixture of these ancestries. In Scandinavia, we document a major ancestry influx\nby approximately 800 ce, when a large proportion of Viking Age individuals carried\nancestry from groups related to central Europe not seen in individuals from the early\nIron Age. Our findings suggest that time-stratified ancestry analysis can provide a\nhigher-resolution lens for genetic history.\nAncient genome sequencing has revolutionized our ability to recon-\nstruct expansions, migrations and admixture events in the ancient past\nand understand their impact on human genetic variation today. How-\never, tracing history using genetic ancestry has remained challenging,\nparticularly in historical periods for which the richest comparative\ninformation from history and archaeology often exists. This is because\nancestries in many geographical regions are often so similar as to be\nstatistically indistinguishable with current approaches. One example is\nnorthern and central Europe since the start of the Iron Age around 500\nbce, a period for which many long-standing questions remain, such as\nthe nature of large-scale patterns of human migration during the fourth\nto sixth centuries ce, their impact on the Mediterranean world and later\npatterns of human mobility during the Viking Age (around 750- 1050 ce).",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Ancestry models of early medieval Europe**\n\nHaving demonstrated that the Twigstats approach can effectively\nimprove resolution and statistical power to test ancestry models and\nestimate proportions, we turn to the history of early medieval Europe.\nIn the first half of the first millennium ce, Roman historians such as\nTacitus and Ammianus Marcellinus described the geographical dis-\ntribution and movements of groups beyond the imperial frontier and\nsuggested a potential role for them in the fall of the western Roman\nEmpire <sup>52</sup> . However, the exact nature and scale of these historically\nattested demographic phenomena—and their genetic impact—\nhave been questioned <sup>53</sup> , and have been difficult to test with genetic\napproaches owing to the close relations shared between many groups\nthat were ostensibly involved. Less is understood at further distances\nfrom the Roman frontier owing to a lack of historical accounts. The\nimproved statistical power of time-restricted ancestry in Twigstats\nthus offers an opportunity to revisit these questions.\nTo develop an ancestry model for early medieval individuals (Supple-\nmentary Table 1), we first need a broad characterization of the ancestry\nof the earlier sources from the early Iron Age (EIA) and Roman periods.\nWe use hierarchical UPGMA clustering based on pairwise clade testing\nbetween all individuals, and formally test the cladality of proposed\nancestry groups with qpWave <sup>5</sup> (cladality in this sense means whether\nthey are consistent with being symmetrically related to all other tested\ngroups; Methods). This resulted in a set of model ancestry sources\nthat included Iron Age and Roman Britain (  *n*  = 11), the Iron Age of cen-\ntral European regions of mostly Germany, Austria and France (  *n*  = 10),",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Time transects across six geographical regions in Europe.**\n\n(  *P*  ≪ 1 × 10 <sup>−36</sup> ). The Baiuvarii probably appeared in the region in the\nfifth century ce <sup>59</sup> , but their origins remain unresolved. Our current\nbest model indicates a mixture with ancestry derived from EIA Pen-\ninsular Scandinavia and central Europe, suggesting an expansion of\nScandinavian-related ancestry producing a regional ancestry shift\n(Figs. 2c and 3c).\nIn Italy, southward expansions of northern and central European ances-\ntries appear by the Late Antiquity (approximately fourth century ce),\nwhere a clear diversification of ancestry can be observed compared\nwith preceding time periods (Fig. 3d). However, no individuals with\nnear 100% Scandinavian ancestry can be observed in the sampling\ndata available so far.\nIn Britain, the ancestries of Iron Age and Roman individuals form a\ntight cluster in our MDS analysis (Fig. 3e), shifted relative to available\npreceding Bronze Age individuals from Ireland and Orkney, and adja-\ncent to, but distinct from, available individuals in Iron Age and Roman\ncentral Europe. However, two first- to second-century ce burials from a\nRoman military fortress site in Austria (Klosterneuburg) <sup>5</sup> carry ancestry\nthat is currently indistinguishable from Iron Age or Roman popula-\ntions of Britain, to the exclusion of other groups (qpWave cladality\n*P*  = 0.11). One option is that they had ancestry from Britain; alternatively,\ncurrently unsampled populations from western continental Europe\ncarried ancestries similar to Iron Age southern Britain.\nTwigstats substantially improves models of admixture between\nancestries from Iron Age Britain and northern Europe in early medi-\neval England <sup>9</sup> , halving standard errors from 9% with SNPs to 4% when\nusing time stratification (point estimates 80% and 79% Iron Age\nBritain-related ancestry, respectively). We used this improved reso-\nlution to demonstrate that an earlier Roman individual (6DT3) dating",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Conclusions**\n\nOur approach, Twigstats, transfers the power advantage of haplotype-\nbased approaches to a fully temporal framework, which is applica-\nble to  *f*  -statistics and enables previously unavailable unbiased and\ntime-stratified analyses of admixture. We demonstrated that Twigstats\nenables fine-scale quantitative modelling of ancestry proportions,\nrevealing wide-ranging ancestry changes that affect northern and\ncentral Europe during the Iron, Roman and Viking ages. We reveal evi-\ndence of the southward and/or eastward expansion of individuals who\nprobably spoke Germanic languages and who had Scandinavian-related\nancestry in the first half of the first millennium ce. We note that\n‘Scandinavian-related’ in this context relates to the ancient genomes\navailable, and so it is entirely possible that these processes were driven,\nfor example, from regions in northern-central Europe. This could be\nconsistent with the attraction of the greater wealth, which tended to\nbuild up among Rome’s immediate neighbours and may have played\na major role in vectors of migration internal to communities in Europe\nwho lived beyond the Roman frontier <sup>52</sup> . Later, patterns of gene flow\nseem to have turned northwards, with the spread of Iron Age Central\nEurope-related ancestry into Scandinavia. Overall, our approach can\nbe used for the reconstruction of new high-resolution genetic histories\naround the world.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf",
+                "query": "How many clusters has the Scandinavian peninsula been divided into thanks to Twigstats?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": "This approach results in two clusters in the Scandinavian Penin- sula, approximately separating northern from southern Scandinavia",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 5
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Conclusions**\n\nOur approach, Twigstats, transfers the power advantage of haplotype-\nbased approaches to a fully temporal framework, which is applica-\nble to  *f*  -statistics and enables previously unavailable unbiased and\ntime-stratified analyses of admixture. We demonstrated that Twigstats\nenables fine-scale quantitative modelling of ancestry proportions,\nrevealing wide-ranging ancestry changes that affect northern and\ncentral Europe during the Iron, Roman and Viking ages. We reveal evi-\ndence of the southward and/or eastward expansion of individuals who\nprobably spoke Germanic languages and who had Scandinavian-related\nancestry in the first half of the first millennium ce. We note that\n‘Scandinavian-related’ in this context relates to the ancient genomes\navailable, and so it is entirely possible that these processes were driven,\nfor example, from regions in northern-central Europe. This could be\nconsistent with the attraction of the greater wealth, which tended to\nbuild up among Rome’s immediate neighbours and may have played\na major role in vectors of migration internal to communities in Europe\nwho lived beyond the Roman frontier <sup>52</sup> . Later, patterns of gene flow\nseem to have turned northwards, with the spread of Iron Age Central\nEurope-related ancestry into Scandinavia. Overall, our approach can\nbe used for the reconstruction of new high-resolution genetic histories\naround the world.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Extended Data Fig. 5 | Three examples of applying Twigstats. a**  Fine-scale\n\npopulation structure simulation emulating ref. 39 (see Methods for simulation\ndetails). First two principal components are computed from pairwise outgroup\n*f* 3 statistics on the genotypes directly and on Relate trees inferred from the\n50 target individuals. Labels in plots show the average coordinates of members\nof that population. For each panel, we calculate a separation index (SI) as in <sup>39</sup> ,\nwhich we define as the proportion of individuals for which the closest\nindividual (by the Euclidean distance in PC space) is in the same population.\n**b**  , Fine-scale genetic structure in Neolithic Europe quantified using an MDS\ncalculated on a symmetric matrix that contains all pairwise outgroup  *f* 3\nstatistics (outgroup: YRI) between individuals. These are either calculated\ndirectly on genotypes or calculated using Twigstats on Relate genealogies\nwith a cutoff of 1000 generations. Individuals were selected by filtering based\non Steppe and Western Hunter-gatherer ancestry (Methods).  **c**  , Admixture\nproportions inferred using qpAdm with three distal sources of Western\nHunter-gatherers, early European farmers, and Yamnaya Steppe people <sup>46</sup> .\nWe show results for Twigstats-5000. Bias is measured as the difference in\nadmixture proportions obtained from Twigstats-5000 and all SNPs, and\nwe show standard errors of the latter. We plot two standard errors around",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Extended Data Fig. 5 | Three examples of applying Twigstats. a**  Fine-scale\n\nthe mean. The standard error improvement shown is one minus the ratio of\nstandard errors obtained from Twigstats-5000 and using all SNPs.  **d**  , Neanderthal\nadmixture proportion inferred using an  *f* 4 -ratio of the form  *f* 4 (outgroup, Altai,\ntarget, Mbuti)/  *f* 4 (outgroup, Altai, Vindija, Mbuti). We compute these on genetic\nvariation data from the Simon’s Genome Diversity Project (SGDP) <sup>75</sup> and use the\nhigh-coverage Altai and Vindija Neanderthals <sup>78,79</sup> . We also compute equivalent\n*f* 4 -ratio statistics in a simulation emulating Neanderthal admixture 50,000 years\nago and a second simulation involving no Neanderthal admixture but deep\nstructure that leads to a similar inference unless deep coalescences are ignored\nby Twigstats. We plot two standard errors around the mean. **Extended Data Fig. 6 | MDS of ancient and modern genomes. a**  , Same MDS as\nin Fig. 2 but only showing qpAdm source groups of Fig. 2a and modern groups\nin the Simons Genome Diversity Project (labelled) computed using genotypes\n(top) or Twigstats (bottom).  **b**  , MDS computed using genotypes showing one\nearly medieval or Viking age group per facet.  **c**  , MDS computed using Twigstats\nshowing one early medieval or Viking age group per facet.",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Influx into pre-Viking Age Scandinavia**\n\nals in Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Previous studies have sug-\ngested that there was a diversity of ancestries in Scandinavia during this\nperiod <sup>6,7,65</sup> , due to increased maritime mobility, but have not reported\nper-individual ancestry estimates based on preceding ancestry. We\nanalysed each individual’s ancestry using a rotational qpAdm scheme\n(Fig. 4a, Extended Data Fig. 9 and Supplementary Table 4), which\nshowed increased power in distinguishing models when restricted\nto recent coalescences with Twigstats (more than 80% of accepted\none-source models in Twigstats were also accepted one-source models\nusing all SNPs, compared with less than 17% for the inverse).\nWe investigated regional differences in non-local ancestry across\nScandinavia. In Denmark, 25 out of 53 Viking Age individuals had detect-\nable (  *z-*  score > 1) central European-related ancestry (CentralEurope.\nIronRoman or Portugal.IronRoman) in their best accepted qpAdm\nmodels. In Sweden 20 out of 62 individuals had detectable central\nEuropean-related ancestry, concentrated almost entirely in southern\nregions (Fig. 4a,d). By contrast, in Norway, this ancestry was observed\nin only 2 out of 24 individuals, indicating a wide-ranging impact of\nincoming ancestry in southern Scandinavia and suggesting more\n**124**  | Nature | Vol 637 | 2 January 2025\ncontinuity from the EIA in Norway and northern Sweden (Fig. 4a). When\nconsidered collectively, the individuals who show evidence of central\nEuropean-related ancestry are mostly observed in regions histori-\ncally within the Danish sphere of influence and rule. Currently, no such\nindividuals, for example, are noted in eastern central Sweden, which\nwas a focus of regional power of the Svear (Fig. 4a). The difference in\ndistribution could suggest that the central European-related ancestry\nwas more common in regions dominated by the historical Götar and\ngroups inhabiting the lands on the borders of the Danish kingdom.\nTo test the extent to which the variation in ancestry was consistent\nwith mobility during the lifetime of the individuals or, alternatively,\nthat of established groups, we focused on the island of Öland in south-\neast Sweden, where 23 individuals for whom we could reconstruct\nancestry portraits also had associated strontium stable isotope data <sup>66</sup> .\nStrontium isotope data from dental enamel reflect the geology of the\nregion where an individual grew to maturity, and there are considerable",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Extended Data Fig. 9 | Ancestry models of Viking Age individuals in**\n**Scandinavia. a**  , MDS of each Scandinavian Viking group plotted on top of\npreceding Iron age and Roman individuals.  **b**  , All accepted qpAdm models using\nTwigstats-1000 for every Scandinavian Viking individual in Denmark, Sweden,\nand Norway, computed in a rotational qpAdm with source groups identical to\nFig. 4. We only retain models with feasible admixture proportions, standard\nerrors of <0.25, and show models with 1 source and a p-value greater than 0.01\nor otherwise with 2 sources and a p-value greater than 0.01. If several models\nsatisfy p > 0.05, we show all such models, otherwise we select the model with\nthe largest p-value. The -log10 p-values are shown to the left of each model.\nWe combine models involving related sources, if they exist, by averaging their\nrespective admixture proportions, standard errors, and p-values. We plot one\nstandard error.",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Online content**\n\ntive sources as outgroups. This approach penalizes models where true\ncontributing sources are used as outgroups. With sufficient statistical\npower, qpAdm models will be statistically rejected if true contributing\nsources are used as outgroups. If statistical power is more limited,\nseveral models will fit the data, but the correct model is expected to\nbe preferred over wrong models. Throughout, we use the Relate gene-\nalogies of SGDP modern and imputed ancient genomes in our qpAdm\nmodelling and first compute  *f* 2 -statistics using the Twigstats function\nf2_blocks_from_Relate between all populations involved, which we then\nfeed to the ADMIXTOOLS2 package <sup>70</sup> .\n**Clustering using qpwave.**  To overcome challenges with hand-curating\nsource groups used in qpAdm modelling, we follow ref. 5 and run\nqpwave using Twigstats between pairs of ancient individuals. We use\nHan Chinese individuals from Beijing and five European populations\nfrom the 1000GP as reference groups. This approach tests whether two\nindividuals form a clade with respect to reference groups. The reason\nwhy this is a principled approach despite the 1000GP groups post-dating\nthe ancient individuals is that if a group of ancient individuals are truly\nhomogeneous, they will be so also with respect to later individuals.\nWe then define clusters by running UPGMA (unweighted pair group\nmethod with arithmetic mean) on −log 10 [  *P*  values] obtained from\nqpwave between all pairs of individuals and cut the resulting dendro-\ngram at a height corresponding to a  *P*  value of 0.01. We then further\nsubdivide clusters by requiring all samples to be within 500 years of\nthe mean cluster age.\nTo choose the source groups shown in Fig. 2a and Extended Data\nFig. 1d, we run this algorithm on samples from Iron and Roman Age\nEurope (Supplementary Table 1). We retain groups that have at least\nthree individuals and, therefore, exclude clusters of size one or two.\nThis approach results in two clusters in the Scandinavian Penin-\nsula, approximately separating northern from southern Scandinavia,\nthree clusters in Poland and Ukraine that separate samples tempo-\nrally between the early and later Bronze Age, a cluster combining the\nHungarian Scythian and Slovakian La Tène-associated individuals,\nand a cluster each for Iron and Roman Age Portugal, Italy and Lithu-\nania. In present-day Austria, Germany and France, this approach\nidentifies three clusters, with each cluster spanning multiple archae-",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 1 | Twigstats performance on simulated data. a**  , A diagram of the Twigstats\n\napproach. We first construct genealogies from genetic variation data and\nthen use Twigstats to compute  *f* 2 -statistics between pairs of groups to be\nused by ADMIXTOOLS2.  **b**  , Admixture proportions inferred from an  *f* 4 -ratio\nstatistic or non-negative least squares method. Source groups P1 and P2 split\n250 generations ago and mix 50 generations ago, where P2 contributes\nproportion  *α*  and P1 contributes 1 −  *α*  . Effective population sizes are equal and\nconstant except for a recent bottleneck in P2 (see Methods for simulation\ndetails). The Twigstats cut-off is set to 500 generations, the rare variant cut-off\nis set to 5%, and we additionally infer admixture proportions by generating\n‘first coalescence profiles’ for each population and modelling PX as a mixture\nof sources P1 and P2 using non-negative least squares (NNLS) (Methods).\nWe sample 20 haploid sequences from each population. Data are mean ± 2 s.e.\naround the point estimate.  **c**  , The fold improvement of s.e. relative to the\ngenotype case as a function of the Twigstats cut-off time, for the same simulation\nas in  **b**  and averaged across different true admixture proportions. The dashed\nline shows the best fold improvement of s.e. when ascertaining genotypes by\nfrequency, when evaluated at different frequency cut-offs.  **d**  , The optimal\nTwigstats cut-off, defined as the largest reduction in s.e. relative to the genotype\ncase, as a function of source split time in simulations using true trees. The dashed\nline indicates our theoretical prediction (Supplementary Note).\n**120**  | Nature | Vol 637 | 2 January 2025\nreduces standard errors (s.e.) by up to tenfold and potentially more,\ndepending on sample sizes and details of the genetic history model. The\napproach does not produce detectable bias in estimates of admixture",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Influx into pre-Viking Age Scandinavia**\n\ndifferences in expectations between Öland and many other regions\nin northern Europe. The full range of strontium isotope ratios in 109\nindividuals show two modes, a majority group with low ratios and a\nsecond minority group with high ratios falling outside the expected\nrange of local fauna (Fig. 4b). Among 23 individuals with genomes in\nour data, all 5 individuals with 100% ancestry relating to central Europe\nSouthern Europe\nScandinavian Peninsula EIA\nCentral\nEurope\nEastern Europe\nBritain\nSouthern Europe\nScandinavian Peninsula EIA\nCentral\nEurope\nEastern Europe\nBritain\nSouthern Europe\nScandinavian Peninsula EIA\nCentral\nEurope\nEastern Europe\nBritain\nSouthern Europe\nScandinavian Peninsula EIA\nCentral\nEurope\nEastern Europe\nBritain\nProportion of ancestry\nScandinavian Peninsula\n70.5\n87 Srf/ 86 Sr\n0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0\n0.5\n1.0\n0\n0.5\n1.0\n1 2 1\n3.2 3.1\n17.0 1.7 15.7 6.1 20.8 17.5\n1.6\n2\n0\n0.25\n0.50\n0.75\n1.00 **b**\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50 Stable isotope histogram counts Ancestry proportion Continental-related ancestry\n67.5\n64.5\n61.5\n58.5\n55.5\nCentral Europe Britain\nNorway_VA\nLatitude\nDenmark_VA Farfung_VA\nSweden_VA\n0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00\n1 2 1 2 1 2\nAll SNPs\nTwigstats 1,000\nFaroes\nIreland\nIsle of Man\nOrkney_VA\nOxford_VA\nZealand_VA(7) Langeland_VA(18) Jutland_VA(13) Funen_VA(12) Denmark_EVA(3)\n**c**\n**d**\n**e**\n**f**\n**a** Scandinavian Peninsula EIA Central Europe Iron Roman Britain Iron Roman Southern Europe Eastern Europe\nDorset_VA\nIceland\nGreenland\nSlovenia.Roman.oNorthEurope\nSlovenia.lronRoman\nSlovakia.MigrationPeriod\nSlovakia_Zohor_Germanic_Roman\nScandinavian_Peninsula_EIA(II)\nScandinavian_Peninsula_EIA(I)\nSaami\nRussia_Sarmatian\nPortugal.lronRoman\nPolandUkraine_MLBA(II)\nPolandUkraine_MLBA(I)\nPoland_Wielbark(III)\nPoland_Wielbark(II)\nPoland_Wielbark(I)\nPoland_Middle_Ages(II)\nPoland_BA\nNetherlands_Friesland_Saxon\nLongobard_EMED(II)\nMontenegro_EM\nLongobard_EMED(I)\n**Lithuania.lronRoman**\n**Kyrgyzstan_TianShanHun**\nltaly.lronRepublic\nltaly.lmperial(lI)\n**Italy.lmperial(l)**\nIrelandOrkney_BA\n**HungarySlovakia.lronRoman**\nHungary_EM(II)\nHungary_EM(I)\nEngland.Roman.Gladiator.Scandinavia\nEngland_Saxon_midCNE\nEngland_Saxon_lowCNE\nEngland_Saxon_highCNE\nDenmark_IA\nDenmark_EVA\nDenmark_BA\nCroatia.lronRoman_oNorthEurope\nCordedWare_EBA\n**CentraIEurope.IronRoman(lII)**\n**CentraIEurope.lronRoman(lI)**\n**CentraIEurope.lronRoman(l)**\n**Britain.lronRoman**\nBaiuvarii_EMED\nAustria_Klosterneuburg_Roman\nAnatolia EBA\nPoland_Middle_Ages(I)\nRussia\nUkraine\n0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00\n**Fig. 4 | Ancestry in the Viking world. a**  , Map showing ancestry carried by\nScandinavian Viking Age individuals as inferred using the best-fitting qpAdm\nmodel. These are chosen by either choosing the one-source model with largest\n*P*  value and  *P*  > 0.01 or the two-source model with the largest  *P*  value and  *P*  > 0.01.\nExtended Data Fig. 7 shows the same map with all accepted models.  **b**  , Stable\nisotope data indicating the geology of childhood origin. The histogram shows\nthe ratio of strontium isotopes 87 to 86 measured in 109 individuals in Öland <sup>69</sup> .",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Extended Data Fig. 2 | Twigstats optimal cutoff. a**  , Theoretically computed\n\ndetails). Admixture proportions are computed using an  *f* 4 -ratio statistic and the\nTwigstats cutoff is set to twice the source split time and the rare variant cutoff\nis 5%. We plot two standard errors around the mean.  **c**  , qpAdm simulation taken\nfrom <sup>21,23</sup> , as well as an adapted version where all population split times and\nthe admixture date are divided by 5. The Twigstats cutoff time is chosen to be\n1200 generations (top) and 600 generations (bottom). We simulate 10 replicates\nand plot two standard errors around the mean.  **d**  , Simulation adapted from <sup>23</sup> of\na stepping stone model with 9 populations organised on a 1-dimensional grid as\nshown, where individuals are able to migrate between adjacent fields. We run a\nrotational qpAdm to fit population 4 using other pairs of populations to the left\nand right as sources. We run 50 replicates and set the p-value of models with\ninferred proportions outside of [0,1] to 0. We then compute the proportion\nwhere a given pair achieves the best p-value (top) and show the median p-value\nacross these replicates (bottom). In all simulations in  **b, c, d**  , we sample N = 20\nhaploid sequences per population, except for one simulation in  **b**  , where we\nsample N = 100 sequences.",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 1 | Twigstats performance on simulated data. a**  , A diagram of the Twigstats\n\non a range of empirical examples. First, we boost pairwise outgroup\n*f* 3 -statistics <sup>44</sup> to quantify fine-scale population structure; we demon-\nstrate this improvement using a previously proposed simulation <sup>39</sup>\n(Extended Data Fig. 5a). When applied to published genomes from\nNeolithic Europe (Methods and Supplementary Table 1), we can repli-\ncate the previously suggested fine-scale structure between individuals\nburied in megalithic structures in Ireland compared with others <sup>45</sup> , a\nrelationship that is not apparent from SNP data alone (Extended Data\nFig. 5b). For the well-studied example of three major ancestries contrib-\nuting to prehistoric Europe, that is, Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, early\nfarmers and steppe populations <sup>13- 16</sup> , we obtain unbiased estimates and\nan approximately 20% improvement in standard errors in an already\nwell-powered qpAdm model <sup>46</sup> (Extended Data Fig. 5c).\nFinally, we demonstrate that Twigstats can be used to resolve com-\npeting models of punctual admixture and long-standing gene flow, or\nconstrain the time of admixture. For instance, it has previously been\nsuggested that long-standing deep structure and gene flow between\nNeanderthals and early modern humans in Africa may produce genetic\npatterns that resemble a punctual admixture event some 60,000 years\nago <sup>47- 49</sup> , casting doubt on the model of Neanderthal admixture into\nancestors of Eurasians <sup>49- 51</sup> . However, whereas such long-standing deep\nsubstructure would confound SNP-based  *f*  -statistics to produce pat-\nterns similar to Neanderthal admixture, we demonstrate, in simula-\ntions, that Twigstats can clearly distinguish this history from recent\nadmixture (Extended Data Fig. 5d). Application of Twigstats on empiri-\ncal whole genomes produces results inconsistent with deep substruc-\nture alone, but consistent with punctual admixture.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the cultures with which the Wielbark culture is associated?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "linked to the later Chernyakhov cul- ture to the southeast and to early Goths",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Expansions of Scandinavian-like ancestry**\n\nWe assembled time transects using available aDNA data across several\ngeographical regions in Europe, and infer their ancestry using a model\nwith the EIA or Roman Iron Age sources previously defined (shown in\nFig. 2a). Our modelling provides direct evidence of individuals with\nancestry originating in northern Germany or Scandinavia appearing\nacross Europe as early as the first century ce (Figs. 2b,c and 3 and Sup-\nplementary Table 3).\nIn the region of present-day Poland, our analysis suggests several\nclear shifts in ancestry. First, in the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1500 bce\nto 1000 bce), we observe a clear shift away from preceding ancestry\noriginally associated with Corded Ware cultures <sup>55</sup> (Fig. 3a). Second,\nin the first to fifth century ce, individuals associated with Wielbark\nculture <sup>5,12</sup> show an additional strong shift away from the preceding\nBronze Age groups, and can only be modelled with a >75% component\nattributed to the EIA Scandinavian Peninsula. Multiple individuals,\nespecially from earlier Wielbark cemeteries, have approximately 100%\nNature | Vol 637 | 2 January 2025 |  **121**\nancestry related to EIA Scandinavian Peninsula (Fig. 2c). The Wielbark\narchaeological complex has been linked to the later Chernyakhov cul-\nture to the southeast and to early Goths, an historical Germanic group\nthat flourished in the second to fifth centuries ce <sup>56</sup> . Our modelling\nsupports the idea that some groups that probably spoke Germanic\nlanguages from Scandinavia expanded south across the Baltic into\nthe area between the Oder and Vistula rivers in the early centuries ce,\nalthough whether these expansions can be linked specifically with\nhistorical Goths is still debatable. Moreover, since a considerable\nproportion of Wielbark burials during this period were cremations,\nthe possible presence of individuals with other ancestries cannot be\nstrictly rejected if they were exclusively cremated (and are therefore\ninvisible in the aDNA record).\nA previous study could not reject continuity in ancestry from the\nWielbark-associated individuals to later medieval individuals from\na similar region <sup>12</sup> . With the improved power of Twigstats, models of",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Online content**\n\ntive sources as outgroups. This approach penalizes models where true\ncontributing sources are used as outgroups. With sufficient statistical\npower, qpAdm models will be statistically rejected if true contributing\nsources are used as outgroups. If statistical power is more limited,\nseveral models will fit the data, but the correct model is expected to\nbe preferred over wrong models. Throughout, we use the Relate gene-\nalogies of SGDP modern and imputed ancient genomes in our qpAdm\nmodelling and first compute  *f* 2 -statistics using the Twigstats function\nf2_blocks_from_Relate between all populations involved, which we then\nfeed to the ADMIXTOOLS2 package <sup>70</sup> .\n**Clustering using qpwave.**  To overcome challenges with hand-curating\nsource groups used in qpAdm modelling, we follow ref. 5 and run\nqpwave using Twigstats between pairs of ancient individuals. We use\nHan Chinese individuals from Beijing and five European populations\nfrom the 1000GP as reference groups. This approach tests whether two\nindividuals form a clade with respect to reference groups. The reason\nwhy this is a principled approach despite the 1000GP groups post-dating\nthe ancient individuals is that if a group of ancient individuals are truly\nhomogeneous, they will be so also with respect to later individuals.\nWe then define clusters by running UPGMA (unweighted pair group\nmethod with arithmetic mean) on −log 10 [  *P*  values] obtained from\nqpwave between all pairs of individuals and cut the resulting dendro-\ngram at a height corresponding to a  *P*  value of 0.01. We then further\nsubdivide clusters by requiring all samples to be within 500 years of\nthe mean cluster age.\nTo choose the source groups shown in Fig. 2a and Extended Data\nFig. 1d, we run this algorithm on samples from Iron and Roman Age\nEurope (Supplementary Table 1). We retain groups that have at least\nthree individuals and, therefore, exclude clusters of size one or two.\nThis approach results in two clusters in the Scandinavian Penin-\nsula, approximately separating northern from southern Scandinavia,\nthree clusters in Poland and Ukraine that separate samples tempo-\nrally between the early and later Bronze Age, a cluster combining the\nHungarian Scythian and Slovakian La Tène-associated individuals,\nand a cluster each for Iron and Roman Age Portugal, Italy and Lithu-\nania. In present-day Austria, Germany and France, this approach\nidentifies three clusters, with each cluster spanning multiple archae-",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 1 | Twigstats performance on simulated data. a**  , A diagram of the Twigstats\n\non a range of empirical examples. First, we boost pairwise outgroup\n*f* 3 -statistics <sup>44</sup> to quantify fine-scale population structure; we demon-\nstrate this improvement using a previously proposed simulation <sup>39</sup>\n(Extended Data Fig. 5a). When applied to published genomes from\nNeolithic Europe (Methods and Supplementary Table 1), we can repli-\ncate the previously suggested fine-scale structure between individuals\nburied in megalithic structures in Ireland compared with others <sup>45</sup> , a\nrelationship that is not apparent from SNP data alone (Extended Data\nFig. 5b). For the well-studied example of three major ancestries contrib-\nuting to prehistoric Europe, that is, Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, early\nfarmers and steppe populations <sup>13- 16</sup> , we obtain unbiased estimates and\nan approximately 20% improvement in standard errors in an already\nwell-powered qpAdm model <sup>46</sup> (Extended Data Fig. 5c).\nFinally, we demonstrate that Twigstats can be used to resolve com-\npeting models of punctual admixture and long-standing gene flow, or\nconstrain the time of admixture. For instance, it has previously been\nsuggested that long-standing deep structure and gene flow between\nNeanderthals and early modern humans in Africa may produce genetic\npatterns that resemble a punctual admixture event some 60,000 years\nago <sup>47- 49</sup> , casting doubt on the model of Neanderthal admixture into\nancestors of Eurasians <sup>49- 51</sup> . However, whereas such long-standing deep\nsubstructure would confound SNP-based  *f*  -statistics to produce pat-\nterns similar to Neanderthal admixture, we demonstrate, in simula-\ntions, that Twigstats can clearly distinguish this history from recent\nadmixture (Extended Data Fig. 5d). Application of Twigstats on empiri-\ncal whole genomes produces results inconsistent with deep substruc-\nture alone, but consistent with punctual admixture.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 2 | Ancestry from the Iron Age to the early medieval period in Europe.**\n\nViking Age <sup>6</sup> , carried detectable Scandinavian-related ancestry. Some\nof the ancestry detected in individuals from later medieval Poland may\nhave persisted during the late first millennium ce in the cremating\nportion of the population, but regardless, this points to large-scale\nancestry transformation in medieval Poland (Fig. 3a). Future data could\nshed light on the extent to which this reflects the influence of groups\nspeaking Slavic languages in the region.\nIn present-day Slovakia, individuals associated with the Iron\nAge La Tène period appear close to Hungarian Scythians in the two\ndimensions of our MDS analysis, and are modelled as a mixture of\ncentral and eastern European ancestry. However, a first-century ce\nburial of a 50- 60-year-old woman from Zohor is modelled only with\nScandinavian-related ancestry, providing evidence of ancestry related\nto the Scandinavian EIA appearing southwest of the range of the Wiel-\nbark archaeological complex <sup>5,57</sup> (Fig. 3b). Later early medieval individu-\nals from Slovakia have partial Scandinavian-related ancestry, providing\nevidence for the integration between expanding and local groups.\nNearby, in present-day Hungary, we observe Scandinavian-related\nancestry components in several burials dating to the sixth century\nce associated with Longobards (Longobard_earlyMED(I)) <sup>10</sup> (Fig. 2c).\nThis is consistent with the original study <sup>10</sup> , which reported affinity to\npresent-day groups from northwestern Europe (GBR, CEU and FIN in\nthe 1000 Genomes Project (1000GP)) <sup>10</sup> but which we can resolve with\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 1000 CE 2000 CE\nScandinavia\nSouthern Europe\nBritain\nCentral\nEurope\nEastern Europe\nBA\nItaly\nCentral Europe\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE\nEBA\n1000 BCE\nTime\n0 1000 CE 2000 CE\nMLBA Wielbark Middle Ages\nLate Roman/Ottoman\nEarly Medieval\nBaiuvarii\nMedieval/present day\nEarly Medieval/Longobard Iron Roman\nPresent day\nPresent day BA/Scythian\nBell Beaker/EBA\nZohor\nSoutheastern Europe\nPoland\nBritain and Ireland\nScandinavia\n**e**\n**f**\n**d**\n**c**\n**b**\n**a**\nIron Roman\nIron/Republic Imperial Late Antiquity (Early) Medieval\nEarly Medieval\nPresent day\nPresent day Medieval Iron Roman BA\nBA EIA Viking Age Medieval Present day\nDriffeld\nTerrace\nTarquinia\nLate Etruscan\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE\n2000 BCE 0\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE\n3000 BCE 2000 BCE 1000 BCE 0 1000 CE 2000 CE",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Online content**\n\nological sites in different countries, indicating genetic diversity in\nthis region in the first millennium ce. Encouragingly, these clusters\nseparate in our non-parametric MDS analysis (Fig. 2a), indicating that\nwe are capturing real genetic differences between groups using this\napproach.\n**Fine-scale structure in Neolithic Europe.**  To quantify fine-scale struc-\nture in Neolithic Europe (Extended Data Fig. 5b), we aimed to select\nindividuals in Neolithic Europe who have not yet been affected by the\narrival of Steppe ancestry and do not show excess hunter-gatherer\nancestry. We infer distal ancestry sources using Balkan_N, Yamnaya and\nWestern Hunter-gatherers as source groups and reference groups\naccording to a previously proposed qpAdm setup <sup>46</sup> (Supplementary\nTable 1). For this analysis, we infer ancestry using qpAdm applied to\n1.2 million SNP sites of imputed genomes. We retain only Neolithic\nindividuals with  *P*  > 0.01,  *z*  < 2 for Yamnaya ancestry, and  *z*  < 2 or\nproportion <0.25 for Western Hunter-gatherer ancestry.\n**Reporting summary**\nFurther information on research design is available in the Nature Port-\nfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.\n**Data availability**\nAll aDNA data used in this study were publicly available, and accession\ncodes are listed in Supplementary Table 1.\n**Code availability**\nTwigstats is freely available under an MIT licence through GitHub\n[(https://github.com/leospeidel/twigstats), and detailed documenta-](https://github.com/leospeidel/twigstats)\n[tion, as well as example data, is available at https://leospeidel.github.](https://leospeidel.github.io/twigstats/)\n[io/twigstats/. The code has also been deposited at Zenodo (https://](https://zenodo.org/records/13833120)\n[zenodo.org/records/13833120)](https://zenodo.org/records/13833120) <sup>76</sup> . All scripts to reproduce simulations,\nand to run Relate on imputed ancient genomes, and downstream\nanalyses, including computation of  *f*  -statistics and running qpAdm\n[models, are available through GitHub (https://github.com/leospeidel/ ](https://github.com/leospeidel/twigstats_paper)\n[twigstats_paper).](https://github.com/leospeidel/twigstats_paper)\n\n70. Maier, R., Flegontov, P., Flegontova, O., Changmai, P. & Reich, D. On the limits of fitting\ncomplex models of population history to  *f*  -statistics.  *eLife*    **12**  , e85492 (2023).\n71. Kelleher, J., Etheridge, A. M. & McVean, G. Efficient coalescent simulation and\ngenealogical analysis for large sample sizes.  *PLoS Comput. Biol.*    **12**  , e1004842\n(2016).\n72. da Mota, B. S. et al. Imputation of ancient human genomes.  *Nat. Commun.*    **14**  , 3660\n(2023).\n73. Rubinacci, S., Ribeiro, D. M., Hofmeister, R. & Delaneau, O. Efficient phasing and imputation\nof low-coverage sequencing data using large reference panels.  *Nat. Genet.*    **53**  , 120- 126\n(2021).\n74. The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Time transects across six geographical regions in Europe.**\n\n**a**  -  **f**  , Ancestry change visualized over a time transect spanning from the Bronze\nAge to the present day in Poland (  **a**  ), southeastern Europe (  **b**  ), central Europe\n(  **c**  ), Italy (  **d**  ), Britain and Ireland (  **e**  ) and Scandinavia (  **f**  ). The maps show sample\nlocations of all available ancient genomes with at least 0.5× coverage from\nthese regions (Supplementary Table 1). Their ancestry is shown on the same\nMDS model as in Fig. 2a for each time period. For each geographic region,\nthe early medieval period is highlighted in orange and the area in the MDS\ncorresponding to Scandinavian and central European ancestries is highlighted\nin an orange box.\nNature | Vol 637 | 2 January 2025 |  **123**\nhigher resolution using earlier genomes. Several other individuals from\nthese Longobard burials (Longobard_earlyMED(II)) show no detectable\nancestry from northern Europe and, instead, are more closely related to\nIron Age groups in continental central Europe, putatively representing\ndescendants of local people buried in a Longobard style. Our results are\nconsistent with attestations that the Longobards originated in the areas\nof present-day northern Germany or Denmark, but that by the sixth\ncentury ce they incorporated multiple different cultural identities, and\nmixed ancestries. Present-day populations of Hungary do not appear\nto derive detectable ancestry from early medieval individuals from\nLongobard contexts, and are instead more similar to Scythian-related\nancestry sources (Extended Data Fig. 6), consistent with the later impact\nof Avars, Magyars and other eastern groups <sup>58</sup> .\nIn southern Germany, the genetic ancestry of individuals from\nearly medieval Bavaria probably associated with the historical\nGermanic-language-speaking Baiuvarii <sup>59</sup> cannot be modelled as deriv-\ning ancestry solely from earlier groups in Iron Age central Germany",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Ancestry models of early medieval Europe**\n\nHaving demonstrated that the Twigstats approach can effectively\nimprove resolution and statistical power to test ancestry models and\nestimate proportions, we turn to the history of early medieval Europe.\nIn the first half of the first millennium ce, Roman historians such as\nTacitus and Ammianus Marcellinus described the geographical dis-\ntribution and movements of groups beyond the imperial frontier and\nsuggested a potential role for them in the fall of the western Roman\nEmpire <sup>52</sup> . However, the exact nature and scale of these historically\nattested demographic phenomena—and their genetic impact—\nhave been questioned <sup>53</sup> , and have been difficult to test with genetic\napproaches owing to the close relations shared between many groups\nthat were ostensibly involved. Less is understood at further distances\nfrom the Roman frontier owing to a lack of historical accounts. The\nimproved statistical power of time-restricted ancestry in Twigstats\nthus offers an opportunity to revisit these questions.\nTo develop an ancestry model for early medieval individuals (Supple-\nmentary Table 1), we first need a broad characterization of the ancestry\nof the earlier sources from the early Iron Age (EIA) and Roman periods.\nWe use hierarchical UPGMA clustering based on pairwise clade testing\nbetween all individuals, and formally test the cladality of proposed\nancestry groups with qpWave <sup>5</sup> (cladality in this sense means whether\nthey are consistent with being symmetrically related to all other tested\ngroups; Methods). This resulted in a set of model ancestry sources\nthat included Iron Age and Roman Britain (  *n*  = 11), the Iron Age of cen-\ntral European regions of mostly Germany, Austria and France (  *n*  = 10),",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Ancestry models of early medieval Europe**\n\nRoman Portugal (  *n*  = 4), Roman Italy (  *n*  = 10), Iron Age Lithuania (  *n*  = 5),\nthe EIA Scandinavian Peninsula (Sweden and Norway,  *n*  = 10) and several\nother more eastern groups dating to the Bronze Age and EIA (  *n*  = 25)\n(Fig. 2a and Extended Data Fig. 1). We then use a rotational qpAdm\napproach <sup>54</sup> to narrow down the set of contributing sources from this\nlarger pool of putative sources.\nWe additionally perform non-parametric multidimensional scaling\n(MDS) on outgroup-  *f* 3 statistics <sup>44</sup> computed using Twigstats, the results\nof which do not depend on any modelling assumptions and which show\nincreased resolution compared with conventional outgroup-  *f* 3 sta-\ntistics (Fig. 2a,b, Extended Data Fig. 6 and Supplementary Table 2).\nEncouragingly, the MDS model supports regional fine-scale genetic\nstructures reflected in our source groups, such as the separation of\npredominantly Norwegian and northern Swedish EIA individuals from\nsouthern Peninsular Scandinavia (Fig. 2a); this relationship is not\ndetected without Twigstats. In this MDS analysis, we note a close affinity\nof wide-ranging individuals from Portugal, France, Germany, Austria\nand Britain. We hypothesize that this corresponds to areas associated\nwith the Celtic-speaking world, and that their close genetic affinity is\ndue to earlier expansions. Sparse sampling limits our understanding\nof the full extent of regional ancestry variation in central Europe and\nsome other regions, but the continental ancestries differentiated in\nthe MDS model suggests that major ancestry variation across Europe\nin this period is relatively well captured.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Time transects across six geographical regions in Europe.**\n\nto approximately second to fourth century ce from the purported\ngladiator or military cemetery at Driffield Terrace in York (Roman\n*Eboracum*  ), England <sup>60</sup> , who was previously identified as an ancestry\noutlier <sup>61,62</sup> , specifically carried approximately 25% EIA Scandinavian\nPeninsula-related ancestry (Fig. 2c). This documents that people with\nScandinavian-related ancestry already were in Britain before the fifth\ncentury ce, after which there was a substantial influx associated with\nAnglo-Saxon migrations <sup>9</sup> . Although it is uncertain whether this indi-\nvidual was a gladiator or soldier, individuals and groups from northern\nEurope are indeed recorded in Roman sources both as soldiers and as\nenslaved gladiators <sup>63,64</sup> .\nAcross Europe, we see regional differences in the southeastern and\nsouthwestern expansions of Scandinavian-related ancestries. Early\nmedieval groups from present-day Poland and Slovakia carry spe-\ncific ancestry from one of the Scandinavian EIA groups—the one with\nindividuals primarily from the northern parts of Scandinavia in the\nEIA—with no evidence of ancestry related to the other primary group\nin more southern Scandinavia (Fig. 2d). By contrast, in southern and\nwestern Europe, Scandinavian-related ancestry either derives from\nEIA southern Scandinavia—as in the cases of the probable Baiuvarii\nin Germany, Longobard-associated burials in Italy and early medieval\nburials in southern Britain—or cannot be resolved to a specific region\nin Scandinavia. If these expansions are indeed linked to language, this\npattern is remarkably concordant with the main branches of Germanic\nlanguages, with the now-extinct eastern Germanic spoken by Goths in\nUkraine on the one hand, and western Germanic languages such as Old\nEnglish and Old High German recorded in the early medieval period\non the other hand.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Article High-resolution genomic history of early  medieval Europe\n\n## **High-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe**\n\n### **Extended Data Fig. 5 | Three examples of applying Twigstats. a**  Fine-scale\n\npopulation structure simulation emulating ref. 39 (see Methods for simulation\ndetails). First two principal components are computed from pairwise outgroup\n*f* 3 statistics on the genotypes directly and on Relate trees inferred from the\n50 target individuals. Labels in plots show the average coordinates of members\nof that population. For each panel, we calculate a separation index (SI) as in <sup>39</sup> ,\nwhich we define as the proportion of individuals for which the closest\nindividual (by the Euclidean distance in PC space) is in the same population.\n**b**  , Fine-scale genetic structure in Neolithic Europe quantified using an MDS\ncalculated on a symmetric matrix that contains all pairwise outgroup  *f* 3\nstatistics (outgroup: YRI) between individuals. These are either calculated\ndirectly on genotypes or calculated using Twigstats on Relate genealogies\nwith a cutoff of 1000 generations. Individuals were selected by filtering based\non Steppe and Western Hunter-gatherer ancestry (Methods).  **c**  , Admixture\nproportions inferred using qpAdm with three distal sources of Western\nHunter-gatherers, early European farmers, and Yamnaya Steppe people <sup>46</sup> .\nWe show results for Twigstats-5000. Bias is measured as the difference in\nadmixture proportions obtained from Twigstats-5000 and all SNPs, and\nwe show standard errors of the latter. We plot two standard errors around",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf",
+                "query": "What do the timescales during which high-amplitude flaring events occur in blazars indicate?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "that much of the en- ergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS**\n\n### **3.2. First-Order Continuous Autoregression**\n\nWe follow the method of Kelly et al. [9], who model\nquasar optical light curves as a continuous time first-\norder autoregressive process (CAR(1)) in order to ex-\ntract characteristic time scales and the amplitude of\nflux variations. Although flaring behavior is not typi-\ncally thought of as an autoregressive process, we find\nthat the light curves are well-fit by the models and\ntherefore adopt the method here to study blazar sub-\nmillimeter light curves.\nThe CAR(1) process is described by a stochastic\ndifferential equation [9],\n*dS*  (  *t*  ) = <sup>1</sup> *τ*   *<sup>S</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>dt</sup>*  <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>σ</sup>* *√* *dt ε*  (  *t*  ) +  *b dt,*  (3)\nassociated with a power spectrum of the form\n*P* *X* (  *f*  ) = 2  *σ*  <sup>2</sup> *τ*   <sup>2</sup> 1 + (2  *πτf*  ) <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>.</sup>* (4)\nIn equations 3 and 4,  *τ*  is called the “relaxation\ntime” of the process  *S*  (  *t*  ) and is identified by the\nbreak in  *P* *X* (  *f*  ). The power spectrum appears flat for timescales longer than this and falls off as 1  */f*   <sup>2</sup> for\ntimescales shorter than the characteristic timescale of\nthe process.\nTaking the logarithm of the blazar light curve (in\nJy) to be  *S*  (  *t*  ), we adopt  *τ*  (in days) as the character-\nistic timescale of variability, after which the physical\nprocess “forgets” about what has happened at time\nlags of greater than  *τ*  . The two other relevant pa-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS**\n\n### **3.2. First-Order Continuous Autoregression**\n\nrameters,  *σ*  and  *μ*  =  *b/a*  , are the overall amplitude\nof variability and the logarithm of mean value of the\nlight curve, respectively.\nIn the routine, we construct an autoregressive\nmodel for the light curves for a minimum of 100,000\niterations and calculate the value of  *τ*  from the break\nin the power spectrum in each instance. Due to the\nlimited number of observations in the 850  *μ*  m band,\nwe performed this autoregressive analysis only for the\n1mm light curves, which typically have more than 10\npoints per light curve.\nThis method yielded some surprising results. In\nFigure 3, we see that the BL Lacs and FSRQs exhibit\nvirtually no difference in characteristic timescale, with\nFigure 3: Characteristic timescale (days) versus\nsubmillimeter luminosity (erg s  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> ) in the 1mm band for\nall objects. Physically,  *τ*  represents a “relaxation\ntimescale”, the timescale beyond which events are no\nlonger correlated.\nboth classes extending across a large range in  *τ*  . Be-\ncause of the uncertainty for objects with shorter char-\nacteristic timescales, it is hard to draw any definitive\nconclusions about the differences between classes. It\nis important to note that  *τ*  does not necessarily rep-\nresent a flaring timescale, which is a behavior that\ntypically operates on a scale of  *∼*  10- 100 days and not on the longer timescales we see in  *τ*  .",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **4. CONNECTION WITH GAMMA-RAYS**\n\nrespect to the synchrotron component (which is often\nseen in FSRQs) suggests the upscattering of external\nphotons off the synchrotron-emitting electrons. These\nobjects should occupy the upper right of the ratio/jet\npower plot, and BL Lacs, which generally exhibit com-\nponents with roughly comparable luminosities, should\noccupy the lower left. It is clear from the figure, how-\never, that many FSRQs exhibit ratios similar to those\nof the BL Lacs and vis versa.\nSikora et al. [10] report that, during its flaring\nepochs, 3C 454.3 transitions from its typical FSRQ\nstate to a more BL Lac-like state, where the syn-\nchrotron component emits much more strongly com-\npared to the  *γ*  -ray component than during its “low\nstate”. 3C 454.3, which is the highest submillime-\nter luminosity FSRQ in our sample, would then shift\ndown and to the right in Figure 5 when it enters a\nflaring period. For the first three months of the  *Fermi*\nmission, 3C 454.3 was not flaring, which may explain\nits present location in Figure 5. The three objects for\nwhich there is a type discrepancy between CGRaBS\nand LBAS are all FSRQs (in CGRaBS) and exhibit\nlow luminosity ratios and high luminosity, which sug-\ngest they may be undergoing the same changes as 3C\n454.3. A possible interpretation of the elevated lumi-\nnosity ratios observed in some BL Lacs objects is that\nthere has been a dramatic increase in  *γ*  -ray luminos-\nity due to ERC, which would not be reflected in the\nsynchrotron component.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **5. CONCLUSIONS**\n\nacteristic timescales 10  *< τ* rest  *<* 500 days.\n*-*  The blazars detected by  *Fermi*  have synchrotron peaks at higher frequencies, regardless of sub-\nmillimeter luminosity.\n*-*  FSRQs exhibit higher ratios of  *γ*  -ray to sub- millimeter luminosity than BL Lacs (Figure 5),\nbut all objects inhabit a region of parameter\nspace suggesting transitions between states dur-\ning flaring epochs.\nAs  *Fermi*  continues to observe fainter sources, the\nsample of objects for which we can perform this type of\nanalysis will increase and provide better limits on our\nresults. To understand the physical relevance of these\nresults, however, it is important to be able to distin-\nguish between the difference in variability between BL\nLacs and FSRQs. One avenue for exploring this dif-\nference is to monitor changing submillimeter energy\nspectral index and the ratio of  *γ*  -ray to submillime-\nter luminosity as functions of time. The full mean-\ning of the results of our autoregressive method is not\nyet clear, and will require better-sampled blazar light\ncurves and the comparison between  *τ* rest with physical\ntimescales such as the synchrotron cooling timescale.\nThese analyses would allow us to place constraints\non the processes occurring near the base of the jet in\nblazars and further understand the intimate connec-\ntion between them.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **1. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring\nevents occur in blazars indicate that much of the en-\nergy is being produced deep within the jet on small,\nsub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emis-\nsion differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs\nobjects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs))\nmay offer important insight into the similarity be-\ntween blazars and, furthermore, can provide con-\nstraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets\nthemselves.\nFor the synchrotron component of blazar spectra,\nthe low-frequency spectral break due to synchrotron\nself-absorption moves to higher frequencies as one\nmeasures closer to the base of the jet [2]. This of-\nten places the peak of the spectrum in the millime-\nter and submillimeter bands, where the emission is\noptically-thin and originates on parsec and sub-parsec\nscales [3], allowing direct observation of the most com-\npact regions near the central engine. The high en-\nergy  *γ*  -ray emission originates as a Compton process,\ntypically a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton\n(SSC) and external-radiation-Compton (ERC). De-\npending on the source properties, the synchrotron\nphotons or external photons are upscattered by the\nsame population of electrons that emit the millimeter\nand submillimeter spectra. Therefore the submillime-\nter and  *γ*  -ray emission are closely linked and give the\nfull information about the source emission.\nA systematic study of the submillimeter properties\nof the entire sample of  *Fermi*  blazars has yet to be con-\nducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We\npresent here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter\nproperties of  *Fermi*  blazars detected by the  *Submil-*\n*limeter Array*  <sup>1</sup> (  *SMA*  ) at 1mm and 850  *μ*  m, including\nan investigation of variable behavior and the deter-\nmination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In\naddition, we consider the connection to the observed\n*γ*  -ray indices and luminosities.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars**\n\ncan explain the observed SED in both the high\nand low states [26].\n- 1ES 1218+304: This HBL flared during VER-\nITAS MWL observations. Its unusually hard\nVHE spectrum strongly constrains the EBL.\nThe observed flaring rules out kpc-scale jet emis-\nsion as the explanation of the spectral hardness\nand places the EBL constraints on more solid-\nfooting [27, 28].\n- 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new\nVHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model\n[16].\n- W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at\nVHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of\nthe SED is improved by including an external-\nCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpre-\ntation.\n- 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV\nenergies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae\nand PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED\nsuggests a strong EC component in addition to\nan SSC component.\n- Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring be-\nhavior for several months in 2008. Correlations\nof the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along\nwith spectral hardening with increased flux in\nboth bands [29].\n- RGB J0710+591: Modeling the SED of this\nHBL with an SSC model yields a good fit to\nthe data. The inclusion of an external Compton\ncomponent does not improve the fit.\n- PKS 1424+240: The broadband SED of this IBL\n(at unknown redshift) is well described by an\nSSC model favoring a redshift of less than 0.1\n[21]. Using the photon index measured with\nFermi-LAT in combination with recent EBL ab-\nsorption models, the VERITAS data indicate\nthat the redshift of PKS 1424+240 is less than\n0.66.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS**\n\n### **3.1. Variability Index**\nWe roughly characterize the level of variability of\neach source using the variability index from Hovatta\net al. [8]:\n*V*  = <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>max</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*   *<sup>σ</sup>*   *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>max</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>min</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>σ</sup>*   *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>min</sup> <sup>)</sup> (  *F* max  *−* *σ* *F* max ) + (  *F* min + *σ* *F* min ) (2)\nFigure 2 shows the distribution for the  *SMA*  blazars.\nObjects with  *V*   *≤*  0 are typically unsuitable for more\n**eConf C091122**\ndetailed variability analysis for one of two reasons:\n(1) too few data points or (2) flux measurement un-\ncertainties on the order of the amplitude of observed\nvariability. It is important to note that, due to dis-\ncrepancies between the sampling frequency in both\nbands, the variability indices for the 850  *μ*  m band may\nbe artificially depressed due to the fact that there are\nnot always corresponding measurements at higher fre-\nquencies during flaring epochs.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **8. Conclusions**\n\n### **Acknowledgments**\nThis research is supported by grants from the US\nDepartment of Energy, the US National Science Foun-\ndation, and the Smithsonian Institution, by NSERC in\nCanada, by Science Foundation Ireland, and by STFC\nin the UK. We acknowledge the excellent work of the\ntechnical support staff at the FLWO and the collab-\norating institutions in the construction and operation\nof the instrument.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **5. CONCLUSIONS**\n\nThe motivation for observing blazars in the sub-\nmillimeter is to study behavior close to the central\nengine, where the jet material is presumably still be-\ning accelerated. The separate emission processes that\ncontribute to overall SED may present differently in\nBL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the\nsimilarities and differences between blazar types. We\nhave investigated these differences between objects in\nterms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion,\nfind that\n*-*  The  *SMA*  blazars exhibit submillimeter energy spectral indexes that follow the spectral se-\nquence interpretation of blazars.\n**eConf C091122**\nFigure 5: Ratio of  *γ*  -ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this\nplot should be directly correlated with its blazar “state”, with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower\nleft. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot.\n*-*  BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant differences in amplitude of submillimeter vari-\nability or characteristic timescale, but our sam-\nple of BL Lacs may be dominated by high-\npeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit obser-\nvational similarities with FSRQs.\n*-*  Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that ac-\ncounts for both high and low states, with char-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n**Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in**   * **Fermi** *\n**Blazars**\nA. Strom *Univ. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA*\nA. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly *CfA, MA 02138, USA*\nWe present multi-epoch observations from the  *Submillimeter Array*  (  *SMA*  ) for a sample of 171 bright blazars,\n43 of which were detected by  *Fermi*  during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation\nbetween their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special\nemphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is de-\ntermined using a combination of  *Fermi*  designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS),\nresulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate\nsubmillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands\nduring the months August- October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous\nautoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differ-\nences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity.\nAll of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low\nand high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during\nflaring epochs.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf",
+                "query": "Where is the Submillimeter Array?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "near the summit of Mauna Ke",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **2.**   * **SMA** *   **BLAZARS**\n\nThe  *Submillimeter Array*  [4] consists of eight 6 m\nantennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The\n*SMA*  is used in a variety of baseline configurations\nand typically operates in the 1mm and 850  *μ*  m win-\ndows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25” at\n850  *μ*  m. The sources used as phase calibrators for the\narray are compiled in a database known as the  *SMA* Calibrator List <sup>2</sup> [5]. Essentially a collection of bright\nobjects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy\nat 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly,\nboth during science observations and dedicated ob-\nserving tracks.\nTo select our sample, we identified objects in the\ncalibrator list that were also classified as BL Lacs or\nFSRQs by the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Sur-\nvey [6, CGRaBS]. Of the 243 total objects in the\ncalibrator list, 171 (35 BL Lacs and 136 FSRQs)\nhave positive blazar class identifications, although\nthere are three sources (J0238+166, J0428-379, and\n1 The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the\nSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia\nSinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded\nby the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica.\n2 http://sma1.sma.hawaii.edu/callist/callist.html\n**eConf C091122**\narXiv:1001.0806v1  [astro-ph.HE]  6 Jan 2010 Figure 1: The  *SMA*  light curves for 3C 454.3. The open",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n**Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in**   * **Fermi** *\n**Blazars**\nA. Strom *Univ. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA*\nA. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly *CfA, MA 02138, USA*\nWe present multi-epoch observations from the  *Submillimeter Array*  (  *SMA*  ) for a sample of 171 bright blazars,\n43 of which were detected by  *Fermi*  during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation\nbetween their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special\nemphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is de-\ntermined using a combination of  *Fermi*  designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS),\nresulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate\nsubmillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands\nduring the months August- October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous\nautoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differ-\nences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity.\nAll of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low\nand high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during\nflaring epochs.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **1. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring\nevents occur in blazars indicate that much of the en-\nergy is being produced deep within the jet on small,\nsub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emis-\nsion differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs\nobjects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs))\nmay offer important insight into the similarity be-\ntween blazars and, furthermore, can provide con-\nstraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets\nthemselves.\nFor the synchrotron component of blazar spectra,\nthe low-frequency spectral break due to synchrotron\nself-absorption moves to higher frequencies as one\nmeasures closer to the base of the jet [2]. This of-\nten places the peak of the spectrum in the millime-\nter and submillimeter bands, where the emission is\noptically-thin and originates on parsec and sub-parsec\nscales [3], allowing direct observation of the most com-\npact regions near the central engine. The high en-\nergy  *γ*  -ray emission originates as a Compton process,\ntypically a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton\n(SSC) and external-radiation-Compton (ERC). De-\npending on the source properties, the synchrotron\nphotons or external photons are upscattered by the\nsame population of electrons that emit the millimeter\nand submillimeter spectra. Therefore the submillime-\nter and  *γ*  -ray emission are closely linked and give the\nfull information about the source emission.\nA systematic study of the submillimeter properties\nof the entire sample of  *Fermi*  blazars has yet to be con-\nducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We\npresent here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter\nproperties of  *Fermi*  blazars detected by the  *Submil-*\n*limeter Array*  <sup>1</sup> (  *SMA*  ) at 1mm and 850  *μ*  m, including\nan investigation of variable behavior and the deter-\nmination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In\naddition, we consider the connection to the observed\n*γ*  -ray indices and luminosities.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **5. CONCLUSIONS**\n\nThe motivation for observing blazars in the sub-\nmillimeter is to study behavior close to the central\nengine, where the jet material is presumably still be-\ning accelerated. The separate emission processes that\ncontribute to overall SED may present differently in\nBL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the\nsimilarities and differences between blazar types. We\nhave investigated these differences between objects in\nterms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion,\nfind that\n*-*  The  *SMA*  blazars exhibit submillimeter energy spectral indexes that follow the spectral se-\nquence interpretation of blazars.\n**eConf C091122**\nFigure 5: Ratio of  *γ*  -ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this\nplot should be directly correlated with its blazar “state”, with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower\nleft. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot.\n*-*  BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant differences in amplitude of submillimeter vari-\nability or characteristic timescale, but our sam-\nple of BL Lacs may be dominated by high-\npeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit obser-\nvational similarities with FSRQs.\n*-*  Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that ac-\ncounts for both high and low states, with char-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\nThis work was supported in part by the NSF\nREU and DoD ASSURE programs under Grant no.\n0754568 and by the Smithsonian Institution. Par-\ntial support was also provided by NASA contract\nNAS8-39073 and NASA grant NNX07AQ55G. We\nhave made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at\nCDS, Strasbourg, France, and the NASA/IPAC Ex-\ntragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the\nJPL, Caltech, under contract with NASA.\n**eConf C091122**",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **2.**   * **SMA** *   **BLAZARS**\n\n### **2.1. Submillimeter Properties**\n\n**Submillimeter Luminosities.**  Since we are pri-\nmarily concerned with comparisons to  *Fermi*  observa-\ntions, we note that only 129 of the  *SMA*  blazars (23 BL\nLacs and 106 FSRQs) were observed by the  *SMA*  in\neither band during the three months August-October\n2008. For these objects, submillimeter luminosities\nare calculated in the standard way:\n*ν* *e* *L* *ν* *e*  = 4 *πD*  <sup>2</sup> L\n*ν* obs *F* obs\n1 +  *z* *,*  (1)\nwhere  *D* L is the luminosity distance, *ν* obs is the fre-\nquency of the observed band, and  *F* obs is the average\nFigure 2: Variability index for our sample (top: 1mm,\nbottom: 850  *μ*  m), with FSRQs as the hatched\ndistribution and BL Lacs as the solid distribution. There\nis no signicant difference in the class distributions in\neither band; the “tail” to the left is populated by objects\nwith errors larger than the intrinsic variability.\nflux (in erg cm  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> s  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> Hz  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> ) over the three month pe-\nriod. We adopt a lambda cold dark matter cosmology\nwith values of  *H* 0 = 71 km s  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> Mpc  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> , Ω M = 0 *.*  27,\nand Λ = 0  *.*  73.\n**Energy Spectral Indices.**  We derive submillime-\nter spectral energy indices from observations quasi-\nsimultaneous with the  *Fermi*  observations. To be con-\nsistent with the use of  *α* *γ* , we define spectral energy in-\ndex as  *νF* *ν*  = *ν*   *<sup>−</sup>*   *<sup>α</sup>*  <sup>S</sup> and calculate  *α* S from the average\nof the energy spectral indices over the corresponding\nthree months. We only calculate  *α* S for the 16 objects\n(8 BL Lacs and 35 FSRQs) with observations at both\n1mm and 850  *μ*  m during this time frame.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **4. CONNECTION WITH GAMMA-RAYS**\n\nIn general, we find that in the submillimeter, we\nare observing these blazars at or near the peak of the\nsynchrotron component (  *α* S  *∼* 0), but that  *Fermi*  -\ndetected sources have more negative energy spectral\nindices overall than  *Fermi*  -nondetected sources. In\nFigure 4, we see that while the majority of  *Fermi*\nblazars are observed on the rising part of the syn-\nchrotron component (at lower energies than the peak),\nall of the objects have very steeply falling  *γ*  -ray energy\nspectral indexes, putting the  *γ*  -ray peak at lower en-\nergies than the observed  *Fermi*  band. Knowing that\nwe are not observing the synchrotron and  *γ*  -ray com-\nponents at analagous points in the spectrum may al-\nlow us to better understand the magnetic field in the\nparsec-scale jet region and the population of external\nphotons that is being upscattered to  *γ*  -rays.\nIn Figure 5, the ratio between  *L* *γ*  and *νL* *ν,*  1mm re-\nflects the division between BL Lacs and FSRQs as well\n**eConf C091122**\nFigure 4: The  *γ*  -ray index versus submillimeter index plane. The blazars fall more steeply in the  *γ*  -rays than in the\nsubmillimeter band, where most are, in fact, rising. This LAT-detected sample contrasts with the full  *SMA*  sample,\nwhere the blazars are more distributed around  *α* S  *∼* 0.\nas the presence of SSC versus ERC. Here, we use sub-\nmillimeter luminosity as a proxy for jet power, which\nis correlated with the integrated luminosity of the syn-\nchrotron component. Elevated  *γ*  -ray luminosity with",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **2.**   * **SMA** *   **BLAZARS**\n\ncircles represent the 850  *μ*  m observations, and the open\ntriangles represent the 1mm observations.\nJ1751+096) which have conflicting classifications be-\ntween  *Fermi*  and CGRaBS. Some blazars found in the\ncalibrator list have been studied extensively (e.g., 3C\n279 and 3C 454.3) but the  *SMA*  blazars have not been\nstudied collectively.\nForty-four of the objects in our total blazar sample\nwere detected by  *Fermi*  and can be found in the cata-\nlog of LAT Bright AGN Sources (LBAS) from Abdo et\nal. [7]. J0050-094 has no redshift in either the LBAS\ncatalog or CGRaBS and is not included in our study.\nOf the 43 remaining sources, 14 are BL Lac objects\nand 29 are FSRQs, with 0  *.*  03  *≤*   *z*   *≤*  2  *.*  19. We examined submillimeter light curves for all of\nthe  *SMA*  blazars, with observations beginning in ap-\nproximately 2003 (see Figure 1). Typically, the 1mm\nband is much more well-sampled in comparison to the\n850m band, but visual inspection reveals that the reg-\nularity and quality of observations vary greatly from\nsource to source. Many of the objects exhibit non-\nperiodic variability, either in the form of persistent,\nlow-amplitude fluctuations or higher amplitude flar-\ning behavior.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **References**\n\n[1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in  *American Insti-*\n*tute of Physics Conference Series*  , edited by F. A.\nAharonian and H. J. V ̈olk (2001), vol. 558 of\n*American Institute of Physics Conference Series*  ,\npp. 275- 288.\n[2] M. Sikora, in  *Blazar Demographics and Physics*  ,\nedited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol.\n227 of  *Astronomical Society of the Pacific Con-*\n*ference Series*  , pp. 95- 104.\n[3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H.\nHughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja,\nand M. Tornikoski, ApJ  **437**  , 91 (1994).\n[4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl\n**616**  , L1 (2004).\n[5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R.\nDarrah, and C. A. Katz, in  *From Z-Machines to*\n*ALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galax-*\n*ies*  , edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris,\nJ. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375\nof  *Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference*\n*Series*  , p. 234.\n[6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F.\nMichelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead,\nP. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C.\nWeintraub, ApJS  **175**  , 97 (2008).\n[7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. At-\nwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Bar-\nbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ\n**700**  , 597 (2009).\n[8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Val-\ntaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A  **485**  , 51\n(2008).\n[9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska,\nApJ  **698**  , 895 (2009).\n[10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ\n**675**  , 71 (2008).\n**eConf C091122**",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **5. CONCLUSIONS**\n\nacteristic timescales 10  *< τ* rest  *<* 500 days.\n*-*  The blazars detected by  *Fermi*  have synchrotron peaks at higher frequencies, regardless of sub-\nmillimeter luminosity.\n*-*  FSRQs exhibit higher ratios of  *γ*  -ray to sub- millimeter luminosity than BL Lacs (Figure 5),\nbut all objects inhabit a region of parameter\nspace suggesting transitions between states dur-\ning flaring epochs.\nAs  *Fermi*  continues to observe fainter sources, the\nsample of objects for which we can perform this type of\nanalysis will increase and provide better limits on our\nresults. To understand the physical relevance of these\nresults, however, it is important to be able to distin-\nguish between the difference in variability between BL\nLacs and FSRQs. One avenue for exploring this dif-\nference is to monitor changing submillimeter energy\nspectral index and the ratio of  *γ*  -ray to submillime-\nter luminosity as functions of time. The full mean-\ning of the results of our autoregressive method is not\nyet clear, and will require better-sampled blazar light\ncurves and the comparison between  *τ* rest with physical\ntimescales such as the synchrotron cooling timescale.\nThese analyses would allow us to place constraints\non the processes occurring near the base of the jet in\nblazars and further understand the intimate connec-\ntion between them.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf",
+                "query": "How many blazars were observed by the SMA in either band during the three months August-October 2008?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "only 129 of the SMA blazars",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 3
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **2.**   * **SMA** *   **BLAZARS**\n\nThe  *Submillimeter Array*  [4] consists of eight 6 m\nantennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The\n*SMA*  is used in a variety of baseline configurations\nand typically operates in the 1mm and 850  *μ*  m win-\ndows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25” at\n850  *μ*  m. The sources used as phase calibrators for the\narray are compiled in a database known as the  *SMA* Calibrator List <sup>2</sup> [5]. Essentially a collection of bright\nobjects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy\nat 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly,\nboth during science observations and dedicated ob-\nserving tracks.\nTo select our sample, we identified objects in the\ncalibrator list that were also classified as BL Lacs or\nFSRQs by the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Sur-\nvey [6, CGRaBS]. Of the 243 total objects in the\ncalibrator list, 171 (35 BL Lacs and 136 FSRQs)\nhave positive blazar class identifications, although\nthere are three sources (J0238+166, J0428-379, and\n1 The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the\nSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia\nSinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded\nby the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica.\n2 http://sma1.sma.hawaii.edu/callist/callist.html\n**eConf C091122**\narXiv:1001.0806v1  [astro-ph.HE]  6 Jan 2010 Figure 1: The  *SMA*  light curves for 3C 454.3. The open",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **2.**   * **SMA** *   **BLAZARS**\n\ncircles represent the 850  *μ*  m observations, and the open\ntriangles represent the 1mm observations.\nJ1751+096) which have conflicting classifications be-\ntween  *Fermi*  and CGRaBS. Some blazars found in the\ncalibrator list have been studied extensively (e.g., 3C\n279 and 3C 454.3) but the  *SMA*  blazars have not been\nstudied collectively.\nForty-four of the objects in our total blazar sample\nwere detected by  *Fermi*  and can be found in the cata-\nlog of LAT Bright AGN Sources (LBAS) from Abdo et\nal. [7]. J0050-094 has no redshift in either the LBAS\ncatalog or CGRaBS and is not included in our study.\nOf the 43 remaining sources, 14 are BL Lac objects\nand 29 are FSRQs, with 0  *.*  03  *≤*   *z*   *≤*  2  *.*  19. We examined submillimeter light curves for all of\nthe  *SMA*  blazars, with observations beginning in ap-\nproximately 2003 (see Figure 1). Typically, the 1mm\nband is much more well-sampled in comparison to the\n850m band, but visual inspection reveals that the reg-\nularity and quality of observations vary greatly from\nsource to source. Many of the objects exhibit non-\nperiodic variability, either in the form of persistent,\nlow-amplitude fluctuations or higher amplitude flar-\ning behavior.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n**Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in**   * **Fermi** *\n**Blazars**\nA. Strom *Univ. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA*\nA. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly *CfA, MA 02138, USA*\nWe present multi-epoch observations from the  *Submillimeter Array*  (  *SMA*  ) for a sample of 171 bright blazars,\n43 of which were detected by  *Fermi*  during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation\nbetween their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special\nemphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is de-\ntermined using a combination of  *Fermi*  designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS),\nresulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate\nsubmillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands\nduring the months August- October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous\nautoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differ-\nences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity.\nAll of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low\nand high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during\nflaring epochs.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **2.**   * **SMA** *   **BLAZARS**\n\n### **2.1. Submillimeter Properties**\n\n**Submillimeter Luminosities.**  Since we are pri-\nmarily concerned with comparisons to  *Fermi*  observa-\ntions, we note that only 129 of the  *SMA*  blazars (23 BL\nLacs and 106 FSRQs) were observed by the  *SMA*  in\neither band during the three months August-October\n2008. For these objects, submillimeter luminosities\nare calculated in the standard way:\n*ν* *e* *L* *ν* *e*  = 4 *πD*  <sup>2</sup> L\n*ν* obs *F* obs\n1 +  *z* *,*  (1)\nwhere  *D* L is the luminosity distance, *ν* obs is the fre-\nquency of the observed band, and  *F* obs is the average\nFigure 2: Variability index for our sample (top: 1mm,\nbottom: 850  *μ*  m), with FSRQs as the hatched\ndistribution and BL Lacs as the solid distribution. There\nis no signicant difference in the class distributions in\neither band; the “tail” to the left is populated by objects\nwith errors larger than the intrinsic variability.\nflux (in erg cm  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> s  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> Hz  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> ) over the three month pe-\nriod. We adopt a lambda cold dark matter cosmology\nwith values of  *H* 0 = 71 km s  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> Mpc  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>1</sup> , Ω M = 0 *.*  27,\nand Λ = 0  *.*  73.\n**Energy Spectral Indices.**  We derive submillime-\nter spectral energy indices from observations quasi-\nsimultaneous with the  *Fermi*  observations. To be con-\nsistent with the use of  *α* *γ* , we define spectral energy in-\ndex as  *νF* *ν*  = *ν*   *<sup>−</sup>*   *<sup>α</sup>*  <sup>S</sup> and calculate  *α* S from the average\nof the energy spectral indices over the corresponding\nthree months. We only calculate  *α* S for the 16 objects\n(8 BL Lacs and 35 FSRQs) with observations at both\n1mm and 850  *μ*  m during this time frame.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **5. CONCLUSIONS**\n\nThe motivation for observing blazars in the sub-\nmillimeter is to study behavior close to the central\nengine, where the jet material is presumably still be-\ning accelerated. The separate emission processes that\ncontribute to overall SED may present differently in\nBL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the\nsimilarities and differences between blazar types. We\nhave investigated these differences between objects in\nterms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion,\nfind that\n*-*  The  *SMA*  blazars exhibit submillimeter energy spectral indexes that follow the spectral se-\nquence interpretation of blazars.\n**eConf C091122**\nFigure 5: Ratio of  *γ*  -ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this\nplot should be directly correlated with its blazar “state”, with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower\nleft. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot.\n*-*  BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant differences in amplitude of submillimeter vari-\nability or characteristic timescale, but our sam-\nple of BL Lacs may be dominated by high-\npeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit obser-\nvational similarities with FSRQs.\n*-*  Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that ac-\ncounts for both high and low states, with char-",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# VERITAS Observations of Blazars 1. Introduction 2. VERITAS\n\n## **7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE Blazars**\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS obser-\nvations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were\norganized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08),\n1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (2009-\n10 - ongoing). In addition, numerous ToO MWL-\nobservation campaigns were performed. These include\ncampaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VER-\nITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data.\nAll MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered\neConf C091122\nσ **−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**Crab Flux % 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14**\n**Entries**\n**0**\n**2**\n**4**\n**6**\n**8**\n**10**\n**12**\n**14**\n**16**\n**18**\nFigure 1: (Left) The preliminary significance measured from each of the 49 non-detected candidates using standard\nanalysis cuts. The curve shows a Gaussian distribution, with mean zero and standard deviation one, normalized to the\nnumber of blazars. A similar result is obtained using analysis cuts optimized for soft-spectrum sources. (Right) The\ndistribution of flux upper limits for the non-detected blazars in percentage of Crab Nebula flux above the observation\nthreshold. The time-weighted average limit is less than ∼ 2% Crab flux.\nsince the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In\naddition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied\nVHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the\ncontributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these\nproceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these\ncampaigns include:\n- 1ES 2344+514: A major (50% Crab) VHE flare,\nalong with correlations of the VHE and X-ray\nflux were observed from this HBL. The VHE\nand X-ray spectra harden during bright states,\nand a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **4. CONNECTION WITH GAMMA-RAYS**\n\nIn general, we find that in the submillimeter, we\nare observing these blazars at or near the peak of the\nsynchrotron component (  *α* S  *∼* 0), but that  *Fermi*  -\ndetected sources have more negative energy spectral\nindices overall than  *Fermi*  -nondetected sources. In\nFigure 4, we see that while the majority of  *Fermi*\nblazars are observed on the rising part of the syn-\nchrotron component (at lower energies than the peak),\nall of the objects have very steeply falling  *γ*  -ray energy\nspectral indexes, putting the  *γ*  -ray peak at lower en-\nergies than the observed  *Fermi*  band. Knowing that\nwe are not observing the synchrotron and  *γ*  -ray com-\nponents at analagous points in the spectrum may al-\nlow us to better understand the magnetic field in the\nparsec-scale jet region and the population of external\nphotons that is being upscattered to  *γ*  -rays.\nIn Figure 5, the ratio between  *L* *γ*  and *νL* *ν,*  1mm re-\nflects the division between BL Lacs and FSRQs as well\n**eConf C091122**\nFigure 4: The  *γ*  -ray index versus submillimeter index plane. The blazars fall more steeply in the  *γ*  -rays than in the\nsubmillimeter band, where most are, in fact, rising. This LAT-detected sample contrasts with the full  *SMA*  sample,\nwhere the blazars are more distributed around  *α* S  *∼* 0.\nas the presence of SSC versus ERC. Here, we use sub-\nmillimeter luminosity as a proxy for jet power, which\nis correlated with the integrated luminosity of the syn-\nchrotron component. Elevated  *γ*  -ray luminosity with",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **1. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring\nevents occur in blazars indicate that much of the en-\nergy is being produced deep within the jet on small,\nsub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emis-\nsion differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs\nobjects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs))\nmay offer important insight into the similarity be-\ntween blazars and, furthermore, can provide con-\nstraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets\nthemselves.\nFor the synchrotron component of blazar spectra,\nthe low-frequency spectral break due to synchrotron\nself-absorption moves to higher frequencies as one\nmeasures closer to the base of the jet [2]. This of-\nten places the peak of the spectrum in the millime-\nter and submillimeter bands, where the emission is\noptically-thin and originates on parsec and sub-parsec\nscales [3], allowing direct observation of the most com-\npact regions near the central engine. The high en-\nergy  *γ*  -ray emission originates as a Compton process,\ntypically a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton\n(SSC) and external-radiation-Compton (ERC). De-\npending on the source properties, the synchrotron\nphotons or external photons are upscattered by the\nsame population of electrons that emit the millimeter\nand submillimeter spectra. Therefore the submillime-\nter and  *γ*  -ray emission are closely linked and give the\nfull information about the source emission.\nA systematic study of the submillimeter properties\nof the entire sample of  *Fermi*  blazars has yet to be con-\nducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We\npresent here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter\nproperties of  *Fermi*  blazars detected by the  *Submil-*\n*limeter Array*  <sup>1</sup> (  *SMA*  ) at 1mm and 850  *μ*  m, including\nan investigation of variable behavior and the deter-\nmination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In\naddition, we consider the connection to the observed\n*γ*  -ray indices and luminosities.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **Acknowledgments**\nThis work was supported in part by the NSF\nREU and DoD ASSURE programs under Grant no.\n0754568 and by the Smithsonian Institution. Par-\ntial support was also provided by NASA contract\nNAS8-39073 and NASA grant NNX07AQ55G. We\nhave made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at\nCDS, Strasbourg, France, and the NASA/IPAC Ex-\ntragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the\nJPL, Caltech, under contract with NASA.\n**eConf C091122**",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in  Fermi Blazars 1. INTRODUCTION 2.  SMA  BL[...]\n\n## **3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS**\n\n### **3.1. Variability Index**\nWe roughly characterize the level of variability of\neach source using the variability index from Hovatta\net al. [8]:\n*V*  = <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>max</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*   *<sup>σ</sup>*   *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>max</sup> <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>min</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>σ</sup>*   *<sup>F</sup>*  <sup>min</sup> <sup>)</sup> (  *F* max  *−* *σ* *F* max ) + (  *F* min + *σ* *F* min ) (2)\nFigure 2 shows the distribution for the  *SMA*  blazars.\nObjects with  *V*   *≤*  0 are typically unsuitable for more\n**eConf C091122**\ndetailed variability analysis for one of two reasons:\n(1) too few data points or (2) flux measurement un-\ncertainties on the order of the amplitude of observed\nvariability. It is important to note that, due to dis-\ncrepancies between the sampling frequency in both\nbands, the variability indices for the 850  *μ*  m band may\nbe artificially depressed due to the fact that there are\nnot always corresponding measurements at higher fre-\nquencies during flaring epochs.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf",
+                "query": "How big is the Mermaid fleet?",
+                "target_page": 12,
+                "target_passage": "Mermaid operates a fleet of fifteen (15) tugs, workboats and barges, undertaking all forms of offshore activity",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 3
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n11\nvessels engaged in routine offshore logistics tasks operate fully laden with 7.4 m draft which\nmeans there will be very few occasions when the largest vessels in the industry have to make a\ntide dependent entry or departure through the Mermaid channel. Further the Mermaid Base will\nnot suffer operational disadvantages experienced by the adjacent Woodshed Base or nearby\nDamper Public Wharf in terms of entry and departure draft restrictions.\nThe function and purpose of Berth 1 will be:\n- To service the larger offshore supply boat market on a fast turnaround basis.\n- To receive and offload very heavy ro/ro cargoes up to 1500 tonne delivered by ocean going\nheavy lift ships and barges.\n- To handle inbound and outbound cargoes related to major offshore pipe lay projects.\n- To receive and efficiently load reel ships used for deep water small diameter pipelay.\nThe wharf will be an earth filled structure with steel sheet pile faces and concrete capping beam\nsurround. Most of the construction will be performed using land based equipment working from\nthe core of the earth filled system.\nMuch effort has gone into a design concept which allows very large cranes (>100 tonne\ncapacity) to operate without restriction on the wharf.\nThe separation between Berth 1 and Berth 2 is such to allow Road Train Triples (the max\nallowable) to turn unassisted on the wharf.\n##### **C. QUAY WALL (BERTH 2)**\nThe inner berth, Berth 2 has a minimum depth alongside of 5.0 m allowing unrestricted\noperation of all the Mermaid fleet, and the majority of other vessels servicing the offshore oil/gas\nindustry and mineral ports. This berth will offer excellent weather protection for small and\nmedium size vessels.\n##### **D. BREAKWATER.**\nThe rubble mount type breakwater will be an extension of the wharf, constructed using core and\narmor rock largely won from excavations on the Base. The excavations created will become\ndepositories for dredge spoil.\nBecause the storm surge associated with major cyclones can be up to 7 m above chart datum (low\ntide), before imposing the wave height, a fully protective breakwater is not practical. The\nMERMAID MARINE\nAUSTRALIA LIMITED",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### C H A I R M A N ’ S  R E P O R T\n\n5\nDirector of the Clough Group and a highly experienced and talented executive. Richard has\nappointed an alternate director, Mr Chris Sutherland, a senior Clough Executive, with\nengineering qualifications and associated business skills to assist him.\nCaptain Jim Carver, Mermaid’s founder continues to play a significant role in Mermaid’s operations,\npaying particular attention to our business at sea. Under 20 years of Jim’s leadership, Mermaid\ndeveloped an enviable reputation as a “can do” company, and in our drive for new engineering\nexpertise and professionalism, we have no intention of allowing that attitude to be lost.\nLast year we identified Broome as our next strategic position. No oil and gas work had been\nsupported out of Broome for seventeen years and with the valuable cooperation and assistance\nof the Broome Port Authority, we secured Inpex, the large Japanese resource company as our first\nclient. The base was then established early this year.\nA new focus has developed in the Browse Basin and it is pleasing to report that after only seven\nmonths operation, our Base is profitable, housing Inpex, BHP, Woodside and Sedco in support\nof their current drilling programs. All the holes drilled from the Broome Base have been\ndesignated as commercial finds by the explorers and the very major increase in the reserves at\nBrecknock, Woodside’s permit 500 kilometres north of Broome creates optimism for future\nproduction based in the Broome area.\nDarwin was next on our list, enabling involvement in Timor Sea oil and gas activity. The Bayu",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n8\nS E A G O I N G  O P E R AT I O N S\nDA M P I E R  B A S E",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\noverheads, which included more beneficial ownership costs, insurance savings, management\nsalary savings, including voluntary sacrifice from certain senior executives in recognition of the\ntighter conditions. In all the changes contributed approximately $1.5million to the bottom line.\nBare boat charters, although useful for the busy times encountered in 1998 exposed the\nCompany to a high level of fixed costs. The vessels were valuable earners and the transfer of the\nMermaid Achiever, Mermaid Eagle and Mermaid Reunion to Company ownership has proved\nto be the right decision for all market conditions. Although there have been no contracts yet let\nfor work of any significance by producers on the North West Shelf, underlying day to day activity\nhas returned. Expressions of interest for major project work have been issued and as an indication\nof better trading conditions, an unaudited profit of $496,721 has been recorded for the two\nmonths to 31st August 2000. The trend has continued in September.\nO V E RV I E W\nF I N A N C I A L\nMermaid operates a fleet of fifteen (15) tugs, workboats and barges,\nundertaking all forms of offshore activity including exploration support, supply, survey and berthing\nassist. Lower vessel utilisation during the period allowed an acceleration of scheduled maintenance.\nTwo tugs, Mermaid Commando and Mermaid Chieftan received extensive refits. In both cases the\nwork increased productivity through enhanced bollard pull and consequent earnings.\nSafety was given the highest priority through new monitoring systems and awareness programs.\nFormalised on the job instruction and training courses have also lifted levels of experience and\nproficiency across the workforce.\nThe offshore waters and islands adjacent to Dampier, host in excess of 50% of all\nexploration and development budgets of Australia’s offshore oil and gas industry. The Burrup\nPeninsular where the Base is located is the intended site of major new oil, gas, petrochemical and",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### P R O F I T  A N D  L O S S  S TAT E M E N T",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### Work Boat M E R M A I D  F L E E T\n23",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### M E R M A I D  F L E E T\n22\nM E R M A I D  A V E N G E R\n19.8m Oil Pollution, Crew Boat\nM E R M A I D  A C H I E V E R\n40m Survey, Utility, Standby\nM E R M A I D  R E U N I O N\n26m Utility Vessel\nP E L I C A N  B A R G E\n36.58m Utility Barge\nM E R M A I D  S U P P L I E R\n29.05m Landing Barge, Supply Vessel\nM E R M A I D  C O M M A N D O\n20.04m Tug, Utility Vessel\nM E R M A I D  B O S S\n19.8m Utility Barge\nM E R M A I D  T I TA N\n14.3m Steel Twin Screw Tug,",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n10\nWork on Dampier\nBase expansion commenced on 9 October and will be largely complete by June 2001, involving\na capital budget of $13m.\nThe principle activities and facility developments involved in the expansion are:\n##### **A. DREDGING**\nApproximately 700,000 m3 of material is to be dredged in King Bay to form an entrance\nchannel, vessel berths, cyclone moorings and to provide access to the slipway.\nThe experience of Woodside constructing their nearby base in 1981 indicates that two types of\ndredges will be required, a Cutter Suction to remove the soft unconsolidated material (approx.70%)\nand a Dipper Dredge (barge mounted back-hoe) to remove harder consolidated material.\nThe Cutter Suction dredge size will be deliberately modest due to onshore spoil management\nrequirement and environmental considerations.\nThe Dipper Dredge will be the largest of its type in the world, and will be an ideal remedial\ndredging tool using the experience gained from the earlier Woodside project.\nThe layout of the Base has been very much driven by the desire to avoid or minimize blasting\nwhile fulfilling functional objectives.\nThe entrance channel into the Mermaid Base will be 30 m wide and dredged to 6 m below chart\ndatum. The dredge spoil will be pumped ashore and used as fill around the Base.\nDredges are expected to be onsite for approximately 7 months commencing mid November.\n##### **B. QUAY WALL ( BERTH 1)**\nMarket research and customer needs have caused Mermaid to relocate and redesign the main\nberth to accommodate a wider range of vessels than originally contemplated. The berth is now\nlocated in deeper water with better vessel access.\nThe regional offshore fleet characteristics have been changing in terms of vessel size. There are\nnow four vessels operating in the region with 12,000 to 18,000 hp. When design commenced\nthere were none of this size.\nThe depth alongside Berth 1 will be 7.5m. King Bay has a statistical average extreme low tide\n(MLWS) of 0.9 m, the occurrence of which can be expressed in hours per month. The largest\nB A S E  E X PA N S I O N  W O R K S  A N D  E N V I RO N M E N TA L  M A N A G E M E N T",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **2000 1999 2000 1999**\n\n### S TAT E M E N T  O F  C A S H  F L O W S",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\nleased facilities to seven third party vessels and protection for three of our own vessels using this\ntechnique by the cyclone season in 2001.\nAs more vessels seek protection, additional breakwaters can be constructed and sea room\ndredged. Each mooring involves a pattern of pin piles drilled into the granite sea floor with four\nvessel specific mooring lines secured to special attachment points on the vessel.\nMany smaller vessels including Mermaid’s will be lifted from the water and tied down on purpose\nbuilt cradles for cyclones.\n##### **F. ONSHORE LAND RECLAMATION.**\nLike our neighbours, much of the Mermaid site is below the prescribed storm surge level, or\nneeds some degree of earthworks to maximize its value. Currently 8 of the 17 ha of the area is\nsuitable for development in its present state.\nThe spoil produced from dredging will allow Mermaid to achieve full utilization of the site at a\nfraction of the cost of importing fill from elsewhere.\nConsiderable effort has gone into anticipating the future direction of the Base. Planning services\nsuch as traffic flows, land allocation and security, as well as fulfilling the many and complex\nregulatory requirements related to health, safety, quarantine, environmental management, dust,\ndangerous goods and hazchem materials have been the subject of considerable study prior to this\nimplementation stage. 13\n* **The foreshore of King Bay will be redeveloped as part of the Mermaid Marine Dampier Base Expansion works.** *\nMERMAID MARINE\nAUSTRALIA LIMITED",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the budget for the expansion of Dampier Base?",
+                "target_page": 14,
+                "target_passage": "a capital budget of $13m",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n10\nWork on Dampier\nBase expansion commenced on 9 October and will be largely complete by June 2001, involving\na capital budget of $13m.\nThe principle activities and facility developments involved in the expansion are:\n##### **A. DREDGING**\nApproximately 700,000 m3 of material is to be dredged in King Bay to form an entrance\nchannel, vessel berths, cyclone moorings and to provide access to the slipway.\nThe experience of Woodside constructing their nearby base in 1981 indicates that two types of\ndredges will be required, a Cutter Suction to remove the soft unconsolidated material (approx.70%)\nand a Dipper Dredge (barge mounted back-hoe) to remove harder consolidated material.\nThe Cutter Suction dredge size will be deliberately modest due to onshore spoil management\nrequirement and environmental considerations.\nThe Dipper Dredge will be the largest of its type in the world, and will be an ideal remedial\ndredging tool using the experience gained from the earlier Woodside project.\nThe layout of the Base has been very much driven by the desire to avoid or minimize blasting\nwhile fulfilling functional objectives.\nThe entrance channel into the Mermaid Base will be 30 m wide and dredged to 6 m below chart\ndatum. The dredge spoil will be pumped ashore and used as fill around the Base.\nDredges are expected to be onsite for approximately 7 months commencing mid November.\n##### **B. QUAY WALL ( BERTH 1)**\nMarket research and customer needs have caused Mermaid to relocate and redesign the main\nberth to accommodate a wider range of vessels than originally contemplated. The berth is now\nlocated in deeper water with better vessel access.\nThe regional offshore fleet characteristics have been changing in terms of vessel size. There are\nnow four vessels operating in the region with 12,000 to 18,000 hp. When design commenced\nthere were none of this size.\nThe depth alongside Berth 1 will be 7.5m. King Bay has a statistical average extreme low tide\n(MLWS) of 0.9 m, the occurrence of which can be expressed in hours per month. The largest\nB A S E  E X PA N S I O N  W O R K S  A N D  E N V I RO N M E N TA L  M A N A G E M E N T",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\nindustrial mineral processing plants. The Port of Dampier is Australia’s largest Port as measured by\ntonnage, but as identified in the 1997 WA Department of Commerce and Trade report, there\nremains an urgent need for additional marine support infrastructure. Mermaid is now well advanced\nin our plan to satisfy those needs and onshore work was announced to start on the 9th October 2000.\nSince receiving approval in principle for development of the Dampier Base from the Western\nAustralian Minister for the Environment in February 2000, engineering and general design work\nin connection with the base proceeded at an accelerated pace.\nThis work, assisted by technical studies and a re-assessment of an increased demand for services\narising out of greater expectations for growth in the sector, has led to improvements and\nexpansion of capacity over earlier plans.\nThe Dampier Base will now comprise:-\nAn “all tides” approach channel to a minimum depth of 6 metres\nA wharf offering 7.5 metres depth at low tide, featuring a heavy loadout section to\naccommodate modules of up to 1500 tonnes to onshore projects on the Burrup Peninsular\nand adjacent mining centres. A subsea pipe reel loading facility will encourage the use of\nspool ships in the region for deepwater pipelay. On a project by project basis, pipeline\nprotection rock dumping, specialist vessel rig up activities and the like will be facilitated,\nas will dry and bulk cargo handling, refuelling, watering and all categories of waste\nreception. The joint Commonwealth and WA State Government initiative to establish\nan integrated industrial estate at Jervoise Bay (south of Perth) serviced by high wide load\ncorridors from Perth’s industrial areas will see the heavy capacity wharf playing a strategic\nrole in major capital works in the Pilbara, leading to significant cost savings.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n9\nA slipway initially capable of receiving vessels up to 2,700 tonnes capacity will handle\nmost of the 60 vessels currently working in the region, a considerable number, but one\nwhich will rise over coming years. First class engineering facilities have been planned\nand highly experienced management recruited. Alternative slipways offering\ncomparable capacity are only to be found in Darwin or Fremantle, a sea journey of\napproximately 1000 miles from this operational region. Australia has emerged as a\ncentre of excellence with respect to vessel repair work, the Dampier facility will both\nbenefit from and protect that valuable reputation.\nRehabilitated land for buildings and storage will finally extend over 17 hectares. The\nmajor oilfield services company Halliburton, have been attracted to the base as a\ntenant and a $1.1m purpose built building is being constructed for their use.\nNegotiations are also proceeding with other groups who recognise the unique\nadvantages of operating from this strategically positioned Base. Rental income and\nassociated revenues such as plant and labour hire will contribute significantly to the\noverall economics of the facility.\nProtected moorings for cyclone shelter will be established inside the breakwater for\nlong term lease to local tug operators. The demand arises from serious vessel and crew\nsafety considerations. The Dampier Port Authority are reluctant to see the continued\nuse of cyclone moorings in the Harbour, not only for safety reasons, but for\nenvironmental concerns as well. Oil spills are not acceptable under any circumstances\nand will be avoided whatever the cost. Tug owners share similar concerns, but in\naddition they need to remain in a position of readiness for crews and equipment to\nresume their important functions immediately following a cyclonic event. The number\nof specific purpose spread moorings, detailed on the adjacent plan will total 10 in the\nfirst phase of construction, a limit which will be assisted by an ability to remove vessels\nup to 100 tonnes from the water by wharf crane for tie down on cradles.\nConstruction of the Dampier Base commenced on the 9th\nOctober this year, with an expectation that all major elements\nof the project will be largely completed within 12 months.\n* **The “Clough Challenge” Barge -** *\n* **Shallow Water Construction Support Barge** *\n* **in the East Spar Field** *",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### C H A I R M A N ’ S  R E P O R T\n\nMermaid will enjoy a larger and more diversified income stream once development of the Base\nat Dampier is completed. The project, demonstrated in more detail later in this report, will\nrevolutionise our Company and drive significant changes in the way offshore producers are\nserviced in the North West of Australia.\nCoinciding with a start of Base construction, we were successful in attracting Mr Mark Bradley,\nformerly Managing Director of Clough Offshore, to join us as Mermaid’s Chief Executive. As\nreported by the Age newspaper, our new Chief Executive has put his money where his mouth is,\noffering a personal investment of $2 million for equity in our company. Mark has had an\nextremely successful career with McDermotts and Clough Offshore. He will now drive the\ndevelopment of a much stronger engineering capability at Mermaid, through which, whether in\njoint venture or alone, we intend to be more closely involved as direct participants in North\nWest Shelf work.\nImmediately following Mark Bradley’s decision, his old employer, Clough Engineering, also\nexpressed a desire to become a shareholder, subscribing $3 million for new equity. The influence\nthat the direct involvement of Mark Bradley and Clough Engineering will have in our company’s\nfuture should not be underestimated. At this time when we welcome Mark as a Director and\nshareholder, we are also pleased to announce the appointment of Mr Richard Reid, finance",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nLess provision for obsolescence  **(9.5)**  (7.2)  **(2.1)**  (1.6)\n**117.3**  112.4  **58.8**  53.2\n**9. Other Assets**\n**Current**\nPrepayments  **18.3**  14.3  **7.7**  7.4\nDeferred loss on commodity hedges  **3.2**  -  **2.3**  -\n**21.5**  14.3  **10.0**  7.4\n**Non-current**\nOther  **2.9**  1.1  **-**  -\n**10. Exploration and Development Expenditure**\nAt cost  **6,175.3**  5,613.1  **1,950.7**  1,859.4\nLess accumulated depletion  **(2,965.0)**  (2,667.8)  **(1,044.9)**  (955.8)\n**3,210.3**  2,945.3  **905.8**  903.6\n**Movements during the year**\n**Areas in which production has commenced**\nCost at the beginning of the year  **5,190.6**  5,108.8  **1,752.4**  1,624.3\nExpenditure incurred during the year  **399.2**  277.5  **161.7**  92.6\nAcquisitions  **146.0**  19.5  **-**  1.6\nDisposals  **(53.1)**  (16.0)  **(99.8)**  -\nForeign currency translation  **(34.2)**  (231.6)  **-**  -\nExpenditure transferred from areas in the exploration and development stage  **107.2**  36.3  **38.8**  33.9\nExpenditure transferred from plant and equipment  **60.7**  -  **17.6**  -\nExpenditure written off during the year  **(16.3)**  (3.9)  **-**  -\nCost at the end of the year  **5,800.1**  5,190.6  **1,870.7**  1,752.4\nLess accumulated depletion  **(2,965.0)**  (2,667.8)  **(1,044.9)**  (955.8)\n**2,835.1**  2,522.8  **825.8**  796.6\n**Areas in the exploration and development stage**\nCost at the beginning of the year  **422.5**  424.2  **107.0**  118.0\nExpenditure incurred during the year  **66.1**  109.6  **16.4**  29.0\nAcquisitions  **-**  0.4  **-**  -\nDisposals  **-**  (17.7)  **-**  -\nForeign currency translation  **(0.4)**  (1.9)  **-**  -\nExpenditure transferred to areas where production has commenced  **(107.2)**  (36.3)  **(38.8)**  (33.9)\nExpenditure written off during the year  **(5.8)**  (55.8)  **(4.6)**  (6.1)\nCost at the end of the year  **375.2**  422.5  **80.0**  107.0\n**Total exploration and development expenditure 3,210.3**  2,945.3  **905.8**  903.6\nAnnual Report 2004 59\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\n**11. Land and Buildings, Plant and Equipment $million**  $million  **$million**  $million\n**Land and buildings**\nAt cost  **97.2**  94.7  **55.5**  52.3\nLess accumulated depreciation  **(49.7)**  (47.7)  **(34.0)**  (33.0)\n**47.5**  47.0  **21.5**  19.3\n**Plant and equipment**\nAt cost  **3,938.1**  3,576.1  **1,711.7**  1,642.1\nLess accumulated depreciation  **(1,926.9)**  (1,782.3)  **(1,067.8)**  (988.3)\n**2,011.2**  1,793.8  **643.9**  653.8\n**Total land and buildings, plant and equipment 2,058.7**  1,840.8  **665.4**  673.1\n**Movements during the year**\n**Land and buildings**\nBalance at the beginning of the year  **47.0**  45.2  **19.3**  18.5\nAdditions  **2.5**  5.1  **3.2**  2.6\nDepreciation expense  **(2.0)**  (3.3)  **(1.0)**  (1.8)\nBalance at the end of the year  **47.5**  47.0  **21.5**  19.3\n**Plant and equipment**\nBalance at the beginning of the year  **1,793.8**  1,627.5  **653.8**  621.0\nAdditions  **461.7**  358.1  **188.0**  102.2\nAcquisitions  **12.6**  13.5  **-**  -\nDisposals  **(26.6)**  (32.2)  **(94.5)**  (0.3)\nDepreciation expense  **(169.1)**  (168.7)  **(85.8)**  (69.1)",
+                    "page_start": 59,
+                    "page_end": 60,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Leveraging Base Business\n\nHARNESSING VALUE FROM OPERATIONS\nAnnual Report 2004 13\n**‘The response of our people**\n**to the Moomba incident and**\n**rebuild was truly outstanding.**\n**With this behind us, we are**\n**now focused on continuing to**\n**extract value from our legacy**\n**assets while preparing to bring**\n**our new growth projects, such**\n**as Mutineer-Exeter, Oyong and**\n**Casino, into production.’**\n**JON YOUNG**\nExecutive Vice President\nOperations\n**Stewart Duncan, Environmental**\n**Adviser, and Melanie Brown,**\n**Lead Specialist Drilling**\n**Engineer, inspecting coiled**\n**tubing underbalanced drilling**\n**operations, Cooper Basin,**\n**central Australia.**\nAnnual Report 2004 14\nPRODUCTION STATISTICS\n**Total 2004**  Total  2003\n**Field units mmboe**  Field units mmboe\n**Sales gas and ethane (PJ)**\nCooper  **125.9 21.6**  154.0 26.5\nSurat/Denison  **16.1 2.8**  14.3 2.5\nAmadeus  **11.3 1.9**  11.7 2.0\nOtway  **4.4 0.8**  11.9 2.0\nPatricia-Baleen  **3.8 0.7**  1.9 0.3\nCarnarvon  **17.7 3.0**  17.7 3.1\nUnited States  **9.2 1.6**  11.3 1.9\nIndonesia  **2.1 0.4**  - -\n**Total production 190.5 32.8**  222.8 38.3\nTotal sales volume  **207.1 35.6**  228.4 39.3\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **680.1**  720.8\n**Crude oil (‘000 bbls)**\nCooper  **2,685.5 2.7**  2,808.2 2.8\nSurat/Denison  **90.2 0.1**  83.1 0.1\nAmadeus  **236.5 0.2**  270.0 0.3\nElang-Kakatua  **226.7 0.2**  425.5 0.4\nLegendre  **2,045.8 2.0**  2,269.0 2.3\nThevenard  **561.2 0.6**  708.0 0.7\nBarrow  **859.3 0.9**  945.2 0.9\nJabiru-Challis  **176.7 0.2**  257.1 0.3\nStag  **2,124.8 2.1**  2,617.2 2.6\nSE Gobe  **289.1 0.3**  376.5 0.4\nUnited States  **171.7 0.2**  212.2 0.2\nIndonesia  **68.0 0.1**  - -\n**Total production 9,535.5 9.6**  10,972.0 11.0\nTotal sales volume  **9,681.0 9.7**  10,958.6 10.9\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **501.8**  477.7\n**Total 2004**  Total  2003\n**Field units mmboe**  Field units mmboe\n**Condensate (‘000 bbls)**\nCooper  **1,448.5 1.4**  2,111.8 2.0\nSurat/Denison  **7.8 -**  10.9 -\nOtway  **30.6 -**  73.5 0.1\nEast Spar  **775.5 0.7**  858.3 0.8\nUnited States  **114.4 0.1**  25.6 -\nBayu-Undan  **1,334.9 1.2**  - -\n**Total production 3,711.7 3.4**  3,080.1 2.9\nTotal sales volume  **3,569.5 3.3**  3,246.6 3.0\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **228.5**  150.0\n**LPG (‘000 t)**\nCooper  **108.7 0.9**  240.7 2.0\nSurat/Denison  **0.1 -**  - -\nBayu-Undan  **49.8 0.4**  - -\n**Total production 158.6 1.3**  240.7 2.0\nTotal sales volume  **148.6 1.3**  256.7 2.2\nTotal sales revenue ($million)  **90.5**  116.5\n**Total**\n**Production (mmboe) 47.1**  54.2\n**Sales volume (mmboe) 49.9**  55.4",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **10. PROPERTY, PLANT AND**\n\n##### **EQUIPMENT**\nLeasehold buildings and improvements\nIndependent valuation 1998 8,500,000 8,500,000 - -\nAccumulated depreciation (302,619) (100,319) - -\n8,197,381 8,399,681 - -\nLeasehold buildings and improvements\nunder construction\nAt cost 1,485,886 538,303 - -\nAccumulated depreciation (373) (373) - -\n1,485,513 537,930 - -\nVessels - at cost 7,748,302 4,939,456 - -\nAccumulated depreciation (625,559) (416,918) - -\n7,122,743 4,522,538 - -\nVessels - hire purchase - at cost 6,184,865 4,356,257 - -\nAccumulated depreciation (580,619) (179,414) - -\n5,604,246 4,176,843 - -\nPlant and equipment - at cost 2,621,336 1,813,810 - -\nAccumulated depreciation (816,726) (350,918) - -\n1,804,610 1,462,892 - -\nPlant and equipment - hire purchase\n- at cost 347,785 347,785 - -\nAccumulated depreciation (127,314) (75,249) - -\n220,471 272,536 - -\nTotal property, plant and equipment 24,434,964 19,372,420 - -\nThe revaluation of Leasehold buildings and improvements was performed on the basis of market value\nwith reference to continued use and was not performed in accordance with a regular revaluation policy.\nAggregate depreciation is charged directly to the profit and loss account as disclosed in Note 2.\nPotential capital gains tax was not taken into account in the revaluation of leasehold buildings and\nimprovements.\n45",
+                    "page_start": 48,
+                    "page_end": 48,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\nleased facilities to seven third party vessels and protection for three of our own vessels using this\ntechnique by the cyclone season in 2001.\nAs more vessels seek protection, additional breakwaters can be constructed and sea room\ndredged. Each mooring involves a pattern of pin piles drilled into the granite sea floor with four\nvessel specific mooring lines secured to special attachment points on the vessel.\nMany smaller vessels including Mermaid’s will be lifted from the water and tied down on purpose\nbuilt cradles for cyclones.\n##### **F. ONSHORE LAND RECLAMATION.**\nLike our neighbours, much of the Mermaid site is below the prescribed storm surge level, or\nneeds some degree of earthworks to maximize its value. Currently 8 of the 17 ha of the area is\nsuitable for development in its present state.\nThe spoil produced from dredging will allow Mermaid to achieve full utilization of the site at a\nfraction of the cost of importing fill from elsewhere.\nConsiderable effort has gone into anticipating the future direction of the Base. Planning services\nsuch as traffic flows, land allocation and security, as well as fulfilling the many and complex\nregulatory requirements related to health, safety, quarantine, environmental management, dust,\ndangerous goods and hazchem materials have been the subject of considerable study prior to this\nimplementation stage. 13\n* **The foreshore of King Bay will be redeveloped as part of the Mermaid Marine Dampier Base Expansion works.** *\nMERMAID MARINE\nAUSTRALIA LIMITED",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ANNUAL REPORT 2004\n\n## **2003**\n\nance. Daily operating expenses include leachate treatment and disposal, methane gas and groundwater\nmonitoring and system maintenance, interim cap maintenance and costs associated with the application of\ndaily cover materials. We expense all indirect landÑll development costs as they are incurred. We use life cycle\naccounting and the units-of-consumption method to recognize certain direct landÑll costs related to cell\ndevelopment. In life cycle accounting, certain direct costs are capitalized, and charged to expense based upon\n23\nthe consumption of cubic yards of available airspace. These costs include all costs to acquire and construct a\nsite including excavation, natural and synthetic liners, construction of leachate collection systems, installation\nof methane gas collection and monitoring systems, installation of groundwater monitoring wells, and other\ncosts associated with the acquisition and development of the site. Obligations associated with Ñnal capping,\nclosure and post-closure are capitalized, and amortized on a units-of-consumption basis as airspace is\nconsumed.\nCost and airspace estimates are developed annually by engineers. These estimates are used by our\noperating and accounting personnel to annually adjust our rates used to expense capitalized costs. Changes in\nthese estimates primarily relate to changes in available airspace, inÖation and applicable regulations. Changes\nin available airspace include changes in design and changes due to the addition of airspace lying in expansion\nareas that we believe have a probable likelihood of being permitted.\nOur operations are managed and reviewed through Ñve regions which we designate as our reportable\nsegments. From 2003 to 2004, operating income increased in our Eastern, Southern and Western regions due\nto an overall increase in revenue resulting from the successful execution of our growth strategy. In the Central\nregion, increased revenue was oÅset by weak economic conditions and an increase in costs related to the long-\nhaul transport of waste by third-party vendors. In the Southwestern region, revenue growth was impeded by\nthe closure of a landÑll and the completion of a special waste contract during 2003. The decrease in costs for\nCorporate Entities from 2003 to 2004 is primarily due to a decrease in self-insurance expense.",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **2000 1900**\n\n- Leasehold buildings and\nimprovements 2.38% prime cost 2.38% prime cost\n- Vessels 4% diminishing value 8% diminishing value\n- Vessel Refits 10% diminishing value 8% diminishing value\n-  Plant & equipment 4-40% prime cost 4-40% prime cost\n-  Motor Vehicles 22.5% diminishing value 22.5% diminishing value\n##### **(i) Employee Entitlements**\nProvision is made for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, annual\nleave, long service leave, and sick leave when it is probable that settlement will be required\nand they are capable of being measured reliably.\nProvisions made in respect of wages and salaries, annual leave, and other employee\nentitlements expected to be settled within 12 months, are measured at their nominal values.\nProvisions made in respect of other employee entitlements which are not expected to be\nsettlement with 12 months are measured as the present value of the estimated future cash\noutflows to be made by the economic entity in respect of services provided by employees up to\nthe reporting date.\n##### **(j) Goods and Services Tax**\nRevenues, expenses and assets are recognised net of the amount of goods and services tax\n(GST), except:\ni.   where the amount of GST incurred is not recoverable from the taxation authority, it is\nrecognised as part of the cost of acquisition of an asset or as part of an item of expense; or\nii.  for receivables and payables which are recognised inclusive of GST. 39",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf",
+                "query": "When did Mermaid Marine Service Base in the Port of Broome start?",
+                "target_page": 22,
+                "target_passage": "1 February 2000",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n18\nMermaid Marine services base at the Port of Broome (Broome Base)\ncommenced operations on 1 February 2000 when the first ship containing drill pipe for Inpex\nBrowse Ltd arrived from Japan.\nAs a result of Mermaid’s efforts in establishing the Broome Base, Inpex Browse Ltd., BHP Petroleum\nand Woodside have used Broome as their base for drilling a total of four (4) offshore wells.\nIt is presently expected that at least six\n(6) exploration wells will be drilled in the\narea during 2001. The Base now employs\nas many as ten (10) staff up from the\nthree (3) who commenced in February\n2000. Excellent management and staff\ncompetence are the prime factors, which\nhave delivered the smooth start up and\ncontinued success at Broome.\nThe base is currently secured on a come and go lease arrangement, located on Port premises\nadjacent to the wharf gates. Although convenient, with an excellent cyclone proof building, the\nsite has limitations in terms of size and slope. An area more suitable for our long term needs has\nbeen optioned from Port authorities and discussions will proceed with our clients this year to\ndetermine their precise needs.\nThe success of Browse Basin wells drilled this year, strong developments in the energy sector and",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### C H A I R M A N ’ S  R E P O R T\n\n5\nDirector of the Clough Group and a highly experienced and talented executive. Richard has\nappointed an alternate director, Mr Chris Sutherland, a senior Clough Executive, with\nengineering qualifications and associated business skills to assist him.\nCaptain Jim Carver, Mermaid’s founder continues to play a significant role in Mermaid’s operations,\npaying particular attention to our business at sea. Under 20 years of Jim’s leadership, Mermaid\ndeveloped an enviable reputation as a “can do” company, and in our drive for new engineering\nexpertise and professionalism, we have no intention of allowing that attitude to be lost.\nLast year we identified Broome as our next strategic position. No oil and gas work had been\nsupported out of Broome for seventeen years and with the valuable cooperation and assistance\nof the Broome Port Authority, we secured Inpex, the large Japanese resource company as our first\nclient. The base was then established early this year.\nA new focus has developed in the Browse Basin and it is pleasing to report that after only seven\nmonths operation, our Base is profitable, housing Inpex, BHP, Woodside and Sedco in support\nof their current drilling programs. All the holes drilled from the Broome Base have been\ndesignated as commercial finds by the explorers and the very major increase in the reserves at\nBrecknock, Woodside’s permit 500 kilometres north of Broome creates optimism for future\nproduction based in the Broome area.\nDarwin was next on our list, enabling involvement in Timor Sea oil and gas activity. The Bayu",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\nindustrial mineral processing plants. The Port of Dampier is Australia’s largest Port as measured by\ntonnage, but as identified in the 1997 WA Department of Commerce and Trade report, there\nremains an urgent need for additional marine support infrastructure. Mermaid is now well advanced\nin our plan to satisfy those needs and onshore work was announced to start on the 9th October 2000.\nSince receiving approval in principle for development of the Dampier Base from the Western\nAustralian Minister for the Environment in February 2000, engineering and general design work\nin connection with the base proceeded at an accelerated pace.\nThis work, assisted by technical studies and a re-assessment of an increased demand for services\narising out of greater expectations for growth in the sector, has led to improvements and\nexpansion of capacity over earlier plans.\nThe Dampier Base will now comprise:-\nAn “all tides” approach channel to a minimum depth of 6 metres\nA wharf offering 7.5 metres depth at low tide, featuring a heavy loadout section to\naccommodate modules of up to 1500 tonnes to onshore projects on the Burrup Peninsular\nand adjacent mining centres. A subsea pipe reel loading facility will encourage the use of\nspool ships in the region for deepwater pipelay. On a project by project basis, pipeline\nprotection rock dumping, specialist vessel rig up activities and the like will be facilitated,\nas will dry and bulk cargo handling, refuelling, watering and all categories of waste\nreception. The joint Commonwealth and WA State Government initiative to establish\nan integrated industrial estate at Jervoise Bay (south of Perth) serviced by high wide load\ncorridors from Perth’s industrial areas will see the heavy capacity wharf playing a strategic\nrole in major capital works in the Pilbara, leading to significant cost savings.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n### C H A I R M A N ’ S  R E P O R T\n\n6\nLabour hire is heavily dependent upon the quality of the personnel database and our intention\nhas been announced to offer training at Dampier, Broome and Darwin for those who live in the\nNorth West and wish to work in the offshore industry there. Planning for this new initiative is\nwell advanced and we expect to be running courses for prospective offshore employees in coming\nmonths. Although the training program is not directed to any particular community group, it has\nbeen encouraging to have active support from Aboriginal leaders in the Kimberley region.\nWorld prospects for energy, the need for Australia to add value to its resources, Government\ninitiatives for the support of these activities and environmental imperatives, heavily favour gas,\ngiving every indication that Mermaid Marine’s development push has been extremely timely.\nIt is also important to draw attention to increased efforts in terms of health, safety and\nenvironmental protection. Our workplace is largely at sea, where operations involve natural\ndangers and the safety of our people is paramount. We also work in a setting where the tasks in\nwhich we are involved cast us in the role of environmental caretakers of the sea and coastline.\nOver the past twelve months, we have worked even more closely with producers to take this side\nof our business to the highest possible standard. We are proud of the achievement and at the time\nof this report, despite the inherent dangers involved in the work, our employees have accrued a\nrecord 348 days free of Lost Time Injuries, a tremendous effort.\nAverage turnover for the last two years was $20 million, our target in the near term is to achieve\nearnings of at least $100million, with appropriate levels of accompanying profit. That will be\naddressed through our policy of strategic positioning and development in the North West of\nAustralia, and also by acquisition where merger or purchase will add to our earnings and\nstrengths. Mermaid Marine Australia Limited is in excellent shape, with confidence that we are\nwell able to pursue and secure our ambitious program.\nAlan Birchmore\nChairman",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **2000 1999 2000 1999**\n\n### S TAT E M E N T  O F  C A S H  F L O W S",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n10\nWork on Dampier\nBase expansion commenced on 9 October and will be largely complete by June 2001, involving\na capital budget of $13m.\nThe principle activities and facility developments involved in the expansion are:\n##### **A. DREDGING**\nApproximately 700,000 m3 of material is to be dredged in King Bay to form an entrance\nchannel, vessel berths, cyclone moorings and to provide access to the slipway.\nThe experience of Woodside constructing their nearby base in 1981 indicates that two types of\ndredges will be required, a Cutter Suction to remove the soft unconsolidated material (approx.70%)\nand a Dipper Dredge (barge mounted back-hoe) to remove harder consolidated material.\nThe Cutter Suction dredge size will be deliberately modest due to onshore spoil management\nrequirement and environmental considerations.\nThe Dipper Dredge will be the largest of its type in the world, and will be an ideal remedial\ndredging tool using the experience gained from the earlier Woodside project.\nThe layout of the Base has been very much driven by the desire to avoid or minimize blasting\nwhile fulfilling functional objectives.\nThe entrance channel into the Mermaid Base will be 30 m wide and dredged to 6 m below chart\ndatum. The dredge spoil will be pumped ashore and used as fill around the Base.\nDredges are expected to be onsite for approximately 7 months commencing mid November.\n##### **B. QUAY WALL ( BERTH 1)**\nMarket research and customer needs have caused Mermaid to relocate and redesign the main\nberth to accommodate a wider range of vessels than originally contemplated. The berth is now\nlocated in deeper water with better vessel access.\nThe regional offshore fleet characteristics have been changing in terms of vessel size. There are\nnow four vessels operating in the region with 12,000 to 18,000 hp. When design commenced\nthere were none of this size.\nThe depth alongside Berth 1 will be 7.5m. King Bay has a statistical average extreme low tide\n(MLWS) of 0.9 m, the occurrence of which can be expressed in hours per month. The largest\nB A S E  E X PA N S I O N  W O R K S  A N D  E N V I RO N M E N TA L  M A N A G E M E N T",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **2000 1999 2000 1999**\n\n##### **$ $ $ $**\n##### **(b) Operating Leases**\nNot later than 1 year 171,733 80,306 - -\nLater than 1 year but\nnot later than 2 years 166,130 80,306\n\n- -\nLater than 2 years but\nnot later than 5 years 351,955 169,173\n\n- -\nLater than 5 years 640,247 684,402 - -\nAggregate lease expenditure\ncontracted for at balance date 1,330,065 1,014,187 - -\nAggregate expenditure commitments\ncomprise:\nOffice rental commitments 442,705 71,895\n\n- -\nSupply base rental commitments 861,022 905,177 - -\nOther 26,338 37,115 - -\n1,330,065 1,014,187 - -\nDuring the year Mermaid Marine relocated their Corporate Office. Office rental commitments contains\nthe rental payable under the balance of the lease for Mermaid’s former corporate office. This has been\nsublet for the balance of the term of the lease at a rental equal to the rental payable by Mermaid under\nthe lease of $46,250. The new location is committed under a 5 plus 5 year lease term.\nSupply base rental commitments represents the lease of the King Bay Supply Base for a term of 21 years\ncommencing 1 January 1999 with an option to renew the term for a further period of 21 years.\nThe Lessee is obliged to obtain all necessary approvals by 31 December 2000 for certain development of\nworks (“Development Works”) and to subsequently perform the works within 3 years.\nThe Development Works planned include breakwater, dredged basin, cyclone moorings, slipway, quay\nwall and industrial buildings.\nIf the Development Works are not completed within the prescribed period, the Lessor has the right\n(unless it is satisfied that the non completion was due principally to matters beyond the Company’s\ncontrol) to vary the Lease by retaking 2.3 hectares at the western extremity of the site.\nThe approved use of the site is for the purpose of conducting a multi purpose marine service facility and\nsupply base including but not limited to open and covered laydown and storage, warehousing, production\nand storage of drilling mud and other drilling supplies, operating and maintaining vessels and floating\nplant together with associated docking, maintenance and engineering works. Any other uses require the\nprior written consent of the Lessor.\nRestrictions apply to the assignment or subletting of the site (or any part) without prior consent of the\nLessor, although that consent cannot unreasonably be withheld (subject to “usual” prudential\nrequirements common to leases in Western Australia).\n51",
+                    "page_start": 54,
+                    "page_end": 54,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n19\nDarwin is serviced by three marine infrastructure elements.\na.  A public port adjacent to the main business centre, which is destined to be redeveloped\nas a cruise ship and tourism precinct .\nb.  A group of freehold water front properties on Frances Bay near to the main business\ncenter.\nc.  A recently commissioned public port and industrial estate at East Arm some 25 km from\nthe main business district.\nDarwin already has an abundance of shore based logistics service providers who operate from\nonshore industrial estates through publicly owned facilities.\nThe Northern Territory Government has sponsored a study to determine the marine\ninfrastructure deficits of the Darwin area. Mermaid has contributed to the study and is\nmonitoring the subsequent planning processes.\nRegardless of industry trends, Mermaid has a need for a Darwin Base to service and care for\nMermaid vessels working in the area. Too often vessels have been demobilised to Dampier at the\nconclusion of a contract then being required to return to Darwin within days or weeks for\nanother assignment.\nMermaid has decided that needs and opportunities in the north of Australia can be best served by\nentering a co-operative arrangement with an established Darwin Company. Agreement has therefore\nbeen reached with Perkins Shipping Group, who are one of the freehold land owners on Frances Bay.\nPerkins Shipping, established in the 1950s is the major coastal shipping service provider in\nAustralia’s north, linking Darwin to mining and aboriginal committees from the Kimberly to\nGulf of Carpenteria. Additionally Perkins operate services to East Timor, mining operations in\nIndonesia, as well as Singapore and East Malaysia. The Perkins and Mermaid businesses are\ndifferent, but complementary, offering benefits to both. The arrangement with Perkins will give\nMermaid well placed office facilities, open storage and waterfront access.\nOur intention is that Darwin become the third and final mainland entreport to service the\nNorthwestern offshore oil and gas industry together with our other strategically placed facilities\nat Dampier and Broome.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\nthe intention of operators to base their 2001 operations in Broome, have encouraged the Board\nto consider further investment to ensure that capability keeps pace with demand and that we\nleave no reason for competitors to offer more or better.\nThe offshore waters of the Northern Territory, the Zone of Co-Operation (ZOCA) between Australia\nand Timor, and the Commonwealth Territory of Ashmore and Cartier host approximately 35% of the\nexploration and development budgets of Australian offshore oil and gas industry.\nTwo large projects are under study or implementation in these waters; the Phillips Petroleum\nBayu-Undang Project and the Woodside Sunrise Troubador Project.\nTwo large petrochemical projects are under study for the Darwin area based upon pipelines from\nthe Timor Sea gas resources of the projects above.\nDarwin will within 3 years be the northern terminus of the Australian national rail system with the\ncompletion of the Alice Springs Darwin rail link, further expanding its role in Australia’s economy.\nB RO O M E S U P P LY B A S E\nDA RW I N B A S E\n* **The Mermaid Broome Supply Base certified Impex, Woodside** *\n* **and BHP Petroleum exploration program during 2000.** *",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\nleased facilities to seven third party vessels and protection for three of our own vessels using this\ntechnique by the cyclone season in 2001.\nAs more vessels seek protection, additional breakwaters can be constructed and sea room\ndredged. Each mooring involves a pattern of pin piles drilled into the granite sea floor with four\nvessel specific mooring lines secured to special attachment points on the vessel.\nMany smaller vessels including Mermaid’s will be lifted from the water and tied down on purpose\nbuilt cradles for cyclones.\n##### **F. ONSHORE LAND RECLAMATION.**\nLike our neighbours, much of the Mermaid site is below the prescribed storm surge level, or\nneeds some degree of earthworks to maximize its value. Currently 8 of the 17 ha of the area is\nsuitable for development in its present state.\nThe spoil produced from dredging will allow Mermaid to achieve full utilization of the site at a\nfraction of the cost of importing fill from elsewhere.\nConsiderable effort has gone into anticipating the future direction of the Base. Planning services\nsuch as traffic flows, land allocation and security, as well as fulfilling the many and complex\nregulatory requirements related to health, safety, quarantine, environmental management, dust,\ndangerous goods and hazchem materials have been the subject of considerable study prior to this\nimplementation stage. 13\n* **The foreshore of King Bay will be redeveloped as part of the Mermaid Marine Dampier Base Expansion works.** *\nMERMAID MARINE\nAUSTRALIA LIMITED",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Word QS.pdf",
+                "query": "How do I create a new document in Word?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Just select File > New",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nCreate something\nBegin with a  **Blank document**  to get right to work. Or start with a template to save yourself time and steps. Just select  **File**  >  **New**  , and then select or search for the template you want.\nAccess files anywhere\nNeed to work on the go and across different devices? Click  **File**  >  **Account**  to sign in with your Microsoft account and access your recently used files anywhere, on any device, through seamless integration between Office, OneDrive, OneDrive for Business, and SharePoint.\nFind recent files\nWhether you only work with files stored on your PC’s local hard drive or you store files in multiple shared locations, selecting  **File**  >  **Open**  takes you to your recently used documents and any files that you may have pinned to your list.\nDiscover related options\nWhen you select objects in your document, options related to your selection will appear. For example, selecting a table displays the  **Table Design**  and  **Layout**  tabs, which offer additional options.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Save this for later, access it anywhere\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you’ll be able to open it anywhere: on your\ncomputer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\n**Try it:**  Select  **File**  >  **Save As**  , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files.\nYou can pick up where you left off... even if you left the document open on the computer you’re\nusing now.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nQuick Start Guide\n## New to Word? Use this guide to learn the basics.\n**Save your progress**\nSave your work on OneDrive\nor SharePoint automatically.\n**Find whatever you need**\nLook up commands from the ribbon,\nget Help, or search the web.\n**Discover contextual commands**\nSelect tables, pictures, or other objects\nin a document to reveal additional\noptions.\n**Share your work with others**\nInvite other people to view and edit\ncloud-based documents stored in\nOneDrive or on SharePoint sites.\n**Navigate with ease**\nUse the sidebar to manage long or\ncomplex documents. **Show or hide the ribbon**\nSelect the arrow icon to show\nor hide the Quick Access\nToolbar, and change ribbon\nsettings.\n**Format with the mini toolbar**\nSelect or right-click text and objects to\nquickly format them in place.\n**Status bar shortcuts**\nSelect any status bar indicator to\nnavigate your document, view word\ncount statistics, or check your spelling.\n**Change your view**\nSelect the status bar buttons to\nswitch between views, or use the\nslider to magnify the page to\nyour liking.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Give your doc an instant makeover\n\nStyle sets and themes let you completely change the look of your document in an instant. They\nwork best when your document is formatted with styles (so it’s good that we fixed that Heading\nstyle, above).\n**Try it:**  Explore style sets and themes:\n**1.**   On the  **Design**  tab, select  **Themes**  , and choose a theme from the drop-down.\nNotice that the gallery of style sets updates to reflect the theme you picked.\n**2.**   Select any theme you like from the drop-down and click to apply.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Share and collaborate\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don’t even need Word\nto open it.\n**Try it:**  Select  **Share**  , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut -  Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\nYou can send the link by typing someone’s email address or by copying the link and pasting it\ninto a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their\npermission to view-only.\nIf they don’t have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n#### Instructions you can edit, share, and print\nUnlike old-school user guides, this doc is yours to tailor exactly for your needs. Reading it will\nteach you some basics about Word, but this document isn’t just for reading. It’s for editing too,\nso you can learn by doing.\nFor practice using Word features, watch for  **Try it**  text in red throughout this document.\n\n**Time saver:**  If you’ve only got a minute\nand you want to see how this works,\nwatch this Video: Welcome to Word .",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your\ndocuments.\n**Try it:**  Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n**1.**   With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select  **Online Pictures**  ,\nand then search for something, like  *puppy clip art*  .\n**2.**   Select the picture you want, and select  **Insert**  .",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nFind whatever you need\nType a keyword or phrase into the  **Search**  box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you’re looking for, to discover  **Help**  content, or to get more information online .\nGet other Quick Start guides\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.**\nShare your work with others\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the  **Share**  button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.\nNext steps with Word\n**See what’s new in Office** Explore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit  **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**  for more information.\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office** Ready to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**  to explore our free training options.\n**Send us your feedback** Love Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the  **File**  menu, select  **Feedback**  and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nGet writing suggestions\nWith  **Editor**  , bring out your best writing. Editor helps you bring out your best writing by giving you intelligent writing suggestions. It also calculates an Editor Score based on the number and types of suggestions you have yet to address. Select an underlined word or phrase to accept or ignore a suggestion.\nReview and track changes\nWhether you just want to check spelling, keep your word count in check, or fully collaborate with other people, the  **Review**  tab has essential commands to track, discuss, and manage all of the changes made to your documents.\nView who else is typing\nCo-authoring Word documents that are shared on OneDrive or on a SharePoint site happens in real-time, which means you can easily view where other authors are making changes in the same document that you’re currently working in.\nFormat with styles\n**Styles**  lets you create, apply, and review the formatting styles in your current document. To open it, select the  **Home**  tab, and then select the small arrow in the lower right corner of the Styles gallery.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Get help with Word\n\nThe  **Tell me**  search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n**Try it:**  Get help:\n**1.**   Go to  **Tell me what you want to do**  at the top of the window.\n**2.**   Type what you want to do.\nFor example, type:\n-   **Add watermark**  to quickly get to the watermark command.\n-   **Help**  to go to Word help.\n-   **Training**  to see the list of Word training courses.\n-   **What’s new**  for a list of the most recent updates to Word",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Word QS.pdf",
+                "query": "Where can I find other Microsoft quick start guides?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "To download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nQuick Start Guide\n## New to Word? Use this guide to learn the basics.\n**Save your progress**\nSave your work on OneDrive\nor SharePoint automatically.\n**Find whatever you need**\nLook up commands from the ribbon,\nget Help, or search the web.\n**Discover contextual commands**\nSelect tables, pictures, or other objects\nin a document to reveal additional\noptions.\n**Share your work with others**\nInvite other people to view and edit\ncloud-based documents stored in\nOneDrive or on SharePoint sites.\n**Navigate with ease**\nUse the sidebar to manage long or\ncomplex documents. **Show or hide the ribbon**\nSelect the arrow icon to show\nor hide the Quick Access\nToolbar, and change ribbon\nsettings.\n**Format with the mini toolbar**\nSelect or right-click text and objects to\nquickly format them in place.\n**Status bar shortcuts**\nSelect any status bar indicator to\nnavigate your document, view word\ncount statistics, or check your spelling.\n**Change your view**\nSelect the status bar buttons to\nswitch between views, or use the\nslider to magnify the page to\nyour liking.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nFind whatever you need\nType a keyword or phrase into the  **Search**  box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you’re looking for, to discover  **Help**  content, or to get more information online .\nGet other Quick Start guides\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.**\nShare your work with others\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the  **Share**  button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.\nNext steps with Word\n**See what’s new in Office** Explore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit  **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**  for more information.\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office** Ready to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**  to explore our free training options.\n**Send us your feedback** Love Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the  **File**  menu, select  **Feedback**  and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Next Steps**\nYou will  **get the most out of Teams**  when you get to truly connect with your team and collaborate together. Keep practicing until each step of your workflow feels natural.\nNo matter how you like to learn and practice, we've got resources to support and inspire you:\n[Virtual classes:](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/workshops-training-and-events/detail/get-started-with-microsoft-teams?program=Professionals&src=carousel1&pos=0)  We have instructors to answer your questions and walk you through all the details. -\n-\n-\n-\n[Training series:](https://docs.microsoft.com/learn/paths/teamwork-specialist/) Complete the beginner series of videos at your own pace.\n[Support articles and step-by-step guides:](https://support.microsoft.com/teams)  To get answers to your most common questions.\n[Feature overviews, tutorials, and announcements: ](https://www.youtube.com/c/MicrosoftTeams/featured) Our YouTube channel has carefully curated content to get you excited and show how you can use Teams effortlessly.\n1.\n2.\n3.\nHere you can try to share your screen, start a whiteboard or even record yourself while you are practicing a presentation. This is your safe space to test everything out!",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Developer Guide Serverless\n\n## **Getting started with serverless applications**\n\nCore  *service starters*  will quickly explain the value and technical fundamentals of each service. Each\nstarter will also mention advanced topics, so you can start with the essentials, but be aware of\ncapabilities to dive into when you need them.\nStarters are short reads (less than 2,300 words; 10-15 min) that connect concepts and practical\nhands-on use.\n**Topics**\n- Get started with IAM\n- Get started with Lambda\n- Get started with API Gateway\n- Get started with DynamoDB\n- Learn using a workshop",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n### **Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help you get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team.\n**Hit the ground running now!**  Build confidence by trying things on your own. Go to the meet now button\n(at the top right corner on the Calendar tab) to play around and test all the meetings functionalities before you're in the spotlight!\n**Download**  the app for  [desktop ](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app) and  [mobile](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app)  to access Teams with the best performance anywhere you go.\nOnce you [sign in](https://teams.microsoft.com/l/home/_#/) ,  **connect**  with your team in chat, channels, calls, and meetings. **Try out**  the different features as you learn about them in this guide. You’ll get the basics in no time!",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# /opt/ibm/odfts/V9.0/bin/configTool.sh printToken\n\n## **Related publications**\n\n### **Online resources**\nThese websites are also relevant as further information sources:\n� DB2 11 for z/OS information\n[http://www.ibm.com/software/db2zos/library.html](http://www.ibm.com/software/db2zos/library.html)\n� IBM Content Manager OnDemand production information\n[http://www.ibm.com/software/products/us/en/ondemand](http://www.ibm.com/software/products/us/en/ondemand)\n� Content Manager OnDemand for i Knowledge Center\n[http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSB2EG/welcome](http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSB2EG/welcome)\n� Content Manager OnDemand for Multiplatform Knowledge Center\n[http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPCD/welcome](http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPCD/welcome)\nRelated publications\n� Content Manager OnDemand for z/OS Knowledge Center\n[http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSQHWE/welcome](http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSQHWE/welcome)\n� Ricoh website for Infoprint product information\n[http://rpp.ricoh-usa.com/](http://www.printers.ibm.com)\n� IBM System i Navigator and IBM Navigator for i information\n[http://www.ibm.com/systems/i/software/navigator/](http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/i/software/navigator/)\n� IBM Tivoli Storage Manager home page\n[http://www.ibm.com/software/products/en/tivostormana](http://www.ibm.com/software/products/en/tivostormana)\n� z/OS information\n[http://www.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/](http://www.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/)\n�  *Creating PDF Indexing Parameters Using Floating Triggers*\n[http://ibm.co/1FHsXDq](http://ibm.co/1FHsXDq)\n�  *Understanding the ACIF Input Exit for DB2 Content Manager OnDemand*\n[http://ibm.co/1UUcCT0](http://ibm.co/1UUcCT0)",
+                    "page_start": 433,
+                    "page_end": 434,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Contents**\n\n11.3.2  INPEXIT exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249\nContents  **vii**\n11.3.3  INDXEXIT exit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249\n11.4  System administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250\n11.4.1  System log exit for Multiplatforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250\n11.4.2  System log exit for z/OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253\n11.4.3  Print exit for Multiplatforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258\n11.5  Customized functions (Multiplatforms and z/OS only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263\n11.5.1  User exit header file (arscsxit.h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264\n11.5.2  Load exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n### **Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\n#### **Set up Explore Practice**\n\n####### **Activity**\nFind notifications for all recent actions to stay on top of things. You can manage your notifications according to your preferences.\n####### **Chat**\nMessage someone or a group of people. This tab brings up the list of all your chats.\n####### **Teams**\nCreate teams and channels to gather people together in focused spaces with conversations and files. This tab brings up a list of all the teams you are a part of.\n####### **Calendar**\nBring up your calendar to view, create, and respond to meetings.\n####### **Calls**\nStart video and audio calls by dialing a phone number or placing a call over the internet. View your call history and voicemail.\n####### **Files**\nFiles shared in chats, meetings, or channels are consolidated under this tab. Files will appear in a list view and can be sorted by type, name, date, or location.\n####### **Apps**\nSearch for, choose, and integrate apps to optimize how you work in Teams. Apps can appear in chat, channels, or meetings.\n####### **Help**\nLearn more about Teams with articles and training content. Stay up to date with the latest features, and report problems when things aren’t working out.\n####### **Search**\nSearch for people, files, meetings, or conversations in Teams, then filter results to find just what you need.\n####### **Profile**\nSelecting your profile picture shows you a menu where you can customize your profile, find saved messages, or set your status and a message people can see when they try to reach you.\nYour Teams calendar automatically syncs with Outlook, and you can manage meetings through either app. **Tip**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Chat Teams and channels**\n\nWhen you are invited to a new Team, it will automatically appear on the left panel along with all its associated channels. You can choose to \"show\" the most relevant chanels and \"hide\" the rest.\nBy default, your chats will be arranged along the left-hand side of the chat panel, with the most recent messages at the top. You can right-click on any chat and select \"Pin,\" which will keep it at the top of your list for quick access.\nTo  **create a new chat**  , press [CTRL] + [N] (or look for the pen symbol at the top of the chat list) and add the names of anyone you want to include. Type your message and select Send or hit [Enter].\n1:1 Chat\nGroup Chat\nMeeting Chat\nTo  **share a file**  select “Attach” under the box where you type messages, select the file location and then the file you want. Depending on the location of the file, you’ll get options for uploading a copy, sharing a link, or other ways to share.\nWhen you create group chats you can edit the name of the group by selecting the pen symbol next to the group icon in the chat. This will help you give it context and make it easier to find.\nAN\nCreate a team for your organization with channels for your leadership team, each department, and one just for fun!\nDaichi, Eva, +2 11:00 AM\nYes, that should work for us\nMarketing Sync 10:45 AM\nSharing notes after the meeting\n##### **Tip**\n##### **Tip**\n####### **Teams**\nA  **team**  is a broad group of people that work together to get something done. You can choose who is part of the team, and people can only access shared content by invitation. All teams are created with an associated General channel that includes all team members by default.\n####### **Channels**\nShared Channel\nMarketing\nGeneral\nA  **channel**  is a central hub for a specific topic, within the larger team, where people can hold focused conversations and organize a library of files.\nChannels can be:\n\n-  Standard (visible to everyone on the team)\n\n-  Private (only visible to select team members)\n\n-  Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your organization who are not on the team)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Front cover IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n\n## **Contents**\n\n2.4.2  Changing an instance configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32\n2.4.3  Starting and stopping servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\n2.5  Implementing a Content Manager OnDemand instance on z/OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36\n2.5.1  Installation overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37\n2.5.2  Creating an instance on z/OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38\n2.5.3  Starting and verifying the new instance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43\n**Chapter 3.  Administration**  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45\n**iv**   IBM Content Manager OnDemand Guide\n3.1  Report administration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46\n3.1.1  Storage sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Word QS.pdf",
+                "query": "How to connect to my Microsoft account from Word?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": " Click File > Account to sign in with your Microsoft account",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nCreate something\nBegin with a  **Blank document**  to get right to work. Or start with a template to save yourself time and steps. Just select  **File**  >  **New**  , and then select or search for the template you want.\nAccess files anywhere\nNeed to work on the go and across different devices? Click  **File**  >  **Account**  to sign in with your Microsoft account and access your recently used files anywhere, on any device, through seamless integration between Office, OneDrive, OneDrive for Business, and SharePoint.\nFind recent files\nWhether you only work with files stored on your PC’s local hard drive or you store files in multiple shared locations, selecting  **File**  >  **Open**  takes you to your recently used documents and any files that you may have pinned to your list.\nDiscover related options\nWhen you select objects in your document, options related to your selection will appear. For example, selecting a table displays the  **Table Design**  and  **Layout**  tabs, which offer additional options.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Save this for later, access it anywhere\nWhen you save this document in OneDrive, you’ll be able to open it anywhere: on your\ncomputer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.\n\n**Try it:**  Select  **File**  >  **Save As**  , and then select OneDrive and give this document a name.\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files.\nYou can pick up where you left off... even if you left the document open on the computer you’re\nusing now.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nQuick Start Guide\n## New to Word? Use this guide to learn the basics.\n**Save your progress**\nSave your work on OneDrive\nor SharePoint automatically.\n**Find whatever you need**\nLook up commands from the ribbon,\nget Help, or search the web.\n**Discover contextual commands**\nSelect tables, pictures, or other objects\nin a document to reveal additional\noptions.\n**Share your work with others**\nInvite other people to view and edit\ncloud-based documents stored in\nOneDrive or on SharePoint sites.\n**Navigate with ease**\nUse the sidebar to manage long or\ncomplex documents. **Show or hide the ribbon**\nSelect the arrow icon to show\nor hide the Quick Access\nToolbar, and change ribbon\nsettings.\n**Format with the mini toolbar**\nSelect or right-click text and objects to\nquickly format them in place.\n**Status bar shortcuts**\nSelect any status bar indicator to\nnavigate your document, view word\ncount statistics, or check your spelling.\n**Change your view**\nSelect the status bar buttons to\nswitch between views, or use the\nslider to magnify the page to\nyour liking.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n####### **Create meetings**\nSelect  **+ New meeting**  or double-click on a time in your\ncalendar to [create a new meeting](https://teams.microsoft.com/_#/calendar) .\n3. Send your invite.\n2. Add people, a location and any notes.\n####### **Join meetings**\nFrom the calendar tab, select the meeting you intend to join,\nthen select  join.     .\n3. Then select  join now. .\nA new screen will show up. Here you can choose how you\nwant to appear in the meeting, and your audio preferences.\n####### **Present in meetings**\nScreen share from the Share button at the top of your\nmeeting window.\nWhen you are finished, use the share button at the top of your\nmeeting window to stop sharing.\nChoose what screen or window you want to share. Don't forget\nto include audio if you're sharing something with sound.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Word\n\nFind whatever you need\nType a keyword or phrase into the  **Search**  box to quickly find the Word features and ribbon commands you’re looking for, to discover  **Help**  content, or to get more information online .\nGet other Quick Start guides\nTo download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.**\nShare your work with others\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the  **Share**  button in the top right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your document or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have Word, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment.\nNext steps with Word\n**See what’s new in Office** Explore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. Visit  **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**  for more information.\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office** Ready to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit **https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**  to explore our free training options.\n**Send us your feedback** Love Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the  **File**  menu, select  **Feedback**  and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to the Word product team. Thank you!",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Word QS.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Add visuals with pictures from the web\n\nWord works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your\ndocuments.\n**Try it:**  Hit enter after this line to make a blank line:\n**1.**   With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select  **Online Pictures**  ,\nand then search for something, like  *puppy clip art*  .\n**2.**   Select the picture you want, and select  **Insert**  .",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n## **Meeting essentials**\n\n#### **Meeting controls**\nWhen you join meetings, a different window will pop-up. These are the controls you need to know:\nUse [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[M] for a shortcut to mute and unmute during meetings. **Tip**\n1.\n1.\n2.\n1.\n2.\n3.\n####### **Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people.\n####### **Chat**\nUse chat to share files, ideas, and notes.\n####### **Reactions**\nStay involved without breaking the flow—you can share an emoji reaction to let the presenter know how you feel. Reactions also allow you to raise your hand, which will signal that you'd like an opportunity to speak.\n####### **Video**\nTurn your camera on or off. You can also select the ...            button near the camera to access audio and video settings.\n####### **Share content**\nUse this to share your screen with others.\n####### **Microphone**\nMute and unmute your microphone when you want to speak.\n**1**\n**2**\n**3**\n**4**\n**5**\n**6**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Share and collaborate\nWith this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don’t even need Word\nto open it.\n**Try it:**  Select  **Share**  , and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut -  Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S)\nYou can send the link by typing someone’s email address or by copying the link and pasting it\ninto a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their\npermission to view-only.\nIf they don’t have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Word  Write eloquently, with a little help\n\n## Welcome to Word\n\n### Get help with Word\n\nThe  **Tell me**  search box takes you straight to commands and Help in Word.\n**Try it:**  Get help:\n**1.**   Go to  **Tell me what you want to do**  at the top of the window.\n**2.**   Type what you want to do.\nFor example, type:\n-   **Add watermark**  to quickly get to the watermark command.\n-   **Help**  to go to Word help.\n-   **Training**  to see the list of Word training courses.\n-   **What’s new**  for a list of the most recent updates to Word",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Welcome to Microsoft Teams Set up Explore Practice\n\n### **Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help you get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team.\n**Hit the ground running now!**  Build confidence by trying things on your own. Go to the meet now button\n(at the top right corner on the Calendar tab) to play around and test all the meetings functionalities before you're in the spotlight!\n**Download**  the app for  [desktop ](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app) and  [mobile](https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-teams/download-app)  to access Teams with the best performance anywhere you go.\nOnce you [sign in](https://teams.microsoft.com/l/home/_#/) ,  **connect**  with your team in chat, channels, calls, and meetings. **Try out**  the different features as you learn about them in this guide. You’ll get the basics in no time!",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the products of Hormel Foods Corporation?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "meat and other food product",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Products and Distribution**\n\nStockholder's Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, incorporated herein by reference.\n##### **(c)**   * **Description of Business** *\n##### **Products and Distribution**\nThe Company's products primarily consist of meat and other food products. The meat products are sold fresh, frozen, cured, smoked, cooked and\ncanned. The percentages of total revenues contributed by classes of similar products for the last three fiscal years of the Company are as follows:\n\nPerishable meat  50.3% 53.0% 54.7%\nNonperishable meat  18.9 19.8 21.0\nPoultry  22.1 22.6 20.3\nOther  8.7 4.6 4.0\n\n100.0% 100.0% 100.0%\n\nReporting of revenues from external customers is based on similarity of products, as the same or similar products are sold across multiple distribution\nchannels such as retail, foodservice or international. Revenues reported are based on financial information used to produce the Company's general-\npurpose financial statements.\nPerishable meat includes fresh meats, sausages, hams, wieners and bacon (excluding JOTS products.) Nonperishable meat includes canned luncheon\nmeats, shelf stable microwaveable entrees, stews, chilies, hash, meat spreads and other items that do not require refrigeration as well as frozen\nprocessed products. The Poultry category is composed primarily of JOTS products. The Other category primarily consists of nutritional food products and\nsupplements, sugar and sugar substitutes, salt and pepper products, dessert mixes, food packaging (casings for dry sausage), and industrial gelatin\nproducts. The Other category has increased over the past two years primarily due to the following acquisitions: Century Foods International (July 2003),\nDiamond Crystal Brands (December 2002), and Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products (April 2001).\nNo new product in fiscal 2003 required a material investment of Company assets.\nDomestically, the Company sells its products in all 50 states. Hormel products are sold through Company sales personnel, operating in assigned\nterritories coordinated from district sales offices located in most of the larger U.S. cities, as well as independent brokers and distributors. As of\nOctober 25, 2003, the Company had approximately 600 sales personnel engaged in selling its products. Distribution of products to customers is by\ncommon carrier.\n\nThrough HFIC, the Company markets its products in various locations throughout the world. Some of the larger markets include Australia, Canada,\nChina, England, Japan, Mexico and Micronesia. The distribution of export sales to customers is by common carrier, while the China operations own and\noperate their own delivery system. The Company, through HFIC, has licensed companies to manufacture various Hormel products internationally on a",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(d)**   * **Executive Officers of the Registrant** *\n\n51 percent of Specialty Foods, and 27 percent of All Other. The loss of one or more of the top customers in any of these segments could have a material\nadverse effect on the results of such segment. Backlog orders are not significant due to the perishable nature of a large portion of the products. Orders\nare accepted and shipped on a current basis.\n##### **Competition**\nThe production and sale of meat and food products in the United States and internationally are highly competitive. The Company competes with\nmanufacturers of pork and turkey products, as well as national and regional producers of other meat and protein sources, such as beef, chicken and fish.\nThe Company believes that its largest domestic competitors for its Refrigerated Foods segment in 2003 were Tyson Foods, Smithfield Foods and\nConAgra Foods; for its Grocery Products segment, ConAgra Foods, Dial Corp. and Campbell Soup Co.; and for JOTS, ConAgra Foods and Cargill, Inc.\nAll Hormel segments compete on the basis of price, product quality, brand identification and customer service. Through aggressive marketing and strong\nquality assurance programs, the Company's strategy is to provide higher quality products that possess strong brand recognition, which would then\nsupport higher value perceptions from customers.\nThe Company competes using this same strategy in international markets around the world.\n\n##### **Research and Development**\nResearch and development continues to be a vital part of the Company's strategy to extend existing brands and expand into new branded items. The\nexpenditures for research and development for fiscal 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively, were $13,165,000, $12,097,000 and $11,478,000. There are 42\nprofessional employees engaged in full time research, 19 in the area of improving existing products and 23 in developing new products.\n##### **Employees**\nAs of October 25, 2003, the Company had over 16,000 active employees.\n##### **(d)**   * **Executive Officers of the Registrant** *\n\nJoel W. Johnson  60 Chairman of the Board, President and Chief\nExecutive Officer\n12/08/95 to Present  1991\nMichael J. McCoy  56 Executive Vice President and Chief\nFinancial Officer\nSenior Vice President and Chief Financial\nOfficer\nVice President and Controller\nVice President and Treasurer\n10/29/01 to Present\n05/01/00 to 10/28/01\n04/27/98 to 04/30/00\n01/27/97 to 04/26/98\n1996\nGary J. Ray  57 Executive Vice President Refrigerated Foods\nExecutive Vice President Operations\n11/01/99 to Present\n07/27/92 to 10/31/99\n1988\nEric A. Brown  57 Group Vice President Prepared Foods  12/02/96 to Present  1987",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Customers and Backlog Orders**\n\n##### **Manufacturing**\nThe Company has plants in Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; and Beijing, China that slaughter livestock for processing. Quality Pork Processors of\nDallas, Texas, operates the slaughter facility at Austin under a custom slaughter arrangement.\nFacilities that produce manufactured items are located in Algona, Iowa; Aurora, Illinois; Austin, Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin; Bondurant, Iowa; Ft. Dodge,\nIowa; Fremont, Nebraska; Houston, Texas; Knoxville, Iowa; Mitchellville, Iowa; Osceola, Iowa; Perrysburg, Ohio; Quakertown, Pennsylvania; Rochelle,\nIllinois; Savannah, Georgia; Sparta, Wisconsin; Stockton, California; Tucker, Georgia; Visalia, California; Wichita, Kansas; Beijing, China; and Shanghai,\nChina. Company products are also custom manufactured by several other companies. The following are the Company's larger custom manufacturers:\nLakeside Packing Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin; Schroeder Milk, Maplewood, Minnesota; Steuben Foods, Jamaica, New York; Power Packaging, St.\nCharles, Illinois; Criders, Stilmore, Georgia; Tony Downs, St. James, Minnesota; and Concept Foods, Alma, Kansas. Power\n\nLogistics, Inc., based in St. Charles, Illinois, operates distribution centers for the Company in Dayton, Ohio, and Osceola, Iowa.\nThe Company's turkey slaughter and processing operations are located in Barron, Wisconsin; Faribault, Minnesota; Melrose, Minnesota; Montevideo,\nMinnesota; Pelican Rapids, Minnesota; and Willmar, Minnesota.\n##### **Patents and Trademarks**\nThere are numerous patents and trademarks that are important to the Company's business. The Company holds seven foreign and 47 U.S. issued\npatents. Some of the trademarks are registered and some are not. In recognition of the importance of these assets, the Company created a subsidiary,\nHormel Foods, LLC, in 1998 to create, own, maintain and protect most of the Company's trademarks and patents. Some of the more significant owned or\nlicensed trademarks used in the Company's segments are:\nHORMEL, ALWAYS TENDER, AMERICAN CLASSICS, AUSTIN BLUES, BLACK LABEL, CARAPELLI, CHI-CHI'S, CURE 81, CUREMASTER, DAN'S\nPRIZE, DIAMOND CRYSTAL, DI LUSSO, DINTY MOORE, DUBUQUE, EL TORITO, FAST 'N EASY, HERB-OX, HERDEZ, HOMELAND, HOUSE OF\nTSANG, JENNIE-O TURKEY STORE, KID'S KITCHEN, LAYOUT, LITTLE SIZZLERS, MARRAKESH EXPRESS, MARY KITCHEN, OLD\nSMOKEHOUSE, PATAK'S, PELOPONNESE, PILLOW PACK, QUICK MEAL, RANGE BRAND, ROSA GRANDE, SANDWICH MAKER, SPAM, STAGG,\nSWEET THING, THICK & EASY and WRANGLERS.\n##### **Customers and Backlog Orders**\nDuring fiscal year 2003, no customer accounted for more than 10 percent of total Company sales. The five largest customers in each segment make up\napproximately the following percentage of segment sales: 39 percent of Grocery Products, 39 percent of Refrigerated Foods, 35 percent of JOTS,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### * **Hormel Foods Corporation** *\n\nDirector of Engineering\nCorporate Manager Engineering\n11/01/99 to Present\n01/04/99 to 10/31/99\n01/13/97 to 01/03/99\n1999\nDouglas R. Reetz  49 Vice President Grocery Products Sales\nDirector Grocery Products Sales and\nBusiness Development\n11/01/99 to Present\n09/15/97 to 10/31/99\n1999\nJames N. Sheehan  48 Vice President and Controller\nTreasurer\nPresident Hormel Financial Services\nCorporation\nCorporate Manager Credit/Claims Hormel\nFinancial Services Corporation\n05/01/00 to Present\n11/01/99 to 04/30/00\n09/21/98 to 10/31/99\n07/28/97 to 09/20/98\n1999\n\nWilliam F. Snyder  46 Vice President Refrigerated Foods\nOperations\nDirector Fresh Pork Operations\nFremont Plant Manager\n11/01/99 to Present\n09/27/99 to 10/31/99\n12/25/95 to 09/26/99\n1999\nJames M. Splinter  41 Vice President Marketing—Consumer\nProducts—Refrigerated Foods\nSenior Vice President Retail Division\nJennie-O Turkey Store\nSenior Vice President Sales and Marketing\nJennie-O Turkey Store\nGroup Product Manager Grocery Products\nSenior Product Manager Grocery Products\n06/02/03 to Present\n04/30/01 to 06/01/03\n09/06/99 to 04/29/01\n04/27/98 to 09/05/99\n09/30/96 to 04/26/98\n2003\nJoe C. Swedberg  48 Vice President Legislative Affairs and\nMarketing Services\nVice President Meat Products Marketing\nDirector Meat Products Marketing\n06/02/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 06/01/03\n01/04/93 to 10/31/99\n1999\nLarry L. Vorpahl  40 Vice President and General Manager\nGrocery Products\nVice President Grocery Products Marketing\nDirector Grocery Products Marketing\n12/01/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 11/30/03\n09/30/96 to 10/31/99\n1999\nJames W. Cavanaugh  54 Corporate Secretary and Senior Attorney\nAssistant Secretary and Senior Attorney\n01/29/01 to Present\n01/29/90 to 01/28/01\n2001\nNo family relationship exists among the executive officers.\nExecutive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting following the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Vacancies may be\nfilled and additional officers elected at any regular or special meeting.\n\n##### **Item 2.**   * **PROPERTIES** *\n\n##### * **Hormel Foods Corporation** *\n\n*Slaughtering and Processing Plants*\n\nAustin, Minnesota 1,292,000 Owned\n\nFremont, Nebraska  655,000 Owned\n\n*Processing Plants*\n\nAlgona, Iowa 153,000 Owned\n\nAurora, Illinois  141,000 Owned\n\nBeloit, Wisconsin  339,000 Owned\n\nFt. Dodge, Iowa  17,000 Owned\n\nHouston, Texas  93,000 Owned\n\nKnoxville, Iowa  130,000 Owned\n\nOsceola, Iowa  334,000 Owned\n\nQuakertown, Pennsylvania  13,000 Owned\n\nRochelle, Illinois  440,000 Owned\n\nSparta, Wisconsin  185,000 Owned\n\nStockton, California  139,000 Owned\n\nTucker, Georgia  259,000 Owned\n\nWichita, Kansas  80,000 Owned\n\n*Warehouse/Distribution Centers*\n\nAustin, Minnesota—Annex 83,000 Owned\n\nDayton, Ohio  140,000 Owned\n\nEldridge, Iowa  280,000 Leased  October, 2005\n\nOsceola, Iowa  233,000 Owned\n\nStockton, California  232,000 Leased  July, 2004\n\nTucker, Georgia  96,000 Leased  October, 2004\n\n*Research and Development Center*",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n(3)    List of Exhibits—The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n(b) The following reports on Form 8-K were filed during the fourth quarter:\nForm 8-K was filed on August 1, 2003, announcing a January 24, 2004 retirement of Eric Brown, Group Vice President of Prepared Foods and\nmember of the Board of Directors.\nForm 8-K was furnished on August 21, 2003, disclosing the issuance of the Company's earnings release for the third quarter ended July 26, 2003.\nForm 8-K was filed on October 7, 2003, announcing union workers from five of the Company's production facilities voted to ratify a new four-year\nlabor contract.\nForm 8-K was filed on October 23, 2003, announcing the Company entered into an unsecured 3-year revolving credit facility in the amount of\n$150,000,000, which replaced an existing $150,000,000 credit facility entered into on October 25, 2001.\n(c) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n(d) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n\n##### **SIGNATURES**\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its\nbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\nBy: /s/  JOEL W. JOHNSON\nJOEL W. JOHNSON\nChairman of the Board,\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nDate: January 23, 2004\nPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the\nRegistrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Each person whose signature to this report on Form 10-K appears below hereby constitutes\nand appoints each of Michael J. McCoy, Jody H. Feragen and Mark P. Kalvoda as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of\nsubstitution, to sign on his or her behalf individually and in the capacity stated below and to perform any acts necessary to be done in order to file the\nAnnual Report on Form 10-K and all amendments to this report on Form 10-K, and any and all instruments or documents filed as part of or in connection\nwith this report on Form 10-K or the amendments hereto, and each of the undersigned does hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorney-in-fact and",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(b)**   * **Industry Segment** *\n\nHORMEL ALWAYS TENDER brand name in fiscal year 2003. This 50 percent owned joint venture, named Precept Foods LLC, is based in Austin, Minn.\nIn fiscal 2001, the Jennie-O Turkey Store (JOTS) business was formed as a result of merging the Company's existing Jennie-O Foods, Inc. business with\nthe operations of The Turkey Store Company, which was acquired in the second quarter of fiscal 2001. The Turkey Store Company was a turkey\nprocessing business headquartered in Barron, Wisconsin. The merged JOTS operation is currently the largest turkey processor in the world. JOTS\nmarkets its turkey products through its own sales force and independent brokers.\nThe acquisitions of Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products in fiscal 2001 and the Century Foods International business in July of fiscal 2003\nstrengthened the Company's presence in the nutritional food products and supplements market. The Company currently operates as one of the largest\ncompanies providing nutritional products to the U.S. healthcare industry.\nThe Company acquired the Diamond Crystal Brands business from Imperial Sugar Co. in December of fiscal 2003. Diamond Crystal Brands packages\nand sells various sugar, sugar substitute, salt and pepper products, savory products, drink mixes and dessert mixes to retail and foodservice customers.\nInternationally, the Company markets its products through Hormel Foods International Corporation (HFIC), a wholly owned subsidiary. HFIC has a\npresence in the international marketplace through joint ventures and placement of personnel in strategic foreign locations such as China, Spain, and the\nPhilippines. HFIC also has a global presence with minority positions in food companies in Spain (Campofrio Alimentacion S.A., 15% holding) and the\nPhilippines (Purefoods-Hormel, 40% holding).\n\nThe Company has not been involved in any bankruptcy, receivership or similar proceedings during its history. Substantially all of the assets of the\nCompany have been acquired in the ordinary course of business.\nThe Company had no significant change in the type of products produced or services rendered, nor in the markets or methods of distribution since the\nbeginning of the fiscal year.\n##### **(b)**   * **Industry Segment** *\nThe Company's business is reported in five segments: Grocery Products, Refrigerated Foods, Jennie-O Turkey Store, Specialty Foods, and All Other.\nThe contributions of each segment to net sales to unaffiliated customers and operating profit, and the presentation of certain other financial information by\nsegment are reported in Note K of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of the Annual",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(d)**   * **Executive Officers of the Registrant** *\n\nSteven G. Binder  46 Group Vice President Foodservice\nVice President Foodservice\nDirector Foodservice Sales\n10/30/00 to Present\n11/02/98 to 10/29/00\n12/30/96 to 11/01/98\n1998\nRichard A. Bross  52 Group Vice President Hormel/President\nHormel Foods International Corporation\nVice President Hormel/President Hormel\nFoods International Corporation\nVice President Grocery Products\n10/29/01 to Present\n11/01/99 to 10/28/01\n01/30/95 to 10/31/99\n1995\nJeffrey M. Ettinger  45 Group Vice President Hormel/President and\nChief Executive Officer Jennie-O Turkey\nStore\nGroup Vice President Hormel/President and\nChief Operating Officer Jennie-O Turkey\nStore\nVice President Hormel/President and\nChief Operating Officer Jennie-O Turkey\nStore\nVice President Hormel/President and Chief\nExecutive Officer Jennie-O Foods\nVice President Hormel/Jennie-O Foods\nTreasurer\nAssistant Treasurer\n03/03/03 to Present\n10/29/01 to 03/02/03\n04/30/01 to 10/28/01\n01/31/00 to 04/29/01\n11/01/99 to 01/30/00\n04/27/98 to 10/31/99\n11/24/97 to 04/26/98\n1998\n\nRonald W. Fielding  50 Group Vice President Sales Strategy\nGroup Vice President Meat Products\nVice President Hormel/President Hormel\nFoods International Corporation\n06/02/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 06/01/03\n01/27/97 to 10/31/99\n1997\nJames A. Jorgenson  59 Senior Vice President Corporate Staff\nVice President Human Resources\n11/01/99 to Present\n12/30/91 to 10/31/99\n1990\nMahlon C. Schneider  64 Senior Vice President External Affairs and\nGeneral Counsel\nVice President and General Counsel\n11/01/99 to Present\n11/19/90 to 10/31/99\n1990\nThomas R. Day  45 Vice President Foodservice Sales\nDirector Foodservice Sales\nDirector Dubuque Foods Incorporated\nFoodservice Sales and Marketing\n10/30/00 to Present\n11/02/98 to 10/29/00\n03/07/94 to 11/01/98\n2000\nForrest D. Dryden  60 Vice President Research and Development  01/26/87 to Present  1987\nJody H. Feragen  47 Vice President and Treasurer\nTreasurer\nAssistant Treasurer, National Computer\nSystems in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, a\ndata collection and software company\n10/29/01 to Present 10/30/00 to\n10/28/01\n12/01/95 to 10/30/00\n2000\nDennis B. Goettsch  50 Vice President Foodservice Marketing\nDirector Foodservice Marketing\n10/30/00 to Present\n10/01/90 to 10/29/00\n2000\nDaniel A. Hartzog  52 Vice President Meat Products Sales\nDirector of Meat Products Business\nDevelopment\nMeat Products Regional Sales Manager\n10/30/00 to Present\n07/03/00 to 10/29/00\n09/19/88 to 07/02/00\n2000\nKurt F. Mueller  47 Vice President Fresh Pork Sales and\nMarketing\nDirector Fresh Pork Sales and Marketing\n11/01/99 to Present\n02/03/97 to 10/31/99\n1999\nGary C. Paxton  58 Vice President Specialty Foods Group\nVice President Prepared Foods Operations\nVice President Manufacturing\n09/29/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 09/30/03\n01/27/92 to 10/31/99\n1992\nLarry J. Pfeil  54 Vice President Engineering",
+                    "page_start": 5,
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+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(a)**   * **General Development of Business** *\n\nItem 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE\n\nItem 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES\n##### **PART III**\n\nItem 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE AGREEMENT\n\nItem 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION\n\nItem 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER\nMATTERS\n\nItem 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS\n\nItem 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES\n##### **PART IV**\n\nItem 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K\n##### **SIGNATURES**\n\n##### **PART I**\n##### **Item 1.**   * **BUSINESS** *\n##### **Available Information**\nThe Company makes available, free of charge on its website at  *www.hormel.com*  , its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q,\ncurrent reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of\n1934. These reports are accessible under the \"Investor\" caption of the Company's website and are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such\nmaterial is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is within 24 hours.\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct that covers its officers and directors, which is available on the Company's website, free\nof charge, under the caption \"Corporate.\" The Company also adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, which are available on the Company's website,\nfree of charge, under the caption \"Investor.\"\n##### **(a)**   * **General Development of Business** *\nHormel Foods Corporation, a Delaware corporation, was founded by George A. Hormel in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, as George A. Hormel & Company.\nThe Company started as a processor of meat and food products and continues in this line of business. The Company name was changed to Hormel\nFoods Corporation on January 31, 1995. The Company is primarily engaged in the production of a variety of meat and food products and the marketing of\nthose products throughout the United States. Although pork and turkey remain the major raw materials for Hormel products, the Company has\nemphasized for several years the manufacture and distribution of branded, consumer packaged items rather than the commodity fresh meat business.\nThe Company's branding strategy led to the development of a joint venture between Hormel Foods Corporation and Excel Corporation, a wholly owned\nsubsidiary of Cargill Incorporated. This joint venture began marketing and selling nationally branded fresh case ready beef and pork under the existing",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Item 15.**   * **EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K** *\n\ndefinitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\nInformation concerning Executive Officers is set forth in Item 1(d) of Part I pursuant to Instruction 3, Paragraph (b) of Item 401 of Regulation S-K.\nInformation under \"Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,\" on page 17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of\nStockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct in compliance with applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that\napplies to its principal executive officer, its principal financial officer and its principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar\nfunctions. A copy of the Code of Ethical Business Conduct is available on the Company's website at, www.hormel.com, free of charge, under the caption,\n\"Corporate.\"\n\n##### **Item 11.**   * **EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION** *\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, commencing with \"Summary Compensation Table\" on page 12 through page 15 and \"Compensation of\nDirectors\" on page 5 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by\nreference.\n\n**Item 12.**   * **SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS** *\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, under \"Principal Stockholders\" and \"Security Ownership of Management\" on pages 7 through 9 and\ninformation under \"Equity Compensation Plan Information\" on page 15 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held\nJanuary 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 13.**   * **CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS** *\nInformation under \"Other Information Relating to Directors, Nominees, and Executive Officers\" for the year ended October 25, 2003, as set forth on page\n17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 14.**   * **PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES** *\nThe information under the \"Audit Committee Report and Ratification of Appointment of Auditors—Audit Fees\" through \"—Audit Committee Preapproval\nPolicies and Procedures\" on page 7 of the Company's definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is\nincorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **PART IV**\n##### **Item 15.**   * **EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K** *\n(a) (1) and (2) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n(Address of principal executive offices)  (Zip Code)\nRegistrant's telephone number, including area code  **(507) 437-5611**\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12 (b) of the Act:\n##### **COMMON STOCK, PAR VALUE $.0586 PER SHARE**\nTitle of Each Class\n##### **NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE**\nName of Each Exchange\nOn Which Registered\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act:\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934\nduring the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o\nIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the\nbest of registrant's knowledge in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendments to\nthis Form 10-K. o\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ý    No o\nThe aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of April 26, 2003 (the last business day of the registrant's most\nrecently completed second fiscal quarter), was $1,592,020,962 based on the closing price of $21.74 per share on that date.\nAs of December 1, 2003, the number of shares outstanding of each of the Corporation's classes of common stock was as follows:\nCommon Stock, $.0586 Par Value—138,672,803 shares\nCommon Stock Non-Voting, $.01 Par Value—0 shares\n##### **DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE**\nPortions of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, are incorporated by reference into Part I and Part II Items 5-8, and\nincluded as exhibit 13.1 filed herewith.\n\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n##### **TABLE OF CONTENTS**\n\n##### **PART I**\n\nItem 1. BUSINESS\n\nItem 2. PROPERTIES\n\nItem 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS\n\nItem 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS\n##### **PART II**\n\nItem 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS\n\nItem 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA\n\nItem 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS\n\nItem 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK\n\nItem 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "Where are Hormel Foods Corporation plants located?   ",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "has plants in Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; and Beijing, China",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Customers and Backlog Orders**\n\n##### **Manufacturing**\nThe Company has plants in Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; and Beijing, China that slaughter livestock for processing. Quality Pork Processors of\nDallas, Texas, operates the slaughter facility at Austin under a custom slaughter arrangement.\nFacilities that produce manufactured items are located in Algona, Iowa; Aurora, Illinois; Austin, Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin; Bondurant, Iowa; Ft. Dodge,\nIowa; Fremont, Nebraska; Houston, Texas; Knoxville, Iowa; Mitchellville, Iowa; Osceola, Iowa; Perrysburg, Ohio; Quakertown, Pennsylvania; Rochelle,\nIllinois; Savannah, Georgia; Sparta, Wisconsin; Stockton, California; Tucker, Georgia; Visalia, California; Wichita, Kansas; Beijing, China; and Shanghai,\nChina. Company products are also custom manufactured by several other companies. The following are the Company's larger custom manufacturers:\nLakeside Packing Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin; Schroeder Milk, Maplewood, Minnesota; Steuben Foods, Jamaica, New York; Power Packaging, St.\nCharles, Illinois; Criders, Stilmore, Georgia; Tony Downs, St. James, Minnesota; and Concept Foods, Alma, Kansas. Power\n\nLogistics, Inc., based in St. Charles, Illinois, operates distribution centers for the Company in Dayton, Ohio, and Osceola, Iowa.\nThe Company's turkey slaughter and processing operations are located in Barron, Wisconsin; Faribault, Minnesota; Melrose, Minnesota; Montevideo,\nMinnesota; Pelican Rapids, Minnesota; and Willmar, Minnesota.\n##### **Patents and Trademarks**\nThere are numerous patents and trademarks that are important to the Company's business. The Company holds seven foreign and 47 U.S. issued\npatents. Some of the trademarks are registered and some are not. In recognition of the importance of these assets, the Company created a subsidiary,\nHormel Foods, LLC, in 1998 to create, own, maintain and protect most of the Company's trademarks and patents. Some of the more significant owned or\nlicensed trademarks used in the Company's segments are:\nHORMEL, ALWAYS TENDER, AMERICAN CLASSICS, AUSTIN BLUES, BLACK LABEL, CARAPELLI, CHI-CHI'S, CURE 81, CUREMASTER, DAN'S\nPRIZE, DIAMOND CRYSTAL, DI LUSSO, DINTY MOORE, DUBUQUE, EL TORITO, FAST 'N EASY, HERB-OX, HERDEZ, HOMELAND, HOUSE OF\nTSANG, JENNIE-O TURKEY STORE, KID'S KITCHEN, LAYOUT, LITTLE SIZZLERS, MARRAKESH EXPRESS, MARY KITCHEN, OLD\nSMOKEHOUSE, PATAK'S, PELOPONNESE, PILLOW PACK, QUICK MEAL, RANGE BRAND, ROSA GRANDE, SANDWICH MAKER, SPAM, STAGG,\nSWEET THING, THICK & EASY and WRANGLERS.\n##### **Customers and Backlog Orders**\nDuring fiscal year 2003, no customer accounted for more than 10 percent of total Company sales. The five largest customers in each segment make up\napproximately the following percentage of segment sales: 39 percent of Grocery Products, 39 percent of Refrigerated Foods, 35 percent of JOTS,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Item 7.**   * **MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS** *\n\nAustin, Minnesota 59,000 Owned\n\n*Corporate Offices*\n\nAustin, Minnesota 203,000 Owned\n##### * **Dan's Prize, Inc.** *\n\nBrowerville, Minnesota—Plant 52,000 Owned\n\nLong Prairie, Minnesota—Plant  80,000 Owned\n##### * **Jennie-O Turkey Store, Inc.** *\n\n*Plants*\n\nBarron, Wisconsin  372,000 Owned\n\nFaribault, Minnesota  169,000 Owned\n\nMarshall, Minnesota  142,000 Owned\n\nMelrose, Minnesota  124,000 Owned\n\nMontevideo, Minnesota  85,000 Owned\n\nPelican Rapids, Minnesota  242,000 Owned\n\nWillmar, Minnesota  419,000 Owned\n\n* Acres\nMany of these properties are not exclusive to any one of the Company's segments and a few of the properties are utilized in all five segments of the\nCompany. The Company has renovation or building projects in progress at Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; Rochelle, Illinois; Osceola, Iowa; Los\nAnimas, Colorado; and at various JOTS locations. The Company believes its operating facilities are well maintained and suitable for current production\nvolumes and all volumes anticipated in the foreseeable future.\n\n##### **Item 3.**   * **LEGAL PROCEEDINGS** *\nThe Company knows of no pending material legal proceedings.\n\n##### **Item 4.**   * **SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS** *\nNo matters were submitted to shareholders during the fourth quarter of the 2003 fiscal year.\n\n##### **PART II**\n##### **Item 5.**   * **MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS** *\nThe high and low closing price of the Company's Common Stock and the dividends per share declared for each fiscal quarter of 2003 and 2002,\nrespectively, are shown below:\n\nFirst Quarter  $ 24.30 $ 21.76 $ .1050\nSecond Quarter   22.60  20.18  .1050\nThird Quarter   24.98  22.41  .1050\nFourth Quarter   24.15  21.25  .1050\n\nFirst Quarter  $ 27.14 $ 23.12 $ .0975\nSecond Quarter   28.03  24.99  .0975\nThird Quarter   24.99  20.50  .0975\nFourth Quarter   24.95  20.95  .0975\nAdditional information about dividends, principal market of trade and number of stockholders on page 45 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year\nended October 25, 2003, is incorporated herein by reference. The Company's Common Stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since\nJanuary 16, 1990.\n\n##### **Item 6.**   * **SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA** *\nSelected Financial Data for the five years ended October 25, 2003, on page 16 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year ended October 25, 2003,\nis incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 7.**   * **MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS** *\nManagement's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations on pages 17 through 27 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Products and Distribution**\n\nStockholder's Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, incorporated herein by reference.\n##### **(c)**   * **Description of Business** *\n##### **Products and Distribution**\nThe Company's products primarily consist of meat and other food products. The meat products are sold fresh, frozen, cured, smoked, cooked and\ncanned. The percentages of total revenues contributed by classes of similar products for the last three fiscal years of the Company are as follows:\n\nPerishable meat  50.3% 53.0% 54.7%\nNonperishable meat  18.9 19.8 21.0\nPoultry  22.1 22.6 20.3\nOther  8.7 4.6 4.0\n\n100.0% 100.0% 100.0%\n\nReporting of revenues from external customers is based on similarity of products, as the same or similar products are sold across multiple distribution\nchannels such as retail, foodservice or international. Revenues reported are based on financial information used to produce the Company's general-\npurpose financial statements.\nPerishable meat includes fresh meats, sausages, hams, wieners and bacon (excluding JOTS products.) Nonperishable meat includes canned luncheon\nmeats, shelf stable microwaveable entrees, stews, chilies, hash, meat spreads and other items that do not require refrigeration as well as frozen\nprocessed products. The Poultry category is composed primarily of JOTS products. The Other category primarily consists of nutritional food products and\nsupplements, sugar and sugar substitutes, salt and pepper products, dessert mixes, food packaging (casings for dry sausage), and industrial gelatin\nproducts. The Other category has increased over the past two years primarily due to the following acquisitions: Century Foods International (July 2003),\nDiamond Crystal Brands (December 2002), and Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products (April 2001).\nNo new product in fiscal 2003 required a material investment of Company assets.\nDomestically, the Company sells its products in all 50 states. Hormel products are sold through Company sales personnel, operating in assigned\nterritories coordinated from district sales offices located in most of the larger U.S. cities, as well as independent brokers and distributors. As of\nOctober 25, 2003, the Company had approximately 600 sales personnel engaged in selling its products. Distribution of products to customers is by\ncommon carrier.\n\nThrough HFIC, the Company markets its products in various locations throughout the world. Some of the larger markets include Australia, Canada,\nChina, England, Japan, Mexico and Micronesia. The distribution of export sales to customers is by common carrier, while the China operations own and\noperate their own delivery system. The Company, through HFIC, has licensed companies to manufacture various Hormel products internationally on a",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### * **Hormel Foods Corporation** *\n\nDirector of Engineering\nCorporate Manager Engineering\n11/01/99 to Present\n01/04/99 to 10/31/99\n01/13/97 to 01/03/99\n1999\nDouglas R. Reetz  49 Vice President Grocery Products Sales\nDirector Grocery Products Sales and\nBusiness Development\n11/01/99 to Present\n09/15/97 to 10/31/99\n1999\nJames N. Sheehan  48 Vice President and Controller\nTreasurer\nPresident Hormel Financial Services\nCorporation\nCorporate Manager Credit/Claims Hormel\nFinancial Services Corporation\n05/01/00 to Present\n11/01/99 to 04/30/00\n09/21/98 to 10/31/99\n07/28/97 to 09/20/98\n1999\n\nWilliam F. Snyder  46 Vice President Refrigerated Foods\nOperations\nDirector Fresh Pork Operations\nFremont Plant Manager\n11/01/99 to Present\n09/27/99 to 10/31/99\n12/25/95 to 09/26/99\n1999\nJames M. Splinter  41 Vice President Marketing—Consumer\nProducts—Refrigerated Foods\nSenior Vice President Retail Division\nJennie-O Turkey Store\nSenior Vice President Sales and Marketing\nJennie-O Turkey Store\nGroup Product Manager Grocery Products\nSenior Product Manager Grocery Products\n06/02/03 to Present\n04/30/01 to 06/01/03\n09/06/99 to 04/29/01\n04/27/98 to 09/05/99\n09/30/96 to 04/26/98\n2003\nJoe C. Swedberg  48 Vice President Legislative Affairs and\nMarketing Services\nVice President Meat Products Marketing\nDirector Meat Products Marketing\n06/02/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 06/01/03\n01/04/93 to 10/31/99\n1999\nLarry L. Vorpahl  40 Vice President and General Manager\nGrocery Products\nVice President Grocery Products Marketing\nDirector Grocery Products Marketing\n12/01/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 11/30/03\n09/30/96 to 10/31/99\n1999\nJames W. Cavanaugh  54 Corporate Secretary and Senior Attorney\nAssistant Secretary and Senior Attorney\n01/29/01 to Present\n01/29/90 to 01/28/01\n2001\nNo family relationship exists among the executive officers.\nExecutive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting following the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Vacancies may be\nfilled and additional officers elected at any regular or special meeting.\n\n##### **Item 2.**   * **PROPERTIES** *\n\n##### * **Hormel Foods Corporation** *\n\n*Slaughtering and Processing Plants*\n\nAustin, Minnesota 1,292,000 Owned\n\nFremont, Nebraska  655,000 Owned\n\n*Processing Plants*\n\nAlgona, Iowa 153,000 Owned\n\nAurora, Illinois  141,000 Owned\n\nBeloit, Wisconsin  339,000 Owned\n\nFt. Dodge, Iowa  17,000 Owned\n\nHouston, Texas  93,000 Owned\n\nKnoxville, Iowa  130,000 Owned\n\nOsceola, Iowa  334,000 Owned\n\nQuakertown, Pennsylvania  13,000 Owned\n\nRochelle, Illinois  440,000 Owned\n\nSparta, Wisconsin  185,000 Owned\n\nStockton, California  139,000 Owned\n\nTucker, Georgia  259,000 Owned\n\nWichita, Kansas  80,000 Owned\n\n*Warehouse/Distribution Centers*\n\nAustin, Minnesota—Annex 83,000 Owned\n\nDayton, Ohio  140,000 Owned\n\nEldridge, Iowa  280,000 Leased  October, 2005\n\nOsceola, Iowa  233,000 Owned\n\nStockton, California  232,000 Leased  July, 2004\n\nTucker, Georgia  96,000 Leased  October, 2004\n\n*Research and Development Center*",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(d)**   * **Executive Officers of the Registrant** *\n\n51 percent of Specialty Foods, and 27 percent of All Other. The loss of one or more of the top customers in any of these segments could have a material\nadverse effect on the results of such segment. Backlog orders are not significant due to the perishable nature of a large portion of the products. Orders\nare accepted and shipped on a current basis.\n##### **Competition**\nThe production and sale of meat and food products in the United States and internationally are highly competitive. The Company competes with\nmanufacturers of pork and turkey products, as well as national and regional producers of other meat and protein sources, such as beef, chicken and fish.\nThe Company believes that its largest domestic competitors for its Refrigerated Foods segment in 2003 were Tyson Foods, Smithfield Foods and\nConAgra Foods; for its Grocery Products segment, ConAgra Foods, Dial Corp. and Campbell Soup Co.; and for JOTS, ConAgra Foods and Cargill, Inc.\nAll Hormel segments compete on the basis of price, product quality, brand identification and customer service. Through aggressive marketing and strong\nquality assurance programs, the Company's strategy is to provide higher quality products that possess strong brand recognition, which would then\nsupport higher value perceptions from customers.\nThe Company competes using this same strategy in international markets around the world.\n\n##### **Research and Development**\nResearch and development continues to be a vital part of the Company's strategy to extend existing brands and expand into new branded items. The\nexpenditures for research and development for fiscal 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively, were $13,165,000, $12,097,000 and $11,478,000. There are 42\nprofessional employees engaged in full time research, 19 in the area of improving existing products and 23 in developing new products.\n##### **Employees**\nAs of October 25, 2003, the Company had over 16,000 active employees.\n##### **(d)**   * **Executive Officers of the Registrant** *\n\nJoel W. Johnson  60 Chairman of the Board, President and Chief\nExecutive Officer\n12/08/95 to Present  1991\nMichael J. McCoy  56 Executive Vice President and Chief\nFinancial Officer\nSenior Vice President and Chief Financial\nOfficer\nVice President and Controller\nVice President and Treasurer\n10/29/01 to Present\n05/01/00 to 10/28/01\n04/27/98 to 04/30/00\n01/27/97 to 04/26/98\n1996\nGary J. Ray  57 Executive Vice President Refrigerated Foods\nExecutive Vice President Operations\n11/01/99 to Present\n07/27/92 to 10/31/99\n1988\nEric A. Brown  57 Group Vice President Prepared Foods  12/02/96 to Present  1987",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(d)**   * **Executive Officers of the Registrant** *\n\nSteven G. Binder  46 Group Vice President Foodservice\nVice President Foodservice\nDirector Foodservice Sales\n10/30/00 to Present\n11/02/98 to 10/29/00\n12/30/96 to 11/01/98\n1998\nRichard A. Bross  52 Group Vice President Hormel/President\nHormel Foods International Corporation\nVice President Hormel/President Hormel\nFoods International Corporation\nVice President Grocery Products\n10/29/01 to Present\n11/01/99 to 10/28/01\n01/30/95 to 10/31/99\n1995\nJeffrey M. Ettinger  45 Group Vice President Hormel/President and\nChief Executive Officer Jennie-O Turkey\nStore\nGroup Vice President Hormel/President and\nChief Operating Officer Jennie-O Turkey\nStore\nVice President Hormel/President and\nChief Operating Officer Jennie-O Turkey\nStore\nVice President Hormel/President and Chief\nExecutive Officer Jennie-O Foods\nVice President Hormel/Jennie-O Foods\nTreasurer\nAssistant Treasurer\n03/03/03 to Present\n10/29/01 to 03/02/03\n04/30/01 to 10/28/01\n01/31/00 to 04/29/01\n11/01/99 to 01/30/00\n04/27/98 to 10/31/99\n11/24/97 to 04/26/98\n1998\n\nRonald W. Fielding  50 Group Vice President Sales Strategy\nGroup Vice President Meat Products\nVice President Hormel/President Hormel\nFoods International Corporation\n06/02/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 06/01/03\n01/27/97 to 10/31/99\n1997\nJames A. Jorgenson  59 Senior Vice President Corporate Staff\nVice President Human Resources\n11/01/99 to Present\n12/30/91 to 10/31/99\n1990\nMahlon C. Schneider  64 Senior Vice President External Affairs and\nGeneral Counsel\nVice President and General Counsel\n11/01/99 to Present\n11/19/90 to 10/31/99\n1990\nThomas R. Day  45 Vice President Foodservice Sales\nDirector Foodservice Sales\nDirector Dubuque Foods Incorporated\nFoodservice Sales and Marketing\n10/30/00 to Present\n11/02/98 to 10/29/00\n03/07/94 to 11/01/98\n2000\nForrest D. Dryden  60 Vice President Research and Development  01/26/87 to Present  1987\nJody H. Feragen  47 Vice President and Treasurer\nTreasurer\nAssistant Treasurer, National Computer\nSystems in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, a\ndata collection and software company\n10/29/01 to Present 10/30/00 to\n10/28/01\n12/01/95 to 10/30/00\n2000\nDennis B. Goettsch  50 Vice President Foodservice Marketing\nDirector Foodservice Marketing\n10/30/00 to Present\n10/01/90 to 10/29/00\n2000\nDaniel A. Hartzog  52 Vice President Meat Products Sales\nDirector of Meat Products Business\nDevelopment\nMeat Products Regional Sales Manager\n10/30/00 to Present\n07/03/00 to 10/29/00\n09/19/88 to 07/02/00\n2000\nKurt F. Mueller  47 Vice President Fresh Pork Sales and\nMarketing\nDirector Fresh Pork Sales and Marketing\n11/01/99 to Present\n02/03/97 to 10/31/99\n1999\nGary C. Paxton  58 Vice President Specialty Foods Group\nVice President Prepared Foods Operations\nVice President Manufacturing\n09/29/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 09/30/03\n01/27/92 to 10/31/99\n1992\nLarry J. Pfeil  54 Vice President Engineering",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(a)**   * **General Development of Business** *\n\nItem 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE\n\nItem 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES\n##### **PART III**\n\nItem 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE AGREEMENT\n\nItem 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION\n\nItem 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER\nMATTERS\n\nItem 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS\n\nItem 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES\n##### **PART IV**\n\nItem 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K\n##### **SIGNATURES**\n\n##### **PART I**\n##### **Item 1.**   * **BUSINESS** *\n##### **Available Information**\nThe Company makes available, free of charge on its website at  *www.hormel.com*  , its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q,\ncurrent reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of\n1934. These reports are accessible under the \"Investor\" caption of the Company's website and are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such\nmaterial is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is within 24 hours.\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct that covers its officers and directors, which is available on the Company's website, free\nof charge, under the caption \"Corporate.\" The Company also adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, which are available on the Company's website,\nfree of charge, under the caption \"Investor.\"\n##### **(a)**   * **General Development of Business** *\nHormel Foods Corporation, a Delaware corporation, was founded by George A. Hormel in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, as George A. Hormel & Company.\nThe Company started as a processor of meat and food products and continues in this line of business. The Company name was changed to Hormel\nFoods Corporation on January 31, 1995. The Company is primarily engaged in the production of a variety of meat and food products and the marketing of\nthose products throughout the United States. Although pork and turkey remain the major raw materials for Hormel products, the Company has\nemphasized for several years the manufacture and distribution of branded, consumer packaged items rather than the commodity fresh meat business.\nThe Company's branding strategy led to the development of a joint venture between Hormel Foods Corporation and Excel Corporation, a wholly owned\nsubsidiary of Cargill Incorporated. This joint venture began marketing and selling nationally branded fresh case ready beef and pork under the existing",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(b)**   * **Industry Segment** *\n\nHORMEL ALWAYS TENDER brand name in fiscal year 2003. This 50 percent owned joint venture, named Precept Foods LLC, is based in Austin, Minn.\nIn fiscal 2001, the Jennie-O Turkey Store (JOTS) business was formed as a result of merging the Company's existing Jennie-O Foods, Inc. business with\nthe operations of The Turkey Store Company, which was acquired in the second quarter of fiscal 2001. The Turkey Store Company was a turkey\nprocessing business headquartered in Barron, Wisconsin. The merged JOTS operation is currently the largest turkey processor in the world. JOTS\nmarkets its turkey products through its own sales force and independent brokers.\nThe acquisitions of Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products in fiscal 2001 and the Century Foods International business in July of fiscal 2003\nstrengthened the Company's presence in the nutritional food products and supplements market. The Company currently operates as one of the largest\ncompanies providing nutritional products to the U.S. healthcare industry.\nThe Company acquired the Diamond Crystal Brands business from Imperial Sugar Co. in December of fiscal 2003. Diamond Crystal Brands packages\nand sells various sugar, sugar substitute, salt and pepper products, savory products, drink mixes and dessert mixes to retail and foodservice customers.\nInternationally, the Company markets its products through Hormel Foods International Corporation (HFIC), a wholly owned subsidiary. HFIC has a\npresence in the international marketplace through joint ventures and placement of personnel in strategic foreign locations such as China, Spain, and the\nPhilippines. HFIC also has a global presence with minority positions in food companies in Spain (Campofrio Alimentacion S.A., 15% holding) and the\nPhilippines (Purefoods-Hormel, 40% holding).\n\nThe Company has not been involved in any bankruptcy, receivership or similar proceedings during its history. Substantially all of the assets of the\nCompany have been acquired in the ordinary course of business.\nThe Company had no significant change in the type of products produced or services rendered, nor in the markets or methods of distribution since the\nbeginning of the fiscal year.\n##### **(b)**   * **Industry Segment** *\nThe Company's business is reported in five segments: Grocery Products, Refrigerated Foods, Jennie-O Turkey Store, Specialty Foods, and All Other.\nThe contributions of each segment to net sales to unaffiliated customers and operating profit, and the presentation of certain other financial information by\nsegment are reported in Note K of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of the Annual",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n(3)    List of Exhibits—The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n(b) The following reports on Form 8-K were filed during the fourth quarter:\nForm 8-K was filed on August 1, 2003, announcing a January 24, 2004 retirement of Eric Brown, Group Vice President of Prepared Foods and\nmember of the Board of Directors.\nForm 8-K was furnished on August 21, 2003, disclosing the issuance of the Company's earnings release for the third quarter ended July 26, 2003.\nForm 8-K was filed on October 7, 2003, announcing union workers from five of the Company's production facilities voted to ratify a new four-year\nlabor contract.\nForm 8-K was filed on October 23, 2003, announcing the Company entered into an unsecured 3-year revolving credit facility in the amount of\n$150,000,000, which replaced an existing $150,000,000 credit facility entered into on October 25, 2001.\n(c) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n(d) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n\n##### **SIGNATURES**\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its\nbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\nBy: /s/  JOEL W. JOHNSON\nJOEL W. JOHNSON\nChairman of the Board,\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nDate: January 23, 2004\nPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the\nRegistrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Each person whose signature to this report on Form 10-K appears below hereby constitutes\nand appoints each of Michael J. McCoy, Jody H. Feragen and Mark P. Kalvoda as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of\nsubstitution, to sign on his or her behalf individually and in the capacity stated below and to perform any acts necessary to be done in order to file the\nAnnual Report on Form 10-K and all amendments to this report on Form 10-K, and any and all instruments or documents filed as part of or in connection\nwith this report on Form 10-K or the amendments hereto, and each of the undersigned does hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorney-in-fact and",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Item 15.**   * **EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K** *\n\ndefinitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\nInformation concerning Executive Officers is set forth in Item 1(d) of Part I pursuant to Instruction 3, Paragraph (b) of Item 401 of Regulation S-K.\nInformation under \"Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,\" on page 17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of\nStockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct in compliance with applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that\napplies to its principal executive officer, its principal financial officer and its principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar\nfunctions. A copy of the Code of Ethical Business Conduct is available on the Company's website at, www.hormel.com, free of charge, under the caption,\n\"Corporate.\"\n\n##### **Item 11.**   * **EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION** *\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, commencing with \"Summary Compensation Table\" on page 12 through page 15 and \"Compensation of\nDirectors\" on page 5 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by\nreference.\n\n**Item 12.**   * **SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS** *\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, under \"Principal Stockholders\" and \"Security Ownership of Management\" on pages 7 through 9 and\ninformation under \"Equity Compensation Plan Information\" on page 15 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held\nJanuary 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 13.**   * **CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS** *\nInformation under \"Other Information Relating to Directors, Nominees, and Executive Officers\" for the year ended October 25, 2003, as set forth on page\n17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 14.**   * **PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES** *\nThe information under the \"Audit Committee Report and Ratification of Appointment of Auditors—Audit Fees\" through \"—Audit Committee Preapproval\nPolicies and Procedures\" on page 7 of the Company's definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is\nincorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **PART IV**\n##### **Item 15.**   * **EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K** *\n(a) (1) and (2) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "Does Hormel Food Corporation have any material legal proceedings pending?",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "The Company knows of no pending material legal proceedings.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n##### **Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves...F-3**\nAll other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required\nunder the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted.\n##### **FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES OMITTED**\nCondensed parent company financial statements of the registrant are omitted pursuant to Rule 5-04(c) of Article 5 of Regulation S-X.\n\n##### **SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES**\n##### **HORMEL FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATION**\n##### **(In Thousands)**\n**Note (1)**  —Uncollectible accounts written off.\n**Note (2)**  —Recoveries on accounts previously written off.\n**Note (3)**  —Increase in the reserve due to the inclusion of The Turkey Store Company accounts receivable.\n**Note (4)**  —Increase in the reserve due to the inclusion of Diamond Crystal Brands accounts receivable.\n\n##### **LIST OF EXHIBITS**\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n2.1 <sup>(1)</sup> Agreement and Plan of Merger and Plan of Reorganization dated January 22, 2001, by and among Hormel, Badger Acquisition\nCorporation, Jerome Foods, Inc. and Jerome K. Jerome. (Incorporated by reference to Hormel's Current Report on Form 8-K\ndated March 9, 2001, File No. 001-02402.)\n3.1 <sup>(1)</sup> Certificate of Incorporation as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3A-1 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10-\nK/A for the fiscal year ended October 28, 2000, File No. 001-02402.)\n3.2 <sup>(1)</sup> Bylaws as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Hormel's Amendment No. 3 to Registration Statement on\nForm S-4, dated November 29, 2001, File No. 333-68498.)\n4.1 <sup>(1)</sup> Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee relating to certain\noutstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Hormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated,\nAugust 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.)\n4.2 <sup>(1)</sup> Supplemental Indenture No. 1 dated as of June 4, 2001, to Indenture dated as of June 1, 2001, between Hormel and U.S. Bank\nTrust National Association, as Trustee, relating to certain outstanding debt securities. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to\nHormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.)\n4.3 <sup>(1)</sup> Letter of Representations dated June 5, 2001, among Hormel, U.S. Bank Trust National Association, as Trustee, and The\nDepository Trust Company relating to certain outstanding debt securities of Hormel. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **(a)**   * **General Development of Business** *\n\nItem 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE\n\nItem 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES\n##### **PART III**\n\nItem 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE AGREEMENT\n\nItem 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION\n\nItem 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER\nMATTERS\n\nItem 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS\n\nItem 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES\n##### **PART IV**\n\nItem 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K\n##### **SIGNATURES**\n\n##### **PART I**\n##### **Item 1.**   * **BUSINESS** *\n##### **Available Information**\nThe Company makes available, free of charge on its website at  *www.hormel.com*  , its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q,\ncurrent reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of\n1934. These reports are accessible under the \"Investor\" caption of the Company's website and are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such\nmaterial is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is within 24 hours.\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct that covers its officers and directors, which is available on the Company's website, free\nof charge, under the caption \"Corporate.\" The Company also adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, which are available on the Company's website,\nfree of charge, under the caption \"Investor.\"\n##### **(a)**   * **General Development of Business** *\nHormel Foods Corporation, a Delaware corporation, was founded by George A. Hormel in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, as George A. Hormel & Company.\nThe Company started as a processor of meat and food products and continues in this line of business. The Company name was changed to Hormel\nFoods Corporation on January 31, 1995. The Company is primarily engaged in the production of a variety of meat and food products and the marketing of\nthose products throughout the United States. Although pork and turkey remain the major raw materials for Hormel products, the Company has\nemphasized for several years the manufacture and distribution of branded, consumer packaged items rather than the commodity fresh meat business.\nThe Company's branding strategy led to the development of a joint venture between Hormel Foods Corporation and Excel Corporation, a wholly owned\nsubsidiary of Cargill Incorporated. This joint venture began marketing and selling nationally branded fresh case ready beef and pork under the existing",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n(3)    List of Exhibits—The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n(b) The following reports on Form 8-K were filed during the fourth quarter:\nForm 8-K was filed on August 1, 2003, announcing a January 24, 2004 retirement of Eric Brown, Group Vice President of Prepared Foods and\nmember of the Board of Directors.\nForm 8-K was furnished on August 21, 2003, disclosing the issuance of the Company's earnings release for the third quarter ended July 26, 2003.\nForm 8-K was filed on October 7, 2003, announcing union workers from five of the Company's production facilities voted to ratify a new four-year\nlabor contract.\nForm 8-K was filed on October 23, 2003, announcing the Company entered into an unsecured 3-year revolving credit facility in the amount of\n$150,000,000, which replaced an existing $150,000,000 credit facility entered into on October 25, 2001.\n(c) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n(d) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.\n\n##### **SIGNATURES**\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its\nbehalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\nBy: /s/  JOEL W. JOHNSON\nJOEL W. JOHNSON\nChairman of the Board,\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nDate: January 23, 2004\nPursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the\nRegistrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Each person whose signature to this report on Form 10-K appears below hereby constitutes\nand appoints each of Michael J. McCoy, Jody H. Feragen and Mark P. Kalvoda as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of\nsubstitution, to sign on his or her behalf individually and in the capacity stated below and to perform any acts necessary to be done in order to file the\nAnnual Report on Form 10-K and all amendments to this report on Form 10-K, and any and all instruments or documents filed as part of or in connection\nwith this report on Form 10-K or the amendments hereto, and each of the undersigned does hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorney-in-fact and",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Item 15.**   * **EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K** *\n\ndefinitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\nInformation concerning Executive Officers is set forth in Item 1(d) of Part I pursuant to Instruction 3, Paragraph (b) of Item 401 of Regulation S-K.\nInformation under \"Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,\" on page 17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of\nStockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct in compliance with applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that\napplies to its principal executive officer, its principal financial officer and its principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar\nfunctions. A copy of the Code of Ethical Business Conduct is available on the Company's website at, www.hormel.com, free of charge, under the caption,\n\"Corporate.\"\n\n##### **Item 11.**   * **EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION** *\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, commencing with \"Summary Compensation Table\" on page 12 through page 15 and \"Compensation of\nDirectors\" on page 5 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by\nreference.\n\n**Item 12.**   * **SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS** *\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, under \"Principal Stockholders\" and \"Security Ownership of Management\" on pages 7 through 9 and\ninformation under \"Equity Compensation Plan Information\" on page 15 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held\nJanuary 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 13.**   * **CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS** *\nInformation under \"Other Information Relating to Directors, Nominees, and Executive Officers\" for the year ended October 25, 2003, as set forth on page\n17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 14.**   * **PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES** *\nThe information under the \"Audit Committee Report and Ratification of Appointment of Auditors—Audit Fees\" through \"—Audit Committee Preapproval\nPolicies and Procedures\" on page 7 of the Company's definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is\nincorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **PART IV**\n##### **Item 15.**   * **EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K** *\n(a) (1) and (2) The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted as a separate section of this report.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Products and Distribution**\n\nStockholder's Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, incorporated herein by reference.\n##### **(c)**   * **Description of Business** *\n##### **Products and Distribution**\nThe Company's products primarily consist of meat and other food products. The meat products are sold fresh, frozen, cured, smoked, cooked and\ncanned. The percentages of total revenues contributed by classes of similar products for the last three fiscal years of the Company are as follows:\n\nPerishable meat  50.3% 53.0% 54.7%\nNonperishable meat  18.9 19.8 21.0\nPoultry  22.1 22.6 20.3\nOther  8.7 4.6 4.0\n\n100.0% 100.0% 100.0%\n\nReporting of revenues from external customers is based on similarity of products, as the same or similar products are sold across multiple distribution\nchannels such as retail, foodservice or international. Revenues reported are based on financial information used to produce the Company's general-\npurpose financial statements.\nPerishable meat includes fresh meats, sausages, hams, wieners and bacon (excluding JOTS products.) Nonperishable meat includes canned luncheon\nmeats, shelf stable microwaveable entrees, stews, chilies, hash, meat spreads and other items that do not require refrigeration as well as frozen\nprocessed products. The Poultry category is composed primarily of JOTS products. The Other category primarily consists of nutritional food products and\nsupplements, sugar and sugar substitutes, salt and pepper products, dessert mixes, food packaging (casings for dry sausage), and industrial gelatin\nproducts. The Other category has increased over the past two years primarily due to the following acquisitions: Century Foods International (July 2003),\nDiamond Crystal Brands (December 2002), and Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products (April 2001).\nNo new product in fiscal 2003 required a material investment of Company assets.\nDomestically, the Company sells its products in all 50 states. Hormel products are sold through Company sales personnel, operating in assigned\nterritories coordinated from district sales offices located in most of the larger U.S. cities, as well as independent brokers and distributors. As of\nOctober 25, 2003, the Company had approximately 600 sales personnel engaged in selling its products. Distribution of products to customers is by\ncommon carrier.\n\nThrough HFIC, the Company markets its products in various locations throughout the world. Some of the larger markets include Australia, Canada,\nChina, England, Japan, Mexico and Micronesia. The distribution of export sales to customers is by common carrier, while the China operations own and\noperate their own delivery system. The Company, through HFIC, has licensed companies to manufacture various Hormel products internationally on a",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n(Address of principal executive offices)  (Zip Code)\nRegistrant's telephone number, including area code  **(507) 437-5611**\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12 (b) of the Act:\n##### **COMMON STOCK, PAR VALUE $.0586 PER SHARE**\nTitle of Each Class\n##### **NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE**\nName of Each Exchange\nOn Which Registered\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act:\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934\nduring the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o\nIndicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the\nbest of registrant's knowledge in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendments to\nthis Form 10-K. o\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ý    No o\nThe aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of April 26, 2003 (the last business day of the registrant's most\nrecently completed second fiscal quarter), was $1,592,020,962 based on the closing price of $21.74 per share on that date.\nAs of December 1, 2003, the number of shares outstanding of each of the Corporation's classes of common stock was as follows:\nCommon Stock, $.0586 Par Value—138,672,803 shares\nCommon Stock Non-Voting, $.01 Par Value—0 shares\n##### **DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE**\nPortions of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, are incorporated by reference into Part I and Part II Items 5-8, and\nincluded as exhibit 13.1 filed herewith.\n\n##### **HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n##### **TABLE OF CONTENTS**\n\n##### **PART I**\n\nItem 1. BUSINESS\n\nItem 2. PROPERTIES\n\nItem 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS\n\nItem 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS\n##### **PART II**\n\nItem 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON STOCK AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS\n\nItem 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA\n\nItem 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS\n\nItem 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK\n\nItem 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Customers and Backlog Orders**\n\n##### **Manufacturing**\nThe Company has plants in Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; and Beijing, China that slaughter livestock for processing. Quality Pork Processors of\nDallas, Texas, operates the slaughter facility at Austin under a custom slaughter arrangement.\nFacilities that produce manufactured items are located in Algona, Iowa; Aurora, Illinois; Austin, Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin; Bondurant, Iowa; Ft. Dodge,\nIowa; Fremont, Nebraska; Houston, Texas; Knoxville, Iowa; Mitchellville, Iowa; Osceola, Iowa; Perrysburg, Ohio; Quakertown, Pennsylvania; Rochelle,\nIllinois; Savannah, Georgia; Sparta, Wisconsin; Stockton, California; Tucker, Georgia; Visalia, California; Wichita, Kansas; Beijing, China; and Shanghai,\nChina. Company products are also custom manufactured by several other companies. The following are the Company's larger custom manufacturers:\nLakeside Packing Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin; Schroeder Milk, Maplewood, Minnesota; Steuben Foods, Jamaica, New York; Power Packaging, St.\nCharles, Illinois; Criders, Stilmore, Georgia; Tony Downs, St. James, Minnesota; and Concept Foods, Alma, Kansas. Power\n\nLogistics, Inc., based in St. Charles, Illinois, operates distribution centers for the Company in Dayton, Ohio, and Osceola, Iowa.\nThe Company's turkey slaughter and processing operations are located in Barron, Wisconsin; Faribault, Minnesota; Melrose, Minnesota; Montevideo,\nMinnesota; Pelican Rapids, Minnesota; and Willmar, Minnesota.\n##### **Patents and Trademarks**\nThere are numerous patents and trademarks that are important to the Company's business. The Company holds seven foreign and 47 U.S. issued\npatents. Some of the trademarks are registered and some are not. In recognition of the importance of these assets, the Company created a subsidiary,\nHormel Foods, LLC, in 1998 to create, own, maintain and protect most of the Company's trademarks and patents. Some of the more significant owned or\nlicensed trademarks used in the Company's segments are:\nHORMEL, ALWAYS TENDER, AMERICAN CLASSICS, AUSTIN BLUES, BLACK LABEL, CARAPELLI, CHI-CHI'S, CURE 81, CUREMASTER, DAN'S\nPRIZE, DIAMOND CRYSTAL, DI LUSSO, DINTY MOORE, DUBUQUE, EL TORITO, FAST 'N EASY, HERB-OX, HERDEZ, HOMELAND, HOUSE OF\nTSANG, JENNIE-O TURKEY STORE, KID'S KITCHEN, LAYOUT, LITTLE SIZZLERS, MARRAKESH EXPRESS, MARY KITCHEN, OLD\nSMOKEHOUSE, PATAK'S, PELOPONNESE, PILLOW PACK, QUICK MEAL, RANGE BRAND, ROSA GRANDE, SANDWICH MAKER, SPAM, STAGG,\nSWEET THING, THICK & EASY and WRANGLERS.\n##### **Customers and Backlog Orders**\nDuring fiscal year 2003, no customer accounted for more than 10 percent of total Company sales. The five largest customers in each segment make up\napproximately the following percentage of segment sales: 39 percent of Grocery Products, 39 percent of Refrigerated Foods, 35 percent of JOTS,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### * **Hormel Foods Corporation** *\n\nDirector of Engineering\nCorporate Manager Engineering\n11/01/99 to Present\n01/04/99 to 10/31/99\n01/13/97 to 01/03/99\n1999\nDouglas R. Reetz  49 Vice President Grocery Products Sales\nDirector Grocery Products Sales and\nBusiness Development\n11/01/99 to Present\n09/15/97 to 10/31/99\n1999\nJames N. Sheehan  48 Vice President and Controller\nTreasurer\nPresident Hormel Financial Services\nCorporation\nCorporate Manager Credit/Claims Hormel\nFinancial Services Corporation\n05/01/00 to Present\n11/01/99 to 04/30/00\n09/21/98 to 10/31/99\n07/28/97 to 09/20/98\n1999\n\nWilliam F. Snyder  46 Vice President Refrigerated Foods\nOperations\nDirector Fresh Pork Operations\nFremont Plant Manager\n11/01/99 to Present\n09/27/99 to 10/31/99\n12/25/95 to 09/26/99\n1999\nJames M. Splinter  41 Vice President Marketing—Consumer\nProducts—Refrigerated Foods\nSenior Vice President Retail Division\nJennie-O Turkey Store\nSenior Vice President Sales and Marketing\nJennie-O Turkey Store\nGroup Product Manager Grocery Products\nSenior Product Manager Grocery Products\n06/02/03 to Present\n04/30/01 to 06/01/03\n09/06/99 to 04/29/01\n04/27/98 to 09/05/99\n09/30/96 to 04/26/98\n2003\nJoe C. Swedberg  48 Vice President Legislative Affairs and\nMarketing Services\nVice President Meat Products Marketing\nDirector Meat Products Marketing\n06/02/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 06/01/03\n01/04/93 to 10/31/99\n1999\nLarry L. Vorpahl  40 Vice President and General Manager\nGrocery Products\nVice President Grocery Products Marketing\nDirector Grocery Products Marketing\n12/01/03 to Present\n11/01/99 to 11/30/03\n09/30/96 to 10/31/99\n1999\nJames W. Cavanaugh  54 Corporate Secretary and Senior Attorney\nAssistant Secretary and Senior Attorney\n01/29/01 to Present\n01/29/90 to 01/28/01\n2001\nNo family relationship exists among the executive officers.\nExecutive officers are elected annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting following the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Vacancies may be\nfilled and additional officers elected at any regular or special meeting.\n\n##### **Item 2.**   * **PROPERTIES** *\n\n##### * **Hormel Foods Corporation** *\n\n*Slaughtering and Processing Plants*\n\nAustin, Minnesota 1,292,000 Owned\n\nFremont, Nebraska  655,000 Owned\n\n*Processing Plants*\n\nAlgona, Iowa 153,000 Owned\n\nAurora, Illinois  141,000 Owned\n\nBeloit, Wisconsin  339,000 Owned\n\nFt. Dodge, Iowa  17,000 Owned\n\nHouston, Texas  93,000 Owned\n\nKnoxville, Iowa  130,000 Owned\n\nOsceola, Iowa  334,000 Owned\n\nQuakertown, Pennsylvania  13,000 Owned\n\nRochelle, Illinois  440,000 Owned\n\nSparta, Wisconsin  185,000 Owned\n\nStockton, California  139,000 Owned\n\nTucker, Georgia  259,000 Owned\n\nWichita, Kansas  80,000 Owned\n\n*Warehouse/Distribution Centers*\n\nAustin, Minnesota—Annex 83,000 Owned\n\nDayton, Ohio  140,000 Owned\n\nEldridge, Iowa  280,000 Leased  October, 2005\n\nOsceola, Iowa  233,000 Owned\n\nStockton, California  232,000 Leased  July, 2004\n\nTucker, Georgia  96,000 Leased  October, 2004\n\n*Research and Development Center*",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\n##### **Item 10.**   * **DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT** *\n\nthe year ended October 25, 2003, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 7A.**   * **QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK** *\nInformation on the Company's exposure to market risk is included in the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of\nOperations on pages 27 and 28 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, is incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 8.**   * **FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA** *\nConsolidated Financial Statements, including unaudited quarterly data, on pages 29 through 43 and the Report of Independent Auditors on page 43 of\nthe Annual Stockholders' Report for the year ended October 25, 2003, are incorporated herein by reference.\n\n##### **Item 9.**   * **CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE** *\nNone.\n\n##### **Item 9A.**   * **CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES** *\n(a) *Disclosure Controls and Procedures.*  As of the end of the period covered by this report (the \"Evaluation Date\"), we carried out an evaluation,\nunder the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, of the\neffectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-14 of the Securities Exchange Act of\n1934, as amended (the \"Exchange Act\")). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that,\nas of the Evaluation Date, our disclosure controls and procedures were adequately designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by\nthe Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time\nperiods specified in applicable rules and forms.\n(b) *Internal Controls.*  No change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with such evaluation during the\nfiscal year ended October 25, 2003, has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over\nfinancial reporting.\n\n##### **PART III**\n##### **Item 10.**   * **DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT** *\nInformation under \"Election of Directors,\" contained on pages 3 and 4 and under \"Committees of the Board of Directors and Meetings,\" on page 5, and\nthe second sentence of the second paragraph under \"Audit Committee Report and Ratification of Appointment of Auditors,\" contained on page 6 of the",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Hormel Foods Annual Report 2004 Form 10-K (NYSE:HRL)\n\n## **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA 55912-3680**\n\nHormel's Registration Statement on Form S-4 dated August 28, 2001, File No. 333-68498.)\n4.4 <sup>(1)</sup> Pursuant to Item 601 (b)(4)(iii) of Regulation S-K, copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of certain long-term debt are\nnot filed. Hormel agrees to furnish copies thereof to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.\n10.1 <sup>(1)</sup> U.S. $150,000,000 Credit Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2003, between Hormel, the banks identified on the signature pages\nthereof, and Citicorp U.S.A. Inc., as Administrative Agent. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Hormel's Current Report\non Form 8-K dated October 23, 2003.)\n10.2 <sup>(1)(3)</sup> Hormel Foods Corporation Operators' Shares Incentive Compensation Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Appendix A to\nHormel's definitive Proxy Statement filed on December 30, 1997, File No. 001-02402.)\n10.3 <sup>(1)(3)</sup> Hormel Foods Corporation Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (2002 Restatement.) (Incorporated by Reference to\nExhibit 10.3 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended October 26, 2002, file No. 001-02402.)\n10.4 <sup>(1)(3)</sup> Hormel Foods Corporation 2000 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by Reference to Exhibit A to Hormel's definitive Proxy\nStatement filed on December 30, 1999, File No. 001-02402.)\n\n(1) Document has previously been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated herein by reference.\n(2) These Exhibits transmitted via EDGAR.\n(3) Management compensatory plan",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf",
+                "query": "What is Mexican Farm Subsidies ?",
+                "target_page": 9,
+                "target_passage": "an online tool to analyze how the federal government allocates those subsidies",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\n### **2.3. Open Data in Latin America, Asia and Africa**\n\n*\"descriptions of how the money was spent\"*  .\nEven with these difficulties, the Latin America Open Data/Civic Information landscape is active\nand definitely worthwhile following. The list of interesting Civic Information projects in Latin\nAmerica include (from Sasaki's [Access to Information: Is Mexico a Model for the Rest of the ](http://informacioncivica.info/mexico/access-to-information/)\n[World?](http://informacioncivica.info/mexico/access-to-information/) :\n- Mexico\n- [Mexican Farm Subsidies](http://www.subsidiosalcampo.org.mx/index.html/)   - an online tool to analyze how the federal government\nallocates those subsidies\n- [Compare Your School](http://www.comparatuescuela.org/)   : compares aggregate test results from any school with the\nmunicipal, regional, and national averages\n- [Rebellion of the Sick](http://www.sonoraciudadana.org.mx/)   built for patients with chronic diseases whose expenses are not\ncovered by the government subsidized health coverage.\n- Argentina: [Public Spending in Bahía](http://gastopublicobahiense.org/acerca-de-gpb/) analyzes how public funds are used.\n- Colombia: [Visible Congress](http://www.congresovisible.org/) monitors the actions of the Colombian congress\n- Brazil\n- [Eleitor 2010](http://eleitor2010.com/)   : a website to submit reports of electoral fraud during the Brazil 2010\n*9/34*\nelections\n- [Open Congress](http://www.congressoaberto.com.br/)   : a tool for political scientists to track the work and effectiveness of\nthe Brazilian congress\n- Paraguay: [Who Do We Choose?](http://www.aquieneselegimos.org.py/) : lists profiles of all candidates for many public posts.\nIn Brazil, the principle that  *\"what is not confidential should be available on the Internet in the open*\n*data format\"*  is already discussed and, in principle, accepted, by some departments of the Brazilian\nfederal government. However, the preferred practice for now is (if there are no other obstacles) to\nonly publish data that have been explicitly requested by some citizens.\nA  report  presented  in  May  2011  at  the [First  Global  Conference  on  Transparency  Research ](http://www.freedominfo.org/2011/05/researchers-examine-future-of-open-data-in-latin-america/)\nmentioned a couple of Open Data issues in Latin America that are worth noting, because they're\npresent  even  in  Europe  and  North  America,  in  spite  of  the  different  historical  and  social\nbackground:\n- \"Better coordination is needed between right to information campaigners and open data\nactivists.\"\n- \"If activist manage to target particular topics to add \"value\" to the discussion, demand for\nopen data could eventually increase in the region.\"",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.2.*    *Bringing nature back to agricultural land*\n\nAs guardians of our land, farmers play a vital role in preserving biodiversity. They are among the first to feel the consequences when biodiversity is lost but also among the first to reap the benefits when it is restored. Biodiversity enables them to provide us with  **safe, sustainable, nutritious and affordable food**  and provides them with the income they need to thrive and develop. European farmers are an essential part of the EU’s future and must continue to be the social and economic hub of many communities across our Union.\nAt the same time, certain agricultural practices are a key driver of biodiversity decline. This is why it is important to work with farmers to  **support and incentivise the transition to fully sustainable practices**  . Improving the condition and diversity of agroecosystems will increase the sector’s resilience to climate change, environmental risks and socioeconomic shocks, while creating new jobs, for example in organic farming, rural tourism or recreation.\nTo support the long-term sustainability of both nature and farming, this strategy will work in tandem with the new  **Farm to Fork Strategy**  and the  **new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)**  , including by promoting eco-schemes and result-based payment schemes. In implementing the Biodiversity and the Farm to Fork Strategies, the Commission will closely monitor progress and improvements in terms of food security and farmers income. The Commission will ensure that the CAP Strategic plans are assessed against robust climate and environmental criteria, and that Member States set explicit national values for the relevant targets set in this strategy, as well as in the Farm to Fork Strategy. These plans should lead to sustainable practices such as precision agriculture, organic farming, agro-ecology, agro-forestry, low-intensive permanent grassland, and stricter animal welfare standards.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.2.*    *Bringing nature back to agricultural land*\n\nFarmland birds and insects, particularly pollinators, are key indicators of the health of agroecosystems and are vital for agricultural production and food security. Their alarming decline must be reversed. As set out in the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission will take action to reduce by  **50% the overall use of -  and risk from - chemical pesticides by 2030**  and reduce by 50% the use of more hazardous  pesticides by 2030. This must be supported by the full implementation of the EU Pollinators initiative <sup>31</sup> . By the end of 2020, the Commission will review the initiative and propose additional measures if necessary. To provide space for wild animals, plants, pollinators and natural pest regulators, there is an urgent need to bring back  **at least 10% of agricultural area under high-diversity landscape features**  . These include,  *inter alia*  , buffer strips, rotational or non-rotational fallow land, hedges, non-productive trees, terrace walls, and ponds. These help enhance carbon sequestration, prevent soil erosion and depletion, filter air and water, and support climate adaptation. In addition, more biodiversity often helps lead to more agricultural production. Member States will need to translate the 10% EU target to a lower geographical scale to ensure connectivity among habitats, especially through the CAP instruments and CAP Strategic Plans, in line with the Farm to Fork Strategy, and through the implementation of the Habitats Directive. The\n\n[EU Pollinators initiative](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1528213737113&uri=CELEX:52018DC0395) (COM(2018) 395).\nprogress towards the target will be under constant review, and adjustment if needed, to\nmitigate against undue impact on biodiversity, food security and farmers’ competitiveness.\nAgroecology can provide healthy food while maintaining productivity, increase soil fertility and biodiversity, and reduce the footprint of food production. Organic farming in particular holds great potential for farmers and consumers alike. The sector creates jobs and attracts young farmers. Organic farming also provides 10-20 % more jobs per hectare than conventional farms, and creates added value for agricultural products <sup>32</sup> . To make the most of this potential, at least  **25% of the EU’s agricultural land must be organically farmed by 2030**  . In addition to CAP measures, the Commission will put forward an Action Plan on organic farming, helping Member States stimulate both supply and demand of organic products. It will also ensure consumer’s trust through promotion campaigns and green public procurement. In the implementation of the EU-wide agro- ecological targets set out in this strategy and in the Farm to Fork Strategy, the different starting points and differences in progress already made in Member States will be taken into account.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (a) Global climate simulations at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming\n\nwarming, therefore, varied between ensemble members. The CMIP5 SSTs were not bias-corrected,\nwhich means that the results here may be sensitive to systematic errors arising from biases in the\npresent-day SST patterns.\nAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed from the standard RCP8.5\nconcentration scenario. Aerosol concentrations were calculated within the model, with aerosol\nemissions prescribed again from the standard RCP8.5 scenario. This means that the greenhouse\ngas and aerosol concentrations, and hence radiative forcing, were the same in all ensemble\n**5 Table 1.**  ClimPACT weather extremes indices.\nID definition units sector of relevance\nTXx annual maximum daily maximum temperature ° C health, agriculture and food security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nTX90p percentage of days above the 90th percentile\nof daily maximum temperature in the\n1981- 2010 average\n% health, agriculture and food security,\nwater resources and hydrology\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## **10**\n\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\nSMBC SMBC’s Bangkok Branch assisted s Bangkok Branch assisted\nfarmers by donating underground farmers by donating underground\nwater storage tanks and assisting water storage tanks and assisting\nwith vegetable planting and with vegetable planting and\nharvesting. harvesting.\nHigh school students from New York\nwho visited Japan on a study trip\nScholarship students at Sun Yat-sen University\nDonated furniture\nEmployee volunteers who participated in\nlandscape improvement projects\nPerforming a Japanese-language drama\nBank employees helped plant\nvegetables as volunteers\nPhotographs supplied by AYO\nScholarship award ceremony for university students in Vietnam\n*Please see this website\nfor further details (in\nJapanese):\n\nwww.smbc.co.jp/ccs/\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report\n**Helping build prosperity**\n**in Asia and the world**",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies**\n\nfederal subsidy is pending. The final issued guidance could require a\nchange to previously reported information.\n####### **Leases**\nThe Company leases certain warehouses. Commitments for minimum\nrentals under noncancelable leases at the end of 2003 are as follows:\nCapitalized Operating\n*(In thousands)*    Leases Leases\n2004     $  523 $ 13,012\n2005     515 10,742\n2006     284 8,424\n2007      215 5,430\n2008      211 4,080\nThereafter    590 9,062\nTotal minimum lease payments   $ 2,338 $ 50,750\nLess: amount representing interest   487\nPresent value of net minimum lease payments,\nincluding current maturities of $415  $ 1,851\nProperty, plant, and equipment at year-end include the following\namounts for capitalized leases:\n*(In thousands)*    **2003**   2002 2001\nBuildings $ 3,299 $ 3,299\n|  $ 3,299  196  761  |\n|:---|\n| 4,256  2,879  |\n| $ 1,377  |\nMachinery and equipment  196 15,805\nOffice equipment  -  -\n3,495 19,104\nLess: allowances for depreciation 2,514 17,052\n$ 981 $ 2,052\nRent expense for the years 2003, 2002, and 2001 amounted to approx-\nimately $13,592,000, $13,683,000, and $13,387,000, respectively.\nContingent rent expense under both capitalized and operating leases\n(generally based on mileage of transportation equipment) amounted to\n$313,000, $787,000, and $869,000 for the years 2003, 2002, and\n2001, respectively.\n####### **Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies**\nDuring the second quarter ended June 28, 2003, the Company entered\ninto a one-year financial agreement for the benefit of one of its distribu-\ntion chain partners. The maximum financial exposure assumed by the\nCompany as a result of this arrangement totals $3 million of which over\n75% is secured by collateral. In accordance with the provisions of FIN\n45, the Company has recorded the fair value of this guarantee, which is\nestimated to be less than $0.1 million.\nThe Company utilizes letters of credit in the amount of\n$24 million to back certain financing instruments, insurance policies,\nand payment obligations. The letters of credit reflect fair value as a\ncondition of their underlying purpose and are subject to fees competi-\ntively determined.\nThe Company is contingently liable for future minimum pay-\nments totaling $9.7 million under a transportation service contract.\nThe transportation agreement is for a three-year period and is auto-\nmatically renewable for periods of one year unless either party gives\nsixty days’ written notice of its intent to terminate at the end of the\noriginal three-year term or any subsequent term. The minimum pay-\nments are $4.8 million in 2004, and $4.9 million in 2005.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2013  Annual  Report u\n\n## **Nueva Esperanza Project**\n\nthe Teterita and Chimberos deposits resulted in\nan expansion of the feasibility study to incorpo-\nrate their resources.\nIn late 2012, a decision was taken to examine\nlower cost options for processing using heap\nleaching. With major engineering already done,\ntechnical studies focussed on metallurgical\ntestwork and heap leach design. It has been\nestablished that the mineralisation from the\nthree deposits can be processed by HPGR (High\nPressure Grinding Rolls) crushing and heap\nleaching with silver and gold recoveries of the\norder of 70% to 75% for silver and 65% to 70%\nfor gold. The project development plan is now\nfocussed on a 3 million tonne per annum heap\nleach operation with an initial mine life of over 6\nyears. Annualised production levels (post ramp-\nup) are estimated at 6.0- 8.0 million ounces of\nsilver and 18,000- 22,000 ounces of gold, at an\nindicative start-up capital cost between\nUS$130- 150 million (inclusive of 25%\ncontingency).\nThese project parameters are based on prelimi-\nnary results only and are insufficient to provide\nassurance as to the economic development of\nthe project at this stage and these parameters\nmay also change following completion of the\nDefinitive Feasibility Study.\nWith the technical and economical feasibility of\nheap leaching being established, the project will\nnow move into the final feasibility and design\nstage with results expected to be available\nduring the March quarter 2014.\nThe environmental permitting process for the\noriginal Arqueros project has been completed,\nwith approval to commence construction and\nmining granted by the Chilean authorities.\nA modification of the environmental assessment\nis being prepared to have the approvals modified\nfor heap leaching and on-site power generation.\nExtensive community consultation has been\nundertaken with positive outcomes, and rela-\ntionships with indigenous rural and urban\ncommunities remain a priority.\nProjects Report\n**30**",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.2.*    *Bringing nature back to agricultural land*\n\nThe uptake of agroforestry support measures under rural development should be increased as it has great potential to provide multiple benefits for biodiversity, people and climate.\nThe decline of  **genetic diversity**  must also be reversed, including by facilitating the use of traditional varieties of crops and breeds. This would also bring health benefits through more varied and nutritious diets. The Commission is considering the revision of marketing rules for traditional crop varieties in order to contribute to their conservation and sustainable use. The Commission will also take measures to facilitate the registration of seed varieties, including for organic farming, and to ensure easier market access for traditional and locally adapted varieties.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nvolume and price, such as food safety and volume and price, such as food safety and\nhealthiness, and the cultural aspects of diet. healthiness, and the cultural aspects of diet.\nAs discussion continues on the need for As discussion continues on the need for\nfarmers to increase production scale and farmers to increase production scale and\nmove into processing and marketing, major move into processing and marketing, major\nchanges are underway in the agriculture and changes are underway in the agriculture and\nfisheries sector in Japan. fisheries sector in Japan.\nAgainst this backdrop, SMBC has developed Against this backdrop, SMBC has developed\na new financial product for this sector. a new financial product for this sector.\n**New queue-number display system**\n**installed at bank counters**\nColors and special designs are used to make\nqueue-number displays more visible to all customers\n(The Minato Bank)\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities\n**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report\nThe SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment The SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment\nLoan comes with conditions, depending on Loan comes with conditions, depending on\nthe results of an evaluation of food-producers’ the results of an evaluation of food-producers’\nprogress in areas such as food safety and progress in areas such as food safety and\nenvironment-friendliness, healthiness and environment-friendliness, healthiness and\nnutritional value, and efficiency of distribution. nutritional value, and efficiency of distribution.\nThe Japan Research Institute researches The Japan Research Institute researches\nmeasures in the measures in the\nareas areas of food and of food and\nfarming being taken farming being taken\nby the loan applicant, by the loan applicant,\nand drafts a simple and drafts a simple\n“diagnosis” stating “diagnosis” stating\nwhether there is room whether there is room\nfor future improvement. Ernst & Young for future improvement. Ernst & Young\nShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on\nongoing improvement of this system. ongoing improvement of this system.\nBy backing customer companies’ own By backing customer companies’ own\ninitiatives in the areas of food and agriculture initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture\nin this way, SMBC will be supporting measures in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures\nto improve the diet of the Japanese and to improve the diet of the Japanese and\nstrengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector. strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector.\n**The financial sector’s role in**",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C  global warming on global maize  production and trade OPEN\n\n## **production and trade**\n\n### **1.5°C 2.0°C**\n\n**Conclusion.**  According to the simulation results, the yield of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C would decrease between 3.0 and 18.7% in the worldwide relative to 1986- 2005; the maize yield would fluctuate between − 6.8 and 7.2% under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the spatial distribution, the gross maize yield in the top 5 high-yield countries (including the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico) would decrease by 2% under global warming by 1.5 °C and 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. At the global level, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively, which would vary quite largely among different countries and regions. So, it is urgent for all countries to pay enough attention to the loss risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The time left for changing our minds and actions is becoming less and less.\n**Data availability** The historical weather data (1986- 2005) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at [https://​data.​giss.​nasa.​gov/​impac​ts/​agmip​cf/](https://data.giss.nasa.gov/impacts/agmipcf/) ; the future climate scenario data (2006- 2099) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at [https://​pcmdi.​llnl.​gov/?​cmip5](https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/?cmip5) and [https://​](https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/esgf-llnl/) [esgf-​node.​llnl.​gov/​proje​cts/​esgf-​llnl/](https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/esgf-llnl/) . The spatial data of harvest area, yield, crop calendar, irrigation portion and chemical N input for maize that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available at [http://​mapsp​am.​info/](http://mapspam.info/) (SPAM) and [http://​www.​sage.​wisc.​edu](http://www.sage.wisc.edu) (SAGE); the soil data that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available from the WISE database ( [https://​www.​](https://www.isric.online/index.php/) [isric.​online/​index.​php/](https://www.isric.online/index.php/) ) and the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) ( [http://​www.​fao.​org/​land-​water/​land/​](http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1026564/) [land-​gover​nance/​land-​resou​rces-​plann​ing-​toolb​ox/​categ​ory/​detai​ls/​en/c/​10265​64/](http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/en/c/1026564/) ). All other relevant data are available from the corresponding authors.\nReceived: 6 June 2022; Accepted: 11 October 2022\n**References** 1. Angélil, O.  *et al.*  An independent assessment of anthropogenic attribution statements for recent extreme temperature and rainfall events.  *J. Clim.*    **30**  (1), 5- 16 (2017). 2. Rosenzweig, C.  *et al.*  Coordinating AgMIP data and models across global and regional scales for 1.5°C and 2.0°C assessments. *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A.*    **376**  , 20160455 (2018). 3. Mitchell, D.  *et al.*  Half a degree additional warming, prognosis and projected impacts (HAPPI): Background and experimental design.  *Geosci. Model Dev.*    **10**  , 571- 583 (2017). 4. Coumou, D. & Rahmstorf, S. A decade of weather extremes.  *Nat. Clim. Change*    **2**  , 491- 496 (2012). 5. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In  *Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth* *Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*  4- 6 (Cambridge University Press, 2013). 6. Diffenbaugh, N. S.  *et al.*  Quantifying the influence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events.  *PNAS*    **114**  (19), 4881- 4886 (2016). 7. Tai, A. P. K., Martin, M. V. & Heald, C. L. Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution.  *Nat.* *Clim. Change*    **4**  , 817- 821 (2014). 8. Román-Palacios, C. & Wiens, J. J. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival.  *PNAS* **117**  (8), 4211- 4217 (2020).",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf",
+                "query": "What concerns has open data raised in the insurance sector?",
+                "target_page": 23,
+                "target_passage": "insurance companies may charge higher fees for life insurance to those among their customers who... put online a family tree from which it shows that they come from families with an average life expectancy lower than usual",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.7. The privacy problem**\n\nBeing perceived as a lethal attack to privacy remains one of the biggest misunderstandings that\nprevents adoption of Open Data. On one hand, there is no doubt that in an increasingly digital world\nit becomes harder and harder to protect privacy. But, exactly  *because*  the whole world is going\ndigital, attacks to privacy and to civil rights in general can and are coming by so many other sides\nthat those from (properly done) Open Data are a really tiny percentage of the total.\nThis is a consequence of the fact that data about us end up online from the most different sources\n(including ourselves and our acquaintances), and that often it would be very hard to discover, never\nmind  *prove*  , that they've been used against our interest. There have been concerns, for example, that\ninsurance companies may charge higher fees for life insurance to those among their customers\nwho... put online a family tree from which it shows that they come from families with an average\nlife expectancy lower than usual.\nAssuming such concerns were real, would it always be possible to spot and prove such abuses of\ndata, that weren't even published by any Public Administration? Of course, publishing online\ncomplete, official Census data of several generations, in a way that would make such automatic",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\n#### **3.6.1. Data alterations and financial sustainability**\n\nSome concerns about the limits of Open Data are about what may happen, or stop to happen,  *before*\nthey are published online. The most common concerns of this type are (from [Open Public Data: ](http://blog.okfn.org/2011/01/28/open-public-data-then-what-part-1/)\n[Then What? - Part 1](http://blog.okfn.org/2011/01/28/open-public-data-then-what-part-1/) ):\n1. Opening up PSI causes those data to not be produced anymore, or to be only produced as\nprivate property by private corporations, because the public agencies whose job was to\nproduce those data, can't sell them anymore.\n2. total accessibility of data provides more incentives to tinker with them, at the risk of\nreducing trust in institutions and inhibiting decision-making even more than today.\nData manipulation is the topic of the next paragraph. Speaking of costs, a point to take into account\nis that, once data are open, routinely used and monitored by as many independent users as possible,\neven the cost of keeping them up to date may be sensibly reduced: in other words, in the\nmedium/long term Open Data may reduce the need to periodically perform complete, that is very\nexpensive, studies and surveys to update a whole corpus of data in one run.\nBesides, and above all, even if opening data always destroyed any source of income for the public\noffice that used to create and maintain them, this problem would only exist for the PSI datasets that\nare  *already*  sold today. Such data, even if of strategic importance as is the case with digital\ncartography, are only a minimal fraction of all the PSI that could and should be opened to increase\ntransparency, reduce the costs of Government and stimulate the economy. In all these other cases:\n- the money to generate the data already arrives  by some other source than sales and\nlicensing(but even with those data it may be possible to generate them by crowdsourcing,\nthereby reducing those costs!)\n- the only extra expense caused by publishing those data online (assuming they're already\navailable in some digital format, of course!), would be the hosting and bandwidth costs, that\nmay be greatly reduced by mirroring and other technical solutions like torrents, already\nwidely used to distribute Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) through the Internet.",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.2. Keep political issues separated by economics ones**\nOpen Data can reduce the costs of Public Administrations and generate (or at least protect, as in the\ncase of deals from local merchants) local jobs in all sectors of the economy, not just high-tech ones.\nThere seems to be enough evidence for these two assertions to go for more Open Data  *even if*  they\nhad no effect at all on participation to politics. This should always be kept in mind, also because\nsome  data  that  can  directly  stimulate  business  are  not  the  same  that  would  be  useful  for\ntransparency.",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\n### **2.2. Data Openness in EU**\n\nchanges in government organization and information management; nor does it require\nthe update of existing software and infrastructures. What is needed today is the\npromotion among national and local authorities of the culture of transparency and the\nraising of awareness of the benefits that could derive from opening up existing data and\ninformation in a re-usable way.\nThe European Cohesion Policy is only halfway to accomplishing a paradigm shift to\nopen data, with differences in performance both between and - in some cases - within\nEuropean Countries.\nThings don't go much better for the European Union in the energy field. Carlo Stagnaro wrote in\n[EU Energy Orwellianism: Ignorance Is Strength](http://www.masterresource.org/2011/01/eu-energy-orwellianism/) :\nEnergy is an active area of EU public policy. Yet authorities are not revealing\ninformation (data is surely has) that is crucial to determine whether its policies are\ndistorting the market and come at too high a cost to society. This is a major fault in\nEurope's credibility in advancing its policy goals, as well as a serious limitation to the\naccountability of the policy making process\nWe realized that, while strongly supporting green investments the EU does not know, or\ndoes not make it public, how much is spent every year on green subsidies... With regard\nto green jobs, several estimates exist, but no official figure is provided.\nMore recently... I discovered that Eurostat does not tell how much coal capacity is\ninstalled - as opposed to natural gas- or oil-fueled generation plants. It is possible to\nknow how much coal is used, but not the amount of fixed capital which is invested in\n*7/34*\ncoal plants. If data are not available, every conclusion is questionable because it relies\non assumptions or estimates.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\n#### **3.6.3. Unequal access**\n\n*educated, and living in a higher-income household. Thus, it is not surprising that the*\n*chronically ill report lower rates of Internet access.*\nStarting from this, and commenting a study of the performances, with respect to coronary artery\nbypass grafting, of several medical centers, Frydman expressed his concern that:\n*the empowered will have access to*   *[this data]*   *and will act upon it,*\n*while many of the people suffering from chronic diseases (the same*\n*population that would benefit most from access to this information) won't.*\n*Over time it is therefore probable that the current centers of excellence will*\n*treat an ever growing number of empowered while the centers that*\n*currently experience high mortality rates will get worse and worse result,*\n*simply because they will treat an ever growing number of digital outliers*\n*who haven't the possibility to obtain health data and apply filters.*\nSince one of the topics of this project is the  *economic*  value of Open Data, it is necessary to add a\nsomewhat obvious observation to Frydman's concerns (regardless of their probability). Even if it is\ndifficult now to make accurate estimates, such negative developments would surely impact also the\ncosts  of  health  services  and  insurances,  not  to  mention  healthcare-related  jobs,  both  in  the\ncommunities hosting centers of excellence and in those with the worst ones.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.3. Keep past and future separate**\n\nunclear licenses, or not relevant anymore for future decisions.\nOpening  *future*  data, instead, is almost always more important, useful urgent, easier and cheaper\nthan digitizing or even only reformatting material that in many cases is already too old to make\nimmediate, concrete differences. While this argument is probably not always true when we look at\nOpen data for transparency, it probably is when it comes to economic development.\nTherefore,  features  and  guidelines  that  should  be  present  in  all  future  data  generation  and\nmanagement processes include:\n- standardization: the less, obviously open, formats are used for data of the same type, the\neasier it is to merge and correlate them. The formats that have to be standardized are not\nonly those at the pure software level. Even more important is, for example, to adopt by law\nstandard identificators for government suppliers, names and machine-readable identifiers of\nbudget voices and so on\n- preparation for future digitization: new digital systems should explicitly be designed from\nthe beginning so that it will be possible, when non-digital records will be digitized, to add\nthem to the databases without modifying losses.\n- Open licenses\n- better procurement\nThe first two features have obvious technical advantages regardless of data openness. The last two,\nbeing critical, are discussed separately in the next paragraph.",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\n#### **3.6.2. Real impact of data manipulation or misunderstanding**\n\nThe fix for the risk that data is manipulated is to not only open government data and procedures, but\nto simplify the latter (which eventually also greatly reduces cost) as much as possible. Abundance\nof occasions to secretly play with data and how they are managed is a symptom of excessive, or\npeak  complexity:  again,  problems  and  risks  with  Open  Data  are  a  symptom  of  a [pre-\nexisting] problem that is somewhere else.\nRegardless of the real probability of data alterations before they are published, the major problem\nhappens after. We already mentioned in the first report the fact that, while correct interpretation of\npublic data from  *the majority of average citizens*  is absolutely critical, the current situation, even in\ncountries with (theoretical) high alphabetization and Internet access rates, is one in which most\npeople still lack the skills needed for such analysis. Therefore, there surely is space for both\nintentional manipulation of PSI and for misunderstanding it. After the publication of the first report,\nwe've encountered several examples of this danger, which are reported in the rest of this paragraph.\nBefore describing those cases, and in spite of them, it is necessary to point out one thing. While the\nimpact on the general public (in terms of raising interest and enhancing participation) on the Open\nData activity of 2010 is been, in many cases and as of today, still minimal, it is also true that there\nhas been no big increase in demagogy, more or less manipulated scandals and conflictual discussion\ncaused by Open Data. There has certainly been something of this in the Cablegate but that's not\nreally relevant because, as we've already explained, what Wikileaks did is intrinsically different\nfrom  Open  Data.  So  far,  negative  or  at  least  controversial  reactions  by  manipulation  and\nmisunderstanding of Open Data haven't happened to such a scale to justify not opening PSI.\nThis said, let's look at some recent example of misunderstanding and/or manipulation based on\n(sometimes open) public digital data.\nNicolas Kayser-Bril [mentioned](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15000252,00.html) a digital map of all the religious places in Russia, that shows\n[also]   *\"mosques that are no longer in use, so as to convey the idea that Muslims were invading*\n*Russia.\"*\nIn September 2010 the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology [officially declared ](http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2010/09/06/news/boschi_terremoti-6800976/)\nin September 2010 that they were evaluating whether to stop publishing online Italy's seismic data,\nas they had been doing for years. The reason was that, following the March 2009 earthquake in",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.4. Impose proper licensing and streamline procurement**\n\nthat is when it's time to procure software that makes the data useful. Even bigger problems and\ninefficiencies can be introduced at the beginning of data life, that is when data collection and\nprocessing services are procured. We've already explained that forgetting to impose the right license\nis one of the problems, but it's not the only one. Even future  *organization*  of all the foreseeable data\nmanagement activities should take advantage of the flexibility provided by data openness. Here is\nhow Tim Davies [summarizes this point](http://www.practicalparticipation.co.uk/odi/2011/01/four-other-places-to-look-for-the-impact-of-open-government-data/) :\nRight now [public] bodies often procure data collection, data publishing and data\ninterfaces all in one block (as seems to be the case with Oxfordshires real-time bus\ninformation - leading to a roadblock on innovation) - and so without these layers being\nseparated in procurement, some of the benefits here stand to be lost.\nChanging procurement of information/data-rich public services would be, of course, only the first\nstep of a general reform of procurement laws and regulations. After management of Open Data has\nbeen simplified, it becomes time to implement similar simplifications to procurement of everything\nelse. In fact, in such a scenario, there would be much less possibilities for the loopholes, frauds and\ninefficiencies that forced local procurement procedures to become so slow and complicated: since\nthe public budget and other relevant public data would already be fully open, errors and other\nproblems would surface and be fixed much more quickly and reliably than today, even assuming\nthat they would continue to appear with the same frequency.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\nservices and the whole welfare state won't remain sustainable for long with traditional means,\ncontinue to arrive, therefore strengthening the search for radical, innovative and cost-effective\nsolutions.\nBesides costs, another practical driver and justification for Open Data that is becoming more and\n*4/34*\nmore  concrete  over  time  is  damage  control.  In  a  world  that  produces  digital  data  without\ninterruption, uncontrolled and unpredictable data releases are facts of life that are very hard to\npredict, practically impossible to avoid and increasingly common. Opening public government data,\nthat is providing plenty of officially verified information, becomes therefore also a damage control\nsolution, to prevent or at least minimize damages from such uncontrolled releases. Without official\nOpen Public Data, individual citizens, political parties or other organizations will start to process\nand compare (if they already aren't...) data from unofficial sources anyway, maybe from different\ncountries. In such cases, it will be unavoidable not reach sometimes, even in good faith, wrong\nconclusions. This is not some theoretical possibility far in the future, as this real world example\n(from a comment to an [Open Data discussion in an italian blog](http://www.cottica.net/2010/09/16/spaghetti-open-data-reloaded/) ) proves:\n\"  *on the*   *[non italian]*   *Geonames website you can download geo-referenced data*\n*about... 47000 Italian municipalities. That worries me, because there are only 8094 of*\n*them. Besides, I grabbed a few random data about population, and I can guarantee you*\n*that not one was right. What should be done in such cases?*\nFrom an Open Data perspective, all these recent stories have (at least) one thing in common: they\nsuggest that, considering its current needs and problems, current societies want and need more Open\nData than they already have.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.7. Involve NGOs, charities and business associations**\n\nAs a final note and recommendation of this report, we'll note that, in comparison with hackers and\npublic officers, there are other parties that could and should play a role in Open Data adoption much\nbigger than what they have had so far.\nNGOs and charities, as well as professionals or business associations, all have lots to gain from\nOpen Data but don't seem, in many cases, to have realized this yet. Members of the first category\nshould routinely ask for support directly to Open Data civic hackers  to gather (either from\ngovernment  or  citizens)  more  up  to  date  information  that  is  specifically  relevant  for  their\ncampaigns.\nThe other associations, instead, should be much more active both in publishing Open Data about\ntheir activities, to gain better access to customers and guarantee fair market competition, and in\nofficially lobbying Public Administrations to get the PSI they could use for the same purposes. As\nother suggestions made here, these are activities that should start at the city and regional level, first\nwith custom-made education initiatives, then with specific data-based services. Engaging all these\nactors in the adoption of (local) Open Data will be one of the big challenges of the next years.",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf",
+                "query": "What are Steinberg's concerns about the government releasing all non-private existing data?",
+                "target_page": 28,
+                "target_passage": "The first reasons for Steinberg's concern is that asking for everything as soon as possible would \"stress the system too much, by spreading thin the finite amount of good will, money and political capital\". The second is that many existing old data and data archival systems are, in practice, so uninteresting that it wouldn't make sense to spend resources in opening them",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.3. Keep past and future separate**\n\nFor the same reason why it is important to always distinguishes between political and economical\nadvantages (or disadvantages) of Open Data, it is necessary to keep decisions about  *future*  data\n(those that will arrive in the future, due to new contracts, public services and so on) separate from\nthose about data that already exist. At the end of 2010, T. Steinberg [wrote](thttp://steiny.typepad.com/premise/2010/11/open-data-how-not-to-cock-it-up.html) that the idea that\nGovernment should publish everything non-private it can  **now**  is \"rather dangerous\", and that it\nwould be much better to release nothing until someone actually asked for it, and at that point doing\nit right, that is with an open license and so on. The first reasons for Steinberg's concern is that\nasking for everything as soon as possible would  *\"stress the system too much, by spreading thin the*\n*finite amount of good will, money and political capital\"*  . The second is that many existing old data\nand data archival systems are, in practice, so uninteresting that it wouldn't make sense to spend\nresources in opening them.\nEven if these concerns were always true, it is important to realize that they apply (especially the\nsecond) to already existing data, not to future ones. The two classes of data have, or can have, very\ndifferent constraints. Existing data may still exist only in paper format and/or be locked by closed or",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 27,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.7. The privacy problem**\n\nanalysis possible would be a totally different matter.\nGetting rid of all the unjustified concerns about privacy is very simple, at least in theory. All is\nneeded to dismiss for good the idea that Open Data is a generalized attack to privacy is to always\nremember and explain that:\n1. Most Open Data have nothing personal to begin with (examples: digital maps, budgets, air\npollution measurements....)\n2. The majority of data that are directly related to individuals (e.g. things like names and\naddress of people with specific diseases, or who were victims of some crime) have no reason\nto be published,  **nor there is any actual demand for them by Open Data advocates**\n3. Exceptions that limit privacy for specific cases and categories of people (e.g. candidates to\npublic offices, Government and Parliament members etc...) already exist in many countries\n4. Very often, in practice, Open Data struggles only happen about  *when and how*  to make\navailable in the most effective way for society information that was  *already*  recognized as\npublic.  *What*  to declare public, hence open, is indeed a serious issue (more on this in the next\nparagraph) but is a separate one.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\n### **2.1. Wikileaks and the Open Data movement**\n\nso far, have been about:\n- reacting to problems  *after*  they occurred\n- without any intervention and involvement of the parties and organizations that may have\nbehaved improperly\nOpen Data, instead, is about  *prevention*  of errors, abuses and inefficiencies, through conscious and\ncontinuous collaboration of citizens and governments officials  *during*  day to day operations, if not\nbefore their beginning.\nOf course, citizens must always check that they aren't getting incomplete or biased data. But in any\ncase, Open Data means that the involved government officials aren't just prepared to see that data\npublished, they know and accept it from the start. In such a context, some risks associated to\nWikileaks, like the fact that the leaker lacks the means to influence the downstream use of the\ninformation, and therefore may harm anybody connected to the linked information, are almost non-\nexistent.\nAbove all, unlike the content of most Wikileaks documents, Open Data are almost always data that\nshould surely be open, unlike wartime military reports, and that almost never contain any personal\ninformation.  In  summary,  whatever  the  conclusions  about  Wikileaks  are,  they  could  not  be\nconclusions  against  Open  Data,  because  there  are  too  many  differences  between  the  two\nmovements.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.3. Legal issues remain crucial**\n\nProper licensing of Public data is essential. The more Open Data activities continue, the clearer this\nrule becomes. What distinguishes Open Data from \"mere\" transparency is reuse. Paraphrasing\nEaves, until a government get the licensing issue right, Open Data cannot bring all the possible\nbenefits in that country. If there are no guarantees that public data can be used without restriction,\nvery little happens in practice, and when it happens it may be something against the public interest.\nCanadian Company Public Engines Inc, that is paid by local police departments to collect, process\nand analyze official crime data, also publishes online, with a proprietary license, anonymized\nsummaries of those data. When in 2010 another company, Report See Inc, scraped those data from\ntheir website to reuse them, Public Engines sued.\nReporting this, D. Eaves [rightly points out](http://eaves.ca/2010/09/21/does-your-government-and-thus-you-actually-own-its-data/) that  *both*  companies are right: one is trying to protect its\ninvestment, the other is simply trying to reuse what IS public data, by getting it from the ONLY\nplace where it's available. This is what happens when public officials leave the ownership of  *public*\ndata to the third parties hired to collect them. Please note that, in practice, it makes very little\ndifference whether those third parties are private, for-profit corporations or even other Public\nAdministrations. Unless, of course, there are national laws already in place that define in advance\nwhat is the license of all present and future Public Data,  *no matter how they were generated and by*\n*whom*  , those data can be lost in any moment for society. In all other cases, the legal status of data\nwill be either officially closed and locked, or uncertain enough to prevent most or all reuses. In\nFebruary 2011, the [news came](http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110221/01191413180/privatization-public-data-sets-bad-precedent.shtml) that, even if they weren't the original copyright holders, Public\nEngines had been able to put together enough legal claims to convince Report See to give up.\nDisputes like this should not happen and would not happen if all contracts regarding collection and",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\n### **2.1. Wikileaks and the Open Data movement**\n\nDuring the 2010/2011 winter the discussions around the Cablegate and other documents published\nby Wikileaks have, in some occasion, included hostility towards Open Data. This is a consequence\nof a more or less conscious mixing of the two themes, because in a very general sense, both Open\nData and Wikileaks are about transparency, accountability and democracy.\nAs far as this study is concerned, two conclusions can be drawn from the Cablegate/Wikileaks\nscandal.\nThe  first  is  that,  in  practice,  it  is  necessary  to  find  and  equilibrium  between  secrecy  and\ntransparency whenever government activities are concerned. Citizens must be able to know what\nthe state is  *actually*  doing but sometimes, be it for careful evaluation of all the alternatives or\nbecause of security, it must be possible to work behind closed doors, [at least temporarily](http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2010/12/wikileaks-and-the-long-haul/) . We'll\ncome back to this point later in this report.\nThe second conclusion is that, while certainly both Open Data and Wikileaks are about openness\nand transparency in politics, not only there are deep differences between the two ideas but, in our\n*5/34*\nopinion, the Wikileaks experience proves the advantages of Open Data.\nWas Wikileaks right to publish the cable? Were the specific facts and behaviors uncovered by\nCablegate right or wrong? The answer to these questions are outside the scope of this document.\nHere we only wish to point out that Cablegate and Wikileaks, at least in the form we've known them",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.7. The privacy problem**\n\nBeing perceived as a lethal attack to privacy remains one of the biggest misunderstandings that\nprevents adoption of Open Data. On one hand, there is no doubt that in an increasingly digital world\nit becomes harder and harder to protect privacy. But, exactly  *because*  the whole world is going\ndigital, attacks to privacy and to civil rights in general can and are coming by so many other sides\nthat those from (properly done) Open Data are a really tiny percentage of the total.\nThis is a consequence of the fact that data about us end up online from the most different sources\n(including ourselves and our acquaintances), and that often it would be very hard to discover, never\nmind  *prove*  , that they've been used against our interest. There have been concerns, for example, that\ninsurance companies may charge higher fees for life insurance to those among their customers\nwho... put online a family tree from which it shows that they come from families with an average\nlife expectancy lower than usual.\nAssuming such concerns were real, would it always be possible to spot and prove such abuses of\ndata, that weren't even published by any Public Administration? Of course, publishing online\ncomplete, official Census data of several generations, in a way that would make such automatic",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\nOpen Data, we already said, is about reuse. The point is, at least when the goal is Open Government\nand transparency in politics, reuse by whom? There is no  *automatic*  cause-effect relationship\nbetween Open Data and real transparency and democracy. On the contrary, several problems may\noccur, if administrators and citizens don't pay close attention.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\n#### **3.6.2. Real impact of data manipulation or misunderstanding**\n\nThe fix for the risk that data is manipulated is to not only open government data and procedures, but\nto simplify the latter (which eventually also greatly reduces cost) as much as possible. Abundance\nof occasions to secretly play with data and how they are managed is a symptom of excessive, or\npeak  complexity:  again,  problems  and  risks  with  Open  Data  are  a  symptom  of  a [pre-\nexisting] problem that is somewhere else.\nRegardless of the real probability of data alterations before they are published, the major problem\nhappens after. We already mentioned in the first report the fact that, while correct interpretation of\npublic data from  *the majority of average citizens*  is absolutely critical, the current situation, even in\ncountries with (theoretical) high alphabetization and Internet access rates, is one in which most\npeople still lack the skills needed for such analysis. Therefore, there surely is space for both\nintentional manipulation of PSI and for misunderstanding it. After the publication of the first report,\nwe've encountered several examples of this danger, which are reported in the rest of this paragraph.\nBefore describing those cases, and in spite of them, it is necessary to point out one thing. While the\nimpact on the general public (in terms of raising interest and enhancing participation) on the Open\nData activity of 2010 is been, in many cases and as of today, still minimal, it is also true that there\nhas been no big increase in demagogy, more or less manipulated scandals and conflictual discussion\ncaused by Open Data. There has certainly been something of this in the Cablegate but that's not\nreally relevant because, as we've already explained, what Wikileaks did is intrinsically different\nfrom  Open  Data.  So  far,  negative  or  at  least  controversial  reactions  by  manipulation  and\nmisunderstanding of Open Data haven't happened to such a scale to justify not opening PSI.\nThis said, let's look at some recent example of misunderstanding and/or manipulation based on\n(sometimes open) public digital data.\nNicolas Kayser-Bril [mentioned](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15000252,00.html) a digital map of all the religious places in Russia, that shows\n[also]   *\"mosques that are no longer in use, so as to convey the idea that Muslims were invading*\n*Russia.\"*\nIn September 2010 the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology [officially declared ](http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2010/09/06/news/boschi_terremoti-6800976/)\nin September 2010 that they were evaluating whether to stop publishing online Italy's seismic data,\nas they had been doing for years. The reason was that, following the March 2009 earthquake in",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.1. Properly define and explain both Open Data and Public**\n**Data**\nJust because Open Data is becoming more popular (and, we may say, more and more necessary\nevery year), it is essential to intensify efforts to explain, both to the general public and to public\nadministrators, that\n1.  **Privacy issues are almost always a non-issue.**  Quoting from [What \"open data\" means - ](http://blog.okfn.org/2010/12/10/what-%E2%80%9Copen-data%E2%80%9D-means-%E2%80%93-and-what-it-doesn%E2%80%99t/)\n[and what it doesn't](http://blog.okfn.org/2010/12/10/what-%E2%80%9Copen-data%E2%80%9D-means-%E2%80%93-and-what-it-doesn%E2%80%99t/) ):  *Privacy and/or security concerns with putting all the government's data*\n*out there are a separate issue that shouldn't be confused with Open Data. Whether data*\n*should be made publicly available is where privacy concerns come into play. Once it has*\n*been determined that government data should be made public, then it should be done*\n*openly.*\n2. Defining as Public and consequently opening them in the right way,  *much more data*  than\nthose born and stored  *inside*  Public Administration is an urgent task that is in the best\ninterest of all citizens and businesses",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.3. Legal issues remain crucial**\n\nmanagement of PSI clearly specified that all the resulting data either go directly into the public\ndomain (after being anonymized if necessary, of course) or remain exclusive property of the\ngovernment. Even ignoring data openness, this is essential for at least three other reasons. The first\nis to protect a public administration from having to pay  *twice*  for those data, if it needs it again in\nthe future for some other internal activity, not explicitly mentioned in the initial contract. The\nsecond reason is to not spend more than what is absolutely necessary to respond to public records\nrequests, that is to comply with Freedom of Information laws.\nThe final reason is to guarantee quality assurance and detection of abuses at the smallest cost, that is\nsharing it with all the citizens using the public services based on those data. A [real world example ](http://blog.okfn.org/2010/10/29/open-data-in-public-private-partnerships-how-citizens-can-become-true-watchdogs/)\nof this point comes from the \"Where's My Villo?\" service in Brussels. Villo! is a city-wide bike-\nsharing scheme started in May 2009, through a partnerships with a private company: JCDecaux\nfinances  the  infrastructure  and  operates  it,  in  exchange  for  advertising  space  on  the  bikes\nthemselves and on billboards at the bike sharing stations. The availability of bikes and parking\nspaces of each station is published online in real time on the official Villo's website.\nWhen the quality of service decreased, some citizens started \"Where's My Villo?\", another website\nthat reuses those data to measure where and how often there aren't enough available bikes and\nparking spaces, in a way that made it impossible for JCDecaux to deny the problems and stimulated\nit to fix them. Both this happy ending and the fact that it came at almost no cost to the city, because\ncitizens could monitor the service by themselves, were possible just because the data from the\nofficial website were legally and automatically reusable.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf",
+                "query": "How did serum estradiol and progesterone levels change during pregnancy?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Serum hormone concentrations increased significantly over the course of pregnancy and dropped precipitously postpartum",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Results**\n\n#### **Serological evaluations**\nSerological evaluations captured canonical hormone fluctuations\ncharacteristic of the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods (Fig. 1b ).\nSerum hormone concentrations increased significantly over the course\nof pregnancy and dropped precipitously postpartum (preconcep-\ntion, estradiol (E) = 3.42 pg ml <sup>−1</sup> and progesterone (P) = 0.84 ng ml <sup>−1</sup> ;\n3 weeks preparturition, E = 12,400 pg ml <sup>−1</sup> and P = 103 ng ml <sup>−1</sup> ; 3 months\npostparturition, E = 11.50 pg ml <sup>−1</sup> and P = 0.04 ng ml <sup>−1</sup> ).",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\nin steroid hormone synthesis drive neurogenesis, dendritic spine\ngrowth, microglial proliferation, myelination and astrocyte remodeling\n(for review, see ref. 11 ). These cellular changes are pronounced in brain\ncircuits that promote maternal behavior. For example, Ammari et al.\nrecently discovered that steroid hormones can fine-tune the response\nproperties of galanin neurons in the rodent medial preoptic area of\nthe hypothalamus (mPOA), leading to enhanced sensitivity in dams\nto sensory cues from newborn pups <sup>12</sup> .\nIn humans, reductions in gray matter volume (GMV) have\nbeen observed postpartum <sup>13</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>16</sup> , particularly in regions central to\ntheory-of-mind processing <sup>13</sup> . These GMV changes persist at 6 years\npostpartum <sup>17</sup> and are traceable decades later <sup>18</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>19</sup> , underscoring the\npermanence of this major remodeling event. And yet the changes that\noccur within the maternal brain during gestation itself are virtually\nunknown (see ref. 20 for early neuroimaging insight). A recent study by\nPaternina-Die et al. offers intriguing clues <sup>21</sup> . Women were scanned once\nin the third trimester and again in the postpartum period, revealing a\nreduction of cortical volume observable in the late pregnancy scan.\nThese findings suggest that pregnancy is a highly dynamic period for\nneural remodeling, yet neuroscientists lack a detailed map of how the\nhuman brain changes throughout the gestational period.\nHere we conducted a precision imaging study of pregnancy in\nwhich a healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman underwent 26 mag-\nnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and venipuncture beginning\n3 weeks preconception through 2 years postpartum. We observed\nwidespread reductions in cortical GMV and cortical thickness (CT)\noccurring in step with advancing gestational week and the dramatic\nrise in sex hormone production. Remodeling was also evident within\nReceived: 23 August 2023",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\nAccepted: 29 July 2024\nPublished online: 16 September 2024\n[ Check for updates](http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41593-024-01741-0&domain=pdf)\n1 Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. 2 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University\nof California, Irvine, CA, USA. <sup>3</sup> Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National\nInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. <sup>4</sup> Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. <sup>5</sup> These authors contributed\nequally: Elizabeth R. Chrastil, Emily G. Jacobs. e-mail: [laura.pritschet@pennmedicine.upenn.edu](mailto:laura.pritschet@pennmedicine.upenn.edu) ; [chrastil@uci.edu](mailto:chrastil@uci.edu) ; [emily.jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu](mailto:emily.jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu)\n**2254**\nassociated brain networks appear to decrease in volume at a faster\nrate than the rest of the brain throughout pregnancy, as determined\nby a subsequent analysis controlling for total GMV (Supplementary\nTables 1 and 2). GMV reductions were also significantly correlated with\nthe participant’s estradiol and progesterone concentrations (Supple-\nmentary Table 1). A highly similar pattern of results was observed when\nexamining pregnancy-related CT changes (Supplementary Fig. 3 and\nSupplementary Tables 4 and 5). Significant reductions in cortical GMV\nover gestation remained after controlling for standard quality control\n(QC) metrics, albeit with some influence on the magnitude and location\nof the observed effects (Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5).\nIn contrast, GMV within regions of the default mode (subnetwork\nC), limbic (subnetworks A and B) and visual peripheral networks buck\nthe global trend by slightly increasing (for example, temporal poles),\nremaining constant (for example, orbitofrontal cortex) or reducing at\na much slower rate (for example, extrastriate cortex) than total GMV\n(Fig. 2a,b and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). CT changes in these\nregions exhibit similar patterns (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supple-\nmentary Tables 4 and 5).",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Discussion**\n\nConverging evidence across mammalian species points to pregnancy\nas a remarkable period of neuroplasticity, revealing the brain’s ability\nto undergo adaptive, hormonally-driven neuroanatomical changes\nbeyond adolescence <sup>13</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>15</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>20</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>21</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>24</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>26</sup> . Investigations that compare women\nprepregnancy and then again postpartum provide the strongest evi-\ndence to date that the human brain undergoes such neural changes <sup>11</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>27</sup> .\nBut what about pregnancy itself? Over what time course do anatomical\nchanges in the maternal brain manifest? Are they tied to the substantial\nincrease in sex hormone production? Here we begin to address these\nPregnancy stages Sex steroid hormones\nProgesterone ng ml\n- 1 17 β\n-estradiol pg ml\n\n- 1\n12,500 100 17 β -estradiol\nProgesterone\nPre 1st 2nd 3rd Post\n<0 0- 13 14- 26 27- 40 >40\nGestation weeks\n**a b**\nWeeks since conception\n0 0\nBirth\n\n- 1 10 20 30 40 50\nStudy overview\n//\nWhole-brain T1\nMTL scan\nDifusion MRI\nBlood serum\nPre/IVF Pregnancy Birth Postpartum\n**c**\n0 14 27 40 60 93 162\nWeeks since conception\nSummary brain measures\nGMV (×10\n5\nmm\n3 )\nCT\n(×10 6 mm)\nBrain vol (×10 6 mm\n3 )\nGlobal quant. anisotropy\nLat ventricles (mm 3 )\nCSF (mm\n3 )\n**d**\nWeeks since conception Weeks since conception\n4.60\n1.80\n1.60\n1.29\n1.27\n4.80\n|  0 |\n|---:|\n|  0 |\n50 100 150\n50 100 150\n0 50 100 150\n24,500\n26,000\n0.44\n0.38\n4,800\n3,900\n*R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.79,</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>< 0.001</sup>\n*R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.50,</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>= 0.007</sup>\n*R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.77,</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>< 0.001</sup>\n*R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.91,</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>< 0.001</sup>\n*R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.75,</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>< 0.001</sup>\n*R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.90,</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>< 0.001</sup>\nBirth Birth\n|  0 |\n|---:|\n|  0 |\n50 100 150\n0 50 100 150\n//\n//\n//\n50 100 150\n0",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Subcortical GMV changed throughout gestation. a**  , Multivariate\n\nthe hypothalamus and subsequent medial preoptic area and paraven-\ntricular nucleus—structures critical for inducing maternal behavior <sup>12</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>16</sup> .\nThe hippocampus exhibited a reduction in volume across gestation,\nand with higher spatial resolution, this reduction was revealed to be\ndriven by changes in CA1 and CA2/CA3 subfield volumes, while other\nhippocampal subfields remained stable. Adjacent PHC within the\nMTL also exhibited volume reduction across gestation. While our hip-\npocampal findings are consistent with pre/post studies of pregnancy <sup>13</sup> ,\nthe precision lens applied within gestation revealed the nonlinear\nnature of this reduction. Recapitulating and clarifying these region-\nally specific patterns of volume change throughout the MTL merits\nfurther investigation.\nSimilar precision imaging studies have captured dynamic brain\nreorganization across other neuroendocrine transitions, such as the\nmenstrual cycle (see review in ref. 28 ), underscoring the powerful\nrole steroid hormones have in shaping the mammalian brain <sup>29</sup> . Endo-\ncrine changes across pregnancy dwarf those that occur across the\nmenstrual cycle, which highlights the critical need to map the brain’s\nresponse to this unique hormonal state. Broad physiological changes\noccur in tandem with the rise in steroid hormones, including changes\nin body mass composition, water retention, immune function and\nsleep patterns <sup>11</sup> . These factors could have a role in the brain changes\nobserved here, with some driving neurobiological changes and others,\nlike water retention, potentially affecting MRI-based measurements.\nNote that, although cortical reductions in GMV over gestation were\nstable across analyses, accounting for QC measures influenced the\nmagnitude and location of these results. These metrics all fell within\nthe standard range, but there may be meaningful reductions in signal\nthat accompany volumetric reductions (for example, increased CSF\nand decreased GM)—a methodological nuance that goes beyond the",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 1 | Precision imaging reveals neuroanatomical changes throughout**\n\n**gestation. a**  , Standard medical demarcations for pregnancy stages (that is,\ntrimesters) by gestation week (the image is created with BioRender.com).\n**b**  , Steroid hormones increased significantly throughout pregnancy and dropped\nprecipitously postpartum, as is characteristic of the prenatal and postnatal\nperiods.  **c**  , A healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman underwent 26 scanning\nsessions from 3 weeks preconception through 2 years postpartum. Scans were\ndistributed throughout preconception (four scans), first trimester (four scans),\nsecond trimester (six scans), third trimester (five scans) and postpartum\n(seven scans); tick marks indicate when major measures were collected and\ncolors denote pregnancy stage. The participant underwent IVF to achieve\npregnancy, allowing for precise mapping of ovulation, conception and gestation\nweek.  **d**  , Summary (that is, total) of brain measures throughout the experiment.\nGeneralized additive models revealed GMV, CT and total brain volume decreased\nthroughout pregnancy (see Methods for validation with cubic regression), with\na slight recovery postpartum. Global QA, lateral ventricle and CSF volumes\ndisplayed nonlinear increases across gestation, with a notable rise in the second\nand third trimesters before dropping sharply postpartum. Shaded regions\nrepresent 95% confidence bands; solid lines indicate model fit; dashed line\nindicates parturition.\n**2256**\n*T* stat\nInferior parietal Control network B\n4\n- 14\n**a** Whole-brain GMV\nGMV ~ gestation week\nLat Med\nL\nR\nBaseline -  36 weeks\nGMV change by network **b**\nDMNC VisPeri LimbicA LimbicB DMNB DMNA SomMotB VisCent ContC TempPar DorsAttnA ContA SomMotA SalVentAttnA SalVentAttnB ContB Total DorsAttnB\n- 8\n- 5\n- 3\n0",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\ninterest in the regression model. A similar statistical approach was taken for T1w-derived subcortical volume estimates. We\nran a multivariate regression analysis predicting GMV changes over gestation in 28 regions-of-interest by gestation week\n(FDR-corrected at q < 0.05).\n\nT2-weighted MTL scans:\nTo evaluate the relationship between gestation week and medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregion volume over pregnancy (n =\n7 bilateral subregions; n = 18 MTL scans), we used a combination of linear and non-linear models based on individual\nsubregion data patterns. Models were compared for best fit with each subregion via AIC from the GLM output (as described\n5\nnature portfolio  |  reporting summary\nApril 2023\nabove). A linear regression model was most appropriate for PHC (AICdiff < 3), whereas a quadratic model performed best for\nCA1 and CA2/3. As a control, we repeated the analyses with MTL subregion volumes after proportional volume correction of\ntotal gray matter volume calculated by ASHS. Finally, we evaluated the relationship between endogenous sex hormones\n(estrogen and progesterone) and subregion volumes using linear regression. Relationships were considered significant only if\nthey met FDR correction at q < .05.\n\nDiffusion imaging:\nDSI Studio’s correlational tractography (Yeh et al., 2016) was used to analyze the relationship between white matter\nstructure and gestational week (n = 16). A truncated model was run to examine the relationship between white matter and\nsex steroid hormones (n = 14) for the subset of diffusion scans with paired endocrine data during gestation. A non-parametric\nSpearman correlation was used to derive the correlation between gestational week and endocrine factors and our metrics of\ninterest (QA and MD; see Table S9 and Fig. S10 for MD results) because the data were not normally distributed. Statistical\ninference was reached using connectometry, a permutation-based approach that tests the strength of coherent associations\nfound between the local connectome and our variables of interest. It provides higher reliability and replicability by correcting\nfor multiple comparisons. This technique provides a high-resolution characterization of local axonal orientation. The\ncorrelational tractography was run with the following parameters: T-score threshold of 2.5, 4 pruning iterations, and a length\nthreshold of 25 voxel distance. To estimate the false discovery rate (FDR), a total of 4000 randomized permutations were\napplied to obtain the null distribution of the track length. Reported regions were selected based on FDR cutoff (FDR < 0.2,\nsuggested by DSI Studio), and contained at least 10 tracts. For visualization of global and tract QA at each gestational stage,",
+                    "page_start": 16,
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\nacross individuals will be a necessary next step.\n*Cortical GMV and CT*  . We then narrowed our analyses to the first 19\nsessions (baseline—36 weeks gestation) to assess novel brain changes\noccurring over the gestational window. We first computed Pearson’s\nproduct-moment correlation matrices between the following vari -\nables: gestation week, estradiol, progesterone and the 17 network-level\naverage GMV values. We then ran a multivariate regression analysis\npredicting ROI-level GMV changes by gestation week. To identify which\nregions were changing at a rate different from the global decrease,\nwe then ran the analyses again to include total GMV in the regression\nmodel (Supplementary Table 2). This was extended to the network\nlevel, where we ran partial correlations accounting for total GMV. These\nsame analyses were then run with CT measures. Globally-corrected\nresults provided in Supplementary Tables 1- 5. Percent change at the\nnetwork level was computed by subtracting the final pregnancy value\n(36 weeks pregnant) from the first prepregnancy baseline value, then\ndividing that difference by said first prepregnancy baseline value. All\nanalyses underwent multiple comparisons testing (false discovery rate\n(FDR)-corrected at  *q*  < 0.05).\n*Subcortical GMV*  . A similar statistical approach was taken for subcorti-\ncal volume estimates. We ran a multivariate regression analysis predict-\ning GMV changes over gestation in 28 ROIs (Supplementary Fig. 6a) by\ngestation week (FDR-corrected at  *q*  < 0.05).\nTo evaluate the relationship between gestation week and MTL\nsubregion volume over pregnancy (  *n*  = 7 bilateral subregions and\n*n*  = 18 MTL scans), we used a combination of linear and nonlinear\nmodels based on individual subregion data patterns. Models were\ncompared for best fit with each subregion via AIC from the GLM output\n(as described in ‘Summary brain metrics’). A linear regression model\nwas most appropriate for PHC (AIC diff < 3), whereas a quadratic model\nperformed best for CA1 and CA2/CA3. As a control, we repeated the\nanalyses with MTL subregion volumes after proportional volume cor-\nrection of total GMV calculated by ASHS. Finally, we evaluated the\nrelationship between endogenous sex hormones (estrogen and proges-\nterone) and subregion volumes using linear regression. Relationships\nwere considered significant only if they met FDR correction at  *q*  < 0.05.\n*White matter microstructure*  . DSI Studio’s correlational tractography <sup>74</sup>\nwas used to analyze the relationship between white matter structure\nand gestational week (  *n*  = 16). A truncated model was run to examine the\nrelationship between white matter and sex steroid hormones (  *n*  = 14)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
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+                },
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\n48. Mowinckel, A. M. & Vidal-Piñeiro, D. Visualization of brain statistics\nwith R packages ggseg and ggseg3d.  *Adv. Methods Pract.*\n*Psychol. Sci.*    **3**  , 466- 483 (2020).\n**Publisher’s note**  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to\njurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\n**Open Access**  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons\nAttribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,\nadaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format,\nas long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the\nsource, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate\nif changes were made. The images or other third party material in this\narticle are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless\nindicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not\nincluded in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended\nuse is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted\nuse, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright\nholder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n[org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .\n© The Author(s) 2024\n**Methods**\n**Participant**\nOur participant (E.R.C.) was a healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman\nwho underwent in-vitro fertilization (IVF) to achieve pregnancy. Pre-\nvious studies reported no observable differences in neural changes\nfrom prepregnancy to postpregnancy between women who conceived\nnaturally versus women who conceived via IVF <sup>13</sup> , and doing so provides\na controlled way of monitoring pregnancy status. The participant\nexperienced no pregnancy complications (for example, gestational\ndiabetes and hypertension), delivered at full term via vaginal birth,\nnursed through 16 months postpartum, and had no history of neu-\nropsychiatric diagnosis, endocrine disorders, prior head trauma or\nhistory of smoking. The participant gave written informed consent and\nthe study was approved by the University of California, Irvine Human\nSubjects Committee.\n**Study design**\nThe participant underwent 26 MRI scanning sessions from 3 weeks\nbefore conception through 2 years postpartum (162 weeks), during\nwhich high-resolution anatomical and diffusion spectrum imaging\nscans of the brain were acquired. Scans were distributed throughout\nthis period, including prepregnancy (four scans), first trimester (four\nscans), second trimester (six scans), third trimester (five scans) and\npostpartum (seven scans; Fig. 1c ). The first 6 sessions took place at\nthe UCSB Brain Imaging Center (BIC), the final 20 sessions took place\nat the UCI Facility for Imaging and Brain Research (FIBRE). The major-\nity of scans took place between 9 AM and 2 PM, limiting significant",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\nments and should be interpreted with caution. Finally, to better com-\npare against our own data, we repeated this approach using our\nparticipant’s first two baseline scans (that is, preconception) to derive\nwithin-participant variability estimates.\nBenchmarking our data in this way allows us to capture the degree\nof change expected due to factors such as image processing and\ninstrumentation variability or other day-to-day changes that could\npotentially modulate brain size and shape (see ref. 80 for review). The\npercent change observed over pregnancy (baseline versus 36 weeks\ngestation) far exceeds the expected variability estimated using both\nthe Day2Day dataset (Supplementary Fig. 11) and our within-participant\ncontrol data. This was quantified by dividing the observed percent\nchange in GMV metrics (baseline versus 36 weeks) by the global meas-\nure of GMV percent variability of each control group (that is, Day2Day,\nwithin-participant control), independently for cortex and subcortex.\n**Reporting summary**\nFurther information on research design is available in the Nature\nPortfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.\n**Data availability**\nThe dataset consists of 26 MRI scans (T1w, T2w and diffusion scans)\nalongside state-dependent measures and serum assessments of ovar-\nian sex hormones for each session. The raw data is publicly available at\n[https://openneuro.org/datasets/ds005299](https://openneuro.org/datasets/ds005299) . Source data are provided\nwith this paper.\n**Code availability**\nNo custom code was used.\n**References** 49. Karch, J. D. et al. Identifying predictors of within-person\nvariance in MRI-based brain volume estimates.  *NeuroImage*    **200**  ,\n575- 589 (2019).\n50. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R. A global measure of\nperceived stress.  *J. Health Soc. Behav.*    **24**  , 385- 396 (1983).\n51. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R. &\nKupfer, D. J. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument\nfor psychiatric practice and research.  *Psychiatry Res.*    **28**  , 193- 213\n(1989).\n52. Speilberger, C. D. & Vagg, P. R. Psychometric properties of the\nSTAI: a reply to Ramanaiah, Franzen, and Schill.  *J. Pers. Assess.*    **48**  ,\n95- 97 (1984).\n53. Pollock, V., Cho, D. W., Reker, D. & Volavka, J. Profile of mood\nstates: the factors and their physiological correlates.  *J. Nerv.*\n*Ment. Dis.*    **167**  , 612- 614 (1979).\n54. Avants, B. B. et al. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity\nmetric performance in brain image registration.  *Neuroimage*    **54**  ,\n2033- 2044 (2011).\n55. Tustison, N. J. et al. Large-scale evaluation of ANTs and\nFreeSurfer cortical thickness measurements.  *Neuroimage*    **99**  ,",
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+                "query": "Which cortical sub-networks were particularly sensitive to pregnancy?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu- larly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali- ence ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork B), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B) networks",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Results**\n\n#### **Cortical volume and thickness changes tied to gestation**\n\nWe then narrowed the aperture to capture changes unfolding within\ngestation itself (baseline—36 weeks pregnant, 19 scans). Relationships\nbetween summary brain metrics were evident over the gestational\nperiod as follows: total brain volume, GMV and CT were positively asso -\nciated with one another, whereas lateral ventricles, CSF and global QA\ndemonstrated negative relationships with GMV (Supplementary Fig. 1).\nChanges in GMV were near-ubiquitous across the cortical mantle\n(Fig. 2a ). Most large-scale brain networks exhibited decreases in GMV\n(Fig. 2b and Supplementary Table 1); indeed, 80% of the 400 regions of\ninterest (ROI) demonstrated negative relationships between GMV and\ngestation week (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 2). Together, these\nresults provide evidence of a global decrease in cortical volume across\npregnancy. Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu-\nlarly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali-\nence/ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork\nB), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B)\nnetworks (Supplementary Table 1). Regions driving these network-level\nchanges include the bilateral inferior parietal lobe, postcentral gyri,\ninsulae, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate and somatosensory\ncortex (Fig. 2c , Supplementary Table 2 and validation of findings using\nalternate pipeline in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3). These regions and\n**2255**",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\n48. Mowinckel, A. M. & Vidal-Piñeiro, D. Visualization of brain statistics\nwith R packages ggseg and ggseg3d.  *Adv. Methods Pract.*\n*Psychol. Sci.*    **3**  , 466- 483 (2020).\n**Publisher’s note**  Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to\njurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\n**Open Access**  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons\nAttribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,\nadaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format,\nas long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the\nsource, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate\nif changes were made. The images or other third party material in this\narticle are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless\nindicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not\nincluded in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended\nuse is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted\nuse, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright\nholder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n[org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .\n© The Author(s) 2024\n**Methods**\n**Participant**\nOur participant (E.R.C.) was a healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman\nwho underwent in-vitro fertilization (IVF) to achieve pregnancy. Pre-\nvious studies reported no observable differences in neural changes\nfrom prepregnancy to postpregnancy between women who conceived\nnaturally versus women who conceived via IVF <sup>13</sup> , and doing so provides\na controlled way of monitoring pregnancy status. The participant\nexperienced no pregnancy complications (for example, gestational\ndiabetes and hypertension), delivered at full term via vaginal birth,\nnursed through 16 months postpartum, and had no history of neu-\nropsychiatric diagnosis, endocrine disorders, prior head trauma or\nhistory of smoking. The participant gave written informed consent and\nthe study was approved by the University of California, Irvine Human\nSubjects Committee.\n**Study design**\nThe participant underwent 26 MRI scanning sessions from 3 weeks\nbefore conception through 2 years postpartum (162 weeks), during\nwhich high-resolution anatomical and diffusion spectrum imaging\nscans of the brain were acquired. Scans were distributed throughout\nthis period, including prepregnancy (four scans), first trimester (four\nscans), second trimester (six scans), third trimester (five scans) and\npostpartum (seven scans; Fig. 1c ). The first 6 sessions took place at\nthe UCSB Brain Imaging Center (BIC), the final 20 sessions took place\nat the UCI Facility for Imaging and Brain Research (FIBRE). The major-\nity of scans took place between 9 AM and 2 PM, limiting significant",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\ns.d. = 0.02, range = 0.09- 0.17) and varied only slightly by pregnancy\nstage (pre,  *M*  = 0.11 and s.d. = 0.004; first,  *M*  = 0.11 and s.d. = 0.01; sec-\nond,  *M*  = 0.13 and s.d. = 0.02; third,  *M*  = 0.16 and s.d. = 0.007; post,\n*M*  = 0.13 and s.d. = 0.01). While mean FWD did correspond with gesta-\ntion week (  *r*  = 0.88,  *P*  < 0.001), controlling for this did not alter our main\nfindings (for example, total GMV remained negatively associated with\ngestation after partial correlation with FWD (  *r*  = −0.87 and  *P*  < 0.001)\nbecause motion differences between stages were minuscule (Sup-\nplementary Fig. 4a).\nAs a further test of the robustness of the dataset, we ran QC assess-\nments on all T1w images using the IQMs pipeline <sup>64</sup> from MRIQC (ver-\nsion 23.1). Assessments of interest included (1) coefficient of joint\nvariation (CJV), (2) signal-to-noise ratio for gray matter (SNR) and (3)\ncontrast-to-noise ratios (CNR). All QC metrics fell within expected\nstandard ranges <sup>65</sup> (Supplementary Fig. 4b- d). Although relationships\nexisted between gestation week and QC measures (CJV,  *r*  = 0.70 and\n*P*  < 0.001; SNR and CNR,  *r*  = −0.83 and  *P*  < 0.001), including these vari-\nables in the regression models did not detract from our finding sug-\ngesting cortical GMV reductions occur over gestation, especially within\nregions belonging to attention and somatosensory networks (Supple-\nmentary Fig. 5). When looking across all MRIQC outputs, discrepancies\nwere noted in session seven (gestation week nine, first trimester).\nRemoving this day from the analyses only strengthened observed\nrelationships between cortical volume and gestation; however, for\ncompleteness, data from this day is included in the main findings.\nThese QC outputs for each session of the experiment can be found\nin Supplementary Data 1. Finally, we used FreeSurfer’s Eueler num-\nber to evaluate a field-standard quantitative assessment of each T1w\nstructural image <sup>66</sup> . We observed no significant relationships between\nthe Euler number and gestation week or summary brain metrics. A\ndiscrepancy (for example, two s.d. below average) was noted in session\neight; however, again, removing this session did not detract from our\nmain findings showing reductions in GMV over gestation.\n*Hippocampal segmentation*  . T1- and T2-weighted images (  *n*  = 25) were\nsubmitted to the automatic segmentation of hippocampal subfields\npackage (ASHS <sup>67</sup> , version July 2018) for parcellation of seven MTL\nsubregions: CA1, CA2/CA3, dentate gyrus, subiculum, perirhinal cor-",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 4 | White matter microstructure changes throughout the experiment.**\n\nlel, we observed increased anisotropy in white matter tracts that\nfacilitate communication between emotional and visual processing\nhubs <sup>37</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>39</sup> , including the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior\nfronto-occipital fasciculus. Pinpointing the synchrony of gray and\nwhite matter changes that unfold in the maternal brain could be\nkey to understanding the behavioral adaptions that emerge during\nand after pregnancy, such as honing the brain’s visual and auditory\nresponses to infant cues and eliciting maternal behavior. Research\ninto other major transition periods supports this idea. For instance,\nadolescence is a dynamic period characterized by region-specific,\nnonlinear decreases in GMV and increases in WMV, maturational\nbrain changes that are tied to gains in executive function and social\ncognition <sup>40</sup> . For both adolescence <sup>41</sup> and matrescence, the consider-\nable rise in steroid hormone production appears to remodel the brain\n(see ref. 25 for comparative analysis), promoting a suite of behaviors\nadaptive to that life stage. How specific neural changes give rise to\nspecific behavioral adaptations has yet to be fully explored with\nrespect to human pregnancy.\nThis precision imaging study mapped neuroanatomical changes\nacross pregnancy in a single individual, precluding our ability to gen-\neralize to the broader population. To benchmark our findings, we com-\npared the magnitude of GMV changes observed throughout pregnancy\nagainst data from nonpregnant individuals sampled over a similar time\ncourse. Doing so provided compelling evidence that pregnancy-related\nneuroanatomical shifts far exceed normative day-to-day brain variabil-\nity and measurement error. Evidence suggests that white matter micro-\nstructure remains fairly stable over a six-month period <sup>42</sup> , but more\nstudies are needed to compare the degree of white matter changes",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n#### **Comparing brain changes across pregnancy against controls**\n\nWe then compared the changes in GMV across gestation to that of typi-\ncal variability over time, derived from eight densely-sampled controls <sup>23</sup> .\nThe GMV changes we see across pregnancy far exceed normative brain\nvariability (Supplementary Fig. 11). On average, change in cortical GMV\nwas nearly three times higher than controls scanned over a similar\nduration (Supplementary Fig. 11a,b). This extends to MTL subfields,\nwherein change in volume was three to four times greater across gesta-\ntion than normative brain variability (Supplementary Fig. 11c,d). We\ncontextualized these findings further by comparing gestational GMV\nchange against our participant’s preconception brain volumes; average\nGMV change during pregnancy was six times (cortical) and three times\n(MTL) higher than the variability observed between baseline sessions.\nsubcortical structures, including the ventral diencephalon, caudate,\nthalamus, putamen and hippocampus. High-resolution imaging and\nsegmentation of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) extend these findings\nfurther, revealing specific volumetric reductions within hippocampal\nsubfields CA1, CA2/CA3 and parahippocampal cortex (PHC). In con-\ntrast to widespread decreases in cortical and subcortical GMV, cor -\nrelational tractography analyses revealed nonlinear increases in white\nmatter quantitative anisotropy (QA) throughout the brain—indicating\ngreater tract integrity—as gestational week progressed. Together, these\nfindings reveal the highly dynamic changes that unfold in a human\nbrain across pregnancy, demonstrating a capacity for extensive neural\nremodeling well into adulthood.",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Subcortical GMV changed throughout gestation. a**  , Multivariate\n\nregression analyses revealed largely negative relationships between gestation\nweek and subcortical GMV regions over pregnancy, including bilateral thalamus,\ncaudate, hippocampus, ventral diencephalon (encompassing hypothalamus,\nsubstantia nigra, mammillary body and red nucleus) and left caudate. Lateral\nventricles displayed the only positive relationships with gestation week\n(also depicted in Fig. 1d ). The whole-brain subcortical GMV estimates shown\nhere were derived via FreeSurfer and ‘aseg’ subcortical segmentation. FDR-\ncorrected at  *q*  < 0.05. Inset, right ventral diencephalon displayed the strongest\nnegative association with gestation (left; baseline—36 weeks, 19 scans) and did\nnot return to baseline postpartum (right; gestation and postpartum, 26 scans).\n**b**  , The participant’s hippocampus and surrounding cortex were segmented\ninto seven bilateral subregions. Quadratic (CA1, CA2/CA3) and linear regression\nanalyses (PHC) revealed subfields were negatively associated with gestation\nweek (baseline—36 weeks, 18 scans) and did not return to baseline postpartum\n(gestation and postpartum, 25 scans). Shaded regions in scatterplots represent\na 95% confidence interval. Each boxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a\nhorizontal line representing the median value. The whiskers indicate variability\noutside (±1.5) of this range. Outside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either\nend of the box. FDR-corrected at  *q*  < 0.05. For  **a**  and  **b**  , nonsignificant regions\nwere set to zero for interpretability. See Supplementary Fig. 6 for complete\nlabeling of regions in both segmentations. Brain visualizations created with R\npackage ggseg <sup>48</sup> *.*  DC, diencephalon.\n**2258**\noverlook the full range of changes that unfold within the gestational\nwindow, and underrepresent the brain’s metamorphosis during preg-\nnancy. Furthermore, although observed changes were largely global,\nsome regions displayed notable stability (for example, extrastriate cor-\ntex). The subcortical region that displayed the strongest relationship\nwith gestation week was the ventral diencephalon, which encompasses",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\nSenate (to E.G.J.), ReproGrants (to H.G., E.G.J. and E.R.C.), NIH\nF99AG07979 (to L.P.), NIH T32 AG00096-40 (to D.C.), NIH AG063843\n(to E.G.J.) and NIH ZIAMH002783 (to J.F. and D.A.H.).\n**Author contributions** L.P., C.M.T., E.R.C. and E.G.J. conceived the overall study. L.P., C.M.T.,\nD.C., T.S., E.L., E.R.C. and E.G.J. performed the experiments. L.P., C.M.T.,\nD.C., J.F., T.S., D.A.H., E.R.C. and E.G.J. conceived the data analysis\nstrategy. L.P., C.M.T. and D.C. implemented the data analysis strategy.\nL.P., C.M.T., D.C., E.R.C. and E.G.J. wrote the manuscript. J.F., T.S., H.G.,\nD.A.H. and E.L. edited the manuscript.\n**Competing interests** The authors declare no competing interests.\n**Additional information Supplementary information**  The online version\ncontains supplementary material available at\n[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01741-0](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01741-0) .\n**Correspondence and requests for materials**  should be addressed to\nLaura Pritschet, Elizabeth R. Chrastil or Emily G. Jacobs.\n**Peer review information**    *Nature Neuroscience*  thanks Jessica Bernard\nand the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the\npeer review of this work.\n**Reprints and permissions information**  is available at\n[www.nature.com/reprints](http://www.nature.com/reprints) .\n1\nnature portfolio  |  reporting summary\nApril 2023\nCorresponding author(s): Laura Pritschet, Elizabeth R. Chrastil, & Emily\nG. Jacobs\nLast updated by author(s): 06/30/2024\nReporting Summary\nNature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency and transparency\nin reporting. For further information on Nature Portfolio policies, see our Editorial Policies and the Editorial Policy Checklist .\nStatistics\nFor all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section.\nn/a Confirmed\nThe exact sample size (  *n*  ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement\nA statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly\nThe statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided\n*Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section.*\nA description of all covariates tested\nA description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons\nA full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient)\nAND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertainty (e.g. confidence intervals)\nFor null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g.  *F*  ,  *t*  ,  *r*  ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and  *P*  value noted",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\nin steroid hormone synthesis drive neurogenesis, dendritic spine\ngrowth, microglial proliferation, myelination and astrocyte remodeling\n(for review, see ref. 11 ). These cellular changes are pronounced in brain\ncircuits that promote maternal behavior. For example, Ammari et al.\nrecently discovered that steroid hormones can fine-tune the response\nproperties of galanin neurons in the rodent medial preoptic area of\nthe hypothalamus (mPOA), leading to enhanced sensitivity in dams\nto sensory cues from newborn pups <sup>12</sup> .\nIn humans, reductions in gray matter volume (GMV) have\nbeen observed postpartum <sup>13</sup> <sup>-</sup> <sup>16</sup> , particularly in regions central to\ntheory-of-mind processing <sup>13</sup> . These GMV changes persist at 6 years\npostpartum <sup>17</sup> and are traceable decades later <sup>18</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>19</sup> , underscoring the\npermanence of this major remodeling event. And yet the changes that\noccur within the maternal brain during gestation itself are virtually\nunknown (see ref. 20 for early neuroimaging insight). A recent study by\nPaternina-Die et al. offers intriguing clues <sup>21</sup> . Women were scanned once\nin the third trimester and again in the postpartum period, revealing a\nreduction of cortical volume observable in the late pregnancy scan.\nThese findings suggest that pregnancy is a highly dynamic period for\nneural remodeling, yet neuroscientists lack a detailed map of how the\nhuman brain changes throughout the gestational period.\nHere we conducted a precision imaging study of pregnancy in\nwhich a healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman underwent 26 mag-\nnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and venipuncture beginning\n3 weeks preconception through 2 years postpartum. We observed\nwidespread reductions in cortical GMV and cortical thickness (CT)\noccurring in step with advancing gestational week and the dramatic\nrise in sex hormone production. Remodeling was also evident within\nReceived: 23 August 2023",
+                    "page_start": 0,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\nhypothalamic substructures of the human brain that relate to\naspects of maternal behavior.  *Psychoneuroendocrinology*    **164**  ,\n107021 (2024).\n17. Martínez-García, M. et al. Do pregnancy-induced brain changes\nreverse? The brain of a mother six years after parturition.  *Brain Sci.*\n**11**  , 168 (2021b).\n18. De Lange, A.-M. G. et al. Population-based neuroimaging reveals\ntraces of childbirth in the maternal brain.  *Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA*\n**116**  , 22341- 22346 (2019).\n**2260**\n19. Orchard, E. R. et al. Neuroprotective effects of motherhood on\nbrain function in late life: a resting-state fMRI study.  *Cereb. Cortex*\n**31**  , 1270- 1283 (2021).\n20. Oatridge, A. et al. Change in brain size during and after\npregnancy: study in healthy women and women with\npreeclampsia.  *Am. J. Neuroradiol.*    **23**  , 19- 26 (2002).\n21. Paternina-Di, M. et al. Women’s neuroplasticity during gestation,\nchildbirth and postpartum.  *Nat. Neurosci.*    **27**  , 319- 327 (2024).\n22. Makris, N. et al. Decreased volume of the brain reward system in\nalcoholism.  *Biol. Psychiatry*    **64**  , 192- 202 (2008).\n23. Filevich, E. et al. Day2day: investigating daily variability of\nmagnetic resonance imaging measures over half a year.\n*BMC Neurosci.*    **18**  , 65 (2017).\n24. Dulac, C., O’Connell, L. A. & Wu, Z. Neural control of maternal and\npaternal behaviors.  *Science*    **345**  , 765- 770 (2014).\n25. Carmona, S. et al. Pregnancy and adolescence entail similar\nneuroanatomical adaptations: a comparative analysis of cerebral\nmorphometric changes.  *Hum. Brain Mapp.*    **40**  , 2143- 2152 (2019).\n26. Pawluski, J. L., Hoekzema, E., Leuner, B. & Lonstein, J. S. Less can\nbe more: fine tuning the maternal brain.  *Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.*\n**133**  , 104475 (2022).\n27. Martínez-García, M., Jacobs, E. G., de Lange, A. M. G. & Carmona,\nS. Advancing the neuroscience of human pregnancy.  *Nat.*\n*Neurosci.*    **27**  , 805- 807 (2024).\n28. Pritschet, L., Taylor, C. M., Santander, T. & Jacobs, E. G. Applying\ndense-sampling methods to reveal dynamic endocrine\nmodulation of the nervous system.  *Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci.*    **40**  ,\n72- 78 (2021).\n29. Taxier, L. R., Gross, K. S. & Frick, K. M. Oestradiol as a\nneuromodulator of learning and memory.  *Nat. Rev. Neurosci.*    **21**  ,\n535- 550 (2020).\n30. Kohl, J. et al. Functional circuit architecture underlying parental\nbehaviour.  *Nature*    **556**  , 326- 331 (2018). Article 7701.\n31. Rodrigo, M. J. et al. Inferior fronto-temporo-occipital connectivity:\na missing link between maltreated girls and neglectful mothers.\n*Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.*    **11**  , 1658- 1665 (2016).",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 2 | Cortical GMV showed widespread change through gestation and**\n\n**postpartum. a**  , Multivariate regression analyses reveal largely negative\nrelationships between gestation week and regional GMV, with only a minority\nof regions unaffected or increasing over the gestational window (baseline—36\nweeks). All associations presented here were corrected for multiple comparisons\n(FDR at  *q*  < 0.05; nonsignificant values set to zero for interpretability).  **b**  , Average\nnetwork change was calculated by estimating GMV percent change from baseline\n(initial) to 36 weeks gestation (final). Attention and control networks appear\nmost affected.  **c**  , Six representative regions, classified by major subnetworks,\nthat exhibit pronounced GMV change across gestation. For each panel, we\ndisplay a scatterplot between average GMV of the ROIs and gestation week\n(left; gestation sessions only, 19 scans), and summary GMV of ROIs by pregnancy\nstage across the whole study (right; gestation and postpartum sessions, 26 scans).\nShaded regions in scatterplots represent a 95% confidence interval. Each\nboxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a horizontal line representing the\nmedian value. The whiskers indicate variability outside (±1.5) of this range.\nOutside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either end of the box. All statistical\ntests were corrected for multiple comparisons (FDR at  *q*  < 0.05) and values\nwere  *z*  scored and transformed to have a mean of zero and s.d. of one for easier\ncomparison across regions. Please note that the data values shown here are raw\n(see Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Supplementary Data 1 for exhaustive list).\nBrain visualizations created with R package ggseg <sup>48</sup> . IQR, interquartile range;\nLat, lateral; Med, medial; DMN, default mode network; VisPeri, visual peripheral\nnetwork; SomMot, somatomotor network; VisCent, visual central network; Cont,\ncontrol network; TempPar, temporal parietal network; DorsAttn, dorsal attention\nnetwork; SalVentAttn, salience/ventral attention network.\n**2257**\noutstanding questions. This study and corresponding open-access\ndataset offer neuroscientists a detailed map of the human brain across\ngestation, a resource for which a wide range of previously unattainable\nneurobiological questions can now be explored.\nOur findings from this precision imaging study show that preg-\nnancy is characterized by reductions in GMV, cortical thinning and\nenhanced white matter microstructural integrity that unfold week by\nweek. These changes were also tied to the significant rise in steroid hor-\nmone concentrations over pregnancy. Some of these changes persist\nat 2 years postpartum (for example, global reductions in GMV and CT),\nwhile others, including markers of white matter integrity, appear to be",
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+                "query": "What may reflect the decrease in GMV during pregnancy?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": " Decreases in GMV may reflect ‘fine-tuning’ of the brain by neuromodulatory hormones in prepara- tion for parenthood",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 2 | Cortical GMV showed widespread change through gestation and**\n\ntransient. Ventricular expansion and contraction parallel these cortical\nchanges. These widespread patterns, and the notable increase in CSF\nvolume across gestation, could reflect increased water retention and\nsubsequent compression of cortical tissue. However, the persistence\nof these changes at 2 years postpartum and regional variation in GMV,\nCT and QA, hint at cellular underpinnings, such as alterations in glia\nor neuron number, synaptic density and myelination (for review on\nthe latter, see ref. 4 ). Future studies of the relationship between fluid\ndynamics and volumetric changes will help clarify the factors that drive\nglobal neural changes during pregnancy; such insights will have broad\nimplications for maternal health (for example, neurological effects tied\nto pre-eclampsia or edema).\nCritically, dynamic neural changes occurred within the pregnancy\nwindow itself, a nuance not captured by studies limited to comparisons\nbetween prepregnancy and postpregnancy. For example, we observed\nlarge increases in white matter microstructural integrity (QA) through-\nout the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, but these measures\nfully returned to baseline values by the first postpartum scan. This\npattern may explain why previous studies report no pregnancy-related\ndifferences in white matter tractography <sup>14</sup> . Other measures, such as\nGMV and CT, decreased throughout gestation and displayed only a\nmodest rebound postpartum. These nonlinear patterns suggest that\nonly quantifying prepregnancy and postpartum brain structure may\nWhole-brain subcortical volumes\nGestation + postpartum Gestation\nWeek Stage\nAvg GMV (mm 3\n)\n0 10 20 30 Pre 1st 2nd 3rd Post\n4,000\n3,900\n3,800\n3,700\n3,600\n3,500\n4,000\n3,800\n3,600\nRight ventral diencephalon\nBrain stem\n**a**\nCA1\nWeek\n0 10 20 30\nStage\n1,900\n1,800\n1,700\n1,900\n1,800\n1,700 Avg GMV (mm\n3\n)\nGestation + postpartum Gestation\nPHC CA2/CA3\nMedial temporal lobe subregion volumes **b**\nGestation + postpartum\nWeek Stage\n200\n180\n160\n200\n180\n160 Avg GMV (mm\n3 )\nGestation Gestation + postpartum\nWeek\n0 10 20 30\nStage\nPre Post\n540\n500\n460\n540\n500\n460\nAvg GMV (mm\n3\n)\n*R*   *<sup>2</sup>* adj <sup>= 0.36,</sup>  *<sup>q</sup>*  <sup>= 0.031</sup> *R*   *<sup>2</sup>* adj <sup>= 0.41,</sup>  *<sup>q</sup>*  <sup>= 0.027</sup> *R*   *<sup>2</sup>* adj <sup>= 0.58,</sup>  *<sup>q</sup>*  <sup>= 0.001</sup>\nGestation\nVentral DC\n*T*  stat\nHippocampus\nPutamen\nThalamus\nCaudate\nLateral ventricle\n- 6\n2\nPre 1st 2nd 3rd Post Pre Post 0 10 20 30 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 2 | Cortical GMV showed widespread change through gestation and**\n\n**postpartum. a**  , Multivariate regression analyses reveal largely negative\nrelationships between gestation week and regional GMV, with only a minority\nof regions unaffected or increasing over the gestational window (baseline—36\nweeks). All associations presented here were corrected for multiple comparisons\n(FDR at  *q*  < 0.05; nonsignificant values set to zero for interpretability).  **b**  , Average\nnetwork change was calculated by estimating GMV percent change from baseline\n(initial) to 36 weeks gestation (final). Attention and control networks appear\nmost affected.  **c**  , Six representative regions, classified by major subnetworks,\nthat exhibit pronounced GMV change across gestation. For each panel, we\ndisplay a scatterplot between average GMV of the ROIs and gestation week\n(left; gestation sessions only, 19 scans), and summary GMV of ROIs by pregnancy\nstage across the whole study (right; gestation and postpartum sessions, 26 scans).\nShaded regions in scatterplots represent a 95% confidence interval. Each\nboxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a horizontal line representing the\nmedian value. The whiskers indicate variability outside (±1.5) of this range.\nOutside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either end of the box. All statistical\ntests were corrected for multiple comparisons (FDR at  *q*  < 0.05) and values\nwere  *z*  scored and transformed to have a mean of zero and s.d. of one for easier\ncomparison across regions. Please note that the data values shown here are raw\n(see Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Supplementary Data 1 for exhaustive list).\nBrain visualizations created with R package ggseg <sup>48</sup> . IQR, interquartile range;\nLat, lateral; Med, medial; DMN, default mode network; VisPeri, visual peripheral\nnetwork; SomMot, somatomotor network; VisCent, visual central network; Cont,\ncontrol network; TempPar, temporal parietal network; DorsAttn, dorsal attention\nnetwork; SalVentAttn, salience/ventral attention network.\n**2257**\noutstanding questions. This study and corresponding open-access\ndataset offer neuroscientists a detailed map of the human brain across\ngestation, a resource for which a wide range of previously unattainable\nneurobiological questions can now be explored.\nOur findings from this precision imaging study show that preg-\nnancy is characterized by reductions in GMV, cortical thinning and\nenhanced white matter microstructural integrity that unfold week by\nweek. These changes were also tied to the significant rise in steroid hor-\nmone concentrations over pregnancy. Some of these changes persist\nat 2 years postpartum (for example, global reductions in GMV and CT),\nwhile others, including markers of white matter integrity, appear to be",
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n#### **Subcortical GMV changes tied to gestation**\n\nConsistent with the broader cortical reductions in GMV, several subcor-\ntical regions significantly reduced in volume across gestation (Fig. 3a ,\nleft). This included bilateral ventral diencephalon (right hemisphere\nvalues shown in Fig. 3a , right; encompasses hypothalamus, substantia\nnigra, mammillary body, lateral geniculate nucleus and red nucleus\namong others <sup>22</sup> ), caudate, hippocampus and thalamus, along with left\nputamen and brain stem (Supplementary Table 6,  *q*  < 0.05).\nNext, high-resolution segmentation of the MTL allowed us to\ninterrogate subcortical structures at a finer resolution, revealing non-\nlinear volumetric decreases in CA1 (  *F*  (2,15) = 5.84,  *q*  = 0.031,  *R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.36;</sup>\nFig. 3b , left) and CA2/CA3 (  *F*  (2,15) = 6.82,  *q*  = 0.027,  *R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.41; Fig.</sup> <sup>3b</sup> <sup>,</sup>\nmiddle) across gestation. PHC exhibited linear volumetric decreases\nacross gestation (  *F*  (1,16) = 24.87,  *q*  < 0.001,  *R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.58; Fig.</sup> <sup>3b</sup> <sup>, right)</sup>\nwhich was also tied to estradiol (  *F*  (1,12) = 20.21,  *q*  = 0.005,  *R*  <sup>2</sup> adj <sup>= 0.60).</sup>\nAll three relationships remained significant after proportional correc-\ntion for total GMV. There was no significant change in other subregions\nor total volume of the hippocampal body, or in the parahippocampal\ngyrus (Supplementary Table 7 and Supplementary Fig. 8).",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n#### **Comparing brain changes across pregnancy against controls**\n\nWe then compared the changes in GMV across gestation to that of typi-\ncal variability over time, derived from eight densely-sampled controls <sup>23</sup> .\nThe GMV changes we see across pregnancy far exceed normative brain\nvariability (Supplementary Fig. 11). On average, change in cortical GMV\nwas nearly three times higher than controls scanned over a similar\nduration (Supplementary Fig. 11a,b). This extends to MTL subfields,\nwherein change in volume was three to four times greater across gesta-\ntion than normative brain variability (Supplementary Fig. 11c,d). We\ncontextualized these findings further by comparing gestational GMV\nchange against our participant’s preconception brain volumes; average\nGMV change during pregnancy was six times (cortical) and three times\n(MTL) higher than the variability observed between baseline sessions.\nsubcortical structures, including the ventral diencephalon, caudate,\nthalamus, putamen and hippocampus. High-resolution imaging and\nsegmentation of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) extend these findings\nfurther, revealing specific volumetric reductions within hippocampal\nsubfields CA1, CA2/CA3 and parahippocampal cortex (PHC). In con-\ntrast to widespread decreases in cortical and subcortical GMV, cor -\nrelational tractography analyses revealed nonlinear increases in white\nmatter quantitative anisotropy (QA) throughout the brain—indicating\ngreater tract integrity—as gestational week progressed. Together, these\nfindings reveal the highly dynamic changes that unfold in a human\nbrain across pregnancy, demonstrating a capacity for extensive neural\nremodeling well into adulthood.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Subcortical GMV changed throughout gestation. a**  , Multivariate\n\nthe hypothalamus and subsequent medial preoptic area and paraven-\ntricular nucleus—structures critical for inducing maternal behavior <sup>12</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>16</sup> .\nThe hippocampus exhibited a reduction in volume across gestation,\nand with higher spatial resolution, this reduction was revealed to be\ndriven by changes in CA1 and CA2/CA3 subfield volumes, while other\nhippocampal subfields remained stable. Adjacent PHC within the\nMTL also exhibited volume reduction across gestation. While our hip-\npocampal findings are consistent with pre/post studies of pregnancy <sup>13</sup> ,\nthe precision lens applied within gestation revealed the nonlinear\nnature of this reduction. Recapitulating and clarifying these region-\nally specific patterns of volume change throughout the MTL merits\nfurther investigation.\nSimilar precision imaging studies have captured dynamic brain\nreorganization across other neuroendocrine transitions, such as the\nmenstrual cycle (see review in ref. 28 ), underscoring the powerful\nrole steroid hormones have in shaping the mammalian brain <sup>29</sup> . Endo-\ncrine changes across pregnancy dwarf those that occur across the\nmenstrual cycle, which highlights the critical need to map the brain’s\nresponse to this unique hormonal state. Broad physiological changes\noccur in tandem with the rise in steroid hormones, including changes\nin body mass composition, water retention, immune function and\nsleep patterns <sup>11</sup> . These factors could have a role in the brain changes\nobserved here, with some driving neurobiological changes and others,\nlike water retention, potentially affecting MRI-based measurements.\nNote that, although cortical reductions in GMV over gestation were\nstable across analyses, accounting for QC measures influenced the\nmagnitude and location of these results. These metrics all fell within\nthe standard range, but there may be meaningful reductions in signal\nthat accompany volumetric reductions (for example, increased CSF\nand decreased GM)—a methodological nuance that goes beyond the",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 3 | Subcortical GMV changed throughout gestation. a**  , Multivariate\n\nregression analyses revealed largely negative relationships between gestation\nweek and subcortical GMV regions over pregnancy, including bilateral thalamus,\ncaudate, hippocampus, ventral diencephalon (encompassing hypothalamus,\nsubstantia nigra, mammillary body and red nucleus) and left caudate. Lateral\nventricles displayed the only positive relationships with gestation week\n(also depicted in Fig. 1d ). The whole-brain subcortical GMV estimates shown\nhere were derived via FreeSurfer and ‘aseg’ subcortical segmentation. FDR-\ncorrected at  *q*  < 0.05. Inset, right ventral diencephalon displayed the strongest\nnegative association with gestation (left; baseline—36 weeks, 19 scans) and did\nnot return to baseline postpartum (right; gestation and postpartum, 26 scans).\n**b**  , The participant’s hippocampus and surrounding cortex were segmented\ninto seven bilateral subregions. Quadratic (CA1, CA2/CA3) and linear regression\nanalyses (PHC) revealed subfields were negatively associated with gestation\nweek (baseline—36 weeks, 18 scans) and did not return to baseline postpartum\n(gestation and postpartum, 25 scans). Shaded regions in scatterplots represent\na 95% confidence interval. Each boxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a\nhorizontal line representing the median value. The whiskers indicate variability\noutside (±1.5) of this range. Outside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either\nend of the box. FDR-corrected at  *q*  < 0.05. For  **a**  and  **b**  , nonsignificant regions\nwere set to zero for interpretability. See Supplementary Fig. 6 for complete\nlabeling of regions in both segmentations. Brain visualizations created with R\npackage ggseg <sup>48</sup> *.*  DC, diencephalon.\n**2258**\noverlook the full range of changes that unfold within the gestational\nwindow, and underrepresent the brain’s metamorphosis during preg-\nnancy. Furthermore, although observed changes were largely global,\nsome regions displayed notable stability (for example, extrastriate cor-\ntex). The subcortical region that displayed the strongest relationship\nwith gestation week was the ventral diencephalon, which encompasses",
+                    "page_start": 4,
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+                    "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Online content**\n\nacross individuals will be a necessary next step.\n*Cortical GMV and CT*  . We then narrowed our analyses to the first 19\nsessions (baseline—36 weeks gestation) to assess novel brain changes\noccurring over the gestational window. We first computed Pearson’s\nproduct-moment correlation matrices between the following vari -\nables: gestation week, estradiol, progesterone and the 17 network-level\naverage GMV values. We then ran a multivariate regression analysis\npredicting ROI-level GMV changes by gestation week. To identify which\nregions were changing at a rate different from the global decrease,\nwe then ran the analyses again to include total GMV in the regression\nmodel (Supplementary Table 2). This was extended to the network\nlevel, where we ran partial correlations accounting for total GMV. These\nsame analyses were then run with CT measures. Globally-corrected\nresults provided in Supplementary Tables 1- 5. Percent change at the\nnetwork level was computed by subtracting the final pregnancy value\n(36 weeks pregnant) from the first prepregnancy baseline value, then\ndividing that difference by said first prepregnancy baseline value. All\nanalyses underwent multiple comparisons testing (false discovery rate\n(FDR)-corrected at  *q*  < 0.05).\n*Subcortical GMV*  . A similar statistical approach was taken for subcorti-\ncal volume estimates. We ran a multivariate regression analysis predict-\ning GMV changes over gestation in 28 ROIs (Supplementary Fig. 6a) by\ngestation week (FDR-corrected at  *q*  < 0.05).\nTo evaluate the relationship between gestation week and MTL\nsubregion volume over pregnancy (  *n*  = 7 bilateral subregions and\n*n*  = 18 MTL scans), we used a combination of linear and nonlinear\nmodels based on individual subregion data patterns. Models were\ncompared for best fit with each subregion via AIC from the GLM output\n(as described in ‘Summary brain metrics’). A linear regression model\nwas most appropriate for PHC (AIC diff < 3), whereas a quadratic model\nperformed best for CA1 and CA2/CA3. As a control, we repeated the\nanalyses with MTL subregion volumes after proportional volume cor-\nrection of total GMV calculated by ASHS. Finally, we evaluated the\nrelationship between endogenous sex hormones (estrogen and proges-\nterone) and subregion volumes using linear regression. Relationships\nwere considered significant only if they met FDR correction at  *q*  < 0.05.\n*White matter microstructure*  . DSI Studio’s correlational tractography <sup>74</sup>\nwas used to analyze the relationship between white matter structure\nand gestational week (  *n*  = 16). A truncated model was run to examine the\nrelationship between white matter and sex steroid hormones (  *n*  = 14)",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Results**\n\n#### **Cortical volume and thickness changes tied to gestation**\n\nWe then narrowed the aperture to capture changes unfolding within\ngestation itself (baseline—36 weeks pregnant, 19 scans). Relationships\nbetween summary brain metrics were evident over the gestational\nperiod as follows: total brain volume, GMV and CT were positively asso -\nciated with one another, whereas lateral ventricles, CSF and global QA\ndemonstrated negative relationships with GMV (Supplementary Fig. 1).\nChanges in GMV were near-ubiquitous across the cortical mantle\n(Fig. 2a ). Most large-scale brain networks exhibited decreases in GMV\n(Fig. 2b and Supplementary Table 1); indeed, 80% of the 400 regions of\ninterest (ROI) demonstrated negative relationships between GMV and\ngestation week (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 2). Together, these\nresults provide evidence of a global decrease in cortical volume across\npregnancy. Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu-\nlarly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali-\nence/ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork\nB), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B)\nnetworks (Supplementary Table 1). Regions driving these network-level\nchanges include the bilateral inferior parietal lobe, postcentral gyri,\ninsulae, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate and somatosensory\ncortex (Fig. 2c , Supplementary Table 2 and validation of findings using\nalternate pipeline in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3). These regions and\n**2255**",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\n### **Fig. 1 | Precision imaging reveals neuroanatomical changes throughout**\n\n**gestation. a**  , Standard medical demarcations for pregnancy stages (that is,\ntrimesters) by gestation week (the image is created with BioRender.com).\n**b**  , Steroid hormones increased significantly throughout pregnancy and dropped\nprecipitously postpartum, as is characteristic of the prenatal and postnatal\nperiods.  **c**  , A healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman underwent 26 scanning\nsessions from 3 weeks preconception through 2 years postpartum. Scans were\ndistributed throughout preconception (four scans), first trimester (four scans),\nsecond trimester (six scans), third trimester (five scans) and postpartum\n(seven scans); tick marks indicate when major measures were collected and\ncolors denote pregnancy stage. The participant underwent IVF to achieve\npregnancy, allowing for precise mapping of ovulation, conception and gestation\nweek.  **d**  , Summary (that is, total) of brain measures throughout the experiment.\nGeneralized additive models revealed GMV, CT and total brain volume decreased\nthroughout pregnancy (see Methods for validation with cubic regression), with\na slight recovery postpartum. Global QA, lateral ventricle and CSF volumes\ndisplayed nonlinear increases across gestation, with a notable rise in the second\nand third trimesters before dropping sharply postpartum. Shaded regions\nrepresent 95% confidence bands; solid lines indicate model fit; dashed line\nindicates parturition.\n**2256**\n*T* stat\nInferior parietal Control network B\n4\n- 14\n**a** Whole-brain GMV\nGMV ~ gestation week\nLat Med\nL\nR\nBaseline -  36 weeks\nGMV change by network **b**\nDMNC VisPeri LimbicA LimbicB DMNB DMNA SomMotB VisCent ContC TempPar DorsAttnA ContA SomMotA SalVentAttnA SalVentAttnB ContB Total DorsAttnB\n- 8\n- 5\n- 3\n0",
+                    "page_start": 2,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# nature neuroscience Neuroanatomical changes observed over the  course of a human pregnancy\n\n## **Neuroanatomical changes observed over the course of a human pregnancy**\n\nAccepted: 29 July 2024\nPublished online: 16 September 2024\n[ Check for updates](http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41593-024-01741-0&domain=pdf)\n1 Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. 2 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University\nof California, Irvine, CA, USA. <sup>3</sup> Section on Functional Imaging Methods, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National\nInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. <sup>4</sup> Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. <sup>5</sup> These authors contributed\nequally: Elizabeth R. Chrastil, Emily G. Jacobs. e-mail: [laura.pritschet@pennmedicine.upenn.edu](mailto:laura.pritschet@pennmedicine.upenn.edu) ; [chrastil@uci.edu](mailto:chrastil@uci.edu) ; [emily.jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu](mailto:emily.jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu)\n**2254**\nassociated brain networks appear to decrease in volume at a faster\nrate than the rest of the brain throughout pregnancy, as determined\nby a subsequent analysis controlling for total GMV (Supplementary\nTables 1 and 2). GMV reductions were also significantly correlated with\nthe participant’s estradiol and progesterone concentrations (Supple-\nmentary Table 1). A highly similar pattern of results was observed when\nexamining pregnancy-related CT changes (Supplementary Fig. 3 and\nSupplementary Tables 4 and 5). Significant reductions in cortical GMV\nover gestation remained after controlling for standard quality control\n(QC) metrics, albeit with some influence on the magnitude and location\nof the observed effects (Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5).\nIn contrast, GMV within regions of the default mode (subnetwork\nC), limbic (subnetworks A and B) and visual peripheral networks buck\nthe global trend by slightly increasing (for example, temporal poles),\nremaining constant (for example, orbitofrontal cortex) or reducing at\na much slower rate (for example, extrastriate cortex) than total GMV\n(Fig. 2a,b and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). CT changes in these\nregions exhibit similar patterns (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supple-\nmentary Tables 4 and 5).",
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+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "6126797.pdf",
+                "query": "How to light up my sports smart watch?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Up button: Short press to light up or turn off the screen",
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+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**3. Find Watch**\nAfter the smartwatch is bound to the APP, you click “Find Watch” in the APP, the smartwatch\nwill light up and vibrate for once.\n**4. Camera**\nClick “camera” in the app WearPro to wake up the camera mode of the watch, click the camera\nbutton on the watch to take photos, and the photos will be automatically saved to the phone\nalbum.\n**5. Data synchronization**\nAfter the watch is successfully bound to the application, the data in the smartwatch can be\nsynchronized to the application.\n**6. Tilt to wake the screen**\nWear the smartwatch correctly on your wrist (left/right hand). when you switch on the feature, you\ncan light up the screen when you raise up your wrist.\n**7. Do not disturb mode**\nIn the APP, tap “Device” > “More” > “Do not disturb mode”, set the start to end time, such as\n12:00 to 14:00, then you won’t receive phone calls and apps notifications on the watch during this\nperiod.\n**8. Daily alarm clock**\nIn the APP in the APP Device>More, set the start and the end time, the alarm can be set only once\nor repeatedly on the date (week) setting, and the alarm can be turned on/off.\n**9. Sedentary reminder**\nSet the start and the end time of the sedentary reminder, and the time interval (minutes) in the\nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting.\nWhen the sedentary time is reached, the watch will vibrate and display a sedentary icon on the\nscreen.\n**10. Drink water reminder**\nSet the reminder frequency (minutes) and the time period of the start and the end in a day in the\nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting\nand selecting the date (week) of the water reminder. When the time of drink water reminder is\nreached, the watch will vibrate and there will be a water icon on the screen.\n**11. Dial push**\n11.1.Push an existing watch face\nBind the watch and the app, open the app, tap Device > Watch face push, the watch will restart\nand bind the APP automatically after the synchronization of the watch face.\n11.2. Customize the watch face\nBind the watch and the app, open the app, tap Device > Watch face push, the first several watch",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**1.8 Sports modes**  (walking, running, cycling, rope skipping, badminton,\nbasketball, football)\n1.8.1 Select the corresponding exercise mode, click the “Start” button on the screen to start the\nexercise; click the “Start” button again to pause the recording of the exercise; click the “End”\nbutton to end the recording, and save to the data.\n1.8.2 The data can only be saved when the recording of the exercise is more than 1 minute; If the\nrecording time is less than 1 minute, the smartwatch will remind you that the data is too little to be\nsaved.\n**1.9 Heart rate**\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, you can measure heart rate when you enter the\nheart rate function. If you don’t wear the smartwatch properly, it will remind you to wear firmly\nfor the measurement.\n**1.10 ECG**\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, and enter the ECG function(you need to turn on the\nECG interface in the app, you can have single measurement at a time. The data of ECG will be\nsaved in the mobile phone. This function should be used with the app.\n**2.0 My QR code**\nConnect the watch to the APP, find My QR Code in the APP, select WeChat/QQ/Alipay and other\n\"Receive money QR code\" to sync to the watch (Please follow the instructions of the app to\noperate the function).\n**2.1 Remote control music**\nBind the smartwatch to the app WearPro, you can control the music to start/pause/play previous\nsong/play next song of your phone.\nBind the audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch also, the music will be broadcast on the\nsmartwatch.\n**2.2 Sleep**\nSleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day, the data will be\ngenerated by the watch. After connecting to the APP, the sleep data on the watch can be\nsynchronized to the APP for you to check.\n**2.3 stopwatch**\nClick the stopwatch to enter the timing interface, and you can record the time once.\n**2.4 Weather**\nAfter the smartwatch is connected to the app and the data is synchronized, tap Weather on the\nwatch to display the weather information for the day.\n**2.5 Find mobile phone**\nAfter the watch is bound to the app WearPro, tap this function to find the mobile phone, and the\nmobile phone will vibrate or emit a ringtone.\n**2.6 Meteorology**\nClick on “Meteorology” on the watch to display the ultraviolet (UV) and air pressure conditions of",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**Thank you for choosing our smart watch. You can fully understand**\n**the use and operation of the equipment by reading this manual.**\n**The company reserves the right to modify the contents of this manual**\n**without any prior notice.**\nThe product contains: a packing box, a manual, a watch body, and a\ncharging cable.\n**A. Watch function description**\nButton description:\n**Up button:**\nShort press to light up or turn off the screen; one press to go back the dial interface; long press to\nreactivate the watch.\n**Button down:**\nShort press to enter multi-sport mode.\nIn addition, when the watch is in the off-screen state, you can light up the screen by pressing any\nbuttons.\n**Charging instructions:**\nWireless charging, as shown in the picture below.\n**1.1 Shortcut function:**\n1) Swipe to the left till you find the \"+\" icon, click the icon to add part of the functions in the\nshortcut.\n2) Scroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find Bluetooth\nconnection status, time, power, brightness adjustment and other functions.\n3) Swipe to the right when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find time/date/week/the latest\nmessage (enter to view multiple messages)/some of the recently used menu functions, and turn on\nor off audio Bluetooth for calls.\n4) Swipe up the screen when the watch is in the dial interface to enter the menu interface, and\nscroll up and down to find the corresponding function.\n5) Long press the watch face interface and swipe to right or left to switch the watch face, select\none of them and set it with one-click.\n**1.2 App notification**\n1) When the watch is bound to the APP, and you allow the watch to display notifications on the\nwatch, the new messages received in your mobile phone will be pushed to the watch, and a total of\n10 messages can be saved. The messages received after 10 messages will be overwritten one by\none.\n2) Swipe to the bottom to click the delete icon to clear all message records.\n**1.3 Drop-down menu**\nScroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface to enter the drop-down menu\ninterface.\n1) Bluetooth connection status; time; power left;\n2) About, where you can check the firmware version of watch and the address of the Bluetooth\n3) Setting, where you can enter it to set part of the functions;",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\nthe day.\n**2.7 Massager**\nTap the green button to start the massage, and the watch is in a vibrating state, tap the red button\nto end the massage state.\n**3.0 Menu style**\nThere are a variety of menu styles for users to choose.\n**3.1 Settings**\n1) You can select the watch language on the settings of the watch, or the watch language can be\nsynchronized with your mobile phone language after the watch successfully binds to the APP.\n2) Switch the watch face, swipe to the right to view the next watch face, select a watch face, and\nclick it to set the watch face.\n3) Set screen time; a variety of screen time lengths can be selected.\n4) Vibration intensity; set reminder vibration intensity.\n5) Password; a 4-digit password can be set (if you forget the password, please enter 8762 to\ndecrypt the previous password).\n6) Restore factory settings; click √to enable the factory reset, and click X to cancel the factory\nreset.\n**B** . **Bind to the APP**\n**1. APP download method**\n1.1 Scan the QR code to download\n1.2 Search the application at App market and download\nFor Android users:\nSearch for \"WearPro\" in the Google Play app store or any customized Android store to download,\nremember to check the pop-up box on your phone when installing, and agree to the permission.\nFor iOS users:\nSearch for \"WearPro\" in the APP Store to download, remember to check the pop-up box on your\nphone when installing, and agree to the permission.\nAfter WearPro is installed, the app icon appears as .\n2.Bind Bluetooth\n2.1 Unconnected to the APP state:\nAfter the watch is turned on, the Bluetooth will be in the state of being searched. After open the\nAPK/APP, go to Devices > Add Device > click to start searching, select and click the\ncorresponding watch device name, and the watch will be successfully bound to the app.\n2.2 Connected to the APP state:\nWatch time synchronization: the time shown at the smartwatch and your mobile phone will\nsynchronized after the smartwatch is bound to the APP successfully.\n2.3 Binding the audio/calling Bluetooth\nWhen the smartwatch is in the dial interface, you can find the audio/calling Bluetooth icon, and\nclick it to turn it on, then go to the Bluetooth settings of your mobile phone and click the name of\nthe audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch to bind it.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n4) Brightness adjustment; where you can adjust the brightness of the screen;\n5) Alipay. Download the app Alipay in your mobile phone and bind it with your watch to realize\noffline payment.\n**1.4 Phone/Call History**\n1. Swipe to the left when the watch is in the watch interface, click the calling icon to turn on/off\nthe calling Bluetooth. Turn on the calling Bluetooth, you will find the name of the calling\nBluetooth, then go to the Bluetooth settings of your mobile phone, and bind the Bluetooth in the\nname of the calling Bluetooth of your watch. You can use the watch to make phone calls when\nthey are successfully bound.\n2. Call records, which can save the records of incoming and dialed calls. (It can save more than 50\ncall records, and it will be automatically overwritten when 128 records are full. Click any call\nrecord to call back)\n3. Dial the keyboard, you can enter the phone number to make a call.\n**1.5 message**\nWhen the watch is successfully bound to the app, and you approve notifications of corresponding\napps in your mobile phone system, and switch on these apps or callings notifications functions on\nyour watch, the notifications on your mobile phone can synchronize to your watch.\n1.5.1. Incoming call notification:\nTurn on the incoming call reminder in the app. When the phone has a incoming call, the watch\nwill light up or vibrate.\n1.5.2. SMS notification:\nEnable the SMS notification in the app. When one or more SMS messages are received on the\nmobile phone, the watch will receive one or more SMS reminders at the same time.\n1.5.3. Other application message notifications:\nTurn on the corresponding application message notification in the app, such as WeChat, QQ,\nOutlook, Facebook and other applications. When the mobile phone receives one/multiple\napplication message notifications, the watch will receive one/multiple corresponding message\nreminders at the same time.\n**1.6 Frequently used contacts**\nThe watch binds to the app, and you allow the watch to access to the phone book of your mobile\nphone, then you can synchronize you contacts of your mobile phone to the smartwatch.\n**1.7 Fitness data**\nFitness data is turned on by default. When you enter the fitness data interface, scroll up the\nscreen, the smartwatch will display the current data of steps, distance, and calories. The data will\nbe wiped out at 00:00 every day in the morning.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\nfaces marked with “custom watch faces” are customizable. The watch will restart and bind the\nAPP automatically after the synchronization of the watch face.\n**12. Firmware version**\nThe version of the watch is displayed on “Firmware upgrade” in the column of “Device”, and\nusers can decide to whether upgrade the firmware version.\n**13. Unbind**\nIn the \"Device\" column of WearPro, scroll down to the \"Unbind\" and click to unbind the APP. The\niSO users need to go to the Bluetooth settings of the phone, select the Bluetooth name of the\nsmart watch, and click \"Forget this device\". The “About” of the watch has an “Unbind”\nbutton, click it to unbind or do it in the APP. For the safety of users’ data, the watch will implement a\nfactory reset after that.\n**- Frequently asked questions and answers**\n***Please avoid exposing the device to extreme temperatures that are**\n**too cold or too hot for a long time, which may cause permanent**\n**damage.**\n***Why can't I take a hot bath with my watch?**\n**The temperature of the bath water is relatively changed, it will**\n**produce a lot of water vapor, and the water vapor is in the gas phase,**\n**and its molecular radius is small, and it is easy to seep into the gap of**\n**the watch case. The internal circuit of the watch is short-circuited,**\n**which damages the circuit board of the watch and damages the**\n**watch.**\n***No power on, no charging**\n**If you receive the goods and the watch does not turn on, it may be**\n**caused by a collision during the transportation of the watch and the**\n**battery Seiko board has been protected, so plug in the charging cable**\n**to activate it.**\n**If the battery is too low or the watch does not turn on after a long**\n**period of time, please plug in the data cable and charge it for more**\n**than half an hour to activate.**\n**Warranty description:**\n**1. If there are any quality problems caused by manufacturing,**\n**materials, design, etc. in normal use, the motherboard of the watch is**\n**guaranteed for repair for free within one year, while the battery and**\n**charger within half a year from the date of purchase.**\n**2. No warranty is provided for failures caused by the user's personal**\n**reasons, as follows:**\n**1). Failure caused by unauthorized disassembly or modification of**\n**the watch.**\n**2). Failure caused by accidental fall during use.**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**3). All man-made damages or the third party's fault, or misuses (such**\n**as: water in the device, cracking by external force, scratches on the**\n**case, damage, etc.) are not covered in the warranty.**\n**3. When requesting the warranty service, please provide a warranty**\n**card with the date of purchase and the stamp of the place of purchase**\n**on it.**\n**4. When the user needs the device repaired, please take the device to**\n**our company or our company's dealership.**\n**5. All functions of the device please refer to the actual product.**\n**Purchase date:**\n**IMEI code:**\n**Where to buy:**\n**Customer Signature:**\n**Signature of Store Clerk:**\n**Stamp of Store:**\n**FCC Caution:**\nThis device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:\n(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received,\nincluding interference that may cause undesired operation.\nAny changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void\nthe user's authority to operate the equipment.\nNOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,\npursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against\nharmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio\nfrequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful\ninterference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a\nparticular installation.\nIf this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,\nwhich can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the\ninterference by one or more of the following measures:\n-- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.\n-- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.\n-- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different\nfrom that to which the receiver is connected.\n-- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.\nThe device has been evaluated to meet general RF exposure requirement. The device can be used in\nportable exposure condition without restriction.\n**FCC ID:2A54U-DT3MATE**",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## Chapter 5. Graphical user interface\n\n### **5.4  Monitoring menu**\n\n#### **5.4.1  System overview**\n\nThe System option on the Monitoring menu provides a general overview of your IBM Storwize\nV7000. If you have more than one control enclosure in a cluster, each enclosure has its own\nI/O group section (see Figure 5-28).\n*Figure 5-28   System overview*\nThis view shows all external components in real time. In Figure 5-28, you can see that one of\nthe drive’s identify LEDs is lit (see red box). You can click any component in the graphic view\nor on the list view at the bottom to view details. For example, clicking a node brings up details,\nsuch as if the node is online, and which node is the configuration node, as shown in\nFigure 5-29. More information about the component can be seen on the right side under the\nComponent Details section that shows when a component is selected.\n*Figure 5-29   Showing node canister details*\n**Select (left click)**\nChapter 5. Graphical user interface\nBy right-clicking and selecting  **Properties**  , you see detailed technical parameters, such as ID,\nstate (online or offline), drive capacity, and the drive use, as shown in Figure 5-30.\n*Figure 5-30   Canister information*\nIn an environment with multiple IBM Storwize V7000 clusters, you can easily direct the onsite\npersonnel or technician to the correct device by enabling the identification LED on the front\npane. Click  **Turn Identify On**  in the menu that is shown in Figure 5-31.\n*Figure 5-31   Identification LED*\nWait for confirmation from the technician that the device in the data center was correctly\nidentified. In the GUI, you see a flashing light, which indicates that the Identify LED was\nturned on.\n**right-click**\n**1**\n**2**\nAfter the confirmation, click  **Turn LED Off**  (see Figure 5-32).\n*Figure 5-32   Turning the Identify LED off*",
+                    "page_start": 169,
+                    "page_end": 171,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **12**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11230**\n**Model AY11230 Model AY11234**\n**Model AY11234**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11228**\n**Model AY11228 Model AY11232**\n**Model AY11232**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "6126797.pdf",
+                "query": "Is my sports smartwatch's fitness data turned on or off by default?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "Fitness data is turned on by default.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 5
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**1.8 Sports modes**  (walking, running, cycling, rope skipping, badminton,\nbasketball, football)\n1.8.1 Select the corresponding exercise mode, click the “Start” button on the screen to start the\nexercise; click the “Start” button again to pause the recording of the exercise; click the “End”\nbutton to end the recording, and save to the data.\n1.8.2 The data can only be saved when the recording of the exercise is more than 1 minute; If the\nrecording time is less than 1 minute, the smartwatch will remind you that the data is too little to be\nsaved.\n**1.9 Heart rate**\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, you can measure heart rate when you enter the\nheart rate function. If you don’t wear the smartwatch properly, it will remind you to wear firmly\nfor the measurement.\n**1.10 ECG**\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, and enter the ECG function(you need to turn on the\nECG interface in the app, you can have single measurement at a time. The data of ECG will be\nsaved in the mobile phone. This function should be used with the app.\n**2.0 My QR code**\nConnect the watch to the APP, find My QR Code in the APP, select WeChat/QQ/Alipay and other\n\"Receive money QR code\" to sync to the watch (Please follow the instructions of the app to\noperate the function).\n**2.1 Remote control music**\nBind the smartwatch to the app WearPro, you can control the music to start/pause/play previous\nsong/play next song of your phone.\nBind the audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch also, the music will be broadcast on the\nsmartwatch.\n**2.2 Sleep**\nSleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day, the data will be\ngenerated by the watch. After connecting to the APP, the sleep data on the watch can be\nsynchronized to the APP for you to check.\n**2.3 stopwatch**\nClick the stopwatch to enter the timing interface, and you can record the time once.\n**2.4 Weather**\nAfter the smartwatch is connected to the app and the data is synchronized, tap Weather on the\nwatch to display the weather information for the day.\n**2.5 Find mobile phone**\nAfter the watch is bound to the app WearPro, tap this function to find the mobile phone, and the\nmobile phone will vibrate or emit a ringtone.\n**2.6 Meteorology**\nClick on “Meteorology” on the watch to display the ultraviolet (UV) and air pressure conditions of",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\nfaces marked with “custom watch faces” are customizable. The watch will restart and bind the\nAPP automatically after the synchronization of the watch face.\n**12. Firmware version**\nThe version of the watch is displayed on “Firmware upgrade” in the column of “Device”, and\nusers can decide to whether upgrade the firmware version.\n**13. Unbind**\nIn the \"Device\" column of WearPro, scroll down to the \"Unbind\" and click to unbind the APP. The\niSO users need to go to the Bluetooth settings of the phone, select the Bluetooth name of the\nsmart watch, and click \"Forget this device\". The “About” of the watch has an “Unbind”\nbutton, click it to unbind or do it in the APP. For the safety of users’ data, the watch will implement a\nfactory reset after that.\n**- Frequently asked questions and answers**\n***Please avoid exposing the device to extreme temperatures that are**\n**too cold or too hot for a long time, which may cause permanent**\n**damage.**\n***Why can't I take a hot bath with my watch?**\n**The temperature of the bath water is relatively changed, it will**\n**produce a lot of water vapor, and the water vapor is in the gas phase,**\n**and its molecular radius is small, and it is easy to seep into the gap of**\n**the watch case. The internal circuit of the watch is short-circuited,**\n**which damages the circuit board of the watch and damages the**\n**watch.**\n***No power on, no charging**\n**If you receive the goods and the watch does not turn on, it may be**\n**caused by a collision during the transportation of the watch and the**\n**battery Seiko board has been protected, so plug in the charging cable**\n**to activate it.**\n**If the battery is too low or the watch does not turn on after a long**\n**period of time, please plug in the data cable and charge it for more**\n**than half an hour to activate.**\n**Warranty description:**\n**1. If there are any quality problems caused by manufacturing,**\n**materials, design, etc. in normal use, the motherboard of the watch is**\n**guaranteed for repair for free within one year, while the battery and**\n**charger within half a year from the date of purchase.**\n**2. No warranty is provided for failures caused by the user's personal**\n**reasons, as follows:**\n**1). Failure caused by unauthorized disassembly or modification of**\n**the watch.**\n**2). Failure caused by accidental fall during use.**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**3. Find Watch**\nAfter the smartwatch is bound to the APP, you click “Find Watch” in the APP, the smartwatch\nwill light up and vibrate for once.\n**4. Camera**\nClick “camera” in the app WearPro to wake up the camera mode of the watch, click the camera\nbutton on the watch to take photos, and the photos will be automatically saved to the phone\nalbum.\n**5. Data synchronization**\nAfter the watch is successfully bound to the application, the data in the smartwatch can be\nsynchronized to the application.\n**6. Tilt to wake the screen**\nWear the smartwatch correctly on your wrist (left/right hand). when you switch on the feature, you\ncan light up the screen when you raise up your wrist.\n**7. Do not disturb mode**\nIn the APP, tap “Device” > “More” > “Do not disturb mode”, set the start to end time, such as\n12:00 to 14:00, then you won’t receive phone calls and apps notifications on the watch during this\nperiod.\n**8. Daily alarm clock**\nIn the APP in the APP Device>More, set the start and the end time, the alarm can be set only once\nor repeatedly on the date (week) setting, and the alarm can be turned on/off.\n**9. Sedentary reminder**\nSet the start and the end time of the sedentary reminder, and the time interval (minutes) in the\nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting.\nWhen the sedentary time is reached, the watch will vibrate and display a sedentary icon on the\nscreen.\n**10. Drink water reminder**\nSet the reminder frequency (minutes) and the time period of the start and the end in a day in the\nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting\nand selecting the date (week) of the water reminder. When the time of drink water reminder is\nreached, the watch will vibrate and there will be a water icon on the screen.\n**11. Dial push**\n11.1.Push an existing watch face\nBind the watch and the app, open the app, tap Device > Watch face push, the watch will restart\nand bind the APP automatically after the synchronization of the watch face.\n11.2. Customize the watch face\nBind the watch and the app, open the app, tap Device > Watch face push, the first several watch",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**Thank you for choosing our smart watch. You can fully understand**\n**the use and operation of the equipment by reading this manual.**\n**The company reserves the right to modify the contents of this manual**\n**without any prior notice.**\nThe product contains: a packing box, a manual, a watch body, and a\ncharging cable.\n**A. Watch function description**\nButton description:\n**Up button:**\nShort press to light up or turn off the screen; one press to go back the dial interface; long press to\nreactivate the watch.\n**Button down:**\nShort press to enter multi-sport mode.\nIn addition, when the watch is in the off-screen state, you can light up the screen by pressing any\nbuttons.\n**Charging instructions:**\nWireless charging, as shown in the picture below.\n**1.1 Shortcut function:**\n1) Swipe to the left till you find the \"+\" icon, click the icon to add part of the functions in the\nshortcut.\n2) Scroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find Bluetooth\nconnection status, time, power, brightness adjustment and other functions.\n3) Swipe to the right when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find time/date/week/the latest\nmessage (enter to view multiple messages)/some of the recently used menu functions, and turn on\nor off audio Bluetooth for calls.\n4) Swipe up the screen when the watch is in the dial interface to enter the menu interface, and\nscroll up and down to find the corresponding function.\n5) Long press the watch face interface and swipe to right or left to switch the watch face, select\none of them and set it with one-click.\n**1.2 App notification**\n1) When the watch is bound to the APP, and you allow the watch to display notifications on the\nwatch, the new messages received in your mobile phone will be pushed to the watch, and a total of\n10 messages can be saved. The messages received after 10 messages will be overwritten one by\none.\n2) Swipe to the bottom to click the delete icon to clear all message records.\n**1.3 Drop-down menu**\nScroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface to enter the drop-down menu\ninterface.\n1) Bluetooth connection status; time; power left;\n2) About, where you can check the firmware version of watch and the address of the Bluetooth\n3) Setting, where you can enter it to set part of the functions;",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\nthe day.\n**2.7 Massager**\nTap the green button to start the massage, and the watch is in a vibrating state, tap the red button\nto end the massage state.\n**3.0 Menu style**\nThere are a variety of menu styles for users to choose.\n**3.1 Settings**\n1) You can select the watch language on the settings of the watch, or the watch language can be\nsynchronized with your mobile phone language after the watch successfully binds to the APP.\n2) Switch the watch face, swipe to the right to view the next watch face, select a watch face, and\nclick it to set the watch face.\n3) Set screen time; a variety of screen time lengths can be selected.\n4) Vibration intensity; set reminder vibration intensity.\n5) Password; a 4-digit password can be set (if you forget the password, please enter 8762 to\ndecrypt the previous password).\n6) Restore factory settings; click √to enable the factory reset, and click X to cancel the factory\nreset.\n**B** . **Bind to the APP**\n**1. APP download method**\n1.1 Scan the QR code to download\n1.2 Search the application at App market and download\nFor Android users:\nSearch for \"WearPro\" in the Google Play app store or any customized Android store to download,\nremember to check the pop-up box on your phone when installing, and agree to the permission.\nFor iOS users:\nSearch for \"WearPro\" in the APP Store to download, remember to check the pop-up box on your\nphone when installing, and agree to the permission.\nAfter WearPro is installed, the app icon appears as .\n2.Bind Bluetooth\n2.1 Unconnected to the APP state:\nAfter the watch is turned on, the Bluetooth will be in the state of being searched. After open the\nAPK/APP, go to Devices > Add Device > click to start searching, select and click the\ncorresponding watch device name, and the watch will be successfully bound to the app.\n2.2 Connected to the APP state:\nWatch time synchronization: the time shown at the smartwatch and your mobile phone will\nsynchronized after the smartwatch is bound to the APP successfully.\n2.3 Binding the audio/calling Bluetooth\nWhen the smartwatch is in the dial interface, you can find the audio/calling Bluetooth icon, and\nclick it to turn it on, then go to the Bluetooth settings of your mobile phone and click the name of\nthe audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch to bind it.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n4) Brightness adjustment; where you can adjust the brightness of the screen;\n5) Alipay. Download the app Alipay in your mobile phone and bind it with your watch to realize\noffline payment.\n**1.4 Phone/Call History**\n1. Swipe to the left when the watch is in the watch interface, click the calling icon to turn on/off\nthe calling Bluetooth. Turn on the calling Bluetooth, you will find the name of the calling\nBluetooth, then go to the Bluetooth settings of your mobile phone, and bind the Bluetooth in the\nname of the calling Bluetooth of your watch. You can use the watch to make phone calls when\nthey are successfully bound.\n2. Call records, which can save the records of incoming and dialed calls. (It can save more than 50\ncall records, and it will be automatically overwritten when 128 records are full. Click any call\nrecord to call back)\n3. Dial the keyboard, you can enter the phone number to make a call.\n**1.5 message**\nWhen the watch is successfully bound to the app, and you approve notifications of corresponding\napps in your mobile phone system, and switch on these apps or callings notifications functions on\nyour watch, the notifications on your mobile phone can synchronize to your watch.\n1.5.1. Incoming call notification:\nTurn on the incoming call reminder in the app. When the phone has a incoming call, the watch\nwill light up or vibrate.\n1.5.2. SMS notification:\nEnable the SMS notification in the app. When one or more SMS messages are received on the\nmobile phone, the watch will receive one or more SMS reminders at the same time.\n1.5.3. Other application message notifications:\nTurn on the corresponding application message notification in the app, such as WeChat, QQ,\nOutlook, Facebook and other applications. When the mobile phone receives one/multiple\napplication message notifications, the watch will receive one/multiple corresponding message\nreminders at the same time.\n**1.6 Frequently used contacts**\nThe watch binds to the app, and you allow the watch to access to the phone book of your mobile\nphone, then you can synchronize you contacts of your mobile phone to the smartwatch.\n**1.7 Fitness data**\nFitness data is turned on by default. When you enter the fitness data interface, scroll up the\nscreen, the smartwatch will display the current data of steps, distance, and calories. The data will\nbe wiped out at 00:00 every day in the morning.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**3). All man-made damages or the third party's fault, or misuses (such**\n**as: water in the device, cracking by external force, scratches on the**\n**case, damage, etc.) are not covered in the warranty.**\n**3. When requesting the warranty service, please provide a warranty**\n**card with the date of purchase and the stamp of the place of purchase**\n**on it.**\n**4. When the user needs the device repaired, please take the device to**\n**our company or our company's dealership.**\n**5. All functions of the device please refer to the actual product.**\n**Purchase date:**\n**IMEI code:**\n**Where to buy:**\n**Customer Signature:**\n**Signature of Store Clerk:**\n**Stamp of Store:**\n**FCC Caution:**\nThis device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:\n(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received,\nincluding interference that may cause undesired operation.\nAny changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void\nthe user's authority to operate the equipment.\nNOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,\npursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against\nharmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio\nfrequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful\ninterference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a\nparticular installation.\nIf this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,\nwhich can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the\ninterference by one or more of the following measures:\n-- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.\n-- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.\n-- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different\nfrom that to which the receiver is connected.\n-- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.\nThe device has been evaluated to meet general RF exposure requirement. The device can be used in\nportable exposure condition without restriction.\n**FCC ID:2A54U-DT3MATE**",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.5  Health checker feature**\n\nThe IBM Spectrum Control health checker feature runs in the IBM Cloud. Based on the\nweekly call home inventory reporting, it proactively creates recommendations. These\nrecommendations are provided on the IBM Call Home Web, which is found at ibm.com. Click\n**Support**  →   **My support**  →   **Call Home Web**  (see Figure 13-32).\n*Figure 13-32   Call Home Web on ibm.com*\nFor a video guide on how to set up and use IBM Call Home Web, see this [YouTube web page](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G9rqk8NXPA) .\nAnother feature is *Critical Fix Notification*  function, which enables IBM to warn Storwize\nV7000 users that a critical issue exists in the level of code that they are using. The system\nnotifies users when they log on to the GUI by using a web browser connected to the internet.\nConsider the following information about this function:\n� It warns users only about critical fixes, and does not warn them that they are running a\nprevious version of the software.\n� It works only if the browser also has access to the internet IBM Storwize V7000 and IBM\nSAN Volume Controller systems themselves do not need to be connected to the internet.\n� The function cannot be disabled. Each time it displays a warning, it must be acknowledged\n(with the option to not warn the user again for that issue).\nThe decision about what is a *critical*  fix is subjective and requires judgment, which is\nexercised by the development team. As a result, clients might still encounter bugs in code that\nwere not deemed critical. They continue to review information about new code levels to\ndetermine whether they must update, even without a critical fix notification.",
+                    "page_start": 722,
+                    "page_end": 722,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.4  Updating IBM Storwize V7000 drive code**\n\nindividual drive actions; selecting  **Upgrade**  only upgrade that drives firmware. You can\nclear an individual drive by pressing  **CTRL**  and clicking the drive again.\n5. With the drive upgrades running, you can view the progress by clicking the  **Tasks**  icon and\nclicking  **View**  for the Drive Upgrade running task, as shown in Figure 13-28.\n*Figure 13-28   Selecting Drive upgrade running Task view*\nThe Drive upgrade running task panel is displayed in which the drives that are pending\nupgrade and an estimated time of completion are listed, as shown in Figure 13-29.\n*Figure 13-29   Drive upgrade progress*\n**Note:**  The system upgrades any member drives one at a time. Although the firmware\nupgrades are concurrent, it does cause a brief reset to the drive. However, the RAID\ntechnology allows the Storwize V7000 to ride through this brief interruption. After a\ndrive completes its update, a calculated wait time exists before the next drive update\nensures that the previous drive is stable after upgrading and can vary on system load.\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n6. We can also view each drives firmware level from the Pools Internal Storage All Internal\npanel by enabling the drive firmware option after right-clicking in the column header line,\nas shown in Figure 13-30.\n*Figure 13-30   Viewing Drive firmware levels*\nWith the Firmware level column enabled, we can see the current level of each drive, as\nshown in Figure 13-31.\n*Figure 13-31   Drive firmware display*",
+                    "page_start": 718,
+                    "page_end": 720,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n## Chapter 6. Security\n\n### **6.5  Data security**\n\n#### **6.5.2  Administrative features**\n\nthat are assigned to users remain valid. After a user’s password reaches the value that you\nspecify, the user must change the password.\nAfter a password reaches the expiration value, the next time the user logs on to a server,\nContent Manager OnDemand prompts the user to enter a new password. The user must\nenter the current password, a new password, and verify the new password by reentering the\nnew password.\n**Session Inactivity Time Out**\nThis setting specifies when Content Manager OnDemand terminates sessions between\ninactive clients and the server. The default setting is Time Out in 60 Minutes. Never Time Out\nmeans that Content Manager OnDemand does not terminate a session, regardless of how\nlong the client remains inactive.\nTo set a specific inactivity timeout, click  **Time Out In __ Minutes**  and enter the number of\nminutes in the space provided. The value can be 1 - 1440 (24 hours). The period of inactivity\nis measured between requests to a server. For example, when a user enters a query, Content\nManager OnDemand searches the database and builds the document list. This action\ncompletes a request to the server. If the user does not work with the items in the document\nlist, open another folder, or start another query before the inactivity timeout occurs, Content\nManager OnDemand automatically terminates the session with the client.\nChapter 6. Security\nUse caution when you set the inactivity timeout. Choose the correct amount of time when you\nspecify this setting. For example, assume that you set the inactivity timeout to 10. You log on\nto Content Manager OnDemand to add an application group. Creating the application group\nmight take you 15 minutes to complete. After you enter all of the information about the\napplication group, you click  **OK**  to create the application group. Content Manager OnDemand\nissues a message that a timeout occurred. You must log off the server, and you cannot save\nthe information that you entered about the application group.\n**System Logging**\nThis setting specifies the messages that Content Manager OnDemand saves in the system\nlog. Content Manager OnDemand provides the system log to help you track activity and",
+                    "page_start": 165,
+                    "page_end": 166,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "6126797.pdf",
+                "query": "When does my Sport smartwatch start and stop monitoring sleep?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "Sleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**3. Find Watch**\nAfter the smartwatch is bound to the APP, you click “Find Watch” in the APP, the smartwatch\nwill light up and vibrate for once.\n**4. Camera**\nClick “camera” in the app WearPro to wake up the camera mode of the watch, click the camera\nbutton on the watch to take photos, and the photos will be automatically saved to the phone\nalbum.\n**5. Data synchronization**\nAfter the watch is successfully bound to the application, the data in the smartwatch can be\nsynchronized to the application.\n**6. Tilt to wake the screen**\nWear the smartwatch correctly on your wrist (left/right hand). when you switch on the feature, you\ncan light up the screen when you raise up your wrist.\n**7. Do not disturb mode**\nIn the APP, tap “Device” > “More” > “Do not disturb mode”, set the start to end time, such as\n12:00 to 14:00, then you won’t receive phone calls and apps notifications on the watch during this\nperiod.\n**8. Daily alarm clock**\nIn the APP in the APP Device>More, set the start and the end time, the alarm can be set only once\nor repeatedly on the date (week) setting, and the alarm can be turned on/off.\n**9. Sedentary reminder**\nSet the start and the end time of the sedentary reminder, and the time interval (minutes) in the\nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting.\nWhen the sedentary time is reached, the watch will vibrate and display a sedentary icon on the\nscreen.\n**10. Drink water reminder**\nSet the reminder frequency (minutes) and the time period of the start and the end in a day in the\nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting\nand selecting the date (week) of the water reminder. When the time of drink water reminder is\nreached, the watch will vibrate and there will be a water icon on the screen.\n**11. Dial push**\n11.1.Push an existing watch face\nBind the watch and the app, open the app, tap Device > Watch face push, the watch will restart\nand bind the APP automatically after the synchronization of the watch face.\n11.2. Customize the watch face\nBind the watch and the app, open the app, tap Device > Watch face push, the first several watch",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**1.8 Sports modes**  (walking, running, cycling, rope skipping, badminton,\nbasketball, football)\n1.8.1 Select the corresponding exercise mode, click the “Start” button on the screen to start the\nexercise; click the “Start” button again to pause the recording of the exercise; click the “End”\nbutton to end the recording, and save to the data.\n1.8.2 The data can only be saved when the recording of the exercise is more than 1 minute; If the\nrecording time is less than 1 minute, the smartwatch will remind you that the data is too little to be\nsaved.\n**1.9 Heart rate**\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, you can measure heart rate when you enter the\nheart rate function. If you don’t wear the smartwatch properly, it will remind you to wear firmly\nfor the measurement.\n**1.10 ECG**\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, and enter the ECG function(you need to turn on the\nECG interface in the app, you can have single measurement at a time. The data of ECG will be\nsaved in the mobile phone. This function should be used with the app.\n**2.0 My QR code**\nConnect the watch to the APP, find My QR Code in the APP, select WeChat/QQ/Alipay and other\n\"Receive money QR code\" to sync to the watch (Please follow the instructions of the app to\noperate the function).\n**2.1 Remote control music**\nBind the smartwatch to the app WearPro, you can control the music to start/pause/play previous\nsong/play next song of your phone.\nBind the audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch also, the music will be broadcast on the\nsmartwatch.\n**2.2 Sleep**\nSleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day, the data will be\ngenerated by the watch. After connecting to the APP, the sleep data on the watch can be\nsynchronized to the APP for you to check.\n**2.3 stopwatch**\nClick the stopwatch to enter the timing interface, and you can record the time once.\n**2.4 Weather**\nAfter the smartwatch is connected to the app and the data is synchronized, tap Weather on the\nwatch to display the weather information for the day.\n**2.5 Find mobile phone**\nAfter the watch is bound to the app WearPro, tap this function to find the mobile phone, and the\nmobile phone will vibrate or emit a ringtone.\n**2.6 Meteorology**\nClick on “Meteorology” on the watch to display the ultraviolet (UV) and air pressure conditions of",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\nthe day.\n**2.7 Massager**\nTap the green button to start the massage, and the watch is in a vibrating state, tap the red button\nto end the massage state.\n**3.0 Menu style**\nThere are a variety of menu styles for users to choose.\n**3.1 Settings**\n1) You can select the watch language on the settings of the watch, or the watch language can be\nsynchronized with your mobile phone language after the watch successfully binds to the APP.\n2) Switch the watch face, swipe to the right to view the next watch face, select a watch face, and\nclick it to set the watch face.\n3) Set screen time; a variety of screen time lengths can be selected.\n4) Vibration intensity; set reminder vibration intensity.\n5) Password; a 4-digit password can be set (if you forget the password, please enter 8762 to\ndecrypt the previous password).\n6) Restore factory settings; click √to enable the factory reset, and click X to cancel the factory\nreset.\n**B** . **Bind to the APP**\n**1. APP download method**\n1.1 Scan the QR code to download\n1.2 Search the application at App market and download\nFor Android users:\nSearch for \"WearPro\" in the Google Play app store or any customized Android store to download,\nremember to check the pop-up box on your phone when installing, and agree to the permission.\nFor iOS users:\nSearch for \"WearPro\" in the APP Store to download, remember to check the pop-up box on your\nphone when installing, and agree to the permission.\nAfter WearPro is installed, the app icon appears as .\n2.Bind Bluetooth\n2.1 Unconnected to the APP state:\nAfter the watch is turned on, the Bluetooth will be in the state of being searched. After open the\nAPK/APP, go to Devices > Add Device > click to start searching, select and click the\ncorresponding watch device name, and the watch will be successfully bound to the app.\n2.2 Connected to the APP state:\nWatch time synchronization: the time shown at the smartwatch and your mobile phone will\nsynchronized after the smartwatch is bound to the APP successfully.\n2.3 Binding the audio/calling Bluetooth\nWhen the smartwatch is in the dial interface, you can find the audio/calling Bluetooth icon, and\nclick it to turn it on, then go to the Bluetooth settings of your mobile phone and click the name of\nthe audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch to bind it.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\nfaces marked with “custom watch faces” are customizable. The watch will restart and bind the\nAPP automatically after the synchronization of the watch face.\n**12. Firmware version**\nThe version of the watch is displayed on “Firmware upgrade” in the column of “Device”, and\nusers can decide to whether upgrade the firmware version.\n**13. Unbind**\nIn the \"Device\" column of WearPro, scroll down to the \"Unbind\" and click to unbind the APP. The\niSO users need to go to the Bluetooth settings of the phone, select the Bluetooth name of the\nsmart watch, and click \"Forget this device\". The “About” of the watch has an “Unbind”\nbutton, click it to unbind or do it in the APP. For the safety of users’ data, the watch will implement a\nfactory reset after that.\n**- Frequently asked questions and answers**\n***Please avoid exposing the device to extreme temperatures that are**\n**too cold or too hot for a long time, which may cause permanent**\n**damage.**\n***Why can't I take a hot bath with my watch?**\n**The temperature of the bath water is relatively changed, it will**\n**produce a lot of water vapor, and the water vapor is in the gas phase,**\n**and its molecular radius is small, and it is easy to seep into the gap of**\n**the watch case. The internal circuit of the watch is short-circuited,**\n**which damages the circuit board of the watch and damages the**\n**watch.**\n***No power on, no charging**\n**If you receive the goods and the watch does not turn on, it may be**\n**caused by a collision during the transportation of the watch and the**\n**battery Seiko board has been protected, so plug in the charging cable**\n**to activate it.**\n**If the battery is too low or the watch does not turn on after a long**\n**period of time, please plug in the data cable and charge it for more**\n**than half an hour to activate.**\n**Warranty description:**\n**1. If there are any quality problems caused by manufacturing,**\n**materials, design, etc. in normal use, the motherboard of the watch is**\n**guaranteed for repair for free within one year, while the battery and**\n**charger within half a year from the date of purchase.**\n**2. No warranty is provided for failures caused by the user's personal**\n**reasons, as follows:**\n**1). Failure caused by unauthorized disassembly or modification of**\n**the watch.**\n**2). Failure caused by accidental fall during use.**",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**Thank you for choosing our smart watch. You can fully understand**\n**the use and operation of the equipment by reading this manual.**\n**The company reserves the right to modify the contents of this manual**\n**without any prior notice.**\nThe product contains: a packing box, a manual, a watch body, and a\ncharging cable.\n**A. Watch function description**\nButton description:\n**Up button:**\nShort press to light up or turn off the screen; one press to go back the dial interface; long press to\nreactivate the watch.\n**Button down:**\nShort press to enter multi-sport mode.\nIn addition, when the watch is in the off-screen state, you can light up the screen by pressing any\nbuttons.\n**Charging instructions:**\nWireless charging, as shown in the picture below.\n**1.1 Shortcut function:**\n1) Swipe to the left till you find the \"+\" icon, click the icon to add part of the functions in the\nshortcut.\n2) Scroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find Bluetooth\nconnection status, time, power, brightness adjustment and other functions.\n3) Swipe to the right when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find time/date/week/the latest\nmessage (enter to view multiple messages)/some of the recently used menu functions, and turn on\nor off audio Bluetooth for calls.\n4) Swipe up the screen when the watch is in the dial interface to enter the menu interface, and\nscroll up and down to find the corresponding function.\n5) Long press the watch face interface and swipe to right or left to switch the watch face, select\none of them and set it with one-click.\n**1.2 App notification**\n1) When the watch is bound to the APP, and you allow the watch to display notifications on the\nwatch, the new messages received in your mobile phone will be pushed to the watch, and a total of\n10 messages can be saved. The messages received after 10 messages will be overwritten one by\none.\n2) Swipe to the bottom to click the delete icon to clear all message records.\n**1.3 Drop-down menu**\nScroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface to enter the drop-down menu\ninterface.\n1) Bluetooth connection status; time; power left;\n2) About, where you can check the firmware version of watch and the address of the Bluetooth\n3) Setting, where you can enter it to set part of the functions;",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n4) Brightness adjustment; where you can adjust the brightness of the screen;\n5) Alipay. Download the app Alipay in your mobile phone and bind it with your watch to realize\noffline payment.\n**1.4 Phone/Call History**\n1. Swipe to the left when the watch is in the watch interface, click the calling icon to turn on/off\nthe calling Bluetooth. Turn on the calling Bluetooth, you will find the name of the calling\nBluetooth, then go to the Bluetooth settings of your mobile phone, and bind the Bluetooth in the\nname of the calling Bluetooth of your watch. You can use the watch to make phone calls when\nthey are successfully bound.\n2. Call records, which can save the records of incoming and dialed calls. (It can save more than 50\ncall records, and it will be automatically overwritten when 128 records are full. Click any call\nrecord to call back)\n3. Dial the keyboard, you can enter the phone number to make a call.\n**1.5 message**\nWhen the watch is successfully bound to the app, and you approve notifications of corresponding\napps in your mobile phone system, and switch on these apps or callings notifications functions on\nyour watch, the notifications on your mobile phone can synchronize to your watch.\n1.5.1. Incoming call notification:\nTurn on the incoming call reminder in the app. When the phone has a incoming call, the watch\nwill light up or vibrate.\n1.5.2. SMS notification:\nEnable the SMS notification in the app. When one or more SMS messages are received on the\nmobile phone, the watch will receive one or more SMS reminders at the same time.\n1.5.3. Other application message notifications:\nTurn on the corresponding application message notification in the app, such as WeChat, QQ,\nOutlook, Facebook and other applications. When the mobile phone receives one/multiple\napplication message notifications, the watch will receive one/multiple corresponding message\nreminders at the same time.\n**1.6 Frequently used contacts**\nThe watch binds to the app, and you allow the watch to access to the phone book of your mobile\nphone, then you can synchronize you contacts of your mobile phone to the smartwatch.\n**1.7 Fitness data**\nFitness data is turned on by default. When you enter the fitness data interface, scroll up the\nscreen, the smartwatch will display the current data of steps, distance, and calories. The data will\nbe wiped out at 00:00 every day in the morning.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**3). All man-made damages or the third party's fault, or misuses (such**\n**as: water in the device, cracking by external force, scratches on the**\n**case, damage, etc.) are not covered in the warranty.**\n**3. When requesting the warranty service, please provide a warranty**\n**card with the date of purchase and the stamp of the place of purchase**\n**on it.**\n**4. When the user needs the device repaired, please take the device to**\n**our company or our company's dealership.**\n**5. All functions of the device please refer to the actual product.**\n**Purchase date:**\n**IMEI code:**\n**Where to buy:**\n**Customer Signature:**\n**Signature of Store Clerk:**\n**Stamp of Store:**\n**FCC Caution:**\nThis device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:\n(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received,\nincluding interference that may cause undesired operation.\nAny changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void\nthe user's authority to operate the equipment.\nNOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,\npursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against\nharmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio\nfrequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful\ninterference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a\nparticular installation.\nIf this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,\nwhich can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the\ninterference by one or more of the following measures:\n-- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.\n-- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.\n-- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different\nfrom that to which the receiver is connected.\n-- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.\nThe device has been evaluated to meet general RF exposure requirement. The device can be used in\nportable exposure condition without restriction.\n**FCC ID:2A54U-DT3MATE**",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## Chapter 5. Graphical user interface\n\n### **5.10  Settings**\n\n#### **5.10.1  Notifications menu**\n\nIBM Storwize V7000 can use SNMP traps, syslog messages, and Call Home email to notify\nyou and the IBM Support Center when significant events are detected. Any combination of\nthese notification methods can be used simultaneously.\nNotifications are normally sent immediately after an event is raised. However, events can\noccur because of service actions that are performed. If a recommended service action is\nactive, notifications about these events are sent only if the events are still unfixed when the\nservice action completes.\n**SNMP notifications**\nSNMP is a standard protocol for managing networks and exchanging messages. The system\ncan send SNMP messages that notify personnel about an event. You can use an SNMP\nmanager to view the SNMP messages that are sent by IBM Storwize V7000.\nTo view the SNMP configuration, use the System window. Point to the Settings  icon  and click\n**Notification**  →  **SNMP**  (see Figure 5-54).\n*Figure 5-54   Setting SNMP server and traps*\nFrom this window (see Figure 5-54 on page 163), you can view and configure an SNMP\nserver to receive various informational, error, or warning notifications by setting the following\ninformation:\n� IP Address\nThe address for the SNMP server.\n� Server Port\nThe remote port number for the SNMP server. The remote port number must be a value of\n1 - 65535.\n� Community\nThe SNMP community is the name of the group to which devices and management\nstations that run SNMP belong.\n� Event Notifications\nConsider the following points about event notifications:\n- Select  **Error**  if you want the user to receive messages about problems, such as\nhardware failures, that must be resolved immediately.\n- Select  **Warning**  if you want the user to receive messages about problems and\nunexpected conditions. Investigate the cause immediately to determine any corrective\naction.\n- Select  **Info**  if you want the user to receive messages about expected events. No action\nis required for these events.\nTo remove an SNMP server, click the Minus sign (  **-**  ). To add another SNMP server, click\nthe Plus sign (  **+**  ).\n**Syslog notifications**\nThe syslog protocol is a standard protocol for forwarding log messages from a sender to a",
+                    "page_start": 184,
+                    "page_end": 185,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 4. Initial configuration**\n\n### **4.7  Other administrative procedures**\n\n#### **4.7.2  Shutting down the system**\n\n**Note:**  Storwize V7000 expansion canisters do not cache volume data or store state\ninformation in volatile memory. Therefore, they do not require battery power. If AC power to\nboth power supplies in an expansion enclosure fails, the enclosure powers off. When AC\npower is restored to at least one of the power supplies, the controller restarts without\noperator intervention.\nIf a second AC power outage occurs before the batteries have completed charging, the\nsystem starts in service state and does not permit I/O operations to be restarted until the\nbatteries are half charged, which provides enough capacity to perform a clean system shut\ndown in case of another power loss. The recharging process takes approximately 30 minutes.\nThe system automatically schedules maintenance battery discharge cycles to extend the\nlifetime of the batteries and ensure that the system can accurately measure the charge in the\nbatteries. Discharge cycles ensure that the batteries have sufficient charge to protect the\nStorwize V7000 system. For more information about maintenance discharge cycles, see this\nIBM Knowledge Center [web page](https://ibm.biz/BdY6Qz) .\nTo shut down your Storwize V7000 system, complete the following steps:\n1. Ensure that no hosts are using the storage system, and that you stopped all FlashCopy\nmappings, remote copy relationships, data migration operations, and forced deletions.\n2. In the GUI, click  **Monitoring**  →  **System**  . Then, click  **System Actions**  and choose  **Power**\n**off System**  ,  as shown in Figure 4-43.\n*Figure 4-43   Initiating system power off*\n3. A confirmation window opens, as shown in Figure 4-44.\n*Figure 4-44   Power off warning window*\nChapter 4. Initial configuration\nThe OK button is not active until you copy the displayed confirmation code into the\nprovided text field. This step makes it more difficult to shut down the system by accident.\n4. Enter the generated confirmation code and click  **OK**  to begin the shutdown process.",
+                    "page_start": 146,
+                    "page_end": 148,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#NodeID=2 #MachineType=2076624#SerialNumber=1234567 #SoftwareVersion=8.1.0.0\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n(build 13.4.1709291021000)#FRU=fan 31P1847",
+                    "page_start": 746,
+                    "page_end": 747,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "Have the operating profits in Japan for Nissan gone up or down in 2004?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "operating profits in Japan came to ¥341.1 billion, a decrease of 3.2 percent compared to last year",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 6
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n### FISCAL YEAR 2004 FINANCIAL REVIEW\n\nNISSAN REPORTED A RECORD YEAR IN TERMS OF REVENUES, OPERATING INCOME, NET INCOME,\nSALES AND PRODUCTION VOLUME IN FISCAL 2004. NISSAN ACHIEVED TWO OF ITS THREE COMMITMENTS\nFOR NISSAN 180: AN 8 PERCENT OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN AND ZERO NET AUTOMOTIVE DEBT.\nTHE REMAINING COMMITMENT IS THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ONE MILLION ADDITIONAL UNIT SALES.\nAT MID-YEAR 2005, GLOBAL SALES AT 1,809,000 UNITS WERE SLIGHTLY AHEAD OF THE COMMITMENT TO\nREACH 3,597,000 UNITS BY THE END OF SEPTEMBER 2005.\nP E R F O R M A N C E **Net Sales**\nConsolidated net sales came to ¥8,576.3 billion, up 15.4\npercent from last year. A higher volume and mix had a\npositive impact of ¥707.0 billion. Movements in foreign\nexchange rates produced a negative impact of ¥173.0\nbillion. Changes in the scope of consolidation, including\nDongfeng Motor and Yulon Nissan Motor, raised revenues\nby ¥432.0 billion.\n**Operating Income**\nConsolidated operating profit improved by 4.4 percent from\nlast year to a record ¥861.2 billion. This resulted in an\noperating profit margin of 10.0 percent. Operating profit\nwas affected by the following factors:\n-  The effect of foreign exchange rates produced a ¥78\nbillion negative impact for the full year. The\ndepreciation of the U.S. dollar against the yen resulted\nin a negative impact of ¥74 billion, with an additional\n¥13 billion from other currencies. The appreciation of\nthe euro resulted in a positive impact of ¥9 billion.\n-  The change in the scope of consolidation produced\na positive impact of ¥31 billion. This was primarily\nfrom the consolidation of Dongfeng Motor and Yulon\nNissan Motor.\n-  The impact of the higher volume and mix contributed\n¥284 billion. This was mainly driven by an increase in\nU.S. sales volume.\n-  Selling expenses increased by ¥114 billion, also\nmainly due to the increase of sales in the U.S.\n-  The improvement in purchasing costs amounted to\n¥131 billion.\n-  Product enrichment and the cost of regulations had\na negative impact of ¥92 billion.\n-  An additional ¥44 billion was allocated to R&D to\nreinforce product and technology development.\n-  Cost reductions from manufacturing efficiencies were\noffset by costs associated with expanding the Canton\nplant’s capacity, which resulted in a ¥15 billion",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n### FISCAL YEAR 2004 FINANCIAL REVIEW\n\nof fiscal 2004 and ended the fiscal year at ¥1,099,\ngenerating a negative return of 3.85 percent. Total\nshareholder return (TSR) was -1.67 percent, while the\ndividend yield came to 2.18 percent (¥24 per share dividend,\ndivided by the ¥1,099 closing price). Adverse movements\nin foreign exchange rates and commodity price hikes\nadversely affected Nissan’s profitability, which was reflected\nin the share price. In addition, specific events relating\ndirectly to the company also had a negative impact. Later in\nthis report, corporate officers will explain what actions\nNissan has undertaken to ensure better performance.\n**Payout Policy**\nNissan announced its NISSAN Value-Up three-year dividend\npolicy, covering the period from fiscal 2005 to fiscal 2007, at\nthe annual general meeting of shareholders on June 23,\n2004. Nissan proposes a long-term dividend policy to\nprovide more visibility and improve transparency into the\nways in which Nissan rewards its shareholders. Nissan\nbelieves that a long-term dividend policy reduces uncertainty\nfor investors who already own or are considering acquiring\nNissan stock.\n**IR Activities**\nUnder NISSAN Value-Up, the IR team’s performance will\nbe evaluated based on the price-earnings ratio (PER) and\nvolatility relative to our major competitors. PER is used to\nmeasure how successfully the IR team manages market\nexpectations about Nissan in order to maintain the Nissan\nshare price close to an intrinsic value. The other measure,\nvolatility, is used to measure the risk investors perceive\nwhen considering Nissan stock. If Nissan can successfully\nreduce volatility, the minimum return required by investors\nshould decline. The IR team believes that a strengthening\nof disclosure activities is required to improve both\nmeasures. The team plans to disclose not only financial\nresults but also more forward-looking information about\nNissan fundamentals such as technology and product.\nSuch forward-looking information helps investors to\nforecast future performance more precisely and reduces\nuncertainty about the future. As a consequence, Nissan will\nincrease the number of investor conferences, events, and\nteleconferences during fiscal 2005.\nP E R F O R M A N C E",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS\nNissan Motor Co., Ltd. And Consolidated Subsidiaries\n*Fiscal years 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001 and 2000*\n**’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n6,090\n6,196\n6,829\n7,429\n**8,576**\n290\n489\n737\n825\n**861**\n331\n372\n495\n504\n**512**\n**Net Sales**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**Operating Income**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**Net Income**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**2**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\nThis Annual Report contains forward-looking\nstatements on Nissan’s future plans and targets, and\nrelated operating investment, product planning and\nproduction targets. Please note that there can be no\nassurance that these targets and plans will actually\nbe achieved. Achieving them will depend on many\nfactors, including not only Nissan’s activities and\ndevelopment, but on the dynamics of the automobile\nindustry worldwide and the global economy.\n**1**\nHIGHLIGHTS\n*Millions of* *U.S. dollars*   *<sup>(Note 1)</sup>* *Millions of yen*   *(except per* *(except per share amounts and number of employees)*   *share amounts)*\n2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2004 *For the years ended*   *Mar. 31, 2005*   *Mar. 31, 2004*   *Mar. 31, 2003*   *Mar. 31, 2002*   *Mar. 31, 2001*   *Mar. 31, 2005*\nNet sales ¥8,576,277 ¥7,429,219 ¥6,828,588 ¥6,196,241 ¥6,089,620 $80,152\nOperating income 861,160 824,855 737,230 489,215 290,314 8,048\nNet income 512,281 503,667 495,165 372,262 331,075 4,788\nNet income per share <sup>(Note 2)</sup> 125.16 122.02 117.75 92.61 83.53 1.17\nCash dividends paid <sup>(Note 3)</sup> 94,236 74,594 50,800 27,841 0 881\nShareholder’s equity ¥2,465,750 ¥2,023,994 ¥1,808,304 ¥1,620,822 ¥ 957,939 $23,044\nTotal assets 9,848,523 7,859,856 7,349,183 7,215,005 6,451,243 92,042\nNet consolidated automotive debt <sup>(Note 4)</sup> (205,791) 13,603 107,952 431,714 952,657 (1,923)\nNumber of employees 183,607 123,748 127,625 125,099 133,833\nNotes: 1. Unless indicated otherwise, all dollar figures herein refer to U.S. currency.  Yen amounts have been translated into U.S. dollars, for convenience\nonly, at ¥107 = $1, the approximate exchange rate on March 31, 2005.\n2. Net income per share amounts are based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each year.\nFigures for net income per share are in exact yen and U.S. dollars.\nNumber of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2005: 4,520,715,112.\n3. Cash dividends during the full year by subsidiary companies to non-Nissan minority shareholders are not included.\n4. Net consolidated automotive debt was ¥8,602 million cash positive in fiscal year 2002, ¥215,861 million cash positive in fiscal year 2003, and\n¥453,470 million cash positive in fiscal year 2004, using the same accounting principles as fiscal year 2001.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## EXECUTIVES\n\n**Financial performance**\n-  Consolidated net revenues came to 8 trillion ¥576.3 billion, up 15.4 percent from last year.\n-  Consolidated operating profit improved by 4.4 percent to a record ¥861.2 billion. As a\npercentage of net revenue, our operating profit margin came to 10.0 percent.\n-  Net income reached ¥512.3 billion, an increase of ¥8.6 billion.\n**Nissan 180 commitments**\nFiscal 2004 marked the end of our NISSAN 180 business plan. Obviously, NISSAN 180 cannot\nbe closed completely until the end of September 2005, but we know that we have already\ndelivered two of the plan’s three critical commitments.\n-  We committed to an 8 percent operating profit margin, and our margin has been at or above\n10 percent for every year of NISSAN 180.\n-  We committed to zero debt, and today we have more than ¥200 billion in net cash under the\nnew and more demanding accounting standards.\n-  Our only remaining commitment is to achieve one million additional sales. Even here we are in\nreasonably good shape. At the midpoint of the measurement period we are at 1,809,000 units,\nwhich is a slight advance compared to our commitment to reach 3,597,000 units by the end of\nSeptember 2005.",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n### FISCAL YEAR 2004 FINANCIAL REVIEW\n\n239 <sup>244</sup> 232\n206\n262\n326 300\n378\n354\n427\n**398**\n**478**\n4.0% 3.8%\n5.3% 5.5% 5.8%\n**5.6%**\n4.2% 4.4%\n4.8%\n**4.6%**\n3.4%\n4.1%\n500\n400\n300\n200\n6\n5\n4\n3 **’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n**Investment in Our Future**\n(Billion Yen) (% of net revenue)\n40\n30\n20\n10\n0 **’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05* ’06* ’07* ’99**\n*Forecast\n0\n8 14 19 24 29 34\n40\n7\n**Dividend Policy**\n(Dividend per share, in yen)\nP E R F O R M A N C E **Automotive Debt:**\nDespite higher levels incurred for capital expenditures and\nR&D, cash generated from operating activities in the\nautomotive division eliminated net automotive debt. Nissan\nheld a ¥205.8 billion yen net cash position at the close of\nfiscal 2004 in this division.\n**Rating**\nRegarding Nissan’s long-term credit rating, R&I upgraded\nNissan from A- to A on May 11, 2005. S&P upgraded their\nrating from BBB to BBB+ on July 20, 2004, and Moody’s\nupgraded from Baa3 to Baa1 on January 29, 2004.\n**Investment Policy**\nCapital expenditures increased by ¥50.2 billion to ¥477.5\nbillion, representing 5.6 percent of net revenue. This\nincrease included the Canton plant expansion. R&D\nexpenditures increased by ¥43.8 billion to ¥398.1 billion.\nThis increase went to fund new technologies and product\ndevelopment. Our R&D resources are focused on projects\nthat add value to our customers and that will deliver an\nexpected return, in both the short and long term.\n**Dividend**\nAt the annual general meeting of shareholders on June 21,\n2005, the company proposed increasing its dividend to\n¥24 per share in 2004, up from ¥19 in 2003. In the first\nyear of the NISSAN Value-up dividend policy, the\nCompany plans to increase the per-share dividend to ¥29\nin 2005. By the end of NISSAN Value-up in March 2008,\nNissan plans to pay an annual dividend of no less than\n¥40 per share.\n**Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)**\nNissan’s investments are made within the strict guidelines\nof its automotive operating ROIC. Based on these\nguidelines, Nissan reached 20.1 percent of ROIC on a\nconsistent basis as of fiscal 2003.\n**Share Performance in Fiscal 2004**\nNissan’s share price began at ¥1,143 at the beginning",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT AND CEO\n\nmargin came to 10 percent, which remains at the top level\namong global automakers. And our net income reached\n¥512.3 billion, or ¥125.16 per share, compared to ¥122.02\nper share for the previous fiscal year.\nNISSAN Value-Up\nThe Nissan revival story is now complete. Our next\nthree-year business plan, ‘NISSAN Value-Up,’ is focused,\nas its name suggests, on delivering sustainable long-term\nvalue to all our stakeholders. As such, it is evolutionary\nnot revolutionary.\nAs with our previous business plans, NISSAN Value-Up\nestablishes three core commitments. They are ambitious,\nand will require us to stretch our capabilities. But they\nare realistic.\nProfit: Nissan will maintain the top level of operating\nprofit margin among global automakers for each of the\nthree years of the plan. Operating profit remains at the\ncenter of our management system, as it is the most\naccurate measure of business performance.\nLETTER FROM CEO\n**3**\nLETTER FROM CEO Volume: Nissan will achieve global sales of 4.2 million\nunits in fiscal 2008—an increase of 812,000 units over\nfiscal 2004.\nROIC: Nissan will achieve a 20 percent or higher\nreturn on invested capital on average over the course\nof the plan, excluding cash on hand.\nTo meet this commitment, over the NISSAN Value-Up\nperiod we will launch 28 new products, including 10 models\nthat are highly innovative in their concept and benefits.\nOur investment in advanced technology continues.\nFrom fiscal 2002 to 2005 we have increased spending\non research and development by 50 percent. Over the next\nthree years we will invest a further 5 percent of net sales\nannually, creating new and exciting technologies to benefit\nour customers.\nDuring NISSAN Value-Up we will pursue several key\nbusiness opportunities:\n-  Our Infiniti luxury brand will extend its reach into new\nmarkets such as China and Russia and continue to\nestablish its credibility as a Tier-1 luxury player.\n-  We will develop our Light Commercial Vehicle\nbusiness into a fully competitive global operation\nthrough new market and product entries.\n-  We will take a more efficient global sourcing\napproach to maximize our opportunities and minimize",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n### FISCAL YEAR 2004 FINANCIAL REVIEW\n\nan effective consolidated tax rate of 33 percent. Minority\ninterests amounted to ¥22.9 billion, mainly from Yulon\nNissan Motor. As a result, net income reached ¥512.3\nbillion, an increase of ¥8.6 billion.\n**FINANCIAL POSITION**\n**Balance Sheet**\nIn 2004, total consolidated assets increased by 25.3\npercent to ¥9,848.5 billion.\nCurrent assets increased by 36.4 percent, or ¥1,372.4\nbillion, to ¥5,139.4 billion. This increase included changes\nin the scope of consolidation by ¥271.1 billion and an\nincrease in sales finance receivables by ¥840.6 billion\nthanks to increased sales in the U.S. Fixed assets\nincreased by 15.1 percent, or ¥616.7 billion, to ¥4,708.0\nbillion. Property, plant and equipment valuation increased\nby ¥593.6 billion, mainly due to capital expenditures of\n¥477.5 billion and an increase in leased vehicles.\nCurrent liabilities increased by 28.1 percent, or ¥872.2\nbillion, to ¥3,974.7 billion. This increase included changes\nin the scope of consolidation of ¥144.4 billion and an\nincrease in short-term borrowings for sales financing of\n¥558.5 billion.\nIn 2004, total shareholder equity increased from\n¥2,024.0 billion to ¥2,465.8 billion. This gain was primarily\ndue to net income of ¥512.3 billion, offset by dividends\npaid totaling ¥101.2 billion. Consolidated shareholder\nequity represented 29 percent of total revenues and 25\npercent of total assets.\n**Cash Flow**\nCash from operating activities was ¥369.4 billion, below\nthe previous year’s level of ¥797.4 billion. This drop was\nprimarily caused by a ¥331.2 billion increase in finance\nreceivables in the U.S. and Japan. There were also\nincreases in inventory and income tax paid.\nCash used for investing activities increased by ¥108.9\nbillion to ¥865.0 billion. This increase was mainly due to an\nincrease of leased vehicles in the U.S.\nCash from financing activities totaled ¥521.0 billion,\nincluding an increase in short-term borrowing of ¥666.2\nbillion, offset by ¥94 billion for the payment of dividends\nand ¥26 billion for the acquisition of treasury stock.\nIn total, cash and cash equivalents increased by ¥95.6\nbillion to ¥289.8 billion from fiscal 2004.\nMoody’s\nS&P\nR&I\nA+\nAA-\nA\nA-\nBBB+\nBBB\nBBB-\nBB+\nAa3\nA1\nA2\nA3\nBaa1\nBaa2\nBaa3\nBa1\n**9/01 4/02 9/02 4/03 9/03 4/04 9/04 4/05 5/05**\n**Corporate Rating**\nCanton plant investment included from fiscal year 2001",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n**The recovery story is complete**\n**7**\nP E R F O R M A N C E\n6,089.6\n6,196.2\n6,828.6\n7,429.2\n**8,576.3**\n+15.4%\n2,633\n2,597\n2,771\n3,057\n**3,388**\n+10.8%\n290\n489\n737\n825\n**861**\n+4.4%\n**’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n**10.0%**\n10.8%\n11.1%\n7.9%\n4.8%\n**Consolidated**\n**Net Revenue**\n(Billion Yen)\n**Consolidated**\n**Operating Profit/Margin**\n(Billion Yen/%)\n**Global Retail Sales**\n(Units: 1000s)\n**8**\nNissan will continue to grow in fiscal 2005. Even assuming a relatively flat total industry volume\nof 61 million units globally, Nissan’s sales are forecast to come to 3,618,000 units, a 6.8 percent\nincrease over the prior year.\nWorldwide, we will launch six all-new models—five in Japan, one in Europe—leading to\ntwenty regional product events.\n**Our sales objectives**\n-  Japan: 933,000 units, a 10 percent increase over last year\n-  U.S.: 1,047,000 units, an increase of 3.3 percent\n-  Europe: 550,000 units, a 1.1 percent increase over last year\n-  General Overseas Markets: 1,088,000 units, a 10.7 percent increase\n**Our financial outlook**\nAny new fiscal year brings risks and opportunities, and 2005 brings very high levels of\nuncertainty and risks—volatility in exchange rates, higher interest rates, higher commodity prices,\nhigher energy prices, higher incentives and uncertainty about growth in the U.S. and Japan. The\nopportunity is in following through on the NISSAN Value-Up plan quickly and effectively.\nIn light of these factors, our forecast for fiscal 2005 is as follows. This is based on a foreign\nexchange rate assumption for the year of ¥105 per dollar and ¥130 per euro:\n-  Net revenue is predicted to be ¥9 trillion, up 4.9 percent.\n-  Operating profit is expected to be ¥870 billion, up 1 percent.\n-  Ordinary profit is expected to reach ¥860 billion, up 0.5 percent.\n-  Net income is predicted to be ¥517 billion, up 0.9 percent.\n-  Capital expenditures are expected to reach ¥540 billion, up 13.1 percent.\n-  R&D expenses are forecast to reach ¥450 billion, or 5 percent of net sales, up 13.0 percent.\n-  ROIC is expected to remain at or above 20 percent.\nP E R F O R M A N C E\n**Looking to the New Fiscal Year**\n**9**\nP E R F O R M A N C E\n**Europe**\n350Z Roadster",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## FINANCIAL SECTION\n\n### CONSOLIDATED FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY\n\n2003, production for Europe and Mexico was on April to March basis.)\nDue to changes in government regulations, information on risks involved in business operations has been disclosed in the Yukashoken-Houkokusho for the year ended March 31,2005 as follows:\nEconomic Factors\nThe demand for products manufactured by Nissan is affected by the\neconomic conditions in each country or market in which they are offered\nfor sale. Nissan conducts its operations all over the world and, in particular,\nin the major markets of North America, Europe, and Asia, to say nothing of\nJapan. While Nissan strives to develop a comprehensive and integrated\nprojection of the global economic outlook, any greater-than-anticipated\ndownturn in one of these markets may have a significant effect on Nissan\nfinancial position and results of operations.\nInternational Activities and Overseas Expansion\nNissan’s manufacturing and marketing activities outside Japan are\nconducted in the United States, in Europe, and in the developing and\nemerging markets of Asia. Nissan forecasts and evaluates a wide variety of\nrisks inherent in doing business in such overseas markets including the\nfollowing factors, each of which entails a greater-than-anticipated level of\nrisk:\n-  Unfavorable political or economic factors\n-  Legal or regulatory changes\n-  Potentially adverse tax consequences\n-  Labor disputes including strikes\n-  Difficulties in recruiting and retaining personnel\n-  Social, political or economic turmoil due to terrorism, war, or other\ndestabilizing factors.\nResearch and Development\nNissan’s technology must be “real world”—useful, pragmatic and easy to\nuse. Nissan anticipates the nature and scope of the market demand, and\nthen prioritizes and invests in new technologies. Nonetheless, any sudden\nand greater-than-anticipated changes in its business environment or in\ncustomer preferences may impact negatively on customer satisfaction with\nthese new technologies.\nProduct Defects\nNissan places a high priority on safety and does its best to enhance safety\nfrom the standpoint of research and development, manufacturing and\nsales. Although Nissan takes out insurance policies to cover product\nliability, this does not necessarily mean that all potential defects and the\nrelated liabilities are fully covered. If Nissan were to implement strict\nproduct recalls for its customers, Nissan would incur significant additional\nexpenses which could adversely affect its financial position and results of\noperations.\nFluctuation in Foreign Currency Exchange Rates\nNissan’s Japanese operations export vehicles to various countries around\nthe world. In general, the appreciation of the yen against other currencies",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 72,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf",
+                "query": "How can CEDAR Oil be used with the AY11236 microscope?",
+                "target_page": 10,
+                "target_passage": "1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil. 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil. 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **17**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece\ninterpupillary slide adjustment.\n7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine\nfocus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until\nimage is clear and sharp.\n9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives.\nNOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so\nthe precision or parfocalization is very high.\n10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select\nother objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine\nadjustment knob has not been used by using the following\nmethod (See Fig. 1):\n1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x  objective and remove from\nturret.\n2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal\ndistance.\n4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n##### **USING THE CEDAR OIL**\n1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the\n100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality\nimage, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate\nbubbles in the cedar oil.\n2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the\ncedar oil.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **17**\n\n### **TROUBLESHOOTING**\n**Problem Possible Cause Solution**\n1. Image not clear. 1. Re-position specimen.\n|  1.Specimen is in incorrect  position. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Cedar oil not placed on  immersion objective. 4. Bubbles in Cedar oil. 5. Cedar oil on 40x objective. 6. Iris diaphragm open too wide.  |\n|:---|\n| 1. Condenser position is incorrect. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Specimen is not placed level.  |\n| 1. Iris diaphragm opening too small. 2. Position of condenser too low. 3. Lens is dirty.  |\n| 1. Specimen is in incorrect position.  |\n2. Clean lens.\n3. Put a drop of Cedar oil on\nimmersion objective.\n4. Rotate turret several times to\neliminate bubbles.\n5. Clean 40x objective.\n6. Reduce size of iris diaphragm.\n1. Re-position condenser.\n2. Clean lens.\n3. Re-position specimen so it is level.\n1. Open iris diaphragm wider.\n2. Raise condenser.\n3. Clean lens.\n1. Re-position specimen.\n2. Poor illumination.\n3. Illumination not bright.\n4. Cannot focus at high\nmagnification.\n1. Stage is too high. 1. Re-position stage. 5. Objective lenses touch\nspecimen.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **12**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11230**\n**Model AY11230 Model AY11234**\n**Model AY11234**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11228**\n**Model AY11228 Model AY11232**\n**Model AY11232**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **16**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before\nassembling instrument.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving\nturret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only.\n3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips.\nNOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is\nthe cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the\nspecimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the\nthickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass\nis 0.17mm.\n4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope\nlamp ON.\n5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective\nfirst. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it\neasier to search the specimen.\n**Name Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x (parfocal distance adjustable)  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) (parfocal distance adjustable)  |\n| 100x (oil,s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n1\n1\n2\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer\nAbbe Condenser NA1.25\nPlastic Dust Cover\nLens Cleaning Tissue\n1 Cedar Oil\n1 1A Fuse (spare)\nSpare 6V20W Halogen Bulb\nSpecification\nInspection Certificate\nPacking List\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **13**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n**SELECTING OBJECTIVE**\n**MAGNIFICATION**\n1. There are two objectives. The lower\nmagnification objective has a greater\ndepth of field and view.\n2. In order to observe the specimen\neasily use the lower magnification\nobjective first. Then, by rotating the\ncase, the magnification can be\nchanged.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Remove the lens protective cover.\n2. Place the specimen on the working\nstage.\n3. Focus the specimen with the left eye\nfirst while turning the focus knob until\nthe image appears clear and sharp.\n4. Rotate the right eyepiece ring until the\nimages in each eyepiece coincide and\nare sharp and clear.\n**CHANGING THE BULB**\n1. Disconnect the power cord.\n2. When the bulb is cool, remove the\noblique illuminator cap and remove\nthe halogen bulb with cap.\n3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n4. Open the window in the base plate and\nreplace the halogen lamp or\nfluorescent lamp of transmitted\nilluminator.\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Turn the focusing knob away or toward\nyou until a clear image is viewed.\n2. If the image is unclear, adjust the\nheight of the elevator up or down,\nthen turn the focusing knob again.\n**ZOOM MAGNIFICATION**\n1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n**SELECTING OBJECTIVE**\n**MAGNIFICATION**\n1. There are two objectives. The lower\nmagnification objective has a greater\ndepth of field and view.\n2. In order to observe the specimen\neasily use the lower magnification\nobjective first. Then, by rotating the\ncase, the magnification can be\nchanged.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Remove the lens protective cover.\n2. Place the specimen on the working\nstage.\n3. Focus the specimen with the left eye\nfirst while turning the focus knob until\nthe image appears clear and sharp.\n4. Rotate the right eyepiece ring until the\nimages in each eyepiece coincide and\nare sharp and clear.\n**CHANGING THE BULB**\n1. Disconnect the power cord from the\nelectrical outlet before changing the\nbulb.\n2. When the bulb is cool, remove the\noblique illuminator cap and remove\nthe halogen bulb with cap.\n3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n4. Open the window in the base plate and\nreplace the halogen lamp or\nfluorescent lamp of transmitted\nilluminator.\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Turn the focusing knob away or toward\nyou until a clear image is viewed.\n2. If the image is unclear, adjust the\nheight of the elevator up or down,\nthen turn the focusing knob again.\n**ZOOM MAGNIFICATION**\n1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **4**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives\nto revolving turret.\n3. Place the specimen on the stage and\nsecure with spring clips. NOTE: The\ncover glass must face upward (the\nthinner glass is the cover glass),\notherwise when the 40x objective is\nused the specimen cannot be\nobserved. Observation is best when\nthe thickness of the cover glass is\n0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is\n0.17mm.\n4. Adjust the stand to an angle that\nprovides comfortable observation.\n5. Rotate and adjust concave mirror to\nlight the field of view.  **NOTE: Do not**\n**reflect the Sun with the mirror.**\n**This can cause serious eye injury**\n**or permanent eye damage.**\n6. Observe the specimen using the\nlowest magnification objective first.\nThe 4x objective provides a larger\nfield of view to search specimen.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives\nto revolving turret. 3. Place the\nspecimen on the stage and\nsecure with spring clips. NOTE: The\ncover glass must face upward (the\nthinner glass is the cover glass),\notherwise when the 40x objective is\nused the specimen cannot be\nobserved. Observation is best when\nthe thickness of the cover glass is\n0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is\n0.17mm.\n4. Plug power cord into an electrical\noutlet. Turn microscope\nlamp ON.\n5. Observe the specimen using the\nlowest magnification objective\nfirst. The 4x objective provides a\nlarger field of view to search\nspecimen.\n**Name**\n**Model AY11240**\n**Model AY11240 Model AY11238**\n**Model AY11238**\n**Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) |\n1\nPlain Concave Mirror 1\nPlastic Dust Cover 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nSpecification 1\nInspection Certificate 1\nPacking List 1\n1\n1\n1\n**Name Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) |\n1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 1\nPlastic Dust Cover 1\nSpare Bulb 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nSpecification 1\nInspection Certificate 1\nPacking List 1\n1\n1\n1",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL**\n\n### **IMPORTANT NOTES**\nCongratulations on your purchase of this high quality BARSKA\nmicroscope. With proper care, this microscope will provide many\nyears of use. Please read the following instructions before\noperating this instrument.\n1. Do not attempt to disassemble the instrument. This product has\nbeen carefully assembled at the factory and should only be\nexamined by a factory-trained technician.\n2. This instrument should only be used in an environment with an\nindoor temperature range of 32 <sup>o</sup> F to 104 <sup>o</sup> F.\n3. Do not use this instrument in an environment with a lot of dust.\n##### **Cover the instrument when not in use.**\n4. Do not subject the instrument to shock.\nMaintenance............................................\nModel AY11240/Model AY11238..................\nModel AY11228/Model AY11232..................\nModel AY11230/Model AY11234..................\nModel AY11236........................................\nWarranty Information................................\n1\n2-5\n6-9\n10-13\n14-18\nBack Cover",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **6**\n### **MODEL AY11228/AY11232**\n### **MICROSCOPE USAGE**\nBARSKA Model AY11228 and Model AY11232 are designed for\nbiological studies such as specimen examination. They can also\nbe used for examining bacteria and for general clinical and medical\nstudies. Simple design and use is especially useful for school\nclassroom instruction.\n### **CONSTRUCTION**\nBARSKA Model AY11228 is a fixed power stereo microscope. It is\nconstructed with two optical paths at the same angle. It is\nequipped with transmitted illumination and oblique illumination.\nBy using this instrument, the user can observe and enlarge the\nright side stereo image. BARSKA Model AY11232 is a zoom stereo\nmicroscope. The object being viewed is enlarged through two\nidentical sized sets of right and left eye lenses. The zoom provides\ndifferent magnification and features an inversion system which\nallows the image to be viewed normally and right side up.\n**Model AY11228 Model AY11232**\nDiopter\nAdjustment\nDiopter\nAdjustment\nPrism\nCap\nPrism\nCap\nEyepiece\nStage\nLens\nStage\nVertical Pole\nIllumination Controls Rotary Case\nIllumination Controls\nSpring Clips\nSpring Clips\nFocus Knob\nFocus Knob\nMagnification Adjustment Knob\nFocus Knob\nTightening Knob\nOblique Illuminator\nOblique Illuminator\nLens Housing\nEyepiece",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf",
+                "query": "For the AY11230 microscope, what is the interpupillary adjustment?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "Model AY11230 1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **11**\n\n### **SPECIFICATIONS**\n\n**Model AY11230**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: 60mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Right Diopter Adjustment Range: +4 to -6 dopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11230**\n20x, 40x\nObjective Zoom Scale\n- 0.5x\n95\n7x- 45x 28.6- 4.4\n3.5x- 22.5x 5.3x- 33.8x 10.5x- 67.5x 14x- 90x 57.2- 8.8 38.1- 5.9 19.0- 2.9 14.3- 2.2\n156 102 44 30\n0.75x 1.5x 2x Accessory Large Objective\nWorking Distance (mm)\nWF10x/20mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n8.8x- 56x 25.7- 4.0\n4.4x- 28x 6.6x- 42x 13.2x- 84x 17.6x- 112x 51.4- 8 34.3- 5.3 17.1- 2.7 12.9- 2.0\nWF12.5x/18mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n10.5x- 67.5x 22.9- 3.6\n5.3x- 33.8x 7.9x- 58.6x 15.7x- 101x 21x- 135x 45.8- 7.2 30.5- 4.8 15.3- 24 11.5- 1.8\nWF15x/16mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n14x- 90x\n17.0- 2.7\n7x- 45x 10.5x- 67.5x 21x- 135x 28x- 180x\n34.0- 5.4 22.7- 3.6 11.3- 1.8 8.5- 1.4\nWF20x/12mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n17.5x- 112.5x\n12.9- 2.0\n8.8x- 56.3x 13x- 84.4x 26.3x- 169x 35x- 225x\n25.8- 4.0 17.2- 2.7 8.6- 1.3 6.5- 1.0\nWF25x/9mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n2x, 4x 90mm Wide Field 10x, 20mm\n**Total**\n**Magnification Working Distance Eyepiece Magnification**\n**& Field Diameter (mm) Objective**\n**Magnification**\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11234**\n**Model AY11234**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: >50mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Diopter Adjustment Range: +/- 5 diopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\nTransmitted Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **7**\n\n### **SPECIFICATIONS**\n\n**Model AY11228**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: 60mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Right Diopter Adjustment Range: +4 to -6 dopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11228**\n20x, 40x\nObjective Zoom Scale\n- 0.5x\n95\n7x- 45x 28.6- 4.4\n3.5x- 22.5x 5.3x- 33.8x 10.5x- 67.5x 14x- 90x 57.2- 8.8 38.1- 5.9 19.0- 2.9 14.3- 2.2\n156 102 44 30\n0.75x 1.5x 2x Accessory Large Objective\nWorking Distance (mm)\nWF10x/20mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n8.8x- 56x 25.7- 4.0\n4.4x- 28x 6.6x- 42x 13.2x- 84x 17.6x- 112x 51.4- 8 34.3- 5.3 17.1- 2.7 12.9- 2.0\nWF12.5x/18mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n10.5x- 67.5x 22.9- 3.6\n5.3x- 33.8x 7.9x- 58.6x 15.7x- 101x 21x- 135x 45.8- 7.2 30.5- 4.8 15.3- 24 11.5- 1.8\nWF15x/16mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n14x- 90x\n17.0- 2.7\n7x- 45x 10.5x- 67.5x 21x- 135x 28x- 180x\n34.0- 5.4 22.7- 3.6 11.3- 1.8 8.5- 1.4\nWF20x/12mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n17.5x- 112.5x\n12.9- 2.0\n8.8x- 56.3x 13x- 84.4x 26.3x- 169x 35x- 225x\n25.8- 4.0 17.2- 2.7 8.6- 1.3 6.5- 1.0\nWF25x/9mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n2x, 4x 90mm Wide Field 10x, 20mm\n**Total**\n**Magnification Working Distance Eyepiece Magnification**\n**& Field Diameter (mm) Objective**\n**Magnification**\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11232**\n**Model AY11232**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: >50mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Diopter Adjustment Range: +/- 5 diopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\nTransmitted Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **13**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n**SELECTING OBJECTIVE**\n**MAGNIFICATION**\n1. There are two objectives. The lower\nmagnification objective has a greater\ndepth of field and view.\n2. In order to observe the specimen\neasily use the lower magnification\nobjective first. Then, by rotating the\ncase, the magnification can be\nchanged.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Remove the lens protective cover.\n2. Place the specimen on the working\nstage.\n3. Focus the specimen with the left eye\nfirst while turning the focus knob until\nthe image appears clear and sharp.\n4. Rotate the right eyepiece ring until the\nimages in each eyepiece coincide and\nare sharp and clear.\n**CHANGING THE BULB**\n1. Disconnect the power cord.\n2. When the bulb is cool, remove the\noblique illuminator cap and remove\nthe halogen bulb with cap.\n3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n4. Open the window in the base plate and\nreplace the halogen lamp or\nfluorescent lamp of transmitted\nilluminator.\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Turn the focusing knob away or toward\nyou until a clear image is viewed.\n2. If the image is unclear, adjust the\nheight of the elevator up or down,\nthen turn the focusing knob again.\n**ZOOM MAGNIFICATION**\n1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **17**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece\ninterpupillary slide adjustment.\n7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine\nfocus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until\nimage is clear and sharp.\n9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives.\nNOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so\nthe precision or parfocalization is very high.\n10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select\nother objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine\nadjustment knob has not been used by using the following\nmethod (See Fig. 1):\n1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x  objective and remove from\nturret.\n2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal\ndistance.\n4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n##### **USING THE CEDAR OIL**\n1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the\n100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality\nimage, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate\nbubbles in the cedar oil.\n2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the\ncedar oil.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n**SELECTING OBJECTIVE**\n**MAGNIFICATION**\n1. There are two objectives. The lower\nmagnification objective has a greater\ndepth of field and view.\n2. In order to observe the specimen\neasily use the lower magnification\nobjective first. Then, by rotating the\ncase, the magnification can be\nchanged.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Remove the lens protective cover.\n2. Place the specimen on the working\nstage.\n3. Focus the specimen with the left eye\nfirst while turning the focus knob until\nthe image appears clear and sharp.\n4. Rotate the right eyepiece ring until the\nimages in each eyepiece coincide and\nare sharp and clear.\n**CHANGING THE BULB**\n1. Disconnect the power cord from the\nelectrical outlet before changing the\nbulb.\n2. When the bulb is cool, remove the\noblique illuminator cap and remove\nthe halogen bulb with cap.\n3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n4. Open the window in the base plate and\nreplace the halogen lamp or\nfluorescent lamp of transmitted\nilluminator.\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Turn the focusing knob away or toward\nyou until a clear image is viewed.\n2. If the image is unclear, adjust the\nheight of the elevator up or down,\nthen turn the focusing knob again.\n**ZOOM MAGNIFICATION**\n1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11228**\n**Model AY11228 Model AY11232**\n**Model AY11232**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **12**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11230**\n**Model AY11230 Model AY11234**\n**Model AY11234**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **5**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n##### **USING THE 5-HOLE DIAPHRAGM**\n1. To obtain the best contrast for observing, match the hole size to\nthe objective that is being used to view the specimen.\n2. Each hole has a corresponding number from 1 to 5. 1 is the\nsmallest hole; 5 is the largest hole.\nUse the following guidelines to match the hole number to the\nobjective that you have selected:\n40x objective: Use #5 hole\n10x objective: Use #4 or #3 hole\n4x objective: Use #2 or #1 hole\n##### **COARSE KNOB ADJUSTMENT - Model AY11240**\n1. The coarse adjustment knob has an adjustable heavy-light nut\n(See Fig.1).\n2. To adjust the knob loosen or tighten the nut.\nNOTE: Adjusting the nut too tight will make focusing difficult.\nAdjusting the nut too loose will cause the tube to slide.\nHeavy-Light Adjustment Nut\n##### **Fig. 1- Coarse Adjustment Knob**\n7. To clearly see the outline of the\nspecimen, rotate the coarse\nadjustment knob and lower\nthe barrel to the space limiter.\n8. Rotate the fine adjustment knob\nuntil the image is in sharp focus.\nWhen using other objectives, rotate\nthe fine focus adjustment until the\nimage is in focus.\n6. To clearly see the outline of the\nspecimen, rotate the coarse\nadjustment knob and lower\nthe barrel to the space limiter.\n7. Rotate the fine adjustment knob\nuntil the image is in sharp focus.\nWhen using other objectives, rotate\nthe fine focus adjustment until the\nimage is in focus.\n**Model AY11240 Model AY11238**",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **10 9**\n**Model AY11230 Model AY11234**\nDiopter\nAdjustment Diopter\nAdjustment\nPrism\nCap\nPrism\nCap\nEyepiece\nStage\nLens\nStage\nVertical Tube Vertical Tube\nIllumination Controls\nRotary Case\nSpring Clips Spring Clips\nFocus Knob\nMagnification Adjustment Knob\nFocus Knob\nTightening Knob\nOblique Illuminator Oblique Illuminator\nLens Housing\nEyepiece\nIllumination Controls",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **13**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\nthe desired magnification and field of\nview.\n2. In most situations, it is recommended\nthat you focus at the lowest\nmagnification, then move to a higher\nmagnification and re-focus as\nnecessary.\n3. If the image is not clear to both eyes\nat the same time, the diopter ring may\nneed adjustment.\n**DIOPTER RING ADJUSTMENT**\n1. To adjust the eyepiece for viewing with\nor without eyeglasses and for\ndifferences in acuity between the right\nand left eyes, follow the following\nsteps:\na. Observe an image through the left\neyepiece and bring a specific point\ninto focus using the focus knob.\nb. By turning the diopter ring\nadjustment for the left eyepiece,\nbring the same point into sharp\nfocus.\nc.Then bring the same point into\nfocus through the right eyepiece\nby turning the right diopter ring.\nd.With more than one viewer, each\nviewer should note their own\ndiopter ring position for the left\nand right eyepieces, then before\nviewing set the diopter ring\nadjustments to that setting.\n**CHANGING THE BULB**\n1. Disconnect the power cord from the\nelectrical outlet.\n2. When the bulb is cool, remove the\noblique illuminator cap and remove\nthe halogen bulb with cap.\n3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n4. Open the window in the base plate\nand replace the halogen lamp or\nfluorescent lamp of transmitted\nilluminator.\n\n**Model AY11230 Model AY11234**",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf",
+                "query": "The illumination of my AY11236 microscope is not very strong, what can I do to solve this?",
+                "target_page": 10,
+                "target_passage": "1. Open iris diaphragm wider. 2. Raise condenser. 3. Clean lens.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **12**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11230**\n**Model AY11230 Model AY11234**\n**Model AY11234**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11228**\n**Model AY11228 Model AY11232**\n**Model AY11232**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **17**\n\n### **TROUBLESHOOTING**\n**Problem Possible Cause Solution**\n1. Image not clear. 1. Re-position specimen.\n|  1.Specimen is in incorrect  position. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Cedar oil not placed on  immersion objective. 4. Bubbles in Cedar oil. 5. Cedar oil on 40x objective. 6. Iris diaphragm open too wide.  |\n|:---|\n| 1. Condenser position is incorrect. 2. Lens is dirty. 3. Specimen is not placed level.  |\n| 1. Iris diaphragm opening too small. 2. Position of condenser too low. 3. Lens is dirty.  |\n| 1. Specimen is in incorrect position.  |\n2. Clean lens.\n3. Put a drop of Cedar oil on\nimmersion objective.\n4. Rotate turret several times to\neliminate bubbles.\n5. Clean 40x objective.\n6. Reduce size of iris diaphragm.\n1. Re-position condenser.\n2. Clean lens.\n3. Re-position specimen so it is level.\n1. Open iris diaphragm wider.\n2. Raise condenser.\n3. Clean lens.\n1. Re-position specimen.\n2. Poor illumination.\n3. Illumination not bright.\n4. Cannot focus at high\nmagnification.\n1. Stage is too high. 1. Re-position stage. 5. Objective lenses touch\nspecimen.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **11**\n\n### **SPECIFICATIONS**\n\n**Model AY11230**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: 60mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Right Diopter Adjustment Range: +4 to -6 dopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11230**\n20x, 40x\nObjective Zoom Scale\n- 0.5x\n95\n7x- 45x 28.6- 4.4\n3.5x- 22.5x 5.3x- 33.8x 10.5x- 67.5x 14x- 90x 57.2- 8.8 38.1- 5.9 19.0- 2.9 14.3- 2.2\n156 102 44 30\n0.75x 1.5x 2x Accessory Large Objective\nWorking Distance (mm)\nWF10x/20mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n8.8x- 56x 25.7- 4.0\n4.4x- 28x 6.6x- 42x 13.2x- 84x 17.6x- 112x 51.4- 8 34.3- 5.3 17.1- 2.7 12.9- 2.0\nWF12.5x/18mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n10.5x- 67.5x 22.9- 3.6\n5.3x- 33.8x 7.9x- 58.6x 15.7x- 101x 21x- 135x 45.8- 7.2 30.5- 4.8 15.3- 24 11.5- 1.8\nWF15x/16mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n14x- 90x\n17.0- 2.7\n7x- 45x 10.5x- 67.5x 21x- 135x 28x- 180x\n34.0- 5.4 22.7- 3.6 11.3- 1.8 8.5- 1.4\nWF20x/12mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n17.5x- 112.5x\n12.9- 2.0\n8.8x- 56.3x 13x- 84.4x 26.3x- 169x 35x- 225x\n25.8- 4.0 17.2- 2.7 8.6- 1.3 6.5- 1.0\nWF25x/9mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n2x, 4x 90mm Wide Field 10x, 20mm\n**Total**\n**Magnification Working Distance Eyepiece Magnification**\n**& Field Diameter (mm) Objective**\n**Magnification**\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11234**\n**Model AY11234**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: >50mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Diopter Adjustment Range: +/- 5 diopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\nTransmitted Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **7**\n\n### **SPECIFICATIONS**\n\n**Model AY11228**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: 60mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Right Diopter Adjustment Range: +4 to -6 dopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11228**\n20x, 40x\nObjective Zoom Scale\n- 0.5x\n95\n7x- 45x 28.6- 4.4\n3.5x- 22.5x 5.3x- 33.8x 10.5x- 67.5x 14x- 90x 57.2- 8.8 38.1- 5.9 19.0- 2.9 14.3- 2.2\n156 102 44 30\n0.75x 1.5x 2x Accessory Large Objective\nWorking Distance (mm)\nWF10x/20mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n8.8x- 56x 25.7- 4.0\n4.4x- 28x 6.6x- 42x 13.2x- 84x 17.6x- 112x 51.4- 8 34.3- 5.3 17.1- 2.7 12.9- 2.0\nWF12.5x/18mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n10.5x- 67.5x 22.9- 3.6\n5.3x- 33.8x 7.9x- 58.6x 15.7x- 101x 21x- 135x 45.8- 7.2 30.5- 4.8 15.3- 24 11.5- 1.8\nWF15x/16mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n14x- 90x\n17.0- 2.7\n7x- 45x 10.5x- 67.5x 21x- 135x 28x- 180x\n34.0- 5.4 22.7- 3.6 11.3- 1.8 8.5- 1.4\nWF20x/12mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n17.5x- 112.5x\n12.9- 2.0\n8.8x- 56.3x 13x- 84.4x 26.3x- 169x 35x- 225x\n25.8- 4.0 17.2- 2.7 8.6- 1.3 6.5- 1.0\nWF25x/9mm Total Magnification\nField of View Objective Dia. (mm)\n2x, 4x 90mm Wide Field 10x, 20mm\n**Total**\n**Magnification Working Distance Eyepiece Magnification**\n**& Field Diameter (mm) Objective**\n**Magnification**\n##### **Optical Specifications - Model AY11232**\n**Model AY11232**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm\n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm\n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: >50mm\n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm\n5. Diopter Adjustment Range: +/- 5 diopters\n6. Illumination:\nInput Voltage: 110V AC or 220V\nOutput: Oblique Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp\nTransmitted Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n**SELECTING OBJECTIVE**\n**MAGNIFICATION**\n1. There are two objectives. The lower\nmagnification objective has a greater\ndepth of field and view.\n2. In order to observe the specimen\neasily use the lower magnification\nobjective first. Then, by rotating the\ncase, the magnification can be\nchanged.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Remove the lens protective cover.\n2. Place the specimen on the working\nstage.\n3. Focus the specimen with the left eye\nfirst while turning the focus knob until\nthe image appears clear and sharp.\n4. Rotate the right eyepiece ring until the\nimages in each eyepiece coincide and\nare sharp and clear.\n**CHANGING THE BULB**\n1. Disconnect the power cord from the\nelectrical outlet before changing the\nbulb.\n2. When the bulb is cool, remove the\noblique illuminator cap and remove\nthe halogen bulb with cap.\n3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n4. Open the window in the base plate and\nreplace the halogen lamp or\nfluorescent lamp of transmitted\nilluminator.\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Turn the focusing knob away or toward\nyou until a clear image is viewed.\n2. If the image is unclear, adjust the\nheight of the elevator up or down,\nthen turn the focusing knob again.\n**ZOOM MAGNIFICATION**\n1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **4**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives\nto revolving turret.\n3. Place the specimen on the stage and\nsecure with spring clips. NOTE: The\ncover glass must face upward (the\nthinner glass is the cover glass),\notherwise when the 40x objective is\nused the specimen cannot be\nobserved. Observation is best when\nthe thickness of the cover glass is\n0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is\n0.17mm.\n4. Adjust the stand to an angle that\nprovides comfortable observation.\n5. Rotate and adjust concave mirror to\nlight the field of view.  **NOTE: Do not**\n**reflect the Sun with the mirror.**\n**This can cause serious eye injury**\n**or permanent eye damage.**\n6. Observe the specimen using the\nlowest magnification objective first.\nThe 4x objective provides a larger\nfield of view to search specimen.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives\nto revolving turret. 3. Place the\nspecimen on the stage and\nsecure with spring clips. NOTE: The\ncover glass must face upward (the\nthinner glass is the cover glass),\notherwise when the 40x objective is\nused the specimen cannot be\nobserved. Observation is best when\nthe thickness of the cover glass is\n0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is\n0.17mm.\n4. Plug power cord into an electrical\noutlet. Turn microscope\nlamp ON.\n5. Observe the specimen using the\nlowest magnification objective\nfirst. The 4x objective provides a\nlarger field of view to search\nspecimen.\n**Name**\n**Model AY11240**\n**Model AY11240 Model AY11238**\n**Model AY11238**\n**Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) |\n1\nPlain Concave Mirror 1\nPlastic Dust Cover 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nSpecification 1\nInspection Certificate 1\nPacking List 1\n1\n1\n1\n**Name Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) |\n1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 1\nPlastic Dust Cover 1\nSpare Bulb 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nSpecification 1\nInspection Certificate 1\nPacking List 1\n1\n1\n1",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **13**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n**SELECTING OBJECTIVE**\n**MAGNIFICATION**\n1. There are two objectives. The lower\nmagnification objective has a greater\ndepth of field and view.\n2. In order to observe the specimen\neasily use the lower magnification\nobjective first. Then, by rotating the\ncase, the magnification can be\nchanged.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Remove the lens protective cover.\n2. Place the specimen on the working\nstage.\n3. Focus the specimen with the left eye\nfirst while turning the focus knob until\nthe image appears clear and sharp.\n4. Rotate the right eyepiece ring until the\nimages in each eyepiece coincide and\nare sharp and clear.\n**CHANGING THE BULB**\n1. Disconnect the power cord.\n2. When the bulb is cool, remove the\noblique illuminator cap and remove\nthe halogen bulb with cap.\n3. Replace with a new halogen bulb.\n4. Open the window in the base plate and\nreplace the halogen lamp or\nfluorescent lamp of transmitted\nilluminator.\n**FOCUSING**\n1. Turn the focusing knob away or toward\nyou until a clear image is viewed.\n2. If the image is unclear, adjust the\nheight of the elevator up or down,\nthen turn the focusing knob again.\n**ZOOM MAGNIFICATION**\n1. Turn the zoom magnification knob to",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **17**\n\n### **OPERATION (cont.)**\n\n6. Adjust the interpupillary distance by using the eyepiece\ninterpupillary slide adjustment.\n7. Observe using the right eyepiece adjusting the coarse and fine\nfocus and adjust the diopter ring until image is clear and sharp.\n8. Observe with the left eyepiece and adjust the diopter ring until\nimage is clear and sharp.\n9. Rotate the fine focus adjustment when using other objectives.\nNOTE: This instrument is equipped with patent objectives so\nthe precision or parfocalization is very high.\n10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select\nother objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine\nadjustment knob has not been used by using the following\nmethod (See Fig. 1):\n1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x  objective and remove from\nturret.\n2. Remove the mark sleeve.\n3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal\ndistance.\n4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x.\n5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear.\n##### **USING THE CEDAR OIL**\n1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the\n100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality\nimage, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate\nbubbles in the cedar oil.\n2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil.\n3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the\ncedar oil.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **16**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before\nassembling instrument.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving\nturret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only.\n3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips.\nNOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is\nthe cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the\nspecimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the\nthickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass\nis 0.17mm.\n4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope\nlamp ON.\n5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective\nfirst. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it\neasier to search the specimen.\n**Name Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x (parfocal distance adjustable)  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) (parfocal distance adjustable)  |\n| 100x (oil,s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n1\n1\n2\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer\nAbbe Condenser NA1.25\nPlastic Dust Cover\nLens Cleaning Tissue\n1 Cedar Oil\n1 1A Fuse (spare)\nSpare 6V20W Halogen Bulb\nSpecification\nInspection Certificate\nPacking List\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf",
+                "query": "What event marks the beginning of the field of artificial intelligence?",
+                "target_page": 22,
+                "target_passage": "The field of AI research was founded at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Regulation**\n\n[In November 2023, the first global AI Safety Summit was held in Bletchley Park in the UK to discuss the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park)\nnear and far term risks of AI and the possibility of mandatory and voluntary regulatory frameworks. <sup>[314]</sup>\n28 countries including the United States, China, and the European Union issued a declaration at the start\nof the summit, calling for international co-operation to manage the challenges and risks of artificial\nintelligence. <sup>[315][316]</sup> [ In May 2024 at the AI Seoul Summit, 16 global AI tech companies agreed to safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Seoul_Summit)\ncommitments on the development of AI. <sup>[317][318]</sup>\nThe study of mechanical or \"formal\" reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity.\n[The study of logic led directly to Alan Turing's theory of computation, which suggested that a machine,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_computation)\nby shuffling symbols as simple as \"0\" and \"1\", could simulate any conceivable form of mathematical\nreasoning. <sup>[319][320]</sup> [ This, along with concurrent discoveries in cybernetics, information theory and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory)\n[neurobiology, led researchers to consider the possibility of building an \"electronic brain\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiology) <sup>[r]</sup> They\ndeveloped several areas of research that would become part of AI, <sup>[322]</sup> [ such as McCullouch and Pitts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pitts)\ndesign for \"artificial neurons\" in 1943, <sup>[115]</sup> [ and Turing's influential 1950 paper 'Computing Machinery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Machinery_and_Intelligence)\n[and Intelligence', which introduced the Turing test and showed that \"machine intelligence\" was](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test)\nplausible. <sup>[323][320]</sup>\n[The field of AI research was founded at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College) <sup>[s][6]</sup> The attendees\nbecame the leaders of AI research in the 1960s. <sup>[t]</sup> They and their students produced programs that the\npress described as \"astonishing\": <sup>[u]</sup> [ computers were learning checkers strategies, solving word problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers)\n[in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem) <sup>[v][7]</sup> Artificial intelligence laboratories were",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\nreach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including\n[search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network)\n[statistics, operations research, and economics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics) <sup>[b]</sup> [ AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence)\n[neuroscience, and other fields.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience) <sup>[5]</sup>\nArtificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, <sup>[6]</sup> and the field went through\n[multiple cycles of optimism throughout its history,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence) <sup>[7][8]</sup> followed by periods of disappointment and loss of\n[funding, known as AI winters.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter) <sup>[9][10]</sup> [ Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning)\noutperformed previous AI techniques. <sup>[11]</sup> [ This growth accelerated further after 2017 with the transformer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_architecture)\n[architecture,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_architecture) <sup>[12]</sup> and by the early 2020s many billions of dollars were being invested in AI and the field\n[experienced rapid ongoing progress in what has become known as the AI boom. The emergence of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom)\nadvanced generative AI in the midst of the AI boom and its ability to create and modify content exposed\n[several unintended consequences and harms in the present and raised concerns about the risks of AI and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_risk)\n[its long-term effects in the future, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_safety)\n[and benefits of the technology.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_safety)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Explanatory notes**\n\nnatural-language processing, computer vision, and robotics used extremely different\nmethods, now they all use a programming method called \"deep learning\". As a result, their\ncode and approaches have become more similar, and their models are easier to integrate\ninto one another.\" <sup>[346]</sup>\n[z. Jack Clark wrote in Bloomberg: \"After a half-decade of quiet breakthroughs in artificial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News)\nintelligence, 2015 has been a landmark year. Computers are smarter and learning faster\nthan ever\", and noted that the number of software projects that use machine learning at\n[Google increased from a \"sporadic usage\" in 2012 to more than 2,700 projects in 2015.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google) <sup>[348]</sup>\n[aa. Nils Nilsson wrote in 1983: \"Simply put, there is wide disagreement in the field about what AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Nilsson_(researcher))\nis all about.\" <sup>[369]</sup>\nab. Daniel Crevier wrote that \"time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of\nDreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they\nsuggested might have been taken much earlier.\" <sup>[374]</sup>\nac. Searle presented this definition of \"Strong AI\" in 1999. <sup>[384]</sup> Searle's original formulation was\n\"The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers\ngiven the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive\nstates.\" <sup>[385]</sup> [ Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell and Norvig: \"Stong AI -  the assertion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvig)\nthat machines that do so are  *actually*  thinking (as opposed to  *simulating*  thinking).\" <sup>[386]</sup>\n1. Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 1- 4.\n[2. AI set to exceed human brain power (http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostr](http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/)\n[om/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TEC](https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/)\n[H/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/) 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine CNN.com (July 26, 2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)\n3. Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2019). \"Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the\nland? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence\".  *Business*\n*Horizons*  .  **62**  [: 15- 25. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004)\n[2018.08.004). ISSN 0007-6813 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813).](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813)\n[S2CID 158433736 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736)\n[4. Artificial general intelligence: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 32- 33, 1020- 1021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence)\nProposal for the modern version: Pennachin & Goertzel (2007)\nWarnings of overspecialization in AI from leading researchers: Nilsson (1995), McCarthy\n(2007), Beal & Winston (2009)\n5. Russell & Norvig (2021, §1.2).\n[6. Dartmouth workshop: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 18), McCorduck (2004, pp. 111- 136), NRC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop)",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **History**\n\nresearch (measured by total publications) increased by 50% in the years 2015- 2019. <sup>[306]</sup>\n[In 2016, issues of fairness and the misuse of technology were catapulted into center stage at machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_fairness)\nlearning conferences, publications vastly increased, funding became available, and many researchers re-\n[focussed their careers on these issues. The alignment problem became a serious field of academic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment)\nstudy. <sup>[283]</sup>\n[In the late teens and early 2020s, AGI companies began to deliver programs that created enormous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence)\n[interest. In 2015, AlphaGo, developed by DeepMind, beat the world champion Go player. The program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_player)\n[taught only the game's rules and developed a strategy by itself. GPT-3 is a large language model that was](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model)\n[released in 2020 by OpenAI and is capable of generating high-quality human-like text.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI) <sup>[350]</sup> [ ChatGPT,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT)\nlaunched on November 30, 2022, became the fastest-growing consumer software application in history,\ngaining over 100 million users in two months. <sup>[351]</sup> It marked what is widely regarded as AI's breakout\nyear, bringing it into the public consciousness. <sup>[352]</sup> [ These programs, and others, inspired an aggressive AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom)\n[boom, where large companies began investing billions of dollars in AI research. According to AI Impacts,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom)\nabout $50 billion annually was invested in \"AI\" around 2022 in the U.S. alone and about 20% of the new\nThe Turing test can provide some\nevidence of intelligence, but it\npenalizes non-human intelligent\nbehavior. <sup>[361]</sup>\nU.S. Computer Science PhD graduates have specialized in \"AI\". <sup>[353]</sup> About 800,000 \"AI\"-related U.S. job\nopenings existed in 2022. <sup>[354]</sup> [ According to PitchBook research, 22% of newly funded startups in 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company)\nclaimed to be AI companies. <sup>[355]</sup>\nPhilosophical debates have historically sought to determine the nature of intelligence and how to make\nintelligent machines. <sup>[356]</sup> Another major focus has been whether machines can be conscious, and the\nassociated ethical implications. <sup>[357]</sup> Many other topics in philosophy are relevant to AI, such as\n[epistemology and free will.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will) <sup>[358]</sup> Rapid advancements have intensified public discussions on the\n[philosophy and ethics of AI.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_AI) <sup>[357]</sup>\n[Alan Turing wrote in 1950 \"I propose to consider the question 'can machines think'?\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing) <sup>[359]</sup> He advised",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **History**\n\n[Up to this point, most of AI's funding had gone to projects that used high-level symbols to represent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_AI)\n[mental objects like plans, goals, beliefs, and known facts. In the 1980s, some researchers began to doubt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_objects)\n[that this approach would be able to imitate all the processes of human cognition, especially perception,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_perception)\n[robotics, learning and pattern recognition,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition) <sup>[335]</sup> and began to look into \"sub-symbolic\" approaches. <sup>[336]</sup>\n[Rodney Brooks rejected \"representation\" in general and focussed directly on engineering machines that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks)\nmove and survive. <sup>[x]</sup> [ Judea Pearl, Lofti Zadeh, and others developed methods that handled incomplete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofti_Zadeh)\nand uncertain information by making reasonable guesses rather than precise logic. <sup>[86][341]</sup> But the most\n[important development was the revival of \"connectionism\", including neural network research, by](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionism)\n[Geoffrey Hinton and others.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton) <sup>[342]</sup> [ In 1990, Yann LeCun successfully showed that convolutional neural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_networks)\n[networks can recognize handwritten digits, the first of many successful applications of neural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_networks)\nnetworks. <sup>[343]</sup>\nAI gradually restored its reputation in the late 1990s and early 21st century by exploiting formal\n[mathematical methods and by finding specific solutions to specific problems. This \"narrow\" and \"formal\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_AI)\n[focus allowed researchers to produce verifiable results and collaborate with other fields (such as statistics,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics)\n[economics and mathematics).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization) <sup>[344]</sup> By 2000, solutions developed by AI researchers were being widely\nused, although in the 1990s they were rarely described as \"artificial intelligence\" (a tendency known as\n[the AI effect).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect) <sup>[345]</sup> However, several academic researchers became concerned that AI was no longer\npursuing its original goal of creating versatile, fully intelligent machines. Beginning around 2002, they\n[founded the subfield of artificial general intelligence (or \"AGI\"), which had several well-funded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence)\ninstitutions by the 2010s. <sup>[4]</sup>\n[Deep learning began to dominate industry benchmarks in 2012 and was adopted throughout the field.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning) <sup>[11]</sup>\nFor many specific tasks, other methods were abandoned. <sup>[y]</sup> Deep learning's success was based on both\n[hardware improvements (faster computers,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law) <sup>[347]</sup> [ graphics processing units, cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing) <sup>[348]</sup> ) and\n[access to large amounts of data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data) <sup>[349]</sup> (including curated datasets, <sup>[348]</sup> [ such as ImageNet). Deep learning's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageNet)\nsuccess led to an enormous increase in interest and funding in AI. <sup>[z]</sup> The amount of machine learning",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Regulation**\n\nset up at a number of British and U.S. universities in the latter 1950s and early 1960s. <sup>[320]</sup>\nResearchers in the 1960s and the 1970s were convinced that their methods would eventually succeed in\n[creating a machine with general intelligence and considered this the goal of their field.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) <sup>[327]</sup> In 1965\n[Herbert Simon predicted, \"machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon)\ndo\". <sup>[328]</sup> [ In 1967 Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that \"within a generation ... the problem of creating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky)\n'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved\". <sup>[329]</sup> They had, however, underestimated the difficulty\nof the problem. <sup>[w]</sup> In 1974, both the U.S. and British governments cut off exploratory research in\n[response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Lighthill) <sup>[331]</sup> [ and ongoing pressure from the U.S. Congress to fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Amendment)\n[more productive projects.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Amendment) <sup>[332]</sup> [ Minsky's and Papert's book ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papert) *[Perceptrons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptron)* was understood as proving that\n[artificial neural networks would never be useful for solving real-world tasks, thus discrediting the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks)\napproach altogether. <sup>[333]</sup> [ The \"AI winter\", a period when obtaining funding for AI projects was difficult,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter)\nfollowed. <sup>[9]</sup>\n[In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of expert systems,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system) <sup>[334]</sup> a form of\nAI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of human experts. By 1985, the market for\n[AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_generation_computer)\n[the U.S. and British governments to restore funding for academic research.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_research) <sup>[8]</sup> However, beginning with\n[the collapse of the Lisp Machine market in 1987, AI once again fell into disrepute, and a second, longer-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_Machine)\nlasting winter began. <sup>[10]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n**Artificial intelligence**  (  **AI**  [), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine)\n[computer systems. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science)\n[software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning)\nactions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. <sup>[1]</sup> Such machines may be called AIs.\n[High-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search)\n[recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix); virtual assistants (e.g., Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant)\n[Assistant, Siri, and Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); generative and creative tools (e.g.,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_creativity)\n[ChatGPT and AI art); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go). However,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game))\nmany AI applications are not perceived as AI: \"A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general\napplications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common\n[enough it's not labeled AI anymore.\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_effect) <sup>[2][3]</sup>\nVarious subfields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The\n[traditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing)\n[language processing, perception, and support for robotics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics) <sup>[a]</sup> [ General intelligence—the ability to complete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence)\nany task performed by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals. <sup>[4]</sup> To",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Goals**\n\n#### **Learning**\n\n[Kismet, a robot head which was](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(robot))\nmade in the 1990s; it is a machine\nthat can recognize and simulate\nemotions. <sup>[64]</sup>\n[that runs inputs through biologically inspired artificial neural networks for all of these types of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks)\nlearning. <sup>[48]</sup>\n[Computational learning theory can assess learners by computational complexity, by sample complexity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_complexity)\n[(how much data is required), or by other notions of optimization.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization) <sup>[49]</sup>\n[Natural language processing (NLP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing) <sup>[50]</sup> allows programs to read, write and communicate in human\n[languages such as English. Specific problems include speech recognition, speech synthesis, machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation)\n[translation, information extraction, information retrieval and question answering.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_answering) <sup>[51]</sup>\n[Early work, based on Noam Chomsky's generative grammar and semantic networks, had difficulty with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network)\n[word-sense disambiguation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation) <sup>[f]</sup> [ unless restricted to small domains called \"micro-worlds\" (due to the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocks_world)\ncommon sense knowledge problem <sup>[29]</sup> [). Margaret Masterman believed that it was meaning and not](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Masterman)\n[grammar that was the key to understanding languages, and that thesauri and not dictionaries should be the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesauri)\nbasis of computational language structure.\n[Modern deep learning techniques for NLP include word embedding (representing words, typically as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_embedding)\n[vectors encoding their meaning),](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space) <sup>[52]</sup> [ transformers (a deep learning architecture using an attention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning))\nmechanism), <sup>[53]</sup> and others. <sup>[54]</sup> [ In 2019, generative pre-trained transformer (or \"GPT\") language models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer)\nbegan to generate coherent text, <sup>[55][56]</sup> and by 2023, these models were able to get human-level scores on\n[the bar exam, SAT test, GRE test, and many other real-world applications.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRE) <sup>[57]</sup>\n[Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, wireless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_perception)\n[signals, active lidar, sonar, radar, and tactile sensors) to deduce aspects of the world. Computer vision is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision)\nthe ability to analyze visual input. <sup>[58]</sup>\n[The field includes speech recognition,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition) <sup>[59]</sup> [ image classification,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_classification) <sup>[60]</sup> [ facial recognition, object](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition)\n[recognition,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition) <sup>[61]</sup> [object tracking,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture) <sup>[62]</sup> [ and robotic perception.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_perception) <sup>[63]</sup>\n[Affective computing is a field that comprises systems that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_computing)\n[recognize, interpret, process, or simulate human feeling, emotion,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology))\n[and mood.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)) <sup>[65]</sup> [ For example, some virtual assistants are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant)\nprogrammed to speak conversationally or even to banter\nhumorously; it makes them appear more sensitive to the emotional\n[dynamics of human interaction, or to otherwise facilitate human- ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)\n[computer interaction.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)\nHowever, this tends to give naïve users an unrealistic conception\nof the intelligence of existing computer agents. <sup>[66]</sup> Moderate\n[successes related to affective computing include textual sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Philosophy**\n\n#### **Defining artificial intelligence**\n\nSome authors have suggested in practice, that the definition of AI is vague and difficult to define, with\ncontention as to whether classical algorithms should be categorised as AI, <sup>[367]</sup> with many companies\n[during the early 2020s AI boom using the term as a marketing buzzword, often even if they did \"not](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzword)\nactually use AI in a material way\". <sup>[368]</sup>\n[No established unifying theory or paradigm has guided AI research for most of its history.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm) <sup>[aa]</sup> The\nunprecedented success of statistical machine learning in the 2010s eclipsed all other approaches (so much\nso that some sources, especially in the business world, use the term \"artificial intelligence\" to mean\n[\"machine learning with neural networks\"). This approach is mostly sub-symbolic, soft and narrow. Critics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence)\nargue that these questions may have to be revisited by future generations of AI researchers.\n[Symbolic AI (or \"GOFAI\")](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOFAI) <sup>[370]</sup> simulated the high-level conscious reasoning that people use when they\nsolve puzzles, express legal reasoning and do mathematics. They were highly successful at \"intelligent\"\n[tasks such as algebra or IQ tests. In the 1960s, Newell and Simon proposed the physical symbol systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_symbol_systems_hypothesis)\n[hypothesis: \"A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_symbol_systems_hypothesis)\naction.\" <sup>[371]</sup>\nHowever, the symbolic approach failed on many tasks that humans solve easily, such as learning,\n[recognizing an object or commonsense reasoning. Moravec's paradox is the discovery that high-level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravec%27s_paradox)\n\"intelligent\" tasks were easy for AI, but low level \"instinctive\" tasks were extremely difficult. <sup>[372]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Other sources**\n\n[Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753 (https://search.worldcat.o](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233266753)\n[rg/oclc/1233266753).](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233266753)\nCiresan, D.; Meier, U.; Schmidhuber, J. (2012). \"Multi-column deep neural networks for image\nclassification\".  *2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition*  .\n[pp. 3642- 3649. arXiv:1202.2745 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.2745).](https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.2745)\n[doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248110 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fcvpr.2012.6248110). ISBN 978-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1228-8)\n[1-4673-1228-8. S2CID 2161592 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2161592).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2161592)\n[Clark, Jack (2015b). \"Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence\" (https://www.](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-int](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[elligence). ](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)  *Bloomberg.com*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artific](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[ial-intelligence) from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[CNA (12 January 2019). \"Commentary: Bad news. Artificial intelligence is biased\" (https://www.c](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[hannelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[challenge-11097374). ](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)  *CNA*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loan](https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[s-key-challenge-11097374) from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.](https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[Cybenko, G. (1988). Continuous valued neural networks with two hidden layers are sufficient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cybenko)\n(Report). Department of Computer Science, Tufts University.\n[Deng, L.; Yu, D. (2014). \"Deep Learning: Methods and Applications\" (http://research.microsoft.c](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)\n[om/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf) (PDF). ](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)  *Foundations and*\n*Trends in Signal Processing*  .  **7**  [ (3- 4): 197- 387. doi:10.1561/2000000039 (https://doi.org/10.](https://doi.org/10.1561%2F2000000039)\n[1561%2F2000000039). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152112/http://resea](https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152112/http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)\n[rch.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf) (PDF)](https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152112/http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)\nfrom the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2014.\n[Dennett, Daniel (1991). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett)  *[Consciousness Explained](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained)*  [. The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7139-9037-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9037-9)\n[9.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9037-9)\n[DiFeliciantonio, Chase (3 April 2023). \"AI has already changed the world. This report shows](https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[how\" (https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869](https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[558.php). ](https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)  *San Francisco Chronicle*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023061901530](https://web.archive.org/web/20230619015309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[9/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230619015309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[php) from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230619015309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[Dickson, Ben (2 May 2022). \"Machine learning: What is the transformer architecture?\" (https://b](https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer)\n[dtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer). ](https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer)  *TechTalks*  [. Archived (https://web.archiv](https://web.archive.org/web/20231122142948/https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer/)\n[e.org/web/20231122142948/https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer/)](https://web.archive.org/web/20231122142948/https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer/)\nfrom the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.\n[Dockrill, Peter (27 June 2022), \"Robots With Flawed AI Make Sexist And Racist Decisions,](https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[Experiment Shows\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.](https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows),](https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n*Science Alert*  [, archived from the original (https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai](https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows) on 27 June 2022](https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[Domingos, Pedro (2015). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Domingos)  *The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning*\n*Machine Will Remake Our World*  [. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-6570-7)\n[Dreyfus, Hubert (1972). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus)  *[What Computers Can't Do](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Computers_Can%27t_Do)*  [. New York: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-0601-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-1082-6)\n[1082-6.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-1082-6)\n[Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus)  *[Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and](https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)*\n*[Expertise in the Era of the Computer](https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)*  (https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey).\n[Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-0290-8060-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020072](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)\n[6131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey) from the original on 26 July](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)\n2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.\n[Dyson, George (1998). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian))  *[Darwin among the Machines](https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso)*  (https://archive.org/details/darwinamongm\n[achi00dyso). Allan Lane Science. ISBN 978-0-7382-0030-9. Archived (https://web.archive.or](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso)\n[g/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso) from the](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso)\noriginal on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 54,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf",
+                "query": "What would a superintelligence need?",
+                "target_page": 27,
+                "target_passage": "possess intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human mind.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Further reading**\n\nLearning systems are limited by the data on which they were trained. AI failures have\nalready led to tragedy. Advanced autopilot features in cars, although they perform well in\nsome circumstances, have driven cars without warning into trucks, concrete barriers, and\nparked cars. In the wrong situation, AI systems go from supersmart to superdumb in an\ninstant. When an enemy is trying to manipulate and hack an AI system, the risks are even\ngreater.\" (p. 140.)\n[Schulz, Hannes; Behnke, Sven (1 November 2012). \"Deep Learning\" (https://www.researchgat](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230690795)\n[e.net/publication/230690795). ](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230690795)  *KI -  Künstliche Intelligenz*  .  **26**  (4): 357- 363.\n[doi:10.1007/s13218-012-0198-z (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13218-012-0198-z).](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13218-012-0198-z)\n[ISSN 1610-1987 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1610-1987). S2CID 220523562 (https://ap](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220523562)\n[i.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220523562).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220523562)\n[Serenko, Alexander; Michael Dohan (2011). \"Comparing the expert survey and citation impact](http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf)\n[journal ranking methods: Example from the field of Artificial Intelligence\" (http://www.aserenk](http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf)\n[o.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf) (PDF). ](http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf)  *Journal of Informetrics*  .  **5**  (4):\n[629- 649. doi:10.1016/j.joi.2011.06.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joi.2011.06.002).](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joi.2011.06.002)\n[Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212839/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/J](https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212839/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf)\n[OI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved](https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212839/http://www.aserenko.com/papers/JOI_AI_Journal_Ranking_Serenko.pdf)\n12 September 2013.\n[Silver, David; Huang, Aja; Maddison, Chris J.; et al. (28 January 2016). \"Mastering the game of](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961)\n[Go with deep neural networks and tree search\" (https://www.nature.com/articles/nature1696](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961)\n[1). ](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961)  *Nature*  .  **529**  [ (7587): 484- 489. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..484S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.e](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.529..484S)\n[du/abs/2016Natur.529..484S). doi:10.1038/nature16961 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature1](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16961)\n[6961). PMID 26819042 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26819042). S2CID 515925 (http](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:515925)\n[s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:515925). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230](https://web.archive.org/web/20230618213059/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961)\n[618213059/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961) from the original on 18 June 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230618213059/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16961)\nRetrieved 19 June 2023.\n[Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar et al. \"Attention is all you need.\" Advances in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_is_all_you_need)\n[neural information processing systems 30 (2017). Seminal paper on transformers.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model))\nVincent, James, \"Horny Robot Baby Voice: James Vincent on AI chatbots\",  *[London Review of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books)*\n*[Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Review_of_Books)*  , vol. 46, no. 19 (10 October 2024), pp. 29- 32. \"[AI chatbot] programs are made\npossible by new technologies but rely on the timelelss human tendency to\n[anthropomorphise.\" (p. 29.)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphise)\n*[White Paper: On Artificial Intelligence -  A European approach to excellence and trust](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf)*  (https://e\n[c.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pd](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf)\n[f) (PDF). Brussels: European Commission. 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202](https://web.archive.org/web/20200220173419/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf)\n[00220173419/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intell](https://web.archive.org/web/20200220173419/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf)\n[igence-feb2020_en.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved](https://web.archive.org/web/20200220173419/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf)\n20 February 2020.\n[\"Artificial Intelligence\" (http://www.iep.utm.edu/art-inte). ](http://www.iep.utm.edu/art-inte)  *[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy)*  .\n[Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence&oldid=1268183823\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence&oldid=1268183823)",
+                    "page_start": 69,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Philosophy**\n\n#### **Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind**\n\n[sentience, if it emerges, would be particularly easy to deny. They warn that this may be a moral blind spot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_blindness)\n[analogous to slavery or factory farming, which could lead to large-scale suffering if sentient AI is created](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering_risks)\nand carelessly exploited. <sup>[390][389]</sup>\n[A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that would possess intelligence far surpassing that of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence)\nbrightest and most gifted human mind. <sup>[379]</sup> [ If research into artificial general intelligence produced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence)\n[sufficiently intelligent software, it might be able to reprogram and improve itself. The improved software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement)\n[would be even better at improving itself, leading to what I. J. Good called an \"intelligence explosion\" and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_explosion)\n[Vernor Vinge called a \"singularity\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity) <sup>[395]</sup>\n[However, technologies cannot improve exponentially indefinitely, and typically follow an S-shaped](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-shaped_curve)\n[curve, slowing when they reach the physical limits of what the technology can do.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-shaped_curve) <sup>[396]</sup>\n[Robot designer Hans Moravec, cyberneticist Kevin Warwick and inventor Ray Kurzweil have predicted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil)\n[that humans and machines may merge in the future into cyborgs that are more capable and powerful than](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg)\n[either. This idea, called transhumanism, has roots in the writings of Aldous Huxley and Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ettinger)\n[Ettinger.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ettinger) <sup>[397]</sup>\n##### **AI welfare and rights**",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Philosophy**\n\n#### **Defining artificial intelligence**\n\n[Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus had argued since the 1960s that human expertise depends on unconscious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus%27_critique_of_AI)\ninstinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation, and on having a \"feel\" for the situation, rather than\nexplicit symbolic knowledge. <sup>[373]</sup> Although his arguments had been ridiculed and ignored when they\nwere first presented, eventually, AI research came to agree with him. <sup>[ab][16]</sup>\n[The issue is not resolved: sub-symbolic reasoning can make many of the same inscrutable mistakes that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-symbolic)\n[human intuition does, such as algorithmic bias. Critics such as Noam Chomsky argue continuing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky)\ninto symbolic AI will still be necessary to attain general intelligence, <sup>[375][376]</sup> in part because sub-\n[symbolic AI is a move away from explainable AI: it can be difficult or impossible to understand why a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explainable_AI)\n[modern statistical AI program made a particular decision. The emerging field of neuro-symbolic artificial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI)\n[intelligence attempts to bridge the two approaches.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI)\n[\"Neats\" hope that intelligent behavior is described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic)\n[optimization, or neural networks). \"Scruffies\" expect that it necessarily requires solving a large number of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network)\nunrelated problems. Neats defend their programs with theoretical rigor, scruffies rely mainly on\nincremental testing to see if they work. This issue was actively discussed in the 1970s and 1980s, <sup>[377]</sup> but\neventually was seen as irrelevant. Modern AI has elements of both.",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **History**\n\nchanging the question from whether a machine \"thinks\", to \"whether or not it is possible for machinery to\nshow intelligent behaviour\". <sup>[359]</sup> He devised the Turing test, which measures the ability of a machine to\nsimulate human conversation. <sup>[323]</sup> Since we can only observe the behavior of the machine, it does not\n[matter if it is \"actually\" thinking or literally has a \"mind\". Turing notes that we can not determine these](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds)\n[things about other people but \"it is usual to have a polite convention that everyone thinks.\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds) <sup>[360]</sup>\n[Russell and Norvig agree with Turing that intelligence must be](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvig)\ndefined in terms of external behavior, not internal structure. <sup>[1]</sup>\nHowever, they are critical that the test requires the machine to\n[imitate humans. \"Aeronautical engineering texts\", they wrote, \"do](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics)\nnot define the goal of their field as making 'machines that fly so\n[exactly like pigeons that they can fool other pigeons.'\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon) <sup>[362]</sup> AI\nfounder [John ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)) McCarthy agreed, writing that \"Artificial\nintelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human\nintelligence\". <sup>[363]</sup>\nMcCarthy defines intelligence as \"the computational part of the\nability to achieve goals in the world\". <sup>[364]</sup> Another AI founder,\n[Marvin Minsky similarly describes it as \"the ability to solve hard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky)\nproblems\". <sup>[365]</sup> The leading AI textbook defines it as the study of\nagents that perceive their environment and take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined\ngoals. <sup>[1]</sup> These definitions view intelligence in terms of well-defined problems with well-defined\nsolutions, where both the difficulty of the problem and the performance of the program are direct\nmeasures of the \"intelligence\" of the machine—and no other philosophical discussion is required, or may\nnot even be possible.\nAnother definition has been adopted by Google, <sup>[366]</sup> a major practitioner in the field of AI. This definition\nstipulates the ability of systems to synthesize information as the manifestation of intelligence, similar to\nthe way it is defined in biological intelligence.",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Philosophy**\n\n#### **Evaluating approaches to AI**\n\n##### **Symbolic AI and its limits**\n##### **Neat vs. scruffy**\n##### **Soft vs. hard computing**\n[Finding a provably correct or optimal solution is intractable for many important problems.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intractability_(complexity)) <sup>[15]</sup> Soft\n[computing is a set of techniques, including genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and neural networks, that are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic)\ntolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth and approximation. Soft computing was introduced in\nthe late 1980s and most successful AI programs in the 21st century are examples of soft computing with\nneural networks.\nAI researchers are divided as to whether to pursue the goals of artificial general intelligence and\n[superintelligence directly or to solve as many specific problems as possible (narrow AI) in hopes these](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence)\nsolutions will lead indirectly to the field's long-term goals. <sup>[378][379]</sup> General intelligence is difficult to\ndefine and difficult to measure, and modern AI has had more verifiable successes by focusing on specific\nproblems with specific solutions. The sub-field of artificial general intelligence studies this area\nexclusively.\n[The philosophy of mind does not know whether a machine can have a mind, consciousness and mental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind)\n[states, in the same sense that human beings do. This issue considers the internal experiences of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind)\nmachine, rather than its external behavior. Mainstream AI research considers this issue irrelevant because\nit does not affect the goals of the field: to build machines that can solve problems using intelligence.\n[Russell and Norvig add that \"[t]he additional project of making a machine conscious in exactly the way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvig)\nhumans are is not one that we are equipped to take on.\" <sup>[380]</sup> However, the question has become central to\n[the philosophy of mind. It is also typically the central question at issue in artificial intelligence in fiction.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction)",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 25,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Explanatory notes**\n\nnatural-language processing, computer vision, and robotics used extremely different\nmethods, now they all use a programming method called \"deep learning\". As a result, their\ncode and approaches have become more similar, and their models are easier to integrate\ninto one another.\" <sup>[346]</sup>\n[z. Jack Clark wrote in Bloomberg: \"After a half-decade of quiet breakthroughs in artificial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News)\nintelligence, 2015 has been a landmark year. Computers are smarter and learning faster\nthan ever\", and noted that the number of software projects that use machine learning at\n[Google increased from a \"sporadic usage\" in 2012 to more than 2,700 projects in 2015.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google) <sup>[348]</sup>\n[aa. Nils Nilsson wrote in 1983: \"Simply put, there is wide disagreement in the field about what AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Nilsson_(researcher))\nis all about.\" <sup>[369]</sup>\nab. Daniel Crevier wrote that \"time has proven the accuracy and perceptiveness of some of\nDreyfus's comments. Had he formulated them less aggressively, constructive actions they\nsuggested might have been taken much earlier.\" <sup>[374]</sup>\nac. Searle presented this definition of \"Strong AI\" in 1999. <sup>[384]</sup> Searle's original formulation was\n\"The appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers\ngiven the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive\nstates.\" <sup>[385]</sup> [ Strong AI is defined similarly by Russell and Norvig: \"Stong AI -  the assertion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvig)\nthat machines that do so are  *actually*  thinking (as opposed to  *simulating*  thinking).\" <sup>[386]</sup>\n1. Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 1- 4.\n[2. AI set to exceed human brain power (http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostr](http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/)\n[om/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TEC](https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/)\n[H/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/) 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine CNN.com (July 26, 2006)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)\n3. Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2019). \"Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the\nland? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence\".  *Business*\n*Horizons*  .  **62**  [: 15- 25. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004)\n[2018.08.004). ISSN 0007-6813 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813).](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813)\n[S2CID 158433736 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736)\n[4. Artificial general intelligence: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 32- 33, 1020- 1021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence)\nProposal for the modern version: Pennachin & Goertzel (2007)\nWarnings of overspecialization in AI from leading researchers: Nilsson (1995), McCarthy\n(2007), Beal & Winston (2009)\n5. Russell & Norvig (2021, §1.2).\n[6. Dartmouth workshop: Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 18), McCorduck (2004, pp. 111- 136), NRC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_workshop)",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **See also**\n\n\"An Inductive Inference Machine\". <sup>[43]</sup>\n[f. See AI winter § Machine translation and the ALPAC report of 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter#Machine_translation_and_the_ALPAC_report_of_1966)\ng. Compared with symbolic logic, formal Bayesian inference is computationally expensive. For\n[inference to be tractable, most observations must be conditionally independent of one](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditionally_independent)\n[another. AdSense uses a Bayesian network with over 300 million edges to learn which ads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense)\nto serve. <sup>[93]</sup>\nh. Expectation- maximization, one of the most popular algorithms in machine learning, allows\n[clustering in the presence of unknown latent variables.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_variables) <sup>[95]</sup>\ni. Some form of deep neural networks (without a specific learning algorithm) were described\n[by: Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pitts) <sup>[115]</sup> [ Alan Turing (1948);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing) <sup>[116]</sup> [ Karl Steinbuch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch)\n[and Roger David Joseph (1961).](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_David_Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1) <sup>[117]</sup> Deep or recurrent networks that learned (or used\n[gradient descent) were developed by: Frank Rosenblatt(1957);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt) <sup>[116]</sup> [ Oliver Selfridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge)\n(1959); <sup>[117]</sup> [ Alexey Ivakhnenko and Valentin Lapa (1965);](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Lapa&action=edit&redlink=1) <sup>[118]</sup> [ Kaoru Nakano (1971);](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaoru_Nakano&action=edit&redlink=1) <sup>[119]</sup>\n[Shun-Ichi Amari (1972);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun-Ichi_Amari) <sup>[119]</sup> [ John Joseph Hopfield (1982).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Hopfield) <sup>[119]</sup> Precursors to\n[backpropagation were developed by: Henry J. Kelley (1960);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Kelley) <sup>[116]</sup> [ Arthur E. Bryson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_E._Bryson)\n(1962); <sup>[116]</sup> [ Stuart Dreyfus (1962);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dreyfus) <sup>[116]</sup> [ Arthur E. Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho (1969);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Chi_Ho) <sup>[116]</sup>\n[Backpropagation was independently developed by: Seppo Linnainmaa (1970);](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa) <sup>[120]</sup> [ Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Werbos)\n[Werbos (1974).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Werbos) <sup>[116]</sup>\n[j. Geoffrey Hinton said, of his work on neural networks in the 1990s, \"our labeled datasets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton)\nwere thousands of times too small. [And] our computers were millions of times too slow.\" <sup>[121]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Techniques**\n\n#### **Search and optimization**\n\n[premises or backwards from the problem.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_chaining) <sup>[82]</sup> [ In the more general case of the clausal form of first-order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic)\n[logic, resolution is a single, axiom-free rule of inference, in which a problem is solved by proving a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(logic))\ncontradiction from premises that include the negation of the problem to be solved. <sup>[83]</sup>\n[Inference in both Horn clause logic and first-order logic is undecidable, and therefore intractable.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intractable_problem)\n[However, backward reasoning with Horn clauses, which underpins computation in the logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming)\n[programming language Prolog, is Turing complete. Moreover, its efficiency is competitive with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_complete)\n[computation in other symbolic programming languages.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_programming) <sup>[84]</sup>\n[Fuzzy logic assigns a \"degree of truth\" between 0 and 1. It can therefore handle propositions that are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic)\nvague and partially true. <sup>[85]</sup>\n[Non-monotonic logics, including logic programming with negation as failure, are designed to handle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation_as_failure)\n[default reasoning.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_reasoning) <sup>[28]</sup> Other specialized versions of logic have been developed to describe many complex\ndomains.\nMany problems in AI (including in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require the\nagent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of tools\n[to solve these problems using methods from probability theory and economics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability) <sup>[86]</sup> Precise mathematical\n[tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory)\n[decision analysis,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_analysis) <sup>[87]</sup> [ and information value theory.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_value_theory) <sup>[88]</sup> [ These tools include models such as Markov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process)\n[decision processes,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process) <sup>[89]</sup> [ dynamic decision networks,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_network) <sup>[90]</sup> [ game theory and mechanism design.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design) <sup>[91]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Regulation**\n\nset up at a number of British and U.S. universities in the latter 1950s and early 1960s. <sup>[320]</sup>\nResearchers in the 1960s and the 1970s were convinced that their methods would eventually succeed in\n[creating a machine with general intelligence and considered this the goal of their field.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence) <sup>[327]</sup> In 1965\n[Herbert Simon predicted, \"machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon)\ndo\". <sup>[328]</sup> [ In 1967 Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that \"within a generation ... the problem of creating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky)\n'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved\". <sup>[329]</sup> They had, however, underestimated the difficulty\nof the problem. <sup>[w]</sup> In 1974, both the U.S. and British governments cut off exploratory research in\n[response to the criticism of Sir James Lighthill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Lighthill) <sup>[331]</sup> [ and ongoing pressure from the U.S. Congress to fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Amendment)\n[more productive projects.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Amendment) <sup>[332]</sup> [ Minsky's and Papert's book ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papert) *[Perceptrons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptron)* was understood as proving that\n[artificial neural networks would never be useful for solving real-world tasks, thus discrediting the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks)\napproach altogether. <sup>[333]</sup> [ The \"AI winter\", a period when obtaining funding for AI projects was difficult,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_winter)\nfollowed. <sup>[9]</sup>\n[In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial success of expert systems,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system) <sup>[334]</sup> a form of\nAI program that simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of human experts. By 1985, the market for\n[AI had reached over a billion dollars. At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_generation_computer)\n[the U.S. and British governments to restore funding for academic research.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_research) <sup>[8]</sup> However, beginning with\n[the collapse of the Lisp Machine market in 1987, AI once again fell into disrepute, and a second, longer-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_Machine)\nlasting winter began. <sup>[10]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Goals**\n\n#### **Learning**\n\n[Kismet, a robot head which was](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(robot))\nmade in the 1990s; it is a machine\nthat can recognize and simulate\nemotions. <sup>[64]</sup>\n[that runs inputs through biologically inspired artificial neural networks for all of these types of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks)\nlearning. <sup>[48]</sup>\n[Computational learning theory can assess learners by computational complexity, by sample complexity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_complexity)\n[(how much data is required), or by other notions of optimization.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization) <sup>[49]</sup>\n[Natural language processing (NLP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing) <sup>[50]</sup> allows programs to read, write and communicate in human\n[languages such as English. Specific problems include speech recognition, speech synthesis, machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation)\n[translation, information extraction, information retrieval and question answering.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_answering) <sup>[51]</sup>\n[Early work, based on Noam Chomsky's generative grammar and semantic networks, had difficulty with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network)\n[word-sense disambiguation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation) <sup>[f]</sup> [ unless restricted to small domains called \"micro-worlds\" (due to the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocks_world)\ncommon sense knowledge problem <sup>[29]</sup> [). Margaret Masterman believed that it was meaning and not](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Masterman)\n[grammar that was the key to understanding languages, and that thesauri and not dictionaries should be the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesauri)\nbasis of computational language structure.\n[Modern deep learning techniques for NLP include word embedding (representing words, typically as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_embedding)\n[vectors encoding their meaning),](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space) <sup>[52]</sup> [ transformers (a deep learning architecture using an attention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning))\nmechanism), <sup>[53]</sup> and others. <sup>[54]</sup> [ In 2019, generative pre-trained transformer (or \"GPT\") language models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer)\nbegan to generate coherent text, <sup>[55][56]</sup> and by 2023, these models were able to get human-level scores on\n[the bar exam, SAT test, GRE test, and many other real-world applications.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRE) <sup>[57]</sup>\n[Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, wireless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_perception)\n[signals, active lidar, sonar, radar, and tactile sensors) to deduce aspects of the world. Computer vision is](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision)\nthe ability to analyze visual input. <sup>[58]</sup>\n[The field includes speech recognition,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognition) <sup>[59]</sup> [ image classification,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_classification) <sup>[60]</sup> [ facial recognition, object](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition)\n[recognition,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_recognition) <sup>[61]</sup> [object tracking,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture) <sup>[62]</sup> [ and robotic perception.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_perception) <sup>[63]</sup>\n[Affective computing is a field that comprises systems that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_computing)\n[recognize, interpret, process, or simulate human feeling, emotion,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology))\n[and mood.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)) <sup>[65]</sup> [ For example, some virtual assistants are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_assistant)\nprogrammed to speak conversationally or even to banter\nhumorously; it makes them appear more sensitive to the emotional\n[dynamics of human interaction, or to otherwise facilitate human- ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)\n[computer interaction.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)\nHowever, this tends to give naïve users an unrealistic conception\nof the intelligence of existing computer agents. <sup>[66]</sup> Moderate\n[successes related to affective computing include textual sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis)",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf",
+                "query": "Where can I find the Inspect tool to evaluate the safety of our models?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "The UK AI Safety Institute released in 2024 a testing toolset called 'Inspect' for AI safety evaluations available under a MIT open-source licence which is freely available on GitHub",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL**\n\n### **IMPORTANT NOTES**\nCongratulations on your purchase of this high quality BARSKA\nmicroscope. With proper care, this microscope will provide many\nyears of use. Please read the following instructions before\noperating this instrument.\n1. Do not attempt to disassemble the instrument. This product has\nbeen carefully assembled at the factory and should only be\nexamined by a factory-trained technician.\n2. This instrument should only be used in an environment with an\nindoor temperature range of 32 <sup>o</sup> F to 104 <sup>o</sup> F.\n3. Do not use this instrument in an environment with a lot of dust.\n##### **Cover the instrument when not in use.**\n4. Do not subject the instrument to shock.\nMaintenance............................................\nModel AY11240/Model AY11238..................\nModel AY11228/Model AY11232..................\nModel AY11230/Model AY11234..................\nModel AY11236........................................\nWarranty Information................................\n1\n2-5\n6-9\n10-13\n14-18\nBack Cover",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **4**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives\nto revolving turret.\n3. Place the specimen on the stage and\nsecure with spring clips. NOTE: The\ncover glass must face upward (the\nthinner glass is the cover glass),\notherwise when the 40x objective is\nused the specimen cannot be\nobserved. Observation is best when\nthe thickness of the cover glass is\n0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is\n0.17mm.\n4. Adjust the stand to an angle that\nprovides comfortable observation.\n5. Rotate and adjust concave mirror to\nlight the field of view.  **NOTE: Do not**\n**reflect the Sun with the mirror.**\n**This can cause serious eye injury**\n**or permanent eye damage.**\n6. Observe the specimen using the\nlowest magnification objective first.\nThe 4x objective provides a larger\nfield of view to search specimen.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives\nto revolving turret. 3. Place the\nspecimen on the stage and\nsecure with spring clips. NOTE: The\ncover glass must face upward (the\nthinner glass is the cover glass),\notherwise when the 40x objective is\nused the specimen cannot be\nobserved. Observation is best when\nthe thickness of the cover glass is\n0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is\n0.17mm.\n4. Plug power cord into an electrical\noutlet. Turn microscope\nlamp ON.\n5. Observe the specimen using the\nlowest magnification objective\nfirst. The 4x objective provides a\nlarger field of view to search\nspecimen.\n**Name**\n**Model AY11240**\n**Model AY11240 Model AY11238**\n**Model AY11238**\n**Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) |\n1\nPlain Concave Mirror 1\nPlastic Dust Cover 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nSpecification 1\nInspection Certificate 1\nPacking List 1\n1\n1\n1\n**Name Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) |\n1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 1\nPlastic Dust Cover 1\nSpare Bulb 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nSpecification 1\nInspection Certificate 1\nPacking List 1\n1\n1\n1",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 8 -  Error message dialog.*\n\n### **3.6 Metadata Quality Assurance (MQA)**\n\n#### **3.6.2 The Catalogue details view**\n\nThis page presents a detailed view of the issues per catalogue. The “Download as report” drop-down\nmenu provides a list of all available catalogues. As a next step, the user can choose whether to see\nthe catalogue dashboard, the distribution availability or dataset schema violations. The catalogue\ndashboard is the default view when visiting this page.\n\n*3.6.2.1*    *Catalogue Dashboard*\nThe catalogue dashboard provides the same information as the overall dashboard, but only for the\nselected catalogue.\n*3.6.2.2*    *Distributions*\nThis view provides a detailed report of the distributions’ status of the selected catalogue. The user\ncan see the URLs of the distributions that were checked (access and download URL), the\ncorresponding HTTP response codes and the dates when this issue occurred the first time.\nAdditionally, the distributions’ format is checked for its machine readability. The machine readability\ncheck is based on the results of the Open Data Monitor project <sup>1</sup> .\n\n1 [https://github.com/opendatamonitor/odm.restapi/blob/master/odmapi/def_formatLists.py#L44-L87](https://github.com/opendatamonitor/odm.restapi/blob/master/odmapi/def_formatLists.py#L44-L87)\n\n*3.6.2.3*    *Violations*\nThe MQA checks for each dataset if it is DCAT-AP compliant. The validation is done on the metadata\nthat is stored in the Virtuoso repository. Therefore, a JSON schema was created and is used for\nvalidation. The user can see the location where the violation occurs and its reason for each not\ncompliant dataset of the selected catalogue.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **12**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11230**\n**Model AY11230 Model AY11234**\n**Model AY11234**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **16**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before\nassembling instrument.\n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving\nturret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only.\n3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips.\nNOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is\nthe cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the\nspecimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the\nthickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass\nis 0.17mm.\n4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope\nlamp ON.\n5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective\nfirst. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it\neasier to search the specimen.\n**Name Qty**\nMicroscope Stand\nAchromatic\nObjective\n|  4x (parfocal distance adjustable)  |\n|:---|\n| 10x  |\n| 40x (s) (parfocal distance adjustable)  |\n| 100x (oil,s) (parfocal distance adjustable) |\n1\n1\n2\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece w/Pointer\nAbbe Condenser NA1.25\nPlastic Dust Cover\nLens Cleaning Tissue\n1 Cedar Oil\n1 1A Fuse (spare)\nSpare 6V20W Halogen Bulb\nSpecification\nInspection Certificate\nPacking List\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **8**\n\n### **OPERATION**\n\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to\nprevent the elevator from sliding\ndown.\n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand\nwith the tightening screw.\n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted\nlight independently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot\nbe adjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting\nof the sample.\n1. Remove components from package.\nidentify all parts before assembling.\n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that\nit conforms to the microscopes\nrequirement.\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**\n1. Depending on microscope use, select\noblique or transmitted illumination.\n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs\nchange the oblique or transmitted light\nindependently. The transmitted\nilluminator fluorescent lamp cannot be\nadjusted.\n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be\nadjusted to ensure optimum lighting of\nthe sample.\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's\npupils is the interpupillary distance.\n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance\nrotate the prism caps until both eyes\ncoincide with the image in the\neyepiece.\n\n**Name**\n**Model AY11228**\n**Model AY11228 Model AY11232**\n**Model AY11232**\n**Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n10V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nBlack/White Working Stage 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)\n**Name Qty**\nBinocular Body (incl. 2x, 4x obj.) 1\n10x Wide Field Eyepiece 2\nEyeshade\n12V 10W Halogen Lamp 12V 10W Halogen Lamp w/cup\n2\nFuse 2A (spare) 1\nLens Cleaning Tissue 1\nDust Cover 1\nSpecifications 1\nPacking Slip 1\nQuality Inspection Certificate 1\n1 ea.\n(spare)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.5  Health checker feature**\n\nThe IBM Spectrum Control health checker feature runs in the IBM Cloud. Based on the\nweekly call home inventory reporting, it proactively creates recommendations. These\nrecommendations are provided on the IBM Call Home Web, which is found at ibm.com. Click\n**Support**  →   **My support**  →   **Call Home Web**  (see Figure 13-32).\n*Figure 13-32   Call Home Web on ibm.com*\nFor a video guide on how to set up and use IBM Call Home Web, see this [YouTube web page](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G9rqk8NXPA) .\nAnother feature is *Critical Fix Notification*  function, which enables IBM to warn Storwize\nV7000 users that a critical issue exists in the level of code that they are using. The system\nnotifies users when they log on to the GUI by using a web browser connected to the internet.\nConsider the following information about this function:\n� It warns users only about critical fixes, and does not warn them that they are running a\nprevious version of the software.\n� It works only if the browser also has access to the internet IBM Storwize V7000 and IBM\nSAN Volume Controller systems themselves do not need to be connected to the internet.\n� The function cannot be disabled. Each time it displays a warning, it must be acknowledged\n(with the option to not warn the user again for that issue).\nThe decision about what is a *critical*  fix is subjective and requires judgment, which is\nexercised by the development team. As a result, clients might still encounter bugs in code that\nwere not deemed critical. They continue to review information about new code levels to\ndetermine whether they must update, even without a critical fix notification.",
+                    "page_start": 722,
+                    "page_end": 722,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Portal Version 4.3 - User Manual\n\n## *Figure 8 -  Error message dialog.*\n\n### **3.6 Metadata Quality Assurance (MQA)**\n\n#### **3.6.1 The Global Dashboard View**\nThis is the landing page of the MQA. It gives an overview of the quality situation across all catalogues,\ndatasets and distributions in the Portal. If the user wants to investigate the mentioned issues with\ndatasets or distributions in detail, he/she can use the catalogue selection menue on top of the page\nto navigate to the selected catalogue details page.\nAn information icon in the upper right corner is indicating that the user can get explanation texts for\nall diagrams on the page. The introduction text shows the planned schedule for the next check to be\nperformed by the MQA. The bottom of the page shows the date when the last check started. If the\nMQA is currently running a check, then a spinning wheel beside the last check date is indicating this.",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 49,
+                    "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n## **MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL**\n\n**MODEL AY11236**\n40X,100X,400X,1000X\nCOMPOUND\n**MODEL AY11232**\n7X-45X\nSTEREO ZOOM\n**MODEL AY11230**\n20X,40X\nSTEREO TRINOCULAR\n**MODEL AY11234**\n7X-45X\nZOOM STEREO\nTRINOCULAR\n**MODEL AY11240**\n40X,100X,400X\nCOMPOUND MONOCULAR\n**MODEL AY11238**\n40X,100X,400X\nCOMPOUND MONOCULAR\n**MODEL AY11228**\n20X,40X\nSTEREO BINOCULAR\nBARSKA warrants your micrscope to be free from defects in materials and workmanship for one (1) year.\nBARSKA will repair or replace such product or part thereof which, upon inspection by BARSKA, is found to be\ndefective in materials or workmanship. As a condition to the obligation of BARSKA to repair or replace such\nproduct, the product must be returned to BARSKA together with proof-of-purchase satisfactory to BARSKA.\nThe Proper Return Merchandise Authorization Number (RMA) must be obtained from BARSKA in advance of\nreturn. Call BARSKA at (909) 445-8168 to receive the number to be displayed on the outside of your shipping\ncontainer.\nAll returns must be accompanied by a written statement setting forth the name, address, and daytime telephone\nnumber of the owner, together with a brief description of any claimed defects. Parts or product for which\nreplacement is made shall become the property of BARSKA.\nThe customer shall be responsible for all costs of transportation and insurance, both to and from BARSKA, and\nshall be required to prepay such costs.\nBARSKA shall use reasonable efforts to repair or replace any microscope covered by this warranty within thirty\ndays of receipt. In the event repair or replacement shall require more than thirty days, BARSKA shall notify the\ncustomer accordingly. BARSKA reserves the right to replace any product which has been discontinued from its\nproduct line with a new product of comparable value and function.\nThis warranty shall be void and of no force of effect in the event a covered product has been modified in design",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MICROSCOPE USER MANUAL WARRANTY\n\n1721 Wright Avenue    La Verne, CA 91750\nTel: 909.445.8168  Fax: 909.445.8169\n**www.barska.com** © 2008 BARSKA Optics\nPrinted in China\n6-08",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the age category of most new opiate/crack users during the crime peak in the mid-1990s?",
+                "target_page": 9,
+                "target_passage": "mplying that most of these individuals were in their mid-to-late teens during the crime peak of the mid-1990s",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\nThe fifth row in Table 1 shows that the total number of opiate and opiate/cocaine tests over the period was 364,537. Table 2 shows descriptive statistics for the individuals providing these tests (noting that the same individual may be included several times if they gave multiple positive tests).\n**Table 2: Descriptive statistics on all positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\nOpiate/opiate+cocaine positive tests in England 2004- 2013 (all positive tests including repeats by the same individual)\nAge Year of birth\n|  Number of tests  |  364,537  |  Number of tests  |  364,537  |\n|:---|---:|:---|---:|\n| Mean  |  32  | Mean  |  1977  |\n| Median  |  31  | Median  |  1977  |\n| Mode  |  28  | Mode  |  1979  |\n| Minimum  |  18  | Minimum  |  1960  |\n| Maximum  |  53  | Maximum  |  1995  |\n\nThe mean age at test is 32 and the mean year of birth is 1977, implying that most of these individuals were in their mid-to-late teens during the crime peak of the mid-1990s. <sup>9</sup> Given evidence suggesting that the average age of initiation for opiate/crack use is around 18- 20 (Millar  *et al*  ., 2001), this age profile would tentatively suggest that OCU incidence also peaked in the 1990s and that this created a large cohort of users who would be approaching 40 today.\nThe minimum and maximum years of birth are fixed by construction, because anyone born\n\n9 Note that the dataset counts tests, not unique individuals, so the same person can appear more than once.\nbefore 1960 was removed and because DIP tests are only administered to those aged 18 and over, so only using data to 2013 means it would not be possible for anyone to be born in 1996 or afterwards to be included. Even so, it is clear from the year-of-birth distribution (Figure 2) that positive opiate tests drop off sharply for those born after 1982. This is in line with other evidence suggesting that the number of  *new*  users of opiates decreased sharply in the 2000s. This needs to be considered when interpreting the analysis that follows. When DIP and the NDTMS treatment system began in the mid-2000s, there already existed a cohort of around 320,000 OCUs, according to available estimates by Hay  *et al*  ., (2013). And most of these individuals began using opiates/crack during the epidemic years of the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of data capture this means it is hard to separate the gradual inclusion of more and more individuals from this original cohort from genuinely new users of these drugs.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\nComparing 2004 with 2013 shows that the younger age groups have seen falls in both the number and the proportion of new positive testers. However, the proportion of those aged 40+ has consistently risen and now constitutes the largest group of all new individuals testing positive.\nThis means that the 4,281 individuals testing positive for the first time in 2013 has a very different age profile to that we would expect from a cohort of recent initiates. It is far older, suggesting again that many of those are actually pre-existing users only tested (positively) for the first time in 2013. This adds further weight to the back-of-the-envelope modelling evidence demonstrating that a substantial proportion of the 4,281 new positive testers in 2013 are likely to be longer-term users who have only been first arrested in 2013, rather than genuinely new OCUs.\nIn the next section, analysis will examine whether there has been a possible shift towards an older profile amongst new initiates. But even taking this into account, it is unlikely that the majority of those 4,281 individuals are recent initiates. This can be seen clearly in Figure 8 below, which compares the age-of-initiation curve from Figure 11 (in the next section) to the 2013 ‘new-individuals’ cohort in the DIP data.\n**Figure 8:  Comparison of new DIP and treatment cohorts, by age**\n\nThe DIP cohort has a far older age profile even than the 2014 cohort of treatment initiates, who themselves have a far older age-of-initiation profile than previous treatment cohorts. As such, it seems highly unlikely that all, or even most, of the 4,281 positive testers in 2013 are new initiates.\nOf course, even if just the small number of DIP testers (787 <sup>16</sup> ) who were aged under 25 in 2013 were considered to be new initiates, this would still need to be multiplied up by three factors to provide an estimate for total new initiates: i) the non-arrest rate (to account for the fact that only a proportion of crime-involved initiates will get arrested in a given year); ii) the fact that DIP’s coverage (in terms of age, geography and PNC-referenced individuals) is not 100 per cent; iii) the likelihood that up to half of all new initiates will not be involved with crime at all. As an illustration, multiplying up 787 by these factors produces a figure close to 10,000. <sup>17</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n|  Year of first  test  |  Age 18-24  |  Age 25-29  |  Age 30-34  |  Age 35-39  |  Age 40  over  |  Total  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| 2004  | 3,150  | 3,319  | 2,938  | 1,958  | 881  | 12,246  |\n| 2005  | 2,391  | 2,832  | 2,548  | 1,791  | 977  | 10,539  |\n| 2006  | 3,635  | 3,768  | 3,275  | 2,491  | 1,580  | 14,749  |\n| 2007  | 3,182  | 3,359  | 2,869  | 2,178  | 1,803  | 13,391  |\n| 2008  | 2,912  | 3,197  | 2,857  | 2,425  | 2,238  | 13,629  |\n| 2009  | 2,711  | 2,594  | 2,304  | 1,998  | 2,048  | 11,655  |\n| 2010  | 2,287  | 2,180  | 2,105  | 1,744  | 2,075  | 10,391  |\n| 2011  | 1,772  | 1,519  | 1,622  | 1,274  | 1,726  | 7,913  |\n| 2012  | 1,136  | 1,179  | 1,300  | 1,030  | 1,377  | 6,022  |\n| 2013  | 721  | 850  | 938  | 704  | 1,068  | 4,281  |\n| Total  | 23,897  | 24,797  | 22,756  | 17,593  | 15,773  | 104,816  |\n\n14 Note that this rate is, in effect, the rate of arrest-and-testing-positive. 15 The technical annex contains a section on exactly how this range was estimated.\n**Table 9: Table showing the age breakdown of individuals testing positive for opiates-only or positive-for-both as a proportion of all individuals first testing positive in that year.**\n|  Year of  first test  |  Age  18 - 24  |  Age  25 - 29  |  Age  30 - 34  |  Age  35 - 39  |  Age  40 over  |  Total  |\n|---:|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  2004  | 26%  | 27%  | 24%  | 16%  | 7%  | 100%  |\n|  2005  | 23%  | 27%  | 24%  | 17%  | 9%  | 100%  |\n|  2006  | 25%  | 26%  | 22%  | 17%  | 11%  | 100%  |\n|  2007  | 24%  | 25%  | 21%  | 16%  | 13%  | 100%  |\n|  2008  | 21%  | 23%  | 21%  | 18%  | 16%  | 100%  |\n|  2009  | 23%  | 22%  | 20%  | 17%  | 18%  | 100%  |\n|  2010  | 22%  | 21%  | 20%  | 17%  | 20%  | 100%  |\n|  2011  | 22%  | 19%  | 20%  | 16%  | 22%  | 100%  |\n|  2012  | 19%  | 20%  | 22%  | 17%  | 23%  | 100%  |\n|  2013  | 17%  | 20%  | 22%  | 16%  | 25%  | 100%  |",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 19,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n**Figure 2: Year of birth distribution for all opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\n\nFigure 3, which shows the age of the individual at a positive test, also reveals that although the average age at positive test is 32, the peak is quite flat, with high numbers of positive tests still being recorded by individuals in their late 30s and even into their 40s.\n**Figure 3: Distribution of tester’s age at positive test for all opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\n\nNote: as a guide to the OCU population, this chart is left-truncated as DIP tests are not given to under-18s.\nThe above statistics include tests in which no Police National Computer (PNC) number was recorded for an individual. This number is needed to identify an individual and hence to check whether future tests are further tests by that individual or represent a new individual testing positive. Excluding tests in which no PNC number was recorded makes little difference to the descriptive statistics, see Table 3 below.\n\n**Table 3: Descriptive statistics for the DIP positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests in which an individual can be identified with a PNC number.**\n\nThe age and year of birth distributions are also similar and are shown in the Appendix. Thus, for the majority of the analysis that follows, tests with no PNC number were excluded. <sup>10</sup>\nThe charts and tables above use data from  *all*  positive tests, so will include cases where the same individual has tested positively on more than one occasion. The following data look just at the  *first*  test for each individual testing positive for opiates-only or positive-for-both.\n**Table 4: Descriptive statistics on first positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\nFirst positive opiate/opiate+cocaine tests (unique individuals)\nAge Year of birth\n|  Number of tests  |  104,817  |  Number of tests  |  104,817  |\n|:---|---:|:---|---:|\n| Mean  |  31  | Mean  |  1977  |\n| Median  |  30  | Median  |  1977  |\n| Mode  |  27  | Mode  |  1980  |\n| Minimum  |  18  | Minimum  |  1960  |\n| Maximum  |  53  | Maximum  |  1995  |\n\nThere were just over 100,000 unique individuals who tested positive for opiates-only or positive- for-both between 2004 and 2013. The distribution of the 296,008 positive tests these individuals gave, shows that the vast majority (55%) were only tested once (see Figure 4), which is likely to be why the age statistics are quite similar between Table 3 and Table 4. However, within this",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\nThe mode age of initiation has shifted from around 18 to around 25 and there is an older age profile throughout.  Rises in average age of initiation have also been reported recently in cohorts of Australian injecting drug users (Horyniak et al., 2015). There appear to be two possible explanations.\n- There is a genuine shift towards new initiates being older, and for them to present to treatment much faster than in previous years.\n- There is a consistent, but small number of individuals who mis-report their age of onset when attending treatment i.e. who report that they have only been using opiates/crack for a short period when in fact they have been using for a far longer period, and that this is starting to really bias the numbers for recent cohorts because attendees from the original epidemic are becoming smaller.\nIt is possible then that the flattening we observe in the incidence trend is due to a small in-flux of older initiates, although mis-reporting may also explain that phenomenon. Either way though, as this analysis has made clear throughout, absolute numbers of new OCUs appear to be small - probably fewer than 10,000 per annum and the numbers of those involved with crime will be smaller still. In addition, despite a flattening in the probable trend in new users, there is currently no sign that it is likely to tip upwards. If anything, the data suggest the downward trend is set to resume, though clearly it remains important to monitor the situation.",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Summary\n\n#### **Executive summary**\n\n1 At the time of writing, data was unavailable for the period after November 2013. 2 It is 68 per cent if the 2013 figure is adjusted to correct for the missing month of data. 3 787 if adjusted for the missing month.\n4\ninitiated use at an older age. Currently it is not possible to determine whether this is a reporting issue or a genuine shift in the age profile of new opiate/crack-cocaine users.\n\n-  The report has several important policy implications. Even though numbers of new initiates involved with crime have dropped to the low thousands, putting downward pressure on crime, identification and early diversion to treatment remains paramount. Frontier Economics have estimated that the average <sup>4</sup> lifetime crime cost of an injecting drug user is £445,000, so the potential for social harm -  even from a small number of individuals -  remains large and potentially long-lasting. This means local areas need to manage both the (relatively large) stock of current users, and the (much smaller) flow of new initiates, whose treatment needs may be different. There is no evidence of any new epidemic in this country, but given the impact of the epidemic of the 80s and early 90s on crime, ongoing monitoring of recent trends is required to spot early signs of any emerging problems.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Conclusion\n\nThis report has attempted to draw together available data and evidence to estimate the number of new opiate/crack-cocaine users (OCUs) per year in England since 2005 and then to look briefly at their characteristics. This is important as previous research has suggested that - mostly through the actions of a minority - this group has the potential to have a large impact on crime trends and therefore to impose significant societal costs.\nThough data on this population is imperfect, a number of different data sources and methodologies are available to estimate OCU incidence. From these, three key conclusions emerge:\n-  The number of new opiate/crack users is clearly far lower now than it was in the 1980s and early 1990s and has even dropped 20-45% since 2005.\n\n-  This means numbers of new users in 2013 may be around 5,000-8,000 with an approximate upper bound of 10,000; and numbers involved with prolific criminality will be lower still.\n\n-  The downward trend in new OCUs has flattened since about 2011, but available data do not suggest that this is the precursor to a new increase. If anything, the downward trend may resume in 2014, though the situation requires further monitoring.\nFor local areas then, this report suggests that it is still important to identify new OCUs as the arrestee data showed that a proportion of these are likely to offend over a long period of time. But also, there was some evidence of a shift to older initiates, which may require a slightly different treatment approach.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Summary\n\n#### **Executive summary**\n\nThis paper uses a range of datasets and methodologies to:\n-  obtain working estimates for the number of individuals in England who started using opiates/crack from 2005 to 2013; <sup>1</sup>\n-  examine the characteristics of these individuals.\nThe main findings of the paper are as follows.\n-  It is estimated that around 5,000 to 8,000 individuals started using opiates or crack- cocaine in 2013. There is a high degree of uncertainty around this figure due to the sparse data on this population, but sense-checks based on treatment and criminal justice system data suggest the true figure is unlikely to be much larger than 10,000.\n\n-  Data also suggest that the number of current opiate/crack initiates involved with crime may be even lower. The number of arrestees testing positive for the first time for opiates (or for both opiates and crack-cocaine) dropped from 14,750 in 2006 to 4,281 in the first 11 months of 2013, a fall of around 70 per cent <sup>2</sup> . Furthermore, of the new positive testers in 2013, only 721 were aged 18- 24. <sup>3</sup> Though this arrestee data will capture only a proportion of the true population, it does suggest that the number of new, young initiates involved with crime -  those who have the potential to inflict most societal harm -  has decreased markedly, probably just to a few thousand per year; and that this group now make up a small minority of the total number of opiate/crack-cocaine users (estimated to be 294,000 in 2011/12), most of whom are older, longer-term users.\n\n-  In terms of trends in new opiate/crack-cocaine users, all available data suggest that figures have dipped by at least a fifth since 2005 and have dropped hugely since the late 1980s and early 1990s when the opiate/crack-cocaine population in the UK grew very rapidly. The current estimate works out at a rate of 0.18 per 1,000 population. During the epidemic years, published estimates of new opiate/crack-cocaine users in Manchester and Bolton show rates more than 11 times larger.\n\n-  However, the findings also suggest that between 2011 and early 2014, the number of new opiate/crack-cocaine users stopped decreasing and instead stabilised at a (historically) low level. Further analysis was conducted to try and determine whether this was a precursor to a new rise in initiates. Though the data are not totally conclusive, the results suggest that a marked increase in new opiate/crack-cocaine users in the near future is unlikely. If anything, findings suggested that the downward trend may be set to resume.\n\n-  Analysis also revealed some possible changes in characteristics of the new opiate/crack- cocaine initiates. There is a trend in the treatment data towards new initiates coming to treatment earlier in their drug-using careers than previous cohorts and also to have",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Appendix\n\n**Charts showing age-of-onset distributions (by percentage of total cohort) for different cohorts based on year of first treatment**\n\n**Chart showing lag-to-treatment distribution (in absolute numbers) by year of first treatment presentation**",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Appendix\n\n#### Modelling methodology\n\nThis brief section outlines the modelling process behind the conclusion in section one, which states that we might expect somewhere between 2,400 and 7,000 individuals from the original cohort of users in 2004 to be captured within the 2013 figure of  *new*  DIP arrestees (who test positive for opiates-only or who are positive-for-both).\nWe begin by putting in a plausible range of crime-involved OCUs through the period. This combines the total OCU estimates published by Hay  *et al*  ., (ranging from around 320,000 OCUs down to around 295,000 in recent years) with available estimates of the percentage who are likely to be committing acquisitive crime. The latter was found to be almost exactly 50% in the NTORS study (Gossop  *et al*  ., 2003). As such, a range of between 170,000 and 100,000 crime- involved OCUs is likely to include all plausible values (see first row of table below).\nWe then calculate the rate at which that population is likely to be arrested and test positive by using the number of individuals testing positive from 2008 (25,433), when DIP was fully up and running. This gives the second row of the table. Combining the values in the first two rows and applying the probability formula given in the main body of the text gives the third row: the probability of first positive DIP test in 2013. Note that this assumes all these individuals continue to offend through the period, which may not be the case, hence final results are probably an upper bound. The final row simply multiples the figure in the first row by the figure in the third to give our estimate of the original cohort who might appear in the 2013 DIP figures as new.\n\n|  Number of  (crime  involved)  OCUs  |  170,000  |  160,000  |  150,000  |  140,000  |  130,000  |  120,000  |  110,000  |  100,000  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Implied  arrest rate  (based on  DIP 2008  figures) | 15%  | 16%  | 17%  | 18%  | 20%  | 21%  | 23%  | 25%  |\n| Probability  of first  arrest in  2013  | 4.1%  | 4.0%  | 3.8%  | 3.7%  | 3.4%  | 3.2%  | 2.8%  | 2.4%  |\n| Estimated  capture of  original  cohort in  2013  | 6,955  | 6,366  | 5,752  | 5,113  | 4,455  | 3,782  | 3,102  | 2,429  |",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf",
+                "query": "According to the National Database Treatment Monitoring System, how many people started using opiates/crack between 2005 and 2014?",
+                "target_page": 22,
+                "target_passage": " Only 52,829 individuals said they had an opiate/crack initiation date between 2005 and 2014",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
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+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\nThis section uses treatment data from the National Database Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS) to estimate the number of new OCUs annually. The NDTMS captures data on the numbers of people presenting to services with problem drug misuse and information about the drug treatment they receive. All drug treatment agencies in England provide a basic level of information to the NDTMS on their activities each month. The data for this report included all unique individuals presenting to treatment with opiates or crack-cocaine listed as their primary drug between 2005 and 2014. All individuals whose age of first use was listed as below ten or before 2005 were then excluded. Excluding individuals who started using opiates/crack before 2005 resulted in a large number of records being left out, due to the fact that the majority of the treatment population, even in 2013/14, initiated in the 1980s and 1990s when heroin and crack use surged in the UK. However, this exclusion is necessary for the incidence methodology, as explained later in this section. The remaining dataset included 52,829 individuals, as shown in Table 10.\n**Table 10: Descriptive statistics from the NDTMS data.**\n|  Reason for exclusion  |  Number of  individuals  excluded  |  Total number  of individuals  analysed  |\n|:---|:---|:---|\n| Initial sample prior to exclusion  | 0  | 243,588  |\n| No age at first use recorded or age  was below 10 or higher than age at  first treatment | 443  | 243,145  |\n| Year of first use before 2005  | 190,316  | 52,829  |\n| Percentage of total sample  initiating 2005- 14  | n/a  | 21.7%  |\n\nThe majority of those presenting for treatment between 2005 and 2014 started using opiates/crack before 2005 (around four in five). Only 52,829 individuals said they had an opiate/crack initiation date between 2005 and 2014. This suggests an average of just under 5,000 new starters per year during this period. But this would be an under-estimate of incidence because it is likely that some of those who began use between 2005 and 2014 would not yet have come to treatment during that period.\nTo correct for this, we use two variants of a methodology employed by researchers in Millar  *et* *al*  . (2001) and Hickman  *et al*  . (2001). These papers discuss the methodology in detail.\nIn brief, the method uses the lag-to-treatment distribution for the sample coupled with the number of new treatment presentations in a given year to estimate OCU incidence in that year. So, when presenting to treatment, all individuals are asked to provide the year in which they first began using their primary drug, which for this analysis was limited to opiates and/or crack-",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Summary\n\n#### **Executive summary**\n\nThis paper uses a range of datasets and methodologies to:\n-  obtain working estimates for the number of individuals in England who started using opiates/crack from 2005 to 2013; <sup>1</sup>\n-  examine the characteristics of these individuals.\nThe main findings of the paper are as follows.\n-  It is estimated that around 5,000 to 8,000 individuals started using opiates or crack- cocaine in 2013. There is a high degree of uncertainty around this figure due to the sparse data on this population, but sense-checks based on treatment and criminal justice system data suggest the true figure is unlikely to be much larger than 10,000.\n\n-  Data also suggest that the number of current opiate/crack initiates involved with crime may be even lower. The number of arrestees testing positive for the first time for opiates (or for both opiates and crack-cocaine) dropped from 14,750 in 2006 to 4,281 in the first 11 months of 2013, a fall of around 70 per cent <sup>2</sup> . Furthermore, of the new positive testers in 2013, only 721 were aged 18- 24. <sup>3</sup> Though this arrestee data will capture only a proportion of the true population, it does suggest that the number of new, young initiates involved with crime -  those who have the potential to inflict most societal harm -  has decreased markedly, probably just to a few thousand per year; and that this group now make up a small minority of the total number of opiate/crack-cocaine users (estimated to be 294,000 in 2011/12), most of whom are older, longer-term users.\n\n-  In terms of trends in new opiate/crack-cocaine users, all available data suggest that figures have dipped by at least a fifth since 2005 and have dropped hugely since the late 1980s and early 1990s when the opiate/crack-cocaine population in the UK grew very rapidly. The current estimate works out at a rate of 0.18 per 1,000 population. During the epidemic years, published estimates of new opiate/crack-cocaine users in Manchester and Bolton show rates more than 11 times larger.\n\n-  However, the findings also suggest that between 2011 and early 2014, the number of new opiate/crack-cocaine users stopped decreasing and instead stabilised at a (historically) low level. Further analysis was conducted to try and determine whether this was a precursor to a new rise in initiates. Though the data are not totally conclusive, the results suggest that a marked increase in new opiate/crack-cocaine users in the near future is unlikely. If anything, findings suggested that the downward trend may be set to resume.\n\n-  Analysis also revealed some possible changes in characteristics of the new opiate/crack- cocaine initiates. There is a trend in the treatment data towards new initiates coming to treatment earlier in their drug-using careers than previous cohorts and also to have",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\ncocaine. From this information it is possible to create a distribution, for all presentations, of the lag-time between initiation and their first presentation at treatment. This might show -  for example -  that only ten per cent of all individuals presenting to treatment do so in the first year of use, but that 25 per cent present within two years, and so on. This means that for each year, we can estimate the number of individuals who have begun an opiate-crack career  *but who* *have yet to come to treatment*  . Adding these to the numbers who began in that year and have come to treatment gives our total incidence estimate for each year.\nThe first model uses NDTMS data for the cohort starting use in 2005 (n=8,960), the lag-time distribution for those initiating use in 2005 and presenting to treatment between 2005 and 2014 <sup>18</sup> is shown below.\n**Table 11: Time-to-treatment distribution for those initiating use in 2005 and presenting to treatment between 2005 and 2014. <sup>19</sup>**\n|  Lag time to  treatment (years)  |  0-1  |  1-2  |  2-3  |  3-4  |  4-5  |  5-6  |  6-7  |  7-8  |  8-9  |  9-10  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Percentage  | 15%  | 17%  | 17%  | 14%  | 10%  | 9%  | 6%  | 5%  | 4%  | 4%  |\n| Cumulative  percentage  | 15%  | 31%  | 49%  | 62%  | 73%  | 82%  | 88%  | 92%  | 96%  | 100%  |\n\nTable 11 shows that 15 per cent of the individuals who started use in 2005 and had presented for treatment by 2014, presented within one year of initiation. A further 17 per cent presented between one and two years after initiation, prior to coming to treatment, meaning that overall 31 per cent of the sample said they came to treatment within two years of first using opiates/crack. (The fact this is not 32% is simply due to rounding).\nAs a basis for the total lag-to-treatment distribution, the main limitation with the above analysis is that it assumes all individuals coming to treatment do so within ten years. Examining data from earlier cohorts suggests this is inaccurate, as a small proportion of OCUs will continue to use these drugs for a long time, sometimes two decades or more, before seeking treatment, and some never will. However, we cannot use an earlier cohort for the distribution because this is equivalent to using out-of-date data. The average lag-to-treatment is likely to have reduced over time given the expansion of treatment places and the influence of DIP. Using old data will miss this and bias the estimates. Even using the 2005 cohort’s distribution contains the assumption that the time-to-treatment lag has not altered significantly between 2005 and 2013/14. So, to try and obtain the most accurate model, we used the figures from the 2005 cohort for the first ten years, as above, on the basis that this covers the majority of individuals and for that we want the most up-to-date data possible whilst maintaining a long enough time period. We then index the trend at that point to an older cohort, and use data from that cohort to model the ‘tail’ of the distribution -  i.e. those who take longer than ten years to reach treatment. <sup>20</sup> The result is a 20-year lag-to-treatment distribution, shown in Table 12 below.",
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+                    "page_end": 22,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n**Table 7: Number of unique individuals testing positive for opiates-only or positive-for-both, by year of first positive test.**\nNumber of unique individuals with positive opiate/opiate + cocaine tests per year\nFirst test year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Adjusted 2013\n2004 12,246 3,171 3,299 3,090 2,992 2,573 2,311 1,766 1,513 1,092 1,191\n2005  10,539 3,020 2,539 2,478 2,083 1,844 1,350 1,156 862 940\n2006   14,750 3,896 3,280 2,701 2,507 1,819 1,610 1,140 1,244\n2007    13,391 3,063 2,291 2,091 1,567 1,334 954 1,041\n2008     13,629 2,670 2,263 1,612 1,366 978 1,067\n2009      11,655 2,211 1,431 1,125 847 924\n2010       10,391 1,385 1,052 733 800\n2011        7,913 1,017 643 701\n2012         6,022 823 898\n2013          4,281 4,670\nTotal 12,246 13,710 21,069 22,916 25,442 23,973 23,618 18,843 16,195 12,353 13,476\n\nThese tables can be read both horizontally and vertically. Reading vertically (i.e. down the columns) it can be observed, for example, that of the 12,353 individuals with a positive test in 2013, 4,281 (35%) had not had a previous positive test and over half had already tested positive at least once in 2010 or before. Reading horizontally -  for example from left to right across the first row -  it can be concluded that of the 12,246 individuals testing positive in 2004, 3,171 also had a positive test in 2005; 3,299 of the original 12,246 also had a positive test in 2006 and so on. The table does not show whether those who had a subsequent test in 2005 were the same individuals as those who had a subsequent test in 2006. So reading the results of the two tables together, we can say that 12,246  *individuals*  had 17,174 positive tests in 2004, and of these, 3,171 also tested positive in 2005, resulting in 5,604 positive tests because some tested positive more than once in that year. The last figure in each column gives the number of new users that year (10,539 in 2005, 14,750 in 2006 and so on).\nThere are several observations to be drawn from these tables. First, it is clear that a proportion of opiate-using offenders offend over long periods of time. Nearly ten per cent (8.9%) of individuals who tested positive for opiates at charge in 2004 also tested positive nearly a decade later in 2013 (on arrest). And reading vertically, of the 12,253 individuals testing positive in 2013, 1,092 (8.9%) had also tested positive almost a decade earlier.",
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+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\n18 Data for 2014 was available until October 2014. This was converted to annual figures by multiplying up by 1.2 to account for the missing months in a linear fashion. 19 The percentages from this table can be calculated from the numbers in Table 13. 20 In reality there is always a trade-off in this methodology between the up-to-dateness of the cohort used to measure the lag- to-treatment and the number of years of lag measured, i.e. we could use a more recent cohort, say 2008. But that would mean excluding all those who take longer than seven years to come to treatment, an even larger proportion. We are indebted to Tim Millar for providing the dataset used to model the ‘tail’ of the distribution. It contained a longer time series of\n\n**Table 12: Estimated 20-year lag-to-treatment distribution for model one**\n\nThe cumulative percentages from the table above can then be combined with statistics showing actual numbers of first presentations to treatment by year of onset to calculate an incidence trend, as demonstrated in Table 13.\n**Table 13: Table showing the data used to estimate incidence in model one and the results <sup>21</sup>**\n\n**Year of 1st treatment**\n**2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total**\n**Percentag e of total incidence accounted for by observed**\n**Estimated number yet to come to treatment**\n**Estimated total incidence**\n**Year 1st use**\n**2005 1,305 1,508 1,533 1,250 938 800 512 408 376 330 8,960 85% 1,523 10,483**\n**2006 - 1,297 1,727 1,624 1,116 821 611 471 470 358 8,495 82% 1,824 10,319**\n**2007 - - 1,482 1,906 1,532 1,020 671 566 491 416 8,084 79% 2,183 10,268**\n**2008 - - - 1,446 1,857 1,456 840 659 570 424 7,252 75% 2,437 9,689**\n**2009 - - - - 1,580 1,811 1,018 727 627 527 6,290 70% 2,701 8,990**\n**2010 - - - - - 1,404 1,101 933 757 544 4,739 62% 2,864 7,602**\n**2011 - - - - - - 1,001 1,109 988 646 3,744 53% 3,269 7,013**\n**2012 - - - - - - - 967 1,149 920 3,036 41% 4,287 7,324**\n**2013 - - - - - - - - 1,021 1,204 2,225 27% 6,065 8,290**\n**2014 - - - - - - - - - 869 869 12%**\n**Total 1,305 2,805 4,742 6,226 7,023 7,312 5,754 5,840 6,449 6236.4 53,693**\n\nReading down the year columns, the table shows that of the 6,449 people who presented for opiate/crack treatment for the first time in 2013, 376 said they had begun using in 2005. Another 470 said they started using in 2006, and so on.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\nReading across the table shows that of all those who said they began using opiates/crack in 2005 (8,960), 1,305 also presented to treatment for the first time in that year (which is 15 per cent of the observed cohort from Table 11 and 12 per cent of our estimated total cohort from Table 12). Another 1,508 presented for the first time a year later, and so on. The first number in the totals column (8,960) therefore represents all individuals who said they began using in 2005. It is therefore the ‘observed’ incidence level. The column to the right of this is the cumulative percentages from the estimated lag-to-treatment distribution in Table 12. This shows the\n\notherwise similar data (i.e. first treatment presentation and year of initiation) from OCUs attending treatment in the Manchester area. 21 Note that the data for 2014 only includes Jan- Oct as this was all that was available. Hence we do not do not attempt to calculate an incidence estimate for 2014 and we adjust all the values in that column by multiplying by (12/10) to account for the missing months.\nestimated percentage of the total incidence captured by the observed incidence. In other words, our lag-to-treatment distribution suggests that of the 8,960 individuals who began use in 2005, 85 per cent will have come to treatment by 2014; so by adding the other 15 per cent on (1,523), we reach our estimated total incidence for that year: 10,483.\nThe second model uses the same principles but instead of looking only at the lag-to-treatment distribution for the 2005 cohort (i.e. the top row of Table 13), it incorporates available lag-to- treatment data from all new presentations between 2005 and 2014 (i.e. all rows in Table 13). This is done by calculating the total number of individuals within the sample who have a lag-to- treatment of a year or less, the total number with a lag of 1-2 years and so on. By comparing these numbers with the total number of individuals within the sample who  *could*  have come to treatment with that length of lag or less, it is possible to produce a 10-year lag-to treatment distribution, which is similar to Table 11 except uses data from the whole sample. (The mathematical calculations for this are set out in the appendix of Hickman  *et al*  ., 2001). As before we then index the trend to the older cohort to model the tail of the distribution and use the results to calculate incidence in an identical way to the first model. The results are shown in Table 14 below, which is a slimmed-down version of Table 13, showing the only column that has changed (the one headed `percentage of total incidence accounted for by observed’) and the impact this has on resulting incidence (in the final column.)  One of the important differences between the methods is that method 2, which incorporates all the data from the 2005-14 sample has a much shorter lag to treatment overall, which suggests that lag-times have generally reduced since 2005.",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 2. Estimating an incidence trend from treatment data\n\nbetween March 2011 and March 2015 can also be seen in the raw numbers for total new OCU treatment presentations. <sup>22</sup>\n**Figure 10: New treatment presentations for opiate/crack use.**\n\nFigure 10 shows that, rather than increasing in the current year, new presentations for opiate/crack use have actually fallen slightly from 48,154 in 2013/14 to 47,241 in 2014/15, a decrease of 1.9%. However, given that the early signs of previous opiate/crack use epidemics have been missed before (see Morgan, 2014), and the potential social harm that a fresh increase in new OCUs could cause, further analysis was conducted on the most recent data to try and determine whether the apparent flattening in trends was actually caused by the early stages of a significant surge in new users.\nThe treatment data was broken down by age to check whether the slight fall in total new presentations in 2014/15 masked an increase in younger treatment presentations. This showed instead that opiate/crack presentations by those aged 18-24 had fallen from 3,579 in 2013/14 to 3,021 in 2014/15, a fall of 15.6%. In other words, younger new presentations have fallen at a faster rate over the last year than for those aged over-25. Furthermore, separate statistics produced for those in treatment aged 18-and-under also show a fall in aggregate numbers in treatment for opiates and crack.\nWe also looked at trends at the local level, given that previous epidemics have started in very specific areas and have taken several years to spread nationally. This means that the start of an epidemic can be hidden in the national data because it has not reached enough areas to register.\n\n22 Note that this series counts the start of any new treatment journey, regardless of whether an individual has been in treatment before. So unlike our definition of ‘new’ elsewhere it includes individuals who have been to treatment previously.\nThe analysis showed that of the 149 Drug Action Team areas in England, 72 per cent had decreases in new OCU treatment numbers in the year to September 2014 compared to the previous year. Furthermore, of the 42 areas showing an increase, only 11 also showed a rise for the 12 months to September 2010 compared with the 12 months to September 2014, and most of these involved small numbers of individuals.\nOverall then, the very recent data on treatment presentations do not currently suggest that the number of new OCUs is on the verge of increasing, merely that it flattened for a period.",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 27,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Conclusion\n\nThis report has attempted to draw together available data and evidence to estimate the number of new opiate/crack-cocaine users (OCUs) per year in England since 2005 and then to look briefly at their characteristics. This is important as previous research has suggested that - mostly through the actions of a minority - this group has the potential to have a large impact on crime trends and therefore to impose significant societal costs.\nThough data on this population is imperfect, a number of different data sources and methodologies are available to estimate OCU incidence. From these, three key conclusions emerge:\n-  The number of new opiate/crack users is clearly far lower now than it was in the 1980s and early 1990s and has even dropped 20-45% since 2005.\n\n-  This means numbers of new users in 2013 may be around 5,000-8,000 with an approximate upper bound of 10,000; and numbers involved with prolific criminality will be lower still.\n\n-  The downward trend in new OCUs has flattened since about 2011, but available data do not suggest that this is the precursor to a new increase. If anything, the downward trend may resume in 2014, though the situation requires further monitoring.\nFor local areas then, this report suggests that it is still important to identify new OCUs as the arrestee data showed that a proportion of these are likely to offend over a long period of time. But also, there was some evidence of a shift to older initiates, which may require a slightly different treatment approach.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Summary\n\n#### **Aims and Methodology**\n\n4 The average is useful, but hides the fact that offending within the opiate/crack population is highly skewed with a few individuals responsible for the majority of crime and many individuals manage to use heroin and crack without resorting to acquisitive crime at all (Morgan, 2014). 5 Though regular national-level estimates have not been attempted, studies have estimated incidence at various times and at various different levels of geography, see for example: De Angelis  *et al*  ., 2004, Millar  *et al*  ., 2001 and Hickman  *et al*  ., 2001.\n5\nmethods for calculating incidence are complicated and imperfect. It should be acknowledged in advance that this paper does not fully resolve these issues. It is merely intended as a first step, to obtain workable estimates upon which to base policy until more sophisticated methods are developed. That said, every effort is made in this analysis to sense-check the results against other available datasets. The datasets used and the structure of the paper is as follows.\ni)  **Drug Interventions Programme (DIP) data.**  In part one, we produce general descriptive statistics from these data, which capture individuals who test positive for opiates/crack-cocaine following arrest or charge. Due to the limitations in coverage of these data over time, we draw only broad conclusions, some of which act as a sense- check for the main results from part two. ii)  **Data on presentations to treatment from the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (NDTMS).**  In part two, we use two models based on previous research papers to calculate OCU incidence at the national level between 2005 and 2013. Most of the main conclusions come from this section.\n6",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n|  Year of first  test  |  Age 18-24  |  Age 25-29  |  Age 30-34  |  Age 35-39  |  Age 40  over  |  Total  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| 2004  | 3,150  | 3,319  | 2,938  | 1,958  | 881  | 12,246  |\n| 2005  | 2,391  | 2,832  | 2,548  | 1,791  | 977  | 10,539  |\n| 2006  | 3,635  | 3,768  | 3,275  | 2,491  | 1,580  | 14,749  |\n| 2007  | 3,182  | 3,359  | 2,869  | 2,178  | 1,803  | 13,391  |\n| 2008  | 2,912  | 3,197  | 2,857  | 2,425  | 2,238  | 13,629  |\n| 2009  | 2,711  | 2,594  | 2,304  | 1,998  | 2,048  | 11,655  |\n| 2010  | 2,287  | 2,180  | 2,105  | 1,744  | 2,075  | 10,391  |\n| 2011  | 1,772  | 1,519  | 1,622  | 1,274  | 1,726  | 7,913  |\n| 2012  | 1,136  | 1,179  | 1,300  | 1,030  | 1,377  | 6,022  |\n| 2013  | 721  | 850  | 938  | 704  | 1,068  | 4,281  |\n| Total  | 23,897  | 24,797  | 22,756  | 17,593  | 15,773  | 104,816  |\n\n14 Note that this rate is, in effect, the rate of arrest-and-testing-positive. 15 The technical annex contains a section on exactly how this range was estimated.\n**Table 9: Table showing the age breakdown of individuals testing positive for opiates-only or positive-for-both as a proportion of all individuals first testing positive in that year.**\n|  Year of  first test  |  Age  18 - 24  |  Age  25 - 29  |  Age  30 - 34  |  Age  35 - 39  |  Age  40 over  |  Total  |\n|---:|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  2004  | 26%  | 27%  | 24%  | 16%  | 7%  | 100%  |\n|  2005  | 23%  | 27%  | 24%  | 17%  | 9%  | 100%  |\n|  2006  | 25%  | 26%  | 22%  | 17%  | 11%  | 100%  |\n|  2007  | 24%  | 25%  | 21%  | 16%  | 13%  | 100%  |\n|  2008  | 21%  | 23%  | 21%  | 18%  | 16%  | 100%  |\n|  2009  | 23%  | 22%  | 20%  | 17%  | 18%  | 100%  |\n|  2010  | 22%  | 21%  | 20%  | 17%  | 20%  | 100%  |\n|  2011  | 22%  | 19%  | 20%  | 16%  | 22%  | 100%  |\n|  2012  | 19%  | 20%  | 22%  | 17%  | 23%  | 100%  |\n|  2013  | 17%  | 20%  | 22%  | 16%  | 25%  | 100%  |",
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+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
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+                "query": "What proportion of opiate users tested in 2004 were still positive a decade later?",
+                "target_page": 18,
+                "target_passage": "Nearly ten per cent (8.9%) of individuals who tested positive for opiates at charge in 2004 also tested positive nearly a decade later in 2013 (on arrest)",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n**Table 7: Number of unique individuals testing positive for opiates-only or positive-for-both, by year of first positive test.**\nNumber of unique individuals with positive opiate/opiate + cocaine tests per year\nFirst test year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Adjusted 2013\n2004 12,246 3,171 3,299 3,090 2,992 2,573 2,311 1,766 1,513 1,092 1,191\n2005  10,539 3,020 2,539 2,478 2,083 1,844 1,350 1,156 862 940\n2006   14,750 3,896 3,280 2,701 2,507 1,819 1,610 1,140 1,244\n2007    13,391 3,063 2,291 2,091 1,567 1,334 954 1,041\n2008     13,629 2,670 2,263 1,612 1,366 978 1,067\n2009      11,655 2,211 1,431 1,125 847 924\n2010       10,391 1,385 1,052 733 800\n2011        7,913 1,017 643 701\n2012         6,022 823 898\n2013          4,281 4,670\nTotal 12,246 13,710 21,069 22,916 25,442 23,973 23,618 18,843 16,195 12,353 13,476\n\nThese tables can be read both horizontally and vertically. Reading vertically (i.e. down the columns) it can be observed, for example, that of the 12,353 individuals with a positive test in 2013, 4,281 (35%) had not had a previous positive test and over half had already tested positive at least once in 2010 or before. Reading horizontally -  for example from left to right across the first row -  it can be concluded that of the 12,246 individuals testing positive in 2004, 3,171 also had a positive test in 2005; 3,299 of the original 12,246 also had a positive test in 2006 and so on. The table does not show whether those who had a subsequent test in 2005 were the same individuals as those who had a subsequent test in 2006. So reading the results of the two tables together, we can say that 12,246  *individuals*  had 17,174 positive tests in 2004, and of these, 3,171 also tested positive in 2005, resulting in 5,604 positive tests because some tested positive more than once in that year. The last figure in each column gives the number of new users that year (10,539 in 2005, 14,750 in 2006 and so on).\nThere are several observations to be drawn from these tables. First, it is clear that a proportion of opiate-using offenders offend over long periods of time. Nearly ten per cent (8.9%) of individuals who tested positive for opiates at charge in 2004 also tested positive nearly a decade later in 2013 (on arrest). And reading vertically, of the 12,253 individuals testing positive in 2013, 1,092 (8.9%) had also tested positive almost a decade earlier.",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n10 Examining the data it is also clear that some areas recorded a higher proportion of cases without a PNC number than others. Thus excluding these cases further affects the variation in geographic coverage across time. See Appendix for more.\nAll positive opiate/opiate+cocaine tests (including repeats) that were recorded on PNC; England 2004- 2013\nAge Year of birth\n|  Number of tests  |  296,008  |  Number of tests  |  296,008  |\n|:---|---:|:---|---:|\n| Mean  |  32  | Mean  |  1977  |\n| Median  |  31  | Median  |  1977  |\n| Mode  |  28  | Mode  |  1979  |\n| Minimum  |  18  | Minimum  |  1960  |\n| Maximum  |  53  | Maximum  |  1995  |\npopulation there exists a small group of frequent repeat users. 1,828 individuals (1.7% of this population) accounted for just over ten per cent of all positive tests (30,471 tests in total). These individuals provided between 16 and 57 positive tests over the period 2004 to 2013.\n**Figure 4: Proportion of positive tests by number of times an individual tested positive.**\n\nThe age and year-of-birth distributions for the 104,817 individuals reveals a similar profile to the distribution for total tests (Figures 5 and 6).\n**Figure 5: Year of birth for all individuals on their first positive test (opiates-only or positive- for-both.)**\n\n**Figure 6:  Age at first positive test (opiates-only or positive-for-both.)**\n\nNote: as a guide to the OCU population, this chart is left-truncated as DIP tests are not given to under-18s.\nThe relationship between the total opiates-only or positive-for-both tests and the individuals responsible for them can also be shown over time, as Table 5 illustrates <sup>11</sup> .\n**Table 5: Table showing trends in total positive opiates-only or positive-for-both., in unique individuals testing positive, and in**   * **new** *   **individuals testing positive.**\n\nOf central interest for this paper is the third row which shows numbers of individuals testing positive for opiates only or were positive-for-both for the first time. All the previous caveats about DIP trends need to be borne in mind when looking at those figures. Clearly the rise in new positive testers in the early period will be affected by the changes to DIP coverage through those years, as possibly will the sharp fall in positive testers in the latter period. However, graphing the data (see the red line in Figure 7 below) shows that the fall from 14,750 new positive testers in 2006 to 4,281 in 2013, is not only large (the drop is around 70 per cent even if we use the adjusted figure for 2013) but also more or less linear. This means that there is no immediate reason to suggest that the 2013 figures are artificially low due to changes in DIP coverage (i.e. the fact that DIP ceased to be a centrally funded programme in April of that year). Taken together, the data from the period post-2006 (when DIP had achieved a high level of coverage) certainly appear to show that the number of new crime-involved OCUs is unlikely to be rising and may be falling markedly, see Figure 7.",
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\nThe fifth row in Table 1 shows that the total number of opiate and opiate/cocaine tests over the period was 364,537. Table 2 shows descriptive statistics for the individuals providing these tests (noting that the same individual may be included several times if they gave multiple positive tests).\n**Table 2: Descriptive statistics on all positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\nOpiate/opiate+cocaine positive tests in England 2004- 2013 (all positive tests including repeats by the same individual)\nAge Year of birth\n|  Number of tests  |  364,537  |  Number of tests  |  364,537  |\n|:---|---:|:---|---:|\n| Mean  |  32  | Mean  |  1977  |\n| Median  |  31  | Median  |  1977  |\n| Mode  |  28  | Mode  |  1979  |\n| Minimum  |  18  | Minimum  |  1960  |\n| Maximum  |  53  | Maximum  |  1995  |\n\nThe mean age at test is 32 and the mean year of birth is 1977, implying that most of these individuals were in their mid-to-late teens during the crime peak of the mid-1990s. <sup>9</sup> Given evidence suggesting that the average age of initiation for opiate/crack use is around 18- 20 (Millar  *et al*  ., 2001), this age profile would tentatively suggest that OCU incidence also peaked in the 1990s and that this created a large cohort of users who would be approaching 40 today.\nThe minimum and maximum years of birth are fixed by construction, because anyone born\n\n9 Note that the dataset counts tests, not unique individuals, so the same person can appear more than once.\nbefore 1960 was removed and because DIP tests are only administered to those aged 18 and over, so only using data to 2013 means it would not be possible for anyone to be born in 1996 or afterwards to be included. Even so, it is clear from the year-of-birth distribution (Figure 2) that positive opiate tests drop off sharply for those born after 1982. This is in line with other evidence suggesting that the number of  *new*  users of opiates decreased sharply in the 2000s. This needs to be considered when interpreting the analysis that follows. When DIP and the NDTMS treatment system began in the mid-2000s, there already existed a cohort of around 320,000 OCUs, according to available estimates by Hay  *et al*  ., (2013). And most of these individuals began using opiates/crack during the epidemic years of the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of data capture this means it is hard to separate the gradual inclusion of more and more individuals from this original cohort from genuinely new users of these drugs.",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Summary\n\n#### **Executive summary**\n\nThis paper uses a range of datasets and methodologies to:\n-  obtain working estimates for the number of individuals in England who started using opiates/crack from 2005 to 2013; <sup>1</sup>\n-  examine the characteristics of these individuals.\nThe main findings of the paper are as follows.\n-  It is estimated that around 5,000 to 8,000 individuals started using opiates or crack- cocaine in 2013. There is a high degree of uncertainty around this figure due to the sparse data on this population, but sense-checks based on treatment and criminal justice system data suggest the true figure is unlikely to be much larger than 10,000.\n\n-  Data also suggest that the number of current opiate/crack initiates involved with crime may be even lower. The number of arrestees testing positive for the first time for opiates (or for both opiates and crack-cocaine) dropped from 14,750 in 2006 to 4,281 in the first 11 months of 2013, a fall of around 70 per cent <sup>2</sup> . Furthermore, of the new positive testers in 2013, only 721 were aged 18- 24. <sup>3</sup> Though this arrestee data will capture only a proportion of the true population, it does suggest that the number of new, young initiates involved with crime -  those who have the potential to inflict most societal harm -  has decreased markedly, probably just to a few thousand per year; and that this group now make up a small minority of the total number of opiate/crack-cocaine users (estimated to be 294,000 in 2011/12), most of whom are older, longer-term users.\n\n-  In terms of trends in new opiate/crack-cocaine users, all available data suggest that figures have dipped by at least a fifth since 2005 and have dropped hugely since the late 1980s and early 1990s when the opiate/crack-cocaine population in the UK grew very rapidly. The current estimate works out at a rate of 0.18 per 1,000 population. During the epidemic years, published estimates of new opiate/crack-cocaine users in Manchester and Bolton show rates more than 11 times larger.\n\n-  However, the findings also suggest that between 2011 and early 2014, the number of new opiate/crack-cocaine users stopped decreasing and instead stabilised at a (historically) low level. Further analysis was conducted to try and determine whether this was a precursor to a new rise in initiates. Though the data are not totally conclusive, the results suggest that a marked increase in new opiate/crack-cocaine users in the near future is unlikely. If anything, findings suggested that the downward trend may be set to resume.\n\n-  Analysis also revealed some possible changes in characteristics of the new opiate/crack- cocaine initiates. There is a trend in the treatment data towards new initiates coming to treatment earlier in their drug-using careers than previous cohorts and also to have",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n11 Individuals may have more than one positive test in a given year, which is why the numbers for tests are higher than the numbers for individuals. Similarly, even new individuals not previously testing positive in a given year, may have multiple positive tests in the first year in which they test positive.\n**Figure 7: Trends in total positive tests divided between those that are the individual’s first positive test and those that are subsequent positive tests.**\n\nHowever, caution needs to be exercised. Not only will this trend be affected by the changing level of DIP coverage but also DIP only started in 2004 so every new individual who tests positive in that year is effectively ‘new’. This means that because the probability of arrest, for any offence committed, is less than one (i.e. not everyone gets caught), it is likely that there will be a natural downward bias in the trend for positive first tests. To see this, imagine a population of 100 OCUs who commit one crime each year. If the probability of arrest is 20 per cent, 20\nindividuals will show up in the DIP data as ‘first positive tests’ in the first year. In the second year, 16 will show up from the original cohort (80 x 20%), alongside 20 per cent of any  *new* crime-involved OCUs joining the population that year. <sup>12</sup>\nSo the sharply falling trend cannot simply be interpreted as a sharp fall in the number of genuinely  *new*  crime-involved OCUs, as the figures will also be capturing declining numbers of the original cohort. Looking at the fourth row in Table 5 we can see that it is only in 2012 that the total number of unique individuals testing positive exceeds 100,000. Given that available estimates suggest the total number of OCUs in the mid-2000s was around 300,000 (Hay  *et al*  ., 2013), it is clear that plenty of the pre-existing population probably appear as ‘new’ positive testers right the way through the series. <sup>13</sup>\n\n12 Note that this assumes individuals do not become more likely to be arrested once they have already been arrested once, which may not be true if, for example, they became a known ‘face’ amongst the police. 13 We certainly would not expect the whole of the 330,000 original population to appear in the data, given that: 1) Evidence suggests up to half finance their drug use without resorting to acquisitive crime (Morgan, 2014); 2) Some of the crime-",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\nDespite this, there are still a few things these data  *can*  tell us about the numbers and trends in new OCUs. Firstly, despite the downward bias outlined above, it is clear that there are not *enough*  new crime-involved OCUs entering the population to cause this trend to increase or even flatten. Secondly, it is assumed that the probability of arrest stays roughly constant through the period, the trend in the number of new positive testers, who are actually captured from the original cohort, will gradually flatten, whereas the decline in new OCUs in the DIP data is almost linear, suggesting that numbers entering the population are also falling. But most important is that the absolute number of new positive testers in 2013 is only 4,281. Given that this figure is likely to include some individuals who are actually long-standing OCUs, but who have evaded arrest to that point, then the number of genuinely new arrested OCUs in 2013 must be lower than 4,281, possibly markedly lower.\nTo investigate this further, the next two tables break down annual totals for all tests and all unique individuals, by the year of first test.\n**Table 6: Number of positive opiates-only or positive-for-both. tests, by year of first positive test.**\n**Number of tests per year (positive opiate/opiate + cocaine)**\n**Year of first**\n**test 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Adjusted 2013**\n**2004**  17,174 5,604 7,091 6,784 6,509 5,292 4,863 3,341 2,629 1,800 1,964\n**2005**   13,553 6,066 5,110 4,941 3,983 3,549 2,323 1,947 1,383 1,509\n**2006**    20,656 7,784 6,152 5,139 4,629 3,257 2,649 1,806 1,970\n**2007**     17,613 5,747 4,309 3,855 2,619 2,119 1,555 1,696\n**2008**      17,883 4,970 4,026 2,626 2,180 1,562 1,704\n**2009**       14,683 4,054 2,383 1,824 1,318 1,438\n**2010**        13,075 2,332 1,638 1,154 1,259\n**2011**         9,595 1,714 1,013 1,105\n**2012**          7,265 1,359 1,483\n**2013**           5,523 6,025\n**Total**  17,174 19,157 33,813 37,291 41,232 38,376 38,051 28,476 23,965 18,473 20,152\n\ninvolved opiate/crack users will quit (or die) before being arrested and tested; 3) DIP’s geographical coverage is not 100 per cent; 4) Some may evade arrest through the entire series; and 5) Evidence suggests OCUs cycle in and out of periods of regular use and offending rather than offend at a high rate continuously. But clearly the gradual capture of the pre-existing population creates a big enough bias such that we cannot read the figures for  *new*  positive testers simply as an incidence trend for crime-involved opiate/crack users.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\n**Figure 2: Year of birth distribution for all opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\n\nFigure 3, which shows the age of the individual at a positive test, also reveals that although the average age at positive test is 32, the peak is quite flat, with high numbers of positive tests still being recorded by individuals in their late 30s and even into their 40s.\n**Figure 3: Distribution of tester’s age at positive test for all opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\n\nNote: as a guide to the OCU population, this chart is left-truncated as DIP tests are not given to under-18s.\nThe above statistics include tests in which no Police National Computer (PNC) number was recorded for an individual. This number is needed to identify an individual and hence to check whether future tests are further tests by that individual or represent a new individual testing positive. Excluding tests in which no PNC number was recorded makes little difference to the descriptive statistics, see Table 3 below.\n\n**Table 3: Descriptive statistics for the DIP positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests in which an individual can be identified with a PNC number.**\n\nThe age and year of birth distributions are also similar and are shown in the Appendix. Thus, for the majority of the analysis that follows, tests with no PNC number were excluded. <sup>10</sup>\nThe charts and tables above use data from  *all*  positive tests, so will include cases where the same individual has tested positively on more than one occasion. The following data look just at the  *first*  test for each individual testing positive for opiates-only or positive-for-both.\n**Table 4: Descriptive statistics on first positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\nFirst positive opiate/opiate+cocaine tests (unique individuals)\nAge Year of birth\n|  Number of tests  |  104,817  |  Number of tests  |  104,817  |\n|:---|---:|:---|---:|\n| Mean  |  31  | Mean  |  1977  |\n| Median  |  30  | Median  |  1977  |\n| Mode  |  27  | Mode  |  1980  |\n| Minimum  |  18  | Minimum  |  1960  |\n| Maximum  |  53  | Maximum  |  1995  |\n\nThere were just over 100,000 unique individuals who tested positive for opiates-only or positive- for-both between 2004 and 2013. The distribution of the 296,008 positive tests these individuals gave, shows that the vast majority (55%) were only tested once (see Figure 4), which is likely to be why the age statistics are quite similar between Table 3 and Table 4. However, within this",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### 1. Drug Interventions Programme Data\n\nComparing 2004 with 2013 shows that the younger age groups have seen falls in both the number and the proportion of new positive testers. However, the proportion of those aged 40+ has consistently risen and now constitutes the largest group of all new individuals testing positive.\nThis means that the 4,281 individuals testing positive for the first time in 2013 has a very different age profile to that we would expect from a cohort of recent initiates. It is far older, suggesting again that many of those are actually pre-existing users only tested (positively) for the first time in 2013. This adds further weight to the back-of-the-envelope modelling evidence demonstrating that a substantial proportion of the 4,281 new positive testers in 2013 are likely to be longer-term users who have only been first arrested in 2013, rather than genuinely new OCUs.\nIn the next section, analysis will examine whether there has been a possible shift towards an older profile amongst new initiates. But even taking this into account, it is unlikely that the majority of those 4,281 individuals are recent initiates. This can be seen clearly in Figure 8 below, which compares the age-of-initiation curve from Figure 11 (in the next section) to the 2013 ‘new-individuals’ cohort in the DIP data.\n**Figure 8:  Comparison of new DIP and treatment cohorts, by age**\n\nThe DIP cohort has a far older age profile even than the 2014 cohort of treatment initiates, who themselves have a far older age-of-initiation profile than previous treatment cohorts. As such, it seems highly unlikely that all, or even most, of the 4,281 positive testers in 2013 are new initiates.\nOf course, even if just the small number of DIP testers (787 <sup>16</sup> ) who were aged under 25 in 2013 were considered to be new initiates, this would still need to be multiplied up by three factors to provide an estimate for total new initiates: i) the non-arrest rate (to account for the fact that only a proportion of crime-involved initiates will get arrested in a given year); ii) the fact that DIP’s coverage (in terms of age, geography and PNC-referenced individuals) is not 100 per cent; iii) the likelihood that up to half of all new initiates will not be involved with crime at all. As an illustration, multiplying up 787 by these factors produces a figure close to 10,000. <sup>17</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Appendix\n\n#### Modelling methodology\n\nThis brief section outlines the modelling process behind the conclusion in section one, which states that we might expect somewhere between 2,400 and 7,000 individuals from the original cohort of users in 2004 to be captured within the 2013 figure of  *new*  DIP arrestees (who test positive for opiates-only or who are positive-for-both).\nWe begin by putting in a plausible range of crime-involved OCUs through the period. This combines the total OCU estimates published by Hay  *et al*  ., (ranging from around 320,000 OCUs down to around 295,000 in recent years) with available estimates of the percentage who are likely to be committing acquisitive crime. The latter was found to be almost exactly 50% in the NTORS study (Gossop  *et al*  ., 2003). As such, a range of between 170,000 and 100,000 crime- involved OCUs is likely to include all plausible values (see first row of table below).\nWe then calculate the rate at which that population is likely to be arrested and test positive by using the number of individuals testing positive from 2008 (25,433), when DIP was fully up and running. This gives the second row of the table. Combining the values in the first two rows and applying the probability formula given in the main body of the text gives the third row: the probability of first positive DIP test in 2013. Note that this assumes all these individuals continue to offend through the period, which may not be the case, hence final results are probably an upper bound. The final row simply multiples the figure in the first row by the figure in the third to give our estimate of the original cohort who might appear in the 2013 DIP figures as new.\n\n|  Number of  (crime  involved)  OCUs  |  170,000  |  160,000  |  150,000  |  140,000  |  130,000  |  120,000  |  110,000  |  100,000  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| Implied  arrest rate  (based on  DIP 2008  figures) | 15%  | 16%  | 17%  | 18%  | 20%  | 21%  | 23%  | 25%  |\n| Probability  of first  arrest in  2013  | 4.1%  | 4.0%  | 3.8%  | 3.7%  | 3.4%  | 3.2%  | 2.8%  | 2.4%  |\n| Estimated  capture of  original  cohort in  2013  | 6,955  | 6,366  | 5,752  | 5,113  | 4,455  | 3,782  | 3,102  | 2,429  |",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# New opiate and crack-cocaine users:  characteristics and trends   Research Report 90  January 2016\n\n## **New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends**\n\n### Conclusion\n\nThis report has attempted to draw together available data and evidence to estimate the number of new opiate/crack-cocaine users (OCUs) per year in England since 2005 and then to look briefly at their characteristics. This is important as previous research has suggested that - mostly through the actions of a minority - this group has the potential to have a large impact on crime trends and therefore to impose significant societal costs.\nThough data on this population is imperfect, a number of different data sources and methodologies are available to estimate OCU incidence. From these, three key conclusions emerge:\n-  The number of new opiate/crack users is clearly far lower now than it was in the 1980s and early 1990s and has even dropped 20-45% since 2005.\n\n-  This means numbers of new users in 2013 may be around 5,000-8,000 with an approximate upper bound of 10,000; and numbers involved with prolific criminality will be lower still.\n\n-  The downward trend in new OCUs has flattened since about 2011, but available data do not suggest that this is the precursor to a new increase. If anything, the downward trend may resume in 2014, though the situation requires further monitoring.\nFor local areas then, this report suggests that it is still important to identify new OCUs as the arrestee data showed that a proportion of these are likely to offend over a long period of time. But also, there was some evidence of a shift to older initiates, which may require a slightly different treatment approach.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf",
+                "query": "Who led the Fronde des princes?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called \"foreign princes\" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Accession**\n\nchallenged her will; her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the\nmatters of finance and justice. One of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris, whom she had\njailed, died in prison. <sup>[23]</sup>\nThe  *Frondeurs*  , political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their\ntraditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government.\nFurthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by\nthe recently ennobled bureaucrats (the  *Noblesse de Robe*  , or \"nobility of the robe\"), who\nadministered the kingdom and on whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely. This\nbelief intensified the nobles' resentment.\nIn 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted to tax members of the  *Parlement de Paris*  . The\nmembers refused to comply and ordered all of the king's earlier financial edicts burned.\nBuoyed by the victory of  *[Louis, duc d'Enghien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9)*  (later known as  *le Grand Condé*  ) at the\n[Battle of Lens, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in a show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lens)\nof force. <sup>[24]</sup> [ The most important arrest, from Anne's point of view, concerned Pierre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Broussel)\n[Broussel, one of the most important leaders in the ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Broussel)  *Parlement de Paris*  .\nPeople in France were complaining about the expansion of royal authority, the high rate of\ntaxation, and the reduction of the authority of the Parlement de Paris and other regional\nrepresentative entities. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under\nintense pressure, to free Broussel. Moreover, on the night of 9- 10 February 1651, when\nLouis was twelve, a mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to\nsee their king. Led into the royal bed-chamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning\nsleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed. <sup>[25]</sup> The threat to the royal family\nprompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers.\n[Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia allowed Condé's army to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia)\nreturn to aid Louis and his court. Condé's family was close to Anne at that time, and he\nagreed to help her attempt to restore the king's authority. <sup>[26]</sup> The queen's army, headed by",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Early acts**\n\ntwice in this manner, and at one point Louis XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest\nin the royal palace in Paris. The Fronde years planted in Louis a hatred of Paris and a\nconsequent determination to move out of the ancient capital as soon as possible, never to\nreturn. <sup>[29]</sup>\nJust as the first  *Fronde*  (the  *Fronde parlementaire*  of 1648- 1649) ended, a second one (the\n*Fronde des princes*  of 1650- 1653) began. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid\nintrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class\ninsurrection. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest for the reversal of their\n[political demotion from vassals to courtiers. It was headed by the highest-ranking French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtier)\n[nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier)\n[Montpensier, known as ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier)  *la Grande Mademoiselle*  [; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti)\n[Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_II_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Longueville)\n[François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called \"foreign princes\" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_vicomte_de_Turenne)\n[and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer))\nQueen Anne played the most important role in defeating the Fronde because she wanted to transfer absolute authority to her son.\nIn addition, most of the princes refused to deal with Mazarin, who went into exile for a number of years. The  *Frondeurs*  claimed\nto act on Louis's behalf, and in his real interest, against his mother and Mazarin.\nQueen Anne had a very close relationship with the Cardinal, and many observers believed that Mazarin became Louis XIV's\nstepfather by a secret marriage to Queen Anne. <sup>[30]</sup> [ However, Louis's coming-of-age and subsequent coronation deprived them of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation)\nthe  *Frondeurs*  ' pretext for revolt. The  *Fronde*  thus gradually lost steam and ended in 1653, when Mazarin returned triumphantly\nfrom exile. From that time until his death, Mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Early acts**\n\n1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of\nthe Fronde, portrayed as the god\n[Jupiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology))\n[Portrait by Justus van Egmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_van_Egmont)\nbetween the years 1649- 1652.\nCondé, attacked the rebels in Paris; the rebels were under the political control of Anne's\n[old friend Marie de Rohan. Beaufort, who had escaped from the prison where Anne had](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan)\nincarcerated him five years before, was the military leader in Paris, under the nominal\n[control of Conti. After a few battles, a political compromise was reached; the Peace of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Rueil)\n[Rueil was signed, and the court returned to Paris.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Rueil)\nUnfortunately for Anne, her partial victory depended on Condé, who wanted to control the\nqueen and destroy Mazarin's influence. It was Condé's sister who pushed him to turn\nagainst the queen. After striking a deal with her old friend Marie de Rohan, who was able\nto impose the nomination of  *[Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_l%27Aubespine,_marquis_de_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf)*  as minister\n[of justice, Anne arrested Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti)\n[husband of their sister Anne Genevieve de Bourbon, duchess of Longueville. This situation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Longueville)\ndid not last long, and Mazarin's unpopularity led to the creation of a coalition headed\nmainly by Marie de Rohan and the duchess of Longueville. This aristocratic coalition was\nstrong enough to liberate the princes, exile Mazarin, and impose a condition of virtual\nhouse arrest on Queen Anne.\nAll these events were witnessed by Louis and\nlargely explained his later distrust of Paris and the higher aristocracy. <sup>[27]</sup> \"In one sense,\nLouis's childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the Fronde. It was not only that life\nbecame insecure and unpleasant -  a fate meted out to many children in all ages -  but that\nLouis had to be taken into the confidence of his mother and Mazarin on political and\nmilitary matters of which he could have no deep understanding\". <sup>[28]</sup> \"The family home\nbecame at times a near-prison when Paris had to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to\nother chateaux but in humiliating flights\". <sup>[28]</sup> The royal family was driven out of Paris",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Early acts**\n\naccount to me personally each day and to favor no one\". <sup>[33]</sup> Capitalizing on the widespread public yearning\nfor peace and order after decades of foreign and civil strife, the young king consolidated central political\nauthority at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent,\n[the historian Chateaubriand noted: \"it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand)\nLouis\". <sup>[34]</sup>\nLouis began his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. In 1661, the treasury verged on\n[bankruptcy. To rectify the situation, Louis chose Jean-Baptiste Colbert as Controller-General of Finances in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances)\n[1665. However, Louis first had to neutralize Nicolas Fouquet, the powerful Superintendent of Finances.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances)\nAlthough Fouquet's financial indiscretions were not very different from Mazarin's before him or Colbert's\n[after him, his ambition worried Louis. He lavishly entertained the king at the opulent château of Vaux-le-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte)\n[Vicomte, flaunting a wealth which could hardly have accumulated except through embezzlement of government funds.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement)\nFouquet appeared eager to succeed Mazarin and Richelieu in power, and he indiscreetly purchased and privately fortified the\n[remote island of Belle Île. These acts sealed his doom. Fouquet was charged with embezzlement; the ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%C3%8Ele)  *Parlement*  found him guilty\nand sentenced him to exile; and finally Louis altered the sentence to life imprisonment.\nFouquet's downfall gave Colbert a free hand to reduce the national debt through more\nefficient taxation. The principal taxes included the  *aides*  and  *douanes*  [ (both customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs)\n[duties), the ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs)  *[gabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelle)*  (salt tax), and the  *[taille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taille)*  (land tax). The  *taille*  was reduced at first, and\ncertain tax-collection contracts were auctioned instead of being sold privately to a\nfavoured few. Financial officials were required to keep regular accounts, revising\ninventories and removing unauthorized exemptions: up to 1661 only 10 per cent of income\nfrom the royal domain reached the king. Reform had to overcome vested interests: the\n*taille*  was collected by officers of the Crown who had purchased their post at a high price,\nand punishment of abuses necessarily lowered the value of the purchase. Nevertheless,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Height of power**\n\n#### **Centralisation of power**\n\nLouis XIV\nexperiences during the  *Fronde*  , when men of high birth readily took up the rebel cause against their king, who was actually the\nkinsman of some. This victory over the nobility may thus have ensured the end of major civil wars in France until the French\nRevolution about a century later.\nUnder Louis, France was the leading European power, and most wars pivoted around its\naggressiveness. No European state exceeded it in population, and no one could match its\nwealth, central location, and very strong professional army. It had largely avoided the\ndevastation of the Thirty Years' War. Its weaknesses included an inefficient financial\nsystem that was hard-pressed to pay for its military adventures, and the tendency of most\nother powers to gang up against it.\n[During Louis's reign, France fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War)\n[Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. There were also two lesser conflicts:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession)\n[the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions) <sup>[64]</sup> The wars were very expensive but\ndefined Louis XIV's foreign policy, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled \"by\na mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\", Louis sensed that war was the ideal way to\nenhance his glory. In peacetime, he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught\nhis diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French\nmilitary. <sup>[6]</sup> By 1695, France retained much of its dominance but had lost control of the seas\nto England and Holland, and most countries, both Protestant and Catholic, were in alliance\n[against it. Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, France's leading military strategist, warned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban)\nLouis in 1689 that a hostile \"Alliance\" was too powerful at sea. He recommended that\nFrance fight back by licensing French merchant ships to privateer and seize enemy\nmerchant ships while avoiding its navies:\nFrance has its declared enemies Germany and all the states that it embraces; Spain with all its dependencies in\nEurope, Asia, Africa and America; the Duke of Savoy [in Italy], England, Scotland, Ireland, and all their colonies\nin the East and West Indies; and Holland with all its possessions in the four corners of the world where it has\ngreat establishments. France has ... undeclared enemies, indirectly hostile, hostile, and envious of its greatness,",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Early years**\n\nbecame the young king's tutor. Louis XIV became friends with Villeroy's young\n[children, particularly François de Villeroy, and divided his time between the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufville,_duc_de_Villeroy)\n[Palais-Royal and the nearby Hotel de Villeroy.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais-Royal)\n[Sensing imminent death in the spring of 1643, King Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII)\norder for his four-year-old son Louis XIV. Not trusting the judgement of his Spanish wife\n[Queen Anne, who would normally have become the sole regent of France, the king](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent)\ndecreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf, with Anne at its head. <sup>[13]</sup>\nLouis XIII died on 14 May 1643. On 18 May <sup>[14]</sup> Queen Anne had her husband's will\nannulled by the *[Parlement de Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement)* , a judicial body of nobles and high-ranking clergy, <sup>[15]</sup>\nand she became sole regent. She exiled her husband's ministers Chavigny and Bouthilier\n[and appointed the Count of Brienne as her minister of foreign affairs.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne) <sup>[16]</sup> Anne kept the\ndirection of religious policy strongly in hand until her son's majority in 1661.\n[She appointed Cardinal Mazarin as chief minister, giving him the daily administration of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin)\n[policy. She continued the policies of her late husband and Cardinal Richelieu, despite their](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu)\npersecution of her, in order to win absolute authority in France and victory abroad for her\n[son. Anne protected Mazarin by exiling her followers the Duke of Beaufort and Marie de](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan)\n[Rohan, who conspired against him in 1643.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan) <sup>[17]</sup>\nThe best example of Anne's loyalty to France was her treatment of one of Richelieu's men,\n[the Chancellor Pierre Séguier. Séguier had brusquely interrogated Anne in 1637 (like a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier)\n\"common criminal\", as she recalled) following the discovery that she was giving military secrets to her father in Spain, and Anne\nwas virtually under house arrest for years. By keeping the effective Séguier in his post, Anne sacrificed her own feelings for the\ninterests of France and her son Louis.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n#### **Louis XIV**\n[Portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud , 1701](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV)\n**[King of France ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_France)**  [(more...)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign)\n**Reign**  14 May 1643 -  1 September\n1715\n**[Coronation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch)**  7 June 1654\n[Reims Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral)\n**Predecessor**  [Louis XIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII)\n**Successor**  [Louis XV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV)\n**Regent**  [Anne of Austria (1643- 1651)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Austria)\n**[Chief ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France)**   * **See list** *\n[Cardinal Mazarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin)\n(1643- 1661)\n[Jean-Baptiste Colbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert)\n(1661- 1683)\n[The Marquis of Louvois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois)\n(1683- 1691)\n**Born**  5 September 1638\n[Château de Saint-Germain-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye)\n[en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye)\n[Laye, France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France)\n**Died**  1 September 1715 (aged 76)\n[Palace of Versailles,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles)\nVersailles, France\n**Burial**  9 September 1715\n[Basilica of Saint-Denis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis)\n**Spouses** [Maria Theresa of Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain) ​​(m. 1660; died 1683)​\n[Françoise d'Aubigné,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon)\n[Marquise de Maintenon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon)\n(private) ​​(m. 1683)​",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Further reading**\n\nShennan, J. H.  *Louis XIV*  (1993)\nThompson, Ian.  *The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles*  .\n[London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 ISBN 1-5823-4631-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5823-4631-3)\nTreasure, Geoffrey.  *The Making of Modern Europe, 1648- 1780*  (3rd ed. 2003). pp. 230- 296.\nWilkinson, Rich.  *Louis XIV*  [ (Routledge, 2007). ISBN 978-0-4153-5815-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-5815-6)\nCénat, Jean-Philippe.  *Le roi stratège: Louis XIV et la direction de la guerre, 1661- 1715*  (Presses universitaires de\nRennes, 2019).\nCroix, Alain. \"Vingt millions de Français et Louis XIV.\"  *Revue dhistoire moderne contemporaine*  2 (2020): 27- 46.\nEngerand, Fernand, editor (1899). (in French)  *Inventaire des tableaux du Roy rédigé en 1709 et 1710 par Nicolas*\n*Bailly*  [. Paris: Ernest Leroux. Copy (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image) Archived (https://we](https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153902/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image)\n[b.archive.org/web/20160307153902/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image) 7 March 2016 at](https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153902/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image)\n[the Wayback Machine at Gallica.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)\nRanum, Orest, ed. (1972).  *The Century of Louis XIV*  [ (http://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997). Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182952/https://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997)\n[(https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182952/https://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997) from the](https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182952/https://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997)\noriginal on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2017. [{{cite book}}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book) : |work= [ ignored (help)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored)\n[Works by or about Louis XIV (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%22Louis+XIV%22+OR+%22Louis+the](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%22Louis+XIV%22+OR+%22Louis+the+Great%22+OR+%22Sun+King%22+OR+%28%221638-1715%22+AND+Louis%29+%29)\n[+Great%22+OR+%22Sun+King%22+OR+%28%221638-1715%22+AND+Louis%29+%29) at the Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive)\n[Works by Louis XIV (https://librivox.org/author/9631) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox)\n[Louis XIV (http://www.history.com/topics/louis-xiv) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170622232619/http://w](https://web.archive.org/web/20170622232619/http://www.history.com/topics/louis-xiv)\n[ww.history.com/topics/louis-xiv) 22 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine at ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)  *History.com*\n[Full text of marriage contract (https://web.archive.org/web/20070616071522/http://www.smae.diplomatie.gouv.fr/ch](https://web.archive.org/web/20070616071522/http://www.smae.diplomatie.gouv.fr/choiseul/ressource/pdf/D16590004.pdf)\n[oiseul/ressource/pdf/D16590004.pdf), France National Archives transcription (in French)](https://web.archive.org/web/20070616071522/http://www.smae.diplomatie.gouv.fr/choiseul/ressource/pdf/D16590004.pdf)\n*[Le Siècle de Louis XIV](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_Si%C3%A8cle_de_Louis_XIV)*  [ by Voltaire, 1751, hosted by French Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire)\n[Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV&oldid=1267574624\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV&oldid=1267574624)",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Accession**\n\nBaptismal certificate, 1638\n[Louis XIV, then Dauphin of France,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France)\nin 1642, one year before his\n[accession to the throne, by Philippe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne)\n[de Champaigne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne)\n[Louis XIV in 1643, by Claude Deruet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Deruet)\n[Europe after the Peace of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia)\n[Westphalia in 1648](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia)\nThe Queen sought a lasting peace between Catholic nations, but only after a French victory over\nher native Spain. She also gave a partial Catholic orientation to French foreign policy. This was\nfelt by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in\n1648. <sup>[18]</sup>\n[In 1648, Anne and Mazarin successfully negotiated the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia)\n[Thirty Years' War.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War) <sup>[19]</sup> [ Its terms ensured Dutch independence from Spain, awarded some autonomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire)\n[to the various German princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and granted Sweden seats on the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire)\n[Imperial Diet and territories controlling the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser) <sup>[20]</sup>\n[France, however, profited most from the settlement. Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg)\n[Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace)  *de*\n*facto*  [ sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toul) <sup>[21]</sup> Moreover,\nmany petty German states sought French protection, eager to emancipate themselves from\n[Habsburg domination. This anticipated the formation of the 1658 League of the Rhine,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_the_Rhine)\nwhich further diminished Imperial power.\n[As the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a civil war known as the Fronde erupted in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fronde)\nFrance. It effectively checked France's ability to exploit the Peace of Westphalia. Anne and\nMazarin had largely pursued the policies of Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's\npower at the expense of the nobility and the  *[Parlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement)*  . Anne was more concerned with\ninternal policy than foreign affairs; she was a very proud queen who insisted on the divine\nrights of the King of France. <sup>[22]</sup>\nAll this led her to advocate a forceful policy in all matters relating to the King's authority,\nin a manner that was much more radical than the one proposed by Mazarin. The Cardinal\ndepended totally on Anne's support and had to use all his influence on the Queen to temper\nsome of her radical actions. Anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member of parliament who",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Early acts**\n\nColbert achieved excellent results, with the deficit of 1661 turning into a surplus by 1666,\nwith interest on the debt decreasing from 52 million to 24 million livres. The  *taille*  was\nreduced to 42 million in 1661 and 35 million in 1665, while revenue from indirect taxation\nprogressed from 26 million to 55 million. The revenues of the royal domain were raised from 80,000 livres in 1661 to 5.5 million\nin 1671. In 1661, the receipts were equivalent to 26 million British pounds, of which 10 million reached the treasury. The\n[expenditure was around 18 million pounds, leaving a deficit of 8 million. In 1667, the net receipts had risen to 20 million pounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_sterling)\n[sterling, while expenditure had fallen to 11 million, leaving a surplus of 9 million pounds.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pounds_sterling)\nMoney was the essential support of the reorganized and enlarged army, the panoply of Versailles, and the growing civil\nadministration. Finance had always been the weakness of the French monarchy: tax collection was costly and inefficient; direct\ntaxes dwindled as they passed through the hands of many intermediate officials; and indirect taxes were collected by private\ncontractors called tax farmers who made a handsome profit. The state coffers leaked at every joint.\nThe main weakness arose from an old bargain between the French crown and nobility: the king might raise taxes on the nation\nwithout consent if only he exempted the nobility. Only the \"unprivileged\" classes paid direct taxes, which came to mean the\npeasants only, as most bourgeois finagled exemptions in one way or another. The system laid the whole burden of state expenses\n[on the backs of the poor and powerless. After 1700, with the support of Louis's pious secret wife Madame de Maintenon, the king](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Maintenon)",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf",
+                "query": "What was one of Louis XIV's most ill-famed decrees?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "One of Louis's more infamous decrees was the Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies of 1685, the Code Noir (black code)",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Personal reign and reforms**\n\n#### **Coming of age and early reforms**\n\nwas a patchwork of legal systems, with as many traditional legal regimes as there were\n[provinces, and two co-existing legal systems—customary law in the north and Roman civil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law)\n[law in the south.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law) <sup>[36]</sup> The  *Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile*  of 1667, the  *Code*\n*Louis*  [, was a comprehensive legal code imposing a uniform regulation of civil procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure)\nthroughout the kingdom. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and death\nrecords in the state's registers, not the church's, and it strictly regulated the right of the\n*Parlements*  to remonstrate. <sup>[37]</sup> The  *Code Louis*  [ later became the basis for the Napoleonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_code)\n[code, which in turn inspired many modern legal codes.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_code)\nOne of Louis's more infamous decrees was the  *Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies*  of\n1685, the  *[Code Noir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Noir)*  (black code). Although it sanctioned slavery, it attempted to humanise\nthe practice by prohibiting the separation of families. Additionally, in the colonies, only\nRoman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised.\nLouis ruled through a number of councils:\nConseil d'en haut (\"High Council\", concerning the most important matters of\nstate)—composed of the king, the crown prince, the controller-general of\nfinances, and the secretaries of state in charge of various departments. The\nmembers of that council were called ministers of state.\nConseil des dépêches (\"Council of Messages\", concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces).\nConseil de Conscience (\"Council of Conscience\", concerning religious affairs and episcopal appointments).\nConseil royal des finances (\"Royal Council of Finances\") headed by the \"chef du conseil des finances\" (an\nhonorary post in most cases)—this was one of the few posts in the council available to the high aristocracy. <sup>[38]</sup>\n[The death of Louis's maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain in 1665 precipitated the War of Devolution. In 1660, Louis had](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Devolution)\n[married Philip IV's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as one of the provisions of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees) <sup>[39]</sup> The marriage\ntreaty specified that Maria Theresa was to renounce all claims to Spanish territory for herself and all her descendants. <sup>[39]</sup> Mazarin",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Accession**\n\nchallenged her will; her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the\nmatters of finance and justice. One of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris, whom she had\njailed, died in prison. <sup>[23]</sup>\nThe  *Frondeurs*  , political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their\ntraditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government.\nFurthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by\nthe recently ennobled bureaucrats (the  *Noblesse de Robe*  , or \"nobility of the robe\"), who\nadministered the kingdom and on whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely. This\nbelief intensified the nobles' resentment.\nIn 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted to tax members of the  *Parlement de Paris*  . The\nmembers refused to comply and ordered all of the king's earlier financial edicts burned.\nBuoyed by the victory of  *[Louis, duc d'Enghien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9)*  (later known as  *le Grand Condé*  ) at the\n[Battle of Lens, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in a show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lens)\nof force. <sup>[24]</sup> [ The most important arrest, from Anne's point of view, concerned Pierre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Broussel)\n[Broussel, one of the most important leaders in the ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Broussel)  *Parlement de Paris*  .\nPeople in France were complaining about the expansion of royal authority, the high rate of\ntaxation, and the reduction of the authority of the Parlement de Paris and other regional\nrepresentative entities. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under\nintense pressure, to free Broussel. Moreover, on the night of 9- 10 February 1651, when\nLouis was twelve, a mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to\nsee their king. Led into the royal bed-chamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning\nsleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed. <sup>[25]</sup> The threat to the royal family\nprompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers.\n[Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia allowed Condé's army to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia)\nreturn to aid Louis and his court. Condé's family was close to Anne at that time, and he\nagreed to help her attempt to restore the king's authority. <sup>[26]</sup> The queen's army, headed by",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Legacy**\n\n#### **Quotes**\n\nHe did say, \"Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful.\" <sup>[146][147]</sup> Louis is\nrecorded by numerous eyewitnesses as having said on his deathbed: \"  *Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours.*  \" (\"I depart, but\nthe State shall always remain.\") <sup>[148]</sup>\nCoat of arms of Louis XIV\n**Notes**\n[Upon his accession to the throne Louis assumed the royal coat of arms of France &](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms)\nNavarre. <sup>[149]</sup>\n**Adopted**\n1643- 1715\n**Crest**\n[The Royal crown of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Crown_Jewels)\n**Helm**\nAn opened gold helmet, with blue and gold mantling.\n**Escutcheon**\n*Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) impaling Gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle*\n*Or an emerald Proper (for Navarre)*  .\n**Supporters**\n[The two supporters are two angels, acting as heralds for the two realms. The dexter angel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald)\n[carries a standard with the arms of France, and wears a tabard with the same arms. The](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabard)\nsinister angel also carries a standard and wears a tabard, but that of Navarre. Both are\nstanding on puffs of cloud.\n**Motto**\nThe motto is written in gold on a blue ribbon:  **[MONTJOIE SAINT DENIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montjoie_Saint_Denis!)**  the war cry of\n[France, Saint Denis was also the abbey where the oriflamme was kept.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriflamme)\n**Orders**\n[The escutcheons are surrounded first by the chain of the Order of Saint Michael and by the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael)",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Health and death**\n\n#### **Succession**\n\nburdens of your subjects. <sup>[132]</sup>\nSome historians point out that it was a customary demonstration of piety in those days to\nexaggerate one's sins. Thus they do not place much emphasis on Louis's deathbed\ndeclarations in assessing his accomplishments. Rather, they focus on military and\ndiplomatic successes, such as how he placed a French prince on the Spanish throne. This,\nthey contend, ended the threat of an aggressive Spain that historically interfered in\ndomestic French politics. These historians also emphasise the effect of Louis's wars in\nexpanding France's boundaries and creating more defensible frontiers that preserved\nFrance from invasion until the Revolution. <sup>[132]</sup>\nArguably, Louis also applied himself indirectly to \"the alleviation of the burdens of [his]\nsubjects.\" For example, he patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and\ncommerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. Moreover, the significant\nreduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these\nhistorians as the result of Louis's consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. In their analysis, his early reforms centralised\nFrance and marked the birth of the modern French state. They regard the political and military victories as well as numerous\ncultural achievements as how Louis helped raise France to a preeminent position in Europe. <sup>[133]</sup> Europe came to admire France\nfor its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values,\ngoods, and deportment. French became the universal language of the European elite.\nLouis's detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted\nFrance. His supporters, however, distinguish the state, which was impoverished, from France, which was not. As supporting\n[evidence, they cite the literature of the time, such as the social commentary in Montesquieu's ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu) *[Persian Letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Letters)* . <sup>[134]</sup>\n##### **Line of succession in 1715**",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Legacy**\n\n#### **Reputation**\n\n[Royal procession passing the Pont-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-Neuf)\n[Neuf under Louis XIV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont-Neuf)\nAlternatively, Louis's critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the French Revolution to his failure to reform French\ninstitutions while the monarchy was still secure. Other scholars counter that there was little reason to reform institutions that\nlargely worked well under Louis. They also maintain that events occurring almost 80 years after his death were not reasonably\nforeseeable to Louis and that in any case, his successors had sufficient time to initiate reforms of their own. <sup>[135]</sup>\n[Louis has often been criticised for his vanity. The memoirist Saint-Simon, who claimed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon)\nthat Louis slighted him, criticised him thus:\nThere was nothing he liked so much as flattery, or, to put it more plainly,\nadulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it.\n[For his part, Voltaire saw Louis's vanity as the cause for his bellicosity:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire)\nIt is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests\nthemselves. In the acquisition of Alsace and half of Flanders, and of all of\nFranche-Comté, what he really liked was the name he made for himself. <sup>[136]</sup>\n[Nonetheless, Louis has also received praise. The anti-Bourbon Napoleon described him not only as \"a great king\", but also as \"the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon)\nonly King of France worthy of the name\". <sup>[137]</sup> [ Leibniz, the German Protestant philosopher, commended him as \"one of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz)\ngreatest kings that ever was\". <sup>[138]</sup> [ And Lord Acton admired him as \"by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Acton)\nsteps of a throne\". <sup>[139]</sup> The historian and philosopher Voltaire wrote: \"His name can never be pronounced without respect and\nwithout summoning the image of an eternally memorable age\". <sup>[140]</sup> Voltaire's history, *[The Age of Louis XIV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Louis_XIV)* , named Louis's reign\nas not only one of the four great ages in which reason and culture flourished, but the greatest ever. <sup>[141][142]</sup>\nNumerous quotes have been attributed to Louis XIV by legend.\nThe well-known \"I am the state\" (  *[\"L'État, c'est moi.\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89tat,_c%27est_moi)*  ) was reported from at least the late 18th century. <sup>[143]</sup> It was widely repeated\n[but also denounced as apocryphal by the early 19th century.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphal) <sup>[144][b][145]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Edict of Fontainebleau**\n\nprestige after the latter defeated the Turks without Louis's help. Otherwise, he may simply\n[have desired to end the remaining divisions in French society dating to the Wars of Religion by fulfilling his coronation oath to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch)\neradicate heresy. <sup>[71][72]</sup>\nMany historians have condemned the Edict of Fontainebleau as gravely harmful to France. <sup>[73]</sup> In support, they cite the emigration\nof about 200,000 highly skilled Huguenots (roughly one quarter of the Protestant population, or 1% of the French population)\nwho defied royal decrees and fled France for various Protestant states, weakening the French economy and enriching that of\nProtestant states. On the other hand, some historians view this as an exaggeration. They argue that most of France's preeminent\nProtestant businessmen and industrialists converted to Catholicism and remained. <sup>[74]</sup>\nWhat is certain is that the reaction to the Edict was mixed. Even while French Catholic leaders exulted, Pope Innocent XI still\nargued with Louis over Gallicanism and criticized the use of violence. Protestants across Europe were horrified at the treatment of\ntheir co-religionists, but most Catholics in France applauded the move. Nonetheless, it is indisputable that Louis's public image in\nmost of Europe, especially in Protestant regions, was dealt a severe blow.\n[In the end, however, despite renewed tensions with the Camisards of south-central France at the end of his reign, Louis may have](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisard)\nhelped ensure that his successor would experience fewer instances of the religion-based disturbances that had plagued his\n[forebears. French society would sufficiently change by the time of his descendant, Louis XVI, to welcome tolerance in the form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France)\n[of the 1787 Edict of Versailles, also known as the Edict of Tolerance. This restored to non-Catholics their civil rights and the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Tolerance)\nfreedom to worship openly. <sup>[75]</sup> [ With the advent of the French Revolution in 1789, Protestants were granted equal rights with their](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution)\nRoman Catholic counterparts.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Minority and the**   * **Fronde** *\n\n#### **Early acts**\n\naccount to me personally each day and to favor no one\". <sup>[33]</sup> Capitalizing on the widespread public yearning\nfor peace and order after decades of foreign and civil strife, the young king consolidated central political\nauthority at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent,\n[the historian Chateaubriand noted: \"it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand)\nLouis\". <sup>[34]</sup>\nLouis began his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. In 1661, the treasury verged on\n[bankruptcy. To rectify the situation, Louis chose Jean-Baptiste Colbert as Controller-General of Finances in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances)\n[1665. However, Louis first had to neutralize Nicolas Fouquet, the powerful Superintendent of Finances.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances)\nAlthough Fouquet's financial indiscretions were not very different from Mazarin's before him or Colbert's\n[after him, his ambition worried Louis. He lavishly entertained the king at the opulent château of Vaux-le-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte)\n[Vicomte, flaunting a wealth which could hardly have accumulated except through embezzlement of government funds.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement)\nFouquet appeared eager to succeed Mazarin and Richelieu in power, and he indiscreetly purchased and privately fortified the\n[remote island of Belle Île. These acts sealed his doom. Fouquet was charged with embezzlement; the ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_%C3%8Ele)  *Parlement*  found him guilty\nand sentenced him to exile; and finally Louis altered the sentence to life imprisonment.\nFouquet's downfall gave Colbert a free hand to reduce the national debt through more\nefficient taxation. The principal taxes included the  *aides*  and  *douanes*  [ (both customs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs)\n[duties), the ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs)  *[gabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelle)*  (salt tax), and the  *[taille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taille)*  (land tax). The  *taille*  was reduced at first, and\ncertain tax-collection contracts were auctioned instead of being sold privately to a\nfavoured few. Financial officials were required to keep regular accounts, revising\ninventories and removing unauthorized exemptions: up to 1661 only 10 per cent of income\nfrom the royal domain reached the king. Reform had to overcome vested interests: the\n*taille*  was collected by officers of the Crown who had purchased their post at a high price,\nand punishment of abuses necessarily lowered the value of the purchase. Nevertheless,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Early wars in the Low Countries**\n\n#### **Non-European relations and the colonies**\n\nthe king turned the palace into:\nan irresistible combination of marriage market, employment agency and\nentertainment capital of aristocratic Europe, boasting the best theatre, opera,\nmusic, gambling, sex and (most important) hunting. <sup>[60]</sup>\nApartments were built to house those willing to pay court to the king. <sup>[61]</sup> However, the\npensions and privileges necessary to live in a style appropriate to their rank were only\npossible by waiting constantly on Louis. <sup>[62]</sup> For this purpose, an elaborate court ritual was\ncreated wherein the king became the centre of attention and was observed throughout the\nday by the public. With his excellent memory, Louis could then see who attended him at\ncourt and who was absent, facilitating the subsequent distribution of favours and positions.\nAnother tool Louis used to control his nobility was censorship, which often involved the opening of letters to discern their\nauthor's opinion of the government and king. <sup>[61]</sup> Moreover, by entertaining, impressing, and domesticating them with extravagant\nluxury and other distractions, Louis not only cultivated public opinion of him, but he also ensured the aristocracy remained under\nhis scrutiny.\n[Louis's extravagance at Versailles extended far beyond the scope of elaborate court rituals. He took delivery of an African](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_elephant)\n[elephant as a gift from the king of Portugal.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_elephant) <sup>[63]</sup> He encouraged leading nobles to live at Versailles. This, along with the prohibition\nof private armies, prevented them from passing time on their own estates and in their regional power bases, from which they\nhistorically waged local wars and plotted resistance to royal authority. Louis thus compelled and seduced the old military\naristocracy (the \"nobility of the sword\") into becoming his ceremonial courtiers, further weakening their power. In their place, he\nraised commoners or the more recently ennobled bureaucratic aristocracy (the \"nobility of the robe\"). He judged that royal\nauthority thrived more surely by filling high executive and administrative positions with these men because they could be more\neasily dismissed than nobles of ancient lineage and entrenched influence. It is believed that Louis's policies were rooted in his",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n[absolute monarchy in France that endured until the French Revolution. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution)\n[also enforced uniformity of religion under the Catholic Church. His revocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau)\n[of the Edict of Nantes abolished the rights of the Huguenot Protestant minority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot)\n[and subjected them to a wave of dragonnades, effectively forcing Huguenots to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonnades)\nemigrate or convert, virtually destroying the French Protestant community.\n[During Louis's long reign, France emerged as the leading European power and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power)\n[regularly made war. A conflict with Spain marked his entire childhood, while](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659))\nduring his personal rule, Louis fought three major continental conflicts, each\n[against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine Years' War,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War)\n[and the War of the Spanish Succession. In addition, France contested shorter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession)\n[wars such as the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions)\ndefined Louis's foreign policy, impelled by his personal ambition for glory and\npower: \"a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\". <sup>[5]</sup> His wars strained France's\nresources to the utmost, while in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for\nthe next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and\nstrategic advantages for the French military. <sup>[6]</sup> Upon his death in 1715,\n[Louis XIV left his great-grandson and successor, Louis XV, a powerful but](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV)\nwar-weary kingdom, in major debt after the War of the Spanish Succession that\nhad raged on since 1701.\n[Some of his other notable achievements include the construction of the Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_du_Midi)\n[du Midi, the patronage of artists, and the founding of the French Academy of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences)\n[Sciences.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Height of power**\n\n#### **Centralisation of power**\n\nDenmark, Sweden, Poland, Portugal, Venice, Genoa, and part of the Swiss Confederation, all of which states\nsecretly aid France's enemies by the troops that they hire to them, the money they lend them and by protecting\nand covering their trade. <sup>[65]</sup>\nVauban was pessimistic about France's so-called friends and allies:\nFor lukewarm, useless, or impotent friends, France has the Pope, who is indifferent; the King of England\n[James II] expelled from his country; the Grand Duke of Tuscany; the Dukes of Mantua, Modena, and Parma [all\nin Italy]; and the other faction of the Swiss. Some of these are sunk in the softness that comes of years of\npeace, the others are cool in their affections....The English and Dutch are the main pillars of the Alliance; they\nsupport it by making war against us in concert with the other powers, and they keep it going by means of the\nmoney that they pay every year to... Allies.... We must therefore fall back on privateering as the method of\nconducting war which is most feasible, simple, cheap, and safe, and which will cost least to the state, the more\nso since any losses will not be felt by the King, who risks virtually nothing....It will enrich the country, train many\ngood officers for the King, and in a short time force his enemies to sue for peace. <sup>[66]</sup>\n[Louis decided to persecute Protestants and revoke the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which awarded Huguenots political and religious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes)\nfreedom. He saw the persistence of Protestantism as a disgraceful reminder of royal powerlessness. After all, the Edict was the\n[pragmatic concession of his grandfather Henry IV to end the longstanding French Wars of Religion. An additional factor in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion)\nLouis's thinking was the prevailing contemporary European principle to assure socio-political stability,  *[cuius regio, eius religio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio)*\n(\"whose realm, his religion\"), the idea that the religion of the ruler should be the religion of the realm (as originally confirmed in\n[central Europe in the Peace of Augsburg of 1555).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg) <sup>[67]</sup>\n[Responding to petitions, Louis initially excluded Protestants from office, constrained the meeting of synods, closed churches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synods)\noutside of Edict-stipulated areas, banned Protestant outdoor preachers, and prohibited domestic Protestant migration. He also\ndisallowed Protestant-Catholic intermarriages to which third parties objected, encouraged missions to the Protestants, and",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf",
+                "query": "What did Louis XIV do to avoid the Spanish War of Succession in 1698?",
+                "target_page": 13,
+                "target_passage": "In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the Treaty of the Hague with William III of England in 1698. This agreement divided Spain's Italian territories between Louis's son le Grand Dauphin and Archduke Charles, with the rest of the empire awarded to Joseph Ferdinand.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 3
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **War of the Spanish Succession**\n\n#### **Causes and build-up to the war**\n\nemphasised that, should it come to war, William III was unlikely to stand by France since\nhe \"made a treaty to avoid war and did not intend to go to war to implement the treaty\". <sup>[91]</sup> Indeed, in the event of war, it might be\npreferable to be already in control of the disputed lands. Eventually, therefore, Louis decided to accept Charles II's will. Philip,\nDuke of Anjou, thus became Philip V, King of Spain.\nMost European rulers accepted Philip as king, some reluctantly. Depending on one's views of the war's inevitability, Louis acted\nreasonably or arrogantly. <sup>[95]</sup> He confirmed that Philip V retained his French rights despite his new Spanish position. Admittedly,\nhe may only have been hypothesising a theoretical eventuality and not attempting a Franco-Spanish union. But his actions were\ncertainly not read as disinterested. Moreover, Louis sent troops to the Spanish Netherlands to evict Dutch garrisons and secure\nDutch recognition of Philip V. In 1701, Philip transferred the  *[asiento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros)*  (the right to supply slaves to Spanish colonies) to France, as\n[a sign of the two nations' growing connections. As tensions mounted, Louis decided to acknowledge James Stuart, the son of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart)\nJames II, as King of England, Scotland and Ireland on the latter's death, infuriating William III. These actions enraged Britain and\nthe Dutch Republic. <sup>[96]</sup> With the Holy Roman Emperor and the petty German states, they formed another Grand Alliance and\ndeclared war on France in 1702. French diplomacy secured Bavaria, Portugal, and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies. <sup>[97]</sup>\n[Even before war was officially declared, hostilities began with Imperial aggression in Italy. Once finally declared, the War of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession)\n[Spanish Succession lasted almost until Louis's death, at great cost to him and France.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession)\n[The war began with French successes, but the talents of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and Eugene of Savoy checked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_of_Savoy)\nthese victories and broke the myth of French invincibility. The duo allowed the Palatinate and Austria to occupy Bavaria after\n[their victory at the Battle of Blenheim. Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, had to flee to the Spanish Netherlands. The](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **War of the Spanish Succession**\n\n#### **Causes and build-up to the war**\n\n[Philip V of Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain)\nLouis in 1701\nsucceeded to his father's throne. <sup>[90]</sup> The signatories, however, omitted to consult the ruler\nof these lands, and Charles II was passionately opposed to the dismemberment of his\nempire. In 1699, he re-confirmed his 1693 will that named Joseph Ferdinand as his sole\nsuccessor. <sup>[91]</sup>\nSix months later, Joseph Ferdinand died. Therefore, in 1700, Louis and William III\n[concluded a fresh partitioning agreement, the Treaty of London. This allocated Spain, the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1700))\nLow Countries, and the Spanish colonies to the Archduke. The Dauphin would receive all\nof Spain's Italian territories. <sup>[92]</sup> Charles II acknowledged that his empire could only remain\nundivided by bequeathing it entirely to a Frenchman or an Austrian. Under pressure from\n[his German wife, Maria Anna of Neuburg, Charles II named Archduke Charles as his sole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Neuburg)\nheir.\nOn his deathbed in 1700, Charles II of Spain\nunexpectedly changed his will. The clear\ndemonstration of French military superiority for\nmany decades before this time, the pro-French\n[faction at the court of Spain, and even Pope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII)\n[Innocent XII convinced him that France was more likely to preserve his empire intact. He](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII)\nthus offered the entire empire to the Dauphin's second son Philip, Duke of Anjou, provided\nit remained undivided. Anjou was not in the direct line of French succession, thus his\naccession would not cause a Franco-Spanish union. <sup>[92]</sup> If Anjou refused, the throne would\n[be offered to his younger brother Charles, Duke of Berry. If the Duke of Berry declined it,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714))\n[it would go to Archduke Charles, then to the distantly related House of Savoy if Charles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy)\ndeclined it. <sup>[93]</sup>\nLouis was confronted with a difficult choice. He could agree to a partition of the Spanish\npossessions and avoid a general war, or accept Charles II's will and alienate much of\nEurope. He may initially have been inclined to abide by the partition treaties, but the\nDauphin's insistence persuaded him otherwise. <sup>[94]</sup> Moreover, Louis's foreign minister,\n[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy, pointed out that war with the Emperor would](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert,_marquis_de_Torcy)\nalmost certainly ensue whether Louis accepted the partition treaties or Charles II's will. He",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Nine Years' War**\n\n#### **Causes and conduct of the war**\n\nwarning that France would regard it as a provocation. Witnessing numerous desertions and defections, even among those closest\nto him, James II fled England. Parliament declared the throne vacant, and offered it to James's daughter Mary II and his son-in-\nlaw and nephew William. Vehemently anti-French, William (now William III of England) pushed his new kingdoms into war, thus\n[transforming the League of Augsburg into the Grand Alliance. Before this happened, Louis expected William's expedition to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg))\nEngland to absorb his energies and those of his allies, so he dispatched troops to the Rhineland after the expiry of his ultimatum to\nthe German princes requiring confirmation of the Truce of Ratisbon and acceptance of his demands about the succession crises.\nThis military manoeuvre was also intended to protect his eastern provinces from Imperial invasion by depriving the enemy army\n[of sustenance, thus explaining the preemptive scorched earth policy pursued in much of southwestern Germany (the \"Devastation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorched_earth)\nof the Palatinate\"). <sup>[80]</sup>\nFrench armies were generally victorious throughout the war because of Imperial commitments in\nthe Balkans, French logistical superiority, and the quality of French generals such as Condé's\n[famous pupil, François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_de_Montmorency-Bouteville,_duc_de_Luxembourg) <sup>[81]</sup> He triumphed\n[at the Battles of Fleurus in 1690, Steenkerque in 1692, and Landen in 1693, although, the battles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landen)\nproved to be of little of strategic consequence, <sup>[82][83]</sup> mostly due to the nature of late 17th-century\nwarfare. <sup>[84]</sup>\n[Although an attempt to restore James II failed at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne)\naccumulated a string of victories from Flanders in the north, Germany in the east, and Italy and\nSpain in the south, to the high seas and the colonies. Louis personally supervised the captures of\n[Mons in 1691 and Namur in 1692. Luxembourg gave France the defensive line of the Sambre by](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambre)\n[capturing Charleroi in 1693. France also overran most of the Duchy of Savoy after the battles of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy)\n[Marsaglia and Staffarde in 1693. While naval stalemate ensued after the French victory at the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Staffarda)\n[Battle of Beachy Head in 1690 and the Allied victory at Barfleur-La Hougue in 1692, the Battle of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Torroella)\n[Torroella in 1694 exposed Catalonia to French invasion, culminating in the capture of Barcelona.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona)\n[The Dutch captured Pondichéry in 1693, but a 1697 French raid on the Spanish treasure port of Cartagena, Spain, yielded a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Cartagena)\nfortune of 10,000,000 livres.\nMarshal de Luxembourg",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Nine Years' War**\n\n#### **Causes and conduct of the war**\n\ngarrison forts in the Spanish Netherlands that acted as a protective barrier against possible French aggression. Though in some\nrespects the Treaty of Ryswick may appear a diplomatic defeat for Louis since he failed to place client rulers in control of the\nPalatinate or the Electorate of Cologne, he did fulfil many of the aims laid down in his 1688 ultimatum. <sup>[89]</sup> In any case, peace in\n1697 was desirable to Louis, since France was exhausted from the costs of the war.\nBy the time of the Peace of Ryswick, the Spanish succession had been a source of concern to European leaders for well over forty\n[years. King Charles II ruled a vast empire comprising Spain, Naples, Sicily, Milan, the Spanish Netherlands, and numerous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily)\n[Spanish colonies. He produced no children, however, and consequently had no direct heirs.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire)\nThe principal claimants to the throne of Spain belonged to the ruling families of France and Austria. The French claim derived\n[from Louis XIV's mother Anne of Austria (the older sister of Philip IV of Spain) and his wife Maria Theresa (Philip IV's eldest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain)\n[daughter). Based on the laws of primogeniture, France had the better claim as it originated from the eldest daughters in two](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture)\ngenerations. However, their renunciation of succession rights complicated matters. In the case of Maria Theresa, nonetheless, the\nrenunciation was considered null and void owing to Spain's breach of her marriage contract with Louis. In contrast, no\n[renunciations tainted the claims of Emperor Leopold I's son Charles, Archduke of Austria, who was a grandson of Philip III's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain)\n[youngest daughter Maria Anna. The English and Dutch feared that a French or Austrian-born Spanish king would threaten the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain)\n[balance of power and thus preferred the Bavarian Prince Joseph Ferdinand, a grandson of Leopold I through his first wife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria_(1692-1699))\n[Margaret Theresa of Spain (the younger daughter of Philip IV).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain)\n[In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the Treaty of the Hague with William III of England in 1698. This agreement divided](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1698))\nSpain's Italian territories between Louis's son  *le Grand Dauphin*  and Archduke Charles, with the rest of the empire awarded to\nJoseph Ferdinand. William III consented to permitting the Dauphin's new territories to become part of France when the latter",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **War of the Spanish Succession**\n\n#### **Commencement of fighting**\n\nSpanish inheritance for Philip V. The Allies were definitively expelled from central Spain\n[by the Franco-Spanish victories at the Battles of Villaviciosa and Brihuega in 1710.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brihuega)\nFrench forces elsewhere remained obdurate despite their defeats. The Allies suffered a\n[Pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Malplaquet with 21,000 casualties, twice that of the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malplaquet)\nFrench. <sup>[100]</sup> Eventually, France recovered its military pride with the decisive victory at\n[Denain in 1712.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Denain)\nFrench military successes near the end of the war took place against the background of a\nchanged political situation in Austria. In 1705, Emperor Leopold I died. His elder son and\n[successor, Joseph I, followed him in 1711. His heir was none other than Archduke Charles,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor)\nwho secured control of all of his brother's Austrian landholdings. If the Spanish empire\nthen fell to him, it would have resurrected a domain as vast as Holy Roman Emperor\n[Charles V's in the 16th century. To the maritime powers of Great Britain and the Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor)\nRepublic, this would have been as undesirable as a Franco-Spanish union. <sup>[101]</sup>\nAs a result of the fresh British perspective on the European balance of power, Anglo-\n[French talks began, culminating in the 1713 Peace of Utrecht between Louis, Philip V of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain)\n[Spain, Anne of Great Britain, and the Dutch Republic. In 1714, after losing Landau and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau)\n[Freiburg, the Holy Roman Emperor also made peace with France in the Treaties of Rastatt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rastatt)\n[and Baden.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Baden_(1714))\nIn the general settlement, Philip V retained Spain and its colonies, while Austria received\n[the Spanish Netherlands and divided Spanish Italy with Savoy. Britain kept Gibraltar and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar)\n[Menorca. Louis agreed to withdraw his support for James Stuart, son of James II and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorca)\n[pretender to the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland, and ceded Newfoundland, Rupert's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land)\n[Land, and Acadia in the Americas to Anne. Britain gained the most from the treaty, but the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia)\nfinal terms were much more favourable to France than those being discussed in peace",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Early wars in the Low Countries**\n\n#### **Spain**\n\n[Sweden. The threat of an escalation and a secret treaty to divide Spanish possessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire)\n[with Emperor Leopold, the other major claimant to the throne of Spain, led Louis to relinquish many of his gains in the 1668](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor)\n[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)) <sup>[42]</sup>\n[Louis placed little reliance on his agreement with Leopold and as it was now clear French and Dutch aims were in direct conflict,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor)\n[he decided to first defeat the Republic, then seize the Spanish Netherlands. This required breaking up the Triple Alliance; he paid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic)\n[Sweden to remain neutral and signed the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover with Charles, an Anglo-French alliance against the Dutch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Treaty_of_Dover)\n[Republic. In May 1672, France invaded the Republic, supported by Münster and the Electorate of Cologne.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne) <sup>[43]</sup>\n[Rapid French advance led to a coup that toppled De Witt and brought William III to power.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England)\n[Leopold viewed French expansion into the Rhineland as an increasing threat, especially after](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor)\n[they seized the strategic Duchy of Lorraine in 1670. The prospect of Dutch defeat led Leopold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine)\n[to an alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia on 23 June, followed by another with the Republic on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia)\n25th. <sup>[44]</sup> [ Although Brandenburg was forced out of the war by the June 1673 Treaty of Vossem,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vossem_(1673))\n[in August an anti-French alliance was formed by the Dutch, Spain, Emperor Leopold and the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire)\n[Duke of Lorraine.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Duke_of_Lorraine) <sup>[45]</sup>\nThe French alliance was deeply unpopular in England, and only more so after the\n[disappointing battles against Michiel de Ruyter's fleet. Charles II of England made peace with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiel_de_Ruyter)\n[the Dutch in the February 1674 Treaty of Westminster. However, French armies held](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674))\nsignificant advantages over their opponents; an undivided command, talented generals like\n[Turenne, Condé and Luxembourg and vastly superior logistics. Reforms introduced by](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Montmorency,_duc_de_Luxembourg)\n[Louvois, the Secretary of War, helped maintain large field armies that could be mobilised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_War)\nmuch more quickly, allowing them to mount offensives in early spring before their opponents\nwere ready. <sup>[46]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Height of power**\n\n#### **Centralisation of power**\n\nLouis XIV\nexperiences during the  *Fronde*  , when men of high birth readily took up the rebel cause against their king, who was actually the\nkinsman of some. This victory over the nobility may thus have ensured the end of major civil wars in France until the French\nRevolution about a century later.\nUnder Louis, France was the leading European power, and most wars pivoted around its\naggressiveness. No European state exceeded it in population, and no one could match its\nwealth, central location, and very strong professional army. It had largely avoided the\ndevastation of the Thirty Years' War. Its weaknesses included an inefficient financial\nsystem that was hard-pressed to pay for its military adventures, and the tendency of most\nother powers to gang up against it.\n[During Louis's reign, France fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War)\n[Years' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. There were also two lesser conflicts:](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession)\n[the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions) <sup>[64]</sup> The wars were very expensive but\ndefined Louis XIV's foreign policy, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled \"by\na mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\", Louis sensed that war was the ideal way to\nenhance his glory. In peacetime, he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught\nhis diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French\nmilitary. <sup>[6]</sup> By 1695, France retained much of its dominance but had lost control of the seas\nto England and Holland, and most countries, both Protestant and Catholic, were in alliance\n[against it. Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, France's leading military strategist, warned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban)\nLouis in 1689 that a hostile \"Alliance\" was too powerful at sea. He recommended that\nFrance fight back by licensing French merchant ships to privateer and seize enemy\nmerchant ships while avoiding its navies:\nFrance has its declared enemies Germany and all the states that it embraces; Spain with all its dependencies in\nEurope, Asia, Africa and America; the Duke of Savoy [in Italy], England, Scotland, Ireland, and all their colonies\nin the East and West Indies; and Holland with all its possessions in the four corners of the world where it has\ngreat establishments. France has ... undeclared enemies, indirectly hostile, hostile, and envious of its greatness,",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **War of the Spanish Succession**\n\n#### **Commencement of fighting**\n\nThe Franco-Spanish army led by the\n[Duke of Berwick defeated decisively](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick)\nthe Alliance forces of Portugal,\nEngland, and the Dutch Republic at\n[the Battle of Almansa.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Almansa)\n[The Battle of Ramillies where the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies)\nFrench fought the Dutch and British,\n23 May 1706\n[Louis XIV depicted on a Louis d'or in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_d%27or)\n1709\nMap of France after the death of\nLouis XIV\n[impact of this victory won the support of Portugal and Savoy. Later, the Battle of Ramillies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies)\n[delivered the Low Countries to the Allies, and the Battle of Turin forced Louis to evacuate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turin)\n[Italy, leaving it open to Allied forces. Marlborough and Eugene met again at the Battle of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oudenarde)\n[Oudenarde, which enabled them to invade France.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oudenarde)\n[France established contact with Francis II Rákóczi and promised support if he took up the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi)\n[cause of Hungarian independence.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence)\nDefeats, famine, and mounting debt greatly weakened France. Between 1693 and 1710,\nover two million people died in two famines, made worse as foraging armies seized food\nsupplies from the villages. <sup>[98]</sup> In desperation, Louis ordered a disastrous invasion of the\n[English island of Guernsey in the autumn of 1704 with the aim of raiding their successful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey)\nharvest. By the winter of 1708- 09, he was willing to accept peace at nearly any cost. He\nagreed that the entire Spanish empire should be surrendered to Archduke Charles, and also\nconsented to return to the frontiers of the Peace of Westphalia, giving up all the territories\nhe had acquired over 60 years. But he could not promise that Philip V would accept these\nterms, so the Allies demanded that Louis single-handedly attack his grandson to force\nthese terms on him. If he could not achieve this within the year, the war would resume.\nLouis would not accept these terms. <sup>[99]</sup>\nThe final phases of the War of the Spanish Succession demonstrated that the Allies could\nnot maintain Archduke Charles in Spain just as surely as France could not retain the entire",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n[absolute monarchy in France that endured until the French Revolution. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution)\n[also enforced uniformity of religion under the Catholic Church. His revocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau)\n[of the Edict of Nantes abolished the rights of the Huguenot Protestant minority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot)\n[and subjected them to a wave of dragonnades, effectively forcing Huguenots to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonnades)\nemigrate or convert, virtually destroying the French Protestant community.\n[During Louis's long reign, France emerged as the leading European power and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power)\n[regularly made war. A conflict with Spain marked his entire childhood, while](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659))\nduring his personal rule, Louis fought three major continental conflicts, each\n[against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine Years' War,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War)\n[and the War of the Spanish Succession. In addition, France contested shorter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession)\n[wars such as the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Warfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions)\ndefined Louis's foreign policy, impelled by his personal ambition for glory and\npower: \"a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\". <sup>[5]</sup> His wars strained France's\nresources to the utmost, while in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for\nthe next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and\nstrategic advantages for the French military. <sup>[6]</sup> Upon his death in 1715,\n[Louis XIV left his great-grandson and successor, Louis XV, a powerful but](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV)\nwar-weary kingdom, in major debt after the War of the Spanish Succession that\nhad raged on since 1701.\n[Some of his other notable achievements include the construction of the Canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_du_Midi)\n[du Midi, the patronage of artists, and the founding of the French Academy of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences)\n[Sciences.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Louis XIV Early years\n\n## **Louis XIV**\n\n### **Nine Years' War**\n\n#### **Causes and conduct of the war**\n\n[In July 1695, the city of Namur, occupied for three years by the French, was besieged by an allied](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695))\narmy led by William III. Louis XIV ordered the surprise destruction of a Flemish city to divert the\n[attention of these troops. This led to the bombardment of Brussels, in which more than 4,000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695))\nbuildings were destroyed, including the entire city centre. The strategy failed, as Namur fell three\n[weeks later, but harmed Louis XIV's reputation: a century later, Napoleon deemed the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon)\nbombardment \"as barbarous as it was useless\". <sup>[85]</sup>\nPeace was broached by Sweden in 1690. By 1692, both sides evidently wanted peace, and secret\nbilateral talks began, but to no avail. <sup>[86]</sup> Louis tried to break up the alliance against him by dealing\n[with individual opponents but did not achieve his aim until 1696 when the Savoyards agreed to the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy)\nTreaty of Turin and switched sides. Thereafter, members of the League of Augsburg rushed to the\n[peace table, and negotiations for a general peace began in earnest, culminating in the Peace of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick)\n[Ryswick of 1697.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick) <sup>[87]</sup>\n[The Peace of Ryswick ended the War of the League of Augsburg and disbanded the Grand Alliance. By manipulating their](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick)\nrivalries and suspicions, Louis divided his enemies and broke their power.\nThe treaty yielded many benefits for France. Louis secured permanent French sovereignty over all of Alsace, including\n[Strasbourg, and established the Rhine as the Franco-German border (as it is to this day). Pondichéry and Acadia were returned to](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia)\nFrance, and Louis's  *de facto*  [ possession of Saint-Domingue was recognised as lawful. However, he returned Catalonia and most of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia)\nthe Reunions.\nFrench military superiority might have allowed him to press for more advantageous terms. Thus, his generosity to Spain with\n[regard to Catalonia has been read as a concession to foster pro-French sentiment and may ultimately have induced King Charles II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain)\n[to name Louis's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou, heir to the Spanish throne.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain) <sup>[88]</sup> In exchange for financial compensation, France\n[renounced its interests in the Electorate of Cologne and the Palatinate. Lorraine, which had been occupied by the French since](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy))\n[1670, was returned to its rightful Duke Leopold, albeit with a right of way to the French military. William and Mary were](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine)\nrecognised as joint sovereigns of the British Isles, and Louis withdrew support for James II. The Dutch were given the right to",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf",
+                "query": "Does nerve transection or crushing affect small afferents within the dorsal root ganglion in the same way?",
+                "target_page": 5,
+                "target_passage": "Both SNItrans (Fig. 2C) and SNIcrush (Fig. 2D) injuries resulted in a rightward shift in population distributions of the cross-sectional area of nucleated, FB-labelled DRG neurons when compared with contralateral DRG, consistent with a loss of small afferents post–nerve injury.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\n8 weeks after injury, we observed a 61.0 6 7.0% decrease in the\nnumber of GFP 1 neurons. This loss of injured afferents resulted\nin a loss of neuron-containing (ie, excluding white matter regions)\nDRG volume ( Fig. 1E ), but not neuron density ( Fig. 1F ). Cell loss\npredominantly occurred between 1 and 2 weeks postinjury and\nstabilized after this timepoint. Population distributions of the\ncross-sectional area of nucleated, tdTomato-expressing cell\nprofiles were not significantly different at 1 vs 8 weeks post-\nSNI trans , in contrast to GFP-expressing/injured afferents, in which\na loss of a population of small afferents at 8 weeks postinjury was\nobserved ( Fig. 1G ).\nSNI trans resulted in a mixed population of axotomized and intact\nafferents within the L4 DRG. Therefore, we developed an approach\nto restrict our analysis to axotomized afferents, without relying on\ntransgenic labelling, and used this as a complementary approach to\nconfirm our findings. We injected the neuronal tracer FB into the\nglabrous, tibial innervation territory of both hindpaws 1 week before\ncommon peroneal and tibial transection (SNI trans ) or crush (SNI crush )\nsurgeries ( Figs. 2A and B ). FastBlue-uptake was complete across\n[neurons of all sizes by 1 week (Fig. S3, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\n[C84), so this approach allowed us to profile a sample of the](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\naxotomized afferents. Both SNI trans ( Fig. 2C ) and SNI crush ( Fig. 2D )\ninjuries resulted in a rightward shift in population distributions of the\ncross-sectional area of nucleated, FB-labelled DRG neurons when\ncompared with contralateral DRG, consistent with a loss of small\nafferents post- nerve injury.\nAs a third complementary approach, we applied semiauto-\nmated volumetric analyses of nuclei size following tissue clearing.\nIn this study, whole DRGs were cleared 4 weeks after SNI trans for\nnuclei counting in “complete” tissue ( Figs. 2E- H ). Nuclei were labelled by TDP-43, in line with the study by West et al., <sup>67</sup> and\nwere quantified using Imaris software ( Fig. 2F , Video 1). We\nobserved a slight but significant rightward shift in nuclear spot\nvolume population distribution 4 weeks after SNI trans ( Fig. 2G ). In\naddition, there was a significant reduction in the number of small\nbut not medium or large nuclear spots, in support of a loss of\nsmall-diameter neuron populations ( Fig. 2H ).\nTogether, our data derived from several different experimental",
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+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\ninduced loss. To investigate potential loss of Trpm8 <sup>1</sup> (cold- sensitive), calcitonin gene-related peptide <sup>1</sup> (CGRP) (peptider-\ngic), and myelinated subpopulations of DRG neurons following\nnerve injury, we applied our FB-labelling approach in Trpm8 <sup>FlpO</sup> ;\nRC::FLTG (FlpO-dependent tdTom expression), Calca <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;\nAi32 (Cre-dependent ChR2-YFP expression) and Thy1-CFP\nmice, respectively ( Figs. 4A- D ). Trpm8-tdTom was expressed\nFigure 2. Spared nerve crush and transection lead to a loss of small DRG neurons. (A) Approach to restrict analysis to damaged afferents: a subcutaneous\ninjection of the tracer FB into both hindpaws labelled tibial afferents, before unilateral SNI trans or SNI crush surgery. (B) Representative image of FB labelling and NeuN\nimmunostaining in the L4 DRG. The image is a projection of optical sections at 3- m m intervals through the entirety of a 30- m m-thick tissue section. Scale bar 5\n100 m m. (C and D) Quantification of the cross-sectional area of FastBlue labelled DRG neurons ipsilateral and contralateral to SNI trans (C) or SNI crush injury (D)\nreveals a loss of small afferents and subsequent shift in population distribution. Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; SNI trans : D 5 0.25, P ,\n0.001; n 5 183 or 191 neurons from 3 mice; SNI crush : D 5 0.22, P , 0.001, n 5 319 or 325 neurons from 3 mice. (E) Experimental approach for whole DRG\nvolumetric analyses after SNI trans . (F) Representative 3D rendering of TDP-43 profiles and corresponding nuclear spot profiles following Imaris-based spot\ndetection feature. Scale bar 5 100 m m. (G) Quantification of DRG nuclear spot volume ipsilateral and contralateral to SNI trans . Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests of\ncumulative distribution: D 5 0.06, P , 0.001, n 5 30,206 (contra) or 32,544 (ipsi) nuclei from 4 (contra) or 5 (ipsi) mice. (H) Total number of nuclear spots, by size,\nper DRG. Two-way RM ANOVA; size bin 3 injury interaction: F 2,14 5 8.26, P 5 0.004; n 5 4 to 5 mice; <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak multiple comparisons tests:**\nP , 0.01. ANOVA,\nanalysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; FB, FastBlue; RM, repeated measures. Figure 3. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of nonpeptidergic neurons. (A) Schematic of experimental approach for (B and C). (B) MrgD <sup>ChR2-YFP</sup> L4\nDRGs 4 weeks after SNI, contralateral or ipsilateral to injury. Images are projections of optical sections at 3- m m intervals through the entirety of 30- m m-thick tissue",
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+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nAbstract\nThere is a rich literature describing the loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral axotomy, but the vulnerability\nof discrete subpopulations has not yet been characterised. Furthermore, the extent or even presence of neuron loss following injury\nhas recently been challenged. In this study, we have used a range of transgenic recombinase driver mouse lines to genetically label\nmolecularly defined subpopulations of DRG neurons and track their survival following traumatic nerve injury. We find that spared\nnerve injury leads to a marked loss of cells containing DRG volume and a concomitant loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Neuron\nloss occurs unequally across subpopulations and is particularly prevalent in nonpeptidergic nociceptors, marked by expression of\nMrgprd. We show that this subpopulation is almost entirely lost following spared nerve injury and severely depleted (by roughly 50%)\nfollowing sciatic nerve crush. Finally, we used an in vitro model of DRG neuron survival to demonstrate that nonpeptidergic\nnociceptor loss is likely dependent on the absence of neurotrophic support. Together, these results profile the extent to which DRG\nneuron subpopulations can survive axotomy, with implications for our understanding of nerve injury- induced plasticity and pain.\nKeywords: Sensory neuron, Neuron death, Transgenic reporter line, Neuropathic pain, Nerve injury\n1. Introduction\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly\nand functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal\nconditions, this diversity contributes to the ability of the\nsomatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory\nstimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature,\nitch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in DRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability, <sup>57</sup> which is a key pathological driver of neuropathic pain. <sup>20,63</sup> Concomitant\nmolecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur,\nand these have recently been comprehensively described in single-cell <sup>37,44</sup> and subpopulation-specific sequencing stud- ies. <sup>3</sup> These studies describe a transient and generalized\nreduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes\nfollowing nerve injury. <sup>3,37,44</sup>\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature\ndescribing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic\nnerve injury in experimental rodent models. <sup>24,50,53,56</sup> Some\nstudies have suggested that neuron loss occurs in certain patient cohorts, <sup>48,66</sup> but this is yet to be definitively demonstrated in\nhumans. In rodents, most studies support a preferential loss of small cells that give rise to unmyelinated fibers <sup>53</sup> but some contrasting studies describe the preferential loss of large cells <sup>6</sup> or loss of cells of all sizes. <sup>46</sup> Variation is evident across studies in",
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+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\n[http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), which is a distribution profile](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nmatching those neurons presumed lost. Collectively, these data\nshow that peripheral nerve injury results in a substantial loss of\nnonpeptidergic, Mrgprd -expressing neurons, with SNI trans (ie, an\nunrepaired axonal transection) resulting in an almost complete\nloss of this population.\nFigure 1. SNI trans induces death of small primary afferent neurons, accompanied by a reduction in volume, not cell density, of the dorsal root ganglion. (A) Approach to differentially labelled intact afferents with tdTomato and damaged afferents with GFP after peripheral nerve injury using the Avil <sup>FlpO</sup> ;Atf3 <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;RC::\nFLTG mouse line and schematic of experimental timeline. (B) Representative image of GFP, tdTomato, and NeuN expression in an L4 DRG, 2 weeks after SNI trans .\nScale bars 5 100 m m. (C and D) Stereological quantification of the total number of DRG neurons (C) or number of axotomized and intact neurons (D) in the L4 DRG\n1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNI trans or contralateral (contra) to injury. (C) One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 37.98, P , 0.001. (D) Two-way RM ANOVA;\nTimepoint 3 Color interaction F 4,10 5 39.04, P , 0.001, n 5 3 mice; Tukey posttests (between injured groups): † P , 0.05 vs contra, ‡ P , 0.05 vs 1-week. (E)\nVolume of DRG-containing cells (ie, excluding white matter tracts) following SNI trans . One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 21.25, P , 0.001, n 5 3. (F)\nNeuronal density within the DRG following SNI trans . One-way ANOVA; F 4,10 5 2.77, P 5 0.09, n 5 3. (G) Population distribution of uninjured and injured afferents by\ncross-sectional area, 1 and 8 weeks post-SNI trans . Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; Uninjured: D 5 0.08, P 5 0.18; Injured: D 5 0.32, P ,\n0.001; n 5 310 to 427 neurons from 3 mice. * P , 0.05,**\nP , 0.01, *** P , 0.001 vs contra. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GFP, green\nfluorescent protein.\n3.3. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 <sup>1</sup> and calcitonin gene-related peptide <sup>1</sup> but not myelinated dorsal\nroot ganglion neurons\nLoss restricted to nonpeptidergic nociceptors would not fully\naccount for the degree of total neuron loss that we observed.\nTherefore, we studied a range of other subpopulations, both\nsmall and large in diameter, for their vulnerability to injury-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nsections. Scale bars 5 100 m m. (C) Quantification of total number of MrgD-YFP 1 cells per L4 DRG 4 weeks after SNI revealed a significant loss in ipsilateral DRG.\nTwo-way RM ANOVA with <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak multiple comparisons tests; Side x Treatment interaction: F 1,5 5 9.23, P 5 0.029; n 5 3 mice. (D) The experimental approach\nused to generate data presented in (E- G). (E and F) MrgD-YFP expression and FB labelling in the L4 DRG, 14 days after SNI or crush surgery or contralateral to\ninjury. White boxes represent regions enlarged in (F). Scale bars 5 100 m m (E) or 20 m m (F). (G) The proportion of FB-labelled DRG neurons decreased after spared\nnerve crush injury, and co-labelling is almost completely absent after SNI. Two-way RM ANOVA with <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak multiple comparisons tests; side 3 injury interaction:\nF 1,4 5 7.80, P 5 0.049; n 5 3 mice. Posttests: * P , 0.05,**\nP , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; SNI, spared nerve injury; FB,\nFastBlue; RM, repeated measures.\nby a population of small-diameter, putative cold-sensitive\nneurons ( Fig. 4B ), accounting for 8.3 6 0.27% of FB-labelled\nneurons in contralateral DRG. This decreased to 4.2 6 0.96%\nipsilateral to SNI trans injury ( Fig. 4E ), indicating a partial loss of Trpm8 <sup>1</sup> afferents. When examining peptidergic afferents, we\nfound that 48.1 6 2.42% of FB-labelled neurons in contralateral\nDRG were Calca-YFP <sup>1</sup> , compared with 34.3 6 2.54% 4 weeks\nafter SNI trans injury ( Figs. 4C and F ), consistent with a partial loss of CGRP <sup>1</sup> afferents. We used a Thy1-CFP line that demon- strates consistent expression postinjury <sup>61</sup> and labels a sample of\nmedium/large diameter myelinated afferents. CFP was largely restricted to NF200 <sup>1</sup> neurons, labelling 56% of this population.\nExpression was present in a heterogenous population of\nnociceptive (TrkA 1 ) and nonnociceptive (TrkA-) myelinated\n[neurons (Fig. S5, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). Contralateral](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nto injury, 15.6 6 1.8% of FB-labelled neurons expressed Thy1-\nCFP ( Figs. 4D and G ). In contrast to unmyelinated subpopula-\ntions, this proportion was higher in ipsilateral DRG following\nSNI trans (23.3 6 3.2%), consistent with no (or minimal) loss of\nThy1-CFP-expressing afferents, accompanied by a loss of Thy1-\nCFP-negative neurons. We did not observe significant alter-\nations in the population distributions of the cross-sectional area\nof surviving, damaged Trpm8-tdTom <sup>1</sup> , Calca-YFP <sup>1</sup> , or Thy1- CFP <sup>1</sup> DRG neurons when compared with DRG contralateral to",
+                    "page_start": 7,
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+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nmodality-specific sensory deficits. Beyond loss of function, does\nDRG neuron loss contribute to chronic pain, in either an adaptive or\nmaladaptive manner? Intrathecal delivery of GDNF is neuro-\nprotective and reverses the reduction in the number of IB4-binding\nDRG neurons and central terminals seen following transection. <sup>5</sup>\nTreatment is concurrently analgesic and abrogates pain-related behaviors. <sup>7,60</sup> However, the pleiotropic nature of GDNF makes it\nimpossible to directly attribute the analgesic effects to the reversal\nof neuron loss. Indeed, it is possible that GDNF exerts its effect by actions on intact nonpeptidergic nociceptive afferents, <sup>52</sup> activation\nof which is known to drive aversive behaviors in the neuropathic state. <sup>62</sup> These data leave the contribution of nonpeptidergic\nnociceptor loss to behavior in the GDNF treatment paradigm\nambiguous. Other pharmacological approaches have been found\neffective at reversing a neuronal loss in rodent models, but the\nimpact on pain behavior was not studied. <sup>21,22</sup>\nRodents develop marked mechanical and thermal hypersen-\nsitivity rapidly following nerve injury and before timepoints at which neuron loss is observed. <sup>10</sup> This lack of a temporal\ncorrelation may suggest a limited contribution to evoked hyper-\nsensitivities. The temporal profile of ongoing tonic pain (eg, pain\naversiveness as measured by condition place preference\nassays <sup>26</sup> ) is less defined and so is its correlation to the timing of\nneuron loss.\nThere are many anatomical sites within the somatosensory\nnervous system where differential loss of sensory neuron\npopulations could impact neurobiology. For example, loss of\ncutaneous afferents may afford more opportunity for plasticity in\nreinnervation patterns, such as collateral sprouting of uninjured or\nsurviving afferents, and the types of nerve endings made by different molecular subpopulations. <sup>17,27</sup> It also seems likely that the\ndeath of many neurons within a DRG could contribute to the\nexpansion and activation of immune cell types, which are known to play a major role in neuropathic pain. <sup>30,69</sup> Finally, under normal\nconditions, peripheral sensory input is integrated into the dorsal\nhorn of the spinal cord by complex interneuron circuitry. Many\nspinal circuits are engaged by convergent input from different afferent types. <sup>9,41,70</sup> Therefore, selective loss of input from discrete\nafferent types could undoubtedly impact the normal processing of remaining afferent signals. <sup>34</sup> Experimentally abrogating neuronal\nloss may be a fruitful approach to assess the contribution to\nnervous system plasticity (adaptive or maladaptive) following injury.\nIn this regard, our in vitro readout would be a useful experimental",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nincision was made in the skin at the lateral mid-thigh. Using blunt\ndissection, an opening was made through the biceps femoris,\nexposing the sciatic nerve and the 3 peripheral branches (sural,\ntibial, and common peroneal nerves). For SNI trans , the common\nperoneal and tibial nerves were ligated using a 6-0 Vicryl suture\n(Ethicon, Raritan, NJ), and a 1- to 2-mm piece distal to the suture\nwas removed using spring scissors. For SNI crush , the exposed\ntibial and common peroneal nerves were clamped using a pair of\nfine hemostats (Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany) closed\nto their second clip, leaving the nerve branches intact but\ntranslucent. The muscle was closed with one 6-0 Vicryl suture\n(Ethicon), and the skin incision was closed with one 10 mm\nwound clip (Alzet, Cupertino, CA). Animals were monitored daily\nfor self-mutilation, and no animals required sacrifice due to tissue\ndamage.\nTable 1\nTransgenic lines used in the study.\nUsed name Full name Putative population Ref Source Tamoxifen regime\nAtf3 <sup>CreERT2</sup> Atf3 <sup>tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Msra</sup> Axotomised afferents 13 Gift: Dr Franziska Denk 50 mg/kg on days 0, 3, and 7 after surgery\nAvil <sup>FlpO</sup> Avil <sup>tm1(flpo)Ddg</sup> Sensory neurons 1 Gift: Prof David Ginty N.A.\nMrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> Mrgprd <sup>tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Wql</sup> Major class of nonpeptidergic\nneurons\n39 The Jackson Laboratory (RRID:\nIMSR_JAX:031286)\nGeneral: 1x 50 mg/kg in adulthood, ( . 1 week\nbefore experiment)\n3D volumetric analysis: 5x i.p. (0.5 mg/animal/\nday), beginning between P10 and P17\nMrgD <sup>ChR2-</sup>\nYFP\nMrgprd <sup>tm4.1(COP4)Mjz</sup> Major class of nonpeptidergic\nneurons\n59 Mutant Mouse Resource & Research\nCenters (RRID:MMRRC_036112-UNC)\nN.A.\nCalca <sup>CreERT2</sup> Calca <sup>tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Ptch</sup> Peptidergic neurons 51 Gift: Prof Pao-Tien Chuang 1x 75 mg/kg in adulthood ( . 1 week before\nexperiment)\nTrpm8 <sup>FlpO</sup> Cold afferents 4 Gift: Dr Mark Hoon N.A.\nThy1-CFP B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-CFP)\n23Jrs/J\nSample of myelinated afferents 16 The Jackson Laboratory (RRID:\nIMSR_JAX:003710)\nN.A.\nTh <sup>CreERT2</sup> Th <sup>tm1.1(cre/ERT2)Ddg</sup> /J C low threshold\nmechanoreceptors\n1 Gift: Prof David Ginty; The Jackson\nLaboratory (RRID:IMSR_JAX:025614)\n1x 50 mg/kg in adulthood ( . 2 weeks before\nexperiment)\nRC::FLTG B6.Cg- Gt(ROSA)\n26Sor <sup>tm1.3(CAG-tdTomato,-</sup>\nEGFP)Pjen /J\nFlp-mediated tdTomato;\nCre 1 Flp-mediated GFP\nexpression\n40 The Jackson Laboratory (RRID:\nIMSR_JAX:026932)\nN.A.\nAi14 B6.Cg- Gt(ROSA)\n26Sor <sup>tm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze</sup> /\nJ\nCre-mediated tdTomato\nexpression\n33 The Jackson Laboratory (RRID:\nIMSR_JAX:007914)\nN.A.\nAi32 B6.Cg- Gt(ROSA)\n26Sor <sup>tm32(CAG-</sup>\nCOP4*H134R/EYFP)Hze\nCre-mediated ChR2-eYFP\nexpression\n32 The Jackson Laboratory (RRID:\nIMSR_JAX:024109)\nN.A.\nCFP, cyan fluorescent protein; GFP, Green fluorescent protein; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nGDNF in the uninjured DRG exerts analgesic effects on neuropathic pain\nfollowing segmental spinal nerve ligation in mice. J Pain 2011;12:\n1130- 1139.\n[53] Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root\nganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol\n2000;422:172- 80.\n[54] Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons:\ndiagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011;36:730- 4.\n[55] Usoskin D, Furlan A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnerberg P, Lou D, Hjerling-\nLeffler J, Haeggstrom J, Kharchenko O, Kharchenko PV, Linnarsson S,\nErnfors P. Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large-scale\nsingle-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Neurosci 2015;18:145- 53.\n[56] Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent axotomy on\nnumber and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol\n1997;388:307- 12.\n[57] Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from\na neuroma. Nature 1974;248:740- 43.\n[58] Wang C, Gu L, Ruan Y, Geng X, Xu M, Yang N, Yu L, Jiang Y, Zhu C, Yang\nY, Zhou Y, Guan X, Luo W, Liu Q, Dong X, Yu G, Lan L, Tang Z. Facilitation\nof MrgprD by TRP-A1 promotes neuropathic pain. FASEB J 2019;33:\n1360- 73.\n[59] Wang H, Zylka MJ. Mrgprd-expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons\ninnervate most known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons.\nJ Neurosci 2009;29:13202- 9.\n[60] Wang R, Guo W, Ossipov MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, Lai J. Glial\ncell line-derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical\nchanges in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and prevents the\nexpression of experimental neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2003;\n121:815- 24.\n[61] Wang X, Archibald ML, Stevens K, Baldridge WH, Chauhan BC. Cyan\nfluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP\ntransgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010;\n468:110- 4.\n[62] Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisuka J, Wright MC, Baumbauer KM,\nAdelman PC, Lee KH, Smith KM, Sheahan TD, Ross SE, Koerber HR.\nMrgprdCre lineage neurons mediate optogenetic allodynia through an\nemergent polysynaptic circuit. PAIN 2021;162:2120- 31.\n[63] Weir GA, Middleton SJ, Clark AJ, Daniel T, Khovanov N, McMahon SB,\nBennett DL. Using an engineered glutamate-gated chloride channel to\nsilence sensory neurons and treat neuropathic pain at the source. Brain\n2017;140:2570- 85.\n[64] Welin D, Novikova LN, Wiberg M, Kellerth JO, Novikov LN. Survival and\nregeneration of cutaneous and muscular afferent neurons after peripheral",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\na substantial loss, which is biased towards specific subpopula-\ntions and particularly present in small-diameter nonpeptidergic\nnociceptive neurons.\nConflict of interest statement\nD.L.B. has acted as a consultant in the last 2 years for AditumBio,\nBiogen, Biointervene, Combigene, LatigoBio, GSK, Ionis, Lexicon\ntherapeutics, Neuvati, Olipass, Orion, Replay, SC Health Manag-\ners, Theranexus, Third RockVentures, and Vida Ventures on behalf\nof Oxford University Innovation. D.L.B. has received research\nfunding from Lilly and Astra Zeneca, and G.A.W. has received\nresearch funding from Ono Pharmaceutical. D.L.B. has received\nan industrial partnership grant from the BBSRC and AstraZeneca.\nThe remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\nData are available on request to lead contact G.-\n[A.W.—gregory.weir@glasgow.ac.uk. Further information and](mailto:gregory.weir@glasgow.ac.uk)\nrequests for reagents and/or reagents used in this study should\nalso be directed to G.A.W., and we will endeavour to fulfil these.\nAcknowledgments\nThe authors thank Dr Mark Hoon for providing the Trpm8-Flp\ntransgenic mouse line and Prof Andrew Todd and Dr David\nHughes for their critical feedback on the manuscript. Neuron and\nganglion illustrations in Figure 1 [ and S1 (http://links.lww.com/](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\n[PAIN/C84) were adapted from images provided by Servier](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nMedical Art, licensed under CC BY 4.0. The research was funded\nby an MRC Fellowship grant awarded to GAW. (MR/T01072X/1)\nand a Tenovus Scotland Pilot Grant awarded to AHC and GAW\n(S22-17). This work was also funded by the Wellcome Trust (DPhil\nscholarship to AMB, 215145/Z/18/Z) and a Wellcome Investiga-\ntor Grant to D.L.B. (223149/Z/21/Z), as well as the MRC (MR/\nT020113/1), and with funding from the MRC and Versus Arthritis\nto the PAINSTORM consortium as part of the Advanced Pain\nDiscovery Platform (MR/W002388/1). AMB further received\na GTC MSDTC Scholarship.\nSupplemental digital content\nSupplemental digital content associated with this article can be\n[found online at http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84.](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nSupplemental video content\nVideo content associated with this article can be found on the\nPAIN Web site.\nArticle history:\nReceived 14 November 2023\nReceived in revised form 11 April 2024\nAccepted 25 May 2024\nAvailable online 15 August 2024\nReferences\n[1] Abraira VE, Kuehn ED, Chirila AM, Springel MW, Toliver AA, Zimmerman\nAL, Orefice LL, Boyle KA, Bai L, Song BJ, Bashista KA, O’Neill TG, Zhuo J,\nTsan C, Hoynoski J, Rutlin M, Kus L, Niederkofler V, Watanabe M,\nDymecki SM, Nelson SB, Heintz N, Hughes DI, Ginty DD. The cellular and\nsynaptic architecture of the mechanosensory dorsal horn. Cell 2017;168:\n295- 310.e19.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
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+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\napproaches show that a population of small-diameter afferents\nare lost following peripheral nerve injury.\n3.2. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of\nMrgprd-expressing neurons\nTo date, determining cell loss among specific populations of\nafferent neurons has proved challenging due to the down-\nregulation of subpopulation-specific marker genes following axonal transection. <sup>37,44</sup> To overcome this issue, we took\nadvantage of transgenic strategies to label populations in\na manner that persisted after injury. Owing to the bias for the\nloss of small neurons and the known loss of IB4-binding central terminals postinjury, <sup>36</sup> we initially focused on nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons. We used MrgD <sup>ChR2-YFP</sup> mice to identify\nneurons belonging to the largest of the 3 classes of non- peptidergic nociceptors, NP1. <sup>55,59</sup> To determine whether these\nneurons are lost following nerve injury, we used a stereological method to quantify L4 DRG MrgD-YFP <sup>1</sup> (yellow fluorescent\nprotein) neurons 28 days after sham surgery or SNI trans ( Figs. 3A\nand B ). SNI trans , but not sham, resulted in a significant decrease (54.0 6 6.6%) in the total number of MrgD-YFP <sup>1</sup> neurons in L4\nDRG ( Fig. 3C ). Yellow fluorescent protein expression in MrgD <sup>ChR2-YFP</sup> mice is\ndriven by the endogenous Mrgprd promotor, which has been\nreported to be upregulated or downregulated following axonal damage. <sup>44,58</sup> Such changes in promoter activity could affect the\nproportion of nonpeptidergic nociceptors identified by YFP\nexpression. Therefore, to verify these findings, we used\nMrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 mice and tamoxifen administration before\ninjury, to permanently label Mrgprd- expressing afferents with\nChR2-YFP ( Figs. 3D- F ). We then tested whether the proportion of cutaneous tibial afferents that were YFP <sup>1</sup> was altered following\nnerve injury. Following hindpaw FB injection, ; 15% of contralat-\neral, FB-labelled DRG neurons expressed YFP. This was reduced\nto 6.0 6 1.2% 28 days after SNI crush injury and to only 1.7 6 0.9%\n28 days after SNI trans ( Fig. 3G ). Uptake by uninjured YFP <sup>1</sup>\nneurons was equivalent 7 and 35 days after FB injection,\ndemonstrating that this reduction was not because 7 days were insufficient for YFP <sup>1</sup> [neurons to fully uptake FB (Fig. S3C, http://](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\n[links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). No significant difference in the per-](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84) centage of FB-labelled YFP <sup>1</sup> DRG neurons between ipsilateral\nand contralateral DRG was observed at 7 days following SNI trans\n[(Figs. S4A and B, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), demonstrat-](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\ning that loss occurred after this timepoint. Analysis of the cross- sectional soma area of FB-labelled, YFP <sup>1</sup> neurons in uninjured DRG revealed an area of 361 6 138 m m <sup>2</sup> (mean 6 SD) (Fig. S4C,",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the EU's key nature conservation commitments for 2030?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "1. Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. 2. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. 3. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.1. A coherent network of protected areas**\n\nThe targets relate to the EU as a whole and could be broken down according to the EU bio-geographical regions and sea basins or at a more local level.  **Every Member State will have to do its fair share of the effort**  based on objective ecological criteria, recognising that each country has a different quantity and quality of biodiversity. Particular focus will be placed on protecting and restoring the tropical and sub-tropical\nmarine and terrestrial ecosystems in the EU’s outermost regions given their exceptionally high biodiversity value.\nIn addition, in order to have a truly coherent and resilient Trans-European Nature Network, it will be important to set up  **ecological corridors**  to prevent genetic isolation, allow for species migration, and maintain and enhance healthy ecosystems. In this context, investments in green and blue infrastructure <sup>27</sup> and cooperation across borders among Member States should be promoted and supported, including through the European Territorial Cooperation.\nThe Commission will aim to agree the criteria and guidance for additional designations with Member States by the end of 2021. Member States will then have until the end of 2023 to demonstrate significant progress in legally designating new protected areas and integrating ecological corridors. On this basis, the Commission will assess by 2024 whether the EU is on track to meet its 2030 targets or whether stronger actions, including EU legislation, are needed.\nFinally, the  **Overseas Countries and Territories**  also host  important biodiversity hotspots, not governed by EU environmental rules. The Commission encourages relevant Member States to consider promoting equal or equivalent rules in these countries and territories.\n**Nature protection: key commitments by 2030**\n1.  Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. 2.  Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. 3.  Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.\n\n[Guidance on a strategic framework for further supporting the deployment of EU-level green and blue ](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/pdf/SWD_2019_193_F1_STAFF_WORKING_PAPER_EN_V4_P1_1024680.PDF) [infrastructure](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/pdf/SWD_2019_193_F1_STAFF_WORKING_PAPER_EN_V4_P1_1024680.PDF) (SWD(2019) 193).",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\nBiodiversity is a priority of the EU’s external action and an integral part of efforts to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It will be mainstreamed\nthroughout bilateral and multilateral engagements, through the EU’s ‘Green Deal diplomacy’, and forthcoming green alliances <sup>76</sup> . The Commission will work closely with the European Parliament and Member States to ensure a high level of EU ambition and mobilise all efforts for the good of the world’s biodiversity.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.1.*    *Strengthening the EU legal framework for nature restoration*\n\nNature restoration is already partially required from the Member States in existing EU legislation <sup>28</sup> . However,  **significant implementation and regulatory gaps hinder progress**  . For instance, there is no requirement for Member States to have biodiversity restoration plans. There are not always clear or binding targets and timelines and no definition or criteria on restoration or on the sustainable use of ecosystems. There is also no requirement to comprehensively map, monitor or assess ecosystem services, health or restoration efforts. These issues are exacerbated by the gaps in implementation that prevent the existing legislation from achieving its objectives <sup>29</sup> . Stronger implementation support and enforcement is required. To ensure that nature restoration across land and sea picks up, increases the EU’s resilience, and contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation as a key nature-based solution, this strategy puts forward two strands of actions:\n-  Firstly, and subject to an impact assessment, the Commission will put forward a proposal for legally binding  **EU nature restoration targets**  in 2021 to restore degraded ecosystems, in particular those with the most potential to capture and store carbon and to prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters. This will identify the conditions in which the targets must be met, as well as the most effective measures to reach them. The impact assessment will also look at the possibility of an EU-wide methodology to map, assess and achieve good condition of ecosystems so they can deliver benefits such as climate regulation, water regulation, soil health, pollination and disaster prevention and protection.\n-  In that context, the Commission will request and support Member States to raise the level of implementation of existing legislation within clear deadlines. It will in particular request Member States to ensure  **no deterioration in conservation trends and status**  of all protected habitats and species by 2030 <sup>30</sup> . In addition, Member States will have to ensure that at least 30% of species and habitats not",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\n### **4.1. Raising the level of ambition and commitment worldwide**\n\nProtecting biodiversity is a global challenge and the next decade will be decisive. Global efforts under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity have largely been insufficient. Nature cannot afford any half measures or lack of ambition.\nIn this spirit, the EU is ready to lead all efforts -  working with like-minded partners in  **a high-ambition coalition on biodiversity**  -  to agree an ambitious new global framework for post-2020 at the upcoming 15 <sup>th</sup> Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.\nWith this strategy, the Commission proposes ambitious commitments for the EU to bring to the table. The EU should also support governments and stakeholders across the globe to significantly step up their ambition and their action.\nThe Commission proposes that the EU ensures that the post-2020 global framework includes, at a minimum, the elements outlined below:\n-  Overarching global goals for biodiversity for 2050, in line with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the vision of ‘living in harmony with nature’. The ambition should be that,  **by 2050, all of the world’s ecosystems are restored, resilient, and adequately protected.**  The world should commit to the net-gain principle to give nature back more than it takes. The world should commit to no human-induced extinction of species, at minimum where avoidable.\n-  Ambitious  **global 2030 targets in line with EU commitments**  in this strategy. These should clearly address the drivers of biodiversity loss and be specific, measurable, actionable, relevant and time-bound.\n-  A much  **stronger implementation, monitoring and review**  process. Parties should revise their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans by the end of 2021, or as a minimum, submit national commitments for the most important targets. There should be a  **regular review cycle**  to look at progress towards the",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\nThe EU has legal frameworks, strategies and action plans to protect nature and restore habitats and species. But protection has been incomplete, restoration has been small- scale, and the implementation and enforcement of legislation has been insufficient <sup>17</sup> .\nTo put biodiversity on the path to recovery by 2030, we need to step up the protection and restoration of nature. This should be done by improving and  **widening our network of protected areas**  and by developing an ambitious  **EU Nature Restoration Plan**  .",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n**EN EN**\n\nEUROPEAN COMMISSION\nBrussels, 20.5.2020 COM(2020) 380 final\n\n**COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS**\n**EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030**\n**Bringing nature back into our lives**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **3. E NABLING TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE**\n\n### **3.3. Building on an integrated and whole-of-society approach**\n\n#### *3.3.2.*    *Investments, pricing and taxation*\n\nTackling biodiversity loss and restoring ecosystems will require significant public and private investments at national and European level. This will mean making the most of all relevant EU programmes and financing instruments. The Commission will strengthen its  **biodiversity proofing framework**  <sup>69</sup> ,  *inter alia*   by using in an appropriate way the criteria established under the EU taxonomy, to ensure that EU funding supports biodiversity-friendly investments.\nTo meet the needs of this strategy, including investment priorities for Natura 2000 and green infrastructure,  **at least €20 billion a year <sup>70</sup> should be unlocked for spending on nature**  . This will require mobilising private and public funding at national and EU level <sup>71</sup> , including through a range of different programmes in the next long-term EU budget. Moreover, as nature restoration will make a major contribution to climate objectives, a significant proportion of the 25% of the EU budget dedicated to climate action will be invested on biodiversity and nature-based solutions.\nUnder Invest EU, a dedicated natural-capital and circular-economy initiative will be\nestablished to mobilise at least €10 billion over the next 10 years, based on public/private blended finance. Nature and biodiversity is also a priority for the European Green Deal Investment Plan. To help unlock the investment needed, the EU must provide long-term certainty for investors and help embed sustainability in the financial system. The EU **sustainable finance taxonomy**  will help guide investment towards a green recovery and the deployment of nature-based solutions. In 2021, the Commission will adopt a delegated act under the Taxonomy Regulation <sup>72</sup> to establish a common classification of economic activities that substantially contribute to protecting and restoring biodiversity and ecosystems. This will be further supported by a  **Renewed Sustainable Finance Strategy**  later this year which will help ensure that the financial system contributes to mitigating existing and future risks to biodiversity and  better reflect how biodiversity loss affects companies’ profitability and long-term prospects <sup>73</sup> .",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\n### **4.2. Using external action to promote the EU’s ambition**\n\n#### *4.2.3.*    *International cooperation, neighbourhood policy and resource* *mobilisation*\n\nDelivering an ambitious post-2020 global biodiversity framework will require greater cooperation with partners, increased support and financing and phasing out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity. In the last decade, the EU and its Member States collectively upheld their commitment to  **double financial flows to developing countries for biodiversity**  <sup>82</sup> . The EU is ready to continue working with its partners and further increase its support post-2020. This will be part of its work on biodiversity conservation, restoration, sustainable use and mainstreaming in all development and partnership\n79 Under Article 191.2 TFEU, the Union policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection and shall be based on the precautionary principle. 80 [European Parliament Resolution on international ocean governance](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0004_EN.html) (2017/2055(INI)). In line with the Commission Communication on [Stepping up EU Action to Protect and Restore the ](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-eu-action-protect-restore-forests_en.pdf) [World’s Forests](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-eu-action-protect-restore-forests_en.pdf) (COM(2019) 352). Including international financing where biodiversity is the principal objective and where it is a significant secondary objective, in line with [CBD COP11 Decision XI/4](https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=13165) and EU and Member States financial reports submitted to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2015 and 2018.\npolicies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries\npractices and actions to protect and restore the world’s forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the  **One Health approach**  <sup>83</sup> , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.9.*    *Reducing pollution*\n\nPollution is a key driver of biodiversity loss and has a harmful impact on our health and environment. While the EU has a solid legal framework in place to reduce pollution, greater efforts are still required. Biodiversity is suffering from the release of nutrients, chemical pesticides, pharmaceuticals, hazardous chemicals, urban and industrial wastewater, and other waste including litter and plastics. All of these pressures must be reduced.\nAs part of the Commission’s Zero Pollution Ambition for a toxic-free environment, a new EU Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability will be put forward along with a  **Zero Pollution Action Plan for Air, Water and Soil**  .\nThe Commission will also promote the goal of zero pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus flows from fertilisers through reducing nutrient losses by at least 50%, while ensuring that there is no deterioration in soil fertility. This will result in the  **reduction of use of fertilisers by at least 20%**  . This will be achieved by implementing and enforcing the relevant environmental and climate legislation in full, identifying with Member States the nutrient load reductions needed to achieve these goals, applying balanced fertilisation and sustainable nutrient management, and by managing nitrogen and phosphorus better throughout their lifecycle. To this end, the Commission will work with Member States to\n\nThere are 11,000 Natura 2000 sites within, or partly within, cities, representing 15% of the total area of the Natura 2000 network. [The Green City Accord.](http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/calendar/events_list/CITIES-Forum-2020-Working-corner-The-EU-Green-City-Accord-Cities-becoming-leaders-for-the-environment-WSPO-BL4E22)\ndevelop an Integrated Nutrient Management Action Plan in 2022. The Farm to Fork strategy will address the reduction in the use and risk of pesticides and support wider implementation of Integrated Pest Management <sup>54</sup> . As part of this,  **the environmental risk assessment of pesticides will be strengthened**  . The pressure from plastics is notably addressed through the implementation of the European Strategy for Plastics <sup>55</sup> and the new Circular Economy Action Plan <sup>56</sup> .\nThe Commission will develop a  **set of indicators for the progressive reduction of pollution**  , and will establish baselines to help monitor progress. Pressures from marine litter and underwater noise are being addressed under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **5. C ONCLUSION**\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and continuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the way for ambitious and necessary changes -  changes that will ensure the wellbeing and economic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The implementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges across sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, fairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will require a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, stakeholders and citizens.\nThe Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this strategy ahead of the 15 <sup>th</sup> Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will suggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will review the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to meet its objectives.\n\n[https://www.who.int/features/qa/one-health/en/](https://www.who.int/features/qa/one-health/en/)",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "Was there a biodiversity governance framework in place in the EU before the European Commission's proposal?",
+                "target_page": 16,
+                "target_passage": "In the EU, there is currently no comprehensive governance framework to steer the implementation of biodiversity commitments agreed at national, European or international level. To address the gap, the Commission will put in place a new European biodiversity governance framework. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **3. E NABLING TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE**\n\n### **3.1. A new governance framework**\nIn the EU, there is currently no comprehensive governance framework to steer the implementation of biodiversity commitments agreed at national, European or international level. To address the gap, the Commission will put in place  **a new European biodiversity governance framework**  . This will help map obligations and commitments and set out a roadmap to guide their implementation.\nAs part of this new framework, the Commission will put in place a monitoring and review mechanism. This will include a  **clear set of agreed indicators**  and will enable regular progress assessment and set out corrective action if necessary. This mechanism will feed the Environmental Implementation Review and contribute to the European Semester.\nThe new governance framework will ensure co-responsibility and co-ownership by all\nrelevant actors in meeting the EU’s biodiversity commitments. It will support administrative capacity building, transparency, stakeholder dialogue, and participatory governance at different levels.\nThe Commission will assess the progress and suitability of this approach in 2023, and consider whether a legally binding approach to governance is needed.",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **3. E NABLING TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE**\n\n### **3.3. Building on an integrated and whole-of-society approach**\n\n#### *3.3.2.*    *Investments, pricing and taxation*\n\nTackling biodiversity loss and restoring ecosystems will require significant public and private investments at national and European level. This will mean making the most of all relevant EU programmes and financing instruments. The Commission will strengthen its  **biodiversity proofing framework**  <sup>69</sup> ,  *inter alia*   by using in an appropriate way the criteria established under the EU taxonomy, to ensure that EU funding supports biodiversity-friendly investments.\nTo meet the needs of this strategy, including investment priorities for Natura 2000 and green infrastructure,  **at least €20 billion a year <sup>70</sup> should be unlocked for spending on nature**  . This will require mobilising private and public funding at national and EU level <sup>71</sup> , including through a range of different programmes in the next long-term EU budget. Moreover, as nature restoration will make a major contribution to climate objectives, a significant proportion of the 25% of the EU budget dedicated to climate action will be invested on biodiversity and nature-based solutions.\nUnder Invest EU, a dedicated natural-capital and circular-economy initiative will be\nestablished to mobilise at least €10 billion over the next 10 years, based on public/private blended finance. Nature and biodiversity is also a priority for the European Green Deal Investment Plan. To help unlock the investment needed, the EU must provide long-term certainty for investors and help embed sustainability in the financial system. The EU **sustainable finance taxonomy**  will help guide investment towards a green recovery and the deployment of nature-based solutions. In 2021, the Commission will adopt a delegated act under the Taxonomy Regulation <sup>72</sup> to establish a common classification of economic activities that substantially contribute to protecting and restoring biodiversity and ecosystems. This will be further supported by a  **Renewed Sustainable Finance Strategy**  later this year which will help ensure that the financial system contributes to mitigating existing and future risks to biodiversity and  better reflect how biodiversity loss affects companies’ profitability and long-term prospects <sup>73</sup> .",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **3. E NABLING TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE**\n\n### **3.3. Building on an integrated and whole-of-society approach**\n\n#### *3.3.1.*    *Business for biodiversity*\n\nIn the partnership spirit of this strategy, all parts of the economy and society will have to play their role. Industry and business have an impact on nature, but they also produce the important innovations, partnerships and expertise that can help address biodiversity loss.\nTo ensure environmental and social interests are fully embedded into business strategies, the Commission will put forward a new initiative in 2021 on  **sustainable corporate governance**  . This initiative, which may take the form of a legislative proposal, will address human rights and environmental duty of care and due diligence across economic value chains in a proportionate way according to different sizes of entreprises <sup>64</sup> . This will help ensure that shareholder and stakeholder interests are fully aligned with the objectives set out in this strategy. In addition, in 2020, the Commission launched a review of the reporting obligations of businesses under the  **Non-Financial Reporting Directive**  <sup>65</sup> , with a view to improving the quality and scope of non-financial disclosures, including on environmental aspects such as biodiversity .\nThrough its existing platforms <sup>66</sup> , the Commission will help to build a  **European Business for Biodiversity**  movement, taking inspiration from recent initiatives <sup>67</sup> and making this movement an integral part of the European Climate Pact. Particular attention will be paid to measures to incentivise and eliminate barriers for the take-up of nature- based solutions, as these can lead to significant business and employment opportunities in various sectors <sup>68</sup> and are the key to innovation for economic or societal needs that rely on nature.\n\n62 Such as the Directives on [Environmental Impact Assessment](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32014L0052) (2014/52/EU), on [Strategic Environmental ](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001L0042) [Assessment](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32001L0042) (2001/42/EC), on [Environmental Liability](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32004L0035) (2004/35/CE) and on [Environmental Crime](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0099) (2008/99/EC). 63 [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/aarhus/](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/aarhus/) 64 [Study on due diligence requirements through the supply chain -  Final Report.](https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/doing-business-eu/company-law-and-corporate-governance_en#studies) [Directive 2014/95/EU amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and ](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L0095) [diversity information by certain large undertakings](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L0095) . Such as the [EU Business @ Biodiversity Platform](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/biodiversity/business/index_en.htm) (B@B). See for example [Business for Nature](https://www.businessfornature.org/) or [One Planet Business for Biodiversity](https://op2b.org/) . BenDor et al. (2015), [Estimating the Size and Impact of the Ecological Restoration Economy](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278792900_Estimating_the_Size_and_Impact_of_the_Ecological_Restoration_Economy) .",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **3. E NABLING TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE**\n\n### **3.3. Building on an integrated and whole-of-society approach**\n\n#### *3.3.2.*    *Investments, pricing and taxation*\n\nThe Commission will further promote tax systems and pricing that reflect environmental costs, including biodiversity loss. This should encourage changes in national fiscal systems to shift the tax burden from labour to pollution, under-priced resources, and other environmental externalities. The ‘  **user pays’ and ‘polluter pays’ principles**  have to be applied to prevent and correct environmental degradation.\nPublic authorities’ purchasing power represents 14% of EU GDP and can serve as a powerful driver of demand for the products and services of companies that invest in or contribute to nature-based solutions. To tap into this potential, when proposing further\n\n69 See [Common framework and guidance documents for biodiversity proofing of the EU budget](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/comm2006/proofing.htm) . 70 The cost estimate is based on the 2018 [Impact Assessment of the LIFE Regulation](https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/budget-may2018-life-swd_en.pdf) (SWD(2018) 292), a [Study on the costs of implementing the Target 2 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020](https://ieep.eu/uploads/articles/attachments/e597a01d-e34e-4a2e-84ec-68be1222c5fd/Financing_Target_2_Final_Report_without_Annexes_-_FINAL_APPROVED.pdf?v=63664509816) and data submitted by 16 Member States under Article 8(1) of the Habitats Directive. The Commission will update the estimate, notably based on Member States’ Prioritised Action Frameworks under the Habitats Directive. Including the Common Agricultural Policy, Cohesion Policy funds, Horizon Europe, the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund, LIFE and external action funds. See [EU taxonomy for sustainable activities](https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/sustainable-finance-teg-taxonomy_en) . World Wildlife Fund (2019), [The Nature of Risk -  A Framework for Understanding Nature-Related ](https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/1255/files/original/WWF_Nature_of_Risk.FINAL2.pdf?1568216828) [Risk to Business](https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/1255/files/original/WWF_Nature_of_Risk.FINAL2.pdf?1568216828) .\nlegislation and guidance on  **green public procurement**  , the Commission will integrate criteria and monitoring to boost nature-based solutions.",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\nBiodiversity is a priority of the EU’s external action and an integral part of efforts to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It will be mainstreamed\nthroughout bilateral and multilateral engagements, through the EU’s ‘Green Deal diplomacy’, and forthcoming green alliances <sup>76</sup> . The Commission will work closely with the European Parliament and Member States to ensure a high level of EU ambition and mobilise all efforts for the good of the world’s biodiversity.",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.1. A coherent network of protected areas**\n\nThe targets relate to the EU as a whole and could be broken down according to the EU bio-geographical regions and sea basins or at a more local level.  **Every Member State will have to do its fair share of the effort**  based on objective ecological criteria, recognising that each country has a different quantity and quality of biodiversity. Particular focus will be placed on protecting and restoring the tropical and sub-tropical\nmarine and terrestrial ecosystems in the EU’s outermost regions given their exceptionally high biodiversity value.\nIn addition, in order to have a truly coherent and resilient Trans-European Nature Network, it will be important to set up  **ecological corridors**  to prevent genetic isolation, allow for species migration, and maintain and enhance healthy ecosystems. In this context, investments in green and blue infrastructure <sup>27</sup> and cooperation across borders among Member States should be promoted and supported, including through the European Territorial Cooperation.\nThe Commission will aim to agree the criteria and guidance for additional designations with Member States by the end of 2021. Member States will then have until the end of 2023 to demonstrate significant progress in legally designating new protected areas and integrating ecological corridors. On this basis, the Commission will assess by 2024 whether the EU is on track to meet its 2030 targets or whether stronger actions, including EU legislation, are needed.\nFinally, the  **Overseas Countries and Territories**  also host  important biodiversity hotspots, not governed by EU environmental rules. The Commission encourages relevant Member States to consider promoting equal or equivalent rules in these countries and territories.\n**Nature protection: key commitments by 2030**\n1.  Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. 2.  Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. 3.  Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.\n\n[Guidance on a strategic framework for further supporting the deployment of EU-level green and blue ](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/pdf/SWD_2019_193_F1_STAFF_WORKING_PAPER_EN_V4_P1_1024680.PDF) [infrastructure](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/pdf/SWD_2019_193_F1_STAFF_WORKING_PAPER_EN_V4_P1_1024680.PDF) (SWD(2019) 193).",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n**EN EN**\n\nEUROPEAN COMMISSION\nBrussels, 20.5.2020 COM(2020) 380 final\n\n**COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS**\n**EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030**\n**Bringing nature back into our lives**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\n### **4.2. Using external action to promote the EU’s ambition**\n\n#### *4.2.2.*    *Trade policy*\n\n**Trade policy will actively support and be part of the ecological transition**  . In this spirit, the Commission will ensure full implementation and enforcement of the biodiversity provisions in all trade agreements, including through the EU Chief Trade Enforcement Officer. The Commission will better assess the impact of trade agreements on biodiversity, with follow-up action to strengthen the biodiversity provisions of existing and new agreements if relevant. The Commission will also present in 2021 a legislative proposal and other measures to avoid or minimise the placing of products associated with deforestation or forest degradation  on the EU market <sup>81</sup> , and to promote forest-friendly imports and value chains. The Commission will take a number of steps to **crack down on illegal wildlife trade**  . This trade contributes to the depletion or extinction of entire species, is the world’s fourth most lucrative black market and is thought to be one of the causes behind the emergence of zoonotic diseases. It is a human, economic and environmental duty to dismantle it.\nWith this in mind, the Commission will revise the EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking in 2021 and propose a further  **tightening of the rules on EU ivory trade** later this year. It will explore a possible revision of the Environmental Crime Directive, including by looking at expanding its scope and introducing specific provisions for types and levels of criminal sanctions. It will consider strengthening the coordinating and investigative capacities of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) to work with Member States and non-EU countries to prevent illicit trade and the entry of illicit products into the Single Market.\nThe Commission will continue to engage with partner countries to ensure a smooth and fair transition, mobilising in particular Aid for Trade to ensure that partners reap the benefits of biodiversity-friendly trade.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\n### **4.2. Using external action to promote the EU’s ambition**\n\n#### *4.2.3.*    *International cooperation, neighbourhood policy and resource* *mobilisation*\n\nDelivering an ambitious post-2020 global biodiversity framework will require greater cooperation with partners, increased support and financing and phasing out of subsidies harmful to biodiversity. In the last decade, the EU and its Member States collectively upheld their commitment to  **double financial flows to developing countries for biodiversity**  <sup>82</sup> . The EU is ready to continue working with its partners and further increase its support post-2020. This will be part of its work on biodiversity conservation, restoration, sustainable use and mainstreaming in all development and partnership\n79 Under Article 191.2 TFEU, the Union policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection and shall be based on the precautionary principle. 80 [European Parliament Resolution on international ocean governance](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2018-0004_EN.html) (2017/2055(INI)). In line with the Commission Communication on [Stepping up EU Action to Protect and Restore the ](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-eu-action-protect-restore-forests_en.pdf) [World’s Forests](https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/communication-eu-action-protect-restore-forests_en.pdf) (COM(2019) 352). Including international financing where biodiversity is the principal objective and where it is a significant secondary objective, in line with [CBD COP11 Decision XI/4](https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=13165) and EU and Member States financial reports submitted to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2015 and 2018.\npolicies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all its policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its international cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries\npractices and actions to protect and restore the world’s forests. Particular attention will also be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, and the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and climate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with efforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up resilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to global efforts to apply the  **One Health approach**  <sup>83</sup> , which recognises the intrinsic connection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 22,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.1.*    *Strengthening the EU legal framework for nature restoration*\n\nNature restoration is already partially required from the Member States in existing EU legislation <sup>28</sup> . However,  **significant implementation and regulatory gaps hinder progress**  . For instance, there is no requirement for Member States to have biodiversity restoration plans. There are not always clear or binding targets and timelines and no definition or criteria on restoration or on the sustainable use of ecosystems. There is also no requirement to comprehensively map, monitor or assess ecosystem services, health or restoration efforts. These issues are exacerbated by the gaps in implementation that prevent the existing legislation from achieving its objectives <sup>29</sup> . Stronger implementation support and enforcement is required. To ensure that nature restoration across land and sea picks up, increases the EU’s resilience, and contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation as a key nature-based solution, this strategy puts forward two strands of actions:\n-  Firstly, and subject to an impact assessment, the Commission will put forward a proposal for legally binding  **EU nature restoration targets**  in 2021 to restore degraded ecosystems, in particular those with the most potential to capture and store carbon and to prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters. This will identify the conditions in which the targets must be met, as well as the most effective measures to reach them. The impact assessment will also look at the possibility of an EU-wide methodology to map, assess and achieve good condition of ecosystems so they can deliver benefits such as climate regulation, water regulation, soil health, pollination and disaster prevention and protection.\n-  In that context, the Commission will request and support Member States to raise the level of implementation of existing legislation within clear deadlines. It will in particular request Member States to ensure  **no deterioration in conservation trends and status**  of all protected habitats and species by 2030 <sup>30</sup> . In addition, Member States will have to ensure that at least 30% of species and habitats not",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the EU's tolerance for unauthorised fishing?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "The EU will apply zero tolerance towards illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.6.*    *Restoring the good environmental status of marine ecosystems*\n\nHealthy fish stocks are key to the long-term prosperity of fishermen and the health of our oceans and biodiversity. This makes it all the more important to maintain or reduce fishing mortality at or under  **Maximum Sustainable Yield levels**  . This will help achieve a healthy population age and size distribution for fish stocks.\nThe  **by-catch of species threatened with extinction**  must also be eliminated or reduced to a level that allows full recovery. This should also be the case for those in bad conservation status or not in good environmental status. Furthermore, the by-catch of other species <sup>45</sup> must be eliminated or, where this is not possible, minimised so as not to\n\n41 Article 29 of the EU Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001. 42 See for example Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2019), [Special Report on the Ocean and ](https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/) [the Cryosphere in a Changing Climate](https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/) . The Common Fisheries Policy, the [Marine Strategy Framework Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0056) (2008/56/EC) and the [Maritime Spatial Planning Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014L0089) (2014/89/EU). The Commission will report on the implementation of the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive by March 2022 at the latest, including the application of ecosystem-based management. Protected by international and EU law.\nthreaten their conservation status. To support this, data collection on by-catch for all sensitive species needs to be stepped up.\nIn addition,  **fisheries-management measures**  must be established in all marine protected areas according to clearly defined conservation objectives and on the basis of the best available scientific advice.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.6.*    *Restoring the good environmental status of marine ecosystems*\n\n**Restored and properly protected marine ecosystems**  bring substantial health, social and economic benefits to coastal communities and the EU as a whole. The need for stronger action is all the more acute as marine and coastal ecosystem biodiversity loss is severely exacerbated by global warming <sup>42</sup> .\nAchieving good environmental status of marine ecosystems, including through strictly protected areas, must involve the restoration of carbon-rich ecosystems as well as important fish spawning and nursery areas. Some of today’s sea uses endanger food security, fishers’ livelihoods, and the fishery and seafood sectors.  **Marine resources must be harvested sustainably and there must be zero-tolerance for illegal practices**  . In this regard, the full implementation of the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives is essential.\nThe application of an ecosystem-based management approach under EU legislation <sup>43</sup> will reduce the adverse impacts of fishing, extraction and other human activities, especially on sensitive species and seabed habitats. To support this,  **national maritime spatial plans**  , which Member States have to deliver in 2021, should aim at covering all maritime sectors and activities, as well as area-based conservation-management measures. <sup>44</sup> The Commission will also propose a  **new action plan to conserve fisheries resources and protect marine ecosystems**  by 2021. Where necessary, measures will be introduced to limit the use of fishing gear most harmful to biodiversity, including on the seabed. It will also look at how to reconcile the use of bottom-contacting fishing gear with biodiversity goals, given it is now the most damaging activity to the seabed. This must be done in a fair and just way for all. The European Maritime and Fisheries Fund should also support the transition to more selective and less damaging fishing techniques.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\n### **4.2. Using external action to promote the EU’s ambition**\n\n#### *4.2.1.*    *International Ocean Governance*\n\nIn line with the International Ocean Governance agenda <sup>77</sup> , the EU will support the conclusion of an ambitious legally binding agreement on  **marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction**  (BBNJ) by the end of 2020. It must set clear global procedures for identifying, designating and effectively managing ecologically representative marine protected areas in the high seas. It should be ratified and implemented as quickly as possible.\nThe EU should also use all of its diplomatic leverage and outreach capacities to help broker agreement on the designation of three vast  **Marine Protected Areas in the Southern Ocean**  <sup>78</sup> , two of which were co-proposed by the EU in East Antarctica and in the Weddell Sea. If agreed, this would constitute one of the biggest acts of nature protection in history.\nWork will continue with partner countries and regional organisations to put in place measures to protect and sustainably use sensitive maritime ecosystems and species, including in areas beyond national jurisdiction, with a focus on marine biodiversity hotspots. The EU should continue supporting Small Island Developing States and other relevant partner countries to participate in meetings of regional and global organisations and bodies, and to implement relevant international commitments and regulations.\nThe EU will apply  **zero tolerance towards illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing**  and will combat overfishing, including through WTO negotiations on a  **global agreement to ban harmful fisheries subsidies**  .\nIn international negotiations, the EU should advocate that marine minerals in the international seabed area  cannot be exploited before the  **effects of deep-sea mining**  on the marine environment, biodiversity and human activities have been sufficiently researched, the risks are understood and the technologies and operational practices are able to demonstrate no serious harm to the environment, in line with the precautionary\n\n[International ocean governance agenda: an agenda for the future](https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/join-2016-49_en.pdf) (JOIN(2016) 49). In the framework of the [Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources](https://www.ccamlr.org/en) .\nprinciple <sup>79</sup> and taking into account the call of the European Parliament <sup>80</sup> . In parallel, the EU will continue to fund research on the impact of deep-sea mining activities and on environmentally-friendly technologies. The EU should also advocate for more transparency in international bodies such as the International Seabed Authority.",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\ntransmission network and services,\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n**41.**  A person—\n(a)  who is engaged in the installation, maintenance or repair of subsea fibre optic\ntelecommunications infrastructure;\n(b)  whose role directly supports the installation, maintenance or repair of subsea fibre optic\ntelecommunications infrastructure,\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n**42.**  —(1) A person ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom and who pursues a work-related\nactivity in another country to which they usually travel at least once a week which is certified by\ntheir employer, or in the case of a self-employed person certified by them, as being—\n(a)  an activity that cannot be done remotely; and\n(b)  critical.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), an activity is critical if—\n(a)  it would be defined as critical, or equivalent terminology, in legislation or guidance in use\nin that country; or\n(b)  if the country has no such definition, if a person is pursuing an activity which would fall\nunder one of the other paragraphs in this Schedule if it were carried out in the United\nKingdom.\n**43.**  —(1) A person who has an offer of employment for seasonal work to carry out specified\nactivities in edible horticulture on a specified farm.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “seasonal work” is employment which fluctuates or is restricted due to the season or time\nof the year;\n(b)  “edible horticulture” means growing—\n(i)  protected vegetables grown in glasshouse systems,\n(ii)  field vegetables grown outdoors, including vegetables, herbs, leafy salads and\npotatoes,\n(iii)  soft fruit grown outdoors or under cover,\n(iv)  trees that bear fruit,\n(v)  vines and bines,\n(vi)  mushrooms;\n(c)  “specified farm” means the farm named in that person’s passenger information;\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2018/506.\n(  **b**  ) 2003 c. 21. The definition of “electronic communications network” was amended by S.I. 2011/1210.\n(d)  “specified activities” means—\n(i)  crop maintenance,\n(ii)  crop harvesting,\n(iii)  tunnel construction and dismantling,\n(iv)  irrigation installation and maintaining,\n(v)  crop husbandry,\n(vi)  packing and processing of crops on employer’s premises,\n(vii)  preparing and dismantling growing areas and media,\n(viii)  general primary production work in edible horticulture,\n(ix)  activities relating to supervising teams of horticulture workers.\n**44.**  —(1) A domestic elite sportsperson, an international elite sportsperson, a domestic ancillary",
+                    "page_start": 45,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.7.*    *Restoring freshwater ecosystems*\n\nThe EU’s legal framework on water is ambitious but implementation is lagging behind and enforcement must be stepped up <sup>46</sup> . Greater efforts are needed to  **restore freshwater ecosystems and the natural functions of rivers**  in order to achieve the objectives of the Water Framework Directive. This can be done by removing or adjusting barriers that prevent the passage of migrating fish and improving the flow of water and sediments. To help make this a reality,  **at least 25,000 km of rivers will be restored into free-flowing rivers by 2030**  <sup>47</sup> through the removal of primarily obsolete barriers and the restoration of floodplains and wetlands. Technical guidance and support to the Member States to identify sites and help mobilise funding will be provided by the Commission in 2021, in consultation with all relevant authorities <sup>48</sup> . Member State authorities should review water abstraction and impoundment permits to implement ecological flows in order to achieve good status or potential of all surface waters and good status of all groundwater by 2027 at the latest, as required by the Water Framework Directive <sup>49</sup> . To that effect, the Commission will provide technical support to Member States on their measures by 2023.\nOverall, large-scale river and floodplain restoration investments <sup>50</sup> can provide a major economic boost for the restoration sector and for local socioeconomic activities such as tourism and recreation. At the same time, these investments can improve water regulation, flood protection, nursery habitats for fish, and the removal of nutrient pollution.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **4. T HE E UROPEAN U NION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\n### **4.2. Using external action to promote the EU’s ambition**\n\n#### *4.2.2.*    *Trade policy*\n\n**Trade policy will actively support and be part of the ecological transition**  . In this spirit, the Commission will ensure full implementation and enforcement of the biodiversity provisions in all trade agreements, including through the EU Chief Trade Enforcement Officer. The Commission will better assess the impact of trade agreements on biodiversity, with follow-up action to strengthen the biodiversity provisions of existing and new agreements if relevant. The Commission will also present in 2021 a legislative proposal and other measures to avoid or minimise the placing of products associated with deforestation or forest degradation  on the EU market <sup>81</sup> , and to promote forest-friendly imports and value chains. The Commission will take a number of steps to **crack down on illegal wildlife trade**  . This trade contributes to the depletion or extinction of entire species, is the world’s fourth most lucrative black market and is thought to be one of the causes behind the emergence of zoonotic diseases. It is a human, economic and environmental duty to dismantle it.\nWith this in mind, the Commission will revise the EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking in 2021 and propose a further  **tightening of the rules on EU ivory trade** later this year. It will explore a possible revision of the Environmental Crime Directive, including by looking at expanding its scope and introducing specific provisions for types and levels of criminal sanctions. It will consider strengthening the coordinating and investigative capacities of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) to work with Member States and non-EU countries to prevent illicit trade and the entry of illicit products into the Single Market.\nThe Commission will continue to engage with partner countries to ensure a smooth and fair transition, mobilising in particular Aid for Trade to ensure that partners reap the benefits of biodiversity-friendly trade.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 2\n\n##### Requirements on persons arriving in England\n\n###### **Requirements relating to tests**\n\nprovisions—\n(a)  paragraph 2 (UK officials with border security duties);\n(b)  paragraph 3 (officials involved in essential defence activities);\n(c)  paragraph 6 (seamen and masters) other than seamen and masters of fishing vessels\nwithin the meaning of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995(  **a**  );\n(d)  paragraph 7 (pilots);\n(e)  paragraph 8 (inspectors and surveyors of ships);\n(f)  paragraph 9 (aircraft crew and pilots);\n(g)  paragraph 10 (international rail crew, passenger and freight operators);\n(h)  paragraph 13 (road haulage workers);\n(i)  paragraph 15 (Channel Tunnel system workers);\n(j)  paragraph 18 (repatriated prisoners);\n(k)  paragraph 19 (international prison escorts);\n(l)  paragraph 27 (aerospace engineers and aerospace workers);\n(m)  paragraph 34 (persons transporting human blood etc.); or\n(n)  paragraph 43 (seasonal agricultural workers).\n(4)  Regulation 7 also applies to a category 1 arrival who would have been a person to whom\nparagraph (3) applied if that person had arrived from a category 2 country or territory.\n(5)  Regulation 8 (test requirements: offshore installation workers) applies to a worker who falls\nwithin the description in paragraph 29(1)(a) of Schedule 4 who arrives in England and is required\nto undertake or commence activities on an offshore installation, including critical safety work on\nan offshore installation.\n\n(  **a**  ) 1995 c. 21.\n9\n(6)  Regulation 6 does not apply to a person (“P”) where P is—\n(a)  a person described in paragraph 1(1)(a) to (h) or (k) of Schedule 4 or a member of the\nfamily forming part of the household of such a person;\n(b)  a person described in paragraph 1(1)(i) or (j) (representatives of foreign countries or\nterritories or British Overseas Territories) of Schedule 4 where the conditions in\nparagraph (7) of this regulation are met;\n(c)  a member of the family forming part of the household of a person to whom paragraph (b)\napplies, where—\n(i)  the conditions in paragraph (7) are met in relation to the person to whom paragraph\n(b) applies,\n(ii)  the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office has been notified of P’s\narrival, and\n(iii)  the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office has confirmed that P is not\nrequired to comply with regulation 6;\n(d)  a person described in paragraph 1(2) (G7 attendees etc) of Schedule 4;\n(e)  a person described in paragraph 16(1)(a) or (b) (persons certified as returning from\nessential state business etc.) of Schedule 4 where the relevant Department has certified\nthat P meets this description and is not required to comply with regulation 6;",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\narmed forces or by, or in support of, a visiting force and that vessel or aircraft has not\ntaken on any persons, docked in any port or landed in any category 2 country or territory;\nor\n(c)  has undertaken a continuous period of at least 10 days ending with the day immediately\npreceding the day of their arrival in the United Kingdom aboard a vessel operated by or in\nsupport of Her Majesty’s Naval Service or by, or in support of, a visiting force, where\nthey have not disembarked and that vessel has not taken on any persons or docked in any\nport outside of the common travel area for a period of at least 10 days ending with the day\nof its arrival in the United Kingdom.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “defence” has the meaning given in section 2(4) of the Official Secrets Act 1989;\n(b)  “visiting force” means any body, contingent or detachment of the forces of a country,\nbeing a body, contingent or detachment for the time being present in the United Kingdom\n(including United Kingdom territorial waters), on the invitation of Her Majesty’s\nGovernment in the United Kingdom.\n**4.**  An official of a foreign Government, required to travel to the United Kingdom to undertake\nessential border security duties, or a contractor directly supporting these essential border security\nduties where—\n(a)  they are in possession of a written notice signed by a senior member of their foreign\nGovernment confirming that they are required to undertake essential border security\nduties in the United Kingdom within the period during which they would, but for this\nparagraph, have had to self-isolate in accordance with regulation 9 and that that work\ncannot be undertaken whilst the person is complying with regulation 9; or\n(b)  their deployment is pursuant to a standing bilateral or multilateral agreement with Her\nMajesty’s Government on the operation of the Border controls within the United\nKingdom.\n\n(  **a**  ) 1989 c. 6. Section 12 was amended by paragraph 22 of Schedule 10 to the Reserve Forces Act 1996 (c. 14), by paragraph 30\nof Schedule 12 to the Government of Wales Act 1998 (c. 38), by paragraph 26 of Schedule 8 to the Scotland Act 1998 (c.\n46), by paragraph 9(3) of Schedule 13 to the Northern Ireland Act 1998 (c. 47), by paragraph 9 of Schedule 6 to the Police",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.1.*    *Strengthening the EU legal framework for nature restoration*\n\n28 Notably the EU [Birds Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0147) (2009/147/EC), [Habitats Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31992L0043) (92/43/EEC), [Water Framework ](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060) [Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060) (2000/60/EC), [Floods Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32007L0060) (2007/60/EC) and [Marine Strategy Framework Directive](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0056) (2008/56/EC). See [Fitness Check of the EU Nature Legislation](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/fitness_check/docs/nature_fitness_check.pdf) (SWD(2016) 472) and [Fitness Check of the EU Water ](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/fitness_check_of_the_eu_water_legislation/documents/Water%20Fitness%20Check%20-%20SWD(2019)439%20-%20web.pdf) [Legislation](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/fitness_check_of_the_eu_water_legislation/documents/Water%20Fitness%20Check%20-%20SWD(2019)439%20-%20web.pdf) (SWD(2019) 439). See also below, Section 3.2. Habitats and species listed under the Birds and Habitats Directives.\ncurrently in favourable status are in that category or show a strong positive trend. The Commission and the European Environmental Agency will provide guidance to Member States in 2020 on how to select and prioritise species and habitats.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n#### PART 5\n\n##### Offences, proceedings and information\n###### **Offences and penalties**\n**19.**  —(1) A person (“P”) commits an offence where—\n(a)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in regulation 3 (requirement to\nprovide information);\n(b)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in regulation 4 (requirement to\npossess notification of negative test result);\n(c)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in regulation 6 (requirement to\nbook and undertake tests);\n(d)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in regulation 7 (requirement to\nundertake workforce tests);\n(e)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in regulation 8 (requirement for\noffshore installation workers to take tests);\n(f)  P contravenes a requirement in regulation 9 (requirement to self-isolate);\n(g)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in or imposed under regulation 11\n(enforcement of requirement to self-isolate) apart from paragraph (2) of that regulation;\n\n(  **a**  ) S.I. 2016/765.\n(h)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in or imposed under regulation\n11(2);\n(i)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in paragraph 5 or 16(a), so far is\nit relates to paragraph 5, of Schedule 11 (requirement to possess managed self-isolation\npackage);\n(j)  P contravenes any other requirement in Schedule 11 (except paragraph 15); or\n(k)  without reasonable excuse P contravenes a requirement in paragraph 4 of Schedule 9\n(employers’ obligations relating to workforce tests).\n(2)  But P does not commit an offence where P contravenes a requirement in—\n(a)  paragraph (1), (2), (3) or (4) of regulation 4, if P reasonably believed at the time of the\ncontravention that the notification of a negative result was valid and from a qualifying\ntest;\n(b)  regulation 9 in the circumstances described in paragraph (9)(d), (10)(f), (13)(j) or (16) of\nthat regulation, if P reasonably believed at the time of the contravention that the test was\nan appropriate test (within the meaning given in paragraph 2 of Schedule 10); or\n(c)  Schedule 11 if accommodation or transport booked is no longer available for reasons\nbeyond the P’s control.\n(3)  For the purposes of paragraph (1)(b), reasonable excuses include, in particular, where—\n(a)  P was medically unfit to provide a sample for a qualifying test and possessed a document,\nin English or accompanied by a certified English translation, signed by a medical",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the missions of the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "• To provide optimum added value to our customers and together with them achieve growth • To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth• To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth • To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employees• To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employee",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\n**Our Mission**\n**Contributing to the Sustainable Development of Society**\n**CSR Group Initiatives**\nSolid Management Structure\n(corporate governance, internal controls, compliance,\nrisk management, information disclosure, etc.)\nCustomers Shareholders\nand the Market The Environment\nand Society Employees\nHighly-valued\nproducts and\nservices\nSound\nManagement\nSocial and community activities and environmental activities\nCorporate culture\nrespecting\nthe individual\nBoard of Directors\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation SMFG Card & Credit, Inc. The Japan Research Institute Limited SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd. Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n**Chairman**  : Director in charge of SMFG\nCorporate Planning Department\n**Committee members**  : General Managers of SMFG,\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation,\nSMFG Card & Credit, Sumitomo Mitsui Card,\nCedyna, Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing,\nThe Japan Research Institute,\nSMBC Friend Securities, SMBC Nikko Securities,\nTHE MINATO BANK and\nKansai Urban Banking Corporation\n**Administered by**  : Group CSR Department of SMFG\n**Strategic advisor**  :\nJRI Center for the Strategy of Emergence\nManagement Committee\n**Group CSR Committee**\n**CSR Liaison Committee**\n**SMFG CSR promotion structure**\nOur Mission\nCustomers\nPromoting CSR through\ncore operations\nShareholders and the Market\nThe Environment and Society\nEmployees\n|  Plan  |\n|:---|\n| Do  |\n|  Check  |\n|:---|\n| Act  |\nBasic CSR Policy\n(Business Ethics)\nWe intend to be a financial services group for which all officers and employees work We intend to be a financial services group for which all officers and employees work\nwith pride and commitment. For this purpose, we respect people and develop with pride and commitment. For this purpose, we respect people and develop\nemployees with extensive professional knowledge and capabilities, thereby creating a employees with extensive professional knowledge and capabilities, thereby creating a\nfree and active business environment. free and active business environment. *4.* **Free and Active**\n**Business Environment**\nWe intend to be a financial services group that maintains fair, transparent, and sound We intend to be a financial services group that maintains fair, transparent, and sound\nmanagement based on the principle of self-responsibility. For this purpose, along with management based on the principle of self-responsibility. For this purpose, along with\nearning the firm confidence of our shareholders, our customers, and the general public, earning the firm confidence of our shareholders, our customers, and the general public,\nwe take a long-term view of our business and operate it efficiently, and actively disclose we take a long-term view of our business and operate it efficiently, and actively disclose",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Activities**\n\n**For further details,**\n**please see our website.**\nMitsui Sumitomo VISA Card\nc UNICEF\nMozambique/Arild Drivdal\n**International cooperation begins at home**\nThe SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities The SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities\nthat contribute to development at both the regional that contribute to development at both the regional\nand international level. In addition to overseas units’ and international level. In addition to overseas units’\nindependent initiatives, which are geared to host independent initiatives, which are geared to host\ncountry issues and characteristics, the Group supports country issues and characteristics, the Group supports\nprojects that have contributed to achievement of the projects that have contributed to achievement of the\nUnited Nations’ global Millennium Development Goals, United Nations’ global Millennium Development Goals,\nsuch as poverty eradication, health improvement and such as poverty eradication, health improvement and\nstatus improvement for education and women in status improvement for education and women in\ndeveloping countries. Our support takes the form of developing countries. Our support takes the form of\ndonations to non-profit and non-governmental donations to non-profit and non-governmental\norganizations, through the employee volunteer fund. organizations, through the employee volunteer fund.\n(The map shows areas where fund money is used, (The map shows areas where fund money is used,\nmarked with a marked with a ★ symbol). Please see our website for symbol). Please see our website for\nmore details. more details.\nEurope & Africa Middle East & Asia North America\n**Scholarships at major universities 2**\n**2**\n**China**\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited\nestablished a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang established a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang\nUniversity, Shanghai Inter University, Shanghai Inter-\nnational Studies University, national Studies University,\nSun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University,\nand other universities. and other universities.\nSMBC Hong Kong Branch makes donations to the Asian SMBC Hong Kong Branch makes donations to the Asian\nYouth Orchestra (AYO), Youth Orchestra (AYO),\ncomprising young Asian comprising young Asian\nmusicians selected musicians selected\nthrough auditioning who through auditioning who\nperform all over Asia. perform all over Asia.\nAs a way of increasing understanding of Japanese culture, As a way of increasing understanding of Japanese culture,\nSMBC SMBC’s Seoul Branch donates funds to make possible the s Seoul Branch donates funds to make possible the\nholding of a competition holding of a competition\ninvolving theatrical perfor involving theatrical perfor-",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nphilosophies of both the Sumitomo philosophies of both the Sumitomo and Mitsui groups over the 400 and Mitsui groups over the 400\nyears of their existence, we will years of their existence, we will continue to play our part in solving continue to play our part in solving\nproblems facing the international problems facing the international community through our financial community through our financial\nservice service operations. operations.\n**Priority Issues for Us** As one of Japa As one of Japan’s leading financial services groups, s leading financial services groups,\nthe SMFG Group is taking the lead in aggressively addressing the four priority issues the SMFG Group is taking the lead in aggressively addressing the four priority issues\nwe have identified as significantly impacting the nation. we have identified as significantly impacting the nation.\nOur Mission and CSR at SMFG\n-  To provide optimum added value to our customers and together with them achieve growth -  To provide optimum added value to our customers and together with them achieve growth\n-  To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth -  To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth\n-  To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employees -  To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employees\nWe intend to be a financial services group that has the complete trust and support of We intend to be a financial services group that has the complete trust and support of\nour customers. For this purpose, we will always provide services that meet the true our customers. For this purpose, we will always provide services that meet the true\nneeds of our customers to assure their satisfaction and earn confidence in the Group. needs of our customers to assure their satisfaction and earn confidence in the Group. *1.* **Satisfactory**\n**Customer Services**\nIn the conduct of its business activities, SMFG fulfills its social responsibilities by contributing to In the conduct of its business activities, SMFG fulfills its social responsibilities by contributing to\nthe sustainable development of society as a whole through offering higher added value to the sustainable development of society as a whole through offering higher added value to\n(i) customers, (ii) shareholders and the market, (iii) the environment and society, and (iv) employees. (i) customers, (ii) shareholders and the market, (iii) the environment and society, and (iv) employees.\n**SMFG’s Definition of CSR**",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\naccurate business information about the Group. Through these activities, we work to accurate business information about the Group. Through these activities, we work to\nmaintain continued growth based on a sound financial position. maintain continued growth based on a sound financial position. *2.*    **<sup>Sound Management</sup>**\nWe intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development We intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development\nof society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a of society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a\ncrucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such crucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such\nrecognition, we undertake business operations that contribute to the steady recognition, we undertake business operations that contribute to the steady\ndevelopment of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate development of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate\ncitizen, to make a positive contribution to society. citizen, to make a positive contribution to society. *3.* **Contributing to**\n**Social Development**\nWe intend to be a financial services group that always keeps in mind the importance of We intend to be a financial services group that always keeps in mind the importance of\ncompliance. For this purpose, we reflect our awareness of Business Ethics in our business compliance. For this purpose, we reflect our awareness of Business Ethics in our business\nactivities at all times. In addition, we respond promptly to directives from auditors and activities at all times. In addition, we respond promptly to directives from auditors and\ninspectors. Through these actions, we observe all laws and regulations, and uphold moral inspectors. Through these actions, we observe all laws and regulations, and uphold moral\nstandards in our business practices. standards in our business practices. *5.*    **<sup>Compliance</sup>**\n**SMFG CSR Values**\n**Participation in global initiatives**\nRecent years have seen a growing range of international initiatives to deal with threats to the sustainability of the global environment. Recent years have seen a growing range of international initiatives to deal with threats to the sustainability of the global environment.\nAs a global citizen, the SMFG Group, mindful of its societal influence as a financial institution, follows the guidelines and principles of As a global citizen, the SMFG Group, mindful of its societal influence as a financial institution, follows the guidelines and principles of",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## **10**\n\n#### **Social Contribution Activities**\n\norganization (GRI) in 1997 to encourage its adoption worldwide.\n* SMFG plans to make PROMISE a wholly owned subsidiary in April 2012.\n**Reference guidelines**\n-  Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n-  Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n-  SMFG Card & Credit, Inc.\n-  Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited\n-  Cedyna Financial Corporation\n-  Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n-  The Japan Research Institute, Limited\n-  SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd.\n-  SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.\n-  THE MINATO BANK, LTD.\n-  Kansai Urban Banking Corporation\n-  Other Group companies\n**Scope of this Report**\nThroughout this report,  **“Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group”**  or  **“SMFG”**  refers to the holding company alone.  **“The SMFG Group”**\nrefers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates.\nCompany name abbreviations and other special terminology\n**About this Report**\n**Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)**\nCompany Name\nBusiness Description\nEstablished\nHead Office\nChairman of the Board\nPresident\nCapital\nStock Exchange Listings\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\nManagement of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan’s Banking Act) and of\nnon-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions\nDecember 2, 2002\n1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan\nMasayuki Oku\nKoichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation)\n¥2,337.8 billion\nTokyo Stock Exchange (First Section)\nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section)\nNagoya Stock Exchange (First Section)\n: :\n:\n:\n:\n:\n:\n:\n:\n**Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)**\nPeriod Covered\nPublication Date of\nJapanese Document\nContact\nCovers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies, Covers CSR baselines and CSR activities at SMFG and its Group companies,",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nthrough branches and representative offices overseas. through branches and representative offices overseas.\nWe will continue to discuss and review various approaches to issues facing the international We will continue to discuss and review various approaches to issues facing the international\ncommunity so as to build up trust internationally as a global player. community so as to build up trust internationally as a global player.\n####### **Further measures needed**\n-\n-\n-\nGive further support for businesses involved in greenhouse gas Give further support for businesses involved in greenhouse gas\nreduction, water supply, new energy and resource initiatives reduction, water supply, new energy and resource initiatives\nDo more to safeguard biodiversity, in our capacity as a Do more to safeguard biodiversity, in our capacity as a\nfinancial institution financial institution\nShare our information assets and know-how globally in the Share our information assets and know-how globally in the\nenvironmental business environmental business\n*Estimates by the Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (October 1, 2011)\n####### **Further measures needed**\n-\n-\n-\nSupport businesses involved in health, medical and Support businesses involved in health, medical and\nnursing care nursing care\nExpand range of financial products and services for the Expand range of financial products and services for the\nelderly (planning for asset management for old age) elderly (planning for asset management for old age)\nFoster a better work-life balance Foster a better work-life balance\n####### **Further measures needed**\n-\n-\n-\nShare expertise in corporate social responsibility Share expertise in corporate social responsibility\nwith the international community with the international community\nImprove financial services in preparation for the Improve financial services in preparation for the\nglobalization of operations in Japan (multilingual globalization of operations in Japan (multilingual\nsupport) support)\nPromote diversity Promote diversity\nIn the past, the Sumitomo Group In the past, the Sumitomo Group undertook large-scale afforestation undertook large-scale afforestation\nprograms to solve the problem of programs to solve the problem of pollution around the Besshi copper pollution around the Besshi copper\nmine, while the Mitsui Group set up mine, while the Mitsui Group set up the Mitsui Memorial Hospital to the Mitsui Memorial Hospital to\ngive the poorest in society access to give the poorest in society access to basic medical care. Based on this basic medical care. Based on this\ncorporate social responsibility corporate social responsibility DNA embedded in the business DNA embedded in the business",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## **10**\n\n#### **Social Contribution Activities**\n\ncentered on specific examples centered on specific examples\nThis is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of This is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of\nCSR activities at SMFG CSR activities at SMFG\nCovers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed Covers environment-related statistical data and gives more detailed\ninformation on CSR activities information on CSR activities\n**CSR disclosure**\n**through**\n**specific examples**\n**Comprehensive**\n**disclosure of**\n**CSR activities**\n**Enriched**\n**CSR disclosure**\n:\n:\n:\nApril 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( “Fiscal 2010” )\nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011.\nDecember 2011\nGroup CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\n1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005\nTEL: +81-3-3282-8111\nSumitomo Mitsui Sumitomo Mitsui\nBanking Corporation Banking Corporation\nSMBC Nikko Securities SMBC Nikko Securities ORIX Credit ORIX Credit PROMISE * PROMISE * Sumitomo Mitsui Card Sumitomo Mitsui Card Cedyna Cedyna\nSMFG Card & Credit SMFG Card & Credit Sumitomo Mitsui Sumitomo Mitsui\nFinance and Leasing Finance and Leasing\nThe Japan The Japan\nResearch Institute Research Institute SMBC Friend Securities SMBC Friend Securities\nDaiwa SB Investments Daiwa SB Investments\nSumitomo Mitsui Auto Service Sumitomo Mitsui Auto Service\n**SMFG SUMITOMO MITSUI FINANCIAL GROUP**\nNote: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange.\n**CSR report 2011 (digest version)**\n**CSR report (online version, Japanese only)**\n**CSR report 2011**\n**(digest version with examples of activities and**\n**statistical performance, online PDF file)**\nwww.smfg.co.jp/responsibility\n29 **CSR REPORT 2011 CSR REPORT 2011** 30",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\noffering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every offering optimal products and services, and ensuring that every employee and the overall group are capable of employee and the overall group are capable of\nresponding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that responding to the challenges of globalization. I believe that through these measures, through these measures,\nwe will contribute to the growth and development of our clients we will contribute to the growth and development of our clients and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them. and society, and ourselves grow in partnership with them.\nThrough our basic policy of becoming “a globally competitive Through our basic policy of becoming “a globally competitive financial services group financial services group\nwith the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders” with the highest trust of our clients, society and other stakeholders” by maximizing our core strengths of by maximizing our core strengths of\n“Spirit of Innovation,” “Speed” and “Solution & Execution,” we “Spirit of Innovation,” “Speed” and “Solution & Execution,” we will continue to stay ahead of the times, will continue to stay ahead of the times,\nno matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our no matter how challenging, and actively adapt to changes in our business environment. business environment.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Together with Our Customers**\n\nactive lives with peace of mind. active lives with peace of mind.\n**We work as a team to improve customer satisfaction and product quality, and, while supporting the customer,**\n**contribute to the sustainable development of society as a whole.**\n14\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report\n**Harnessing the Bank of Japan’s**\n**“Fund-Provisioning Measure**\n**to Support Strengthening**\n**the Foundations**\n**for Economic Growth” Cedyna’s**\n**social contribution and**\n**donation type-card**\n**“Chikyuni Yasashii Card”**\n**Cedyna issues other social**\n**contribution and**\n**donation-type credit cards**\nIn alliance with Tezuka Productions, we In alliance with Tezuka Productions, we\nissue the ATOM Card, under programs issue the ATOM Card, under programs\ntitled “Realizing children titled “Realizing children’s dreams” and s dreams” and\n“Seeking ways to build a brighter future for “Seeking ways to build a brighter future for\nchildren.” Usage terms are similar to those children.” Usage terms are similar to those\nof the ATOM Card. Donations are made to of the ATOM Card. Donations are made to\norganizations that endorse these causes. organizations that endorse these causes.\nContributions have been made, through the Contributions have been made, through the\nJapan National Council of Protective Care Japan National Council of Protective Care\nHomes for Children, to children in orphanages Homes for Children, to children in orphanages\nin disaster-hit areas (beneficiaries are not in disaster-hit areas (beneficiaries are not\nonly children affected by the Great East only children affected by the Great East\nJapan Earthquake). Japan Earthquake).\nIn another aspect of our environmental In another aspect of our environmental\ncommitment, we issue the “Cedyna Card commitment, we issue the “Cedyna Card\nAXU,” a new kind of premium credit card AXU,” a new kind of premium credit card\nthat opens the door to a higher-quality, that opens the door to a higher-quality,\nmore natural lifestyle. Holders of the more natural lifestyle. Holders of the\n“Cedyna Card AXU,” the name of sounds “Cedyna Card AXU,” the name of sounds",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Activities**\n\n####### **Donation boxes for foreign currency coins**\n\nmances in the Japanese mances in the Japanese\nlanguage by South Korean language by South Korean\nstudents of Japanese. students of Japanese.\n**Donations to charity groups**\n**Europe**\nEmployees of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Europe Employees of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Europe\n(SMBCE) conducted volunteer activities in their time off. (SMBCE) conducted volunteer activities in their time off.\nSMBCE contributes to charitable organizations through an SMBCE contributes to charitable organizations through an\nin-house fund and also uses a matching gifts program under in-house fund and also uses a matching gifts program under\nwhich it donates a which it donates a\ncertain amount for certain amount for\nevery donation made every donation made\nby its employees. by its employees.\n**Support for a South Korean students’**\n**Japanese-language theater competition**\n**1**\n**1**\n**South Korea**\n**Supporting performances**\n**by young Asian musicians**\n**3 Hong Kong**\nThe European office of the Japan Research Institute (JRI) The European office of the Japan Research Institute (JRI)\nmade a donation in support of a Japanese-language speech made a donation in support of a Japanese-language speech\ncontest. contest.\n**Donating furniture to**\n**welfare facilities**\n**6 Malaysia**\nSMBC SMBC’s Labuan Branch in s Labuan Branch in\nMalaysia, following its relocation, Malaysia, following its relocation,\ndonated desks, chairs and donated desks, chairs and\ncabinets to occupational training cabinets to occupational training\ncenters for the disabled. centers for the disabled.\n####### **Employees put school meals on the table**\n####### **through their purchases in staff canteens**\nSMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing SMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing\nhave a program that provides donations to the non have a program that provides donations to the non-\nprofit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to profit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to\nfund school meals in developing fund school meals in developing\ncountries, for every low-calorie countries, for every low-calorie\nmeal ordered for lunch. SMBC meal ordered for lunch. SMBC\nFriend Securities has also Friend Securities has also\ninstalled vending machines installed vending machines\nselling healthy drinks, donating selling healthy drinks, donating\npart of their sales to TABLE FOR part of their sales to TABLE FOR\nTWO International. TWO International.\n####### **Donation boxes for foreign currency coins**\nSMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency SMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency\ncoins at the entrances of all manned branches and coins at the entrances of all manned branches and\noffices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by offices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf",
+                "query": "Did Katsutoshi Konuma participate in the August 2011 expert roundtable on the role of the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group's new Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan?  ",
+                "target_page": 8,
+                "target_passage": "Key comments of participants Together with Our Customers Katsutoshi Konuma, Section Manager, Social & Environmental Management, Asahi Breweries Ltd",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 3
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\n**improving the nation’s diet and**\n**in strengthening the agricultural**\n**and fisheries sectors**\n**Roundtable session: SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan**\n**Making banking**\n**a more pleasant experience**\n**for all customers**\n**Peace of mind**\n**at the bank counter**\n**Preparing our businesses**\n**for a higher old-age**\n**dependency ratio**\nWith the old-age dependency ratio soaring, With the old-age dependency ratio soaring,\nthe SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly,\neasy-to-use banking services for all its easy-to-use banking services for all its\ncustomers. customers.\nSome Group companies are likewise making Some Group companies are likewise making\ntheir facilities barrier-free at bank branches their facilities barrier-free at bank branches\nwith large numbers of customers, to tailor with large numbers of customers, to tailor\nservices to the needs of all customers. services to the needs of all customers.\nFor example at the Minato Bank, we have For example at the Minato Bank, we have\nequipped all ATMs at all our branches and equipped all ATMs at all our branches and\ncashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for\nthe visually impaired. the visually impaired.\nIn addition, we have set up priority seating In addition, we have set up priority seating\nin the lobby of each of our branches for in the lobby of each of our branches for\ncustomers who are very old or who have customers who are very old or who have\nmobility problems. We are also steadily mobility problems. We are also steadily\nintroducing queue-number displays using introducing queue-number displays using\nColor Universal Design (CUD) principles, Color Universal Design (CUD) principles,\nwhich are easier to read for customers with which are easier to read for customers with\neyesight concerns. eyesight concerns. A roundtable session with experts held in August 2011\nconsidered the role of the new SMBC Food and Agricultural\nAssessment Loan in improving the food supply chain that\nlinks food and fishery producers with food processors and\nconsumers. Opinions were also exchanged on what other\nfuture role the bank might assume in this regard, given\nthe current situation and issues facing the food industry\nand agriculture\nin Japan.\n“We want to deliver value by creating demand and quality combined with safety, peace\nof mind and trust.”\nA further measure is installation of handheld A further measure is installation of handheld\nhearing support devices at all branches hearing support devices at all branches",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nvolume and price, such as food safety and volume and price, such as food safety and\nhealthiness, and the cultural aspects of diet. healthiness, and the cultural aspects of diet.\nAs discussion continues on the need for As discussion continues on the need for\nfarmers to increase production scale and farmers to increase production scale and\nmove into processing and marketing, major move into processing and marketing, major\nchanges are underway in the agriculture and changes are underway in the agriculture and\nfisheries sector in Japan. fisheries sector in Japan.\nAgainst this backdrop, SMBC has developed Against this backdrop, SMBC has developed\na new financial product for this sector. a new financial product for this sector.\n**New queue-number display system**\n**installed at bank counters**\nColors and special designs are used to make\nqueue-number displays more visible to all customers\n(The Minato Bank)\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities\n**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report\nThe SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment The SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment\nLoan comes with conditions, depending on Loan comes with conditions, depending on\nthe results of an evaluation of food-producers’ the results of an evaluation of food-producers’\nprogress in areas such as food safety and progress in areas such as food safety and\nenvironment-friendliness, healthiness and environment-friendliness, healthiness and\nnutritional value, and efficiency of distribution. nutritional value, and efficiency of distribution.\nThe Japan Research Institute researches The Japan Research Institute researches\nmeasures in the measures in the\nareas areas of food and of food and\nfarming being taken farming being taken\nby the loan applicant, by the loan applicant,\nand drafts a simple and drafts a simple\n“diagnosis” stating “diagnosis” stating\nwhether there is room whether there is room\nfor future improvement. Ernst & Young for future improvement. Ernst & Young\nShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on\nongoing improvement of this system. ongoing improvement of this system.\nBy backing customer companies’ own By backing customer companies’ own\ninitiatives in the areas of food and agriculture initiatives in the areas of food and agriculture\nin this way, SMBC will be supporting measures in this way, SMBC will be supporting measures\nto improve the diet of the Japanese and to improve the diet of the Japanese and\nstrengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector. strengthen the agriculture and fisheries sector.\n**The financial sector’s role in**",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## **10**\n\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\nSMBC SMBC’s Bangkok Branch assisted s Bangkok Branch assisted\nfarmers by donating underground farmers by donating underground\nwater storage tanks and assisting water storage tanks and assisting\nwith vegetable planting and with vegetable planting and\nharvesting. harvesting.\nHigh school students from New York\nwho visited Japan on a study trip\nScholarship students at Sun Yat-sen University\nDonated furniture\nEmployee volunteers who participated in\nlandscape improvement projects\nPerforming a Japanese-language drama\nBank employees helped plant\nvegetables as volunteers\nPhotographs supplied by AYO\nScholarship award ceremony for university students in Vietnam\n*Please see this website\nfor further details (in\nJapanese):\n\nwww.smbc.co.jp/ccs/\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report\n**Helping build prosperity**\n**in Asia and the world**",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Together with Our Customers**\n\nKatsutoshi Konuma, Section Manager, Social & Environmental Management, Asahi Breweries Ltd.\n“Eating should be something that generates emotion. New potential exists in the world of cuisine.”\nYasuhiro Nakashima Associate Professor Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,\nThe University of Tokyo\n“As consumer tastes go through a time of great change, I think it is important to\nprioritize ingredients and the attitude of customers toward eating.”\nDaisuke Yamamoto, Vice Senior Consultant, Research Department,\nThe Japan Research Institute, Limited\n“An important concept is multilateral dialogue as the number of parties involved in food\nproduction increases throughout the supply chain.”\nYoichiro Fukayama, Planning Dept., Deputy Head (with powers of representation) of\nthe Corporate Banking Unit & Middle Market Banking Unit, SMBC\nModerated by Kenji Sawami, Partner, Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC\n**For further details, please see our website.**\nIn addition to removing mobility barriers at In addition to removing mobility barriers at\nbranches, the bank plans to aggressively branches, the bank plans to aggressively\nsupport installation of facilities needed to support installation of facilities needed to\ncope with the rapidly rising old-age cope with the rapidly rising old-age\ndependency ratio. As a first step, SMBC dependency ratio. As a first step, SMBC\nhas established clear guidelines for has established clear guidelines for\nsupporting the construction of rental supporting the construction of rental\nhousing for the elderly, expected to be a housing for the elderly, expected to be a\nfuture growth area. future growth area.\nWhile continuing to tailor business While continuing to tailor business\nactivities to the needs of the community at activities to the needs of the community at\nlarge and ensuring a friendly banking large and ensuring a friendly banking\nenvironment for our customers, the SMFG environment for our customers, the SMFG\nGroup also plans to support the creation of Group also plans to support the creation of\nframeworks that enable the elderly to live frameworks that enable the elderly to live",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report\n**Digest version**\nwww.smfg.co.jp/english\n####### **President**\n####### **Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.**\n**INDEX**\n**Foreword**\n**Commitment from the Top**\n**A Conversation with Tadao Ando,**\n**Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata**\n**Our Mission and CSR at SMFG**\n〈 **Specific Examples of CSR Activities** 〉\n**Environmental Activities**\n**Social Contribution Activities**\n**Together with Our Customers**\n**Together with Our Shareholders**\n**and Markets**\n**Together with Our Employees**\n**1**\n**3**\n**Measures to Support Reconstruction**\n**after the March 11**\n**Earthquake and Tsunami 8**\n**11**\n**21**\n**Corporate Outline/Editorial Policy 29**\n**25**\n**13**\n**17**\n**19**\n**Priority Issues for Us 9**\n####### **What can we do now to spur the**\n####### **reconstruction and revitalization of Japan,**\n####### **and help resolve global issues?**\nFirst, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt First, I would like to extend our deepest sympathies and heartfelt condolences to all those who have suffered and condolences to all those who have suffered and\nto the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in to the families and friends of those who tragically lost their lives in the devastating earthquake and tsunami the devastating earthquake and tsunami\nthat struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the that struck northeastern Japan on March 11, 2011. We pray for the early recovery of the affected people and areas. early recovery of the affected people and areas.\nSMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients’ needs by SMFG is dedicated to seamlessly responding to clients’ needs by leveraging our group-wide capabilities, leveraging our group-wide capabilities,",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nfrom a wide range of depart from a wide range of depart-\nments and job grades. Steps ments and job grades. Steps\nwere taken to put into prac were taken to put into prac-\ntice energy-saving measures tice energy-saving measures\nthat were judged to be that were judged to be poten poten-\ntially effective. tially effective.\nEmployee proposal: “Save Power & the Nation”\n**Commitment from the Top**\n**A Conversation with Tadao Ando, Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata**\n**For further details, please see our website.**\nMitsui Charity Hospital at its establishment Mitsui Charity Hospital at its establishment\nBesshi copper mine in the Meiji era Besshi copper mine in the Meiji era And today And today\n**Reconstruction after the earthquake and tsunami**\n**Measures for Japan’s regeneration**\n####### **Further measures needed**\n**Shrinking and aging population**\n**Ensuring peace of mind for the future**\n**Environmental measures**\n**Creating systems for sustainability Global challenges**\n**Symbiosis and diversity**\nThe March 11 earthquake and tsunami (The Great East Japan Earthquake) undermined power The March 11 earthquake and tsunami (The Great East Japan Earthquake) undermined power\ngeneration capacity and severed manufacturing supply chains across the nation. This was in addition generation capacity and severed manufacturing supply chains across the nation. This was in addition\nto the severe damage sustained by agriculture and fisheries in the Northeast. to the severe damage sustained by agriculture and fisheries in the Northeast.\nThe disaster also threw into relief many social issues facing the nation. By leveraging our role as The disaster also threw into relief many social issues facing the nation. By leveraging our role as\na leading financial services group, we are committing our full range of resources to dealing with the a leading financial services group, we are committing our full range of resources to dealing with the\nenormous task of regional reconstruction after the earthquake, in partnership with stakeholders enormous task of regional reconstruction after the earthquake, in partnership with stakeholders\nincluding enterprises, local governments and non-profit organizations. including enterprises, local governments and non-profit organizations.\nThe SMFG Group has positioned environmental businesses as an area where it can most effectively The SMFG Group has positioned environmental businesses as an area where it can most effectively\nleverage its role as a leading financial services group. This is a priority field for the future. leverage its role as a leading financial services group. This is a priority field for the future.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Activities**\n\n**For further details,**\n**please see our website.**\nMitsui Sumitomo VISA Card\nc UNICEF\nMozambique/Arild Drivdal\n**International cooperation begins at home**\nThe SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities The SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities\nthat contribute to development at both the regional that contribute to development at both the regional\nand international level. In addition to overseas units’ and international level. In addition to overseas units’\nindependent initiatives, which are geared to host independent initiatives, which are geared to host\ncountry issues and characteristics, the Group supports country issues and characteristics, the Group supports\nprojects that have contributed to achievement of the projects that have contributed to achievement of the\nUnited Nations’ global Millennium Development Goals, United Nations’ global Millennium Development Goals,\nsuch as poverty eradication, health improvement and such as poverty eradication, health improvement and\nstatus improvement for education and women in status improvement for education and women in\ndeveloping countries. Our support takes the form of developing countries. Our support takes the form of\ndonations to non-profit and non-governmental donations to non-profit and non-governmental\norganizations, through the employee volunteer fund. organizations, through the employee volunteer fund.\n(The map shows areas where fund money is used, (The map shows areas where fund money is used,\nmarked with a marked with a ★ symbol). Please see our website for symbol). Please see our website for\nmore details. more details.\nEurope & Africa Middle East & Asia North America\n**Scholarships at major universities 2**\n**2**\n**China**\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited\nestablished a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang established a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang\nUniversity, Shanghai Inter University, Shanghai Inter-\nnational Studies University, national Studies University,\nSun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University,\nand other universities. and other universities.\nSMBC Hong Kong Branch makes donations to the Asian SMBC Hong Kong Branch makes donations to the Asian\nYouth Orchestra (AYO), Youth Orchestra (AYO),\ncomprising young Asian comprising young Asian\nmusicians selected musicians selected\nthrough auditioning who through auditioning who\nperform all over Asia. perform all over Asia.\nAs a way of increasing understanding of Japanese culture, As a way of increasing understanding of Japanese culture,\nSMBC SMBC’s Seoul Branch donates funds to make possible the s Seoul Branch donates funds to make possible the\nholding of a competition holding of a competition\ninvolving theatrical perfor involving theatrical perfor-",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## **10**\n\n#### **Social Contribution Activities**\n\n**For further details, please see our website.**\nSMBC SMBC’s Hanoi Branch provided s Hanoi Branch provided\ninternational school students international school students\nwith vocational experiences. with vocational experiences.\nThis report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group\nis fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society.\nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is\nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this.\nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group’s\nCSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report\n2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR\nactivities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version).\nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in\nJapanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand\nour CSR and other activities in greater detail.\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version.\n**Editorial Policy**\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, three kinds of CSR reports are compiled.\n**Our CSR reporting**\nGlobal Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines 2006 (G3)\n* Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): Established as an international standard for sustainability reporting, compilers set up an international",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Together with Our Customers**\n\nenvironment and energy environment and energy technologies, and technologies, and\nAsia-related businesses, on a priority basis. Asia-related businesses, on a priority basis.\nAs of June 30, 2011, loans totaling ¥8.8 billion As of June 30, 2011, loans totaling ¥8.8 billion\nhad been made from the Kansai Genki Fund had been made from the Kansai Genki Fund\nfor 38 projects, of which 76.3% fell into the for 38 projects, of which 76.3% fell into the\nabove three priority categories. The Kansai above three priority categories. The Kansai\nGenki Fund is used to help customers develop Genki Fund is used to help customers develop\na wide range of businesses. The bank will a wide range of businesses. The bank will\ncontinue to play its role as a regional financial continue to play its role as a regional financial\ninstitution dedicated to supporting customers institution dedicated to supporting customers\nthat show originality and energy in helping that show originality and energy in helping\ndevelop the Kansai economy. develop the Kansai economy.\n**Financial education**\n**through teaching of**\n**investment skills**\nSMBC Friend Securities runs an online SMBC Friend Securities runs an online\neducation program, “You education program, “You ・ You Toshi” You Toshi”\n(Self-composed Investment), for (Self-composed Investment), for inexperi inexperi-\nenced investors. enced investors.\nThe service is free and includes a training The service is free and includes a training\nprogram that can be used as a tool for program that can be used as a tool for\nlifelong study of investment skills. lifelong study of investment skills.\nEnvironmental and\nenergy businesses:\n34.2%\nOthers:\n23.7%\nMedical, nursing and healthcare businesses:\n31.6%\nInvestment and business expansion in Asia, etc.: 10.5%\nKansai Genki Fund Financing by sector\n(June 30, 2011)\nWe provide financing support We provide financing support\nto local care businesses to local care businesses\n“You “You ・ You Toshi” website You Toshi” website\n(SMBC Friend Securities) (SMBC Friend Securities)",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\nand the rest of the world. and the rest of the world.\n**Miyata**  : SMFG unit Japan Research : SMFG unit Japan Research\nInstitute serves as an adviser to the Institute serves as an adviser to the\nTianjin Eco-City project in China, and Tianjin Eco-City project in China, and\nSMBC and our securities units can SMBC and our securities units can\nprovide funding when needed. Through provide funding when needed. Through\nsuch organic assistance, we provide such organic assistance, we provide\nsupport through our core operations as support through our core operations as\na comprehensive financial services group. a comprehensive financial services group.\n**Kunibe**  : Mr. Ando pointed out that : Mr. Ando pointed out that\nJapanese companies hold a lot of good Japanese companies hold a lot of good\ntechnology. I think that technology. I think that’s true. With the s true. With the\nabove-mentioned “Growing Industrial above-mentioned “Growing Industrial\nCluster Project Team,” for example, if Cluster Project Team,” for example, if\ntechnologies are being exported to Asia technologies are being exported to Asia\nfor an infrastructure project, bank for an infrastructure project, bank\nemployees will be involved from the employees will be involved from the\nproject planning stage. I think this is one project planning stage. I think this is one\nof the roles of a financial institution. of the roles of a financial institution.\n**Ando**  : I think that the role of financial : I think that the role of financial\ninstitutions is significant. They do indeed institutions is significant. They do indeed\nhave the power to get things moving, and have the power to get things moving, and\nit is a very great power. it is a very great power.\nWe need somebody to instill in the people We need somebody to instill in the people\nthe idea that as long as they have hope, the idea that as long as they have hope,\nthey can go forward; and to lead them. they can go forward; and to lead them.\nI believe individuals must realize that if I believe individuals must realize that if\nthey have hope in their hearts, they will they have hope in their hearts, they will\nsee that progress is possible. We must see that progress is possible. We must\nensure that students are educated with a ensure that students are educated with a\nglobal perspective and a sense of hope global perspective and a sense of hope",
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+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news2.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the trend of flood risk in Canada in 2024?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#     Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\nTrois façons dont des\ncollectivités au Canada\n[réduisent leurs risques](https://www.newscanada.com/en/Trois-fa-ons-dont-des-collectivit-s-au-Canada-r-duisent-leurs-risques-d-inondation-139848)\nd’inondation\nISSUE\nDecember 2024\nCATEGORIES\n[Home - Safety](https://www.newscanada.com/en/home-safety/content)\n[Community Affairs](https://www.newscanada.com/en/community/content)\n[Finance - Insurance](https://www.newscanada.com/en/finance-insurance/content)\n[Editor's Picks](https://www.newscanada.com/en/editor-picks/content)\nFRANÇAIS\nHave your say! Complete our\n[2025 Media Survey](https://www.newscanada.com/en/have-your-say-complete-our-2025-media-survey-137263)\n[Retrain your way to a new job](https://www.newscanada.com/en/retrain-your-way-to-a-new-job-139857)\n[The top AI-powered tech trends](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nin 2025\nEDITOR'S PICKS",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n## **risks**\n\nwww.newscanada.com\nWord Count: 281\n[Media Attachments](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[View](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[Related Posts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[Terms of Use](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly\nexposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection\nmeasures for communities at risk, such as Intact’s Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This\nprogram is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of\npreventative actions.\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically\nfound in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community\nGardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made\nup of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community’s flood risk\nby catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the\nCity of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online\nflood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn\ntips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of\n2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might\notherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of\neligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties\ncompleted upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and\nwater monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n−\n+\n+\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nISSUE\nDecember 2024\nCATEGORIES\n[Technology & Cybersecurity](https://www.newscanada.com/en/Technology/content)\n[Editor's Picks](https://www.newscanada.com/en/editor-picks/content)\n[Finance - Personal](https://www.newscanada.com/en/personal-finance/content)\n[Home - Interior](https://www.newscanada.com/en/house-home/content)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nflood proxy 0.75 0.73 n.a. 0.73 0.79 0.73 0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nPmean (%) 1.4 0.9 3.1 1.3 3.9 2.4 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\n2°C, although the geographical variation is still dominated by the non-climatic factors ( figure 7 ).\nTherefore, the ensemble-mean change is a reasonable guide to the results.\nThe ensemble mean is higher in nearly all assessed countries relative to the baseline ( figure 8 ).\nThe greatest increase was in Oman, followed by India, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia, then Brazil\nand a number of its neighbouring countries. Smaller increases in HCVI were seen across Africa.\nSoutheastern Africa showed larger increases than Central Africa. The HCVI decreased in three\ncountries: Mali, Burkino Faso and Sudan.\nThe ensemble members showed broadly consistent changes in HCVI at 2°C global warming,\nwith increases in most assessed countries and generally similar sets of countries experiencing the\nlargest and smallest changes. Southeastern Africa consistently showed larger increases in HCVI\nthan Central Africa, due to increased length of drought events projected in all ensemble members\n(not shown). The length of flood events was not projected to increase in this region. The Sahel\nregion consistently showed one or more countries with a small decrease in the HCVI, although\nthe precise country or countries varied between ensemble members. The decrease in HCVI here\nwas due to projected decreases in length of drought, with length of flood events projected to\nchange little.\nIndia is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase\nin length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased\nlength of drought which is again projected in all members.\nBrazil is projected to see increased HCVI, but for reasons which vary between ensemble\nmembers. Although the location of projected longer flood events varies across the country in\ndifferent members, the aggregation of the HCVI to the country level renders this geographical\nvariability irrelevant for such a large country because only the median value across the country\nis used in the HCVI. Some ensemble members project longer drought for Brazil, which again\ncontributed to increased HCVI.\n**13** ensemble mean\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M\n- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3\nchange in length of average flood event (days)\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure6.**  Simulatedchangesintheaveragelengthoffloodevents(numberofdaysinwhichthecumulativedailyrainfallexcess\nis positive, compared with the 95th percentile in 1981- 2010, at 2 ° C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven\nbySSTsandSICsfromdifferentmembersoftheCMIP5ensemble,andtheensemblemean.Thelabelsaboveeachpanelidentify\nthe driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean).\nACCESS1-0\n- 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4\nIPSL-CM5A-LR",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (e) Correctingbiasesinclimatemodeloutputandimplicationsfordefininglevelsofglobal\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR 2020 2034 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM 2023 2035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nGFDL-ESM2M 2036 2051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nHadGEM2-ES 2019 2033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\nrsta.royalsocietypublishing.org\nResearch\n**Cite this article:**  Betts RA  *etal*  . 2018 Changes\nin climate extremes, fresh water availability\nand vulnerability to food insecurity projected\nat 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming with a\nhigher-resolution global climate model.  *Phil.*\n*Trans.R.Soc.A*   **376**  : 20160452.\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0452\nAccepted: 13 February 2018\nOne contribution of 20 to a theme issue ‘The\nParis Agreement: understanding the physical\n[and social challenges for a warming world of](http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta/376/2119)\n1.5 ° C above pre-industrial levels’.\n**Subject Areas:**\nclimatology, hydrology\n**Keywords:**\n1.5 ° C, Paris Agreement, 2 ° C, global climate\nimpacts, water resources, terrestrial\necosystems\n**Author for correspondence:**\nRichard A. Betts\ne-mail: [ richard.betts@metoffice.gov.uk](mailto:richard.betts@metoffice.gov.uk)\nChanges in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity projected at 1.5 ° C and 2 ° C global warming with a higher-resolution global climate model\nRichard A. Betts <sup>1,2</sup> , Lorenzo Alfieri <sup>3</sup> , Catherine\nBradshaw <sup>2</sup> , John Caesar <sup>2</sup> , Luc Feyen <sup>3</sup> , Pierre\nFriedlingstein <sup>4</sup> , Laila Gohar <sup>2</sup> , Aristeidis Koutroulis <sup>5</sup> ,\nKirsty Lewis <sup>2</sup> , Catherine Morfopoulos <sup>1</sup> , Lamprini\nPapadimitriou <sup>5,6</sup> , Katy J. Richardson <sup>2</sup> , Ioannis Tsanis <sup>5</sup>\nand Klaus Wyser <sup>7</sup>\n1 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter,\nExeter EX4 4PS, UK\n2 Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK\n3 European Commission -  Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra, Italy\n4 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences,\nUniversity of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK\n5 School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of\nCrete—TUC, Chania 73100, Greece\n6 Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield\nMK43 0AL, UK\n7 Rossby Centre, SMHI, 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden\nRAB, [ 0000-0002-4929-0307](http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-0307)\nWe projected changes in weather extremes,\nhydrological impacts and vulnerability to food\ninsecurity at global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C relative\nto pre-industrial, using a new global atmospheric\ngeneral circulation model HadGEM3A-GA3.0 driven\nby patterns of sea-surface temperatures and sea\nice from selected members of the 5th Coupled\n2018 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the\nCreative Commons Attribution License [ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)\n[by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and\nsource are credited.\n**2** Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) ensemble, forced with the RCP8.5 concentration",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (b) Impacts at 1.5 ° C global warming compared to 2 ° C\n\nin flows—increasing the level of global warming magnifies the pattern of river flow changes,\nalthough not in all cases.\nThe range of projected mean run-off changes is larger for 2°C than 1.5°C in many basins,\nbut this was not always the case, with many basins showing similar or smaller ranges at\n2°C compared with 1.5°. Moreover, the ranges overlap substantially, so in terms of the set of\n**20**\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 2 - 1 0 1 2\n°C\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 14.**  Difference in annual maximum daily maximum temperature between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming, for individual\nensemble members and ensemble mean.\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\n% days\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 15.**  Difference between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming for percentage of days with maximum temperature above 90th\npercentile of baseline, for individual ensemble members and ensemble mean.\npossible outcomes projected here, the differences between 2°C and 1.5°C are not always clear. The\ndifferences between 2°C and 1.5°C are not always in the same direction as the changes at 2°C; in\nthe Amazon, for example, the difference in flow between 2°C and 1.5°C varies from positive to\nnegative between ensemble members.\n**21** ensemble mean\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\ndays\n**Figure 16.**  Difference in consecutive dry days between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming, for individual ensemble members and\nensemble mean.\nIPSL-CM5A-LR GFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES\nIPSL-CM5A-MR\n- 20 - 10 0 10 20\nmm\nensemble mean\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM ACCESS1-0\n**Figure 17.**  Difference in annual maximum 5 day rainfall between 2 ° C and 1.5 ° C global warming, for individual ensemble\nmembers and ensemble mean.\n**22**\n0 - 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6\nvulnerability to food insecurity\n0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4\n**Figure 18.**  Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index at 1.5 ° C global warming (ensemble mean).\nACCESS1-0\n- 5.0 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5\nIPSL-CM5A-LR\nensemble mean\nchange in vulnerability to food insecurity\nIPSL-CM5A-MR MIROC-ESM-CHEM\nGFDL-ESM2M\n**Figure19.**  DifferenceinHungerandClimateVulnerabilityIndexbetween2 ° Cand1.5 ° Cglobalwarming,forindividualensemble\nmembers and ensemble mean.",
+                    "page_start": 18,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 3. Results\n\n### (a) Climate-change impacts at 2 ° C global warming\n\nIPSL-CM5A-MR 2023 2036 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nMIROC-ESM-CHEM 2020 2032 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news2.pdf",
+                "query": "How flooding was prevented in Vancouver? ",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "#     Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n## **risks**\n\nwww.newscanada.com\nWord Count: 281\n[Media Attachments](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[View](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[Related Posts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[Terms of Use](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly\nexposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection\nmeasures for communities at risk, such as Intact’s Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This\nprogram is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of\npreventative actions.\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically\nfound in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community\nGardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made\nup of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community’s flood risk\nby catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the\nCity of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online\nflood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn\ntips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of\n2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might\notherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of\neligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties\ncompleted upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and\nwater monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n−\n+\n+\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\nTrois façons dont des\ncollectivités au Canada\n[réduisent leurs risques](https://www.newscanada.com/en/Trois-fa-ons-dont-des-collectivit-s-au-Canada-r-duisent-leurs-risques-d-inondation-139848)\nd’inondation\nISSUE\nDecember 2024\nCATEGORIES\n[Home - Safety](https://www.newscanada.com/en/home-safety/content)\n[Community Affairs](https://www.newscanada.com/en/community/content)\n[Finance - Insurance](https://www.newscanada.com/en/finance-insurance/content)\n[Editor's Picks](https://www.newscanada.com/en/editor-picks/content)\nFRANÇAIS\nHave your say! Complete our\n[2025 Media Survey](https://www.newscanada.com/en/have-your-say-complete-our-2025-media-survey-137263)\n[Retrain your way to a new job](https://www.newscanada.com/en/retrain-your-way-to-a-new-job-139857)\n[The top AI-powered tech trends](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nin 2025\nEDITOR'S PICKS",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# EN  EN\n\n## **2. P ROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE E UROPEAN U NION**\n\n### **2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across land and sea**\n\n#### *2.2.8.*    *Greening urban and peri-urban areas*\n\n**Green urban spaces**  , from parks and gardens to green roofs and urban farms, provide a wide range of benefits for people. They also provide opportunities for businesses and a refuge for nature. They reduce air, water and noise pollution, provide protection from flooding, droughts and heat waves, and maintain a connection between humans and nature <sup>51</sup> .\nThe recent lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic have shown us the  **value of green urban spaces for our physical and mental wellbeing**  . While protection of some urban\n\n46 [Fitness Check of the EU Water Legislation](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/fitness_check_of_the_eu_water_legislation/documents/Water%20Fitness%20Check%20-%20SWD(2019)439%20-%20web.pdf) (SWD(2019) 439); [Evaluation of the Urban Waste Water ](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/pdf/UWWTD%20Evaluation%20SWD%20448-701%20web.pdf) [Treatment Directive](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/pdf/UWWTD%20Evaluation%20SWD%20448-701%20web.pdf) (SWD(2019) 700). 47 The target of 25,000 km is based on the Commission’s assessment of what is achievable in the EU by 2030. 48 The guidelines will take a wide range of issues into account, including hydropower generation, flood management, water supply, agriculture and navigability. 49 These measures should be planned in the 3 rd River Basin Management Plans to be adopted by Member States in 2021, under the Water Framework Directive. [Fitness Check of the EU Water Legislation](https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/fitness_check_of_the_eu_water_legislation/documents/Water%20Fitness%20Check%20-%20SWD(2019)439%20-%20web.pdf) (SWD(2019) 439). [EnRoute project.](https://oppla.eu/groups/enroute/publications-and-deliverables)\ngreen spaces has increased <sup>52</sup> , green spaces often lose out in the competition for land as the share of the population living in urban areas continues to rise.\nThis strategy aims to reverse these trends and stop the  loss of  green urban ecosystems. The promotion of healthy ecosystems, green infrastructure and  **nature-based solutions** should be systematically integrated into urban planning, including in public spaces, infrastructure, and the design of buildings and their surroundings.",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\nbreakwater will be an over capping type, which interrupts the waves progress, but does not\ntotally protect from wave penetration. These events are manageable and estimated as a once in\n50 years possibility.\nThe breakwater core will be used as a construction causeway allowing land based equipment to\nperform the work. The greater part of the breakwater work involves winning the material as\nopposed to actual construction.\n##### **E. CYCLONE MOORINGS.**\nThe extent of the cyclone problem in Australia’s north and north west was emphasised when\nCyclone Tracey struck Darwin in 1974. The most powerful cyclone to cross the Australian coast\nwas Cyclone Vance in 1999, which passed near Dampier, destroying large parts of the towns of\nOnslow and Exmouth further to the south.\nThe problem is acute, particularly in the area between Exmouth and Port Hedland, which suffers\ncyclones of an intensity and frequency as high as anywhere in the world. The Mermaid Base is\ntypically on cyclone alert three times per season. The season is November to April.\nTo date there have been three options available to vessel owners when a cyclone approaches:.\n- Run to sea\n- Take refuge with crew onboard, on a mooring in the most sheltered location available such\nas the Dampier Archipelago or the Monte Bello Islands.\n- Construct a cyclone shelter.\nThere are serious personal safety and environmental considerations related to Options 1 and 2\nand it is obvious that best practice universally adopted by large responsible Companies can be\nsatisfied in this way.\nOnly Woodside at Dampier and BHP at Port Hedand have taken the step of building shelters\nwhich provides protection to 12 of the region’s 60 vessels and this at very considerable cost.\nMermaid has undertaken significant engineering work on the placing of vessels on partially\nsheltered spread moorings, allowing the vessels to be secured near to shore and the crews\ndemobilized to take care of their families and attend to household cyclone preparation.\nMermaid is taking a leadership role with a technical solution which will lead to wider adoption\nas vessel owners and the insurance industry fully value the arrangements. Mermaid will provide 12",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n10\nWork on Dampier\nBase expansion commenced on 9 October and will be largely complete by June 2001, involving\na capital budget of $13m.\nThe principle activities and facility developments involved in the expansion are:\n##### **A. DREDGING**\nApproximately 700,000 m3 of material is to be dredged in King Bay to form an entrance\nchannel, vessel berths, cyclone moorings and to provide access to the slipway.\nThe experience of Woodside constructing their nearby base in 1981 indicates that two types of\ndredges will be required, a Cutter Suction to remove the soft unconsolidated material (approx.70%)\nand a Dipper Dredge (barge mounted back-hoe) to remove harder consolidated material.\nThe Cutter Suction dredge size will be deliberately modest due to onshore spoil management\nrequirement and environmental considerations.\nThe Dipper Dredge will be the largest of its type in the world, and will be an ideal remedial\ndredging tool using the experience gained from the earlier Woodside project.\nThe layout of the Base has been very much driven by the desire to avoid or minimize blasting\nwhile fulfilling functional objectives.\nThe entrance channel into the Mermaid Base will be 30 m wide and dredged to 6 m below chart\ndatum. The dredge spoil will be pumped ashore and used as fill around the Base.\nDredges are expected to be onsite for approximately 7 months commencing mid November.\n##### **B. QUAY WALL ( BERTH 1)**\nMarket research and customer needs have caused Mermaid to relocate and redesign the main\nberth to accommodate a wider range of vessels than originally contemplated. The berth is now\nlocated in deeper water with better vessel access.\nThe regional offshore fleet characteristics have been changing in terms of vessel size. There are\nnow four vessels operating in the region with 12,000 to 18,000 hp. When design commenced\nthere were none of this size.\nThe depth alongside Berth 1 will be 7.5m. King Bay has a statistical average extreme low tide\n(MLWS) of 0.9 m, the occurrence of which can be expressed in hours per month. The largest\nB A S E  E X PA N S I O N  W O R K S  A N D  E N V I RO N M E N TA L  M A N A G E M E N T",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### O P E R AT I O N S  R E V I E W\n\n9\nA slipway initially capable of receiving vessels up to 2,700 tonnes capacity will handle\nmost of the 60 vessels currently working in the region, a considerable number, but one\nwhich will rise over coming years. First class engineering facilities have been planned\nand highly experienced management recruited. Alternative slipways offering\ncomparable capacity are only to be found in Darwin or Fremantle, a sea journey of\napproximately 1000 miles from this operational region. Australia has emerged as a\ncentre of excellence with respect to vessel repair work, the Dampier facility will both\nbenefit from and protect that valuable reputation.\nRehabilitated land for buildings and storage will finally extend over 17 hectares. The\nmajor oilfield services company Halliburton, have been attracted to the base as a\ntenant and a $1.1m purpose built building is being constructed for their use.\nNegotiations are also proceeding with other groups who recognise the unique\nadvantages of operating from this strategically positioned Base. Rental income and\nassociated revenues such as plant and labour hire will contribute significantly to the\noverall economics of the facility.\nProtected moorings for cyclone shelter will be established inside the breakwater for\nlong term lease to local tug operators. The demand arises from serious vessel and crew\nsafety considerations. The Dampier Port Authority are reluctant to see the continued\nuse of cyclone moorings in the Harbour, not only for safety reasons, but for\nenvironmental concerns as well. Oil spills are not acceptable under any circumstances\nand will be avoided whatever the cost. Tug owners share similar concerns, but in\naddition they need to remain in a position of readiness for crews and equipment to\nresume their important functions immediately following a cyclonic event. The number\nof specific purpose spread moorings, detailed on the adjacent plan will total 10 in the\nfirst phase of construction, a limit which will be assisted by an ability to remove vessels\nup to 100 tonnes from the water by wharf crane for tie down on cradles.\nConstruction of the Dampier Base commenced on the 9th\nOctober this year, with an expectation that all major elements\nof the project will be largely completed within 12 months.\n* **The “Clough Challenge” Barge -** *\n* **Shallow Water Construction Support Barge** *\n* **in the East Spar Field** *",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### Exemptions\n\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1) “essential government work” and “essential state\nbusiness” have the same meaning as in paragraph 16.\n**18.**  A person designated by the relevant Minister under section 5(3) of the Repatriation of\nPrisoners Act 1984(  **b**  ).\n**19.**  A person responsible for escorting a person sought for extradition pursuant to a warrant\nissued under Part 3 of the Extradition Act 2003(  **c**  ) or sought for extradition pursuant to any other\nextradition arrangements.\n**20.**  A representative of any territory travelling to the United Kingdom in order to take into\ncustody a person whose surrender has been ordered pursuant to any provision of the Extradition\nAct 2003.\n\n(  **a**  ) 1989 c. 6.\n(  **b**  ) 1984 c. 47.\n(  **c**  ) 2003 c. 41.\n**21.**  —(1) Workers engaged in essential or emergency works—\n(a)  related to water supplies and sewerage services; and\n(b)  carried out by, for, or on behalf of a water undertaker, sewerage undertaker, water supply\nlicensee, sewerage licensee or local authority,\nwhere they have travelled to the United Kingdom in the course of their work.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “essential or emergency works” includes—\n(i)  inspections, maintenance, repairs, and asset replacement activities,\n(ii)  monitoring, sampling and analysis of water supplies under the Private Water\nSupplies (England) Regulations 2016(  **a**  ), the Water Supply (Water Quality)\nRegulations 2016(  **b**  ), the Private Water Supplies (Wales) Regulations 2017(  **c**  ), or the\nWater Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2018(  **d**  );\n(b)  “sewerage licensee” means the holder of a sewerage licence under section 17BA of the\nWater Industry Act 1991(  **e**  );\n(c)  “sewerage services” has the meaning given in section 219(1) of the Water Industry Act\n1991(  **f**  );\n(d)  “water supply licensee” has the meaning given in sections 17A(7) and 219(1) of the\nWater Industry Act 1991(  **g**  ).\n**22.**  —(1) Workers engaged in essential or emergency works relating to flood and coastal erosion\nrisk management on behalf of—\n(a)  the Environment Agency; or\n(b)  a lead local flood authority in England.\n(2)  For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)—\n(a)  “flood” and “coastal erosion” have the meanings given in section 1 of the Flood and\nWater Management Act 2010(  **h**  );\n(b)  “lead local flood authority” has the meaning given in section 6(7) of that Act;",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Geography**\n\n#### **Climate**\n\nof which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in\n[1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood)\n1867 and 1959, the third arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three\ntimes, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to\nLyon's fifth arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the fifth was split to create Lyon's 9th -  and, to date, final -\narrondissement. Within each arrondissement, the recognisable  *quartiers*  or neighbourhoods are:\n[1st arrondissement: Slopes of La Croix-Rousse, Terreaux, Martinière/St-Vincent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_des_Terreaux)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Lyon History\n\n## **Lyon**\n\n### **Geography**\n\nIce on the Saône, 2012\nPanorama of the inner city of Lyon, taken from the basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière's roof\n[Lyon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification)  *Cfa*  [), bordering an oceanic climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate)\n(  *Köppen*  :  *Cfb*  [, Trewartha: ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification)  *Do*  ). <sup>[38]</sup> The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month\nis 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January and in the warmest month in July is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F).\nPrecipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 820 mm (32.3 in), the winter\nmonths are the driest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) on 13\nAugust 2003 while the lowest recorded temperature was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 22\nDecember 1938. <sup>[39]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **1617 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101**\n\n####### **weather patterns, natural disasters, widespread pandemics and other natural or man-made disruptions.**\n\nand other credit card companies, some of which have substantial financial resources. If we do not effectively anticipate or respond to the\ncompetitive banking and credit card environments, we could lose market share to our competitors.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  9\n**Our sales and customer relationships may be negatively impacted if we do not anticipate and respond to consumer preferences**\n####### **and fashion trends appropriately.**\nOur ability to predict or respond to constantly changing fashion trends, consumer preferences and spending patterns significantly impacts our\nsales and operating results. If we do not identify and respond to emerging trends in consumer spending and preferences quickly enough, we\nmay harm our ability to retain our existing customers or attract new customers. If we purchase too much inventory, we may be forced to sell\nour merchandise at lower average margins, which could harm our business. Conversely, if we fail to purchase enough merchandise, we may\nlose opportunities for additional sales and damage our relationships with our customers.\n####### **The results of our Credit operations could be adversely affected by changes in market conditions.**\nOur credit card revenues and profitability are subject in large part to economic and market conditions that are beyond our control, including,\nbut not limited to, interest rates, consumer credit availability, consumer debt levels, unemployment trends and other factors. These economic\nand market conditions could impair our credit card revenues and the profitability of our credit card business due to factors such as lower\ndemand for credit, or could impair ability to assess the creditworthiness of our customers if the criteria and/or models we use to underwrite\nand manage our customers become less predictive of future losses, causing our losses to rise and have a negative impact on our results of\noperations. Deterioration of economic conditions and consumer confidence may also adversely affect our credit customers’ payment patterns\nand delinquency rates, increasing our bad debt expense.\n**Our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected by supply chain disruptions, port disruptions, severe**\n####### **weather patterns, natural disasters, widespread pandemics and other natural or man-made disruptions.**\nWe derive a significant amount of our total sales from stores located on the west and east coasts of the United States, particularly in\nCalifornia, which increases our exposure to conditions in these regions. Similarly, merchandise received through west coast ports could be\nadversely impacted by labor disruptions. These disruptions could cause, among other things, a decrease in consumer spending that would",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news2.pdf",
+                "query": "How can citizens in Fredericton easily access flood risk data?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#     Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\n## **risks**\n\nwww.newscanada.com\nWord Count: 281\n[Media Attachments](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[View](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[Related Posts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n[Terms of Use](https://www.newscanada.com/en/three-ways-canadian-communities-are-reducing-flood-risks-139844)\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly\nexposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection\nmeasures for communities at risk, such as Intact’s Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This\nprogram is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of\npreventative actions.\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically\nfound in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community\nGardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made\nup of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community’s flood risk\nby catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces.\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the\nCity of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online\nflood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn\ntips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of\n2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year.\nRebate programs are a powerful motivation for homeowners to make upgrades that might\notherwise be put off. In PEI, the City of Charlottetown offered rebates covering 75 per cent of\neligible material and labour costs, up to a maximum of $1,000. More than 90 properties\ncompleted upgrades, including installing sump pumps, backup batteries, backwater valves, and\nwater monitors and alarms, to better prepare them for extreme weather events.\nCommunities can learn more about the grant program and how to apply at intactfc.com/mcrg.\n−\n+\n+\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada Inc. All rights reserved.\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood risks\n\nTrois façons dont des\ncollectivités au Canada\n[réduisent leurs risques](https://www.newscanada.com/en/Trois-fa-ons-dont-des-collectivit-s-au-Canada-r-duisent-leurs-risques-d-inondation-139848)\nd’inondation\nISSUE\nDecember 2024\nCATEGORIES\n[Home - Safety](https://www.newscanada.com/en/home-safety/content)\n[Community Affairs](https://www.newscanada.com/en/community/content)\n[Finance - Insurance](https://www.newscanada.com/en/finance-insurance/content)\n[Editor's Picks](https://www.newscanada.com/en/editor-picks/content)\nFRANÇAIS\nHave your say! Complete our\n[2025 Media Survey](https://www.newscanada.com/en/have-your-say-complete-our-2025-media-survey-137263)\n[Retrain your way to a new job](https://www.newscanada.com/en/retrain-your-way-to-a-new-job-139857)\n[The top AI-powered tech trends](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nin 2025\nEDITOR'S PICKS",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Research Changes in climate extremes, fresh water availability and vulnerability to food insecurity [...]\n\n## 2. Methods and models\n\n### (c) Food security: the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index\n\nUN Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Development Programme and UN Population\nFund [ 22 ]. The exposure component comprised proxies for the average length of flood and\ndrought events calculated with daily precipitation data [ 23 ] ( table 2 ). These proxies were chosen\nabove other possible metrics as they were required to replace self-reported instances of flood\nand drought events used in the original HCVI, which correlate with undernutrition data at the\ncountry-level [ 23 ]. The proxies were therefore masked to only include data where a significant\nproportion of people live and grow crops before aggregating to country level and combining to\ncomprise a measure of exposure [ 23 ]; nevertheless, it is recognized that precipitation data alone\nmay not always be adequate for representing flood and drought events, so the current method is\nregarded as preliminary.\nThe impacts of projected climate change, therefore, act through changes in these quantities. In\nthe current version of the HCVI, climate-change impacts on other quantities such as crop yield\nare not considered. Socio-economic factors affecting sensitivity and adaptive capacity are fixed at\npresent-day conditions.\nThe ensemble-mean baseline HCVI calculated with the high-resolution bias-corrected\nHadGEM3 ensemble is shown in figure 1 . The spatial pattern is compatible with HCVI values\ncalculated using reanalysis data at the CMIP5 grid-scale resolution [ 23 ]; the most vulnerable\nregions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This higher-resolution climate data enables\ninclusion of additional countries which were not resolved in the lower-resolution CMIP5 data.\n**7** In the present study, processing errors in the input data for one ensemble member, the\nHadGEM2-ES-driven member, caused the results to be invalid. Results for this member for the\nHCVI are, therefore, not presented here.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.5. Educate citizens to understand and use data**\nIt is necessary to guarantee the widest possible availability of  *all*  the pre-requisites for effective use\nof Open Data. In other words, it is necessary to provide free and widely accessible training, oriented\nto average citizens, on how and why to visualize Public Data and use them to make informed\ndecisions. Ideally, this training should be provided at a local level with local programs, in a way that\nmakes it possible to use it on local issues, for the reasons and in the ways discussed in the next\nparagraph. For example, visualization techniques like those used by ABC News to show the effects\nof the [March 2011 Japan Earthquake](http://www.abc.net.au/news/events/japan-quake-2011/beforeafter.htm) , in which all the user has to do to compare scenes from before\nand after the earthquake is to move a slider, should be routinely used to explain proposals about\nurban planning, zoning and related topics.",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.1. Cost of not opening PSI is increasing**\n\nMuch has been said on the  *economic*  benefits of opening public sector information, and much more\nremains to be said and studied. One part of this issue that is becoming more evident over time is that\nOpen Data are the simplest, if not the only way, to save Public Administrations from the costs that\nthey have  *already*  (and rightfully!) forced themselves to bear, through assorted laws and official\nregulations. This is explained well in the report from LinkedGov about the [economic impact of ](http://wiki.linkedgov.org/index.php/The_economic_impact_of_open_data)\n[open data](http://wiki.linkedgov.org/index.php/The_economic_impact_of_open_data) :\n*(p. 2) \"As the costs of disseminating and accessing information have declined, the*\n*transactions costs associated with charging for access to information, and controlling*\n*subsequent redistribution have come to constitute a major barrier to access in*\n*themselves. As a result, the case for free (gratis) provision of Public Sector Information*\n*is stronger than has already been recognized.*\nEaves provides a practical example from Canada in [Access to Information is Fatally Broken... You ](http://eaves.ca/2011/03/30/access-to-information-is-fatally-broken-you-just-dont-know-it-yet/)\n[Just Don't Know it Yet](http://eaves.ca/2011/03/30/access-to-information-is-fatally-broken-you-just-dont-know-it-yet/) :  *the number of Access to Information Requests (ATIP) has almost tripled*\n*since 1996. Such growth might be manageable if the costs of handling each requests was dropping*\n*rapidly, but it has more than quadrupled.*\nUnfortunately, alternatives like charging for access to data or cutting the budget for providing them\nto citizens remain very common in spite of their negative effects. According to Eaves, the first\npractice has already caused  *a reduction*  in the number of freedom of information requests filed by\ncitizens, while budget cuts invariably and greatly delay processing times.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **5. Bibliography**\n\nBesides those explicitly linked from the text, this report has drawn inspiration by many other\nresources. The most important ones are listed here, but the complete list should be much longer. We\nwish to thank first the authors of the works listed below and, immediately after, to all the activists,\ninside and outside governments worldwide, who are working on this topic.\n1. [ Are you prepared for the pitfalls of Gov 2.0?](http://smartblogs.com/socialmedia/2010/08/09/are-you-prepared-for-the-pitfalls-of-gov-2-0/)\n2. [ Can we use Mobile Tribes to pay for the costs of Open Data?](http://mfborman.wordpress.com/2011/02/22/can-we-use-mobile-tribes-to-pay-for-the-costs-of-open-data/)\n3. [ Canada launches data.gc.ca - what works and what is broken](http://eaves.ca/2011/03/17/canada-launches-data-gc-ca-what-works-and-what-is-broken/)\n4. [ Creative Commons and data bases: huge in 2011, what you can do](http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/26283)\n5. [ Defining Gov 2.0 and Open Government](http://gov20.govfresh.com/social-media-fastfwd-defining-gov-2-0-and-open-government-in-2011/)\n6. [ How Government Data Can Improve Lives](http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/13/business/13view.html?_r=1)\n7. [ If you like solar, tell your utility to publish this map](http://www.grist.org/solar-power/2011-04-18-if-you-like-solar-tell-your-utility-to-publish-this-map)\n8. [ Indian corruption backlash builds after \"year of the treasure hunters\"](http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/02/india-corruption-backlash-treasure-hunters)\n9. [ Información Cívica / Just What is Civic Information?](http://informacioncivica.info/mexico/just-what-is-civic-information-2/)\n10. [Is open government just about information?](http://ingridkoehler.com/2011/01/is-open-government-just-about-information/)\n11. [LSDI : In un click la mappa del crimine](http://www.lsdi.it/2011/01/18/in-un-click-la-mappa-del-crimine/)\n12. [La casta è online: dategli la caccia!](http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/03/16/la-casta-e-online-dategli-la-caccia/97961/)\n13. [Linee guida UK sull'opendata](http://www.innovatoripa.it/posts/2010/09/1346/linee-guida-uk-sull%E2%80%99opendata)\n14. [MSc dissertation on Open Government Data in the UK](http://practicalparticipation.co.uk/odi/report/)\n15. [Open Data (2): Effective Data Use](http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2010/09/09/open-data-2-effective-data-use/)   .\n16. [Open Data: quali prospettive per la pianificazione?](http://www.slideshare.net/ernestobelisario/presentazione-belisario-input)\n17. [Open Knowledge Foundation Blog \" Blog Archive \" Keeping Open Government Data](http://blog.okfn.org/2011/03/01/keeping-open-government-data-open/)\n[Open?](http://blog.okfn.org/2011/03/01/keeping-open-government-data-open/)\n18. [Open data, democracy and public sector reform](http://practicalparticipation.co.uk/odi/report/)\n19. [Pubblicato Camere Aperte 2011 - blog - OpenParlamento](http://parlamento.openpolis.it/blog/2011/02/28/pubblicato-camere-aperte-2011)\n20. [Reasons for not releasing data in government](http://egovau.blogspot.com/2010/11/reasons-for-not-releasing-data-in.html)\n21. [The impact of open data: first evidence](http://egov20.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/the-impact-of-open-data-first-evidence/)\n22. [Thinking About Africa's Open Data](http://whiteafrican.com/2011/04/04/thinking-about-africas-open-data/)\n23. [Towards EU Benchmarking 2.0 - Transparency and Open Data on Structural Funds in](http://www.luigireggi.eu/Innovation-policies/Home/Entries/2011/3/18_Towards_EU_Benchmarking_2.0_-_Transparency_and_Open_Data_on_Structural_Funds_in_Europe.html)\n[Europe](http://www.luigireggi.eu/Innovation-policies/Home/Entries/2011/3/18_Towards_EU_Benchmarking_2.0_-_Transparency_and_Open_Data_on_Structural_Funds_in_Europe.html)\n24. [UK Open Government Licence removes barriers to re-use of public sector information](http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/UK-Open-Government-Licence-removes-barriers-to-re-use-of-public-sector-information-1099278.html)\n25. [Western Europe: A journey through tech for transparency projects](http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/08/30/western-europe-a-journey-through-tech-for-transparency-projects/)\n26. [What open data means to marginalized communities](http://www.conversationsforabetterworld.com/2010/05/what-open-data-means-to-marginalized-communities/)\n27. [What's in a Name? Open Gov and Good Gov](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/beth-simone-noveck/whats-in-a-name-open-gov-_b_845735.html)\n28. [WikiLeaks Relationship With the Media](http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2010/12/09/what-has-wikileaks-started/wikileaks-relationship-with-the-media)\n29. [WikiLeaks, Open Information and Effective Use: Exploring the Limits of Open Government](https://gurstein.wordpress.com/2010/12/29/wikileaks-open-information-and-effective-use-exploring-the-limits-of-open-government/)",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **2. Social and political landscape**\n\nservices and the whole welfare state won't remain sustainable for long with traditional means,\ncontinue to arrive, therefore strengthening the search for radical, innovative and cost-effective\nsolutions.\nBesides costs, another practical driver and justification for Open Data that is becoming more and\n*4/34*\nmore  concrete  over  time  is  damage  control.  In  a  world  that  produces  digital  data  without\ninterruption, uncontrolled and unpredictable data releases are facts of life that are very hard to\npredict, practically impossible to avoid and increasingly common. Opening public government data,\nthat is providing plenty of officially verified information, becomes therefore also a damage control\nsolution, to prevent or at least minimize damages from such uncontrolled releases. Without official\nOpen Public Data, individual citizens, political parties or other organizations will start to process\nand compare (if they already aren't...) data from unofficial sources anyway, maybe from different\ncountries. In such cases, it will be unavoidable not reach sometimes, even in good faith, wrong\nconclusions. This is not some theoretical possibility far in the future, as this real world example\n(from a comment to an [Open Data discussion in an italian blog](http://www.cottica.net/2010/09/16/spaghetti-open-data-reloaded/) ) proves:\n\"  *on the*   *[non italian]*   *Geonames website you can download geo-referenced data*\n*about... 47000 Italian municipalities. That worries me, because there are only 8094 of*\n*them. Besides, I grabbed a few random data about population, and I can guarantee you*\n*that not one was right. What should be done in such cases?*\nFrom an Open Data perspective, all these recent stories have (at least) one thing in common: they\nsuggest that, considering its current needs and problems, current societies want and need more Open\nData than they already have.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n\n### **3.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data**\n\n#### **3.6.6. Unprepared Public Administrators**\n\nIt is undeniable that today, especially at the local level, most Public Administrators that should or\nmay contribute to open the public data held by their organizations still ignore, and sometimes\ndisdain, Open Data proposals, principles and practices. This happens for many reasons. We'll only\nmention two of them that are quite common. They are interesting because, while being somewhat\nrelated and sharing common origins, one is very hard to fix, the other, at least in comparison, very\neasy.\nTo begin with, most of these administrators are people that, albeit very competent and committed to\ntheir work, were not really trained to live with so much of what they perceive as \"their\" documents\nand daily activities as Open Data implies regularly exposed to the public. This is true even among\nadministrators who are already well acquainted with mainstream \"Web 2.0\" practices. Many\nofficers who already have a regular presence on Facebook, Twitter or other social networks and\nregularly use those platforms to discuss their work with their constituents feel diffident about Open\nData in the same measure as their colleagues who don't even use computers yet. A cultural barrier\nlike this requires both strong demand from citizens and detailed examples of how Open Data can be\ngood for the local budget to be overcome in acceptable time frames.\nAnother factor that may keep administrators away from Open Data is the more or less unconscious\nassumption that, in order to use them, a City Major or Region Governor should be very skilled\nhimself, if not with actual programming, with \"Web 2.0\" tools, modern online services and/or\ngeneral software engineering principles. This is simply not true. Surely, Open Data is something\nthat is made  *possible*  only by modern digital technologies and the Internet, but at the end of the day\nit's  \"simply\"  a  way  to  increase  transparency,  efficiency  and  cost  reductions  inside  Public\nAdministration, and to create local jobs. If these hypotheses are as concrete as this and many other\nstudies explain, there is no need for a Major to have programming skills, like social networks or\nhave any other personal \"2.0\" skill or training to see the advantages of Open Data and delegate to\nhis or her IT staff their implementation.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **700Mhz and 2500-2690Mhz Band and Aspects Related to**\n\n####### **Unauthorized Access to Digital Boxes or Internet Modems**\n\nfacilities because of a natural or manmade disaster or otherwise, our\noperations may be significantly affected to the extent that it may be\ndifficult for us to recover without a significant interruption in service or\nnegative impact to our revenue or customer base.\n####### **Information Security Risk**\nSecurity is essential to maintaining efficient, reliable business processes\nand to enabling sustained business growth. Technology advancements\nand the people using these technologies introduce new information\nsecurity risks. Cyber threats are maturing with time and their\nsophistication and effectiveness are increasing. A security breach could\nresult in loss of revenue, reputation, and resources, or handing\n74 ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\n**MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS** advantage to a competitor. Annual investments in new capabilities,\neducation and continuous improvement help to maintain and improve\nRCI’s security posture. These are focused on protection and prevention,\nrobust detection and advance preparation and planning to help prevent\na potential breach from turning into a crisis. Risk management\nresources continue to be focused in this area.\nWe use standard industry practices for network and information\ntechnology security, survivability and disaster recovery. Our ongoing\nsuccess partly depends on protecting our corporate business-sensitive\ndata, including personal information about our customers and\nemployees. We treat this information as intellectual property and\nprotect it from unauthorized access and compromise. We rely on our\npolicies and procedures and information technology systems to protect\nthis information. If we do not secure our data and the privacy of our\ncustomer information, we may not be in compliance with regulatory\nstandards and it could result in negative publicity, litigation and damage\nto our reputation. Any of these outcomes can cause us to lose\ncustomers or public confidence, or experience financial losses.\n####### **Impact of Network Failures on Revenue and Customer Service**\nIf our networks or key network components fail, it could, in some\ncircumstances, result in a loss of service for our customers for an\nindefinite period and have an adverse effect on our results and financial\nposition. We rely on business partners to carry some traffic for some of\nour customers. If one of these carriers has a service failure, it might also\ncause a service interruption for our customers that would last until we\ncould reroute the traffic to another carrier.\n####### **Unauthorized Access to Digital Boxes or Internet Modems**\nWe use encryption technology developed and supported by our vendors",
+                    "page_start": 77,
+                    "page_end": 78,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Open Data: Emerging trends, issues  and best practices  a research project about openness of  public[...]\n\n## **4. Conclusion: seven Open Data strategy and**\n\n### **4.4. Impose proper licensing and streamline procurement**\n\nAs with the first report prepared for this project, we will not delve into the details of  *how*  to license\ndata because this topic continues to be followed and debated in all details by LAPSI and other\nprojects or researchers. We will simply confirm the importance of establishing a proper license, at\nthe national level, for all Public Data, that makes them Open in the right way and makes sure that\nwhat is opened stays open and that don't demand what isn't possible to enforce (e.g. attribution),\nbecause, quoting again [Eaves](http://eaves.ca/2011/02/16/the-state-of-open-data-in-canada-the-year-of-the-license/) ,  *\"no government should waste precious resources by paying someone*\n*to scour the Internet to find websites and apps that don't attribute\"*  .\nWe want, however, to spend a few words about another legal/administrative side of the issue, that is\nprocurement. Traditional procurement laws are very likely not flexible enough, in most countries, to\nhandle the implementation of data-based public services. Here's why.\nWe know that if Public Data are Open, everybody, from volunteer activists to hired professionals,\ncan very quickly write or maintain simple software applications that help to visualize and use them\nin all possible ways. Paradoxically, this is a problem when an Administration either wants to set up\nan Open Data programming contest (that besides being inexpensive, it's much simpler to organize\nand join than traditional tenders or grants) or  *needs*  to just pay somebody to write from scratch and\nmaintain some new program of this type, or customize existing ones.\nThe reason is that, just because this type of software development is so quick, even hiring a\nprofessional to do it, or setting up a contest would be... too inexpensive to be handled with default",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf",
+                "query": "In these mice, which lumbar levels were the dorsal root ganglion removed from?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for another 2 hours",
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+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\n2.3. FastBlue tracer injections\nMice were briefly anesthetized during the procedure, induced with\n3%to5%isoflurane,andthenmaintainedat 1.5%to2%asrequired.\nHindlimbs were taped with the plantar surface of the paw facing up,\nand a custom, 26G removable needle with a 30 ̊ bevel, attached to\na 25- m L Hamilton syringe, was inserted between the 2 distal-most\nfootpads, towards the medial aspect of the hindpaw. The needle\nwas then rotated 90 ̊, so the bevel faced medially. Furthermore, 4- m L\nFastBlue (FB; 2% in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); CAS#\n73819-41-7; Polysciences, Inc, Warrington, PA) per paw was then\nslowly injected, and the needle was left in place for 10 seconds,\nbefore rotating and carefully retracting to avoid backflow of FB along\nthe needle track. This prevented the FB bolus from contacting the\nsural innervation territory of the lateral hindpaw, restricting it largely to\nthe tibial innervation territory of the glabrous hindpaw skin.\n2.4. Immunohistochemistry and image acquisition\nMice were anesthetized with an overdose of pentobarbital (20\nmg) and transcardially perfused with a fixative containing 4%\nformaldehyde. L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for\nanother 2 hours, cryoprotected in 30% sucrose overnight, and\nthen embedded in optimal cutting temperature media (OCT;\nTissue Tek, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands). Dorsal root\nganglia were sectioned on a Leica CM1950 cryostat at 30 m m,\nwith every section collected serially on 5 Superfrost Plus slides\n(VWR, Lutterworth, United Kingdom) and each slide containing 1\nin every 5 sections (4-7 sections per slide). One slide per DRG was\nselected at random and was washed with PBS, before being\nincubated with appropriate primary antibodies ( Table 2 ) diluted in\n5% normal donkey serum and 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for\n3 days at 4 ̊C. After PBS washes, slides were incubated with\nappropriate secondary antibodies ( Table 2 ) in the same PBS/\n(normal donkey serum) NDS/Triton-X100 solution as for prima-\nries, overnight at room temperature. Slides were washed and\ncoverslipped with VectaShield Vibrance Hardset mounting media\n(Vector Labs, Newark, CA), with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole\nincluded in mounting media where FB-labelled cells were not\nbeing examined. Sections were imaged using a Zeiss LSM900\nAiryscan confocal microscope equipped with 405-, 488-, 561-,\nTable 2\nPrimary and secondary antibodies used in the study.\nAntibody Source Identifiers Working dilution\nAnti-GFP (Chicken polyclonal) Abcam, plc, Cambridge, United Kingdom Cat#: ab13970\nRRID: AB_300798\n1:1000\nAnti-NeuN (Guinea pig polyclonal) Synaptic Systems, G ̈ottingen, Germany Cat#: 266004",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nAbstract\nThere is a rich literature describing the loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral axotomy, but the vulnerability\nof discrete subpopulations has not yet been characterised. Furthermore, the extent or even presence of neuron loss following injury\nhas recently been challenged. In this study, we have used a range of transgenic recombinase driver mouse lines to genetically label\nmolecularly defined subpopulations of DRG neurons and track their survival following traumatic nerve injury. We find that spared\nnerve injury leads to a marked loss of cells containing DRG volume and a concomitant loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Neuron\nloss occurs unequally across subpopulations and is particularly prevalent in nonpeptidergic nociceptors, marked by expression of\nMrgprd. We show that this subpopulation is almost entirely lost following spared nerve injury and severely depleted (by roughly 50%)\nfollowing sciatic nerve crush. Finally, we used an in vitro model of DRG neuron survival to demonstrate that nonpeptidergic\nnociceptor loss is likely dependent on the absence of neurotrophic support. Together, these results profile the extent to which DRG\nneuron subpopulations can survive axotomy, with implications for our understanding of nerve injury- induced plasticity and pain.\nKeywords: Sensory neuron, Neuron death, Transgenic reporter line, Neuropathic pain, Nerve injury\n1. Introduction\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly\nand functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal\nconditions, this diversity contributes to the ability of the\nsomatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory\nstimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature,\nitch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in DRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability, <sup>57</sup> which is a key pathological driver of neuropathic pain. <sup>20,63</sup> Concomitant\nmolecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur,\nand these have recently been comprehensively described in single-cell <sup>37,44</sup> and subpopulation-specific sequencing stud- ies. <sup>3</sup> These studies describe a transient and generalized\nreduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes\nfollowing nerve injury. <sup>3,37,44</sup>\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature\ndescribing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic\nnerve injury in experimental rodent models. <sup>24,50,53,56</sup> Some\nstudies have suggested that neuron loss occurs in certain patient cohorts, <sup>48,66</sup> but this is yet to be definitively demonstrated in\nhumans. In rodents, most studies support a preferential loss of small cells that give rise to unmyelinated fibers <sup>53</sup> but some contrasting studies describe the preferential loss of large cells <sup>6</sup> or loss of cells of all sizes. <sup>46</sup> Variation is evident across studies in",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\n“small” DRG nuclei size category was defined as the upper bound\nof 32 easily identifiable MrgD 1 nuclei (258 m m <sup>3</sup> ). The boundary\nbetween “medium” and “large” bins (400 m m <sup>3</sup> ) was less clearly\ndefined in the samples and was therefore set as the approximate\nmidpoint of the volume distribution. A combined size category for all nuclei greater than 258 m m <sup>3</sup> was also examined, and the results\nmirrored those of “medium” and “large” bins.\n2.7. Gene Ontology\nGene Ontology term analyses were performed on previously\npublished mouse subtype RNA-seq after SNI (GSE216444 <sup>3</sup> ). In\nthis study, subtype-specific bulk RNA-seq was performed on 5\ntransgenic mouse lines through reporter labelling and fluores-\ncence activated cell sorting. spliced transcripts alignment to\na reference was used to map reads to the GRCm38 (mm10) Mouse Genome, <sup>14</sup> and Samtools was used to sort, index, and\nmerge Binary Alignment Map files in line with published reports. <sup>28</sup> Quality control was performed as per Barry et al. <sup>3</sup> Downstream\nanalyses were performed using DESeq2 on grouped male and female samples. <sup>31</sup> For differentially expressed genes (false\ndiscovery rate) (FDR , 0.05, LFC . 1) (log-fold change), GO\nanalyses were performed using the Wallenius method using\ngoSeq (R). In this study, significantly regulated terms related to\ncell death and apoptosis with more than 10 genes were\nexamined. Filtered count data of expressed and nondifferentially\nexpressed genes were used as a background.\n2.8. Dorsal root ganglion culture\nDorsal root ganglia were dissected from MrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 and\nCalca <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 mice . 1 week after dosing with tamoxifen and\nenzymatically digested at 37 ̊ ̊C for 80 minutes in dispase type II\n(4.7 mg/mL) plus collagenase type II (4 mg/mL) (Worthington Biochemical), as described previously. <sup>63</sup> Mechanically dissoci-\nated cells were plated onto laminin/poly-D-lysine (R&D Systems,\nMinneapolis, MN) treated coverslips in complete Neurobasal Plus\nmedium (Neurobasal Plus media supplemented with 2% (vol/vol)\nB27 Plus, 1% N2, 1% Glutamax, and 1% antibiotic- antimycotic\n[ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA]). Mouse nerve growth\nfactor (GF) (50 ng/mL; nerve growth factor (NGF), PeproTech,\nCranbury, NJ) and 10 ng/mL glial-derived neurotrophic factor\n(GDNF, PeproTech) were added to the media under some\nconditions. Cytosine b -D-arabinofuranoside (4 m M) was added to\nthe media for 24 hours the day after plating to reduce the\nproliferation of nonneuronal cells. Media was refreshed 3 times\nper week thereafter. Cultures were fixed for 10 minutes at room",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\napproaches show that a population of small-diameter afferents\nare lost following peripheral nerve injury.\n3.2. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of\nMrgprd-expressing neurons\nTo date, determining cell loss among specific populations of\nafferent neurons has proved challenging due to the down-\nregulation of subpopulation-specific marker genes following axonal transection. <sup>37,44</sup> To overcome this issue, we took\nadvantage of transgenic strategies to label populations in\na manner that persisted after injury. Owing to the bias for the\nloss of small neurons and the known loss of IB4-binding central terminals postinjury, <sup>36</sup> we initially focused on nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons. We used MrgD <sup>ChR2-YFP</sup> mice to identify\nneurons belonging to the largest of the 3 classes of non- peptidergic nociceptors, NP1. <sup>55,59</sup> To determine whether these\nneurons are lost following nerve injury, we used a stereological method to quantify L4 DRG MrgD-YFP <sup>1</sup> (yellow fluorescent\nprotein) neurons 28 days after sham surgery or SNI trans ( Figs. 3A\nand B ). SNI trans , but not sham, resulted in a significant decrease (54.0 6 6.6%) in the total number of MrgD-YFP <sup>1</sup> neurons in L4\nDRG ( Fig. 3C ). Yellow fluorescent protein expression in MrgD <sup>ChR2-YFP</sup> mice is\ndriven by the endogenous Mrgprd promotor, which has been\nreported to be upregulated or downregulated following axonal damage. <sup>44,58</sup> Such changes in promoter activity could affect the\nproportion of nonpeptidergic nociceptors identified by YFP\nexpression. Therefore, to verify these findings, we used\nMrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 mice and tamoxifen administration before\ninjury, to permanently label Mrgprd- expressing afferents with\nChR2-YFP ( Figs. 3D- F ). We then tested whether the proportion of cutaneous tibial afferents that were YFP <sup>1</sup> was altered following\nnerve injury. Following hindpaw FB injection, ; 15% of contralat-\neral, FB-labelled DRG neurons expressed YFP. This was reduced\nto 6.0 6 1.2% 28 days after SNI crush injury and to only 1.7 6 0.9%\n28 days after SNI trans ( Fig. 3G ). Uptake by uninjured YFP <sup>1</sup>\nneurons was equivalent 7 and 35 days after FB injection,\ndemonstrating that this reduction was not because 7 days were insufficient for YFP <sup>1</sup> [neurons to fully uptake FB (Fig. S3C, http://](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\n[links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). No significant difference in the per-](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84) centage of FB-labelled YFP <sup>1</sup> DRG neurons between ipsilateral\nand contralateral DRG was observed at 7 days following SNI trans\n[(Figs. S4A and B, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), demonstrat-](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\ning that loss occurred after this timepoint. Analysis of the cross- sectional soma area of FB-labelled, YFP <sup>1</sup> neurons in uninjured DRG revealed an area of 361 6 138 m m <sup>2</sup> (mean 6 SD) (Fig. S4C,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\ntemperature with 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently\nprocessed by immunocytochemistry (described earlier).\n2.9. Statistical analysis\nData are expressed as mean 6 SEM unless otherwise specified,\nand P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Power calculations were performed using G*Power 3.1.9.7. <sup>15</sup> A quantitative Venn diagram was created using BioVenn. <sup>25</sup> All\nother statistical analyses were performed in Prism 10 (GraphPad\nSoftware, Inc, Boston, MA) or R using paired t tests or 1- or 2-way\nRM ANOVAs (repeated measures analysis of variance), where\nappropriate. Normality was assessed by the Shapiro- Wilk test. If\nthe main analysis of variance effect was significant, <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak or\nTukey multiple comparisons tests were performed. To compare\npopulation distributions of soma cross-sectional area or volume,\nKolmogorov- Smirnov tests were performed.\n3. Results\n3.1. Peripheral nerve injury induces a loss of small neurons\nfrom the dorsal root ganglion\nTo assess the gross loss of neurons from DRG following nerve\ninjury, we generated the Avil <sup>FlpO</sup> ;Atf3 <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;RC::FLTG mouse\nline in which na ̈ıve and axotomized sensory neurons were\ndifferentially labelled. In this mouse line, all neurons express\ntdTomato (Flp-dependent) in the na ̈ıve state and switch to\nexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon axonal damage\nand concurrent tamoxifen treatment (Flp- and Cre-dependent)\n( Figs. 1A and B ). Following pilot experiments to optimize\ntamoxifen dosing regimen, this approach was both highly efficient\nand specific (with the caveat that it was necessary to wait for\nseveral days after nerve injury for Cre-induced GFP expression):\n14 days after SNI trans surgery, GFP was expressed by 99.1 6\n0.6% of Atf3-expressing ipsilateral L4 DRG neurons, while we\nobserved GFP in only 4.6 6 0.7% of contralateral DRG neurons\n[(Figs. S2A- D, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). We then used](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\na stereological approach to quantify the total number of neurons\nin L4 DRG ipsilateral to injury 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNI trans, as\nwell as contralateral to injury. One week after SNI trans , we\nobserved 7809 6 153 neurons per DRG; this was not significantly\ndifferent to the number of neurons in the contralateral DRG\n(7917 6 349), whereas cell number approximately halved by\n8 weeks postinjury to 3963 6 410 neurons per DRG ( Fig. 1C ).\nSeparating analysis into intact vs axotomized afferents revealed\nthat only axotomized afferents were lost, with no difference\nobserved in numbers of intact afferents ( Fig. 1D ). Between 1 and",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nsections. Scale bars 5 100 m m. (C) Quantification of total number of MrgD-YFP 1 cells per L4 DRG 4 weeks after SNI revealed a significant loss in ipsilateral DRG.\nTwo-way RM ANOVA with <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak multiple comparisons tests; Side x Treatment interaction: F 1,5 5 9.23, P 5 0.029; n 5 3 mice. (D) The experimental approach\nused to generate data presented in (E- G). (E and F) MrgD-YFP expression and FB labelling in the L4 DRG, 14 days after SNI or crush surgery or contralateral to\ninjury. White boxes represent regions enlarged in (F). Scale bars 5 100 m m (E) or 20 m m (F). (G) The proportion of FB-labelled DRG neurons decreased after spared\nnerve crush injury, and co-labelling is almost completely absent after SNI. Two-way RM ANOVA with <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak multiple comparisons tests; side 3 injury interaction:\nF 1,4 5 7.80, P 5 0.049; n 5 3 mice. Posttests: * P , 0.05,**\nP , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; SNI, spared nerve injury; FB,\nFastBlue; RM, repeated measures.\nby a population of small-diameter, putative cold-sensitive\nneurons ( Fig. 4B ), accounting for 8.3 6 0.27% of FB-labelled\nneurons in contralateral DRG. This decreased to 4.2 6 0.96%\nipsilateral to SNI trans injury ( Fig. 4E ), indicating a partial loss of Trpm8 <sup>1</sup> afferents. When examining peptidergic afferents, we\nfound that 48.1 6 2.42% of FB-labelled neurons in contralateral\nDRG were Calca-YFP <sup>1</sup> , compared with 34.3 6 2.54% 4 weeks\nafter SNI trans injury ( Figs. 4C and F ), consistent with a partial loss of CGRP <sup>1</sup> afferents. We used a Thy1-CFP line that demon- strates consistent expression postinjury <sup>61</sup> and labels a sample of\nmedium/large diameter myelinated afferents. CFP was largely restricted to NF200 <sup>1</sup> neurons, labelling 56% of this population.\nExpression was present in a heterogenous population of\nnociceptive (TrkA 1 ) and nonnociceptive (TrkA-) myelinated\n[neurons (Fig. S5, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). Contralateral](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nto injury, 15.6 6 1.8% of FB-labelled neurons expressed Thy1-\nCFP ( Figs. 4D and G ). In contrast to unmyelinated subpopula-\ntions, this proportion was higher in ipsilateral DRG following\nSNI trans (23.3 6 3.2%), consistent with no (or minimal) loss of\nThy1-CFP-expressing afferents, accompanied by a loss of Thy1-\nCFP-negative neurons. We did not observe significant alter-\nations in the population distributions of the cross-sectional area\nof surviving, damaged Trpm8-tdTom <sup>1</sup> , Calca-YFP <sup>1</sup> , or Thy1- CFP <sup>1</sup> DRG neurons when compared with DRG contralateral to",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\noriginal work is properly cited.\n[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003321](http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003321)\nDecember 2024 · Volume 165 · Number 12 www.painjournalonline.com 2863\nneuron loss after nerve injury and to test the hypothesis that loss is\nnot equally distributed across molecular populations.\n2. Methods\n2.1. Animals\nMice were housed in groups in humidity- and temperature-controlled\nrooms with free access to food and water, on a 12-hour light- dark\ncycle, and with environmental enrichment. Animal procedures were\nperformed under a UK Home Office Project Licence and in\naccordance with the UK Home Office (Scientific Procedures) Act\n(1986). All studies were approved by the Ethical Review Process\nApplicationsPaneloftheUniversityofGlasgoworOxfordandconform\nto the ARRIVE guidelines. Experiments were performed on adult male\nandfemalemiceaged7to16weeksatthestartoftheexperiments.All\nexperimental cohorts contained a mix of male and female mice, apart\nfrom the cohort of Mrgprd <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 mice that underwent SNI crush\nsurgery, which was exclusively female. Details of transgenic lines are\nprovided in Table 1 . Tamoxifen was administered by i.p. injection of\n20 mg/mL tamoxifen (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in wheat germ oil\n(doses described in Table 1 ). There were 2 instances where animals\nwere excluded from data analysis: One (cyan fluorescent protein)\nThy1-CFP died of unknown causes not related to the procedure and\nbefore the experimental endpoint, and one MrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32\nexhibited no fluorophore expression and was therefore deemed to\nhave been incorrectly genotyped. Group sizes were based on the\nextent of neuronal loss 28d following sciatic nerve transection identified by Shi et al. <sup>50</sup> Given a 5 0.05, power 5 0.8, and an effect\nsize of 4.81, power analysis projects that a group size of 3 mice would\nbe needed.\n2.2. Spared nerve transection and crush surgeries\nSpared nerve injury (transection of the common peroneal and\ntibial branches of the sciatic nerve; SNI trans ) and common\nperoneal and tibial crush injury (SNI crush ), in which nerve axons\nwere severed but the epineurium remained intact, were performed as previously described. <sup>12</sup> Anesthesia was induced\nwith 3% to 5% isoflurane and then maintained at 1.5% to 2% as\nrequired. Analgesia, consisting of carprofen (10 mg/kg) and\nbuprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg) (Glasgow) or carprofen (5 mg/kg)\nand local bupivacaine (2 mg/kg) (Oxford) was provided perioper-\natively. The left hindpaw was secured with tape in hip abduction,\nand the operative field (lateral surface of the thigh) was shaved.\nOphthalmic ointment was applied to the eyes, and the shaved\narea was swabbed with chlorhexidine solution. A longitudinal",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\n[http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), which is a distribution profile](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nmatching those neurons presumed lost. Collectively, these data\nshow that peripheral nerve injury results in a substantial loss of\nnonpeptidergic, Mrgprd -expressing neurons, with SNI trans (ie, an\nunrepaired axonal transection) resulting in an almost complete\nloss of this population.\nFigure 1. SNI trans induces death of small primary afferent neurons, accompanied by a reduction in volume, not cell density, of the dorsal root ganglion. (A) Approach to differentially labelled intact afferents with tdTomato and damaged afferents with GFP after peripheral nerve injury using the Avil <sup>FlpO</sup> ;Atf3 <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;RC::\nFLTG mouse line and schematic of experimental timeline. (B) Representative image of GFP, tdTomato, and NeuN expression in an L4 DRG, 2 weeks after SNI trans .\nScale bars 5 100 m m. (C and D) Stereological quantification of the total number of DRG neurons (C) or number of axotomized and intact neurons (D) in the L4 DRG\n1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNI trans or contralateral (contra) to injury. (C) One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 37.98, P , 0.001. (D) Two-way RM ANOVA;\nTimepoint 3 Color interaction F 4,10 5 39.04, P , 0.001, n 5 3 mice; Tukey posttests (between injured groups): † P , 0.05 vs contra, ‡ P , 0.05 vs 1-week. (E)\nVolume of DRG-containing cells (ie, excluding white matter tracts) following SNI trans . One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 21.25, P , 0.001, n 5 3. (F)\nNeuronal density within the DRG following SNI trans . One-way ANOVA; F 4,10 5 2.77, P 5 0.09, n 5 3. (G) Population distribution of uninjured and injured afferents by\ncross-sectional area, 1 and 8 weeks post-SNI trans . Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; Uninjured: D 5 0.08, P 5 0.18; Injured: D 5 0.32, P ,\n0.001; n 5 310 to 427 neurons from 3 mice. * P , 0.05,**\nP , 0.01, *** P , 0.001 vs contra. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GFP, green\nfluorescent protein.\n3.3. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 <sup>1</sup> and calcitonin gene-related peptide <sup>1</sup> but not myelinated dorsal\nroot ganglion neurons\nLoss restricted to nonpeptidergic nociceptors would not fully\naccount for the degree of total neuron loss that we observed.\nTherefore, we studied a range of other subpopulations, both\nsmall and large in diameter, for their vulnerability to injury-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nplatform to help delineate the precise cell death pathways and\nsignaling cascades engaged (which could then be experimentally\nmanipulated). Such studies should consider that plasticity may evolve over time. The loss of IB4 <sup>1</sup> central terminals is transient\nfollowing crush and has even been observed to reverse at longer\ntimepoints following SNI trans . <sup>36</sup> These observations, in conjunction\nwith ours of loss of neurons, raise the intriguing question of the\nsource of such central reinnervation.\n4.4. Study limitations\nOur efforts focused on traumatic nerve injury paradigms owing to\nprevious contrasting results using these robust and reproducible\nexperimental models. We did not extend our studies to systemic\nneuropathy models, such as chemotherapy or diabetic neurop-\nathy. A recent postmortem analysis reported a neuronal loss in\nthe DRG from patients with painful diabetic peripheral neurop- athy. <sup>19</sup> Transcriptional responses vary substantially across different nerve insults, <sup>44</sup> so it would be of interest to test whether\nneuronal loss and the subpopulation vulnerability reported in this\nstudy are common features across different types of insults.\nUsing multiple approaches, we assess the na ̈ıve mouse L4\nDRG to contain approximately 8000 neurons, consistent with a previous estimate, <sup>67</sup> and observed a frank loss of small-\ndiameter neurons following injury. However, the extent of loss\nobserved using our semiautomated approach was less than that observed using manual techniques. <sup>67</sup> Two major limitations in\nthis study may explain this discrepancy: First, owing to technical\nissues, the cleared DRG dataset is unpaired ipsilateral- contra-\nlateral which adds larger variability. Second, the analysis method\nis prone to undercounting deep nuclei. The signal-to-noise is\nbetter for superficial nuclei and smaller tissue volumes. Given the\nreduction in DRG volume after SNI trans , nuclei in larger\ncontralateral DRG may be undercounted.\nWhile we made efforts to profile the loss of several molecularly\ndiscrete sensory neuron populations, we acknowledge that not all\nsubtypes were profiled. Furthermore, recent single-cell RNA\nsequencing has given us a more granular appreciation of the heterogeneity of sensory neurons. <sup>42</sup> Future studies could\nleverage our experimental approach and new transgenic lines\nto characterize the loss of neurons in more detail. Such\nexperiments may be pertinent before embarking on molecular\nor functional profiling of populations post- nerve injury.\n4.5. Conclusions\nIn sum, we have provided data from multiple complementary\nexperimental approaches to support the hypothesis that DRG\nneurons are lost following nerve injury in mice. We describe",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nrespect to histochemical and structural changes (occurring 1-\n5 days postinjury <sup>2,29</sup> ), suggesting that these changes precede\nand are not in themselves indicative of neuron loss.\nThe vulnerability of Mrgprd-expressing neurons is congruous\nwith recent subpopulation bulk RNA-seq data, which found that\nFigure 5. Neurotrophic support ameliorates MrgD 1 cell loss in vitro. (A- E) Representative fields of view of MrgD-YFP and b -tubulin III expression in neuronal\ncultures of isolated MrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 DRGs, 24 hours (A) or 4 weeks (B- E) after plating, with the addition of the growth factors (GFs) NGF, GDNF, both, or neither.\nScale bars 5 20 m m. (F) Quantification of the percentage of neurons that express MrgD-YFP under the conditions shown in (A- E). One-way ANOVA with Tukey\nposttests; F 4 , 15 5 39.7, P , 0.001; n 5 4 mice. Posttests: * P , 0.05,**\nP , 0.01, *** P , 0.001. (G- K) Representative fields of view of Calca-YFP and b -tubulin III\nexpression in neuronal cultures of isolated Calca <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 DRGs, with the addition of NGF, GDNF, both, or neither. Scale bars 5 20 m m. (L) Quantification of the\npercentage of neurons that express Calca-YFP. One-way ANOVA; F 4 , 14 5 0.46, P 5 0.76; n 5 3 to 4 mice. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root\nganglion; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF, nerve growth factor; YFP, Yellow fluorescent protein.\nSNI-related gene expression signatures were less evident in\nMrgprd-expressing and C-LTMR neurons at later timepoints, compared with other populations in injured DRG. <sup>3</sup> This could be\nexplained by a loss of axotomized neurons of these classes and\ntherefore sampling of only uninjured neurons at this time- point. <sup>24,43,64</sup> In terms of the transcriptional response to injury,\nnonpeptidergic nociceptors show enrichment of individual proapoptotic factors early after injury, <sup>23,68</sup> and we extend these\nresults in this study, by describing a subpopulation-specific\nenrichment of GO terms associated with apoptosis that is evident\nas early as 3 days after injury. Such data and single-cell\ntranscriptomic profiling of all DRG neurons following injury <sup>37,44</sup>\nmay offer the opportunity to elucidate the cell death pathways\nengaged and upstream effectors that enrich this process to\nnonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons.\n4.3. Implications for pain pathogenesis\nNeuronal loss has been proposed as a key contributor to poor functional recovery following nerve injury, <sup>54</sup> and biased survival of\ndifferent afferent types might be expected to contribute to",
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+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf",
+                "query": "Did the researcher responsible for quantifying the cells in the dorsal root ganglion know which group each mouse belonged to?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "During all image quantification, the experimenter was blind to the experimental groups.",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\n“small” DRG nuclei size category was defined as the upper bound\nof 32 easily identifiable MrgD 1 nuclei (258 m m <sup>3</sup> ). The boundary\nbetween “medium” and “large” bins (400 m m <sup>3</sup> ) was less clearly\ndefined in the samples and was therefore set as the approximate\nmidpoint of the volume distribution. A combined size category for all nuclei greater than 258 m m <sup>3</sup> was also examined, and the results\nmirrored those of “medium” and “large” bins.\n2.7. Gene Ontology\nGene Ontology term analyses were performed on previously\npublished mouse subtype RNA-seq after SNI (GSE216444 <sup>3</sup> ). In\nthis study, subtype-specific bulk RNA-seq was performed on 5\ntransgenic mouse lines through reporter labelling and fluores-\ncence activated cell sorting. spliced transcripts alignment to\na reference was used to map reads to the GRCm38 (mm10) Mouse Genome, <sup>14</sup> and Samtools was used to sort, index, and\nmerge Binary Alignment Map files in line with published reports. <sup>28</sup> Quality control was performed as per Barry et al. <sup>3</sup> Downstream\nanalyses were performed using DESeq2 on grouped male and female samples. <sup>31</sup> For differentially expressed genes (false\ndiscovery rate) (FDR , 0.05, LFC . 1) (log-fold change), GO\nanalyses were performed using the Wallenius method using\ngoSeq (R). In this study, significantly regulated terms related to\ncell death and apoptosis with more than 10 genes were\nexamined. Filtered count data of expressed and nondifferentially\nexpressed genes were used as a background.\n2.8. Dorsal root ganglion culture\nDorsal root ganglia were dissected from MrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 and\nCalca <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 mice . 1 week after dosing with tamoxifen and\nenzymatically digested at 37 ̊ ̊C for 80 minutes in dispase type II\n(4.7 mg/mL) plus collagenase type II (4 mg/mL) (Worthington Biochemical), as described previously. <sup>63</sup> Mechanically dissoci-\nated cells were plated onto laminin/poly-D-lysine (R&D Systems,\nMinneapolis, MN) treated coverslips in complete Neurobasal Plus\nmedium (Neurobasal Plus media supplemented with 2% (vol/vol)\nB27 Plus, 1% N2, 1% Glutamax, and 1% antibiotic- antimycotic\n[ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA]). Mouse nerve growth\nfactor (GF) (50 ng/mL; nerve growth factor (NGF), PeproTech,\nCranbury, NJ) and 10 ng/mL glial-derived neurotrophic factor\n(GDNF, PeproTech) were added to the media under some\nconditions. Cytosine b -D-arabinofuranoside (4 m M) was added to\nthe media for 24 hours the day after plating to reduce the\nproliferation of nonneuronal cells. Media was refreshed 3 times\nper week thereafter. Cultures were fixed for 10 minutes at room",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\napproaches show that a population of small-diameter afferents\nare lost following peripheral nerve injury.\n3.2. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of\nMrgprd-expressing neurons\nTo date, determining cell loss among specific populations of\nafferent neurons has proved challenging due to the down-\nregulation of subpopulation-specific marker genes following axonal transection. <sup>37,44</sup> To overcome this issue, we took\nadvantage of transgenic strategies to label populations in\na manner that persisted after injury. Owing to the bias for the\nloss of small neurons and the known loss of IB4-binding central terminals postinjury, <sup>36</sup> we initially focused on nonpeptidergic nociceptive neurons. We used MrgD <sup>ChR2-YFP</sup> mice to identify\nneurons belonging to the largest of the 3 classes of non- peptidergic nociceptors, NP1. <sup>55,59</sup> To determine whether these\nneurons are lost following nerve injury, we used a stereological method to quantify L4 DRG MrgD-YFP <sup>1</sup> (yellow fluorescent\nprotein) neurons 28 days after sham surgery or SNI trans ( Figs. 3A\nand B ). SNI trans , but not sham, resulted in a significant decrease (54.0 6 6.6%) in the total number of MrgD-YFP <sup>1</sup> neurons in L4\nDRG ( Fig. 3C ). Yellow fluorescent protein expression in MrgD <sup>ChR2-YFP</sup> mice is\ndriven by the endogenous Mrgprd promotor, which has been\nreported to be upregulated or downregulated following axonal damage. <sup>44,58</sup> Such changes in promoter activity could affect the\nproportion of nonpeptidergic nociceptors identified by YFP\nexpression. Therefore, to verify these findings, we used\nMrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 mice and tamoxifen administration before\ninjury, to permanently label Mrgprd- expressing afferents with\nChR2-YFP ( Figs. 3D- F ). We then tested whether the proportion of cutaneous tibial afferents that were YFP <sup>1</sup> was altered following\nnerve injury. Following hindpaw FB injection, ; 15% of contralat-\neral, FB-labelled DRG neurons expressed YFP. This was reduced\nto 6.0 6 1.2% 28 days after SNI crush injury and to only 1.7 6 0.9%\n28 days after SNI trans ( Fig. 3G ). Uptake by uninjured YFP <sup>1</sup>\nneurons was equivalent 7 and 35 days after FB injection,\ndemonstrating that this reduction was not because 7 days were insufficient for YFP <sup>1</sup> [neurons to fully uptake FB (Fig. S3C, http://](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\n[links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). No significant difference in the per-](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84) centage of FB-labelled YFP <sup>1</sup> DRG neurons between ipsilateral\nand contralateral DRG was observed at 7 days following SNI trans\n[(Figs. S4A and B, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), demonstrat-](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\ning that loss occurred after this timepoint. Analysis of the cross- sectional soma area of FB-labelled, YFP <sup>1</sup> neurons in uninjured DRG revealed an area of 361 6 138 m m <sup>2</sup> (mean 6 SD) (Fig. S4C,",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\na substantial loss, which is biased towards specific subpopula-\ntions and particularly present in small-diameter nonpeptidergic\nnociceptive neurons.\nConflict of interest statement\nD.L.B. has acted as a consultant in the last 2 years for AditumBio,\nBiogen, Biointervene, Combigene, LatigoBio, GSK, Ionis, Lexicon\ntherapeutics, Neuvati, Olipass, Orion, Replay, SC Health Manag-\ners, Theranexus, Third RockVentures, and Vida Ventures on behalf\nof Oxford University Innovation. D.L.B. has received research\nfunding from Lilly and Astra Zeneca, and G.A.W. has received\nresearch funding from Ono Pharmaceutical. D.L.B. has received\nan industrial partnership grant from the BBSRC and AstraZeneca.\nThe remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.\nData are available on request to lead contact G.-\n[A.W.—gregory.weir@glasgow.ac.uk. Further information and](mailto:gregory.weir@glasgow.ac.uk)\nrequests for reagents and/or reagents used in this study should\nalso be directed to G.A.W., and we will endeavour to fulfil these.\nAcknowledgments\nThe authors thank Dr Mark Hoon for providing the Trpm8-Flp\ntransgenic mouse line and Prof Andrew Todd and Dr David\nHughes for their critical feedback on the manuscript. Neuron and\nganglion illustrations in Figure 1 [ and S1 (http://links.lww.com/](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\n[PAIN/C84) were adapted from images provided by Servier](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nMedical Art, licensed under CC BY 4.0. The research was funded\nby an MRC Fellowship grant awarded to GAW. (MR/T01072X/1)\nand a Tenovus Scotland Pilot Grant awarded to AHC and GAW\n(S22-17). This work was also funded by the Wellcome Trust (DPhil\nscholarship to AMB, 215145/Z/18/Z) and a Wellcome Investiga-\ntor Grant to D.L.B. (223149/Z/21/Z), as well as the MRC (MR/\nT020113/1), and with funding from the MRC and Versus Arthritis\nto the PAINSTORM consortium as part of the Advanced Pain\nDiscovery Platform (MR/W002388/1). AMB further received\na GTC MSDTC Scholarship.\nSupplemental digital content\nSupplemental digital content associated with this article can be\n[found online at http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84.](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nSupplemental video content\nVideo content associated with this article can be found on the\nPAIN Web site.\nArticle history:\nReceived 14 November 2023\nReceived in revised form 11 April 2024\nAccepted 25 May 2024\nAvailable online 15 August 2024\nReferences\n[1] Abraira VE, Kuehn ED, Chirila AM, Springel MW, Toliver AA, Zimmerman\nAL, Orefice LL, Boyle KA, Bai L, Song BJ, Bashista KA, O’Neill TG, Zhuo J,\nTsan C, Hoynoski J, Rutlin M, Kus L, Niederkofler V, Watanabe M,\nDymecki SM, Nelson SB, Heintz N, Hughes DI, Ginty DD. The cellular and\nsynaptic architecture of the mechanosensory dorsal horn. Cell 2017;168:\n295- 310.e19.",
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+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nAbstract\nThere is a rich literature describing the loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons following peripheral axotomy, but the vulnerability\nof discrete subpopulations has not yet been characterised. Furthermore, the extent or even presence of neuron loss following injury\nhas recently been challenged. In this study, we have used a range of transgenic recombinase driver mouse lines to genetically label\nmolecularly defined subpopulations of DRG neurons and track their survival following traumatic nerve injury. We find that spared\nnerve injury leads to a marked loss of cells containing DRG volume and a concomitant loss of small-diameter DRG neurons. Neuron\nloss occurs unequally across subpopulations and is particularly prevalent in nonpeptidergic nociceptors, marked by expression of\nMrgprd. We show that this subpopulation is almost entirely lost following spared nerve injury and severely depleted (by roughly 50%)\nfollowing sciatic nerve crush. Finally, we used an in vitro model of DRG neuron survival to demonstrate that nonpeptidergic\nnociceptor loss is likely dependent on the absence of neurotrophic support. Together, these results profile the extent to which DRG\nneuron subpopulations can survive axotomy, with implications for our understanding of nerve injury- induced plasticity and pain.\nKeywords: Sensory neuron, Neuron death, Transgenic reporter line, Neuropathic pain, Nerve injury\n1. Introduction\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly\nand functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal\nconditions, this diversity contributes to the ability of the\nsomatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory\nstimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature,\nitch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in DRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability, <sup>57</sup> which is a key pathological driver of neuropathic pain. <sup>20,63</sup> Concomitant\nmolecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur,\nand these have recently been comprehensively described in single-cell <sup>37,44</sup> and subpopulation-specific sequencing stud- ies. <sup>3</sup> These studies describe a transient and generalized\nreduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes\nfollowing nerve injury. <sup>3,37,44</sup>\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature\ndescribing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic\nnerve injury in experimental rodent models. <sup>24,50,53,56</sup> Some\nstudies have suggested that neuron loss occurs in certain patient cohorts, <sup>48,66</sup> but this is yet to be definitively demonstrated in\nhumans. In rodents, most studies support a preferential loss of small cells that give rise to unmyelinated fibers <sup>53</sup> but some contrasting studies describe the preferential loss of large cells <sup>6</sup> or loss of cells of all sizes. <sup>46</sup> Variation is evident across studies in",
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+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nsections. Scale bars 5 100 m m. (C) Quantification of total number of MrgD-YFP 1 cells per L4 DRG 4 weeks after SNI revealed a significant loss in ipsilateral DRG.\nTwo-way RM ANOVA with <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak multiple comparisons tests; Side x Treatment interaction: F 1,5 5 9.23, P 5 0.029; n 5 3 mice. (D) The experimental approach\nused to generate data presented in (E- G). (E and F) MrgD-YFP expression and FB labelling in the L4 DRG, 14 days after SNI or crush surgery or contralateral to\ninjury. White boxes represent regions enlarged in (F). Scale bars 5 100 m m (E) or 20 m m (F). (G) The proportion of FB-labelled DRG neurons decreased after spared\nnerve crush injury, and co-labelling is almost completely absent after SNI. Two-way RM ANOVA with <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak multiple comparisons tests; side 3 injury interaction:\nF 1,4 5 7.80, P 5 0.049; n 5 3 mice. Posttests: * P , 0.05,**\nP , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; SNI, spared nerve injury; FB,\nFastBlue; RM, repeated measures.\nby a population of small-diameter, putative cold-sensitive\nneurons ( Fig. 4B ), accounting for 8.3 6 0.27% of FB-labelled\nneurons in contralateral DRG. This decreased to 4.2 6 0.96%\nipsilateral to SNI trans injury ( Fig. 4E ), indicating a partial loss of Trpm8 <sup>1</sup> afferents. When examining peptidergic afferents, we\nfound that 48.1 6 2.42% of FB-labelled neurons in contralateral\nDRG were Calca-YFP <sup>1</sup> , compared with 34.3 6 2.54% 4 weeks\nafter SNI trans injury ( Figs. 4C and F ), consistent with a partial loss of CGRP <sup>1</sup> afferents. We used a Thy1-CFP line that demon- strates consistent expression postinjury <sup>61</sup> and labels a sample of\nmedium/large diameter myelinated afferents. CFP was largely restricted to NF200 <sup>1</sup> neurons, labelling 56% of this population.\nExpression was present in a heterogenous population of\nnociceptive (TrkA 1 ) and nonnociceptive (TrkA-) myelinated\n[neurons (Fig. S5, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). Contralateral](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nto injury, 15.6 6 1.8% of FB-labelled neurons expressed Thy1-\nCFP ( Figs. 4D and G ). In contrast to unmyelinated subpopula-\ntions, this proportion was higher in ipsilateral DRG following\nSNI trans (23.3 6 3.2%), consistent with no (or minimal) loss of\nThy1-CFP-expressing afferents, accompanied by a loss of Thy1-\nCFP-negative neurons. We did not observe significant alter-\nations in the population distributions of the cross-sectional area\nof surviving, damaged Trpm8-tdTom <sup>1</sup> , Calca-YFP <sup>1</sup> , or Thy1- CFP <sup>1</sup> DRG neurons when compared with DRG contralateral to",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\nplatform to help delineate the precise cell death pathways and\nsignaling cascades engaged (which could then be experimentally\nmanipulated). Such studies should consider that plasticity may evolve over time. The loss of IB4 <sup>1</sup> central terminals is transient\nfollowing crush and has even been observed to reverse at longer\ntimepoints following SNI trans . <sup>36</sup> These observations, in conjunction\nwith ours of loss of neurons, raise the intriguing question of the\nsource of such central reinnervation.\n4.4. Study limitations\nOur efforts focused on traumatic nerve injury paradigms owing to\nprevious contrasting results using these robust and reproducible\nexperimental models. We did not extend our studies to systemic\nneuropathy models, such as chemotherapy or diabetic neurop-\nathy. A recent postmortem analysis reported a neuronal loss in\nthe DRG from patients with painful diabetic peripheral neurop- athy. <sup>19</sup> Transcriptional responses vary substantially across different nerve insults, <sup>44</sup> so it would be of interest to test whether\nneuronal loss and the subpopulation vulnerability reported in this\nstudy are common features across different types of insults.\nUsing multiple approaches, we assess the na ̈ıve mouse L4\nDRG to contain approximately 8000 neurons, consistent with a previous estimate, <sup>67</sup> and observed a frank loss of small-\ndiameter neurons following injury. However, the extent of loss\nobserved using our semiautomated approach was less than that observed using manual techniques. <sup>67</sup> Two major limitations in\nthis study may explain this discrepancy: First, owing to technical\nissues, the cleared DRG dataset is unpaired ipsilateral- contra-\nlateral which adds larger variability. Second, the analysis method\nis prone to undercounting deep nuclei. The signal-to-noise is\nbetter for superficial nuclei and smaller tissue volumes. Given the\nreduction in DRG volume after SNI trans , nuclei in larger\ncontralateral DRG may be undercounted.\nWhile we made efforts to profile the loss of several molecularly\ndiscrete sensory neuron populations, we acknowledge that not all\nsubtypes were profiled. Furthermore, recent single-cell RNA\nsequencing has given us a more granular appreciation of the heterogeneity of sensory neurons. <sup>42</sup> Future studies could\nleverage our experimental approach and new transgenic lines\nto characterize the loss of neurons in more detail. Such\nexperiments may be pertinent before embarking on molecular\nor functional profiling of populations post- nerve injury.\n4.5. Conclusions\nIn sum, we have provided data from multiple complementary\nexperimental approaches to support the hypothesis that DRG\nneurons are lost following nerve injury in mice. We describe",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\ncorrection to thickness was applied; given the use of a dry lens, this\nvalue will not reflect actual section thickness, though this was kept\nconsistent throughout the study). The cell-containing, cross-\nsectional area ( a ) was then calculated, using the middle optical\nsection from the series and drawing around the cell-containing\nregions. Section volume ( V sec ) was then calculated:\nVsec 1⁄4 t 3 a\nUsing the Cavalieri principle, the cell-containing volume of the\nDRG was calculated <sup>11</sup> :\nVDRG 1⁄4  <sup>�</sup> a 3  <sup>�</sup> t 3 l\nwhere  <sup>�</sup> a 5 mean cell-containing cross-sectional area,  <sup>�</sup> t 5\nmean section thickness, and l 5 “length” of the DRG (determined\nfrom the total number of sections collected). The number of\nneurons per section ( N sec ) was quantified in all immunostained\nsections. This included only neurons with a visible nucleus (in the\nNeuN channel), excluded cells with a nucleus visible within the\ntop frame of the Z-stack, and included any neurons with a nucleus\nvisible in any other field within Z-stack, including the bottom frame\nof Z-stack. The cell density or the number of cells per unit vol ( N v )\nwas then calculated:\nN v 1⁄4 <sup>Nsec</sup> Vsec\nFinally, the total number of cells per DRG ( N DRG ) was\ncalculated:\nN DRG 1⁄4 N v 3 V DRG\nFor quantification of the proportion of FB-labelled cells co-\nlabelled with afferent subpopulation markers, initially, the total\nnumber of FB-filled neuronal cell profiles with a visible nucleus\nanywhere within the section was counted, with the observer blind\nto other channels. The other channel was then revealed, and\ninstances of co-labelling were quantified. No stereological\ncorrection was applied, given that the similar size of neuronal\nnuclei would prevent over-counts of large neurons and that no\ncomparisons of the total number of labelled cells were made. For\nsoma area analyses, the area of neuronal soma expressing the\nappropriate marker was measured in the optical section within\nthe Z-stack in which that neuron was at its largest, by drawing\naround the perimeter of the neuron in Fiji/ImageJ v2.14.0/1.54f.\n2.6. Tissue clearing and 3D volumetric analyses\nDorsal root ganglia were extracted from animals 4 weeks post-\nSNI trans for whole DRG analyses. In this study, tissue was extracted\nfrom a combination of MrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai14, Th <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai14, and\nCalca <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai14 lines (mixed sex). <sup>3</sup> One month after SNI trans ,",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\ntemperature with 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently\nprocessed by immunocytochemistry (described earlier).\n2.9. Statistical analysis\nData are expressed as mean 6 SEM unless otherwise specified,\nand P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Power calculations were performed using G*Power 3.1.9.7. <sup>15</sup> A quantitative Venn diagram was created using BioVenn. <sup>25</sup> All\nother statistical analyses were performed in Prism 10 (GraphPad\nSoftware, Inc, Boston, MA) or R using paired t tests or 1- or 2-way\nRM ANOVAs (repeated measures analysis of variance), where\nappropriate. Normality was assessed by the Shapiro- Wilk test. If\nthe main analysis of variance effect was significant, <sup>ˇ</sup> S ́ıd  ́ak or\nTukey multiple comparisons tests were performed. To compare\npopulation distributions of soma cross-sectional area or volume,\nKolmogorov- Smirnov tests were performed.\n3. Results\n3.1. Peripheral nerve injury induces a loss of small neurons\nfrom the dorsal root ganglion\nTo assess the gross loss of neurons from DRG following nerve\ninjury, we generated the Avil <sup>FlpO</sup> ;Atf3 <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;RC::FLTG mouse\nline in which na ̈ıve and axotomized sensory neurons were\ndifferentially labelled. In this mouse line, all neurons express\ntdTomato (Flp-dependent) in the na ̈ıve state and switch to\nexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon axonal damage\nand concurrent tamoxifen treatment (Flp- and Cre-dependent)\n( Figs. 1A and B ). Following pilot experiments to optimize\ntamoxifen dosing regimen, this approach was both highly efficient\nand specific (with the caveat that it was necessary to wait for\nseveral days after nerve injury for Cre-induced GFP expression):\n14 days after SNI trans surgery, GFP was expressed by 99.1 6\n0.6% of Atf3-expressing ipsilateral L4 DRG neurons, while we\nobserved GFP in only 4.6 6 0.7% of contralateral DRG neurons\n[(Figs. S2A- D, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84). We then used](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\na stereological approach to quantify the total number of neurons\nin L4 DRG ipsilateral to injury 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNI trans, as\nwell as contralateral to injury. One week after SNI trans , we\nobserved 7809 6 153 neurons per DRG; this was not significantly\ndifferent to the number of neurons in the contralateral DRG\n(7917 6 349), whereas cell number approximately halved by\n8 weeks postinjury to 3963 6 410 neurons per DRG ( Fig. 1C ).\nSeparating analysis into intact vs axotomized afferents revealed\nthat only axotomized afferents were lost, with no difference\nobserved in numbers of intact afferents ( Fig. 1D ). Between 1 and",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\noriginal work is properly cited.\n[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003321](http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003321)\nDecember 2024 · Volume 165 · Number 12 www.painjournalonline.com 2863\nneuron loss after nerve injury and to test the hypothesis that loss is\nnot equally distributed across molecular populations.\n2. Methods\n2.1. Animals\nMice were housed in groups in humidity- and temperature-controlled\nrooms with free access to food and water, on a 12-hour light- dark\ncycle, and with environmental enrichment. Animal procedures were\nperformed under a UK Home Office Project Licence and in\naccordance with the UK Home Office (Scientific Procedures) Act\n(1986). All studies were approved by the Ethical Review Process\nApplicationsPaneloftheUniversityofGlasgoworOxfordandconform\nto the ARRIVE guidelines. Experiments were performed on adult male\nandfemalemiceaged7to16weeksatthestartoftheexperiments.All\nexperimental cohorts contained a mix of male and female mice, apart\nfrom the cohort of Mrgprd <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32 mice that underwent SNI crush\nsurgery, which was exclusively female. Details of transgenic lines are\nprovided in Table 1 . Tamoxifen was administered by i.p. injection of\n20 mg/mL tamoxifen (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in wheat germ oil\n(doses described in Table 1 ). There were 2 instances where animals\nwere excluded from data analysis: One (cyan fluorescent protein)\nThy1-CFP died of unknown causes not related to the procedure and\nbefore the experimental endpoint, and one MrgD <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;Ai32\nexhibited no fluorophore expression and was therefore deemed to\nhave been incorrectly genotyped. Group sizes were based on the\nextent of neuronal loss 28d following sciatic nerve transection identified by Shi et al. <sup>50</sup> Given a 5 0.05, power 5 0.8, and an effect\nsize of 4.81, power analysis projects that a group size of 3 mice would\nbe needed.\n2.2. Spared nerve transection and crush surgeries\nSpared nerve injury (transection of the common peroneal and\ntibial branches of the sciatic nerve; SNI trans ) and common\nperoneal and tibial crush injury (SNI crush ), in which nerve axons\nwere severed but the epineurium remained intact, were performed as previously described. <sup>12</sup> Anesthesia was induced\nwith 3% to 5% isoflurane and then maintained at 1.5% to 2% as\nrequired. Analgesia, consisting of carprofen (10 mg/kg) and\nbuprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg) (Glasgow) or carprofen (5 mg/kg)\nand local bupivacaine (2 mg/kg) (Oxford) was provided perioper-\natively. The left hindpaw was secured with tape in hip abduction,\nand the operative field (lateral surface of the thigh) was shaved.\nOphthalmic ointment was applied to the eyes, and the shaved\narea was swabbed with chlorhexidine solution. A longitudinal",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Peripheral nerve injury results in a biased loss of sensory neuron subpopulations · ·\n\n### sensory neuron subpopulations\n\n#### Magdalena Redondo Canales <sup>a</sup> , Heather F. Titterton <sup>a</sup> , David L. Bennett <sup>b</sup> , Greg A. Weir <sup>a,</sup> *\n\n[http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84), which is a distribution profile](http://links.lww.com/PAIN/C84)\nmatching those neurons presumed lost. Collectively, these data\nshow that peripheral nerve injury results in a substantial loss of\nnonpeptidergic, Mrgprd -expressing neurons, with SNI trans (ie, an\nunrepaired axonal transection) resulting in an almost complete\nloss of this population.\nFigure 1. SNI trans induces death of small primary afferent neurons, accompanied by a reduction in volume, not cell density, of the dorsal root ganglion. (A) Approach to differentially labelled intact afferents with tdTomato and damaged afferents with GFP after peripheral nerve injury using the Avil <sup>FlpO</sup> ;Atf3 <sup>CreERT2</sup> ;RC::\nFLTG mouse line and schematic of experimental timeline. (B) Representative image of GFP, tdTomato, and NeuN expression in an L4 DRG, 2 weeks after SNI trans .\nScale bars 5 100 m m. (C and D) Stereological quantification of the total number of DRG neurons (C) or number of axotomized and intact neurons (D) in the L4 DRG\n1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNI trans or contralateral (contra) to injury. (C) One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 37.98, P , 0.001. (D) Two-way RM ANOVA;\nTimepoint 3 Color interaction F 4,10 5 39.04, P , 0.001, n 5 3 mice; Tukey posttests (between injured groups): † P , 0.05 vs contra, ‡ P , 0.05 vs 1-week. (E)\nVolume of DRG-containing cells (ie, excluding white matter tracts) following SNI trans . One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F 4,10 5 21.25, P , 0.001, n 5 3. (F)\nNeuronal density within the DRG following SNI trans . One-way ANOVA; F 4,10 5 2.77, P 5 0.09, n 5 3. (G) Population distribution of uninjured and injured afferents by\ncross-sectional area, 1 and 8 weeks post-SNI trans . Kolmogorov- Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; Uninjured: D 5 0.08, P 5 0.18; Injured: D 5 0.32, P ,\n0.001; n 5 310 to 427 neurons from 3 mice. * P , 0.05,**\nP , 0.01, *** P , 0.001 vs contra. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GFP, green\nfluorescent protein.\n3.3. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm8 <sup>1</sup> and calcitonin gene-related peptide <sup>1</sup> but not myelinated dorsal\nroot ganglion neurons\nLoss restricted to nonpeptidergic nociceptors would not fully\naccount for the degree of total neuron loss that we observed.\nTherefore, we studied a range of other subpopulations, both\nsmall and large in diameter, for their vulnerability to injury-",
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF",
+                "query": "Does the Oxbridge Academy have a guide on how to apply to college?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "To make the college registration process easier for you, we’ve compiled a comprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/).",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\nbasis, as we’ll be using this address to communicate with you\nthroughout your studies. **Occupation**\nRefers to your current job (if you are employed). If you are\nunemployed, you can simply write “unemployed” or “not applicable”. **Delivery address**\nRefers to the address at which you want your study material to be\ndelivered. The reason why we prefer you to select your work address\nis  so that there will  always  be someone available  to receive your\nstudy material, even if you are not there when the courier arrives.\n\nPLEASE REMEMBER TO ATTACH THE FOLLOWING\nDOCUMENTS TO YOUR REGISTRATION FORM:\nA copy of your ID\nProof of your highest grade passed\nProof of any other relevant qualifications you have obtained In this section, you need to place a cross in the box next to the method\nby which you would like to receive your study material. In the example\nabove, the student has indicated that they would like to receive their\nstudy material via registered post.\nSTEP 3 -  SELECT YOUR DELIVERY OPTION\n\nSTEP 4 -  PAY YOUR REGISTRATION FEE AND SEND IN YOUR FORM\nDifferent courses have different registration fees. Please check the course\nfees list (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/Documents/ Price-list-2015.pdf) to\nfind out how much you need to pay to register for your chosen course, and\npay this amount using the banking details provided at the bottom of the\nregistration form. Remember to attach your proof of payment.\nIf you are under the age of 18, your parent or guardian will need to sign\nthis section of the form to state that they are aware of your registration\nwith Oxbridge Academy, and that they do not have any objections. If you\nare unemployed,  you will need a guarantor to sign this section of the\nform. Your parent or guarantor will be held responsible if you miss any of\nyour payments in relation to your course fees.\nSEND YOUR REGISTRATION FORM\nCHOOSE YOUR COURSE **1**\nFILL IN THE\nREGISTRATION FORM",
+                    "page_start": 22,
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+                    "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n\n###### CHAPTER 5:\n\n**Uninterested/Disinterested**\n“Uninterested” means not interested.\nE.g. The spectator was uninterested in the outcome of the game, as he\ndid not support either of the teams on the field.\n“Disinterested” means impartial or unbiased.\nE.g. The judge was disinterested in the matter.\n**Your/You’re**\n“Your” is a possessive pronoun.\nE.g. Your assignment was due two days ago.\n“You’re” is a contraction of “you are”.\nE.g. You’re supposed to be at work today.\n###### CHAPTER 5:\nTIPS FOR FILLING IN YOUR COLLEGE REGISTRATION FORM\nApplying for college (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) can be a\ndaunting experience. Not only do you need to choose a course, but you\nalso need to make sure that you:\n- meet the entry requirements\n- meet the deadlines\n- fill in the forms correctly\n- send the forms to the right address\n- include all the necessary attachments\nTo make the college registration process easier for you, we’ve compiled a\ncomprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy\n(www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) . The guide also includes general\ntips that will be relevant to the application and registration processes at\nother colleges.\n**There are 4 steps you need to follow when you want to register as a student at Oxbridge Academy:**\n**1.**   Select Your Course\n**2.**   Fill in Your Student Details\n**3.**   Select Your Delivery Option\n**4.**   Pay Your Registration Fee and Send in Your Form\n\nSTEP 1 -  SELECT YOUR COURSE\n\nBefore you start filling in the registration form, you need to choose your\ncourse. Once you’ve identified the course that  you would like to study,\nremember to check that you meet the entry requirements.\nYou can find the course name and course code for  your chosen course on\nthe relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look\nat the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code\nare circled in red):\n\nPlease make sure to check the accreditation status of your chosen course.\nSome of our courses are non-credit bearing skills development courses,\nwhich are neither accredited by external bodies nor registered on the NQF.\nPlease go to our website: *oxbridgeacademy.co.za*  for more information\nabout  our  skills  development courses.\n\nOxbridge Academy Short Course: Marketing Management\nADV101\nSTEP 2 -  FILL IN YOUR STUDENT DETAILS\nTo complete this section, you need to provide us with your personal\ndetails:\n**E-mail address**\nPlease provide a valid e-mail address that you check on a regular",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **4 5**\nIF YOU ARE REGISTERING\nFOR an ICB, or NATED\nCOURSE\nmake sure to indicate your preferred exam centre.\nIF YOU ARE UNDER\n18, OR IF YOU ARE\nUNEMPLOYED\nmake sure that your parent/guardian/guarantor signs the form.\nATTACH THE FOLLOWING\nDOCUMENTS\n1. Copy of your ID\n2. Proof of highest grade passed\n3. Proof of other qualifications\n4. Proof of payment\nPAY YOUR\nREGISTRATION FEE\nSend your registration form to the\nregistrations office at Oxbridge Academy via\none of the following channels:\nFax: 086 262 5550\nPost: PO Box 12723, Die Boord, 7613\nE-mail:    registrar@oxbridgeacademy.co.za",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n20. Plagiarism is not a serious offence.\n21. When writing an exam, you should always answer the questions in\nnumerical order.\n22. E-mail etiquette is important in the workplace.\n23. Mind maps help you to understand the relationships between con­\ncepts.\n24. When you answer an essay question, you should try to include as\nmuch information as possible.\nDo the following:\n25. Create a mind map to summarise Chapter 7 (How to Ask for Help\nfrom Your Tutor). (5)\n26. List 3 things you need to do if you want to earn good marks for your\nwritten assignments. (3)\n27. List 5 important things to keep in mind when writing a cover letter.\n(5)\n28. List 5 of the things that you should include in a resignation letter.\n(5)\n29. List 3 methods you can use to summarise your study material. (3)\n30. Give 2 examples of how good language skills can benefit your ca­\nreer. (2)\n31. Complete the following sentence:\nSummarising your study material gives you the opportunity to\n###### Did you enjoy reading this book?\nJoin our online social community and share your opinion:\nwww.facebook.com/oxbridgeacademysa\ntwitter.com/oxbridgeEdu\nwww.linkedin.com/company/oxbridge-academy\nOxbridge Academy is an established distance learning college offer­\ning skills courses, national qualifications, and internationally recognised\ncourses to students in South Africa and abroad.\nWith our head office in Stellenbosch in the Western Cape, we cater to our\nstudents’ needs by recruiting industry-expert tutors to provide academic\nassistance via telephone and e-mail, as well as by designing our study\nmaterial in such a way that it is clear, simple, and easy for our students\nto understand.\nWith us, studying from home is easy, affordable, and convenient.\nCONTACT NUMBERS:\nTel: 021 1100 200\nTel:+2721 883 2454 (international)\nFax: 086 111 2121\nFax: +2721 883 2378 (international)\nWhatsapp: 0605671585\nEmail: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za\nPostal Address:\nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, Stellenbosch, 7613\nWe are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section\n31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070.\n*Developed for Oxbridge Academy*",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\nA Summary of the Registration Process at Oxbridge Academy\nAs soon as your details\nhave been captured\non our system you will\nreceive confirmation\nof your registration via\ne-mail or SMS\n###### CHAPTER 6:\nLEARN HOW TO SUMMARISE YOUR STUDY MATERIAL\n\nTo  be successful in your studies, you need to learn how to create\nmeaningful summaries of your course material. This is especially\nimportant if you are a distance learning student (www.oxbridgeacademy.\nco.za/distance-learning/), as you won’t have a teacher or lecturer to\npoint out key concepts, or to give you tips about the types of questions\nyou can expect in the exams.\nSUMMARISING YOUR WORK GIVES YOU AN OPPORTUNITY TO:\n- Organise your study material into a structure that makes sense to you.\n- Arrange your study material into a format that suits your learning style.\n- Create memory aids for yourself.\n- Identify key ideas and concepts.\n- Focus on what’s important.\n- Prepare for exams more easily.\nSO WHAT EXACTLY IS A SUMMARY?\nA summary is more than just a condensed or shortened version of your\nwork. A summary requires you to analyse your study material, to identify\nthe key concepts, and to explain it in your  own words.\nTo make a good summary, you need to:\n- Keep it brief.\n- Make sure to use main headings and keywords.\n- Focus on the main ideas.\n- Classify and organise the information in a logical manner.\n- Use your own words where possible.\n- Include examples.\n- Remember that your summaries are there to help you.\nYOU CAN MAKE YOUR SUMMARIES IN DIFFERENT FOR­ MATS. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:\nMind Maps (Spider Diagrams)\nA mind map is a visual expression of thoughts, ideas and concepts. It\nusually takes the form of a diagram, with the main concept in the centre,\nand the related concepts branching out from there. Here is an example:\n\nPayroll Contracts\n**HR**\n**Manager’s Duties**\nStaff\nTraining\nDiscipline\nThe benefits of using mind maps include the following:\n- They help you to see how the different bits of information fit into the\nbigger picture.\n- They help you to understand the relationships between concepts.\n- They help you to memorise information more quickly (by engaging both hemispheres of your brain).\nTips for making mind maps:",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n###### CHAPTER 8:\n\nyou make spelling mistakes, you will give your tutors  a bad impression,\nas it makes your writing look sloppy.\n####### **Check that you have typed in the correct e-mail address.**\nIt’s easy to type in the wrong address by mistake.\n####### **Take care when sending attachments.**\nIf you need to send an attachment, make sure that it is in an accessible\nfile format, and that the size doesn’t exceed the maximum\nlimit. Many e-mail clients limit the size  of attachments  to 5 MB -- and if\nyour attachment exceeds this size, your e-mail might not be delivered.\n####### **Say “thank you”.**\nIf you receive a reply from your tutor, it is good manners to acknowledge\nreceipt of the response by sending a “thank you” e- mail.\n\nBy following these tips, you are more likely to establish good relationships\nwith your tutors, as well as to get the type of academic support that\nyou need.\n**Remember that asking for help is a sign of strength. And asking for help early on in your studies will increase your chances of success.**\n###### CHAPTER 8:\nTIPS FOR COMPLETING YOUR WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS\nDepending on which course you study, you will either be assessed\nby means of written assignments, or through a combination of\nwritten assignments and exams. Assignments not only help to\ndeepen your understanding of the work, but they often also count\ntoward your final mark.\nIt is therefore important that you put effort into your assignments,\nand  that you complete them to the best of your ability.\nWe realise that, like many other students, you might be unsure of\nhow to go about completing your assignments, or that you might be\nafraid of failure.\nIf you are an Oxbridge Academy student, we’d like you to know\nthat we are here to help you every step of the way, and that we will\ngive you the opportunity to resubmit your assignments if you don’t\nachieve a pass mark the first time around.\nHERE ARE 10 TIPS FOR HOW YOU CAN ACHIEVE HIGHER MARKS FOR YOUR WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS:\n1. Read (and follow) the instructions carefully.\nIf you are an Oxbridge Academy student, the general assignment\nguidelines will be provided in your “Success” Study Guide. Specific\ninstructions will also be included at the beginning of each of your",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n####### **Proofread your e-mail.**\n\nAnd if you are studying via distance learning (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.\nza/distance-learning/), where you don’t  have  any face-to-face interac­\ntion with lecturers, you will need to rely on your tutors for the necessary\nacademic support.\nIf you have any questions about your course work, you are always\nwelcome to approach your tutors for help. Just remember that your\ntutors cannot guess what your needs are: you will have to make\ncontact with your tutors and communicate  your  questions clearly if\nyou want to get the assistance that you need.\nWhen it comes to contacting your tutors, your best option will\nusually be to send an e-mail.\nHere are some important tips to keep in mind when\nrequesting help from a tutor via e-mail:\n**Use a relevant and descriptive subject line.**\nThis way, your tutor will immediately know what your e-mail is\nabout, and he or she will be more likely to open it. A good subject\nline might read as follows: “Enquiry regarding Assignment 1 for\nSafety Management 101”\n####### **Be polite, and use an appropriate form of address.**\nAlways start your e-mail with an appropriate form of address,\nsuch as “Hello Mr/Ms ...” and sign it off with your full name and\nstudent number. This will help to give your message a friendly, yet\nprofessional tone.\n####### **Be clear and concise.**\nMake sure that your tutor will be able to understand what it is that\nyou are asking.\nCompare the following examples:\nExample A\nExample B\nBy stating the problem clearly, and by asking a specific question that\nyou would like your tutor to answer, such as in example B, you are much\nmore likely to get a meaningful response from your tutor.\n####### **Don’t use text-speak (such as “ur” and “pls”) in your e-mail.**\nNot only does this look unprofessional, but your tutor may have a hard\ntime understanding what it is that you are trying to say. You should also\navoid using emoticons ( ;-) ), as these don’t belong in formal communica­\ntion.\n####### **Proofread your e-mail.**\nRead through your e-mail to make sure you have:\n- Stated your question/problem clearly.\n- Used a suitable tone.\n- Used correct grammar.\n\nAlso use spellcheck to make sure that there are no spelling mistakes. If",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted\nin any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,\nrecording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in\nwriting from the publisher. Subject to any applicable licensing terms and conditions in\nthe case of electronically supplied publications, a person may engage in fair dealing\nwith a copy of this publication for his or her personal or private use, or his or her\nresearch or private study. See Section 12(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978.\nThe authors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and\nto acknowledge the use of copyright material. Should any infringement of copyright\nhave occurred, please contact the publisher, and every effort will be made to rectify\nomissions or errors in the event of a reprint or new edition.\nDeveloped for Oxbridge Academy - 2015\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n1. General Language Tips to Get You Started\n2. Parts of Speech\n3. Punctuation\n4. Commonly Confused Words and Phrases\n5. Tips for Filling in Your College Registration Form\n6. Learn How to Summarise Your Study Material\n7. How to Ask for Help from Your Tutor\n8. Tips for Completing Your Written Assignments\n9. Tips for Answering Exam Questions\n10. Language Skills at Work -  How to Write a Cover Letter\n11. Language  Skills  at Work  -  How to Write a   Resignation Letter\n12. Language Skills at Work - Sending E-mails to Your Colleagues\n###### CHAPTER 1:\nGENERAL LANGUAGE TIPS TO GET YOU STARTED\nThis chapter focuses on the importance of language skills in the\nworkplace, and covers basic tips for how you can improve  your\ncommand of the English language.\n*“The English language is nobody’s special property.*\n*It is the property of the imagination.*\n*It is the property of the language itself”*\n*Derek Walcott*\nWhen we think about our careers, and what we need to do to establish them, we\noften forget about the need to develop an essential skill: communication. If you\nstart reading through the job descriptions in a industry, you will find that the vast\nmajority of jobs require one or more of the following:\n- Effective communication skills\n- Interpersonal skills\n- Ability to work in a team\n- Negotiation skills\n- Conflict resolution skills\n- Report writing skills\nWhat all of these skills have in common is that they involve the use of",
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+                    "text": "# 2021 No. 582  PUBLIC HEALTH, ENGLAND  The Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and  [...]\n\n## Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021\n\n### SCHEDULES\n\n#### territories\n\n###### **Modification of application of this Schedule where P is a relevant person**\n\nsub-paragraph (4), where it is necessary for P to care for that relevant person, and where the\nSecretary of State has confirmed in writing that this paragraph applies in relation to P and has not\nwithdrawn that confirmation.\n(6)  P is also a relevant person if—\n(a)  P needs to visit a person (“D”) whom P reasonably believes is dying, or where D is\nseverely ill;\n(b)  P is a member of D’s household or a close family member or friend of D;\n(c)  it would not be reasonably practicable for P to visit D if P were required to self-isolate in\ndesignated accommodation; and\n(d)  the Secretary of State has confirmed in writing that this paragraph applies in relation to P\nand has not withdrawn that confirmation.\n(7)  In this paragraph—\n(a)  “boarding school” means a school or college, which—\n(i)  provides accommodation for its pupils or, as the case may be, students on its own\npremises, or\n(ii)  arranges accommodation for its pupils or students to be provided elsewhere (other\nthan in connection with a residential trip away from the school);\n(b)  “school” means—\n(i)  an alternative provision academy within the meaning of section 1C of the Academies\nAct 2010(  **a**  ),\n(ii)  a community, foundation or voluntary school or a community or foundation special\nschool within the meaning of section 20 of the School Standards and Framework Act\n1998(  **b**  ),\n(iii)  an independent school (as defined by section 463 of the Education Act 1996(  **c**  ))\nregistered under section 95 of the Education and Skills Act 2008(  **d**  ),\n(iv)  a non-maintained special school (as defined in section 337A of the Education Act\n1996(  **e**  ), or\n(v)  a pupil referral unit within the meaning of section 19(2B) of the Education Act\n1996(  **f**  );\n(c)  “college” means—\n(i)  an institution within the further education sector within the meaning of section 91 of\nthe Further and Higher Education Act 1992(  **g**  ), or\n(ii)  a 16 to 19 Academy within the meaning of section 1B of the Academies Act\n2010(  **h**  ).\n\n(  **a**  ) 2010 c. 32; section 1C was inserted by section 53(7) of the Education Act 2011 (c. 21).\n(  **b**  ) 1998 c. 31; section 20 was amended by paragraph 95 of Schedule 21 to the Education Act 2002 (c. 32), paragraph 13 of",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 10:\n\naddress below that, on the left.\n- If you are sending your cover letter via e-mail: write the letter in the\nbody of the e-mail, and start with the salutation  (instead of your ad­\ndress).\n- If you are responding to a job advertisement via e-mail, use the sub­\nject line provided in the advertisement. If no subject line was provid­\ned, use a relevant subject line that refers to the position being ad­\nvertised. E.g. “Application for Project Management Assistant position\n(ref. no. 4231)”.\n\nSalutation\nIf you know the name of the person to whom you are writing:\n- Start your letter by addressing the recipient by name: e.g.\n“Dear Mr John Smith/Dear Ms Joanne Smith”\nIf you don’t know the name of the person to whom you are  writing\n(and only if you have no way of establishing the recipient’s name):\n- Start your letter by addressing the recipient in one of the following\nways:  “Dear Hiring Manager” or “Dear Sir/Madam”\nIn an e-mail, you can also leave out the salutation entirely (and replace\nit with a subject line) if you don’t know the name of the intended recip­\nient, and you feel uncomfortable using an impersonal salutation such as\n“Dear Sir/Madam”.\n\nFirst Paragraph\nIntroduce yourself, and explain why you are writing the letter.\nIf you are responding to a job advertisement, state which advertisement\nyou are responding to, and indicate where you found it.\nFor example:\n“I would like to apply for the position of Graphic Designer, as advertised\nin the Career Times on 1 March 2015.”\nIf possible, mention a mutual contact or acquaintance.\nFor example:\n“Samantha Stevens mentioned that you are looking for an experienced\nGraphic Designer with a keen interest in the fashion industry.”\n\nSecond Paragraph\nMention your qualifications, skills and experience, and relate them to the\nneeds of the company. Give relevant examples of how you have used\nyour skills in the past to perform similar tasks and responsibilities to\nthose set out in the job description.\nThird Paragraph\nExplain why you want to work for this organisation in particular. Where\nrelevant, explain any gaps in your CV. If you don’t have the required\nacademic qualifications, for example, you can explain  how your practical\nwork experience makes up for it.\nFourth paragraph\nMention any documents or attachments that you have included with your",
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+                "query": "I have trouble writing effective summaries in English, do you have any tips?",
+                "target_page": 29,
+                "target_passage": "To make a good summary, you need to: • Keep it brief. • Make sure to use main headings and keywords. • Focus on the main ideas. • Classify and organise the information in a logical manner. • Use your own words where possible. • Include examples. • Remember that your summaries are there to help you",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\nA Summary of the Registration Process at Oxbridge Academy\nAs soon as your details\nhave been captured\non our system you will\nreceive confirmation\nof your registration via\ne-mail or SMS\n###### CHAPTER 6:\nLEARN HOW TO SUMMARISE YOUR STUDY MATERIAL\n\nTo  be successful in your studies, you need to learn how to create\nmeaningful summaries of your course material. This is especially\nimportant if you are a distance learning student (www.oxbridgeacademy.\nco.za/distance-learning/), as you won’t have a teacher or lecturer to\npoint out key concepts, or to give you tips about the types of questions\nyou can expect in the exams.\nSUMMARISING YOUR WORK GIVES YOU AN OPPORTUNITY TO:\n- Organise your study material into a structure that makes sense to you.\n- Arrange your study material into a format that suits your learning style.\n- Create memory aids for yourself.\n- Identify key ideas and concepts.\n- Focus on what’s important.\n- Prepare for exams more easily.\nSO WHAT EXACTLY IS A SUMMARY?\nA summary is more than just a condensed or shortened version of your\nwork. A summary requires you to analyse your study material, to identify\nthe key concepts, and to explain it in your  own words.\nTo make a good summary, you need to:\n- Keep it brief.\n- Make sure to use main headings and keywords.\n- Focus on the main ideas.\n- Classify and organise the information in a logical manner.\n- Use your own words where possible.\n- Include examples.\n- Remember that your summaries are there to help you.\nYOU CAN MAKE YOUR SUMMARIES IN DIFFERENT FOR­ MATS. HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:\nMind Maps (Spider Diagrams)\nA mind map is a visual expression of thoughts, ideas and concepts. It\nusually takes the form of a diagram, with the main concept in the centre,\nand the related concepts branching out from there. Here is an example:\n\nPayroll Contracts\n**HR**\n**Manager’s Duties**\nStaff\nTraining\nDiscipline\nThe benefits of using mind maps include the following:\n- They help you to see how the different bits of information fit into the\nbigger picture.\n- They help you to understand the relationships between concepts.\n- They help you to memorise information more quickly (by engaging both hemispheres of your brain).\nTips for making mind maps:",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n###### CHAPTER 7:\n\n- Use different colours to distinguish between concepts.\n- Use key words and phrases, instead  of writing in full sentences.\n- Include images/drawings that are relevant to the topic(s).\n- Use arrows to show how different concepts are related.\n\nBULLET POINTS OR LISTS\nIf you find that you memorise things more easily when they are in list\nform, then it might be a good  idea  to  use  bullet  points  when sum­\nmarising your work.\nUsing bullet points can help you to understand (and memorise) your\nwork more easily, as it requires you to:\n- Identify the key points that you want to include in your lists.\n- Come up with a logical structure for your lists.\n- Categorise information into relevant lists.\nHere is an example:\n- Pay salaries on time\n- Make necessary\ndeductions\n- Calculate overtime\n- Draft employment\ncontracts\n- Ensure safekeeping of\nemployment contracts\n- Establish staff training\nneeds\n- Establish skills gaps\n- Take responsibility for\nsuccession planning\n####### **HR Manager’s Duties**\nContracts Training Payroll\nFLASH CARDS\nFlash cards are pieces of paper (or card) with questions on the one\nside, and corresponding answers on the other side.\nHere is an example:\n**What does OHS stand for?**\n**Occupational**\n**Health**\n**and Safety**\nTips for using flash cards:\n- Include images/visual cues on your flash cards, as this will help you to\nmemorise the contents.\n- When studying, shuffle your deck of flash cards regularly (to make\nsure that you aren’t simply memorising the order of the answers).\n- Add new flash cards to your deck as you cover new topics or learn\nnew concepts.\nfront back\nSUMMARIES\nGeneral Tips for Making Summaries\n- Underline or highlight key points as you work through your study material, and make notes.\n- When you come across a word or concept you don’t understand,\nlook it up in a dictionary, or do some research on the concept, and\nadd your own definition to your summary.\n###### CHAPTER 7:\nHOW TO ASK FOR HELP FROM YOUR TUTOR\nAs a student, you are going to experience times when you need help\nwith your studies. You might be unsure about an assignment question,\nyou might be confused by a particular concept, or you might be stressed\nabout the upcoming exams.",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 12:\n\nThey were late for work, because there/their train was delayed.\n7. Choose the correct word:\nYou’re/Your going to write your exam next week.\n8. Choose the correct word:\nHe asked his manager for advice/advise regarding a problem at work.\n9. Choose the correct word:\nThere/They’re/Their going to watch a movie this weekend.\nChoose the most correct answer for each of the following questions:\n10. What is an adjective used for?\nA - To describe a noun\nB - To describe a verb\nC - To replace a pronoun\nD - None of the above\n11. When should you use a comma?\nA - When you want to separate items in a list.\nB - When you want to separate a quotation from the rest of\na sentence.\nC - When you are addressing someone or something directly.\nD - All of the above.\n12. Your tutor is there to:\nA - Give you the right answers when you are doing\nyour assignments.\nB - Help you when you get stuck with your course work.\nC - Assist you in completing your assignments.\nD - B and C\n13. If, in an exam, you are asked to compare object A and object B, it\nmeans that you should:\nA - Carefully examine them both, and give a judgement\nor opinion.\nB - Highlight or point out the differences and similarities\nbetween them.\nC - Show what each object is like.\nD - Clearly identify the differences between the objects.\n14. When sending an e-mail to a colleague, you should NOT:\nA - Proofread your e-mail before you hit ‘send’.\nB - Structure your message clearly.\nC - Use a relevant and descriptive subject line.\nD - Type in ALL CAPS.\n15. Punctuation is used to:\nA - Show emphasis\nB - Clarify meaning\nC - Make sentences look neat and tidy\nD - A and B\n16. A good summary:\nA - Uses the same words as the ones used in the study material.\nB - Does not focus on specific keywords.\nC - Includes examples.\nD - Is very detailed.\nTrue or false:\n17. You do not need to study for an open-book exam.\n18. Adding images to flash cards can help you to memorise your work.\n19. You cannot use a dictionary when summarising your study material.",
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+                },
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 12:\n\n- Always use a relevant and descriptive subject line.\nE-mails with blank subject lines may be marked as spam by the\nrecipient’s e-mail client, and e-mails with non-descriptive subject\nlines such as “Hello” or “Meeting” may be ignored.\n- Write your e-mail in clear and simple language.\nDon’t try to sound too formal, and don’t use complicated words\nwhen simple ones would work just fine. As far as possible, write in\nthe active voice.\n- Structure your message clearly, and include only the necessary information.\nTake care not to confuse the message by including too many topics\nin one e-mail. Respect your colleagues’ time, and try to keep your\nmessages as short as possible.\n- Don’t type your e-mail in ALL CAPS.\nThis is regarded as the online equivalent of shouting.\n- Always proofread your e-mail before you hit ‘send’.\nGrammar and spelling errors come across as unprofessional.\n- If you include a link in your e-mail, make sure that you provide some\ncontext.\nYour recipients are unlikely to click on a link if they don’t have any\nidea as to what they are going to see when they open it.\n- Only mark an e-mail as ‘urgent’ when it really does require immedi­ ate attention.\nWhat’s urgent to you may not always be urgent to your recipients.\n- Don’t use the CC’ or Reply All’ functions unnecessarily.\nOnly send your e-mails to the people who really need to see them.\n- Only include necessary attachments with your e-mails.\nRemember that many e-mail clients have a size limit on attach­\nments, and that attachments over a certain size may cause your\ne-mail to be blocked.\n- Keep it professional.\nDon’t pass on spam e-mails, chain letters, or inappropriate jokes,\nand don’t spread gossip via e-mail.\nASSIGNMENT\n1. Identify the verb in the following sentence:\nThe grey elephant drinks water from the largest lake in Africa.\n2. Identify the collective noun in the following sentence:\nThe board of directors voted in favour of the decision.\n3. Correct the punctuation in the following sentence:\nAnthea will you please buy bread milk and eggs when you go to the\nshop.\n4. Choose the correct word:\nCharles was accepted/excepted into the engineering studies course at\nOxbridge Academy.\n5. Choose the correct word:\nIts/It’s time to go home now.\n6. Choose the correct word:",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n\n###### CHAPTER 3:\n\nI can’t remember whether he is studying bookkeeping or accounting.\nHe missed his bus, yet he still made it to work on time\nExample:\n###### CHAPTER 3:\nPUNCTUATION\nParts of speech are used to construct meaningful sentences.\nPunctuation refers to the various signs and symbols that are used in\nwritten language to:\n- Clarify meaning\n- Show emphasis\n- Break passages of text into separate parts, making them easier\nto read\nPunctuation rules are there to make sure that we all use punctuation\nmarks consistently. If we all used punctuation according to our own\npreferences, it would become incredibly confusing, and it would no longer\nhelp to clarify the meaning of our text.\n###### CHAPTER 3:\nPUNCTUATION\nParts of speech are used to construct meaningful sentences.\n???\nHave a look at the table below to see the most important\npunctuation rules:\n|  PUNCTUATION  |  PUNCTUATION  |  PUNCTUATION  |  PUNCTUATION  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n|  |  | RULES:  | EXAMPLES:  |\n| .  | Full stop  | A full stop is used to end a sentence.  | Mary is writing an exam on Monday. If she passes the  exam, she will be able to apply for her dream job.  |\n| ?  | Question mark  | A question mark replaces a full stop at  the end of a sentence if the sentence is  phrased as a question.  | Will you please close the door?  |\n| !  | Exclamation mark | An exclamation mark is used instead of  a full stop to indicate strong emotion  in a sentence. Exclamation marks  should be used sparingly, especially in  academic work. | He made me so angry! Hurry up!  |\n| ;  | Semicolon  | A semicolon is used to link two related  clauses, or to separate items in a list  (where the list already contains com­ mas).  | Linking related clauses: Your report was helpful; it ex­ plained the reasons for the committee’s decision. Separating items in a list: Switzerland, Germany, and  Austria are in Europe; Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina are  in America; and Japan, Korea, and China are in Asia. |\n| ,  | Comma  | Commas are used: To separate items in a list.  | She bought bread, milk, and eggs at the shop.  |\n| ,  | Comma  | To separate clauses in a sentence.  | My friend, who is also an athlete, gave me a pair of run­ ning shoes for my birthday.  |\n| ,  | Comma  | To separate quotations from the rest of  a sentence.  | He asked, “How far do we still have to go?”  |\n| ,  | Comma  | Before co-ordinating conjunctions when  they join two independent clauses.  | It was raining outside, but they decided to go swimming  anyway.  |\n| ,  | Comma  | After a dependent clause at the begin­ ning of a sentence  | When I arrived at work, I realised that I had left my office  key at home.  |\n| ,  | Comma  | When addressing someone or some­ thing directly.  | “John, will you please print this document before the  meeting?”  |\n| :  | Colon  | A colon is used to introduce the second  part of a sentence when the second  part explains or expands upon the first  part.  | There is only one way to fix this: we have to start over. The following items must be included with your CV: a  cover letter, a copy of your ID, and a copy of your Matric  certificate  |\n| ’  | Apostrophe  | An apostrophe is used to indicate pos­ session, or to indicate that letters have  been omitted from a word.  | Possession: The director’s office was locked. Omission: He wasn’t there. (“was not” becomes “wasn’t”)  |\n| “  | Inverted commas  | Inverted commas, or quotation marks,  are used to indicate direct speech, or  to indicate that text is being quoted  from another source.  | “Where have you been?” he asked.  |\n| -  | Hyphen  | A hyphen is used to join words, or to  join words and letters/numbers.  | Forming compound adjectives: rose-coloured, prize-win­ ner, hand- picked Adding prefixes: pre-release, pre- production, pre-qualify,  non-verbal Joining words with letters/numbers: pre-2014,  X-ray, C-section.  |\n| -  | En dash  | En dashes are used to replace the  words “to” or “through”.  | The company’s financial year runs from March -  February.  |\n| —  | Em dash  | An em dash is used to emphasise the  clause that follows it, to separate a  phrase from the rest of a sentence, or  to indicate an interruption or change in  thought.  | Emphasising a clause: I’m the serious one — you have all  the fun. Separating a phrase: He was the one — the only one —  who was brave enough to enter the building. Indicating a change/interruption: “I really need a new —  oh, never mind, I found the old one.”  |",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\ntify” certain features, or “prove” a certain point.\nIt’s sometimes difficult to figure out exactly what these questions mean\n-- which is why we are providing you with the following explanations:\n\n####### **Consider:**\nCarefully examine\nsomething and give a\njudgement or opinion.\n####### **Compare:**\nHighlight or point out differences\nand similarities between things\nor ideas.\n####### **Criticise:**\nAnalyse, identify and evaluate\ngood and bad characteristics,\nand give your opinion based on\nthe evidence you present\n####### **Contrast:**\nPoint out the differences\nbetween certain facts,\nideas or views.\n####### **Assess:**\nState both the positive\nand the negative aspects.\n####### **Describe:**\nShow what something is like\nby noting important features.\n####### **Define:**\nGive the meaning of a\nword or concept\n####### **Discuss:**\nConsider the topic from various\npoints of view.\n####### **Distinguish:**\nClearly identify the\ndifferences between\nideas, facts or views.\n####### **Evaluate:**\nState both the positive\nand the negative aspects.\n####### **Consider:**\nCarefully examine some­\nthing and give a judgement\nor opinion.\n####### **Illustrate:**\nUse a picture, diagram, chart,\nor concrete example to clarify\na point.\n####### **Justify:**\nGive good reasons for some­\nthing\n####### **Prove:**\nEstablish the truth/acuracy of\nsomething by giving factual\nevidence or logical reasons.\n####### **Outline:**\nPresent information in a brief,\nclear and logical manner.\n####### **Summarise:**\nGive the main points\n####### **Identify:**\nName or list the most important\nfeatures or characteristics.\n####### **Interpret:**\nClarify or explain something in\na more easily understood form,\nusually in a practical way.\n###### CHAPTER 9:\nTIPS FOR ANSWERING EXAM QUESTIONS\n* **You’re sitting at a table in a room full of students, hunched** *\n* **over your exam paper, with your pen in hand. Your brain** *\n* **feels fried, and your hand is starting to cramp. You look at** *\n* **the clock, and you realise that you have only ten minutes** *\n* **left to answer Question 5b -  which counts for 50 marks.** *\nExams can be a stressful experience. To help reduce the stress and\nanxiety surrounding exams, and to help you achieve the best possible\nmarks,  we’ve compiled a list of exam-writing tips for you.",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## IMPROVE YOUR MARKS!\n\n###### CHAPTER 10:\n\nenough time to look up all the answers.\nMake sure that you know your work, and that you know where to look\nfor key information. These types of exams are more focused on testing\nyour understanding than on testing your knowledge, which means that\nyou need to have a thorough grasp of the work.\n13. If you have to answer multiple-choice questions, make sure that you read the  questions very carefully.\nTry to think of the correct answer before you read through the options, as you are less likely to become confused. When in  doubt, go with your first instinct. If there is more than one correct answer, go with the an­ swer that appears to be most correct.\n14. If you start running out of time towards the end of the exam, write short notes as answers to each of the remaining questions, instead of trying to answer each question perfectly.\nThis way, you should still earn some marks for writing down the most important points.\n15. If you have time left at the end of the exam, go back and read through your answers to make sure that you are happy with them.\ntips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips\n###### CHAPTER 10:\nLANGUAGE SKILLS AT WORK HOW TO WRITE A COVER LETTER\nIf you’ve ever applied for a job, you’ll know that writing\nthe cover letter is the most difficult part of almost any job\napplication. Your cover letter creates the first impression, and\noften determines whether an employer will even look at your CV.\nYou need to use this opportunity to introduce yourself and your\nskills, and to set yourself apart from all the other candidates.\nYou can also use this opportunity to explain any gaps in your CV,\nand to motivate why you are the right person for the job.\n\ntips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips   tips\nLET’S HAVE A LOOK AT: THE FORMAT OF YOUR COVER LETTER:\n- Your cover letter should be clear and concise. Keep it short   -\n- ideally, your letter should fit onto one side of an A4 page.\n- Use a standard font, such as Arial or Times New Roman, to type your\ne-mail.\n- If you are sending a hard copy of your cover letter: use the standard\nletter format, with your address at the top right, and the recipient’s",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## **6**\n\n###### CHAPTER 8:\n\nassignments.\n2. Read the questions carefully.\nMake sure you understand what is being asked of you, so that you\nfocus on answering the right questions, instead of providing irrelevant\ninformation.\n\n3. Remember that presentation is important.\nNeatness, spelling, and the structure of your assignment will all count\ntoward the mark that you receive for your assignment.\n4. Use your course material and other external sources to find answers\nto the assignment questions.\nBut make sure to use your own words -  don’t just copy. You need to show\nthe person marking your assignment that you have developed a sound\nunderstanding of the subject.\n5. When you use external resources, remember to reference them\nproperly, and to include them in  a bibliography.\nIf you don’t, you may be guilty of plagiarism (www.oxforddictionaries.\ncom/definition/english/plagiarism), which is a serious offence.\n6. Always hand in your own work, and make sure that you use your\nown words when you formulate your answers.\n7. When it comes to essay questions:\n- Plan/outline your answer before doing the final draft.\n- Remember that essays have titles, introductions, bodies, and\nconclusions.\n- Use headings and paragraphs to structure your answer.\n- Each paragraph should contain one main thought or idea, and there\nshould be a logical link between each paragraph and the next.\n- Make sure that you focus on answering the question -  only include\nrelevant information, and remember to present logical arguments in\nsupport of your answer.\n8. Proofread your assignment before handing it in. Tip: read your\nanswers out loud to make sure that they sound logical.\n9. Always keep a copy or electronic backup of your assignment.\nThis way, you won’t have to start over if your computer crashes,  or\nredo the whole assignment if the original goes missing.\n10. When you get your assignment back from your tutor:\nRead through the feedback, and learn from your mistakes. This will\nhelp you to prepare for your exams (if you have to write them), as well\nas to help you achieve better marks in future assignments.\n\nTYPES OF QUESTIONS THAT YOU WILL FREQUENTLY COME ACROSS IN ASSIGNMENTS\nIn your assignments, you will often be asked to write short paragraphs or\nlonger essays in which you have to “explain” a particular concept, “iden­",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n\n###### CHAPTER 2:\n\nlanguage to achieve a particular purpose. And for this reason, having good\nlanguage skills is essential in any working environment.\nIn  a  career context, good language skills can also:\n- Affect your credibility.  Poor grammar indicates to a prospective\nemployer that you are sloppy, while flawless grammar indicates that\nyou pay attention to detail.\n- Improve your relationships with your co- workers.  If you are able\nto express yourself clearly, you can eliminate the confusion and\nmisunderstanding that often leads to conflict.\n- Increase your chances of being promoted .\n- Help you to create a good impression.\n- Improve your ability to persuade others (which is a valuable skill in the\nworking world).\nIN THIS E-BOOK, WE’LL BE HELPING YOU TO:\n- Develop your basic English language skills.\n- Improve your English grammar.\nApply your language and communication skills in  a business contexT.\n(www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/find-a- course/business-administration-\ncourses/)\n*“Grammar is a litmus test. If job hopefuls can’t distinguish*\n*between ‘to’ and too’, their applications go into the bin”*\nKyle Wiens, CEO of iFixit\n*“Grammar often seems to be a low priority in education. Are*\n*school undervaluing grammar, given that employers may rule out*\n*applications with sloppy writing?”*\nThe New York Times\nTo start off with, here are a few tips for improving your general\nlanguage and communication skills:\n1. Read as much as possible. Reading improves your vocabulary,\nand helps you to become familiar with sentence structure,\nword order, and the correct use of punctuation.\n2. Invest in a good dictionary. When you are unsure of the\nmeaning of a word, or when you come across an unfamiliar\nword, make sure to look it up in your dictionary.\n3. Keep a journal. This will give you an opportunity to practice\nyour writing skills on a regular basis.\n###### CHAPTER 2:\nPARTS OF SPEECH\nParts of speech are used to construct meaningful sentences.\nLanguage is made up of many different combinations of words and\nsentences that we use to communicate with one another.\nDifferent types of words have different roles to play within sentences, and\ndifferent types of sentences perform different functions.\nIn this chapter, we’ll be showing you how different types of words (called\nparts of speech) are used to construct meaningful sentences.\nNOUNS\nThe job of a noun is to name something. It might be an object, a person,\na place, or even a thought or idea. There are different types of nouns:",
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+                    "text": "# BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n## BASIC ENGLISH language skills\n\n##### TABLE OF CONTENTS:\n\n####### **language, along with examples of how to use them correctly:**\n\nthe school dance.\n**Borrow/Lend**\nTo “borrow” something is to take it with the intention of giving it back.\nE.g. He borrowed the book from his colleague.\nTo “lend” something is to give it to someone with the expectation\nthat they will give it back.\nE.g. She is lending the car to him so that he can drive to work today.\n**Compliment/Complement**\nYou “compliment” someone when you make a favourable\ncomment about them.\nE.g. He complimented her by telling her that she was a good writer.\nYou “complement” something (or someone) when you add\nsomething else to it that suits or fits it well.\nE.g. That scarf complements her dress.\n**Continual/Continuous**\nIf something happens frequently, it is “continual”.\nE.g. The trains were continually late.\nIf something happens all the time without interruption, it is\n“continuous”.\nE.g. It rained continuously for three days.\n\n**Its/It’s**\n“Its” indicates possession.\nE.g. The company improved its performance by hiring new staff members.\n“It’s” is a contraction of “it is”.\nE.g. It’s uncertain whether the company will meet the financial targets\nthis year.\n**Principal/Principle**\nA “principal” is the head of a school or college.\nE.g. The principal declared that the school term would be extended\nby a week.\nA “principal” thing is a main or most important thing.\nE.g. His commitment to the task was the principal reason for his success.\nA “principle” is a fundamental rule or belief.\nE.g. It goes against my principles to eat meat.\n**Stationary/Stationery**\n“Stationary” means not moving.\nE.g. The stationary truck held up the traffic.\n“Stationery” refers to writing materials.\nE.g. She needed new stationery for school.\n**There/Their/They’re**\n“There” is a preposition that refers to a place.\nE.g. He will be there in ten minutes.\n“Their” is a possessive pronoun. It indicates that something\nbelongs to them.\nE.g. Due to unforeseen circumstances, their meeting was cancelled.\n“They’re” is a contraction of “they are”.\nE.g. They’re not going to be pleased when they find out that he lost\nthe report.\n**To/Too/Two**\n“To” is a preposition, and indicates the relationship between one\nthing and another.\nE.g. I gave the letter to him.\n“Too” means “also”, “additional” or “more than what is necessary\nor desirable”.\nE.g. He is going on holiday too. As a result, there are too few people\navailable to work over December.\n“Two” is a number.\nE.g. There are only two staff members in the office.",
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+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf",
+                "query": "Is exposure to risk factors that may affect mental wellbeing at work comparable across European countries?",
+                "target_page": 25,
+                "target_passage": "The country data vary significantly. Sweden, Greece and Luxembourg report over two-thirds such exposures, and Germany, Lithuania and Czechia one-third or less.",
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+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\ncountries in the sector HHSW — a mixture of countries from the East, South and North — is probably\ndue to specific sectoral regulations of working times. Sweden is at the top in HHSW with 57%, followed\nby Denmark, Cyprus, Latvia and Czechia, all between 44% and 48%.\nMany analyses of psychosocial risks include  **other relevant factors like decision latitude**  (or decision\nauthority) and  **skill discretion**  (level of skill and creativity required on the job). In a long-term analysis\nof the responses to the EWCS between 1995 and 2015, the authors conclude: <sup>15</sup>\n*‘Our findings suggest that work stress generally increased from 1995 to 2015, and that the increase was*\n*mostly driven by psychological demands. People working in lower-skilled occupations had generally higher*\n*levels of job strain and effort-reward imbalance, as well as they tend to have a steeper increase in job*\n*strain than people working in higher-skilled occupations. Most of the change occurred from 1995 to 2005.’*\nAccording to this study, the  **differences between the skills groups**  are significant, below illustrated for\nthe development of  **‘Psychological demands’**  and  **‘Job strain’**  ; for these two indicators high-skilled\nand low-skilled manual workers are at the top of the scale.\n\n**Figure 4: Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Job strain)**\n\n**Figure 5**  :  **Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Psychological demand)**\n\nRegarding the other two analysed indicators,  **decision authority and skill discretion**  , the clerical\nworkers show higher levels (a positive outcome) and both manual worker groups are at the lowest level.\n\n**Figure 6: Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Decision authority)**\n\n**Figure 7: Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Skill discretion)**\n\nFor ‘Decision authority’ and ‘Skill discretion’, the authors found a stable situation since 1995, even a\nsmall rise of skill discretion for manual workers after 2010. Regarding ‘Psychological demands’ and ‘Job\nstrain’, the major increase for all groups took place between 1995 and 2005. This growth decelerated\nafter 2005, this observation is also valid for other working conditions, like work intensity.",
+                    "page_start": 26,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\nDuring the last 30 years, the scientific, political and practical discussions on  **psychosocial risks**  and\npreventive measures against psychosocial risks have gained strong importance. After a period of doubts\nand resistance, today they are regarded as risks of the same severity as the classical physical safety\nand health risks. <sup>4</sup> (Chapter 1 covers the psychosocial risk aspect; for the prevalence of mental diseases\nand the burden of mental diseases see Chapter 2.2. <sup>5</sup> )\nLooking at the steady increase of certain psychosocial risk indicators at workplace level, either the  **risks**\n**have increased**  and/or the  **number of people working in occupations**  with higher psychosocial risks\nhas increased. <sup>6,7</sup> This is valid, for example, for the indicator time pressure, for example, in delivery\nservices, transport, and often also clerical work; the workforce has grown in sectors where emotional\ndemands from dealing with difficult clients, customers, pupils or patients are common; there are also\nmore workers employed (or self-employed) in interactional occupations, for example, in call centres, or\nin occupations with a high level of emotional tensions, for example, education, health and care.\n\n**Figure 2: Risk factors that can adversely affect mental wellbeing -  EWCS <sup>8</sup> and ESENER <sup>9</sup>**\n\nA major difference between the ESENER and the EWCS survey is the respondent. In ESENER those\npersons who are most familiar with OSH or responsible for OSH in an enterprise were asked whether a\ncertain risk factor exists in the enterprise; in the EWCS survey workers themselves were asked whether\nthey are exposed to a risk factor.\n\nIn 2007, 2013 and 2020,  **Eurostat**  asked employed persons in its ad hoc surveys to the Labour Force\nSurvey (LFS) whether they had  **‘... exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-**\n**being’**  . <sup>10</sup> In 2007 and 2013, the questions covered four items (time pressure and overload of work,\nviolence or threat of violence, harassment and bullying, other factors). In the 2020 survey, <sup>11</sup> ‘Mental\nwell-being’ was operationalised by an additional four response options, resulting in a total of eight\noptions: <sup>12</sup>\n*1. Severe time pressure or overload of work;*\n*2. Violence or threat of violence;*",
+                    "page_start": 23,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **List of figures**\n\nFigure 1: Risk factors present (% of establishments) -  ESENER 2014 and 2019................................ 23\nFigure 2: Risk factors that can adversely affect mental wellbeing -  EWCS  and ESENER ................. 24\nFigure 3: ‘Exposure to risk factors adversely affecting mental wellbeing’ -  LFS Ad hoc survey 2020 . 26\nFigure 4: Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Job strain)............................. 27\nFigure 5: Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Psychological demand) ........ 28\nFigure 6: Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Decision authority) ............... 28\nFigure 7: Psychosocial risk factors -  Differences between skill groups (Skill discretion) ..................... 29\nFigure 8: Hours worked per week of full-time employment, EU27 -  Eurostat ...................................... 31\nFigure 9: Average working time and work during unsocial hours -  Eurostat LFS ................................ 32\nFigure 10: Development of work intensity indicators between 1991 and 2015 -  Eurofound ................ 33\nFigure 11: Establishment size and ‘Pressure due to time constraints’ -  ESENER 2014 and 2019 ...... 34\nFigure 12: Establishment size and ‘Long or irregular working hours’ -  ESENER 2014 and 2019 ....... 34\nFigure 13: ‘Pressure due to time constraints’, Yes responses -  ESENER 2019 .................................. 35\nFigure 14: Employed persons and percentage of working time under pressure -  Eurostat LFS Ad hoc\n2019 ....................................................................................................................................................... 35\nFigure 15: Percentage of employed persons with working time under pressure (per country, sum of\nresponses ‘Always’ and ‘Often’) -  LFS Ad hoc 2019 ............................................................................ 36\nFigure 16: Exposure to physical risks -  ESENER, EWCS and LFS ..................................................... 39\nFigure 17: Physical health risks compared (%) -  EWCS 2015 ............................................................. 42\nFigure 18: Employment types in EU27, development 2005 to 2022  -  Eurostat .................................. 47\nFigure 19: Employed persons by main place of work -  Eurostat .......................................................... 51\nFigure 20: Employees working mostly from home (in % of employed persons) -  Eurostat .................. 52\nFigure 21: Development of the total number of non-fatal accidents at work and incidence rates (accidents\nper 100,000 workers), 1998 and 2019 -  Eurostat ................................................................................. 65",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **1 Executive summary**\n\n### **Wellbeing and health**\n\nExisting concepts of  **wellbeing**  cover more aspects of work than working conditions or safety and health\nat work. Eurofound mentions as the most relevant components:  *income, working time arrangements,*\n*possibilities for skills development and career advancement, and the degree of individual control over*\n*work.*\nILO defines wellbeing at work under the term  **‘Workplace Wellbeing’**  :  *‘Workplace Wellbeing relates to*\n*all aspects of working life, from the quality and safety of the physical environment, to how workers feel*\n*about their work, their working environment, the climate at work and work organization. The aim of*\n*measures for workplace well-being is to complement OSH measures to make sure workers are safe,*\n*healthy, satisfied and engaged at work.’*\nA common methodology to collect data on  **health status and wellbeing**  is  **self-reporting and self-**\n**assessment**  of risks at work, health risks and health problems, absence, job satisfaction and working\nlife perspectives from a health point of view. This allows insight into the subjective assessment of health\nrisks at work and wellbeing.\n**Indicators on wellbeing**  and satisfaction at work show similar patterns to health and work accidents.\nSectors with high physical demands and high customer and client orientation and occupations with a\nlower skill level report lower wellbeing and satisfaction levels; they report a good health status but fewer\nexpectations to be able to work in this occupation until the age of 60 years.  Concerning the levels of\n**self-reported ‘Health at risk’**  , the LFS Ad hoc module on ‘Accidents at work and other work-related\nhealth problems’ suggests that the situation has improved. According to the LFS, in 2007 14.6% of\nemployed persons reported a work-related health problem; this figure decreased in 2013 to 8.8% and\nwent slightly up again — during the pandemic — to 10.3% in 2020 (EU27 level).",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n*3. Harassment or bullying;*\n*4. Poor communication or cooperation within the organisation;*\n*5. Having to deal with difficult customers, patients, pupils etc.;*\n*6. Job insecurity;*\n*7. Lack of autonomy, or lack of influence over the work pace or work processes; and*\n*8. Another significant risk factor for mental well-being.*\nForty-five per cent of the employed persons reported being exposed to risk factors that can adversely\naffect mental wellbeing. The country data vary significantly. Sweden, Greece and Luxembourg report\nover two-thirds such exposures, and Germany, Lithuania and Czechia one-third or less. <sup>13</sup>\n\n© Quality Stock Arts/Adobe Stock\n**Figure 3: ‘Exposure to risk factors adversely affecting mental wellbeing’ -  LFS Ad hoc survey 2020 <sup>14</sup>**\n\nESENER 2019 reveals that several  **psychosocial risk factors**  are reported to be present in a significant\nshare of establishments in the EU27, namely having to deal with difficult customers, patients and pupils\n(59%) and time pressure (45%).\nThe aspects  **‘Difficult clients’, ‘Poor communication’ and ‘Long working hours’**  are major psycho-\nsocial risks. The increase of workforce in communicative and client-oriented occupations — social work,\neducation, tourism and entertainment, health and care — during the last 30 years adds to the\nconventional work with clients in service, sales and health occupations.\nThe next table shows the top seven EU Member states with the highest share of these risks for all\nsectors and for the sector ‘Human health and social work activities’ (HHSW).\n\n**Table 1: Psychosocial risks, Top countries ‘All Sectors’ and ‘Human health and social work’ -  ESENER**\n**2019**\n\n**Difficult customers, patients and pupils (‘clients’)**  seem to be the most widespread psychosocial\nburden, with workers in Portugal, Malta and Cyprus are most exposed. In the sector HHSW, eastern\nEuropean countries are much more present, Slovenia at the top, followed by Portugal, Estonia, Poland\nand Bulgaria.\nConcerning the complaints about  **poor communication and cooperation**  within the organisation, all\nthree Nordic EU Member States are represented in the seven countries with the highest burden, together\nwith several central European countries. This is valid for both selected groupings, ‘All sectors’ and\n‘HHSW’.\nRegarding  **long or irregular working hours**  , we see a mix of countries from all regions. The order of",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.6 Conclusions**\n\nThe exposure  **to psychosocial risks**  is increasing, with mental health prevalence still emerging. Major\nwork-related exposures have grown in the past 15 to 25 years that is, time pressure, difficult clients,\nlonger working hours and poor communication. There is also some evidence that countries with over-\naverage employment in sectors like health and care or other human and client-oriented services\n(education, social work, tourism, entertainment) suffer from longer working hours and more mental\nburden. The northern countries are at the top of the countries with highest mental burden. The southern\ncountries have a high share of specific psychosocial risks related to work in tourism and entertainment,\ncharacterised by atypical working times and issues with difficult clients.\n\nEU-OSHA found in its ESENER 2014 data analysis: <sup>112</sup>\n*‘Concerning the sectors, national context appears to be related to differences in psychosocial risk*\n*management in all types of organisations, although in some sectors this relationship is weak. In the*\n*agriculture, forestry and fishing sector and the sectors of mining, construction, electricity, trade,*\n*transport, and accommodation and food, the low level of psychosocial risk management is observed*\n*also in a favourable national context. An explanation for this finding might relate to the large proportion*\n*of small organisations in these sectors, which, as concluded earlier, have poorer psychosocial risk*\n*management independently of the national context.’*\n\nThere is a stable  **block of ‘conventional’ physical health risks**  — ergonomics and risk from the work\nenvironment — and ergonomic risks that did not significantly change since 1990. It varies between 15%\nfor exposure to smoke, fumes and dusts to over 60% for repetitive hand/arm movements.  **Ergonomic**\n**risks**  develop in two directions: 1) traditional risks stagnate in total, that is, lifting and moving heavy\nloads, painful or tiring positions, and shifts between sectors (from industry to transport, health and care);\n2) risks of inactivity and highly repetitive hand/arm movements increase. Beside sectoral and\noccupational differences, it can be noted that in general higher percentages of exposed employed\npersons (workers and self-employed) are working in eastern and southern Member States.\nSince 2006 the average  **working time**  per week went down by 15 minutes for employees, and a slight",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 58,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **1 Executive summary**\n\n### **Working conditions -  Risk factors at work**\n\nexhaustive work.\nA certain  **ergonomic risk**  of many administrative and supervisory jobs is  **physical inactivity**  (61%), in\npractice meaning sitting most of the working time in front of digital equipment, sitting to make phone\ncalls or sitting in meetings. Not only administrative tasks but also many occupations in transport and\nindustry require prolonged sitting (transport, cashiers, parts assembly, etc.).\nIn the 10-year period before 2005, EU-wide surveys found a significant increase in work intensity. Major\ndifferences in work intensity and working time patterns can be seen between occupations, forms of work,\nsectors and enterprise size, for example. The length of the daily or weekly working time and its allocation\nwith the 24 hours of a day or at night are important factors for health and wellbeing. The Eurostat data\nshow a slight decrease  **in the average weekly working time for full-time employees**  (15-64 years)\nfrom 40.2 to 39.9 hours between 2006 and 2019.\nEurostat reports for all types of  **‘employment at atypical working time’**  a minor decrease between\n2011 and 2019, from 38.8% to 37.2% (EU27 average), for all employed workforce and all types of such\natypical time. The data also document slight increases or decreases of the different types of work during\natypical times > on Saturdays the percentage decreased from 28% to 25%, working in the evenings\ndecreased from 19% to 15%, working on Sundays remained stable at around 13.5%, work at night fell\nfrom 7% to 5%, and shift work increased slightly from 17% to 18%. Some  **groups of self-employed**\nshow a higher rate of atypical working times: for  **high-managerial self-employed**  , this rate is 43.2%\nand for  **low-managerial self-employed**  64.5%.\n**Significant differences also exist between eastern/southern and central/northern/western**\n**European countries.**  More physical and ergonomic risks (except inactivity) are reported from eastern\nand southern EU Member States but more emotional demands (e.g. difficult clients, poor communication\nand long working hours) in northern and central European countries. One of the major reasons might\nbe the reallocation of industrial production to eastern countries after the EU extension to 24 and later to\n27 Member States.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.3 Wellbeing and health status**\n\n#### * **4.3.5 Summary of survey results on wellbeing and health status** *\n\nAn overview table on the responses to five questions in three different surveys reveals partly consistent\nand partly contradictory results per country. There are countries that have a consistent outcome over all\nquestions, while others show a mixed or contradictory picture.\n\n**Figure 36: Comparison of responses to self-rated work satisfaction, health risks and working life**\n**perspectives -  Flash Eurobarometer, LFS and EWCS**\n\nValues better than 25% of EU average are marked in aquamarine, and values worse than 25% of EU average in\norange. Other values are not marked.\nDenmark, Czechia, Italy and Luxembourg are the countries over or at average for every item. Some\ncountries are mostly at average, or have a negative result for one item, often the period off work or low\nsatisfaction, for example, Austria, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Hungary, the Netherlands,\nPortugal and Slovakia. The one negative item might also be work-related health problems, for example,\nfor Sweden and Finland.\nMost countries show more extreme contradictions, that is, being in some aspects better and in others\nworse than average, like Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Bulgaria, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain. Many of\nthese countries have very low figures for work-related health problems. Contradictory but mostly\nnegative responses (two or three fields with values under average) we find for Austria, Belgium, Croatia,\nFrance, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, Poland, Spain and Slovenia.",
+                    "page_start": 97,
+                    "page_end": 98,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **7 Methodological approaches, available data and research**\n\n### **7.4 Data and research -  major evidence difficulties at EU level**\n\n#### * **7.4.4 On the way to better evidence -  major data, research gaps and open** *\n\n14 Eurostat: [Persons reporting exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-being by sex, age and ](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/hsw_exp1/default/table?lang=en)\n[educational attainment level](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/hsw_exp1/default/table?lang=en)\n*15* *Rigó et al., 2021:*   *[Work stress on rise? Comparative analysis of trends in work stressors using the European ](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01593-8)*\n*[working conditions survey](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-020-01593-8)*\n16 WHO/ILO, 2021:  [WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000- 2016: Global ](https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1370920/retrieve)\n[monitoring report](https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1370920/retrieve) ( p. 35ff).\n*17* *Eurostat provide data for the periods before and after the NACE revision in 2008.* * **Data for 2019:** * *Average number*\n*of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, full-time/part-time and economic activity*\n*(from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2),*   *[here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSA_EWHUN2__custom_4423925/default/table?lang=en)*   *Filter: Full-time, 15-64 years, all NACE sectors.* * **Data for 2006:** * *Average*\n*number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, full-time/part-time and economic*\n*activity (1998-2008, NACE Rev. 1.1),*   *[here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSA_EWHUNA__custom_4424467/default/table?lang=en)*\n18 Eurostat, 2018: [How many hours do Europeans work per week?](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20180125-1) Average number of usual weekly hours of work\nin main job, by sex, professional status, full-time/part-time and economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev.\n2) - hours[lfsa_ewhun2], [here](http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-056210_QID_-66FA1E0E_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;GEO,L,Y,0;NACE_R2,L,Z,0;WORKTIME,L,Z,1;WSTATUS,L,Z,2;SEX,L,Z,3;UNIT,L,Z,4;INDICATORS,C,Z,5;&zSelection=DS-056210WORKTIME,FT;DS-056210WSTATUS,SAL;DS-056210UNIT,HR;DS-056210NACE_R2,TOTAL;DS-056210SEX,T;DS-056210INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;&rankName1=WSTATUS_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=WORKTIME_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=SEX_1_2_0_1&rankName6=NACE-R2_1_2_0_1&rankName7=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName8=GEO_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&time_most_recent=true&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23)\n19 Mean duration of commuting time one-way between work and home by sex and age (source: Eurofound), [Here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/qoe_ewcs_3c3/default/table?lang=en)\n20 Eurostat definition: The atypical work distinguishes between “evening or night work”, “Saturday or Sunday\nworking”, and “shift work”. Data for 2020 are available but indicate a strong reduction of atypical working times,\nthe reason is probably that sectors with a high rate of atypical working times like tourism, transport, entertainment,\nhotels and restaurants could not work as in previous years, and also production lines in industry, often shift work,\nwere stopped.\n\n21 Eurostat: Ad hoc module 2019 on work organisation and working time arrangements. Employment at an\natypical working time (time period start with 2011), [here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/lfsa_esegatyp) and [here ](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSA_ESEGATYP__custom_943738/default/table?lang=en)\n22 Eurostat Data for 2019: Average number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status,\nfull-time/part-time and economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2). [here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsq_ewhun2/default/table?lang=en) Filter: Employees, Full-time, All\nNACE, EU27 2019 Q4.\nEurostat Data for 2006: Average number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status,\nfull-time/part-time and economic activity (1998-2008, NACE Rev. 1.1), [here](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSQ_EWHUNA__custom_1494815/default/table?lang=en) Filter: Employees, Full-time, All\nNACE, EU27 2019 Q4.\n23 Eurostat definition of atypical work: The atypical work distinguishes between “evening or night work”, “Saturday",
+                    "page_start": 140,
+                    "page_end": 141,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.2 Physical health risks at work**\n\nThe 2015 data are the sum of responses: ‘Almost always’ and ‘Between 1⁄4 and 3⁄4 of the working time’, or the\nresponse ‘At least 1⁄4 of the working time’.\n\nThe LFS Ad hoc modules <sup>56</sup> show much lower values — between 3% and 10% — due to a different\nmethodological approach, that is, the interviewees had to determine one risk factor that they regarded\nas the most important of 11 risk factors. <sup>57</sup>\n\n**Table 4: Physical risks (in %) -  LFS Ad hoc Survey**\n\nA main factor for comparatively  **higher physical health risks in a country is the different share of**\n**sectors in the economy**  . However, there is only a statistically significant correlation but not always an\nunambiguous relation between sectors and physical health risks.\n**Countries with a high share of the sectors industry, agriculture and construction**  show in general\nhigher values regarding physical health risks from exposure to vibrations, noise and dangerous\nsubstances, for example, Romania (highest share of these three sectors), Poland (second highest share)\nand Hungary (seventh highest share). Still, two countries with a high share of employed persons in these\nsectors like Bulgaria and Czechia cannot be found in the list of the seven countries with the highest\nshare of employees exposed to these physical health risks; Slovakia and Slovenia are only found\nregarding the exposure to loud noise. These data give an indication of the sectoral spread of physical\nhealth risk but cannot explain every country situation in detail.\n**Table 5: Physical health risks, Sectors and exposures -  EWCS 2015**\n\nCountry colours: Romania aquamarine, Poland orange, Hungary blue.\n\nThe figure below illustrates country differences, based on data from the EWCS 2015: the values of\nIreland (green), the EU28 level (blue) with numbers, and the values of Poland (orange). Poland had a\nrelatively high share of employment in industry of 24%, for which Ireland has a share of 12%. The impact\non working conditions can be seen in the share of workers reporting exposures to vibrations (Poland\n27%, Ireland 16%) and loud noise (Poland 35%, Ireland 25%).",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf",
+                "query": "Has the average working week for employees working full-time decreased since 2006?",
+                "target_page": 31,
+                "target_passage": ". The statistical data (Eurostat) show a slight decrease of the average weekly working time for full-time employees (15-64 years) from 40.2 to 39.9 hours between 2006 and 2019.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 2
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n#### * **3.1.1 Working time in hours and at atypical times** *\n\n**work at night**  fell from 7% to 5% and  **shift work**  increased slightly from 17% to 18%. <sup>24</sup>\n\n**Figure 9: Average working time and work during unsocial hours -  Eurostat LFS**\n\nTwo country examples might illustrate these developments (all data for 2019): Slovakia, a country with\na high share of process-based industries, reports that 15.0% of its workforce is working at night and 29%\nin shifts; for the EU27 this rate is 5.2% respectively and 18.3%. <sup>25</sup> Regarding work on Sundays three\nother countries are at the top of the EU27, the Netherlands, Ireland and Spain; they report between 18%\nand 21% (EU27 average = 13.5%); all three countries have an above-average share of sectors like\ntransport, tourism and agriculture. <sup>26</sup>\nFor all these types of work it should be take into account that other groups of  **workers under non-**\n**standard types of employment contracts**  (self-employed, agency workers, students, pensioners,\nundeclared workers) might have taken over work at these atypical working times.\nConcluding, it can be stated that there is a  **slight trend towards a reduction of weekly working hours**\n**for regularly employed**  workers, including a stable commuting time. Working hours at atypical times\nshow a mixed picture. Looking at most types of employees,  **atypical working time decreased, except**\n**work on Sundays**  . For self-employed with employees, the working time at atypical hours is in general\nat a higher level. The number of employees in night work is decreasing. More employees in service and\nclient-related occupations at night or in shifts but also here the atypical times are slightly decreasing.\nProbably these changes  **mirror the structural economic changes**  , that is, the shift of workforce\nbetween sectors. Night work was common in many industries as part of a three 8-hours shifts, not only\nin industries with permanent production processes (steel, chemicals, etc.). <sup>27</sup> Moreover night work is and\nwas common in essential services like health, transport, technical infrastructure and security. The\nnumber of workers in industry decreased, but the number of workers in the above-mentioned service\nsectors increased.",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n#### * **3.1.1 Working time in hours and at atypical times** *\n\n**Too many hours of working time and/or working hours at atypical or unsocial times**  can put  **the**\n**mental**  and  **the physical health**  of humans at risk. It is also regarded as a major  **contributing factor**\n**to work accidents**  , due to fatigue or exhaustion. <sup>16</sup>\nThe main indicator to describe working time is the  **number of the weekly average working hours**  of\nfull-time employees.  However, regarding its impact on health and safety,  **other aspects of working**\n**time are of the same relevance**  :\n-  How long is the average working day?\n-  At which times and days is this work done (typical, atypical times)?\n-  How often do long working hours take place?\n-  Is the work split between two jobs?\n-  How flexible are start and end?\n-  How intense is the work during this time (breaks, deadlines)?\n-  Which groups of workers have standard working times and which do not (e.g. depending on the\nsector or the type of contract, e.g. sub-contracted workers or self-employed)?\nThere is a  **slight trend towards fewer working hours**  for full-time  **employees**  (not ‘Employed persons’)\nin the EU27; between 2006 and 2019 the average weekly working time dropped from 40.2 to 39.9 hours,\na decrease of approximately 15 minutes. <sup>17</sup>\nRegarding the weekly hours, there are  **no striking differences**  between the EU27 Member States. In\n2019, Cyprus, Austria and Malta with a high share of workers in the sector of tourism (accommodation)\nhad the highest number of working hours per week (above 41 hours), and Denmark, the Netherlands\nand Italy the lowest number (39 or fewer) (full-time, employees, 15-64 years, all NACE codes). <sup>18</sup>\n\n* **‘Bakers are craftsmen, working mostly at night, unlike other craftsmen who, once** *\n* **their work during the day is done, can grasp sleep, and by this renew the worn-out** *\n* **forces. The bakers are the whole night rushing about, and then, for most of the day,** *\n* **they are forced to indulge in sleep, just like those animals hiding from the sun** *\n* **(Solifugae). Therefore, in the same city there are Antipodes, men who live a life that is** *",
+                    "page_start": 28,
+                    "page_end": 29,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n#### * **3.1.1 Working time in hours and at atypical times** *\n\n* **contrary to that of others.’** *\n*Ramazzini, 1713: De Morbis Artificum Diatriba.*\n\n© Kzenon/Adobe Stock\n**Figure 8: Hours worked per week of full-time employment, EU27 -  Eurostat**\n\nThe  **commuting time**  between home and workplace is quite stable; in 2005 at EU27 level, it stood at\n42.4 minutes, and in 2015 Eurostat reports 40.2 minutes (time for both ways, to the workplace and\nback). <sup>19</sup>\n**Work at atypical working times**  is in general regarded as a working condition with negative health\nimpact, called  **work extensity**  . The two major indicators of atypical working times are  work at  **‘atypical**\n**working times’**  and  **‘long working hours’**  .\nEurostat reports for  **‘Employment at atypical working time’**  <sup>20</sup> a minor decrease between 2011 and\n2019, from 38.8% to 37.2% (EU27), for all employed workforce and all types of such atypical time. <sup>21</sup>\nSome  **groups of self-employed**  show a higher rate of atypical working times but also for most of the\ncategories of self-employed the rates decreased during the period 2011 to 2019.  **High managerial self-**\n**employed**  had a slight increase from 42.1% to 43.2% in this period. For the  **low managerial self-**\n**employed**  Eurostat finds a decrease from 69.2% to 64.5%.  The figures for  **small entrepreneurs**\ndropped slightly from 56.6% to 54.1%, the same applies for employed persons in  **personal care work**\nwith a minor change (50.6% to 49.8%).  **Agricultural self-employed**  had the highest level of such\nworking times; they showed a decrease from 68.4% to 63.4%.\nThe length of the daily or weekly working time, its allocation over the 24 hours of a day or at night are\nimportant factors for health and wellbeing. The statistical data (Eurostat) show a slight decrease  **of the**\n**average weekly working time for full-time employees**  (15-64 years) from 40.2 to 39.9 hours between\n2006 and 2019. <sup>22</sup> The data also document slight increases and decreases of work at atypical times\n(response option for frequency: ‘usual’). <sup>23</sup> In 2006 and 2019, the following percentages of all employed\npersons worked at atypical times: on  **Saturdays**  the percentage decreased from 28% to 25%,  **working**\n**on Sundays**  remained stable at around 13.5%,  **working in the evenings**  decreased from 19% to 15%,",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n#### * **3.1.2 Work intensity** *\n\npressure, the same ‘combination’ — but less extreme — applies to Austria, Cyprus and Malta. Trends\nof low or less than average working time and no time constraints are reported for Lithuania, and medium\nworking time and low time constraints for Italy and Ireland.\nAn analysis of EWCS data concluded <sup>39</sup> that in general intensity increases with long working hours, in\nenterprises with 1-19 the work intensity index (on a scale between 0 and 12) is 4.4, in larger enterprises\nwith above 40 employees it is 6.3. This is in line with ESENER data that corroborate the importance of\nthe  **size of the enterprise**  for time pressure and long working hours.\nLiterature — from very diverse disciplines — on work intensification points to  **reasons for**\n**intensification on developments as: <sup>40</sup>**\n-  Economic developments, particularly the dominance of neoliberalist policies and enhanced\ncompetition between workers, companies and states; reduction of state influence and\nprivatisation. <sup>41</sup>\n-  Pressure due to substantial organisational changes, for example, introduction of short-term\neconomic objectives in enterprise policies,  <sup>42</sup> expansion into new markets or new countries,\nacquiring other enterprises or merging, being acquired, restructuring of management or of basic\nstaff working conditions (contracts, working time, flexibility). <sup>43</sup>\n-  Decrease of trade union influence or worker participation regarding labour relations.\n-  Liberalisation of labour legislation, creation of ‘new forms of work’ and new contract types,\nbeyond the permanent full-time employment. <sup>44</sup>\n-  New forms of management, application of management concepts like just-in-time production or\nlean management, higher flexibility of production and higher customer orientation,  <sup>45</sup>\nsegmentation of enterprises into profit centres, quality management obligations,\nexternalisation/subcontracting of service areas like cleaning, canteen, security and so on.\n-  Increased communication and interdependency, time coordination and synchronisation\nrequirements between units, enterprises and in supply chains.\n-  Less direct supervision and more objective and results-based management.\n-  Last but not least the massive introduction of ICT and other work-intensifying technologies.\n\n**The main reasons for stagnation after 2005 might be**  that many of the above-mentioned concepts or\npolicies were developed or had their peak during the 1980s, 1990s or the first decade of the 21st century.\nSome of them lost their dynamic (e.g. privatisation), or have become a kind of standard (management\nby objectives), or were widely implemented in the first decade of the 21 <sup>st</sup> century (ICT facilities at most\nworkplaces); also, some negative impacts on working time were mitigated by state interventions (i.e. the",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 36,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n#### * **3.1.2 Work intensity** *\n\n**Sectoral differences**  are also strong but not that large as between enterprise sizes  they vary for\n**‘Pressure due to time constraints’**  between 32% in agriculture to 54% in education and HHSW\nactivities.\nLooking at countries, as indicated the figure below, the three Nordic EU Member States are at the top\nof the EU27 countries, all three with rates of more than 70%. The lowest levels of less than 30% are\nreported for Italy, Lithuania and Slovakia. <sup>36</sup>\n\n**Figure 13: ‘Pressure due to time constraints’, Yes responses -  ESENER 2019**\n\nIt has to be noted that ESENER responses refer to the situation in an enterprise, and the LFS and EWCS refer to\nthe individual situation of a worker/employed person.\n\n**Also in 2019, the Eurostat LFS Ad hoc**  module on working arrangement and working time shows quite\nsimilar data. <sup>37</sup> Approximately 35% of all employed persons in the EU27 are working ‘Often’ or ‘Always’\nunder time pressure.\n\n**Figure 14: Employed persons and percentage of working time under pressure -  Eurostat LFS Ad hoc 2019**\n\nThe country-specific data from the LFS differ in many aspects from the ESENER data. Greece, Malta\nand Czechia are at the top, the Nordic countries in a middle position and at the lower end we find a\nmixture of countries from all geographical regions. This difference is probably due to the applied\nmethodology, the OSH practitioners who were asked in ESENER seem to have a different view on time\npressure than the workers themselves who are respondents in the LFS.\n\n**Figure 15: Percentage of employed persons with working time under pressure (per country, sum of**\n**responses ‘Always’ and ‘Often’) -  LFS Ad hoc 2019**\n\nOne hypothesis to explain the increased time pressure is to draw a direct  **connection between short**\n**weekly working time and more intense work**  ; or in other words,  a short weekly working time leads to\nmore  **intensification of work or more long hours or atypical working times**  (‘trading flexibility for\neffort’). <sup>38</sup>\nThe analysis of EU survey data shows  **a mixed picture**  : Firstly, ESENER data corroborate this\nhypothesis, the three countries with highest percentage of work under time constraints — that is, Finland,\nSweden and Denmark — all have working hours under the EU average. Secondly, LFS data show a\ndifferent picture; a country like Greece has the longest working hours and also reports the highest time",
+                    "page_start": 33,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.1 Psychosocial risks at work**\n\n#### * **3.1.2 Work intensity** *\n\nThere are numerous references showing that during the period  **between 1990 and 2005 work intensity**\n**has considerably increased**  . <sup>28</sup>\nFor example, Eurofound has analysed the responses to the two EWCS questions on high speed at work\nand tight deadlines. The EWCS found a significant increase of work intensity between 1991 and 2005.\nIn 1991,  **‘Working at a very high speed’**  was for the majority of respondents not an issue. Fifty-two per\ncent of the workers responded to this statement ‘Never’ or ‘Almost never’; in 1991, 24% worked at high\nspeed and responded ‘Around 3⁄4 of the time’, ‘Almost all of the time’ and ‘All of the time’; until 2005 this\nresponse rate went up by 11% to 35%.\n**Working to tight deadlines**  was not an issue for 34% in 1990, and in 2005 only for 19%, a reduction\nof 15%. The percentage of the sum of responses ‘Around 3⁄4 of the time’, ‘Almost all of the time’ or ‘All\nof the time’ to this question on tight deadlines increased between 1991 and 2005 from 29% to 37%.\nRegarding these two indicators,  **work intensity has evidently increased**  between 1991 and 2005. <sup>29</sup>\n\n**Figure 10: Development of work intensity indicators between 1991 and 2015 -  Eurofound**\n\nAfter that first period between 1991 and 2005,  **this development seems to stagnate between 2005**\n**and 2015**  . <sup>30</sup> The responses ‘Almost all of the time’ or ‘All of the time’ vary only slightly, between 33%\nand 37% depending on year and question (‘Working at high speed’ or ‘Working to tight deadlines’).\nDifferences can be seen regarding sector, company size and occupation.  **Regarding work intensity**  ,\nESENER enterprise data on time pressure for the EU27 indicate a slight increase of 2.3% between 2014\nand 2019 from 43% to 45%. <sup>31</sup> Interestingly, according to ESENER, time pressure drastically  **increases**\n**with the size of the enterprise**  . In enterprises with 5 - 9 employees, 39% report time pressure, and in\nenterprises with above 250 employees 69%.  <sup>32</sup> The same applies for long working hours, where\nenterprises with 5 - 9 employees report 19% ‘long working hours’, and in enterprises with above 250\nemployees this percentage increases to about 39% (EU27, 2019). <sup>33</sup>\n\n**Figure 11: Establishment size and ‘Pressure due to time constraints’ -  ESENER 2014 and 2019 <sup>34</sup>**\n\n**Figure 12: Establishment size and ‘Long or irregular working hours’ -  ESENER 2014 and 2019 <sup>35</sup>**",
+                    "page_start": 32,
+                    "page_end": 33,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **1 Executive summary**\n\n### **Working conditions -  Risk factors at work**\n\nexhaustive work.\nA certain  **ergonomic risk**  of many administrative and supervisory jobs is  **physical inactivity**  (61%), in\npractice meaning sitting most of the working time in front of digital equipment, sitting to make phone\ncalls or sitting in meetings. Not only administrative tasks but also many occupations in transport and\nindustry require prolonged sitting (transport, cashiers, parts assembly, etc.).\nIn the 10-year period before 2005, EU-wide surveys found a significant increase in work intensity. Major\ndifferences in work intensity and working time patterns can be seen between occupations, forms of work,\nsectors and enterprise size, for example. The length of the daily or weekly working time and its allocation\nwith the 24 hours of a day or at night are important factors for health and wellbeing. The Eurostat data\nshow a slight decrease  **in the average weekly working time for full-time employees**  (15-64 years)\nfrom 40.2 to 39.9 hours between 2006 and 2019.\nEurostat reports for all types of  **‘employment at atypical working time’**  a minor decrease between\n2011 and 2019, from 38.8% to 37.2% (EU27 average), for all employed workforce and all types of such\natypical time. The data also document slight increases or decreases of the different types of work during\natypical times > on Saturdays the percentage decreased from 28% to 25%, working in the evenings\ndecreased from 19% to 15%, working on Sundays remained stable at around 13.5%, work at night fell\nfrom 7% to 5%, and shift work increased slightly from 17% to 18%. Some  **groups of self-employed**\nshow a higher rate of atypical working times: for  **high-managerial self-employed**  , this rate is 43.2%\nand for  **low-managerial self-employed**  64.5%.\n**Significant differences also exist between eastern/southern and central/northern/western**\n**European countries.**  More physical and ergonomic risks (except inactivity) are reported from eastern\nand southern EU Member States but more emotional demands (e.g. difficult clients, poor communication\nand long working hours) in northern and central European countries. One of the major reasons might\nbe the reallocation of industrial production to eastern countries after the EU extension to 24 and later to\n27 Member States.",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.6 Conclusions**\n\nreduction of most atypical — or unsocial — working times can be observed. Work intensification has\nemerged until 2005 but seems to stagnate since then. There are strong indications but no quantitative\nevidence on the extent to which working long hours, work at atypical times and probably also work with\nhigher risks were  **transferred to workers in non-standard types of employment**  .\n**Non-standard forms of employment**  are — according to EU-OSHA — characterised by a non-\npermanent employment contract and the work not being performed at the premises of the employer.\nMost studies that dealt with the  **connection between the employment forms and health outcomes**\nand in particular safety and health aspects found significant correlations.  **New forms of employment**\nhave a wider spectrum of contract types — e.g. voucher, platform — and of places of work — for many\ntypes of work practically everywhere.\n**Non-standard locations of work**  — mobile work, homes as workplaces, domestic and care work —\nhave as common characteristics special conditions concerning implementation of OSH standards and\nlegislation, be it for technical or legal reasons. Quantitative evidence on working conditions in these\ntypes of work is less available than for stationary workplaces; moreover, the OSH responsibility can be\nblurred.  **Mobile ICT work**  is a field of new contractual arrangements that besides other aspects in\ngeneral reduce, limit or eliminate the employer’s duties — and in parallel also the workers’ obligations\nfor occupational safety and health. These workers are often exposed to unhealthier working conditions\nand lower implementation of OSH standards and legislation. <sup>113</sup>\nThe legal obligation of an  **equal level of safety and health for all groups**  is difficult to convert into\npractice. Well-known but still very prevalent are the disadvantages of women, migrants, low-qualified\nworkers, and ageing and young workers. The data show an unequal divide of specific risks, be it on\npurpose or due to missing awareness of the difference, or of lack of knowledge of the specific needs.\n\n© peopleimages.com/Adobe Stock",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **5 Major context developments and their influence on**\n\n### **5.3 Workforce structure**\n\nThe  **workforce**  was often set identical with employed workers under a permanent contract, on average\nmostly male, mainly national, and most of the skills were achieved during apprenticeships or studying.\nDuring the past three decades a rapid economic, technological and demographic development took\nplace: the variety of contracts has grown, and the share of women and of an international workforce\nincreased; moreover, the average age of the workforce is rapidly increasing; and technological\ndevelopments require repeated and often permanent acquisition of new skills. All these developments\nhave shattered traditional ideas and conceptions of working life. <sup>297</sup> This also has an impact on OSH.\n\n**Figure 38: Workforce structure, demography -  Eurostat**\n\n**In 2005, approximately 80 million women and 101 million men**  were employed in the EU. This was\na rate of female workforce of 44.1%; in 2019, this rate went up to 46.1%, with 90 million women and 106\nmillion men making up a total of 196 million workers. The employment rate of women between 15 and\n64 years stood in 2019 at 67.9% and the employment rate of men at 78.9%. <sup>298</sup>\nDuring the past 15 years the number of women in the Eurostat category ‘Employed persons’ (Employed\npersons = employees and employers including self-employed) grew by 12.9%. The number of female\nemployees grew by 16.3% and the number of male employees by 7.8%.\n\n**Table 30: Development of male and female workforce in the EU27 between 2005 and 2019 <sup>299</sup>**\n\nAlthough female employment has grown faster than the men’s rate, the employment rate for men is still\n11% higher. Due to the much higher rate of part-time work — women 30%, men 9% <sup>300</sup> — the gender\ngap concerning participation in the labour market is higher when transforming the working time into ‘full-\ntime equivalents’ (FTE). EIGE calculated a difference of 16%:  *‘The EU average FTE employment rate*\n*is 41% for women, compared to 57% for men.’*   *<sup>301,302</sup>*\nThe  **average age of the workforce has drastically changed**  during the last 17 years. In 2005, the age\nclass between 55 and 64 years represented 11.1% of all employed persons, and in 2019 already 18.4%",
+                    "page_start": 108,
+                    "page_end": 109,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **1 Executive summary**\n\n### **Conditions of employment and workforce development**\n\nDuring the past decades and at faster pace after 1990, a  **greater variety of non-standard contractual**\n**relations**  has emerged. Typical characteristics of non-standard work are part-time work, temporary (or\nfixed-term) work, seasonal work, casual work, home-based work, telework, self-employment or family\nwork. Currently, high public awareness is directed to those types of non-standard work that are\nconnected either to  **new forms of contracts**  (voucher, platform, zero-hours, portfolio, etc.) or increasing\n**types of work not bound to the premises of the employer**  (mobile, at home, at client’s place), mostly\nmade possible by the increased use of modern information and communication technologies (ICT).\nThese forms of work often have as a — additional — major characteristic a  **less clear employer-**\n**worker relationship**  .\nHowever, in 2019 the conventional employment contract still accounted for around 86% of the workforce\n(EU27), 9% are ‘own-account’ workers, that is, self-employed without employees. The remaining 4%\nwere self-employed with employees (employers) and less than 1% were contributing family workers. Of\nall employed workers, 17.2% worked part-time and 13.3% had temporary contracts.\nNon-standard types of work that are characterised by the circumstance that  **the work is not taking**\n**place at the premises of the employer**  are mobile and home-based work, domestic work, care work\nand long-term domestic care work, and online platform work. In 2019, approximately 77% worked at the\nemployer’s premises, 5% at home, 9% at the clients’ places and 8% at non-fixed workplaces. With the\nonset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the share of work at home more than doubled; in the EU27 it\nincreased from 5.4% in 2019 to 13.4% in 2021.\nCompared to work at the premises of the employer, such non-standard workplaces often miss basic\nOSH facilities (Minimum requirements at workplaces directive), availability and suitability of help tools\n(Work equipment directive and Personal protective equipment directive), or provision of adequate digital",
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+                    "page_end": 10,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf",
+                "query": "What is the definition of a work accident according to the International Labour Organisation?",
+                "target_page": 38,
+                "target_passage": "ILO Definition of accident: ‘An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work, which results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death.’",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **3 Status of working conditions**\n\n### **3.2 Physical health risks at work**\n\nRisks at work that can result in physical harm can be divided into  **safety**  and  **health risks**  .\nThe main result of insufficient safety is a work accident. A  **work accident**  has as immediate\nconsequences either a personal injury, a disease, or death of one or more workers. Eurostat\ndistinguishes between non-fatal and fatal work accidents, and for the majority of sectors it provides also\nthe duration of the absence due to the accident — an indicator for the severity of the injury. Non-fatal\naccidents at work can cause medium- or long-term health consequences, and in the worst case a\npermanent disability.\nILO Definition of accident: ‘An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence,\nincluding acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work, which results in one or more workers\nincurring a personal injury, disease or death.’ <sup>51</sup>\n**Physical health risks**  can be caused by a  **variety of circumstances and exposures**  or by  **inadequate**\n**ergonomics**  . Natural  **circumstances**  at work can pose such health risks, that is, temperature, storms\nand floods, unsafe terrain, biological agents and so on; or the risks are due to manmade circumstances,\nthat is, work in buildings, on roofs and towers, on traffic routes, under artificial ventilation.  **Exposure**  is\na general term to describe the interaction between environment / emissions / contaminants and the\nhuman organism. In a workplace context, ‘exposure’ mainly covers emissions from machinery or from\ntools and materials, for example, noise, vibration, dust, electromagnetic fields and chemical substances.\nRisks from  **inadequate ergonomics**  harm in particular the musculoskeletal system. Ergonomic risks of\nmanual work are typically caused by repetitive hand and arm movements, tiring positions, for example,\npermanent kneeling or overhead work, lifting and moving of heavy loads, or of patients and so on. A\ncertain ergonomic risk is  **physical inactivity**  , in practice sitting most of the working time. Not only\nadministrative tasks but also many occupations in service or industry require permanent sitting, for\nexample, drivers, cashiers, part assembly operators and so on (often called ‘sedentary occupations’).",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 37,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.1 Trends in safety outcomes -  work accidents**\n\n#### * **4.1.1 Non-fatal work accidents** *\n\n**DEFINITIONS**\nEurostat has developed the European Statistics on Accidents at Work, or ESAW, methodology to harmonise the\nmonitoring of work accidents. This methodology describes how accidents at work have to be reported and defines\nseveral terms and conditions.\n**What is an accident?**\n‘Accident at work’ is defined in the ESAW methodology <sup>135</sup> as a  **‘discrete occurrence in the course of work which**\n**leads to physical or mental harm.’**\n**When is a non-fatal work accident counted?**\nESAW counts a work accident  *‘if the resumption of work occurred 5 days after the work accident’*  ; Chapter 4.2 of\nthe ESAW Methodology 2012 explains:  *‘Accidents at work with more than three calendar days’ absence from work:*\n*Only full calendar days of absence from work have to be considered, excluding the day of the accident.*\n*Consequently, more than three calendar days’ means “at least four calendar days”, which implies that only if the*\n*victim resumes work on the fifth (or subsequent) working day after the date on which the accident occurred should*\n*the incident be included.’*\n**Exempted are:**  Commuting accidents, self-inflicted injuries (e.g. suicides), and strictly natural causes that injure\npeople at their workplaces (e.g. earthquakes, floods).\n\nThe total number of reported non-fatal accidents for the EU27 was 3,140,950 in 2019. <sup>136</sup> As mentioned\nin the introduction to this chapter, the incident rates of non-fatal accidents fell in about 25 years from\n4,089 (year 1998 <sup>137</sup> ) to 1,713 (2019), that is,  **it decreased about 58%**  . <sup>138</sup> The  **greatest part of this**\n**decrease**  took place between  **1998 and 2010**  , <sup>139</sup> the incidence rate halved to 2,021,  **a drop of 51%**  .\nStill, between 2010 and 2019 the incidence rate for the EU27 fell from 2,021 incidents per 100,000\nworkers to 1,713, a drop of a further 15% (taking 2010 as the reference year). <sup>140</sup>\n\n**Figure 21: Development of the total number of non-fatal accidents at work and incidence rates (accidents**\n**per 100,000 workers), 1998 and 2019 -  Eurostat**",
+                    "page_start": 63,
+                    "page_end": 64,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.1 Trends in safety outcomes -  work accidents**\n\n#### * **4.1.2 Serious non-fatal and fatal work accidents** *\n\nEurostat defines a fatal work accident as follows  *: ‘A “fatal accident” means an accident which leads to*\n*the death of a victim within one year of the accident’.*  <sup>160</sup>\nFatal commuting accidents are excluded, or when counted at national level, excluded from the ESAW\ndata.\nIn the last decade, most EU Member States registered a  **significant decrease of fatal work**\n**accidents**  . <sup>161</sup> From 2010 to 2019, for the EU27, the  **incidence rate of fatal accidents decreased over**\n**all sectors from 2.31 to 1.74**  , or a minus of 25%. In the period between 2010 and 2019 the sectoral\nfigures of five major sectors developed as follows:\n\n**Table 19: Incidence rates of fatal accidents per sector in 2010 and 2019 (EU27) <sup>162</sup>**\n\nAlso, large differences between countries can be noted. The following figure — taken from the OSH\nBarometer — calculates the number of fatal accidents in periods and compares the period 2010-2014\nwith 2015-2020. The reason is that — particularly in smaller Member States — a year with one serious\nand large work accident and several fatalities, or another year without any fatal accident, would distort\nthe annual picture and create significant changes from year to year. Romania, Luxembourg and Bulgaria\nhave the highest incident rates, and the Netherlands, Sweden and Germany the lowest. In 25 countries\nthe rate fell or stagnated in these two periods, with exceptions being Luxembourg and Greece.\n\n**Figure 23: Comparison of the average incidence rate of fatal accidents in two periods: 2010-2014 and 2015-**\n**2020 <sup>163</sup>**\n\nESAW provides more detailed data about the  **severity of non-fatal accidents**  .  <sup>164</sup> According to\nEurostat’s evaluation of ‘Causes and circumstances’ of work accidents (  **data from 2005, EU-15 and**\n**Norway**  ), in 2005, 3.9% of the non-fatal work accidents or 157,494 non-fatal accidents led to  **permanent**\n**incapacity**  (full or partly), and 138,568 (3,4% of all accidents) to absences from three to six months. <sup>165</sup>\n**In 2019**  , the  **outcome**  ‘Permanent incapacity or 183 days  *(of time-off)*  or over’  **made up 4.4% of all**\n**non-fatal work accidents or a little more than 100,000 cases**  .  **As serious outcomes**  we regard at\nleast the cases in the ESAW category: non-fatal accidents involving these consequences are more than\n**34 times more frequent than fatalities**  . These detailed time-off and outcome data are only available\nfor the sectors A and C-N, not for the other sectors with lower accident rates. If we include in the",
+                    "page_start": 70,
+                    "page_end": 71,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.1 Trends in safety outcomes -  work accidents**\n\n#### * **4.1.2 Serious non-fatal and fatal work accidents** *\n\ndefinition of a serious accident also the  **ESAW category ‘Time off between 3 and 6 months’, another**\n**5.4% or 129,150 non-fatal accidents**  would be added to the category ‘Serious accident’.\nThis would  **sum up to 232,892 accidents at work with a time off between three and six months,**\n**and of more than six months or a permanent handicap**  .\n\n**Table 20: Severity of accidents in the EU27 in 2019 (sectors A and C-N) <sup>166</sup>**\n\n**National data**  showed similar coefficients; a calculation for two EU Member States showed a coefficient\nof 27 for Germany (only permanent handicap) and 66 for France. <sup>167</sup> EU-OSHA used the severity data\nof Eurostat in its study on ‘The value of occupational safety and health and the societal costs of work-\nrelated injuries and diseases’ (2019). <sup>168</sup>\nAccording to the publication ‘Causes and circumstances of accidents at work in the EU’ (DG EMPL and\nEurostat), the types of work accidents  **causing the longest average days of absence**  are: ‘Slipping,\nstumbling and falling’ (46 absence days), followed by three more categories at the same level: ‘Loss of\ncontrol of machines or handheld tools’, by ‘Shock, fright, violence, aggression, threat, presence’, <sup>169</sup> and\nby ‘Electrical problems, explosion and fire’ (all three types of accidents with an average of 38 days of\nabsence). <sup>170</sup>\nTo conclude, for an estimate of the burden of accidents at work, the distinction between fatal and non-\nfatal is too rough.  **ESAW data allow a finer analysis, at least for the sectors with higher accident**\n**risks.**  The high number of serious and permanent health outcomes cause human suffering and\nsignificant societal costs; but they play an undervalued role in discussions on work accidents as OSH\nindicators. It has to be mentioned that these data play a large role as  **indicators in non-European OSH**\n**systems**  ; Canada uses the Disabling Injury Frequency Rate (DIFR). <sup>171</sup> Australia applies incidence and\nfrequency rates, which show the incidence rate and frequency rate of long-term (12 weeks or more\ncompensation) injury and disease claims. <sup>172</sup>\n\n**OSH Barometer - Non-fatal accidents at work:**\n[https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/accidents-diseases-well-being/work-](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/accidents-diseases-well-being/work-accidents/non-fatal-work-accidents)\n[accidents/non-fatal-work-accidents ](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/accidents-diseases-well-being/work-accidents/non-fatal-work-accidents)\n**OSH Barometer -  Fatal accidents at work:**\n[https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/accidents-diseases-well-being/work-](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/accidents-diseases-well-being/work-accidents/fatal-work-accidents)\n[accidents/fatal-work-accidents](https://visualisation.osha.europa.eu/osh-barometer/accidents-diseases-well-being/work-accidents/fatal-work-accidents)\n**Eurostat -  Accidents at work (ESAW and LFS Ad hoc modules):**\n[https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/health/data/database](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/health/data/database)",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 72,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.1 Trends in safety outcomes -  work accidents**\n\n#### * **4.1.1 Non-fatal work accidents** *\n\nonly be explained by different levels of reporting levels and respectively underreporting.\nA quite common method for correcting underreporting is to extrapolate the number of fatal accidents —\nthe reporting rate for fatal accidents is regarded as reliable — to calculate non-fatal accidents. Eurostat\nprovides the coefficient between fatal and non-fatal accidents.\n**Methodology:**\nEU-OSHA used the average coefficient between non-fatal and fatal work accidents of the four\ncountries Finland, France, Germany and Spain. The coefficient of registered non-fatal accident per\nfatal accident varies between 970 (France) and 2,085 (Germany), in 2019. The coefficient average for\nthese four countries is 1,462. If we multiply all ESAW-registered fatal accidents in the EU27 (3,408\ncases) with this coefficient, we end up at 4.98 million non-fatal accidents with more than three days of\nabsence.\nFor the EU27 in 2019, the  **average ratio is 922 non-fatal accidents for every fatal accident**  . <sup>147</sup> For\nan estimate, the coefficients  **of benchmark countries**  with a known high reporting rate are used to\nestimate underreporting throughout the EU27. <sup>148</sup>\nThe following table shows the data and the calculation steps.\n\n**Table 16: Non-fatal accidents estimated via coefficient of fatal accidents, 4 benchmark countries <sup>149</sup>**\n\nThe  **application of the average coefficient of four benchmark countries to all**  the  EU27 leads to an\nestimated number of non-fatal accidents with more than three days absence of approximately 4.98\nmillion. This is 1.84 million more work accidents than reported in ESAW; the  **reporting rate of ESAW**\n**for non-fatal work accidents with four or more days of absence would be at around 63%**  . Country-\nspecific reports about underreporting determine similar figures and support these findings. <sup>150</sup>\nThere seems to be a  **difference in the reporting level**  between countries with a universal health system\nwhere the reasons for an accident play a minor role and do not impact compensation and treatment. In\nmore fragmented health systems with distinguished work accident insurances, the ‘sphere’ (work or\nprivate life) — where the accident took place — is more relevant and influences the granted treatment",
+                    "page_start": 65,
+                    "page_end": 66,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.1 Trends in safety outcomes -  work accidents**\n\n#### * **4.1.1 Non-fatal work accidents** *\n\nregistered because they resulted in fewer than four days of absence:  *‘Around 37% of accidents at work*\n*in the EU result in fewer than 4 days’ loss of work.’*  <sup>154 .</sup> In the estimate above the figures are in a similar\nrange. The  **LFS surveys also reveal strong differences between occupational groups**  . The ISCO\ngroups 1-3 have less than half the accidents compared to groups 6-7 and 8-9. <sup>155</sup>\n\n**Table 18: People reporting an accident by group of occupations (ISCO) -  LFS Ad hoc 2020 <sup>156</sup>**\n\nIn the Member States there exist very  **diverging perceptions of which level of severity of a work**\n**accident justifies a notification**  —  or in the case of the LFS survey a positive response. In the LFS\nAd hoc module of 2020, the figures vary significantly between Member States. Some countries\npractically report only accidents with ‘Off work’ periods, for example, Italy, Lithuania, Malta and Poland.\nIn other countries the shares of work accidents reported that result in ‘Off work’ are under 40%, for\nexample, for Sweden and Finland, Greece, Denmark and France. <sup>157</sup> That means that in these countries\nthe respondents reported more than 50% such work accidents that did not cause an absence. Cultural\ndifferences in health perception in society and working life will probably be the major reason for these\ndifferences.\n\n© caro photo agency/EU-OSHA\n**Figure 22: Share of people reporting any accident and accidents resulting in time off work by country,**\n**2020 <sup>158</sup>**\n\nThe statistical analysis did not distinguish between different numbers of days of absence although the\ndifferentiation was included in the English master questionnaires. The reason given is the wording of\nthis question in the national questionnaire; this illustrates the difficulties of surveys at EU level. <sup>159</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 67,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **1 Executive summary**\n\n### **Accidents at work**\n\n**Accidents at work**  are the most common indicator regarding the quality of prevention in an enterprise,\na sector or a country. Between 1998 and 2019 (EU level),  **the incidence**  rate of  **non-fatal work**\n**accidents**  fell about 58%, from 4,089 to 1,713. Most of this decrease took place in the first half of this\ndecade. Between 1998 and 2008, the incidence rate fell by 54%, and between 2009 and 2019 by 9%.\nBetween 1998 and 2019, the  **incidence rate for fatal accidents**  dropped about 57% from 5.03 to 2.17,\nalmost the same decrease as for non-fatal accidents.\nFour major sectors,  **agriculture, manufacturing, construction and transport**  , employed just under\n40% of the workforce (in 1998 as well as in 2019). However, in 1998, more than 60% of the accidents\nat work took place in these sectors, thus the reduction of accidents in these sectors was crucial for the\noverall reduction. In addition, economic developments — sector decline and shift of workforce between\nsectors — reduced the number of workers exposed to common safety risks in these sectors.\nThere have always been concerns in national or sectoral case studies about  **underreporting of work**\n**accidents**  for different reasons: accidents suffered by self-employed who are not obliged to notify or\nare insured via private or non-occupational public health insurances, work-related traffic accidents that\nare reported as traffic accidents only, declaration of less severe accidents as private to avoid\nadministrative burden, administrative burden in general. This leads to several approaches to estimate\nthe true number of accidents at work. Currently, these estimates result in figures of around 5.45 million\nwork accidents at EU27 level in 2019 for all economic sectors and all types of employment. That means\nthat the reported 3.14 million accidents represent approximately 57.5% of all work accidents resulting in\nmore than three days of absence, while 42.5% are not reported.\nThe pure distinction between fatal and non-fatal work accidents does not reveal that a very large part of\nthe human and financial burden is caused  **by severe but not fatal accidents**  . In 2019, 232,892 work\naccidents resulted in an absence of more than three months or caused a permanent disability, compared\nto 3,008 fatal accidents (NACE Rev. 2 activity A, C-N). That is, in addition to every worker who dies,\nanother 77 suffer injuries resulting in at least three months off work or in permanent disability.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.1 Trends in safety outcomes -  work accidents**\n\n#### * **4.1.1 Non-fatal work accidents** *\n\nand compensation. Some researchers perform this calculation only based on the coefficient of two\ncountries, Finland and Germany. <sup>151</sup> Both have separated insurance-based systems and are regarded\nas countries with a high reporting level. The coefficient would be 1,734 (average of both countries\nwithout weighing of population size); this would result in an estimated number of non-fatal work\naccidents of 5.91 million.\n**Self-reports**  are another option to identify the number of work accidents. In the Eurostat  **LFS Ad hoc**\n**modules of 2007, 2013 and 2020**  , <sup>152</sup> ‘Employed persons’ were asked whether they had a work accident\nin the past 12 months.\n\n**Table 17: Self-reported work accidents during the last 12 months (EU27) -  LFS Ad hoc modules**\n\nNote: In 2020, in total 0.4% responded that they had more than one accident; these data are not available for 2007\nand 2013.\n\nIn 2007, 3.2% of the respondents reported an accident, in 2013 this fell to 2.8%, and in 2020 2.3% of\nthe ‘Person in labour force’, aged 15-64, responded with a ‘Yes’. This corresponds to a decline of 28%\nfrom 2007 to 2020. The decline of the total estimated number of work accidents shows a similar trend,\na 24% decrease from 5.89 million to 4.46 million (if the persons with more than one accident from the\n2020 survey are not taken into account to achieve a better comparability with 2007 and 2013).\nFor 2020,  **an estimate of the number of accidents based on the Ad hoc module results in a figure**\n**of 5.24 million**  . The number of ESAW-registered non-fatal accidents in 2019 was 3.14 million,\napproximately 60% of the self-reported. One reason for this difference surely is that the respondents to\nthe question in the LFS Ad hoc module  **might refer to every work accident**  , including those resulting\nin under four days of absence. <sup>153</sup>\n\n**Estimations**\nEurostat itself estimated in 1999 that approximately 37% of the non-fatal accidents did not need to be",
+                    "page_start": 66,
+                    "page_end": 67,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n**Work accidents, work-related diseases and the level of work-related wellbeing**  <sup>114</sup> are regarded as\nthe three major health and safety outcomes of working conditions. They are used as  **lagging indicators**\n(always  **work accidents**  and often  **occupational**  or  **work-related diseases**  , sometimes  **wellbeing**  )\nand as proof of evidence in political, scientific or practical discussions about the quality of working\nconditions and the effectiveness and performance of the OSH system.\n**Work accidents**  are probably the  **most widely used indicator**  for assessment of the effectiveness of\nthe OSH systems and the working conditions in general, also in a broader public; thus, this report will\ntackle this topic more extensively than other topics. Work accidents are regarded as a result of\n**insufficient safety prevention**  .  **Occupational and work-related diseases**  are regarded as  **short- or**\n**long-term outcomes**  of all disease-generating circumstances or exposures at work, caused by any\ntype of material or substance, by unhealthy physical activity or unhealthy inactivity, or by disease-\ncausing aspects of human interaction at work. Occupational and work-related diseases are categorised\nand assessed by experts, particularly by medical professions.  **Wellbeing**  is the newest concept,\ncovering the individual or group perception of the working conditions.\nThe  **presence of risk factors**  and — if possible — the  **level of exposure**  makes up  the largest block\nof datasets in the OSH Barometer that is used to assess working conditions.",
+                    "page_start": 60,
+                    "page_end": 60,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Occupational safety and health in Europe:  state and trends 2023  EN\n\n## **4 Trends in outcomes -  safety, health and wellbeing**\n\n### **4.2 Trends in health outcomes**\n\n#### * **4.2.2 Attributable fractions, risk pairs and burden of disease** *\n\n**16 years**  . <sup>217</sup>\nThe second reference estimate was provided by the  **International Commission on Occupational**\n**Health (ICOH)**  . The size of the two major health consequences (‘Outcomes’) was calculated, that is,\n**work-related deaths**  , and  **work-related diseases**  . ICOH estimates  in total  **179,000 deaths**  ; moreover,\nthey  refer to the much smaller  **labour force**  population (209 million) and calculate  **89 work-related**\n**deaths per 100,000 labour force**  . The main reason for these different estimates is the general\napproach: WHO/ILO restricts their analysis to selected risk-outcome pairs, for example, long working\nhours as risk and stroke as outcome, whereas ICOH aspired to cover all work-related diseases.\n\n**Figure 25: Work-related deaths -  estimates by WHO/ILO <sup>218</sup> and ICOH <sup>219</sup> for EU27**\n\nThe figure below displays the relation between  **major risks**  and the  **health outcome in DALYs**  . The\nestimates of DALYS that are attributable to work vary between 6.8 million years (ICOH) and 4.4 million\nyears (WHO/ILO), both for the EU27.\n\n**Figure 26: Work-related DALYs -  estimates by WHO/ILO and ICOH for the EU27**\n\nPutting the absolute numbers of WHO/ILO in relation to the EU27 population above 16 years this results\nin approximately  **1,172 lost life years per 100,000 working-age population**  (WHO/ILO). ICOH\ncalculates in absolute numbers 6.8 million lost life years for the labour force population, resulting  **in**\n**3,364 DALYs per 100,000 labour force**  .\nIt can be concluded that despite methodological differences the estimates  **do not vary that much if the**\n**same reference population**  is used in the calculation. Future research will contribute to a better\nattribution of the impact of work on these diseases.  **In the future, relevant disease groups will be**\n**incorporated in these estimates**  , that is,  the impact of work on the prevalence of  **mental diseases**\nand of communicable diseases caused by biological agents needs to be incorporated.\nThe next table shows the  **difference between major occupational risk factors and deaths**  at the\nEU27 level and the global level. At EU27 level asbestos-related cancers are clearly the most frequent",
+                    "page_start": 81,
+                    "page_end": 83,
+                    "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "infographic5.pdf",
+                "query": "Was knowledge domain agnosticism a goal in the development of OLAF?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations represented largely depend on one or more business use cases. As we designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need to consider it within its real-world usage context.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 3
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT**\nWe designed the proposed framework focusing on  **automation**  with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches,\nparticular attention is brought to the  **learned ontology final production use case**  . We implement the framework as an open-source and open-\naccess python library. We aim to  **gather feedback and grow a community**  to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be\ndeveloped to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing  **axiom extraction**  and  **automatic ontology**\n**evaluation**  . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter\n##### field is known as \"SemOps\".\nDifferent  **serialization techniques**  can be used to export and\nleverage the learned ontology in an application system.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **ARCHITECTURE**\na search engine on Schneider Electric products\na chatbot on Human Resources issues.\nWe only work on  **unstructured textual data**  .\nWe apply the framework in two different use cases and datasets\nto validate our results :\nOur framework provides several algorithms for the different\nstages of the pipeline. The algorithms are taken from external\nlibraries or directly implemented in the framework.  The goal is to\nhave as many methods as possible to cover the maximum needs.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **STATE OF THE ART**\n\nSystem Overview Pros and cons\nText2Onto,\n2005, [1]\nIt is the reference in the field as it defines a\nrepresentation-agnostic structure with modular\nsteps and takes into account uncertainty. The\nsystem is implemented as a GATE module.\nOntologies can be exported in\nvarious formats. GATE system\nadds great visualisations. But it is\nnot maintained since 2011.\nOntoLearn\n(Reloaded),\n2013, [3]\nIt focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed\nknowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology\nextraction, hypernym graph construction, domain\nfiltering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and\nedge recovery.\nIt relies on WordNet and POS\ntags and does not distinguish\nbetween terms and concepts.\nIt implements different\nadaptable approaches.\nOntoGain,\n2010, [2]\nIt focuses on multiword terms to construct a\n\"lexicalised ontology\" by adapting an agglomerative\nclustering and an FCA method. It implements 4\nsteps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC-\nvalue), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic\nrelation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic).\nIt considers only multiword\nterms and relies on WordNet\nand POS tags. It does not\ndistinguish between terms and\nconcepts and implements\ndifferent adaptable approaches.\nCimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1\nDrymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg:\nSpringer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2\nPaola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665- 707. DOI:\n[10.1162/COLI_a_00146](https://doi.org/10.1162/COLI_a_00146)\nMuhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications,\n[Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101](https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bay101)\n1.\n2.\n3.\n4.\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically  **extracting and structuring knowledge**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **STATE OF THE ART**\n\nrelevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a  **modular ontology**\n**learning framework**  considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning\nsystems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with  **full automation**  in mind. An implementation as an  **open-**\n**source and collaborative python library**  is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\nMost ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology-\nbased system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an\napplication-independent manner, in practice,  **concepts and relations**\n**represented largely depend on one or more business use cases**  . As\nwe designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need\nto consider it within its  **real-world usage context**  .\n###### * **Embedding-based similar term extraction** *\n###### * **ConceptNet synonym extraction** *\n###### * **WordNet synonym extraction** *\nWe choose  **Python**  as it eases access to the vast python\ncommunity and its library ecosystem, particularly  **NLP tools**  and\nnumerous  **Machine Learning (ML) libraries**  .\n###### * **Algorithm implemented** *\n*Upcoming implementation*\n: Iterative process\nOur vision is to implement a  **toolbox of methods**  we can\ngather to build  **pipelines**  . These pipelines can be run,\noptimised and analysed to learn the best possible\nontology.\nOur implementation is largely based on the  **Python NLP**\n**library spaCy**  . The text processing on spaCy helps us\nwork with data in  **many different languages**  while\nstaying flexible on the methods used. The only constraint\nis to end up with a list of  **spaCy Doc objects**  .",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Goals**\n\nAn ontology represents knowledge as a set\nof concepts within a domain and the\nrelationships between those concepts.\nThe general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken into subproblems. These\nconsist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers expect an intelligent system to display. The traits\ndescribed below have received the most attention and cover the scope of AI research. <sup>[a]</sup>\nEarly researchers developed algorithms that imitated step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they\n[solve puzzles or make logical deductions.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning) <sup>[13]</sup> By the late 1980s and 1990s, methods were developed for\n[dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability)\n[economics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics) <sup>[14]</sup>\nMany of these algorithms are insufficient for solving large reasoning problems because they experience a\n\"combinatorial explosion\": They become exponentially slower as the problems grow. <sup>[15]</sup> Even humans\nrarely use the step-by-step deduction that early AI research could model. They solve most of their\nproblems using fast, intuitive judgments. <sup>[16]</sup> Accurate and efficient reasoning is an unsolved problem.\n[Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_engineering) <sup>[17]</sup>\nallow AI programs to answer questions intelligently and\nmake deductions about real-world facts. Formal knowledge\nrepresentations are used in content-based indexing and\nretrieval, <sup>[18]</sup> scene interpretation, <sup>[19]</sup> clinical decision\nsupport, <sup>[20]</sup> knowledge discovery (mining \"interesting\" and\n[actionable inferences from large databases),](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database) <sup>[21]</sup> and other\nareas. <sup>[22]</sup>\n[A knowledge base is a body of knowledge represented in a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base)\n[form that can be used by a program. An ontology is the set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science))\nof objects, relations, concepts, and properties used by a\nparticular domain of knowledge. <sup>[23]</sup> Knowledge bases need\nto represent things such as objects, properties, categories,\nand relations between objects; <sup>[24]</sup> situations, events, states,\nand time; <sup>[25]</sup> causes and effects; <sup>[26]</sup> knowledge about\nknowledge (what we know about what other people\nknow); <sup>[27]</sup> [ default reasoning (things that humans assume are true until they are told differently and will](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_reasoning)\nremain true even when other facts are changing); <sup>[28]</sup> and many other aspects and domains of knowledge.\nAmong the most difficult problems in knowledge representation are the breadth of commonsense\nknowledge (the set of atomic facts that the average person knows is enormous); <sup>[29]</sup> and the sub-symbolic\nform of most commonsense knowledge (much of what people know is not represented as \"facts\" or\n\"statements\" that they could express verbally). <sup>[16]</sup> [ There is also the difficulty of knowledge acquisition,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_acquisition)\nthe problem of obtaining knowledge for AI applications. <sup>[c]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works Anna Rogers Olga Kovaleva Anna Rumshisky Ab[...]\n\n## **1 Introduction**\n\n#### **vanilla BERT is competitive with methods rely-**\n\n**ing on knowledge bases**  ( Figure 2 ), and Roberts\net al. ( 2020 ) show the same for open-domain QA\nusing T5 model ( Raffel et al. , 2019 ). Davison et al.\n( 2019 ) suggest that it generalizes better to unseen\ndata. In order to retrieve BERT’s knowledge, we\nneed good template sentences, and there is work\non their automatic extraction and augmentation\n( Bouraoui et al. , 2019 ; Jiang et al. , 2019b ).\nHowever,  **BERT cannot reason based on its**\n**world knowledge**  . Forbes et al. ( 2019 ) show that\nBERT can \"guess\" the affordances and properties of\nmany objects, but can not reason about the relation-\nship between properties and affordances. For ex-\nample, it “knows\" that people can walk into houses,\nand that houses are big, but it cannot infer that\nhouses are bigger than people. Zhou et al. ( 2020 )\nand Richardson and Sabharwal ( 2019 ) also show\nthat the performance drops with the number of nec-\nessary inference steps. Some of BERT’s world\nknowledge success comes from learning stereotypi-\ncal associations ( Poerner et al. , 2019 ), e.g., a person\nwith an Italian-sounding name is predicted to be\nItalian, even when it is incorrect.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Techniques**\n\n#### **Search and optimization**\n\n[premises or backwards from the problem.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_chaining) <sup>[82]</sup> [ In the more general case of the clausal form of first-order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic)\n[logic, resolution is a single, axiom-free rule of inference, in which a problem is solved by proving a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(logic))\ncontradiction from premises that include the negation of the problem to be solved. <sup>[83]</sup>\n[Inference in both Horn clause logic and first-order logic is undecidable, and therefore intractable.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intractable_problem)\n[However, backward reasoning with Horn clauses, which underpins computation in the logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming)\n[programming language Prolog, is Turing complete. Moreover, its efficiency is competitive with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_complete)\n[computation in other symbolic programming languages.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_programming) <sup>[84]</sup>\n[Fuzzy logic assigns a \"degree of truth\" between 0 and 1. It can therefore handle propositions that are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic)\nvague and partially true. <sup>[85]</sup>\n[Non-monotonic logics, including logic programming with negation as failure, are designed to handle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation_as_failure)\n[default reasoning.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_reasoning) <sup>[28]</sup> Other specialized versions of logic have been developed to describe many complex\ndomains.\nMany problems in AI (including in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require the\nagent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of tools\n[to solve these problems using methods from probability theory and economics.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability) <sup>[86]</sup> Precise mathematical\n[tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory)\n[decision analysis,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_analysis) <sup>[87]</sup> [ and information value theory.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_value_theory) <sup>[88]</sup> [ These tools include models such as Markov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process)\n[decision processes,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_decision_process) <sup>[89]</sup> [ dynamic decision networks,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_network) <sup>[90]</sup> [ game theory and mechanism design.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design) <sup>[91]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Philosophy**\n\n#### **Defining artificial intelligence**\n\n[Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus had argued since the 1960s that human expertise depends on unconscious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus%27_critique_of_AI)\ninstinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation, and on having a \"feel\" for the situation, rather than\nexplicit symbolic knowledge. <sup>[373]</sup> Although his arguments had been ridiculed and ignored when they\nwere first presented, eventually, AI research came to agree with him. <sup>[ab][16]</sup>\n[The issue is not resolved: sub-symbolic reasoning can make many of the same inscrutable mistakes that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-symbolic)\n[human intuition does, such as algorithmic bias. Critics such as Noam Chomsky argue continuing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky)\ninto symbolic AI will still be necessary to attain general intelligence, <sup>[375][376]</sup> in part because sub-\n[symbolic AI is a move away from explainable AI: it can be difficult or impossible to understand why a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explainable_AI)\n[modern statistical AI program made a particular decision. The emerging field of neuro-symbolic artificial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI)\n[intelligence attempts to bridge the two approaches.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-symbolic_AI)\n[\"Neats\" hope that intelligent behavior is described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic)\n[optimization, or neural networks). \"Scruffies\" expect that it necessarily requires solving a large number of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network)\nunrelated problems. Neats defend their programs with theoretical rigor, scruffies rely mainly on\nincremental testing to see if they work. This issue was actively discussed in the 1970s and 1980s, <sup>[377]</sup> but\neventually was seen as irrelevant. Modern AI has elements of both.",
+                    "page_start": 24,
+                    "page_end": 24,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n**OLAF**\n**Ontology based-system**\nOntology Use Cases Final Application\n**Knowledge sources**\nText Corpus Seed Ontology\nOntology\nPipeline Building Pipeline Optimisation Pipeline Execution\n###### * **C-value-based filtering** *\n###### * **Linguistic-based filtering** *\n###### * **TF-IDF value-based filtering** *\n###### * **ConceptNet-based extraction** *\n###### * **Grouping terms based on synonyms** *\n###### * **Term cooccurrences-based extraction** *\n###### * **Similarity-based extraction** *\n*Formal concept Analysis*\n###### * **Term subsumption algorithm** *\n*Hierarchical clustering*\n###### * **Rule-based axiom extraction** *\n*Inductive Logic Programming*\n**OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework** Marion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n#### Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\nTerm Extraction\nTerm Enrichment\nConcept/Relation\nExtraction\nHierarchisation\nAxiom\nData preprocessing\nText Corpus\nOntology\n##### **OLAF**\nActivity Ressource\nArtifact Optional",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "infographic5.pdf",
+                "query": "Is OLAF a specific strategy for ontological learning or is it a toolbox of different strategies?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Our vision is to implement a toolbox of methods we can gather to build pipelines. ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT**\nWe designed the proposed framework focusing on  **automation**  with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches,\nparticular attention is brought to the  **learned ontology final production use case**  . We implement the framework as an open-source and open-\naccess python library. We aim to  **gather feedback and grow a community**  to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be\ndeveloped to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing  **axiom extraction**  and  **automatic ontology**\n**evaluation**  . One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter\n##### field is known as \"SemOps\".\nDifferent  **serialization techniques**  can be used to export and\nleverage the learned ontology in an application system.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **STATE OF THE ART**\n\nrelevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a  **modular ontology**\n**learning framework**  considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning\nsystems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with  **full automation**  in mind. An implementation as an  **open-**\n**source and collaborative python library**  is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning.\nMost ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology-\nbased system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an\napplication-independent manner, in practice,  **concepts and relations**\n**represented largely depend on one or more business use cases**  . As\nwe designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need\nto consider it within its  **real-world usage context**  .\n###### * **Embedding-based similar term extraction** *\n###### * **ConceptNet synonym extraction** *\n###### * **WordNet synonym extraction** *\nWe choose  **Python**  as it eases access to the vast python\ncommunity and its library ecosystem, particularly  **NLP tools**  and\nnumerous  **Machine Learning (ML) libraries**  .\n###### * **Algorithm implemented** *\n*Upcoming implementation*\n: Iterative process\nOur vision is to implement a  **toolbox of methods**  we can\ngather to build  **pipelines**  . These pipelines can be run,\noptimised and analysed to learn the best possible\nontology.\nOur implementation is largely based on the  **Python NLP**\n**library spaCy**  . The text processing on spaCy helps us\nwork with data in  **many different languages**  while\nstaying flexible on the methods used. The only constraint\nis to end up with a list of  **spaCy Doc objects**  .",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n**OLAF**\n**Ontology based-system**\nOntology Use Cases Final Application\n**Knowledge sources**\nText Corpus Seed Ontology\nOntology\nPipeline Building Pipeline Optimisation Pipeline Execution\n###### * **C-value-based filtering** *\n###### * **Linguistic-based filtering** *\n###### * **TF-IDF value-based filtering** *\n###### * **ConceptNet-based extraction** *\n###### * **Grouping terms based on synonyms** *\n###### * **Term cooccurrences-based extraction** *\n###### * **Similarity-based extraction** *\n*Formal concept Analysis*\n###### * **Term subsumption algorithm** *\n*Hierarchical clustering*\n###### * **Rule-based axiom extraction** *\n*Inductive Logic Programming*\n**OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework** Marion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n#### Jean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK\nTerm Extraction\nTerm Enrichment\nConcept/Relation\nExtraction\nHierarchisation\nAxiom\nData preprocessing\nText Corpus\nOntology\n##### **OLAF**\nActivity Ressource\nArtifact Optional",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **STATE OF THE ART**\n\nSystem Overview Pros and cons\nText2Onto,\n2005, [1]\nIt is the reference in the field as it defines a\nrepresentation-agnostic structure with modular\nsteps and takes into account uncertainty. The\nsystem is implemented as a GATE module.\nOntologies can be exported in\nvarious formats. GATE system\nadds great visualisations. But it is\nnot maintained since 2011.\nOntoLearn\n(Reloaded),\n2013, [3]\nIt focuses on \"lexicalised ontologies\" and uses seed\nknowledge. It implements 5 steps: terminology\nextraction, hypernym graph construction, domain\nfiltering of hypernyms, hypernym graph pruning and\nedge recovery.\nIt relies on WordNet and POS\ntags and does not distinguish\nbetween terms and concepts.\nIt implements different\nadaptable approaches.\nOntoGain,\n2010, [2]\nIt focuses on multiword terms to construct a\n\"lexicalised ontology\" by adapting an agglomerative\nclustering and an FCA method. It implements 4\nsteps: text preprocessing, concept extraction (C/NC-\nvalue), taxonomy construction, and non-taxonomic\nrelation acquisition (rule-based and probabilistic).\nIt considers only multiword\nterms and relies on WordNet\nand POS tags. It does not\ndistinguish between terms and\nconcepts and implements\ndifferent adaptable approaches.\nCimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1\nDrymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg:\nSpringer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2\nPaola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665- 707. DOI:\n[10.1162/COLI_a_00146](https://doi.org/10.1162/COLI_a_00146)\nMuhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications,\n[Database, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101](https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bay101)\n1.\n2.\n3.\n4.\nSince the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically  **extracting and structuring knowledge**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework CAPTION STATE OF THE ART OLAF IN A PRACTICAL CONTEXT ONTO[...]\n\n### **ARCHITECTURE**\na search engine on Schneider Electric products\na chatbot on Human Resources issues.\nWe only work on  **unstructured textual data**  .\nWe apply the framework in two different use cases and datasets\nto validate our results :\nOur framework provides several algorithms for the different\nstages of the pipeline. The algorithms are taken from external\nlibraries or directly implemented in the framework.  The goal is to\nhave as many methods as possible to cover the maximum needs.",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "infographic5.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### universal restriction:\n\n###### **Exercise 22: Create a Defined Class called VegetarianPizza**\n\nIn most languages using the CWA we assume that everything that is currently known about the system is already in the database. However, OWL was meant to be a language to bring semantics to the Internet so the language designers chose the OWA. The open world assumption means that we cannot assume\nsomething doesn’t exist just because it isn’t currently in the ontology. The Internet is an open system. The\ninformation could be out there in some data source that hasn’t yet been integrated into our ontology. Thus, we can’t conclude some information doesn’t exist unless it is  *explicitly stated that it does not exist*  . In other words, because something hasn’t been stated to be true, it cannot be assumed to be false — it is assumed that the knowledge just hasn’t been added to the knowledge base. In the case of our pizza ontology, we have stated that MargheritaPizza has toppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping\nand also kinds of TomatoTopping . Because of the open world assumption, until we explicitly say that a\nMargheritaPizza only has these kinds of toppings, it is assumed by the reasoner that a\nMargheritaPizza could have other toppings. To specify explicitly that a MargheritaPizza has\ntoppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping or kinds of TomatoTopping and only kinds of\nMozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping , we must add what is known as a closure axiom on the\nhasTopping property.\nIn situations like the above example, a common mistake is to use an intersection instead of a\nunion. For example, CheeseTopping   *and*   VegetableTopping .  Although CheeseTopping\nand Vegetable might be a natural thing to say in English, this logically means something that\nis simultaneously a kind of CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping . This is incorrect\nbecause we have stated that CheeseTopping and VegetableTopping are disjoint classes\nand hence no individual can be an instance of both. If we used such a definition the reasoner\nwould detect the inconsistency.\nIn the above example it might have been tempting to create two universal restrictions — one\nfor CheeseTopping  ( ∀ hasTopping CheeseTopping) and one for\nVegetableTopping ( ∀ hasTopping VegetableTopping) . However, when multiple\nrestrictions are used (for any type of restriction) the total description is taken to be the",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n#### [A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351037551_A_Practical_Guide_to_Building_OWL_Ontologies_Using_Protege_55_and_Plugins?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf)\n**Preprint**  · April 2021\nCITATIONS\n0\nREADS\n36,030\n**1 author:**\n[Michael Debellis](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Debellis?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_5&_esc=publicationCoverPdf)\n**21**   PUBLICATIONS   **194**   CITATIONS\n[SEE PROFILE](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Debellis?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_7&_esc=publicationCoverPdf)\nAll content following this page was uploaded by [Michael Debellis](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Debellis?enrichId=rgreq-7ed60925595faf4aa7e40c17bac992b1-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1MTAzNzU1MTtBUzoxMDE1MTA5MzkyNTUxOTM4QDE2MTkwMzIzNDc4MTg%3D&el=1_x_10&_esc=publicationCoverPdf) on 21 April 2021.\nThe user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.\n1",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nThis tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the  *Slope of Enlightenment*  in the Gartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the Semantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US corporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in OWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology companies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started to embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is finally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive technologies.\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I’ve heard is that an\nontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology combined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about knowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data.\nThere are a number of vendors emerging who are using the technology in very productive ways and are providing the foundation for federated knowledge graphs that can scale to hundreds of millions of triples or more and provide a framework for all corporate data. I’ve listed several in the bibliography but those",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# A Practical Guide to Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 5.5 and Plugins 0 36,030\n\n## 8 April 2021\n\n### Chapter 13 Conclusion: Some Personal Thoughts and Opinions\n\nare only the ones I’ve had some experience with. I’m sure there are many others. One of the products I’ve\nhad the best experience with is the AllegroGraph triplestore and the Gruff visualization tool from Franz Inc. Although Allegro is a commercial tool, the free version supports most of the core capabilities of the commercial version. I’ve found the Allegro triplestore easy to use on a Windows PC with the Docker tool to emulate a Linux server.\nI first started working with classification-based languages when I worked at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) and used the Loom language [Macgregor 91] to develop B2B systems for the US Department of Defense and their contractors. Since then, I’ve followed the progress of the technology, especially the DARPA knowledge sharing initiative [Neches 91] and always thought there was great promise in the technology. When I first discovered Protégé it was a great experience. It is one of the best supported and most usable free tools I’ve ever seen, and it always surprised me that there weren’t more corporate users leveraging it in major ways. I think we are finally starting to see this happen and I hope this tutorial helps in a small way to accelerate the adoption of this powerful and robust tool.",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "infographic5.pdf",
+                "query": "Is Text2Onto still updated nowadays?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "But it is not maintained since 2011.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.3  Updating your Storwize V7000 to V8.2.1**\n\nknown to cause loss of access. Click  **Finish**  to begin the update package upload process.\n*Figure 13-15   The update type selection*\nWhen updating from a V8.1 or later level, another window is displayed at this point in\nwhich you can choose a fully automated update, one that pauses when half the nodes\ncomplete the update, or one that pauses after each node update, as shown in\nFigure 13-16. The pause option requires that you click  **Resume**  to continue the update\nafter each pause. Click  **Finish**  .\n*Figure 13-16   New V8.1 update pause options*\n7. After the update packages upload, the update test utility looks for any known issues that\nmight affect a concurrent update of your system. Click  **Read more**  (see Figure 13-17 on\npage 692).\n*Figure 13-17   Issues detected by the update test utility*\nThe results pane opens and shows you what issues were detected (see Figure 13-18). In\nour example, the system identified an error that one or more drives in the system are\nrunning microcode with a known issue and a warning that email notification (Call Home) is\nnot enabled. Although this issue is not a recommended condition, it does not prevent the\nsystem update from running. Therefore, we click  **Close**  and proceed with the update.\nHowever, you might need to contact IBM Support to assist with resolving more serious\nissues before continuing.\n*Figure 13-18   Description of the warning from the test utility*\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n8. Click  **Resume**  in the Update System window and the update proceeds, as shown in\nFigure 13-19.\n*Figure 13-19   Resuming the update*\n9. Because of the utility detecting issues, another warning comes up to ensure that you\ninvestigated them and are certain you want to proceed, as shown in Figure 13-20. When\nyou are ready to proceed, click  **Yes**  .\n*Figure 13-20   Warning before you can continue*",
+                    "page_start": 712,
+                    "page_end": 714,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#NodeID=2 #MachineType=2076524#SerialNumber=1234567 #SoftwareVersion=8.2.1.0\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n(build 147.6.1810180824000)#FRU=fan 24P1118, system board 24P1234",
+                    "page_start": 186,
+                    "page_end": 187,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#NodeID=2 #MachineType=2076624#SerialNumber=1234567 #SoftwareVersion=8.1.0.0\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n**Important:**  Browse to  **Recommended Actions**  to run the fix procedures on these\nnotifications.\n(build 13.4.1709291021000)#FRU=fan 31P1847",
+                    "page_start": 746,
+                    "page_end": 747,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.3  Updating your Storwize V7000 to V8.2.1**\n\nTo update the IBM Spectrum Virtualize software to V8.2.1, complete the following steps:\n1. Open a supported web browser and navigate to your cluster IP address. A login window\nopens (see Figure 13-11).\n*Figure 13-11   IBM Storwize V7000 pre-8.1 GUI login window*\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n2. Log in by using the superuser credentials. The IBM Storwize V7000 management home\nwindow opens. Move the cursor over  **Settings**   and click  **System**  (see Figure 13-12).\n*Figure 13-12   Settings menu*\n3. In the  **System**  menu, click  **Update System**  . The Update System window opens (see\nFigure 13-13).\n*Figure 13-13   Update System window*\n4. From this window, you can select to run the update test utility and continue with the code\nupdate or run the test utility. For this example, we click  **Test and Update.**\n5. Because you downloaded both files from [this website](https://ibm.biz/BdjviY) , you can click each folder, browse to\nthe location where you saved the files, and upload them to the IBM Storwize V7000. If the\nfiles are correct, the GUI detects and updates the target code level, as shown in\nFigure 13-14.\n*Figure 13-14   Upload option for both Test utility and Update Package*\n**My Notifications:**  Use the My Notifications tool to receive notifications of new and\nupdated support information to better maintain your system environment, especially in\nan environment where a direct internet connection is not possible.\nSee [this website](http://www.ibm.com/software/support/einfo.html) (an IBM account is required) to add your IBM Storwize V7000 system\nto the notifications list to be advised of support information, and to download the current\ncode to your workstation for later upload.\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n6. Select the type of update you want to perform, as shown in Figure 13-15. Select\n**Automatic update**  unless IBM Support suggests  **Service Assistant Manual update**  . The\nmanual update might be preferable in cases where misbehaving host multipathing is",
+                    "page_start": 709,
+                    "page_end": 712,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.2  IBM Storwize V7000 update test utility**\n\nThe software update test utility is a Storwize V7000 software utility that checks for known\nissues that can cause problems during a Storwize V7000 software update. For more\ninformation about the utility, see [this website](http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?rs=591&uid=ssg1S4000585) .\nDownload the software update utility from this page where you can also download the\nfirmware. This procedure ensures that you receive the current version of this utility. You can\nuse the  **svcupgradetest**  utility to check for known issues that might cause problems during a\nsoftware update.\nThe software update test utility can be downloaded in advance of the update process.\nAlternately, it can be downloaded and run directly during the software update, as guided by\nthe update wizard.\nYou can run the utility multiple times on the same IBM Storwize V7000 system to perform a\nreadiness check-in preparation for a software update. Run this utility for a final time\nimmediately before you apply the software update to ensure that there were no new releases\nof the utility since it was originally downloaded.\n**Important:**  Before you attempt any IBM Storwize V7000 code update, read and\nunderstand the Storwize V7000 concurrent compatibility and code cross-reference matrix.\nFor more information, see [this website](http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1003705) and click  **Latest Storwize V7000 code**  .\nThe installation and use of this utility is nondisruptive, and does not require restart of any IBM\nStorwize V7000 nodes. Therefore, there is no interruption to host I/O. The utility is only\ninstalled on the current configuration node.\nSystem administrators must continue to check whether the version of code that they plan to\ninstall is the latest version. For the most current information, see [this website](https://ibm.biz/BdjviY) .\nThis utility is intended to supplement rather than duplicate the tests that are performed by the\nIBM Spectrum Virtualize update procedure (for example, checking for unfixed errors in the\nerror log).\nConcurrent software update of all components is supported through the standard Ethernet\nmanagement interfaces. However, most of the configuration tasks are restricted during the\nupdate process.",
+                    "page_start": 708,
+                    "page_end": 709,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.3  Updating your Storwize V7000 to V8.2.1**\n\n10.The system begins updating the IBM Spectrum Virtualize software by taking one node\noffline and installing the new code. This process takes approximately 20 minutes. After the\nnode returns from the update, it is listed as complete, as shown in Figure 13-21.\n*Figure 13-21   Update process paused for host path recovery*\n11.After a 30-minute pause, a node failover occurs and you temporarily lose connection to the\nGUI to ensure that multipathing recovered on all attached hosts. A warning window\ndisplays, prompting you to refresh the current session, as shown in Figure 13-22 on\npage 694.\n*Figure 13-22   Node failover*\nWe now see the new V8.2.1 GUI and the status of the second node updating, as shown in\nFigure 13-23.\n*Figure 13-23   New GUI after node failover*\n**Tip:**  If you are updating from V7.8 or later code, the 30-minute wait period can be\nadjusted by using the  **applysoftware**  CLI command with the -  **delay (mins)**  parameter\nto begin the update instead of using the GUI.\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\nAfter the second node completes, the update is committed to the system, as shown in\nFigure 13-24.\n*Figure 13-24   Updating system level*\nThe update process completes when all nodes and the system unit are committed. The\nfinal status indicates the new level of code installed in the system.\n**Note:**  If your nodes have more than 64 GB of memory before updating to V8.1, each\nnode posts an 841 error after the update completes.\nBecause V8.1 allocates memory differently, the memory must be accepted by running\nthe fix procedure for the event or issue the CLI command  **svctask chnodehw <id>**  for\neach node. However, only run this command for one node at a time. For more\ninformation, see the [Storwize V7000 IBM Knowledge Center](https://ibm.biz/Bdjmac) .",
+                    "page_start": 714,
+                    "page_end": 716,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.5  Manually updating the Storwize V7000**\n\nThis example assumes that you have an 8-node cluster of the IBM Storwize V7000 cluster, as\nlisted in Table 13-8.\n*Table 13-8   The iogrp*\n|  iogrp (0)  |  iogrp (1)  |  iogrp (2)  |  iogrp (3)  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| node 1 (config node) | node 3  | node 5  | node 7  |\n| node 2  | node 4  | node 6  | node 8  |\nAfter uploading the update utility test and Software update package to the cluster by using\nPSCP and running the utility test, complete the following steps:\n1. Start by removing node 2, which is the partner node of the configuration node in iogrp 0,\nby using the cluster GUI or CLI.\n2. Log in to the service GUI to verify that the removed node is in candidate status.\n3. Select the candidate node and click  **Update Manually**  from the left pane.\n4. Browse and locate the code that you downloaded and saved to your PC.\n5. Upload the code and click  **Update**  .\nWhen the update is completed, a message caption indicating software update completion\ndisplays. The node then reboots, and appears again in the service GUI after\napproximately 20 - 25 minutes in candidate status.\n6. Select the node and verify that it is updated to the new code.\n7. Add the node back by using the cluster GUI or the CLI.\n8. Select node 3 from iogrp1.\n9. Repeat steps 1 - 7 to remove node 3, update it manually, verify the code, and add it back\nto the cluster.\n10.Proceed to node 5 in iogrp 2.\n11.Repeat steps 1 - 7 to remove node 5, update it manually, verify the code, and add it back",
+                    "page_start": 720,
+                    "page_end": 721,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Contents**\n\n13.4.1  Precautions before the update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687\n13.4.2  IBM Storwize V7000 update test utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687\n13.4.3  Updating your Storwize V7000 to V8.2.1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688\n13.4.4  Updating IBM Storwize V7000 drive code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696\n13.4.5  Manually updating the Storwize V7000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699\n13.5  Health checker feature  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701\n13.6  Troubleshooting and fix procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702\n13.6.1  Managing event log. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703\n13.6.2  Running a fix procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705\n13.6.3  Event log details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 8. Hosts\n\n### **8.3  N-Port Virtualization ID support**\n\n#### **8.3.2  Enabling NPIV on a new system**\n\nNew Storwize V7000 systems that are shipped with V7.7 or later should have NPIV enabled\nby default. If your new Storwize V7000 does not have NPIV enabled, it can be enabled by\ncompleting the following steps:\n1. Run the  **lsiogrp**  command to list the I/O groups present in a system, as shown in\nExample 8-1.\n*Example 8-1   Listing the I/O groups in a system*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>  **lsiogrp**\nid name            node_count vdisk_count host_count site_id site_name\n**0**  io_grp0         2          2           1\n1  io_grp1         0          0           1\n2  io_grp2         0          0           1\n3  io_grp3         0          0           1\n4  recovery_io_grp 0          0           0\n2. Run the  **lsiogrp <id> | grep fctargetportmode**  command for the specific I/O group ID to\ndisplay the fctargetportmode setting. If this is enabled, as shown in Example 8-2, NPIV *host target port mode*  is enabled.\n*Example 8-2   Checking NPIV mode with the fctargetportmode field*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>  **lsiogrp 0 | grep fctargetportmode**\n**fctargetportmode enabled**\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>\n3. The virtual WWPNs can be listed using the  **lstargetportfc**  command, as shown in\nExample 8-3. Look for the host_io_permitted and virtualized columns to be yes ,\nmeaning the WWPN in those lines is a primary host attach port and should be used when\nzoning the hosts to the Storwize V7000.\n*Example 8-3   Listing the virtual WWPNs*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>  **lstargetportfc**\nid WWPN             WWNN             port_id owning_node_id current_node_id nportid host_io_permitted virtualized protocol\n1  500507680140A288 500507680100A288 1       1              1               010A00  no                no          scsi\n**2  500507680142A288 500507680100A288 1       1              1               010A02  yes               yes         scsi**\n**3  500507680144A288 500507680100A288 1       1              1               010A01  yes               yes         nvme**\n4  500507680130A288 500507680100A288 2       1              1               010400  no                no          scsi\n**5  500507680132A288 500507680100A288 2       1              1               010401  yes               yes         scsi**\n**6  500507680134A288 500507680100A288 2       1              1               010402  yes               yes         nvme**\n7  500507680110A288 500507680100A288 3       1              1               010500  no                no          scsi",
+                    "page_start": 343,
+                    "page_end": 343,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n\n### **13.4  Software update**\n\n#### **13.4.4  Updating IBM Storwize V7000 drive code**\n\nindividual drive actions; selecting  **Upgrade**  only upgrade that drives firmware. You can\nclear an individual drive by pressing  **CTRL**  and clicking the drive again.\n5. With the drive upgrades running, you can view the progress by clicking the  **Tasks**  icon and\nclicking  **View**  for the Drive Upgrade running task, as shown in Figure 13-28.\n*Figure 13-28   Selecting Drive upgrade running Task view*\nThe Drive upgrade running task panel is displayed in which the drives that are pending\nupgrade and an estimated time of completion are listed, as shown in Figure 13-29.\n*Figure 13-29   Drive upgrade progress*\n**Note:**  The system upgrades any member drives one at a time. Although the firmware\nupgrades are concurrent, it does cause a brief reset to the drive. However, the RAID\ntechnology allows the Storwize V7000 to ride through this brief interruption. After a\ndrive completes its update, a calculated wait time exists before the next drive update\nensures that the previous drive is stable after upgrading and can vary on system load.\nChapter 13. RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting\n6. We can also view each drives firmware level from the Pools Internal Storage All Internal\npanel by enabling the drive firmware option after right-clicking in the column header line,\nas shown in Figure 13-30.\n*Figure 13-30   Viewing Drive firmware levels*\nWith the Firmware level column enabled, we can see the current level of each drive, as\nshown in Figure 13-31.\n*Figure 13-31   Drive firmware display*",
+                    "page_start": 718,
+                    "page_end": 720,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the proportion of revenue generated by wireless telecommunications operations in 2009?",
+                "target_page": 91,
+                "target_passage": "6,685",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\nWireless revenues from the Company’s paging operation were $0.3 million, a decrease of $0.1 million as the local customer base increasingly chose alternative digital wireless services.  Paging service subscribers declined by 7.8% in 2002 from 3,190 subscribers to 2,940 subscribers.\nWithin wireline revenues, the Telephone operation contributed $22.5 million, an increase of $0.9 million, or 4.0%. Telephone access revenues were $10.9 million, an increase of $1.4 million or 14.8%.  The growth in access revenues was driven by a 38.4% increase in access minutes of use on the Company’s network and an increased percentage of minutes in the intrastate jurisdiction, where rates are higher than the interstate jurisdiction.  On January 1, 2002 the Federal subscriber line charge (SLC) for residential customers increased from $3.50 to $5.00 per month.  The SLC",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **3,070**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### **General**\n\nThe Company reports revenues as wireless, wireline and other revenues.  These revenue classifications are defined as follows: Wireless revenues are made up of the Personal Communications Company (a PCS Affiliate of Sprint), and the Mobile Company.  Wireline revenues include the following subsidiary revenues in the financial results: Telephone Company, Network Company, Cable Television Company, and the Long Distance Company.  Other revenues are comprised of the revenues of ShenTel Service Company, the Leasing Company, ShenTel Communications Company and the Holding Company.  For additional information on the Company's business segments, see Note 14 to audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report.\nThe Company participates in the telecommunications industry, which requires substantial investment in fixed assets or plant.  This significant capital requirement may preclude profitability during the initial years of operation. The strategy of the Company is to grow and diversify the business by adding services and geographic areas that can leverage the existing plant, but to do so within the opportunities and constraints presented by the industry.  For many years the Company focused on reducing reliance on the regulated telephone operation, which up until 1981 was the primary business within the Company.  This initial diversification was concentrated in other wireline businesses, such as the cable television and regional fiber facility businesses, but in 1990 the Company made its first significant investment in the wireless sector through its former investment in the Virginia 10 RSA Limited partnership.  By 1998, revenues of the regulated telephone operation had decreased to 59.2% of total revenues.  In that same year more than 76.6% of the Company’s total revenue was generated by wireline operations, and initiatives were already underway to make wireless a more significant contributor to total revenues.\nDuring the 1990’s significant investments were made in the cellular and PCS (wireless) businesses.  The VA 10 RSA cellular operation, in which the Company held a 66% interest and was the general partner, experienced rapid revenue growth and excellent margins in the late 1990’s.  The cellular operation covered only six counties, and became increasingly dependent on roaming revenues. Management believed the roaming revenues and associated margins would be unsustainable as other wireless providers increasingly offered nationally-branded services with significantly reduced usage charges.  To position it to participate in the newer, more advanced, digital wireless services, in 1995 the Company entered the PCS business through an affiliation with American Personal Communications (APC), initiating service along the Interstate 81 corridor from Harrisonburg, Virginia to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.  This territory was a very close match to the Company’s fiber network, thereby providing economic integration that might not be available to other wireless carriers.  In 1999, the Company entered a new affiliation arrangement with Sprint, the successor to APC (which introduced the Company to a nationally-branded wireless service) and expanded the PCS footprint further into Central Pennsylvania. The Company’s combined capital investment in 2000 and 2001 in the PCS operation was $45.1 million.",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003 compared to 2002**\n\n##### * **Income Taxes** *\n\nThe following table shows the access traffic minutes of use for the two years of 2003 and 2002.\nOriginating access revenue increased in 2003 due in part to a shift from interstate to intrastate traffic.  On similar traffic volume in both years, the Company generated an additional $0.4 million due to a favorable rate differential of $0.03 per minute on the increase in the mix of intrastate traffic.  The Company’s increased access revenue was also a result of the benefit gained through terminating more minutes through the switch, which increased 36.0 million minutes or 35.7% over 2002.  The rates for terminating traffic were similar in both years, although the percentage of terminating traffic to total traffic increased from 58% in 2002 to 65% in 2003.\nWithin wireline revenues, the Telephone operation contributed $22.7 million, an increase of $0.3 million, or 1.2%. Telephone access revenues were $11.6 million, an increase of $0.7 million or 6.7%.  During 2003, the Company recorded a $1.2 million reduction to access revenue, of which $0.7 million was related to 2002, resolving disputes with interexchange carriers on the rating of long distance calls transiting the Telephone switching network for termination on wireless networks.\nWireless revenues from the Company’s paging operation were $0.2 million, a decrease of $0.1 million as the customer base increasingly chose alternative wireless services.  Paging service subscribers declined by 32.3% in 2003 from 2,940 subscribers to 1,989 subscribers.  The paging operation continues to decline as more areas are covered by wireless voice services, which have features that surpass those of paging technologies.  The Company anticipates that its paging customer base will continue to decline in the future.\nWireless revenues included tower leases of $2.6 million, an increase of $0.5 million or 24.8%.  The increase was the result of other wireless carriers executing additional leases to use space on the Company’s portfolio of towers.  Of the 88 towers and poles owned by the Company as of December 31, 2003, 52 towers have one or more external tenants, compared to 46 towers with external tenants at the end of 2002.",
+                    "page_start": 47,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Business Solutions**\n\ncontinuing operations was $1.01. The decrease this quarter was largely\nbecause of the $233 million gain on spectrum licenses in 2012 noted\nabove.\nQUARTERLY TRENDS\nOur operating results generally vary from quarter to quarter because of\nchanges in general economic conditions and seasonal fluctuations, in\neach of our business segments, which have a material impact. As such,\none quarter’s operating results are not necessarily indicative of our\nresults in a subsequent quarter. Wireless, Cable and Media each have\nunique seasonal aspects to their businesses.\nFluctuations in net income from quarter to quarter can also be\nattributed to losses on the repayment of debt, foreign exchange gains\nor losses, changes in the fair value of derivative instruments, other\nincome and expenses, impairment of assets and changes in income tax\nexpense.\n####### **Wireless**\nThe trends in Wireless revenue and adjusted operating profit reflect:\n-  the growing number of wireless voice and data subscribers\n-  decreased churn\n-  higher usage of wireless data\n-  higher handset subsidies as more consumers shift to smartphones\n-  a slight decrease in blended ARPU due to changes in wireless price\nplans.\nWe continue to target higher value postpaid subscribers, which has\ncontributed to the significantly heavier mix of postpaid versus prepaid\nsubscribers. Growth in our customer base and overall market\npenetration have resulted in higher costs over time for customer service,\nretention, credit and collection; however, most of the cost increases\nhave been offset by gains in operating efficiencies.\nWireless’ operating results are influenced by the timing of our\nmarketing and promotional expenditures and higher levels of subscriber\nadditions and related subsidies, resulting in higher subscriber acquisition\nand activation-related expenses in certain periods. This increased activity\ngenerally occurs in the third and fourth quarters, and can also occur or\nbe accentuated by the launch of popular new wireless handset models.\n####### **Cable**\nThe trends in Cable services revenue and operating profit increases are\nprimarily due to:\n-  higher penetration and usage of Internet, digital and telephony\nproducts and services\n-  offset by competitive losses of television subscribers and pricing\nchanges over the past year.\nCable’s operating results are affected by modest seasonal fluctuations\nin subscriber additions and disconnections, typically caused by:\n-  university and college students moving\n-  individuals temporarily suspending service for extended vacations or\nseasonal relocations\n-  the concentrated marketing we generally conduct in our fourth\nquarter.\n####### **Business Solutions**\nThe trends in Business Solutions operating profit margin primarily reflect",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 58,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Lower Operating Expenses**\n\nInternet access, text messaging and other wireless data services. Data\nrevenue represented approximately 47% of total network revenue this\nyear, compared to approximately 41% last year.\nPostpaid churn was 1.24% this year, compared to 1.29% in 2012. The\nlower churn rate is partly attributable to the new simplified plans and\nthe roaming plans we introduced.\nGross postpaid subscriber additions were 1.4 million this year, or 3%\nlower than last year, which reduced net postpaid subscriber additions to\n228,000, despite a lower postpaid churn. We believe the industry\ntransition from three year to two year plans resulting from the recent\nadoption of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications\nCommission (CRTC) Wireless Code may have slowed our overall\nwireless subscriber growth from the second half of the year. See\n“Regulation in Our Industry” for more information on the Wireless\nCode.\nWe activated and upgraded approximately 2.7 million smartphones this\nyear, compared to approximately 2.9 million in 2012. Approximately\n34% of these were for new subscribers. The decrease was mainly\nbecause there was a 10% reduction in hardware upgrades by existing\nsubscribers during the year, which we also believe is at least partly due\nto the move from three to two year contracts and the associated pricing\nchanges.\nThe percentage of subscribers with smartphones increased to 75% of\nour overall postpaid subscriber base, compared to 69% at the end of\n2012. Smartphone subscribers typically generate significantly higher\nARPU and are less likely to churn.\n(%)\n**SMARTPHONES AS A PERCENTAGE OF POSTPAID SUBSCRIBERS**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**75%**\n69%\n56%\nThe decrease in prepaid subscriber net additions was mainly because of\nincreasing competition at the lower end of the wireless market where\nprepaid products are mainly sold.\nBlended ARPU was down slightly this year compared to last year because\nthe voice component declined at a faster rate than the data component\nincreased.\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**WIRELESS DATA REVENUE**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$3,175**\n$2,722\n$2,325\n(%)\n**DATA REVENUE PERCENT OF BLENDED ARPU**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**47%**\n41%\n35%\n*Lower Equipment Sales*\nEquipment sales (net of subsidies) include revenue from sales to:\n-  independent dealers, agents and retailers\n-  directly to subscribers through fulfillment by Wireless’ customer\nservice groups, websites, telesales and corporate stores.\nRevenue from equipment sales was lower this year, mainly because\nfewer existing subscribers upgraded their devices and there were fewer\ngross activations.\n####### **Lower Operating Expenses**\nWe assess operating expenses in two categories:",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2003**\n\nincreased $0.5 million or 12.7%, due to new assets deployed in the operation.  There was no amortization of goodwill in 2003 or 2002, compared to goodwill amortization of $360 thousand expensed in 2001, due to the required accounting change.\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 48\n**SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS**\n49 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT\nTotal revenue was $93.0 million in 2002, an increase of $24.3 million or 35.3%.  Total revenues included $57.9 million of wireless revenues, an increase of $21.7 million or 60.2%; wireline revenues of $28.7 million, an increase of $1.3 million or 4.6%; and other revenues of $6.4 million, an increase of $1.2 million or 24.5%.\nWithin wireless revenues, the PCS operation contributed $55.5 million, an increase of $21.4 million, or 63.0%.  PCS service revenues were $37.4 million, an increase of $18.3 million or 95.7%.  The increase in the subscriber base, which totaled 67,842 at December 31, 2002, was an increase of 20,524 or 43% from the prior year end.\nPCS travel revenue, which is compensation between Sprint and its PCS Affiliates for use of the other party’s network, was $16.5 million, an increase of $2.9 million or 21.3%.  Travel revenue is impacted by the geographic size of the Company’s network service area, the overall number of Sprint wireless customers, and the travel exchange rate.  The rate received on travel was $0.10 per minute in 2002.  The rates in 2001 were $0.20 per minute from January 1, 2001 through April 30, 2001; $0.15 per minute from May 1, 2001 through September 30, 2001; and $0.12 per minute from October 1, 2001 through December 31, 2001.\nPCS equipment sales were $1.6 million, an increase of $0.3 million or 19.6%.  The equipment sales are net of $0.3 million of rebates and discounts given at the time of sale, which became more pronounced during the year to meet industry competition for subscriber additions and subscriber retention.\nIn accordance with Sprint’s requirements, the Company launched third generation (3G 1X) service in August 2002. The impact of 3G 1X-network enhancements on revenues was not significant in 2002.\nTower leases added $2.1 million to wireless revenues, an increase of $0.4 million or 24.5%.  The increase was the result of other wireless carriers executing additional leases to use space on the Company’s portfolio of towers.  Of the 82 towers and poles owned by the Company as of December 31, 2002, 46 have tower space leased to other carriers.",
+                    "page_start": 49,
+                    "page_end": 50,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **911 Fee**\n\n####### **Dividend Payout Ratios**\n\nusing network revenue. When used in connection with a particular type\nof subscriber, ARPU is monthly revenue generated from those\nsubscribers, divided by the average number of those subscribers during\nthe month.\n####### **Average Revenue per User Calculations -  Wireless**\n(In millions of dollars, subscribers in\nthousands, except ARPU figures and\nadjusted operating profit margin)\nYears ended December 31\n**2013**  2012\nPostpaid ARPU (monthly)\nPostpaid (voice and data) revenue  **$ 6,470**  $ 6,402\nDivided by: average postpaid\nwireless voice and data subscribers  **7,957**  7,698\nDivided by: twelve months for the year  **12**  12\n**$ 67.76**  $ 69.30\nPrepaid ARPU (monthly)\nPrepaid (voice and data) revenue  **$ 278**  $ 317\nDivided by: average prepaid subscribers  **1,481**  1,667\nDivided by: twelve months for the year  **12**  12\n**$ 15.64**  $ 15.84\nBlended ARPU (monthly)\nVoice and data revenue  **$ 6,748**  $ 6,719\nDivided by: average wireless voice and\ndata subscribers  **9,438**  9,365\nDivided by: twelve months for the year  **12**  12\n**$ 59.58**  $ 59.79\n82 ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\n**MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Capital Intensity**\nCapital intensity allows us to compare the level of our additions to\nproperty, plant and equipment to that of other companies within the\nsame industry. We calculate it by dividing additions to property, plant\nand equipment by operating revenue. For Wireless, capital intensity is\ncalculated using total network revenue. We use it to evaluate the\nperformance of our assets and when making decisions about the capital\nexpenditures. We believe that certain investors and analysts use capital\nintensity to measure the performance of asset purchases and\nconstruction in relation to revenue.\n####### **Dividend Payout Ratios**\nWe calculate the dividend payout ratio by dividing dividends declared\nfor the year by net income for the year. We use dividends as a\npercentage of pre-tax free cash flow to conduct analysis and assist with\ndetermining the dividends we should pay. We calculate dividends as a\npercentage of pre-tax cash flow as dividends declared for the year\ndivided by pre-tax free cash flow for the year.\nYears ended December 31\n(In millions of dollars, except percentages and ratios)  **2013**  2012\nDividend payout ratio\nDividends declared for the year  **$ 896**  $ 820\nDivided by: net income  **1,669**  1,693\nRatio  **54%**  48%\nDividends as a percentage of pre-tax free cash flow\nDividends declared for the year  **$ 896**  $ 820\nDivided by: pre-tax free cash flow  <sup>1</sup> **2,044**  2,029",
+                    "page_start": 85,
+                    "page_end": 86,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Operating Revenue**\n\n1 Includes the cost of equipment sales and direct channel subsidies.\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**WIRELESS NETWORK REVENUE**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$6,748**\n$6,719\n$6,601\nWIRELESS SUBSCRIBER RESULTS  <sup>1, 2</sup>\n(Subscriber statistics in thousands, except ARPU and churn)\nYears ended December 31\n**2013**  2012 Chg\n**Postpaid**\nGross additions  **1,409**  1,457 (48)\nNet additions  **228**  268 (40)\nTotal postpaid subscribers  **8,074**  7,846 228\nMonthly churn  **1.24%**  1.29% (0.05)pts\nMonthly average revenue per user\n(ARPU)  **$ 67.76**  $ 69.30 $ (1.54)\n**Prepaid**\nGross additions  **525**  627 (102)\nNet losses  **(162)**  (170) 8\nTotal prepaid subscribers  **1,429**  1,591 (162)\nMonthly churn  **3.85%**  3.98% (0.13)pts\nARPU  **$ 15.64**  $ 15.84 $ (0.20)\n**Blended ARPU $ 59.58**  $ 59.79 $ (0.21)\n1 Does not include subscribers from our wireless home phone product.\n2 ARPU, subscriber counts and subscriber churn are key performance indicators. See\n“Key Performance Indicators  *”*  .\n(IN THOUSANDS)\n**WIRELESS POSTPAID AND PREPAID SUBSCRIBERS**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**1,429 8,074**\n1,591 7,846\n1,761 7,574\nPostpaid Prepaid\n($)\n**WIRELESS POSTPAID MONTHLY ARPU**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$67.76**\n$69.30\n$70.26\n(%)\n**WIRELESS POSTPAID MONTHLY CHURN**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**1.24%**\n1.29%\n1.32%\n####### **Operating Revenue**\nOur operating revenue depends on the size of our subscriber base, the\naverage revenue per user and revenue from equipment sales.\n*Higher Network Revenue*\nNetwork revenue includes revenue derived from voice and data services\nfrom postpaid monthly fees, airtime, data usage, long distance charges,\noptional service charges, inbound and outbound roaming charges and\ncertain fees, as well as prepaid usage for airtime, data and other\nancillary charges such as long distance.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 39\nMANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS\nNetwork revenue was higher this year compared to last year. This was\nthe net effect of:\n-  higher data revenue related to an increase in subscriber levels and\nhigher usage of wireless data services\n-  partially offset by our introduction of new lower priced US and\ninternational roaming plans and rates which offer consumers more\nvalue, and\n-  the continued adoption of customer friendly simplified plans, which\noften bundle in certain features like voicemail, caller ID and long\ndistance that we have charged for separately in the past.\nExcluding the decline in US and international roaming revenue this year,\nnetwork revenue would have increased 1%.\nData revenue was 17% higher this year mainly because of the\ncontinued penetration and growing use of smartphones, tablet devices\nand wireless laptops, which increased the use of e-mail, wireless,",
+                    "page_start": 42,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#### **SHENTEL SERVICE AREAS**\n\nMarch 22, 2004\nDear Shareholder:\nI am pleased to report on an excellent year for your Company, one in which we achieved strong financial results and reached several significant accomplishments.\nOur financial performance was very positive in 2003.  For the first time in our history, revenues exceeded $100 million, reaching a total of $105.9 million for the year.  While revenues increased by $12.9 million, our operating expenses only increased by $3.6 million, resulting in a $9.3 million improvement in operating income which reached $18.6 million.  Helped by the one-time gain from the sale of our cellular partnership interest, our net income was a record $32.1 million.  Our net income from continuing operations, which excludes the cellular impact, reached $9.8 million.\nWhile the last few years have not been kind to many companies in the telecommunications industry, your Company has not just survived, it has thrived.  In addition to the operating results, our balance sheet became even stronger.  Total debt was again reduced, decreasing by $12.2 million to $43.3 million as of the end of the year.  At the same time, our cash and equivalents at the end of the year was $28.7 million, while total assets were $185.4 million.  With our total long-term debt equaling only 23.4 percent of total assets, your Company's balance sheet is envied in an industry where many companies have encountered problems just meeting their debt obligations, much less being able to invest in their future.\nAs previously announced, the Company completed the sale of our cellular partnership interest on February 28, 2003. While our participation in cellular, a subset of the wireless industry, had been very profitable, competitive pressures in the wireless industry were having an increasing impact.  We had already lost half of our customers, and growth in revenues and profits had begun to slow.  Exiting the cellular segment through the sale allows the Company to focus on our significantly larger digital PCS operation.  It also made available a large source of cash to finance our other operating needs and future growth opportunities.\nOur wireless priorities are now focused on improving results within our PCS operation.  After many years of multiple- million dollar losses, our PCS business produced a slight profit in 2003.  While many non-recurring factors contributed to this small profit, the basic operating results within this subsidiary showed significant improvement during 2003.  PCS revenues grew 20.8 percent to a total of $67.0 million.  Operating income in this subsidiary was $2.9 million, an $8.2 million change from the previous year's loss.  Despite these improvements, we still have a long way to go before we are earning a satisfactory return on our investment.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **3,070**\n\n#### **SHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n##### * **Income Taxes** *\n\ncarrier accounts, but due to the telecommunication industry down-turn of the last few years, the Company experienced write-offs in this area of the business totaling $0.5 million in 2002, due to bankruptcy filings of several significant telecommunications companies.  In 2003, the inter-carrier segment of the business improved and the Company recovered $240 thousand of bad debt from the sale of certain accounts that were previously written-off.\n**2003** 2002 2001\n##### * **Income Taxes** *\nThe Company defers direct subscriber activation costs on subscribers whose activation falls within the SAB 101 guidelines. The activation costs are deferred when incurred, and then amortized using the straight-line method over 30 months, which is the estimated average life of a subscriber.  Direct subscriber activation costs also include the activation charge from Sprint, and credit check fees.  These fees are charged to the Company by Sprint at approximate $12.50 per subscriber.\nTotal revenue was $105.9 million in 2003, an increase of $12.9 million or 13.9%.  Total revenues included $70.0 million of wireless revenues, an increase of $12.0 million or 20.7%; wireline revenues of $29.0 million, an increase of $0.3 million or 0.9%; and other revenues of $7.0 million, an increase of $0.6 million or 9.7%.\nWithin wireless revenues, the PCS operation contributed $69.8 million, an increase of $11.6 million, or 20.8%.  PCS service revenues were $44.4 million, an increase of $10.9 million or 32.4%.  Service revenue growth was driven by the increase in subscribers, totaling 85,139 at December 31, 2003, an increase of 17,297 or 25.5%, compared to 67,842 subscribers at year-end 2002. The company had churn of 2.1% in 2003 compared to 2.8% in 2002.  The decline in the churn rate is the result of tightening the credit screening for new subscribers as well as continued efforts to improve the after sales support. Competition in the wireless industry continues to have a significant impact on the results of the Company’s PCS operation.\nPCS travel revenue, including reseller revenue, which is compensation between Sprint and its PCS Affiliates for use of the other party’s network, was $16.8 million, an increase of $0.3 million or 1.8%.  Travel revenue is impacted by the geographic size of the Company’s network service area, the overall number of Sprint wireless customers, their travel patterns and the travel exchange rate.  The rate received on travel was $0.058 per minute in 2003, compared to $0.10 per minute in 2002.  As a part of the amended management agreement signed on January 30, 2004, Sprint and the Company agreed to maintain the travel rate at $0.058 per minute through December 31, 2006.",
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+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "What has Rogers Communications done to improve its television platform?",
+                "target_page": 2,
+                "target_passage": "Launched NextBox 3.0 delivering a superior TV experience and leveraged the success of Rogers AnyPlace TV, our Internet and mobile on-demand TV service.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
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+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **MEDIA TRENDS**\n\nbecome even more important for\nacquiring audiences that attract\nadvertisers and subscribers.\nOwnership of content or long-\nterm agreements with content\nowners, have also become\nincreasingly important to Media\ncompanies.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 31\nMANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS\nOUR STRATEGY\nTo achieve our vision and drive our future growth, we have six strategic objectives. We made significant progress this year\nagainst each of these, across all business segments. See “Key Highlights” for more detail about individual highlights.\n1. DELIVER DIFFERENTIATED END-TO-END\nCUSTOMER EXPERIENCES\nFocus on evolving our cross-device, multi-screen integration to enable\nseamless, reliable and easy-to-use product experiences anytime,\nanyplace and anywhere; on delivering a differentiated range of devices\nand device-related services; and on enabling greater integration of our\nmedia assets across screens.\nOUR PROGRESS IN 2013\nWe continued to evolve our wireless offering this year, redesigning and\nsimplifying wireless offerings and pricing tiers, and introducing\nCanada’s first wireless Share Everything plan. We also launched a hybrid\nwireless home and small business phone solution that operates on our\nnational wireless network.\nCable unveiled the next generation of TV experience with NextBox 3.0,\nand Media made significant progress this year, announcing a landmark\nexclusive 12-year licensing agreement to broadcast national NHL\ngames, launching a subscription digital magazine service, upgrading\nThe Shopping Channel, and including adding a mobile app and social\nmedia. It also launched Sportsnet 360, and announced a 10-year\npartnership extension with the Vancouver Canucks.\n2. MAINTAIN INDUSTRY-LEADING NETWORKS\nReinforce our network’s reliability and speed to capture and monetize\nthe growth in data consumption by expanding our LTE network to a\nwider proportion of the Canadian population, continuing to increase\nbroadband Internet speeds, and further enhancing our TV platforms\nwith next generation features and functionality.\nOUR PROGRESS IN 2013\nWe continued to expand our high speed wireless LTE 4G broadband\nnetwork this year, and offered the largest selection of LTE devices of\nany carrier in Canada. Our LTE 4G network was the first in Canada,\nwhich covered approximately 73% of the Canadian population at\nDecember 31, 2013.\nWe were also recognized for our networks: PCMag.com named us\nCanada’s fastest broadband Internet service provider  *and*  wireless\nnetwork in October 2013, and SamKnows stated through in-home\ntesting in May 2013, that we delivered, on average, 100% or more of\nour advertised download speeds on our most popular Internet\npackages, better than most providers they tested in the US and Europe.",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n##### **WHY INVEST**  IN ROGERS\n\n####### **ADJUSTED NET INCOME AND EARNINGS PER SHARE**\n\n**Rogers Communications has excellent positions in growing markets, powerful brands that stand for innovation,**\n**proven management, a long record of driving growth and shareholder value, and the financial strength to continue**\n**to deliver long-term growth.**\n##### **WHY INVEST**  IN ROGERS\nCanada’s largest wireless carrier and\na leading cable television provider,\noffering a “quadruple play” of wireless,\nInternet, television and telephony\nservices to consumers and businesses.\n####### **LEADER IN CANADIAN**\n####### **COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY**\nA leading provider of communications\nand entertainment products and\nservices that are increasingly becoming\nintegrated necessities in today’s world.\n####### **MUST-HAVE PRODUCTS**\n####### **AND SERVICES**\nUnique and complementary collection\nof leading broadcast radio and\ntelevision, specialty TV, sports\nentertainment, publishing and\ndigital media assets.\n####### **CATEGORY-LEADING**\n####### **MEDIA ASSETS**\nMajority of revenue and cash flow is\ngenerated from wireless and broadband\nservices, the fastest growing segments\nof the telecommunications industry.\n####### **SUPERIOR ASSET MIX**\nStrong franchises with nationally\nrecognized and highly respected\nbrands that stand solidly in Canada\nfor innovation, choice and value.\n####### **STRONG FRANCHISES**\n####### **AND POWERFUL BRANDS**\nLeading wireless and broadband\nnetwork platforms that deliver the\nmost innovative communications,\ninformation and entertainment\nservices.\n####### **LEADING NETWORKS**\n####### **AND INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS**\nExperienced, performance-oriented\nmanagement and operating teams\nwith solid industry expertise,\nsupported by the spirit of innovation\nand an entrepreneurial culture.\n####### **PROVEN LEADERSHIP AND**\n####### **ENGAGED EMPLOYEE BASE**\nFinancially strong with an investment\ngrade balance sheet, conservative debt\nleverage, and significant available\nfinancial liquidity.\n####### **FINANCIAL STRENGTH**\n####### **AND FLEXIBILITY**\nRCI common stock actively trades on\nthe TSX and NYSE, with average daily\ntrading volume of approximately\n1.6 million shares. Each share pays\nan annualized dividend of $1.83\nper share in 2014.\n####### **HEALTHY TRADING VOLUME**\n####### **AND GROWING DIVIDENDS**\n####### **ANNUALIZED DIVIDENDS PER SHARE: 2008- 2013**\n2011 2012  **2013**  2008 2009 2010\n**$1.74**\n$1.00\n$1.16 $1.28\n$1.42\n$1.58\n####### **ADJUSTED NET INCOME AND EARNINGS PER SHARE**\n2011 2012  **2013**  2008 2009 2010\n**$1.8**\n**$3.42**\n$1.3\n$1.6 $1.7 $1.7 $1.8\nADJUSTED NET INCOME ($ IN BILLIONS)\nADJUSTED DILUTED EARNINGS PER SHARE\n$1.99\n$2.53\n$2.94 $3.17 $3.41\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT   ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC.   05\n**WIRELESS**  EVERYWHERE\nROGERS KNOWS THAT NO MATTER WHERE ITS CUSTOMERS\nARE, BEING IN TOUCH WITH FRIENDS, FAMILY AND\nCOLLEAGUES MAKES THEIR LIVES MORE CONNECTED.\nAND BEING CONNECTED ANYTIME, ANYWHERE, TO THE\nINFORMATION AND ENTERTAINMENT THAT MATTERS\nMOST MAKES LIFE EASIER AND MORE ENJOYABLE.\nThat’s why, in the city and around the world, millions of Canadians rely",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n####### **cable and media assets. It is a good match with my background and my experience.**\n\nthink we can harness to do even greater\nthings. I also value the support and longer-\nterm focus of the founding Rogers family\nwho own significant equity in the company.\nSince joining, I have criss-crossed Canada\nmeeting my team, external stakeholders\nand customers. I have also conducted\nnumerous business reviews, overseen the\n700 MHz spectrum auction and reviewed\nthe regulatory agenda. All this with the\nview to developing a detailed set of\npriorities and plans for the company going\nforward. After I complete this review in\nthe Spring I will outline a detailed strategy\nand business plan working with my\nmanagement team.\nRogers has many strengths and I intend to\ncapitalize on them. This is a financially\nstrong company with a solid balance sheet\nand investment grade credit ratings. We\nhave highly advanced cable and wireless\nnetworks and a robust portfolio of media\nassets. We also have a strong pipeline of\nnew products and services to offer to our\ncustomers and some of the most\npassionate, committed employees I have\never worked with.\nWhile it is early days, I believe we can\nevolve the business in a way that will be\neven more rewarding for our customers,\nour shareholders and employees. Our goal\nis clear -  winning on a consistent basis.\nAnd while our industry faces the challenge\nof moderating growth and regulatory\nuncertainty, few industries are more\ndynamic and better at leveraging new\ntechnologies.\nTo win, we must put our customers’ needs\nfront and centre in everything we do. This\nmeans delivering a better and more\nconsistent customer experience. It means\nstrengthening our value proposition to\nmake sure our customers can answer the\nquestion “why Rogers?” As a company, we\nneed to bring our collection of assets\ntogether in a way that strengthens and\ndifferentiates Rogers with our customers\nand our shareholders. We also need to\nalign and focus our investments in key areas\nto accelerate our growth. Internally we\nneed to execute with operational\nexcellence. And we need to focus on\nclarifying accountabilities and strengthening\nour teams at all levels of the company.\nAs CEO, I will work to re-establish our\nleadership position and accelerate our\ngrowth. This will take time. It is a long-\nterm effort that will require a clear\nstrategy, rigorous prioritization and\ndisciplined execution. It will not be easy,\nbut it is the job I have signed up for, and it",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **700Mhz and 2500-2690Mhz Band and Aspects Related to**\n\n####### **Dependence on Information Technology Systems**\n\nthe Canadian wireless sector.\nIn addition, the CRTC  *Broadcasting Distribution Regulations*  do not\nallow cable operators to obtain exclusive contracts in buildings where it\nis technically feasible to install two or more systems.\nTECHNOLOGY RISKS\n####### **Competing Technologies**\nSeveral technologies may affect the way our services are delivered,\nincluding:\n-  broadband\n-  IP-based voice, data and video delivery services\n-  increased use of optical fibre technologies to businesses and, or\nresidences\n-  broadband wireless access and wireless services using a radio\nfrequency spectrum that we may have limited access to.\nThese technologies may also lead to significantly different cost\nstructures for users and therefore affect the long-term viability of some\nof our current technologies. Some of the new technologies may allow\ncompetitors to enter our markets with similar products or services at\nlower costs, and they may be larger and have greater access to financial\nresources than we have.\nImprovements in the quality of streaming video over the Internet,\ncoupled with the increasing availability of television shows and movies\nonline are anticipated to increase competition for Canadian cable\ntelevision systems. If changes in technology are made to any alternative\nCanadian multi-channel broadcasting distribution system, our cable\nservices may face increased competition. In addition, wireless Internet is,\nin some instances, replacing traditional wireline Internet as the\ntechnology for wireless Internet continues to develop.\nThe growing use of PVRs could affect our ability to generate television\nadvertising revenues because viewers can skip advertising aired on the\ntelevision networks. The emergence of subscriber-based satellite and\ndigital radio products could change radio audience listening habits and\nhave a negative effect on the results of our radio stations. Certain\naudiences are also migrating to the Internet as more video and audio\ncontent becomes available.\n####### **Dependence on Information Technology Systems**\nOur businesses depend on information technology systems for day-to-\nday operations. If we are unable to operate our systems or make\nenhancements to accommodate customer growth and new products\nand services or our systems go down, it could have an adverse effect on\nour ability to acquire new subscribers, service customers, manage\nsubscriber churn, produce accurate and timely subscriber invoices,\ngenerate revenue growth and manage operating expenses. This could\nhave an adverse impact on our results and financial position.\nMost of our employees and critical elements of our network\ninfrastructure and information technology systems are concentrated in\nvarious physical facilities. If we cannot access one or more of these",
+                    "page_start": 77,
+                    "page_end": 77,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **700Mhz and 2500-2690Mhz Band and Aspects Related to**\n\n####### **Based Billing**\n\n-  Adopts a code of conduct to prevent anti-competitive behaviour and\nensure all distributors, broadcasters and online programming services\nnegotiate in good faith. To protect Canadians from losing availability\nof a television service during negotiations, broadcasters must\ncontinue to provide the service in question and distributors must\ncontinue to offer it to their subscribers.\n-  Required vertically integrated entities to report by April 2012 on how\nthey have provided consumers with more flexibility in the services\nthat they can subscribe to through, for example, pick-and-pay\nmodels. In our April 2012 report, we presented the results of a\nmarket trial we conducted in London, Ontario that provides\nadditional programming flexibility to consumers.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 69\nMANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS\n####### **Television Services Distribution**\nOn October 24, 2013, the CRTC launched a broad-based public\nconsultation on the subject of television. The consultation covered three\nbroad themes, asking what consumers think about:\n-  the television programming available to them\n-  the reception of television programming from service providers and\nother sources\n-  whether they have enough information to make informed choices\nand seek solutions if they are not satisfied.\nComments were due on November 22, 2013. On November 14, 2013,\nthe Government ordered the CRTC to report by April 30, 2014 on the\nsteps it will take to maximize Canadians’ ability to subscribe to pay and\nspecialty services on a pick-and-pay basis. The Government asked that\nthe report:\n-  consider the effect on consumers and their ability to access\naffordable discretionary TV services\n-  consider the effect on industry participants (i.e. programmers,\ndistributors and producers)\n-  ensure that the majority of services received by Canadians remain\nCanadian and that distributors continue to give priority to the\ncarriage of Canadian services.\nThe CRTC is expected to launch a regulatory proceeding to explore new\napproaches at the same time it issues its report to the Government. A\npublic hearing is expected to be held in September 2014 and a decision\nexpected by early 2015. The Consultation will likely look at the\nregulatory treatment of over-the-top video services and the evolution of\ncompetitive services within the regulated system.\n####### **CRTC Review of Wholesale Internet Service Pricing and Usage-**\n####### **Based Billing**\nIn February 2011, the CRTC initiated a proceeding to review its previous\ndecisions about the pricing of wholesale Internet services, where\nreselling ISPs would have to pay additional charges when their end",
+                    "page_start": 72,
+                    "page_end": 73,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n##### **WHY INVEST**  IN ROGERS\n\n####### **ADJUSTED NET INCOME AND EARNINGS PER SHARE**\n\nRogers remains at the forefront of mobile commerce and electronic\npayments solutions in the Canadian market.\nBusinesses across Canada also connect with customers through Rogers\nleading media brands as the one-stop solution for all their local and\nnational radio, television, online and print advertising needs.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 11\nROGERS IS COMMITTED TO DELIVERING WORLD-CLASS\nCONTENT AND EXPERIENCES TO CONSUMERS AND\nADVERTISING SOLUTIONS TO BUSINESSES.  THE COMPANY\nHAS A STRONG LEGACY OF BUILDING POWERFUL MEDIA\nBRANDS WITH COMPELLING CONTENT THAT RESONATES WITH\nAUDIENCES ACROSS MULTIPLE PLATFORMS ON ANY DEVICE.\nToday, businesses across Canada connect with customers through Rogers\ncategory-leading television and radio assets, sports entertainment,\ntelevised and online shopping, publishing, and digital media properties as\nthe one-stop solution for all their local and national advertising needs.\nRogers Media is Canada’s premier combination of diversified broadcast,\nspecialty, sports, print and online media assets which together touch\nnearly 90% of Canadians every week. This includes over 50 popular AM\nand FM radio stations across Canada. In television, it includes the seven\nstation City network which broadcasts intensely local, urban-oriented\n**LEADING**  CONTENT\nLEADING\nSPORTSNET TV\nFRANCHISE\nOMNI\nMULTICULTURAL\nNETWORK\nCITY NATIONAL\nTELEVISION\nNETWORK\nTORONTO\nBLUE JAYS\nBASEBALL TEAM\nNATIONAL\nRADIO\nPORTFOLIO\nTELEVISED\nSHOPPING\nNETWORK\n37.5% OWNERSHIP\nOF LEAFS,\nRAPTORS & TFC\nDIGITAL MEDIA\nPORTFOLIO\nICONIC\nMAGAZINE\nBRANDS\n12  ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\nprogramming across the country’s largest markets, as well\nas five OMNI Television stations which deliver multilingual news,\ninformation and entertainment to Canada’s multiple language\ncommunities.\nThe Sportsnet specialty network provides sports programming across\nCanada through its four regional television channels and its nationally-\ndistributed Sportsnet ONE, Sportsnet World, and Sportsnet 360\nstations. Rogers also owns other Canadian specialty television channels,\nincluding FX Canada, OLN, The Biography Channel and G4.\nThe Shopping Channel -  Canada’s only nationally televised and\nInternet shopping service -  is a leading interactive multi-channel\nretailer, offering a vast assortment of exclusive products and top brand\nnames. As one of Canada’s most innovative and diversified retailers,\nit provides customers with exceptional selections in health/beauty,\njewelry, home/lifestyle, fashion/accessories, and electronics.\nRogers also publishes many well-known consumer magazines, such as\nMaclean’s, Chatelaine, FLARE, L’actualité, and Canadian Business, and is\nthe leading publisher of a number of industry, medical and financial\npublications. Rogers also controls a suite of fast-growing digital media\nassets, including 90+ owned and 300+ premium partnership online\nsites, as well as the recently launched Next Issue Canada digital",
+                    "page_start": 14,
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+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **MEDIA TRENDS**\n\nCanadian cable industry first, the application recommends similar\nprograms based on what customers are viewing, helping Canadians\nto explore and uncover more programming that appeals to their\nindividual tastes.\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS\n-  Following the acquisition of Blackiron and Pivot Data Centres this\nyear, Business Solutions announced it is expanding its hosting and\ncolocation business in Western Canada through a newly expanded\ndata centre in Edmonton and a new Western Canada flagship data\ncentre in Calgary.\n-  SIP Trunking, a new IP-based voice solution, was announced for\nenterprises designed to complement our fibre-based Internet and\nWAN connectivity services. Merging voice services with a business\ndata network, SIP Trunking solutions dynamically allocate bandwidth\nas needed to support voice and/or data needs depending upon\ncapacity requirements during peak hours and also provide a platform\nfor next generation IP-based video, mobile and productivity\napplications and services.\nMEDIA\n-  Exclusive NHL 12-year licensing agreement to broadcast national NHL\ngames beginning with the 2014-2015 season was signed. The\nagreement grants Rogers the exclusive distribution of all national live\nand in-progress regular season and playoff games within Canada, in\nmultiple languages, across all platforms. We executed separate\nagreements to sublicense certain of these broadcasting rights to TVA\nSports and CBC.\n-  Sportsnet 360 was launched, which is comprised of the rebranded\ntheScore assets. The acquisition of theScore received final regulatory\napproval in the first half of this year.\n-  Sportsnet announced a 10-year partnership extension with the\nVancouver Canucks through the 2022-2023 NHL seasons, continuing\na 14-year network tradition as the regional television broadcaster of\nCanucks hockey. The new agreement features a comprehensive suite\nof multimedia rights including television, online and mobile,\ndelivering up to 60 regular season Vancouver Canucks games each\nseason. Sportsnet is also the official regional television broadcast\nrights holder for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Calgary Flames and\nEdmonton Oilers.\n-  Next Issue Canada, an innovative, all-you-can-read subscription\ndigital magazine service that provides consumers with exclusive and\nunlimited access to a catalogue of more than 100 premium Canadian\nand US titles was launched. Next Issue Canada delivers access to our\nleading publishing brands alongside many of the most popular US\nmagazine titles.\n-  The Shopping Channel launched a brighter, easier, and more\nengaging multi-channel retail experience and a refreshed on-air and\nonline look, an all-new mobile app, special-themed programming\nand improved shipping. The leading interactive and only national\nCanadian multi-channel retailer also added on-air social media",
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+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n####### **strategic fronts, while continuing to deliver strong returns to shareholders and**\n####### **building upon the company’s deep-rooted foundations for the future benefit of all**\n####### **our stakeholders. Our management team delivered on their financial guidance**\n####### **targets in what continue to be highly competitive and regulatorily intense markets.**\nRogers continued to deliver on the evolution\nand expansion of its core services. It quickly\nexpanded the reach of Canada’s first and\nfastest LTE wireless network to 73% of the\nCanadian population, introduced significant\nenhancements to its broadband data speeds\nand cable TV platform, and further added\nto its leading sports content and digital\nmedia assets.\nThe company executed several strategic\ntransactions that support Rogers core growth\nstrategies, including in the areas of wireless\nspectrum and network sharing, cable footprint\nexpansion, and significantly expanding its data\ncentre, colocation and managed services\ncapabilities for businesses. In addition, it struck\na landmark 12 year agreement with the NHL\nfor the exclusive national hockey broadcast\nrights across Canada.\nRogers also continued to deliver on its\ninnovation agenda, being first to market\nwith a series of new services in 2013,\nincluding in the quickly growing areas of\nmobile payments, machine-to-machine\ncommunications, home monitoring, local\ndigital services, and a new and unique\ncustomer loyalty program.\nWe continued to return increasing amounts\nof cash to shareholders. In 2013, the\ncompany’s significant cash generation\nallowed the Board to increase the dividend\nby 10% and return approximately $900\nmillion to our shareholders in the form of\ndividends and share buybacks. And we\nfurther increased the dividend by 5% in\nFebruary 2014, continuing a multi-year trend\nof dividend growth. As you read on in this\nreport, you will find many more examples and\nmuch detail of the company’s operational and\nfinancial accomplishments over the past year.\nI would like to take the opportunity to thank\nour recently retired President and Chief\nExecutive Officer Nadir Mohamed for his\nleadership and substantial contributions at\nRogers over the past 13 years. Succeeding\na founder with professional management\nis always a delicate and important transition\nin the life cycle of a company, and Nadir\nprovided important continuity and solid\nleadership as CEO over the course of the\npast five years for which the Board and\nmanagement team are thankful.\nFollowing an extensive international search\nprocess, in September, 2013 the Board\nannounced that Guy Laurence would become\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer of",
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+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **MEDIA TRENDS**\n\n3. EXPAND OUR SERVICES REACH\nExpand the reach of our networks and services through new\nconstruction and targeted acquisitions that complement our existing\nplatforms; by more widely deploying products and services; and by\nexpanding the reach of our key media brands nationally and across our\ndigital platforms.\nOUR PROGRESS IN 2013\nWe expanded our wireless network by establishing key network sharing\nagreements to bring LTE to more customers at faster speeds to\ncustomers in Manitoba, Quebec and the Ottawa region, and through\nour relationship with AT&T to become the first Canadian carrier to offer\nLTE roaming for customers travelling to the US. We also secured an\noption to buy Shaw’s Advanced Wireless Service (AWS) spectrum\nholdings.\nWe launched new products, including Rogers Smart Home Monitoring,\nto customers in Ontario’s Golden Horseshoe area and Atlantic Canada.\nWe completed several strategic acquisitions this year that strengthened\nour offering of cable television, Internet and telephony services in the\nHamilton, Ontario area, established Business Solutions as a leader in\nCanadian data centre and hosting services and increased the reach of\nour television broadcast network to over 80% of Canadian households.\n4. STRENGTHEN THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE\nConstantly improve the experience that customers have using our\nproducts and services by making it easier for them, providing the tools\nand resources customers need to use our products with confidence,\nbeing attuned to our customers’ evolving needs and continuing to\nsimplify our product offerings.\nOUR PROGRESS IN 2013\nWe launched several new programs this year to improve the customer\nexperience, including Canada’s first Share Everything plans for\nindividuals, families and small businesses, our “worry free” $7.99 per\nday US wireless data roaming plan, a new suite of simplified travel value\npacks of voice, text and data roaming, and the Rogers First Rewards\nloyalty program, and we received regulatory approval for the Rogers\ncredit card. Connected for Success, our new broadband Internet pilot\nproject is designed to provide affordable broadband Internet,\ncomputers and software to residents of Toronto Community Housing as\npart of the Rogers Youth Fund program.\n5. IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY AND COST STRUCTURE\nContinue to focus on cost-optimization initiatives and organizational\nefficiency by improving service delivery, reducing complexity, focusing\non fewer projects with more impact, managing expenses and working\nmore closely with key suppliers.\nOUR PROGRESS IN 2013\nWe continued to make progress on our cost efficiency initiatives this\nyear, which contributed to a 3% increase in consolidated adjusted",
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+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n##### **STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES**  AND  **VALUE DRIVERS**\n\n####### **our actions and investments are guided by the following six long-term strategic objectives:**\n\nis a challenge I intend to meet head-on.\nI look forward to continuing Ted’s legacy,\nand to leading Rogers through the next\nphase of growth and to serving you, our\nshareholders.\nThank you for your continued business,\ninvestment and support.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 03\n####### **GUY LAURENCE**\n**PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER**\nROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC.\n##### **STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES**  AND  **VALUE DRIVERS**\n**At Rogers, our purpose is to easily connect customers with what matters most. Our vision is to be known for leading**\n**the enablement of seamless, and reliable experiences across any device, place or time.**\n####### **DELIVER DIFFERENTIATED**\n####### **END-TO-END CUSTOMER**\n####### **EXPERIENCES**\nFocus on evolving our cross-device\nintegration to enable seamless,\nreliable and easy-to-use experiences\nanytime, anyplace and anywhere; on\ndelivering a differentiated range of\ndevices and device-related services;\nand on enabling greater integration\nof our media assets across screens.\n####### **STRENGTHEN THE**\n####### **CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE**\nConstantly improve the experience\nthat customers have using our\nproducts and services by making it\neasier for them; providing the tools\nand resources customers need to use\nour products with confidence; being\nattuned to our customers’ evolving\nneeds; and continuing to simplify\nour product offerings.\n####### **EXPAND OUR SERVICES REACH**\nExpand the reach of our networks and\nservices through new construction and\ntargeted acquisitions that complement\nour existing platforms; by more widely\ndeploying products and services; and\nby expanding the reach of key media\nbrands nationally and across our digital\nplatforms.\n####### **DRIVE FUTURE GROWTH**\n####### **OPPORTUNITIES**\nContinue to develop targeted new\ngrowth areas of our business, including\nmachine-to-machine communications,\nmobile commerce and video, sports,\nbusiness communications services,\nlocal and digital media services,\nand home automation.\n####### **MAINTAIN INDUSTRY-LEADING**\n####### **NETWORKS**\nReinforce our fastest and most reliable\nnetworks by expanding our LTE\nnetwork to a wider proportion of the\nCanadian population, continuing to\nincrease broadband Internet speeds\nto capture and monetize the growth\nin data consumption, and further\nenhancing our TV platform with next\ngeneration features and functionality.\n####### **IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY**\n####### **AND COST STRUCTURE**\nContinue to focus on cost-optimization\ninitiatives and organizational efficiency\nby improving service delivery; reducing\ncomplexity; focusing on fewer, more\nimpactful projects; managing expenses,\nand working closely with key suppliers.\nFOR A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF OUR STRATEGIC GOALS AND OBJECTIVES,\nSEE THE “  **OUR STRATEGY**  ” SECTION IN THE ACCOMPANYING MD&A LATER IN THE REPORT.\n####### **DELIVER INDUSTRY-LEADING SHAREHOLDER RETURNS**\n####### **Our mandate is to deliver long-term value and industry-leading shareholder returns.**\n####### **To sustain our lead as the top integrated telecommunications and media company in Canada,**\n####### **our actions and investments are guided by the following six long-term strategic objectives:**\n04  ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT",
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+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf",
+                "query": "Until what NHL season will the Vancouver's ice hockey team be a Rogers Communications partner?",
+                "target_page": 39,
+                "target_passage": "Sportsnet announced a 10-year partnership extension with the Vancouver Canucks through the 2022-2023 NHL seasons",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **MEDIA TRENDS**\n\nCanadian cable industry first, the application recommends similar\nprograms based on what customers are viewing, helping Canadians\nto explore and uncover more programming that appeals to their\nindividual tastes.\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS\n-  Following the acquisition of Blackiron and Pivot Data Centres this\nyear, Business Solutions announced it is expanding its hosting and\ncolocation business in Western Canada through a newly expanded\ndata centre in Edmonton and a new Western Canada flagship data\ncentre in Calgary.\n-  SIP Trunking, a new IP-based voice solution, was announced for\nenterprises designed to complement our fibre-based Internet and\nWAN connectivity services. Merging voice services with a business\ndata network, SIP Trunking solutions dynamically allocate bandwidth\nas needed to support voice and/or data needs depending upon\ncapacity requirements during peak hours and also provide a platform\nfor next generation IP-based video, mobile and productivity\napplications and services.\nMEDIA\n-  Exclusive NHL 12-year licensing agreement to broadcast national NHL\ngames beginning with the 2014-2015 season was signed. The\nagreement grants Rogers the exclusive distribution of all national live\nand in-progress regular season and playoff games within Canada, in\nmultiple languages, across all platforms. We executed separate\nagreements to sublicense certain of these broadcasting rights to TVA\nSports and CBC.\n-  Sportsnet 360 was launched, which is comprised of the rebranded\ntheScore assets. The acquisition of theScore received final regulatory\napproval in the first half of this year.\n-  Sportsnet announced a 10-year partnership extension with the\nVancouver Canucks through the 2022-2023 NHL seasons, continuing\na 14-year network tradition as the regional television broadcaster of\nCanucks hockey. The new agreement features a comprehensive suite\nof multimedia rights including television, online and mobile,\ndelivering up to 60 regular season Vancouver Canucks games each\nseason. Sportsnet is also the official regional television broadcast\nrights holder for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Calgary Flames and\nEdmonton Oilers.\n-  Next Issue Canada, an innovative, all-you-can-read subscription\ndigital magazine service that provides consumers with exclusive and\nunlimited access to a catalogue of more than 100 premium Canadian\nand US titles was launched. Next Issue Canada delivers access to our\nleading publishing brands alongside many of the most popular US\nmagazine titles.\n-  The Shopping Channel launched a brighter, easier, and more\nengaging multi-channel retail experience and a refreshed on-air and\nonline look, an all-new mobile app, special-themed programming\nand improved shipping. The leading interactive and only national\nCanadian multi-channel retailer also added on-air social media",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Higher Operating Revenue**\n\nThrough this agreement, Rogers plans to provide Canadians with a\nunique viewing experience that will feature expanded pre- and post-\ngame coverage of regular season and playoff games and other\nenhanced NHL content. We expect this agreement to drive Sportsnet\nsubscriber growth and to provide highly sought after content in\nmultiple languages across all of Rogers’ platforms.\nMEDIA FINANCIAL RESULTS\nYears ended December 31\n(In millions of dollars, except percentages)  **2013 <sup>1</sup>** 2012 % Chg\n**Operating revenue -  Media $ 1,704**  $ 1,620 5\nOperating expenses  **(1,543)**  (1,430) 8\n**Adjusted operating profit -  Media $ 161**  $ 190 (15)\nAdjusted operating profit margin  **9.4%**  11.7%\nAdditions to property, plant and equipment  **$ 79**  $ 55 44\n1 Results of operations include theScore’s operating results as of April 30, 2013 (the\ndate of acquisition).\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**MEDIA REVENUE**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$1,704**\n$1,620\n$1,611\n####### **Higher Operating Revenue**\nMedia generates revenue in five areas:\n-  advertising sales across its television, radio, publishing and digital\nmedia properties\n-  circulation\n-  subscriptions\n-  retail product sales\n-  ticket sales, receipts of MLB revenue sharing and concession sales\nassociated with Rogers Sports Entertainment.\nOperating revenue was 5% higher this year, mainly because of:\n-  higher subscription and advertising revenue generated by the\nSportsnet properties, including the acquisition of theScore, and\noverall growth in distribution of our other specialty channels\n-  higher advertising revenue of $21 million resulting from timing of\nNHL hockey games. Advertising revenue last year was lower than\nnormal due to the NHL player lockout which resulted in no NHL\ngames being aired, and higher than normal this year due to the\ncompressed 2012-2013 season which started in January 2013 and\nthe compressed 2013-2014 NHL schedule in advance of the\nupcoming winter Olympics\n-  higher attendance and merchandise sales at Blue Jays games\n-  higher sales at The Shopping Channel.\nThe increases in revenue were partially offset by continuing volatility in\nadvertising spending across most industry sectors, driven by a continued\nslow economy.\n48 ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\n**MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Higher Operating Expenses**\nWe assess Media operating expenses in four areas:\n-  the cost of broadcast content (including sports programming)\n-  the cost of retail products sold by The Shopping Channel and Sports\nEntertainment\n-  Blue Jays player payroll\n-  all other expenses involved in day-to-day operations.\nOperating expenses were 8% higher than 2012, mainly because of",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 52,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Higher Adjusted Operating Profit**\n\nadvertisers with:\n-  other Canadian magazines\n-  foreign, mostly US, titles that sell in significant quantities in Canada\n-  online information and entertainment websites.\nTelevision and specialty services compete for viewers and advertisers\nwith:\n-  other Canadian television stations that broadcast in their local\nmarkets, including those owned and operated by the CBC, Bell\nMedia and Shaw Media, some of which have greater national\ncoverage\n-  other specialty channels\n-  other distant Canadian signals and US border stations given the time-\nshifting capacity available to digital subscribers\n-  other media, including newspapers, magazines, radio and outdoor\nadvertising\n-  content available on the Internet.\nCompetition in Sports Entertainment includes:\n-  other Toronto professional teams, for attendance at Blue Jays games\n-  other Major League Baseball teams, for Blue Jays players and fans\n-  other local sporting and special event venues.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 47\nMANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS\nACQUISITIONS\n-  Closed our agreement to acquire Metro 14 Montreal for $10 million\non February 4, 2013, and relaunched the station as City Montreal,\nexpanding the City broadcast TV network into the largest market in\nQuebec and increasing the City television network reach to over\n80% of Canadian households.\n-  Finalized our purchase of theScore, Canada’s third largest specialty\nsports channel, for $167 million. We later rebranded theScore as\nSportsnet 360.\nNHL\n-  Advanced our strategy of delivering highly sought-after sports\ncontent anywhere, anytime, on any platform and strengthening the\nvalue of our sports brand by entering into an exclusive 12-year\nlicensing agreement with the NHL which begins with the 2014-2015\nseason and grants Rogers the following:\n- national rights across television broadcasts, wireless and\nmobile tablets and Internet streaming\n- national rights to all regular season games, all playoff games\nand the Stanley Cup Final, and all special events and non-\ngame events (e.g. NHL All-Star Game, NHL Draft) -  in multiple\nlanguages\n- out-of-market rights for all regional games\n- ownership of all linear and digital highlights, including\ncondensed games and video archives\n- NHL broadcast assets: Rogers to operate NHL Centre Ice and\nNHL Game Centre Live\n- sponsorship rights to the NHL Shield logo as an official partner\nof the NHL\n- Canadian representation of ad sales for NHL.com\n- ownership of all commercial inventories for the television\nbroadcasts\n- rights to sublicense broadcasting rights to TVA and CBC\n- rights to use the Hockey Night In Canada brand through the\nCBC sublicense agreement.",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n##### **WHY INVEST**  IN ROGERS\n\n####### **ADJUSTED NET INCOME AND EARNINGS PER SHARE**\n\nmagazine platform which provides 100+ of North America’s most\ncelebrated titles on an unlimited anytime, anywhere basis.\nIn sports entertainment, Rogers owns the Toronto Blue Jays baseball\nteam and Rogers Centre stadium, Canada’s largest sports and\nentertainment facility and home field of the Blue Jays. Rogers also holds\na 37.5% investment in Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment which owns\nthe NHL Maple Leafs, NBA Raptors, MLS Toronto FC and a number of\nother sports related assets.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 13\n**DELIVERING**  WHAT’S NEXT\nINNOVATION AND A DRIVE TO BE FIRST TO DELIVER THE\nMOST ADVANCED INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS,\nENTERTAINMENT AND TRANSACTION SERVICES, SOLUTIONS\nAND DEVICES ARE AT THE VERY CORE OF ROGERS.\nAs one of the first carriers in the world to offer the telecommunications\n“quadruple play” of wireless, television, Internet and telephony services\nover its own networks, few have more capabilities or success in enabling\nsubscribers to enjoy their experiences across multiple screens.\nRogers has a long history of firsts, including the first cellular call in Canada,\nthe world’s first high-speed cable modem service, the first digital cellular\nnetwork in North America, Canada’s first video-on-demand and mobile\nTV services, the first HSPA and LTE networks and the first to offer iPhone,\nAndroid, BlackBerry and Windows 8 in Canada. With the combination of\nour advanced next-generation national wireless network, our powerful\nbroadband cable infrastructure and our category-leading media assets,\nwe are in a unique position to help Canadians to live like never before.\nLEADING\nNEXT GENERATION\nNETWORKS\nDIGITAL MEDIA\nMOBILE\nCOMMERCE\nHOME\nAUTOMATION\nMACHINE-TO-\nMACHINE\nCOMMUNICATIONS\nMOBILE\nSTREAMING\nTELEVISION\nADVANCED IP\nSOLUTIONS\nENTERPRISE\nMOBILE\nAPPLICATIONS\nCONVERGED\nWIRELESS/\nWIRELINE\n14  ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\nOur new wireless Share Everything plans were Canada’s first to let\nindividuals, families and small businesses share wireless data and\nunlimited nationwide talk and text, with up to 10 wireless devices.\nRogers recently further enhanced its exciting One Number service by\nintroducing smartphone apps which enable customers to use mobile\ndata or Wi-Fi to talk, text and video chat using their existing Rogers\nwireless number from any device.\nWe also keep customers informed and entertained with Rogers next-\ngeneration NextBox 3.0 TV experience which allows customers to view\nand record up to eight HD programs simultaneously, store hundreds of\nhours of content and enjoy whole-home PVR capability. And with\nRogers Anyplace TV, it’s also a wireless experience where viewers can",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Lower Adjusted Operating Profit**\n\nhigher programming costs at Sportsnet, higher Toronto Blue Jays player\nsalaries, higher merchandise spending at The Shopping Channel and\ncosts associated with our launch of Next Issue Canada.\nThe higher programming costs this year are a combination of lower\ncosts in 2012 because of the NHL player lockout, and higher costs this\nyear because more hockey games than normal were aired because of\nthe compressed NHL hockey schedule due in part to upcoming winter\nOlympics. Approximately $62 million of Media’s year over year increase\nin operating expense this year resulted from the 2012 NHL lockout and\nthe timing of games aired in 2013. Player salaries at the Toronto Blue\nJays were $34 million higher this year.\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**MEDIA ADJUSTED OPERATING PROFIT**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$161**\n$190\n$180\n####### **Lower Adjusted Operating Profit**\nAdjusted operating profit was down compared to last year mainly\nbecause of revenue and expenses changes described above.\nExcluding the impact of the 2012 NHL lockout and the compressed NHL\nschedule:\n-  operating revenue would have been 4% higher this year compared\nto last year, instead of 5% higher as reported\n-  adjusted operating profit would have been 7% higher this year\ncompared to last year, instead of 15% lower as reported.\nExcluding the acquisition of theScore:\n-  operating revenue would have been 4% higher this year compared\nto last year, instead of 5% higher as reported\n-  adjusted operating profit would have been 19% lower this year\ncompared to last year, instead of 15% lower as reported.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 49\nMANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS\nADDITIONS TO PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT\nAdditions to property, plant and equipment include costs associated\nwith acquiring and placing property, plant and equipment into service.\nThe telecommunications business requires extensive and continual\ninvestments, including investment in new technologies and expansion\nof geographical reach and capacity capital.\nManagement focuses on the planning, funding and management of\nadditions to property, plant and equipment, because they are\nsignificant, and have a material impact on our cash flow.\nAdditions to property, plant and equipment before related changes to\nnon-cash working capital represent capital assets that we actually took\ntitle to and were ready for use in the period. We believe that this\nmeasure best reflects our cost of property, plant and equipment in a\ngiven period, and is a simpler measure for comparing between periods.\nYear ended December 31",
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+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n####### **strategic fronts, while continuing to deliver strong returns to shareholders and**\n####### **building upon the company’s deep-rooted foundations for the future benefit of all**\n####### **our stakeholders. Our management team delivered on their financial guidance**\n####### **targets in what continue to be highly competitive and regulatorily intense markets.**\nRogers continued to deliver on the evolution\nand expansion of its core services. It quickly\nexpanded the reach of Canada’s first and\nfastest LTE wireless network to 73% of the\nCanadian population, introduced significant\nenhancements to its broadband data speeds\nand cable TV platform, and further added\nto its leading sports content and digital\nmedia assets.\nThe company executed several strategic\ntransactions that support Rogers core growth\nstrategies, including in the areas of wireless\nspectrum and network sharing, cable footprint\nexpansion, and significantly expanding its data\ncentre, colocation and managed services\ncapabilities for businesses. In addition, it struck\na landmark 12 year agreement with the NHL\nfor the exclusive national hockey broadcast\nrights across Canada.\nRogers also continued to deliver on its\ninnovation agenda, being first to market\nwith a series of new services in 2013,\nincluding in the quickly growing areas of\nmobile payments, machine-to-machine\ncommunications, home monitoring, local\ndigital services, and a new and unique\ncustomer loyalty program.\nWe continued to return increasing amounts\nof cash to shareholders. In 2013, the\ncompany’s significant cash generation\nallowed the Board to increase the dividend\nby 10% and return approximately $900\nmillion to our shareholders in the form of\ndividends and share buybacks. And we\nfurther increased the dividend by 5% in\nFebruary 2014, continuing a multi-year trend\nof dividend growth. As you read on in this\nreport, you will find many more examples and\nmuch detail of the company’s operational and\nfinancial accomplishments over the past year.\nI would like to take the opportunity to thank\nour recently retired President and Chief\nExecutive Officer Nadir Mohamed for his\nleadership and substantial contributions at\nRogers over the past 13 years. Succeeding\na founder with professional management\nis always a delicate and important transition\nin the life cycle of a company, and Nadir\nprovided important continuity and solid\nleadership as CEO over the course of the\npast five years for which the Board and\nmanagement team are thankful.\nFollowing an extensive international search\nprocess, in September, 2013 the Board\nannounced that Guy Laurence would become\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer of",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Significant Developments**\n\nto $1.83.\n####### **New CEO**\n-  Guy Laurence joined Rogers in December 2013, as our new President\nand Chief Executive Officer, succeeding Nadir Mohamed who retired\nfrom Rogers. Mr. Laurence brings 30 years of global experience in\nthe telecommunications and media industries.\n####### **Significant Developments**\n-  Exclusive 12-year licensing agreement to broadcast national NHL\ngames, beginning with the 2014-2015 season was signed. The\nagreement grants Rogers the exclusive distribution rights of all\nnational regular season and playoff games within Canada, in multiple\nlanguages, across all platforms. At the same time, we executed\nseparate agreements to sublicence certain of these broadcasting\nrights to TVA Sports and CBC.\n-  Strategic acquisitions of Score Media Inc. (theScore), Mountain\nCablevision Ltd. (Mountain Cable), Blackiron Data ULC (Blackiron)\nand Pivot Data Centres were completed.\n-  Rogers First Rewards, a new loyalty program allowing customers to\nearn points on their eligible purchases and redeem them online for a\nwide selection of Rogers products and services, was launched in the\nGreater Toronto Area, Ottawa, Kingston, Sudbury and other cities\nthroughout Ontario. We also received regulatory approval to launch\na Rogers credit card which augments this loyalty program and will\naccelerate the rate at which customers earn points.\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**REVENUE BY SEGMENT**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$1,704**\n$1,620\n$1,611\n**$374**\n$351\n$405\n**$3,475**\n$3,358\n$3,309\n**$7,270**\n$7,280\n$7,138\nWireless Cable Business Solutions Media\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**ADDITIONS TO CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$2,240**\n$2,142\n$2,127\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**ADJUSTED OPERATING PROFIT BY SEGMENT**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$161**\n$190\n$180\n**$106**\n$89\n$86\n**$1,718**\n$1,605\n$1,549\n**$3,157**\n$3,063\n$3,036\nWireless Cable Business Solutions Media\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)\n**CONSOLIDATED TOTAL ASSETS**\n**2013**\n2012\n2011\n**$23,601**\n$19,618\n$18,362\n28 ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\n**MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS** Understanding Our Business\nRogers Communications is one of Canada’s leading diversified communications and media companies.\n**Our vision**  is to be known for leading the enablement and delivery of seamless, customer-driven communications,\nentertainment, information and transactional experiences across any device, place or time.\n**Wireless**  provides wireless voice and data communication services,\nincluding machine to machine to both consumer and enterprise\nbusinesses, governments and other telecommunications service\nproviders.  **Cable**  provides voice and data communications, home\nmonitoring, television and high-speed Internet services to both\nconsumers and businesses.  **Business Solutions**  provides voice and data\ncommunications and advanced services including data centre based\nsolutions and cloud computing services to a wide range of medium to",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 32,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2012 Acquisitions**\n\n####### **Investments in Joint Arrangements and Associates**\n\nvarious cash generating units in the Media segment:\n-  $67 million in goodwill,\n-  $8 million in broadcast licences, and\n-  $5 million in program rights.\nThe recoverable amounts of these cash generating units were lower in\n2012 than 2011 mainly due to the decline in advertising revenue in\ncertain markets.\nNOTE 14: INVESTMENTS\n**2013**  2012\nPublicly traded companies  **$ 809**  $ 624\nPrivate companies  **103**  231\nAvailable-for-sale investments  **912**  855\nInvestments in joint arrangements and associates  **575**  629\n**$ 1,487**  $ 1,484\n####### **Publicly Traded Companies**\nWe hold interests in a number of publicly traded companies. This year\nwe recorded unrealized gains of $186 million (2012 -  $225 million of\nunrealized losses) with a corresponding increase in other comprehensive\nincome.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 109\nNOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS\n####### **Private Companies**\nIn October 2012, Media completed the purchase of 100% of the\noutstanding shares of theScore for $167 million. The shares were\ntransferred to an interim CRTC-approved trust which was responsible\nfor the independent management of the business in the normal course\nof operations until final approval by the CRTC was obtained. The shares\nwere accounted for as an investment in a private company as at\nDecember 31, 2012.\nIn 2013, we received final regulatory approval to transfer the Score\nMedia Inc. business under the control of Rogers and we accounted for\nthe acquisition of control under IFRS 3 (note 7).\n####### **Investments in Joint Arrangements and Associates**\nWe have interests in a number of associates and joint arrangements.\nCertain transactions that occurred in 2012 are described below.\n*MLSE*\nMLSE, a sports and entertainment company, owns and operates the Air\nCanada Centre, the NHL’s Toronto Maple Leafs, the NBA’s Toronto\nRaptors, the MLS’ Toronto FC, the AHL’s Toronto Marlies and other\nassets. In August 2012, we, along with BCE Inc., closed the joint\nacquisition of a net 75% equity interest in MLSE. Following a leveraged\nrecapitalization of MLSE, our net cash investment was $540 million,\nrepresenting a 37.5% equity interest in MLSE. Our investment in MLSE\nis a joint venture and is accounted for using the equity method.\n*Inukshuk*\nInukshuk is a joint operation owned 50% by Rogers that was created to\noperate a national fixed wireless telecommunications network to be\nused by the partners and their subsidiaries. In December 2012, Inukshuk\nsold certain spectrum licences and network equipment to its owners at\nfair market value. We and the other non-related venturer each",
+                    "page_start": 112,
+                    "page_end": 113,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n\n##### **WHY INVEST**  IN ROGERS\n\n####### **ADJUSTED NET INCOME AND EARNINGS PER SHARE**\n\nRogers remains at the forefront of mobile commerce and electronic\npayments solutions in the Canadian market.\nBusinesses across Canada also connect with customers through Rogers\nleading media brands as the one-stop solution for all their local and\nnational radio, television, online and print advertising needs.\n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 11\nROGERS IS COMMITTED TO DELIVERING WORLD-CLASS\nCONTENT AND EXPERIENCES TO CONSUMERS AND\nADVERTISING SOLUTIONS TO BUSINESSES.  THE COMPANY\nHAS A STRONG LEGACY OF BUILDING POWERFUL MEDIA\nBRANDS WITH COMPELLING CONTENT THAT RESONATES WITH\nAUDIENCES ACROSS MULTIPLE PLATFORMS ON ANY DEVICE.\nToday, businesses across Canada connect with customers through Rogers\ncategory-leading television and radio assets, sports entertainment,\ntelevised and online shopping, publishing, and digital media properties as\nthe one-stop solution for all their local and national advertising needs.\nRogers Media is Canada’s premier combination of diversified broadcast,\nspecialty, sports, print and online media assets which together touch\nnearly 90% of Canadians every week. This includes over 50 popular AM\nand FM radio stations across Canada. In television, it includes the seven\nstation City network which broadcasts intensely local, urban-oriented\n**LEADING**  CONTENT\nLEADING\nSPORTSNET TV\nFRANCHISE\nOMNI\nMULTICULTURAL\nNETWORK\nCITY NATIONAL\nTELEVISION\nNETWORK\nTORONTO\nBLUE JAYS\nBASEBALL TEAM\nNATIONAL\nRADIO\nPORTFOLIO\nTELEVISED\nSHOPPING\nNETWORK\n37.5% OWNERSHIP\nOF LEAFS,\nRAPTORS & TFC\nDIGITAL MEDIA\nPORTFOLIO\nICONIC\nMAGAZINE\nBRANDS\n12  ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\nprogramming across the country’s largest markets, as well\nas five OMNI Television stations which deliver multilingual news,\ninformation and entertainment to Canada’s multiple language\ncommunities.\nThe Sportsnet specialty network provides sports programming across\nCanada through its four regional television channels and its nationally-\ndistributed Sportsnet ONE, Sportsnet World, and Sportsnet 360\nstations. Rogers also owns other Canadian specialty television channels,\nincluding FX Canada, OLN, The Biography Channel and G4.\nThe Shopping Channel -  Canada’s only nationally televised and\nInternet shopping service -  is a leading interactive multi-channel\nretailer, offering a vast assortment of exclusive products and top brand\nnames. As one of Canada’s most innovative and diversified retailers,\nit provides customers with exceptional selections in health/beauty,\njewelry, home/lifestyle, fashion/accessories, and electronics.\nRogers also publishes many well-known consumer magazines, such as\nMaclean’s, Chatelaine, FLARE, L’actualité, and Canadian Business, and is\nthe leading publisher of a number of industry, medical and financial\npublications. Rogers also controls a suite of fast-growing digital media\nassets, including 90+ owned and 300+ premium partnership online\nsites, as well as the recently launched Next Issue Canada digital",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT MEDIA WIRELESS CABLE ROGERS.COM\n\n## **93 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**\n\n####### **Operating Income and Net Income**\n\nBusiness Solutions operating revenue was higher than last year mainly\nbecause we completed the acquisitions of Blackiron Data and Pivot\nData Centres earlier this year combined with the continued growth in\non-net and next generation services, partially offset by planned decline\nin legacy voice and data services.\nMedia operating revenue was higher than last year mainly because of\nrevenue growth at Sportsnet, higher attendance at Toronto Blue Jays\ngames and higher sales at The Shopping Channel.\n####### **Adjusted Operating Profit**\nWireless adjusted operating profit was higher this year because of\nhigher network revenue, our continued cost management and\nproductivity initiatives implemented across various areas and lower cost\nof equipment.\nCable adjusted operating profit was higher than last year because of\nthe continued growth in revenue combined with a shift in our product\nmix towards higher margin Internet and phone products.\nMedia’s adjusted operating profit was lower compared to last year. The\nincrease in operating revenue this year was more than offset by the\ncombined impact of higher player salaries at the Toronto Blue Jays, the\nNHL player lockout in 2012 and the costs associated with broadcasting\nmore NHL hockey games in 2013 because of the condensed 2012-2013\nseason which started in January 2013 and the compressed 2013-2014\nseason schedule associated with the upcoming winter Olympics.\nAdjusted operating profit relating to Corporate items and intercompany\neliminations was lower compared to last year because of continued\ninvestment in growth initiatives such as Rogers’ credit card, Outrank,\nRogers Alerts and other digital opportunities.\n####### **Operating Income and Net Income**\nOperating income was higher than last year while net income was\nlower. The increase in operating income is mainly because of the\nincrease in adjusted operating profit. Net income was lower mainly\nbecause in 2012 we realized a $233 million gain on spectrum licenses\nthat Inukshuk sold to our non-related venture partner as well as the\nrelated income tax benefits we recorded that year.\n36 ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2013 ANNUAL REPORT\n**MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS** WIRELESS\nROGERS IS CANADA’S LARGEST WIRELESS\nCOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE PROVIDER\nAs at December 31, 2013, we had:\n-  approximately 9.5 million subscribers\n-  approximately 34% share of the Canadian wireless market.\nPRODUCTS AND SERVICES\nRogers is a Canadian leader in innovative new wireless network\ntechnologies and services. We provide wireless voice and advanced\nhigh-speed data communication services to subscribers across Canada\nunder the Rogers, Fido and Chatr brands, and provide our customers",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "I am a shareholder of Emmis Communication, but I will be available from the 20th of June to the 4th of July, will the Annual Meeting take place during this period?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "The Annual Meeting of shareholders will be held at 10 a.m. Central Time on Wednesday, June 30, 2004, at Emmis’ Corporate office.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 7
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n###### emmis communications 2004 abbreviated financial highlights *in thousands except where noted*\n*year ended Feb. 28 (29)*  ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04\nnet revenues 325,265 473,345 539,822 562,363 591,868\nstation operating income* 125,477 174,213 185,665 213,112 220,445\nstation op income margin 38.6% 36.8% 34.4% 37.9% 37.2%\nleverage 2.5x 6.8x 9.3x 6.5x 6.7x\n**excluding noncash compensation*\npublishing tv radio\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0 1% 2.7% 4.5%\n**INDUSTRY**\n**MARKETS**\n**EMMIS**\nradio division revenue growth fiscal 2004\n$600,000\n$500,000\n$400,000\n$300,000\n$200,000\n$100,000\n$0 00 01 02 03 04\n$300,000\n$250,000\n$200,000\n$150,000\n$100,000\n$50,000\n$0 00 01 02 03 04\n**325,265**\n**473,345 539,822 562,363 591,868**\n**125,447**\n**174,213 185,665 213,112 220,445**\nnet revenue station operating income, excluding noncash compensation\n4\n2\n0\n-2\n-4\n-6 -4.7% -2.3% 0.5%\n**INDUSTRY MARKETS EMMIS**\ntv division revenue growth calendar 2003\nDear Shareholders,\nOn our year-end conference call, I said that last year was the\nbest in Emmis Communications’ history. And while that might\nhave sounded like the usual Wall Street hyperbole -  like any\nother CEO bragging about his company’s performance -  the\ndifference is, I believed it. And I still do.\nBut I’ve been in this business long enough to know two\nthings for sure: What I believe is not as important as what I\ncan prove, and what we did last year is only meaningful if it\nreflects on how we will do in the coming year. The good\nnews is, Emmis does have the results to back up my high\npraise, and what we did to perform last year does directly\nrelate to how we’ll perform in the year ahead.\n**The best year**\nThe bottom line is this: Emmis Communications turned in a\nremarkable performance last year. Again and again, and by a\nnumber of measures, we outperformed our peers, our mar-\nkets and our own solid track record.\nAnd we did this in a year that was challenging in just about\nevery way. The economy was unstable, public companies\ncame under continuing scrutiny, indecency issues hounded\nbroadcasters, competition for tight ad dollars increased and\ntechnology continued to reshape the media world.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\npaying any dividends on shares of its common stock in the foreseeable future.\nemmis entities\n**RADIO**\n**Austin**\nKDHT-FM (93.3), Rhythmic CHR\nKEYI-FM (103.5), Oldies\nKGSR-FM (107.1), Adult Alternative\nKLBJ-AM (590), News/Talk\nKLBJ-FM (93.7), Album Oriented Rock\nKROX-FM (101.5), Alternative Rock\n**Chicago**\nWKQX-FM (101.1), Alternative Rock\n**Indianapolis**\nWENS-FM (97.1), Adult Contemporary\nWIBC-AM (1070), News/Talk/Sports\nWNOU-FM (93.1), CHR\nWYXB-FM (105.7), Soft Adult Contemporary\nNetwork Indiana, Statewide news network\n**Los Angeles**\nKPWR-FM (105.9), Hip-Hop/R&B\nKZLA-FM (93.9), Country\n**New York**\nWQCD-FM (101.9), Smooth Jazz\nWQHT-FM (97.7), Hip-Hop\nWRKS-FM(98.7), Classic Soul/Today’s R&B\n**Phoenix**\nKKFR-FM(92.3), Rhythmic CHR\nKKLT-FM (98.7), Adult Contemporary\nKMVP-AM (860), Sports\nKTAR-AM (620), News/Talk/Sports\n**St. Louis**\nKFTK-FM (97.1), Talk\nKIHT-FM (96.3), Classic Hits\nKPNT-FM (105.7), Alternative Rock\nKSHE-FM (94.7), Album Oriented Rock\nWRDA-FM (104.1), New Standards\n**Terre Haute**\nWTHI-FM (99.9), Country\nWWVR-FM (105.5), Classic Rock\n**TELEVISION**\nAlbuquerque, N.M., KRQE-TV (Channel 13),\nCBS programming/local news\nFort Myers, Fla., WFTX-TV (Channel 4),\nFox programming/local news\nGreen Bay, Wis., WLUK-TV (Channel 11),\nFox programming/local news\nHonolulu, KHON-TV (Channel 2),\nFox programming/local news\nHonolulu, KGMB-TV (Channel 9),\nCBS programming/local news\nHuntington/Charleston, W.Va., WSAZ-TV (Channel 3),\nNBC programming/local news\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla., WALA-TV (Channel 10),\nFox programming/local news\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla., WBPG-TV (Channel\n55), WB programming\nNew Orleans, WVUE-TV (Channel 8),\nFox programming/local news\nOmaha, Neb., KMTV-TV (Channel 3),\nCBS programming/local news\nOrlando, Fla., WKCF-TV (Channel 18),\nWB programming\nPortland, Ore., KOIN-TV (Channel 6),\nCBS programming/local news\nTerre Haute, Ind., WTHI-TV (Channel 10),\nCBS programming/local news\nTopeka, Kan., KSNT-TV (Channel 27),\nNBC programming/local news\nTucson, Ariz., KGUN-TV (Channel 9),\nABC programming/local news\nWichita, Kan., KSNW-TV (Channel 3),\nNBC programming/local news\n**PUBLISHING**\n*Atlanta*\n*Country Sampler*\n*Cincinnati*\n*Indianapolis Monthly*\n*Los Angeles*\n*Texas Monthly*\n**INTERNATIONAL**\nHungary, Sláger Rádió, Classic Rock/local programming\nBelgium, nine stations serving the Flanders region\n**RELATED BUSINESSES**\nEmmis Books\nEmmis Interactive\nRDS\nemmis communications\none emmis plaza\n40 monument circle\nindianapolis, indiana 46204\n®",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **30. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES**\n\n### A S  AT  8  S E P T E M B E R  2 0 0 0\n\n64\n##### **TWENTY LARGEST OPTION HOLDERS**\n##### **Number of shares % of Issued Capital**\nNational Nominees Limited 1,250,000 19.23\nMr J.P. Birchmore 331,000 5.09\nMr. R.E.T. Towner 250,000 3.85\nMr. G. C. Wood 200,000 3.08\nBeth Nominees Pty Ltd 200,000 3.08\nLen Evans Holdings Pty Ltd 189,080 2.91\nGoffacan Pty Ltd 180,000 2.77\nMr H. Somic & Mrs A. Somic 150,000 2.31\nMr A.W. Gleeson 133,000 2.05\nMrs M.E. Grattan 103,000 1.58\nMr B.W. Victor 100,000 1.54\nMiss L.C. Borg 100,000 1.54\nCanistra Pty Ltd 100,000 1.54\nMr. M. Nicholls 100,000 1.54\nHergard Investments Pty Ltd 100,000 1.54\nKava Holdings Pty Ltd 96,000 1.48\nInvesco Nominees Pty Ltd 70,320 1.08\nMr. A.B.-Douglass 66,700 1.03\nMrs M. Nix 61,000 0.94\nMs L. Wilshaw 55,000 0.85\n##### **Total 3,835,100 59.03**\n##### **COMPANY SECRETARIES**\nBrendan Gore\nNeil Roberts\n##### **PRINCIPAL REGISTERED OFFICE**\nEagle Jetty, 20 Mews Road\nFREMANTLE   WA 6160\nTel:  (08) 9431 7431\n##### **SHARE REGISTRY**\nShareholders can obtain information about their shareholding by contacting the Company’s\nshare registry:\nNational Registry Services (WA) Pty Ltd\nLevel 1, CML Building\n55 St Georges Terrace\nPerth, Western Australia  6000\nTelephone: (08) 9220 4750\nFacsimile: (08) 9220 4755\n##### **CHANGE OF ADDRESS**\nShareholders should notify the share registry in writing immediately there is a change to their\nregistered address.\n##### **STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING**\nMermaid Marine Australia Limited’s ordinary shares are quoted by the Australian Stock\nExchange Limited.\n##### **PUBLICATIONS**\nThe Annual Report is the main source of information for shareholders.",
+                    "page_start": 67,
+                    "page_end": 67,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### D I R E C TO R S ’ R E P O R T\n\n32\nThe following table sets out the number of directors’\nmeetings held during the Financial Year and the number of meetings attended by each director\nwhilst they were a director of the Company. During the Financial Year, 12 board meetings were\nheld. The only board committee, the audit committee, met twice during the Financial Year.\n##### **Directors Board Meetings Audit Committee Meetings**\n##### **Held Attended Held Attended**\nA G Birchmore 12 12 2 2\nJ H Carver 12 9 - -\nD A Dillon 12 12 - -\nJ A S Mews 12 9 2 2\nAs at the date of this report, directors’ interests in shares and\noptions of the Company are as follows:\n##### **Directors Shares Share Options Total**\n##### **Direct Indirect Indirect**\nA G Birchmore - 13,679,300 47,000 13,906,300\nM F Bradley - - - -\nJ H Carver 13,631,300 - 20,000 13,651,300\nD A Dillon - 1,510,000 - 1,510,000\nJ A S Mews - 1,500,000 - 1,500,000\nR M Reid - - - -\nThe Board reviews the remuneration packages of all directors and\nexecutive officers on an annual basis. Remuneration packages may contain as key elements:\na. Salary;\nb. Benefits - including the provision of motor vehicle and superannuation; and\nc. Incentive Schemes - including share options under the Employee Option Plan.\nThe table immediately below sets out the total remuneration of directors of the Company.\nNo options have been issued to directors pursuant to the Employee Option Plan.\n##### **Name Office Salary Other (i) Total**\n##### **$ $ $**\nA G Birchmore Chairman 144,231 4,846 149,077\nJ H Carver Executive Director 184,615 21,484 206,099\nD A Dillon Executive Director 149,999 12,201 162,200\nJ A S Mews Non-Executive Director 28,846 2,019 30,865\n(i) ‘Other’ includes superannuation, provision of motor vehicles and related fringe benefits tax\nD I R E C TO R S ’  M E E T I N G S\nD I R E C TO R S ’  S H A R E H O L D I N G S\nD I R E C TO R S ’  R E M U N E R AT I O N",
+                    "page_start": 35,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2002 compared to 2001**\n\n#### **OUR BUSINESS**\n\nAll share and per share figures are restated to reflect the 2 for 1 stock split effected February 23, 2004. The Company historically has paid an annual cash dividend on or about December 1 <sup>st</sup> of each year.  The cash dividend per share was $0.39 in 2003 and $0.37 in 2002. The Company’s ability to pay dividends is restricted by its long-term loan agreements.  The loan agreements are not expected to limit dividends in amounts that the Company historically has paid. As of February 15, 2004, there were approximately 3,930 holders of record of the Company’s common stock.\n**CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS INDEPENDENT AUDITOR** Shenandoah Telecommunications Company                                                              KPMG LLP 124 South Main Street                                                                                                 1021 East Cary Street Edinburg, VA 22824                                                                                                   Richmond, VA 23219\n**SHAREHOLDERS' QUESTIONS AND STOCK TRANSFERS** CALL (540) 984-5200 Transfer Agent - Common Stock Shenandoah Telecommunications Company P.O. Box 459 Edinburg, VA 22824\n*This Annual Report to Shareholders contains forward-looking statements.  These statements are subject to certain risks*\n*and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking*\n*statements.  Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to: changes in the interest rate*\n*environment; management's business strategy; national, regional, and local market conditions; and legislative and*\n*regulatory conditions.  Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements which reflect*\n*management's view only as of the date hereof.  The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise these*\n*forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances, except as required by law.*",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 58,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## **-**\n\n### D I R E C TO R S ’ R E P O R T\n\n31\nat the Company’s annual general meeting in November 2000, it was proposed to invite each\nholder of the above options to subscribe for one new 30 November 2001, 0.75 cent option for\neach of the above options held on its expiry at a proposed issue price of 1 cent per new option.\nThere is no inherent right arising from these options to participate in any new issue of shares in\nthe Company which may be offered to shareholders from time to time prior to the exercise of\nthe options. The Company will ensure however, that during the exercise period, for the purpose\nof determining entitlement to any new issue, the relevant record date will be at least 12 business\ndays after the new issue is exercised, so as to give the holder of options an opportunity to exercise\ntheir options prior to the relevant record date of any new issue.\nIn accordance with the provisions of the\nMermaid Marine Australia Limited Employee Share Option Incentive Plan (the “Employee\nOption Plan”), as at the date of this report a total of 42 employees have under option an aggregate\nof 615,000 ordinary shares in the Company. Of the 615,000 ordinary shares under option pursuant\nto the Employee Option Plan, half (307,500) may be purchased within 12 months of 18 June 2000\nat an issue price of 60 cents per share and half (307,500) may be purchased within 12 months of\n18 June 2000 at an issue price of 70 cents per share.\nHolders of options over unissued shares in the Company do not have the right, by virtue of the",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 34,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## INFORMATION FOR SHAREHOLDERS\n\n**NOTICE OF MEETING**\nThe Annual General Meeting of Santos Ltd will be held in the Auditorium\nat The Adelaide Town Hall Function Centre, 128 King William Street,\nAdelaide, South Australia on Friday 20 May 2005 at 10.00 am.\n**FINAL DIVIDEND**\nThe 2004 final ordinary dividend will be paid on 31 March 2005 to\nshareholders registered in the books of the Company at the close of\nbusiness on 4 March 2005 in respect of fully paid shares held at record\ndate.\n**STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING**\nSantos Ltd. Incorporated in Adelaide, South Australia, on 18 March\n1954. Quoted on the official list of the Australian Stock Exchange Ltd\n(ordinary shares code STO; FUELS code STOPB) and the NZX Ltd.\n**AMERICAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS**\nSantos American Depository Receipts issued by Morgan Guaranty in the\nUSA are sponsored and are quoted on the NASDAQ system in the USA\n(code STOSY).\n**DIRECTORS**\nS Gerlach (Chairman), J C Ellice-Flint (Managing Director), P C Barnett,\nK A Dean, R M Harding, G W McGregor, M A O’Leary, C J Recny, J Sloan.\nF J Conroy (retired 14 December 2004).\n**SECRETARY**\nM G Roberts (retired 1 July 2004).\nW J Glanville (appointed 23 February 2004).\nMr Glanville is responsible for corporate governance, secretariat and\nlegal services. Prior to his appointment, he was Manager -  Legal of\nSantos’ Legal Department and, prior to joining Santos, he practised law\nas a Barrister and Solicitor. Mr Glanville holds a Degree of Bachelor of\nLaws, a Degree of Bachelor of Arts and a Graduate Diploma in Legal\nPractice.\n**CHANGE OF SHAREHOLDER DETAILS**\nIssuer Sponsored Shareholders wishing to update their details must\nnotify the Share Registrar in writing. The relevant shareholder forms can\nbe obtained from the Share Registrar or via the Investor Centre on the\nSantos website, www.santos.com.\nForms are available to advise the Company of changes relating to change\nof address, direct crediting of dividends, Tax File Number and Australian\nBusiness Number, Annual Report and Sustainability Review mailing\npreferences and Dividend Reinvestment Plan participation.\n**INVESTOR INFORMATION AND SERVICES**\n**Santos website**\nA wide range of information for investors is available from Santos’\nwebsite, www.santos.com, including Annual Reports, Full Year and\nInterim Reports and Presentations, Press Releases, Quarterly Activities\nReports and Weekly Drilling Summaries.\nComprehensive archives of these materials dating back to 1997 are\navailable on the Santos website.\nOther investor information available on the Santos website includes:\n-  open briefings with Corporate File -  an ASX-endorsed online briefing\nservice",
+                    "page_start": 93,
+                    "page_end": 93,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### what it has always done: outperform.\n\nmarkets of New York, Los Angeles and Chicago as well as Phoenix, St. Louis, Austin,\nIndianapolis and Terre Haute, Ind. The company’s 16 television stations are located in\nAlbuquerque, N.M.; Fort Myers, Fla.; Green Bay, Wis.; Honolulu; Huntington, W.Va.;\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla.; New Orleans; Omaha, Neb.; Orlando, Fla.; Portland, Ore.;\nTerre Haute, Ind.; Topeka, Kan.; Tucson, Ariz.; and Wichita, Kan. Emmis also publishes\n*Indianapolis Monthly, Texas Monthly, Cincinnati, Atlanta, Los Angeles*  and Country\nSampler Group magazines; has a 59.5% interest in Sláger Rádió, a national radio\nnetwork in Hungary; operates nine FM radio stations serving more than 50 percent of\nthe population in the Flanders region of Belgium; and has ancillary businesses in\nbroadcast sales, publishing and interactive products.\nTransfer Agent Register\nWachovia Bank N.A., Shareholder Services Group,\n1525 West W.T. Harris Blvd., 3c3, Charlotte, North Carolina 28288-1153.\nAnnual Meeting\nThe Annual Meeting of shareholders will be held at 10 a.m. Central Time on\nWednesday, June 30, 2004, at Emmis’ Corporate office.\nForm 10-K\nA copy of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 29,\n2004, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, will be sent\nto shareholders without charge upon written request to Kate Healey, Emmis\nCommunications Corporation, One Emmis Plaza, 40 Monument Circle, Suite 700,\nIndianapolis, Indiana 46204, or ir@emmis.com.\nMarket and Dividend Information\nThe Company’s Class A Common Stock is traded in the over-the-counter market\nand is quoted on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated\nQuotation (NASDAQ) National Market System under the symbol EMMS.\nThe following table sets forth the high and low bid prices of the Class A Common\nStock for the periods indicated. No dividends were paid during any such periods.\nQuarter Ended High Low\nMay 2002 31.85 26.15\nAugust 2002 30.15 11.65\nNovember 2002 24.05 14.25\nFebruary 2003 24.86 17.82\nMay 2003 21.24 14.84\nAugust 2003 23.87 18.68\nNovember 2003 24.06 18.00\nFebruary 2004 28.65 22.74\nOn April 23, 2004, there were approximately 4,841 record holders of the Class A\nCommon Stock and one record holder of the Class B Common Stock.\nEmmis intends to retain future earnings for use in its business and does not anticipate",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ AND SENIOR EXECUTIVES’ REMUNERATION\n\nshares pursuant to SESPP or\noptions granted under SESOP, at\nthe election of executives.\nRights to shares and options are\ngranted at no cost to the\nexecutives with the number of\nshares awarded being determined\nby dividing the amount of the\naward by the volume weighted\naverage price of the Company’s\nshares over the five business days\nup to and including the award\ndate. The number of options\nawarded is of equivalent value\ncalculated by an independent\nexpert based on an acceptable\nvaluation method. The exercise\nprice of the options is the volume\nweighted average price of the\nCompany’s shares over the five\nbusiness days up to and including\nthe award date.\nThe Board intends that LTI awards\nbe made on an annual basis using\na three year measurement period\nfor the applicable performance\nhurdles. However, the Board\nreserves the right to suspend or\nmodify the LTI program in light of\ncircumstances appropriate to the\nCompany from time to time.\nThe maximum number of shares\nthat may be issued under all of\nthe Company’s executive and\nemployee share and option plans\ncannot exceed the limit of 5% of\nthe issued capital, as approved by\nshareholders at the 2000 AGM.\n**(c) Specified Executives of the**\n**Santos Group**\nThe following persons were the six\nexecutives with the greatest\nauthority for the strategic\ndirection and management of the\nSantos Group (“Specified\nExecutives”) during the financial\nyear receiving the highest\nremuneration:\nAll Specified Executives are\nemployed by the Company.\nThe Specified Executives are\nentitled to a termination payment\nin the event of termination of\ntheir service agreement by the\nCompany without cause. They are\nentitled to three months’ notice,\nexcepting for Mr P C Wasow who is\nentitled to six months’ notice, or\npayment in lieu of that notice,\nplus three weeks for each year of\ncontinuous service, pro rata for\npart thereof, and capped at a\nmaximum of sixty-five weeks of",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# MERMAID MARINE AUSTRALIA LIMITED ACN 083 185 693\n\n## Oversubscription to share issue - - - 41,992\nCosts of issue of shares - (680,000) - (680,000)\nAdvances to controlled entities - - (2,601,184) (480,000)\n##### **Net Cash Provided By (Used By)**\n**Financing Activities**  (1,183,575) 5,241,766 (3,138,684) 5,305,609\n**Net Increase/(Decrease) in Cash Held**  (2,642,322) 5,647,299 (3,050,385) 5,392,785\n**Cash at the Beginning of the Financial Year**  5,647,299 - 5,392,785 -\n##### **Cash at the End of the**\n**Financial Year**  19(b) 3,004,977 5,647,299 2,342,400 5,392,785\n* These cash flows form part of the acquisition of Mermaid Marine Group Pty Ltd as disclosed in Note 19(d).\nThe statement of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes on pages 21 to 42. 37\n### NOTES TO AND FORMING PART OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS\n### FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2000\n38",
+                    "page_start": 40,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "Who is the President of the TV Department of Emmis Communications?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "Randall Bongarten Television Division President",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
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+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### what it has always done: outperform.\n\nWe unveiled this concept at the National Association of\nBroadcasters meeting in April. I am proud to say that 11\nother television companies joined us at that meeting to\nexpress their support for what we’re calling the Broadcasters’\nInitiative, and more are signing on each week. Once again,\nEmmis has leveraged innovation to take a leading role in our\nindustries.\nWe’ll continue to use innovation to push us forward.\nMeanwhile, we’ll also build and maintain the best teams, pro-\nduce the best media content, outhustle and outsell our com-\npetitors, seize the best opportunities and operate this com-\npany better than any other.\nIn other words, you can count on Emmis to continue to do\nwhat it has always done: Outperform.\nThank you for your belief and investment in Emmis.\n##### what it has always done: outperform.\nJeffrey H. Smulyan\nchairman & ceo emmis communications\nExecutive Officers\nJeffrey H. Smulyan\nChairman of the Board,\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nWalter Z. Berger\nExecutive Vice President,\nChief Financial Officer and Treasurer\nRandall Bongarten\nTelevision Division President\nRichard F. Cummings\nRadio Division President\nGary L. Kaseff\nExecutive Vice President,\nGeneral Counsel\nPaul W. Fiddick\nInternational Division President\nMichael Levitan\nSenior Vice President,\nHuman Resources\nGary Thoe\nPublishing Division President\nBoard of Directors\nJeffrey H. Smulyan\nChairman of the Board,\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nSusan B. Bayh\nFormer Commissioner of the International Joint\nCommission of the United States and Canada\nWalter Z. Berger\nExecutive Vice President,\nChief Financial Officer and Treasurer\nGary L. Kaseff\nExecutive Vice President,\nGeneral Counsel\nRichard A. Leventhal\nPresident and Majority Owner,\nLMCS, LLC\nPeter A. Lund\nMedia consultant and former\nPresident of CBS Inc.\nGreg A. Nathanson\nMedia consultant and former\nPresident of Fox Television Stations and\nEmmis Television\nFrank V. Sica\nSenior Advisor\nSoros Fund Management LLC\nLawrence B. Sorrel\nManaging Partner and Co-CEO\nTailwind Capital Partners\nCorporate Office\nOne Emmis Plaza, 40 Monument Circle, Suite 700, Indianapolis, Indiana 46204,\n317.266.0100.\nBusiness\nEmmis Communications (NASDAQ: EMMS) is a diversified media firm with award-\nwinning radio broadcasting, television broadcasting and magazine publishing\noperations. Emmis’ 23 FM and 4 AM domestic radio stations serve the nation’s largest",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n#### about emmis\n\nEmmis Communications (NASDAQ: EMMS) owns 23 FM and 4 AM\ndomestic radio stations serving the nation’s largest markets of New\nYork, Los Angeles and Chicago as well as Phoenix, St. Louis, Austin,\nIndianapolis and Terre Haute, Ind. In addition, Emmis owns 16 television\nstations, award-winning regional and specialty magazines, a radio net-\nwork, international radio interests, and ancillary businesses in broadcast\nsales and publishing.\nEmmis was founded in 1980, and the company launched its first radio\nstation, WENS-FM, in July 1981. As Emmis (the Hebrew word for\n“truth”) acquired more radio stations across the nation, it established a\nreputation for sound operations and emerged as a radio industry leader\nand innovator. Emmis was the first broadcast company to own top-\nrated radio stations in both L.A. and New York, and it pioneered such\nconcepts as the all-sports format.\nThe company launched its magazine division in 1988 with the purchase\nof  *Indianapolis Monthly*  , and moved into the world of international radio\nin 1997, when it was awarded a license to operate a national radio\nnetwork in Hungary. In 1998, Emmis expanded into television by buying\nsix television stations in markets throughout the United States. In the last\nsix years, the company has added properties in each of its divisions.\nWith its emphasis on solid operations, integrity, community involvement\nand fun, the company’s culture has been repeatedly lauded by both its\nemployees and its peers. Trade publications have regularly cited the\ncompany’s leaders as being among the best in the business.\nEmmis became a public company in 1994. It maintains its worldwide\nheadquarters in Indianapolis, where the company was founded.\n*This annual report contains certain non-GAAP measures. For a presen-*\n*tation of the directly comparable GAAP measure and a reconciliation of*\n*the non-GAAP measures to the GAAP measures, see the attachment to*\n*the back of our Form 10-K in this Annual Report.*",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n###### emmis communications 2004 abbreviated financial highlights *in thousands except where noted*\n*year ended Feb. 28 (29)*  ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04\nnet revenues 325,265 473,345 539,822 562,363 591,868\nstation operating income* 125,477 174,213 185,665 213,112 220,445\nstation op income margin 38.6% 36.8% 34.4% 37.9% 37.2%\nleverage 2.5x 6.8x 9.3x 6.5x 6.7x\n**excluding noncash compensation*\npublishing tv radio\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0 1% 2.7% 4.5%\n**INDUSTRY**\n**MARKETS**\n**EMMIS**\nradio division revenue growth fiscal 2004\n$600,000\n$500,000\n$400,000\n$300,000\n$200,000\n$100,000\n$0 00 01 02 03 04\n$300,000\n$250,000\n$200,000\n$150,000\n$100,000\n$50,000\n$0 00 01 02 03 04\n**325,265**\n**473,345 539,822 562,363 591,868**\n**125,447**\n**174,213 185,665 213,112 220,445**\nnet revenue station operating income, excluding noncash compensation\n4\n2\n0\n-2\n-4\n-6 -4.7% -2.3% 0.5%\n**INDUSTRY MARKETS EMMIS**\ntv division revenue growth calendar 2003\nDear Shareholders,\nOn our year-end conference call, I said that last year was the\nbest in Emmis Communications’ history. And while that might\nhave sounded like the usual Wall Street hyperbole -  like any\nother CEO bragging about his company’s performance -  the\ndifference is, I believed it. And I still do.\nBut I’ve been in this business long enough to know two\nthings for sure: What I believe is not as important as what I\ncan prove, and what we did last year is only meaningful if it\nreflects on how we will do in the coming year. The good\nnews is, Emmis does have the results to back up my high\npraise, and what we did to perform last year does directly\nrelate to how we’ll perform in the year ahead.\n**The best year**\nThe bottom line is this: Emmis Communications turned in a\nremarkable performance last year. Again and again, and by a\nnumber of measures, we outperformed our peers, our mar-\nkets and our own solid track record.\nAnd we did this in a year that was challenging in just about\nevery way. The economy was unstable, public companies\ncame under continuing scrutiny, indecency issues hounded\nbroadcasters, competition for tight ad dollars increased and\ntechnology continued to reshape the media world.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### you can count on emmis to continue to do\n\nthe last fiscal year -  we ended fiscal ’03 at 19.79, and closed\nthe book on fiscal ’04 at 25.17.\n**How we did it**\nOperationally, we were on top of our game last year. However,\nas I said, I know that the past year’s performance really only\nmatters if it reflects on what we’ll do in the coming year. The\ngood news is, it does. We performed at these high levels not\nby doing something unusual, but by operating the way Emmis\nhas always operated, and the way we always will.\nFirst of all, we focus on assembling and maintaining the best\nteams in our markets. We have traditionally had the top\nsalespeople, creative and technical professionals, news\nstaffs, managers and support staff in every city where we\noperate. Their peers turn to them for industry leadership,\nhonor them with awards and copy them at every opportunity.\nWe invest in these people, giving them industry-leading ben-\nefits packages, great opportunities and the tools they need to\nsucceed. This has always been a hallmark of Emmis, and it\nwon’t change.\n##### you can count on emmis to continue to do\nIn addition, we commit ourselves to creating the best content\nin our markets. Our magazines routinely dominate their\nindustry awards ceremonies -  last year,  *Texas Monthly*  won a\ncoveted National Magazine Award, and Emmis publications\nclaimed more than half of the awards at the City and\nRegional Magazine competition. Our radio stations feature\nsome of the industry’s most popular personalities -  in 2003,\nEmmis people and stations were awarded three Marconi\nRadio Awards. And our television operations are regularly\nhonored by journalism organizations for their news gathering\nand community service. In short, we provide our markets\nwith reliable, high-quality content -  content that helps us\nassemble the audiences our advertisers want to reach.\nWe then generate revenue by overallocating to sales. We\ngive our teams well-developed strategies, clearly defined\nbrands and solid products. We build bigger, better sales\nforces and put a greater emphasis on local dollars than our\ncompetitors. We hire aggressive managers, set ambitious\ngoals and then watch our people work harder and smarter",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### you can count on emmis to continue to do\n\nthan anyone else.\nWe also seize the right opportunities and make the most\nof them. As the cost of buying radio properties has gone\nthrough the roof, we have been careful about buying.\nHowever, when we had a chance to acquire the LBJ stations\nin Austin, we knew it was the right fit: good stations, a\ntremendous heritage and a great culture, all with an opportu-\nnity for growth. And we’ve already built on that group’s track\nrecord -  since we bought them, we’ve reformatted one sta-\ntion and quickly sent it to No. 1 in the market, and we’ve\npushed revenues up 9 percent for the entire group.\nFinally, we innovate. Why has Emmis, traditionally a radio\ncompany, become the company to emulate in TV? Because\nwe approached TV in a way it’s never been approached\nbefore. Why do we operate leading hip-hop stations in mar-\nkets across the nation? Because we pioneered the concept.\nWhy have we created a new “Music with Class” format in St.\nLouis’ Red 104.1? Because we believe we see a new oppor-\ntunity. We know that successful companies don’t follow the\npack. They lead it, and that’s what we’ll always do.\n**The year ahead**\nThat last point -  innovation -  is an important one, especially\nfor the future of Emmis, because we are planning something\nthat could change the face of American TV and once again\ndemonstrate that Emmis is a company that leads the way.\nForty years ago, Americans began taking down their TV\nantennas and severing broadcasters’ direct link to television\naudiences. Since then, the cable companies—the middlemen\nwho replaced us—have created more than $300 billion of\nvalue for themselves. However, changes in technology have\ngiven broadcasters the ability to provide the American public\nwith the most popular TV channels, without the middlemen\nand at a more reasonable price.\nWe are developing an innovative model that will leverage\nthat technology to get broadcast companies back into the\ngame. I believe it has the potential to revolutionize the\ntelevision industry. I also believe it will add substantial value\nto your investment.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n###### emmis communications 2004 abbreviated financial highlights *in thousands except where noted*\n\nBut our people refused to be slowed by those challenges.\nInstead, they worked through them. They innovated, hustled\nand focused. And they produced.\nOur radio division’s revenue growth led our markets and the\nindustry -  in our fiscal year, our group was up 4.5 percent\nwhile our markets were up 2.7 percent and the industry only\n1 percent. Based on this kind of performance, we have con-\nsistently ranked among the nation’s leaders in per-station\nrevenue, and we continue to produce top-rated programming\nin markets across the nation.\nOur TV performance was even more impressive. The Emmis\ntelevision group’s revenues were up 0.5 percent in calendar\n2003, a year when our markets saw a 2.3 percent decrease\nin revenues, and the industry experienced a 4.7 percent\nrevenue decline. This industry-leading result made us one of\nthe few groups in the nation to post positive growth. In addi-\ntion, we gained revenue share at 11 of our 13 measured\nstations and held the line on expenses, giving us a 1.2\npercent increase in fiscal-year cash flow.\nOur publishing and international divisions also posted strong\nresults. In a tough publishing market, our magazines boosted\ntheir division’s revenues by 4.6 percent over last year and\nincreased cash flow by 3.3 percent. Our international division\nturned in a revenue increase of 27 percent and a cash flow\nincrease of 31 percent.\nIn addition to boosting performance in our divisions, we\nhoned our corporate operations by continuing to build one\nof the most adept and hardest-working corporate groups in\nAmerican media. With this team in place, we’ve brought\nour leverage and cost of capital down to more manageable\nlevels, found ways to combat the continually increasing\ncosts of health insurance and, in a truly top-notch effort,\nsmoothly integrated our new Austin radio properties -  in just\nunder a year as a part of Emmis, the Austin properties are\nenjoying significant ratings and revenue increases.\nOf course, for you, the real bottom line on our performance is\nits impact on your investment. I’m proud to say that we saw\na 27 percent increase in our share price over the course of",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### what it has always done: outperform.\n\nmarkets of New York, Los Angeles and Chicago as well as Phoenix, St. Louis, Austin,\nIndianapolis and Terre Haute, Ind. The company’s 16 television stations are located in\nAlbuquerque, N.M.; Fort Myers, Fla.; Green Bay, Wis.; Honolulu; Huntington, W.Va.;\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla.; New Orleans; Omaha, Neb.; Orlando, Fla.; Portland, Ore.;\nTerre Haute, Ind.; Topeka, Kan.; Tucson, Ariz.; and Wichita, Kan. Emmis also publishes\n*Indianapolis Monthly, Texas Monthly, Cincinnati, Atlanta, Los Angeles*  and Country\nSampler Group magazines; has a 59.5% interest in Sláger Rádió, a national radio\nnetwork in Hungary; operates nine FM radio stations serving more than 50 percent of\nthe population in the Flanders region of Belgium; and has ancillary businesses in\nbroadcast sales, publishing and interactive products.\nTransfer Agent Register\nWachovia Bank N.A., Shareholder Services Group,\n1525 West W.T. Harris Blvd., 3c3, Charlotte, North Carolina 28288-1153.\nAnnual Meeting\nThe Annual Meeting of shareholders will be held at 10 a.m. Central Time on\nWednesday, June 30, 2004, at Emmis’ Corporate office.\nForm 10-K\nA copy of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 29,\n2004, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, will be sent\nto shareholders without charge upon written request to Kate Healey, Emmis\nCommunications Corporation, One Emmis Plaza, 40 Monument Circle, Suite 700,\nIndianapolis, Indiana 46204, or ir@emmis.com.\nMarket and Dividend Information\nThe Company’s Class A Common Stock is traded in the over-the-counter market\nand is quoted on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated\nQuotation (NASDAQ) National Market System under the symbol EMMS.\nThe following table sets forth the high and low bid prices of the Class A Common\nStock for the periods indicated. No dividends were paid during any such periods.\nQuarter Ended High Low\nMay 2002 31.85 26.15\nAugust 2002 30.15 11.65\nNovember 2002 24.05 14.25\nFebruary 2003 24.86 17.82\nMay 2003 21.24 14.84\nAugust 2003 23.87 18.68\nNovember 2003 24.06 18.00\nFebruary 2004 28.65 22.74\nOn April 23, 2004, there were approximately 4,841 record holders of the Class A\nCommon Stock and one record holder of the Class B Common Stock.\nEmmis intends to retain future earnings for use in its business and does not anticipate",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\npaying any dividends on shares of its common stock in the foreseeable future.\nemmis entities\n**RADIO**\n**Austin**\nKDHT-FM (93.3), Rhythmic CHR\nKEYI-FM (103.5), Oldies\nKGSR-FM (107.1), Adult Alternative\nKLBJ-AM (590), News/Talk\nKLBJ-FM (93.7), Album Oriented Rock\nKROX-FM (101.5), Alternative Rock\n**Chicago**\nWKQX-FM (101.1), Alternative Rock\n**Indianapolis**\nWENS-FM (97.1), Adult Contemporary\nWIBC-AM (1070), News/Talk/Sports\nWNOU-FM (93.1), CHR\nWYXB-FM (105.7), Soft Adult Contemporary\nNetwork Indiana, Statewide news network\n**Los Angeles**\nKPWR-FM (105.9), Hip-Hop/R&B\nKZLA-FM (93.9), Country\n**New York**\nWQCD-FM (101.9), Smooth Jazz\nWQHT-FM (97.7), Hip-Hop\nWRKS-FM(98.7), Classic Soul/Today’s R&B\n**Phoenix**\nKKFR-FM(92.3), Rhythmic CHR\nKKLT-FM (98.7), Adult Contemporary\nKMVP-AM (860), Sports\nKTAR-AM (620), News/Talk/Sports\n**St. Louis**\nKFTK-FM (97.1), Talk\nKIHT-FM (96.3), Classic Hits\nKPNT-FM (105.7), Alternative Rock\nKSHE-FM (94.7), Album Oriented Rock\nWRDA-FM (104.1), New Standards\n**Terre Haute**\nWTHI-FM (99.9), Country\nWWVR-FM (105.5), Classic Rock\n**TELEVISION**\nAlbuquerque, N.M., KRQE-TV (Channel 13),\nCBS programming/local news\nFort Myers, Fla., WFTX-TV (Channel 4),\nFox programming/local news\nGreen Bay, Wis., WLUK-TV (Channel 11),\nFox programming/local news\nHonolulu, KHON-TV (Channel 2),\nFox programming/local news\nHonolulu, KGMB-TV (Channel 9),\nCBS programming/local news\nHuntington/Charleston, W.Va., WSAZ-TV (Channel 3),\nNBC programming/local news\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla., WALA-TV (Channel 10),\nFox programming/local news\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla., WBPG-TV (Channel\n55), WB programming\nNew Orleans, WVUE-TV (Channel 8),\nFox programming/local news\nOmaha, Neb., KMTV-TV (Channel 3),\nCBS programming/local news\nOrlando, Fla., WKCF-TV (Channel 18),\nWB programming\nPortland, Ore., KOIN-TV (Channel 6),\nCBS programming/local news\nTerre Haute, Ind., WTHI-TV (Channel 10),\nCBS programming/local news\nTopeka, Kan., KSNT-TV (Channel 27),\nNBC programming/local news\nTucson, Ariz., KGUN-TV (Channel 9),\nABC programming/local news\nWichita, Kan., KSNW-TV (Channel 3),\nNBC programming/local news\n**PUBLISHING**\n*Atlanta*\n*Country Sampler*\n*Cincinnati*\n*Indianapolis Monthly*\n*Los Angeles*\n*Texas Monthly*\n**INTERNATIONAL**\nHungary, Sláger Rádió, Classic Rock/local programming\nBelgium, nine stations serving the Flanders region\n**RELATED BUSINESSES**\nEmmis Books\nEmmis Interactive\nRDS\nemmis communications\none emmis plaza\n40 monument circle\nindianapolis, indiana 46204\n®",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# annual report\n\n## Eastland 16\nTommy J. Barrow\n*Chairman of the Board, President and* *Chief Executive Officer*",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## DIRECTORS’ STATUTORY REPORT\n\nWilkinson, Richard John 6,764 5,827 - - - 12,591 -\nWood, Bruce James 1,000 5,439 - - - 6,439 -\nYoung, Jonathon Terence 8,636 8,547 - - - 17,183 -\n**(f) Loans and Other Transactions**\n* **Loans** *\nThere have been no loans outstanding at any time throughout the year with any Specified Director or Specified Executive.\n* **Other Transactions with the Company or its Controlled Entities** *\nAgreements exist with the non-executive Directors appointed prior to 1 January 2004 providing for the payment of a sum on retirement from\noffice as a Director in accordance with shareholder approval at the 1989 Annual General Meeting. From 30 June 2004 the retirement allowances\nceased to accrue.\nThe transactions referred to above occurred on terms no more favourable than would have been adopted if dealing at arm’s length, do not have\nthe potential to affect adversely decisions about the allocation of scarce resources and are trivial in nature.\n**Consolidated Santos Ltd**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\n**27. Remuneration of Auditors $000**  $000  **$000**  $000\nAmounts received or due and receivable by the auditors of Santos Ltd for:\nExternal audit services  **715**  649  **388**  363\nOther services:\nTaxation  **147**  112  **-**  -\nDue diligence  **3**  23  **58**  -\nOther  **9**  16  **6**  10\n**874**  800  **452**  373\nThe auditors ceased providing taxation services from 31 December 2004.\n**28. Segment Information**\nSegment results, assets and liabilities include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis.\nUnallocated items mainly comprise dividend revenue, interest-earning assets and revenue, interest-bearing loans, borrowings and expenses, and\ncorporate assets and liabilities.\nSegment capital expenditure is the total cost incurred during the period to acquire segment assets that are expected to be used for more than one period.\n**Geographic segments**\nThe Santos Group operates primarily in Australia but also has international operations in the United States, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Egypt.\nAnnual Report 2004 81\n**Australia International Consolidated**\n**2004**  2003  **2004**  2003  **2004**  2003\n**28. Segment Information (continued) $million**  $million  **$million**  $million  **$million**  $million\n* **Primary Reporting** *\n**Geographic segments**\n**Revenue**\nTotal segment revenue  **1,633.1**  1,445.9  **120.7**  134.6  **1,753.8**  1,580.5\nOther unallocated revenue  **(0.6)**  38.9\n**Total revenue 1,753.2**  1,619.4\n**Results**\nEarnings before interest, tax and significant items  **505.9**  529.8  **3.8**  15.6  **509.7**  545.4\nSignificant items:\nInsurance recovery  **116.6**  -  **-**  -  **116.6**  -\nCosts associated with Moomba liquids recovery plant fire  **(17.5)**  -  **-**  -  **(17.5)**  -",
+                    "page_start": 81,
+                    "page_end": 82,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "Does the radio station 93.7 in Austin belong to Emmis Communication?",
+                "target_page": 7,
+                "target_passage": "KLBJ-FM (93.7), Album Oriented Rock",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 1
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n#### about emmis\n\nEmmis Communications (NASDAQ: EMMS) owns 23 FM and 4 AM\ndomestic radio stations serving the nation’s largest markets of New\nYork, Los Angeles and Chicago as well as Phoenix, St. Louis, Austin,\nIndianapolis and Terre Haute, Ind. In addition, Emmis owns 16 television\nstations, award-winning regional and specialty magazines, a radio net-\nwork, international radio interests, and ancillary businesses in broadcast\nsales and publishing.\nEmmis was founded in 1980, and the company launched its first radio\nstation, WENS-FM, in July 1981. As Emmis (the Hebrew word for\n“truth”) acquired more radio stations across the nation, it established a\nreputation for sound operations and emerged as a radio industry leader\nand innovator. Emmis was the first broadcast company to own top-\nrated radio stations in both L.A. and New York, and it pioneered such\nconcepts as the all-sports format.\nThe company launched its magazine division in 1988 with the purchase\nof  *Indianapolis Monthly*  , and moved into the world of international radio\nin 1997, when it was awarded a license to operate a national radio\nnetwork in Hungary. In 1998, Emmis expanded into television by buying\nsix television stations in markets throughout the United States. In the last\nsix years, the company has added properties in each of its divisions.\nWith its emphasis on solid operations, integrity, community involvement\nand fun, the company’s culture has been repeatedly lauded by both its\nemployees and its peers. Trade publications have regularly cited the\ncompany’s leaders as being among the best in the business.\nEmmis became a public company in 1994. It maintains its worldwide\nheadquarters in Indianapolis, where the company was founded.\n*This annual report contains certain non-GAAP measures. For a presen-*\n*tation of the directly comparable GAAP measure and a reconciliation of*\n*the non-GAAP measures to the GAAP measures, see the attachment to*\n*the back of our Form 10-K in this Annual Report.*",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\npaying any dividends on shares of its common stock in the foreseeable future.\nemmis entities\n**RADIO**\n**Austin**\nKDHT-FM (93.3), Rhythmic CHR\nKEYI-FM (103.5), Oldies\nKGSR-FM (107.1), Adult Alternative\nKLBJ-AM (590), News/Talk\nKLBJ-FM (93.7), Album Oriented Rock\nKROX-FM (101.5), Alternative Rock\n**Chicago**\nWKQX-FM (101.1), Alternative Rock\n**Indianapolis**\nWENS-FM (97.1), Adult Contemporary\nWIBC-AM (1070), News/Talk/Sports\nWNOU-FM (93.1), CHR\nWYXB-FM (105.7), Soft Adult Contemporary\nNetwork Indiana, Statewide news network\n**Los Angeles**\nKPWR-FM (105.9), Hip-Hop/R&B\nKZLA-FM (93.9), Country\n**New York**\nWQCD-FM (101.9), Smooth Jazz\nWQHT-FM (97.7), Hip-Hop\nWRKS-FM(98.7), Classic Soul/Today’s R&B\n**Phoenix**\nKKFR-FM(92.3), Rhythmic CHR\nKKLT-FM (98.7), Adult Contemporary\nKMVP-AM (860), Sports\nKTAR-AM (620), News/Talk/Sports\n**St. Louis**\nKFTK-FM (97.1), Talk\nKIHT-FM (96.3), Classic Hits\nKPNT-FM (105.7), Alternative Rock\nKSHE-FM (94.7), Album Oriented Rock\nWRDA-FM (104.1), New Standards\n**Terre Haute**\nWTHI-FM (99.9), Country\nWWVR-FM (105.5), Classic Rock\n**TELEVISION**\nAlbuquerque, N.M., KRQE-TV (Channel 13),\nCBS programming/local news\nFort Myers, Fla., WFTX-TV (Channel 4),\nFox programming/local news\nGreen Bay, Wis., WLUK-TV (Channel 11),\nFox programming/local news\nHonolulu, KHON-TV (Channel 2),\nFox programming/local news\nHonolulu, KGMB-TV (Channel 9),\nCBS programming/local news\nHuntington/Charleston, W.Va., WSAZ-TV (Channel 3),\nNBC programming/local news\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla., WALA-TV (Channel 10),\nFox programming/local news\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla., WBPG-TV (Channel\n55), WB programming\nNew Orleans, WVUE-TV (Channel 8),\nFox programming/local news\nOmaha, Neb., KMTV-TV (Channel 3),\nCBS programming/local news\nOrlando, Fla., WKCF-TV (Channel 18),\nWB programming\nPortland, Ore., KOIN-TV (Channel 6),\nCBS programming/local news\nTerre Haute, Ind., WTHI-TV (Channel 10),\nCBS programming/local news\nTopeka, Kan., KSNT-TV (Channel 27),\nNBC programming/local news\nTucson, Ariz., KGUN-TV (Channel 9),\nABC programming/local news\nWichita, Kan., KSNW-TV (Channel 3),\nNBC programming/local news\n**PUBLISHING**\n*Atlanta*\n*Country Sampler*\n*Cincinnati*\n*Indianapolis Monthly*\n*Los Angeles*\n*Texas Monthly*\n**INTERNATIONAL**\nHungary, Sláger Rádió, Classic Rock/local programming\nBelgium, nine stations serving the Flanders region\n**RELATED BUSINESSES**\nEmmis Books\nEmmis Interactive\nRDS\nemmis communications\none emmis plaza\n40 monument circle\nindianapolis, indiana 46204\n®",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n###### emmis communications 2004 abbreviated financial highlights *in thousands except where noted*\n\nBut our people refused to be slowed by those challenges.\nInstead, they worked through them. They innovated, hustled\nand focused. And they produced.\nOur radio division’s revenue growth led our markets and the\nindustry -  in our fiscal year, our group was up 4.5 percent\nwhile our markets were up 2.7 percent and the industry only\n1 percent. Based on this kind of performance, we have con-\nsistently ranked among the nation’s leaders in per-station\nrevenue, and we continue to produce top-rated programming\nin markets across the nation.\nOur TV performance was even more impressive. The Emmis\ntelevision group’s revenues were up 0.5 percent in calendar\n2003, a year when our markets saw a 2.3 percent decrease\nin revenues, and the industry experienced a 4.7 percent\nrevenue decline. This industry-leading result made us one of\nthe few groups in the nation to post positive growth. In addi-\ntion, we gained revenue share at 11 of our 13 measured\nstations and held the line on expenses, giving us a 1.2\npercent increase in fiscal-year cash flow.\nOur publishing and international divisions also posted strong\nresults. In a tough publishing market, our magazines boosted\ntheir division’s revenues by 4.6 percent over last year and\nincreased cash flow by 3.3 percent. Our international division\nturned in a revenue increase of 27 percent and a cash flow\nincrease of 31 percent.\nIn addition to boosting performance in our divisions, we\nhoned our corporate operations by continuing to build one\nof the most adept and hardest-working corporate groups in\nAmerican media. With this team in place, we’ve brought\nour leverage and cost of capital down to more manageable\nlevels, found ways to combat the continually increasing\ncosts of health insurance and, in a truly top-notch effort,\nsmoothly integrated our new Austin radio properties -  in just\nunder a year as a part of Emmis, the Austin properties are\nenjoying significant ratings and revenue increases.\nOf course, for you, the real bottom line on our performance is\nits impact on your investment. I’m proud to say that we saw\na 27 percent increase in our share price over the course of",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### you can count on emmis to continue to do\n\nthan anyone else.\nWe also seize the right opportunities and make the most\nof them. As the cost of buying radio properties has gone\nthrough the roof, we have been careful about buying.\nHowever, when we had a chance to acquire the LBJ stations\nin Austin, we knew it was the right fit: good stations, a\ntremendous heritage and a great culture, all with an opportu-\nnity for growth. And we’ve already built on that group’s track\nrecord -  since we bought them, we’ve reformatted one sta-\ntion and quickly sent it to No. 1 in the market, and we’ve\npushed revenues up 9 percent for the entire group.\nFinally, we innovate. Why has Emmis, traditionally a radio\ncompany, become the company to emulate in TV? Because\nwe approached TV in a way it’s never been approached\nbefore. Why do we operate leading hip-hop stations in mar-\nkets across the nation? Because we pioneered the concept.\nWhy have we created a new “Music with Class” format in St.\nLouis’ Red 104.1? Because we believe we see a new oppor-\ntunity. We know that successful companies don’t follow the\npack. They lead it, and that’s what we’ll always do.\n**The year ahead**\nThat last point -  innovation -  is an important one, especially\nfor the future of Emmis, because we are planning something\nthat could change the face of American TV and once again\ndemonstrate that Emmis is a company that leads the way.\nForty years ago, Americans began taking down their TV\nantennas and severing broadcasters’ direct link to television\naudiences. Since then, the cable companies—the middlemen\nwho replaced us—have created more than $300 billion of\nvalue for themselves. However, changes in technology have\ngiven broadcasters the ability to provide the American public\nwith the most popular TV channels, without the middlemen\nand at a more reasonable price.\nWe are developing an innovative model that will leverage\nthat technology to get broadcast companies back into the\ngame. I believe it has the potential to revolutionize the\ntelevision industry. I also believe it will add substantial value\nto your investment.",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### what it has always done: outperform.\n\nmarkets of New York, Los Angeles and Chicago as well as Phoenix, St. Louis, Austin,\nIndianapolis and Terre Haute, Ind. The company’s 16 television stations are located in\nAlbuquerque, N.M.; Fort Myers, Fla.; Green Bay, Wis.; Honolulu; Huntington, W.Va.;\nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla.; New Orleans; Omaha, Neb.; Orlando, Fla.; Portland, Ore.;\nTerre Haute, Ind.; Topeka, Kan.; Tucson, Ariz.; and Wichita, Kan. Emmis also publishes\n*Indianapolis Monthly, Texas Monthly, Cincinnati, Atlanta, Los Angeles*  and Country\nSampler Group magazines; has a 59.5% interest in Sláger Rádió, a national radio\nnetwork in Hungary; operates nine FM radio stations serving more than 50 percent of\nthe population in the Flanders region of Belgium; and has ancillary businesses in\nbroadcast sales, publishing and interactive products.\nTransfer Agent Register\nWachovia Bank N.A., Shareholder Services Group,\n1525 West W.T. Harris Blvd., 3c3, Charlotte, North Carolina 28288-1153.\nAnnual Meeting\nThe Annual Meeting of shareholders will be held at 10 a.m. Central Time on\nWednesday, June 30, 2004, at Emmis’ Corporate office.\nForm 10-K\nA copy of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 29,\n2004, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, will be sent\nto shareholders without charge upon written request to Kate Healey, Emmis\nCommunications Corporation, One Emmis Plaza, 40 Monument Circle, Suite 700,\nIndianapolis, Indiana 46204, or ir@emmis.com.\nMarket and Dividend Information\nThe Company’s Class A Common Stock is traded in the over-the-counter market\nand is quoted on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated\nQuotation (NASDAQ) National Market System under the symbol EMMS.\nThe following table sets forth the high and low bid prices of the Class A Common\nStock for the periods indicated. No dividends were paid during any such periods.\nQuarter Ended High Low\nMay 2002 31.85 26.15\nAugust 2002 30.15 11.65\nNovember 2002 24.05 14.25\nFebruary 2003 24.86 17.82\nMay 2003 21.24 14.84\nAugust 2003 23.87 18.68\nNovember 2003 24.06 18.00\nFebruary 2004 28.65 22.74\nOn April 23, 2004, there were approximately 4,841 record holders of the Class A\nCommon Stock and one record holder of the Class B Common Stock.\nEmmis intends to retain future earnings for use in its business and does not anticipate",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n###### emmis communications 2004 abbreviated financial highlights *in thousands except where noted*\n*year ended Feb. 28 (29)*  ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04\nnet revenues 325,265 473,345 539,822 562,363 591,868\nstation operating income* 125,477 174,213 185,665 213,112 220,445\nstation op income margin 38.6% 36.8% 34.4% 37.9% 37.2%\nleverage 2.5x 6.8x 9.3x 6.5x 6.7x\n**excluding noncash compensation*\npublishing tv radio\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0 1% 2.7% 4.5%\n**INDUSTRY**\n**MARKETS**\n**EMMIS**\nradio division revenue growth fiscal 2004\n$600,000\n$500,000\n$400,000\n$300,000\n$200,000\n$100,000\n$0 00 01 02 03 04\n$300,000\n$250,000\n$200,000\n$150,000\n$100,000\n$50,000\n$0 00 01 02 03 04\n**325,265**\n**473,345 539,822 562,363 591,868**\n**125,447**\n**174,213 185,665 213,112 220,445**\nnet revenue station operating income, excluding noncash compensation\n4\n2\n0\n-2\n-4\n-6 -4.7% -2.3% 0.5%\n**INDUSTRY MARKETS EMMIS**\ntv division revenue growth calendar 2003\nDear Shareholders,\nOn our year-end conference call, I said that last year was the\nbest in Emmis Communications’ history. And while that might\nhave sounded like the usual Wall Street hyperbole -  like any\nother CEO bragging about his company’s performance -  the\ndifference is, I believed it. And I still do.\nBut I’ve been in this business long enough to know two\nthings for sure: What I believe is not as important as what I\ncan prove, and what we did last year is only meaningful if it\nreflects on how we will do in the coming year. The good\nnews is, Emmis does have the results to back up my high\npraise, and what we did to perform last year does directly\nrelate to how we’ll perform in the year ahead.\n**The best year**\nThe bottom line is this: Emmis Communications turned in a\nremarkable performance last year. Again and again, and by a\nnumber of measures, we outperformed our peers, our mar-\nkets and our own solid track record.\nAnd we did this in a year that was challenging in just about\nevery way. The economy was unstable, public companies\ncame under continuing scrutiny, indecency issues hounded\nbroadcasters, competition for tight ad dollars increased and\ntechnology continued to reshape the media world.",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### you can count on emmis to continue to do\n\nthe last fiscal year -  we ended fiscal ’03 at 19.79, and closed\nthe book on fiscal ’04 at 25.17.\n**How we did it**\nOperationally, we were on top of our game last year. However,\nas I said, I know that the past year’s performance really only\nmatters if it reflects on what we’ll do in the coming year. The\ngood news is, it does. We performed at these high levels not\nby doing something unusual, but by operating the way Emmis\nhas always operated, and the way we always will.\nFirst of all, we focus on assembling and maintaining the best\nteams in our markets. We have traditionally had the top\nsalespeople, creative and technical professionals, news\nstaffs, managers and support staff in every city where we\noperate. Their peers turn to them for industry leadership,\nhonor them with awards and copy them at every opportunity.\nWe invest in these people, giving them industry-leading ben-\nefits packages, great opportunities and the tools they need to\nsucceed. This has always been a hallmark of Emmis, and it\nwon’t change.\n##### you can count on emmis to continue to do\nIn addition, we commit ourselves to creating the best content\nin our markets. Our magazines routinely dominate their\nindustry awards ceremonies -  last year,  *Texas Monthly*  won a\ncoveted National Magazine Award, and Emmis publications\nclaimed more than half of the awards at the City and\nRegional Magazine competition. Our radio stations feature\nsome of the industry’s most popular personalities -  in 2003,\nEmmis people and stations were awarded three Marconi\nRadio Awards. And our television operations are regularly\nhonored by journalism organizations for their news gathering\nand community service. In short, we provide our markets\nwith reliable, high-quality content -  content that helps us\nassemble the audiences our advertisers want to reach.\nWe then generate revenue by overallocating to sales. We\ngive our teams well-developed strategies, clearly defined\nbrands and solid products. We build bigger, better sales\nforces and put a greater emphasis on local dollars than our\ncompetitors. We hire aggressive managers, set ambitious\ngoals and then watch our people work harder and smarter",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Outperform Emmis Communications 2004 Annual Report\n\n## Outperform.\n\n##### what it has always done: outperform.\n\nWe unveiled this concept at the National Association of\nBroadcasters meeting in April. I am proud to say that 11\nother television companies joined us at that meeting to\nexpress their support for what we’re calling the Broadcasters’\nInitiative, and more are signing on each week. Once again,\nEmmis has leveraged innovation to take a leading role in our\nindustries.\nWe’ll continue to use innovation to push us forward.\nMeanwhile, we’ll also build and maintain the best teams, pro-\nduce the best media content, outhustle and outsell our com-\npetitors, seize the best opportunities and operate this com-\npany better than any other.\nIn other words, you can count on Emmis to continue to do\nwhat it has always done: Outperform.\nThank you for your belief and investment in Emmis.\n##### what it has always done: outperform.\nJeffrey H. Smulyan\nchairman & ceo emmis communications\nExecutive Officers\nJeffrey H. Smulyan\nChairman of the Board,\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nWalter Z. Berger\nExecutive Vice President,\nChief Financial Officer and Treasurer\nRandall Bongarten\nTelevision Division President\nRichard F. Cummings\nRadio Division President\nGary L. Kaseff\nExecutive Vice President,\nGeneral Counsel\nPaul W. Fiddick\nInternational Division President\nMichael Levitan\nSenior Vice President,\nHuman Resources\nGary Thoe\nPublishing Division President\nBoard of Directors\nJeffrey H. Smulyan\nChairman of the Board,\nPresident and Chief Executive Officer\nSusan B. Bayh\nFormer Commissioner of the International Joint\nCommission of the United States and Canada\nWalter Z. Berger\nExecutive Vice President,\nChief Financial Officer and Treasurer\nGary L. Kaseff\nExecutive Vice President,\nGeneral Counsel\nRichard A. Leventhal\nPresident and Majority Owner,\nLMCS, LLC\nPeter A. Lund\nMedia consultant and former\nPresident of CBS Inc.\nGreg A. Nathanson\nMedia consultant and former\nPresident of Fox Television Stations and\nEmmis Television\nFrank V. Sica\nSenior Advisor\nSoros Fund Management LLC\nLawrence B. Sorrel\nManaging Partner and Co-CEO\nTailwind Capital Partners\nCorporate Office\nOne Emmis Plaza, 40 Monument Circle, Suite 700, Indianapolis, Indiana 46204,\n317.266.0100.\nBusiness\nEmmis Communications (NASDAQ: EMMS) is a diversified media firm with award-\nwinning radio broadcasting, television broadcasting and magazine publishing\noperations. Emmis’ 23 FM and 4 AM domestic radio stations serve the nation’s largest",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sports smart watch User Manual DT3 Mate\n\n## User Manual\n\n### DT3 Mate\n\n**3). All man-made damages or the third party's fault, or misuses (such**\n**as: water in the device, cracking by external force, scratches on the**\n**case, damage, etc.) are not covered in the warranty.**\n**3. When requesting the warranty service, please provide a warranty**\n**card with the date of purchase and the stamp of the place of purchase**\n**on it.**\n**4. When the user needs the device repaired, please take the device to**\n**our company or our company's dealership.**\n**5. All functions of the device please refer to the actual product.**\n**Purchase date:**\n**IMEI code:**\n**Where to buy:**\n**Customer Signature:**\n**Signature of Store Clerk:**\n**Stamp of Store:**\n**FCC Caution:**\nThis device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:\n(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received,\nincluding interference that may cause undesired operation.\nAny changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void\nthe user's authority to operate the equipment.\nNOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,\npursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against\nharmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio\nfrequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful\ninterference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a\nparticular installation.\nIf this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,\nwhich can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the\ninterference by one or more of the following measures:\n-- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.\n-- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.\n-- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different\nfrom that to which the receiver is connected.\n-- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.\nThe device has been evaluated to meet general RF exposure requirement. The device can be used in\nportable exposure condition without restriction.\n**FCC ID:2A54U-DT3MATE**",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "6126797.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#### **PEOPLE OF SHENTEL**\n\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 4\n##### * **David Ferguson** *\nTarinda Showman has worked part-time in the Shentel Communications Center since she was a summer intern in 1998.  She initially joined the Conicville, VA Volunteer Fire Department to help raise funds, but when she ran her first emergency call she was hooked.  During her six years in the Department, she served a two-year stint as captain and currently holds the office of secretary.   In 1999, she joined the Mount Jackson, VA Rescue Squad. Each week she pulls two 12-hour shifts with the rescue squad and spends at least 10 hours at the fire department.\n##### **“I do it because one day it might be my family. It’s always somebody’s family.”**\n##### * **Brian Bosley** *\nDuring his 36 years at Shentel, David Ferguson, Vice President-Customer Services, has been involved in a variety of community, civic and church organizations such as the Woodstock Rotary Club, the American Cancer Society and the March of Dimes. David is a charter member of the Board of Directors of the Shenandoah County Free Clinic and served as chairman of the fund-raising drive. The clinic opened its doors in June 2002, offering medical, dental and pharmaceutical services to county citizens who would not otherwise receive these services. In the first six months, more than 300 patients were served.\nFor their work at the clinic, David and his wife, Janet, received the Unsung Hero Award from Governor Mark Warner in 2003, and David earned the 2003 Beyond the Call Award from the United States Telecommunications Association.\n##### **“It is so rewarding - you can see it on the faces of the people.”**\n##### * **Cindy Rinker** *\n##### * **Tarinda Showman** *\nBrian Bosley, a Sprint PCS business-to-business sales representative with Shentel for the past three years, has always enjoyed sports.  He takes his passion, knowledge and experience in sports, and volunteers his time with young people in his community. Brian has been active in the very successful Bridgewater, Virginia Community Little League program for the past four years.  He currently serves as vice president of the Girls Minor League Softball.  Brian also finds time to coach his daughters’ T-ball and basketball teams.",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the two components considered in the expected free energy?",
+                "target_page": 4,
+                "target_passage": "The former (utilitarian) objective is to realize one’s preferences, such as being satiated or safe, by minimizing the discrepancy between preferred sensa- tions (encoded as “priors over observations” in active inference) and current sensations in different modalities (e.g. interoceptive or exteroceptive). The latter (epistemic) objective is to reduce uncertainty about one’s estimated state",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Modelling approaches to the dewetting of evaporating thin films of nanoparticle suspensions\n\n## **III. MODELLING APPROACHES**\n\n### **B. Dynamical Density Functional theory**\n\n14\ncanonical ensemble. The free energy functional is first defined on the original KMC lattice. How-\never, after re-writing the interaction terms employing gradient operators [78] one finally obtains\nthe free energy functional for a continuous system\n*F*  [  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ] = � d  **r** � *f*  (  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ) +   *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>ll</sup>* 2 <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nn</sup>* 2 <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>+</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nl</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>·</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>∇</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*   *<sup>μρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>* � *,*  (4)\nwhere\n*f*  (  *ρ* *l* *, ρ* *n* ) =  *kT*  [  *ρ* *l*  ln *ρ* *l*  + (1 *−*   *ρ* *l* ) ln(1  *−*   *ρ* *l* )]\n+  *kT*  [  *ρ* *n*  ln *ρ* *n*  + (1 *−*   *ρ* *n* ) ln(1  *−*   *ρ* *n* )]\n*−*  2  *ε* *ll* *ρ*  <sup>2</sup> *l*    *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>2</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nn</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *n*    *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>4</sup>  *<sup>ε</sup>*   *<sup>nl</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>n</sup>*   *<sup>ρ</sup>*   *<sup>l</sup>*   *<sup>.</sup>*  (5)\nSince the liquid may evaporate from the surface into the vapour above the surface,  *μ*  is the (true)\nchemical potential of this reservoir and determines the rate of evaporation [condensation] from\n[to] the surface. Note that normally a free energy of the form in Eq. (4) is obtained by making a\ngradient expansion of the free energy functional of a continuous system [84]. However, here we\nhave made the mapping from the free energy of the lattice KMC system.\nThe chemical potential for the nanoparticles may be determined from the functional derivative\n*μ* *n*  = *δF*  [  *ρ* *n* *, ρ* *l* ]  */δρ* *n* (  **r**  ) . In equilibrium it is constant throughout the system, but it may vary\nspatially in a non-equilibrium system, i.e.,  *μ* *n*  = *μ* *n* (  **r**   *, t*  ) . We assume that the dynamics of the\nnanoparticles is governed by the thermodynamic force  *∇*   *μ* *n*  -  i.e. that the nanoparticle current\nis  **j**  =  *−*   *M* *n* *ρ* *n* *∇*   *μ* *n* , where  *M* *n* (  *ρ* *l* ) is a mobility coefficient that depends on the local density of",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nfirst-order approximation to the free energy of the system\nunder consideration.\nFor a system of charged particles in solution, the nat-\nural reference is the PM, defined in terms of the charge\nand diameter ( σ i ) of each species. In this case, the per-\nturbing potentials are just the short-range effective po-\ntentials computed above (∆ V ij = V  <sup>SR</sup> ij  <sup>).</sup> We use the MSA [3] solution to the PM, since it provides analyti-\ncal expressions for both the free energy and the RDF.\nThe perturbation term is evaluated using an exponential\napproximation to the RDF obtained within the MSA,\ng ( r ) = exp [ g MSA ( r ) − 1], which removes any unphysical\nnegative regions and improves the comparison with HNC\ncalculations.\n0.9\n1\n1.1\n1.2\n1.3\nΦ\n|  MC MSA2 DHLL Exp (a)  |\n|:---|\n| σ 1 (MSA-fit) σ (MSA-fit) (b) |\n| 2 σ 1 (MSA2) σ (MSA2)  |\n| 2  |\n0 0.5 1 1.5\nc 1/2 (mol.L -1 ) 1/2\n3\n4\n5\nσ (Å)\nFIG. 2: (Color online) (a) Osmotic coefficient Φ in the\nMcMillan-Mayer frame of reference. (diamond) MC simula-\ntions, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dot) Debye H ̈uckel Limiting law\n(DHLL), (cross) experiments (Ref. [18] with the McMillan-\nMayer to Lewis Randall conversion). (b) Minimization diam-\neters. (dot dashed) MSA2 and (diamond) MSA-fit.\nWe first used LPT for a two-component system (Na <sup>+</sup>\nand Cl <sup>−</sup> free ions) within the MSA (model MSA2), for\nconcentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2 . 0 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The mini-\nmization leads to almost constant diameters on the whole\nrange of concentration: σ 1 = 3 . 67 <sup> ̊</sup> A and σ 2 = 4 . 78 <sup> ̊</sup> A.\nAs shown in Fig. 2 , these parameters yield osmotic co-\nefficients close to MC calculations only at very low con- centration, i.e., c ≤ 0 . 1 moll <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (experimental values are\ngiven for indicative purposes only, since a perfect model\nwill exactly match the MC results). For molar solutions,\nthe LPT results differ considerably from MC calculations.\nThis discrepancy can easily be understood by comparing\nthe diameters found within the MSA2 calculation with\nthe effective potentials given in Fig. 1 . The anion/cation\ncontact distance obtained within the MSA2 calculation",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nrived, in the infinite dilution limit, from an average of\nthe contributing ion interactions. In Fourier space,\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 3 i  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> � V  <sup>SR</sup> 1 i + V  <sup>SR</sup> 2 i � ( k ) , i = 1 , 2 (2a)\n� V  <sup>SR</sup> 33  <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>) =</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> V  <sup>SR</sup> 11  <sup>+</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 22  <sup>+ 2</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>SR</sup> 12 � ( k ) (2b)\nwhere � w ( r ) is the pair probability distribution � w ( r ) = K <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> 0  <sup>e</sup> <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> (2c)\n� V int ( r ) is the internal part of the pair potential (see\nFig. 3 ), and K 0 is the association constant, defined as:\nK 0 = � ∞\n0\nd r 4 πr <sup>2</sup> e <sup>−</sup> <sup>β</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>V</sup> <sup>int</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>)</sup> = 0 . 43 L . mol <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> (3)\nThe excess free-energy density of the original system\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v is that of the three component mixture β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v plus a\ncorrection term\nβf  <sup>ex</sup> v = β  <sup>�</sup> f  <sup>ex</sup> v  <sup>−</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>ρ</sup> <sup>3</sup> <sup>ln</sup> <sup>K</sup> <sup>0</sup> <sup>,</sup> (4) which is due to the change in standard chemical potential\nbetween the two component and three component mod-\nels. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an\nadditional parameter in the minimization scheme, which\nserves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this rep-\nresentation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere\n(MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since\n0 0.5 1 1.5\nc 1/2 (mol.L -1 ) 1/2\n-1.5\n-1\n-0.5\n0\nβ f v ex (mol.L -1\n)\nMC MSA2 MSA3 BIMSA3 DHLL Exp\n0 0.5 1\n0.1\n0.2\nPair Fraction\nFIG. 4: (Color online) Excess free-energy density βf  <sup>ex</sup> v as\na function of the square root of the concentration  <sup>√</sup> c . (dia-\nmond) MC simulations, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dashed) MSA3,\n(solid) BIMSA3, (dot) DHLL, and (cross) experiments. The\ninset gives the fraction of pairs (MSA3, BIMSA3) as a func-\ntion of  <sup>√</sup> c .\nwe have no additional information, we consider only sym-",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Calculate the PSIS LOO\n\n## **References**\n\n1. Parr, T.; Pezzulo, G.; Friston, K.J.  *Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior*  ; The MIT Press: Cambridge,\nMA, USA, 2022. [ [CrossRef](http://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12441.001.0001) ]\n2. Friston, K.; FitzGerald, T.; Rigoli, F.; Schwartenbeck, P.; O’Doherty, J.; Pezzulo, G. Active inference and learning.  *Neurosci.*\n*Biobehav. Rev.*   **2016**  ,  *68*  , 862- 879. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.022) ]\n3. Friston, K.; FitzGerald, T.; Rigoli, F.; Schwartenbeck, P.; Pezzulo, G. Active inference: A process theory.  *Neural Comput.*   **2017**  ,\n*29*  , 1- 49. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/NECO_a_00912) ]\n4. Friston, K.J.; Stephan, K.E. Free-energy and the brain.  *Synthese*   **2007**  ,  *159*  , 417- 458. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-007-9237-y) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19325932) ]\n5. Friston, K. The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory?  *Nat. Rev. Neurosci.*   **2010**  ,  *11*  , 127- 138. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2787) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20068583) ]\n6. Friston, K. The free-energy principle: A rough guide to the brain?  *Trends Cogn. Sci.*   **2009**  ,  *13*  , 293- 301. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.005) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19559644) ]\n7. Friston, K. A free energy principle for a particular physics.  *arXiv*   **2019**  , arXiv:1906.10184. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1906.10184) ]\n8. Friston, K.; Da Costa, L.; Sajid, N.; Heins, C.; Ueltzhöffer, K.; Pavliotis, G.A.; Parr, T. The free energy principle made simpler but\nnot too simple.  *Phys. Rep.*   **2023**  ,  *1024*  , 1- 29. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2023.07.001) ]\n9. Friston, K.; Kiebel, S. Predictive coding under the free-energy principle.  *Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci.*   **2009**  ,  *364*  , 1211- 1221.\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0300) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528002) ]\n10. Karl, F. A Free Energy Principle for Biological Systems.  *Entropy*   **2012**  ,  *14*  , 2100- 2121. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e14112100) ]\n11. Corcoran, A.W.; Pezzulo, G.; Hohwy, J. From allostatic agents to counterfactual cognisers: Active inference, biological regulation,\nand the origins of cognition.  *Biol. Philos.*   **2020**  ,  *35*  , 32. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-09746-2) ]\n12. Heins, C.; Millidge, B.; Da Costa, L.; Mann, R.P.; Friston, K.J.; Couzin, I.D. Collective behavior from surprise minimization.  *Proc.*\n*Natl. Acad. Sci. USA*   **2024**  ,  *121*  , e2320239121. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320239121) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38630721) ]\n13. Patzelt, E.H.; Hartley, C.A.; Gershman, S.J. Computational Phenotyping: Using Models to Understand Individual Differences in\nPersonality, Development, and Mental Illness.  *Personal. Neurosci.*   **2018**  ,  *1*  , e18. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pen.2018.14) ] [ [PubMed](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32435735) ]\n14. Schwartenbeck, P.; Friston, K. Computational Phenotyping in Psychiatry: A Worked Example.  *eNeuro*   **2016**  ,  *3*  , ENEURO.0049-",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 30,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Get a specific state , like the expected free energies only\nefe = get_states(agent, \"expected_free_energies\" )",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nmetric dumbbells. Furthermore, since analytic expres-\nsions for the RDF within BIMSA are not known, we ap-\nproximate the dumbbell as a hard sphere when comput-\ning the perturbation term (this is not necessary for the\nreference term, since an expression for the free energy\nis available). Let � σ c be the diameter of the cation (an-\nion) within the dumbbell, the diameter of the hard sphere\nrepresenting this dumbbell is taken to be � σ 3 = <sup>4</sup> √ 2 π  <sup>�</sup> <sup>σ</sup> <sup>c</sup> <sup>[21].</sup> Using these two reference systems, the three-\ncomponent MSA3 and BIMSA3, we obtain results in\nmuch better agreement with the MC simulations, as\nshown in Fig. 4 . The diameters obtained for species 1,\n2, and 3 are 3.65, 4.79, and 5.76 <sup> ̊</sup> A for MSA3 and 3.69,\n4.75 and 6.19 <sup> ̊</sup> A for BIMSA3. The free ion diameters are\nsimilar for MSA2, MSA3, and BIMSA3. The pair diam-\neter is smaller when modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3)\nthan when modeled as a dumbbell (BIMSA3). At high\nconcentration (about 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> ), the MSA3 overestimates\nthe free energy, because the excluded volume repulsion\nbecomes too important for the pairs to be represented as\nhard spheres. The BIMSA3 model is the closest to the\nMC simulation results. It is worth noting that even at\nthe lowest concentration considered, the fraction of pairs\n(shown in the insert of Fig. 4 ), although less then 5%,\nhas a non-negligible effect on the thermodynamics of the\nsystem.\nThis procedure also provides an accurate description of\nthe structure over the whole range of concentrations. A\ndevelopment similar to the one that leads to Eq. ( 2 ) de-\nrives the average unpaired RDF from the corresponding\npaired quantities:\nρ i ρ j g ij ( k ) = � ρ 3 � w ( k ) (1 − δ ij ) + � ρ i � ρ j � g ij ( k )\n+ � ρ 3 � w ( k / 2) � � ρ i � g 3 i + � ρ j � g 3 j � ( k ) (5)\n+ � ρ  <sup>2</sup> 3  <sup>[</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>w</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>/</sup> <sup>2)]</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>�</sup> <sup>g</sup> <sup>33</sup> <sup>(</sup> <sup>k</sup> <sup>)</sup>\nr  (Å)\n2",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\n4\n6\n8\n4 6 8\n0.5\n1\n1.5\n4 6 8\n|  0.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |  1.5 mol.L -1 g 12 (r)  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 1.5 mol.L -1 g 11 (r)  | 1.5 mol.L -1 g 22 (r)  |\nFIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations\n(diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed)\nat two concentrations.\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with\nthe MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5 . Our BIMSA3\nmodel accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP\nand provides the correct distances of minimal approach;\nwhereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former\nand gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger sep-\narations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the os-\ncillations observed in the MC simulations, but the cor-\nresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials\nare less than k B T . In addition, the perturbation term\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the\nreference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> . The\nperturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully ana-\nlytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters\nand the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy\nand the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA so-\nlutions, as described above. While the procedure we have\nfollowed uses two different approximations for the refer-\nence and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are\nknown to be accurate for the systems under consideration\nand do not appear to be inconsistent with each other.\nTo conclude, we have combined MD simulations with\nLPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions\nwhich account for the molecular nature of the solvent.\nThe final result is fully analytical and it yields the ther-\nmodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in\nagreement with the original molecular description. The\nmethodology can in principle be adapted to any molecu-\nlar description of the system (MD simulations involving\ninteraction potentials accounting for polarization effects\nor Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long\nas the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized\nto study interfaces. The method appears to be a promis-\ning approach toward the description of the specific effects\nof ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nJohn Jairo Molina <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>∗</sup> Jean-Fran ̧cois Dufrˆeche <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>3</sup> , <sup>†</sup> Mathieu\nSalanne <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Olivier Bernard <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , Marie Jardat <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> , and Pierre Turq <sup>1</sup> <sup>,</sup> <sup>2</sup> 1 UPMC-Universit ́e Paris 06, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France 3 Institut de Chimie S ́eparative de Marcoule (ICSM),\nUMR 5257 CEA- CNRS- Universit ́e Montpellier 2, Site de Marcoule,\nBˆatiment 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-C`eze Cedex, France\nWe present a method to derive implicit solvent models of electrolyte solutions from all-atom\ndescriptions; providing analytical expressions of the thermodynamic and structural properties of\nthe ions consistent with the underlying explicit solvent representation. Effective potentials between\nions in solution are calculated to perform perturbation theory calculations, in order to derive the\nbest possible description in terms of charged hard spheres. Applying this method to NaCl solutions\nyields excellent agreement with the all-atom model, provided ion association is taken into account.\nSince the pioneering works of Debye, H ̈uckel, and\nOnsager, electrolyte solutions have been commonly\ndescribed by continuous solvent models, for which\nthe McMillan-Mayer theory [1] provides a rigorous\nstatistical-mechanical foundation. Within that level of\ndescription, simple phenomenological models such as the\nprimitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi-\nlated to charged hard spheres [2], can lead to explicit\nformulas for the thermodynamic and structural proper-\nties (e.g., with the help of the mean spherical approxima-\ntion (MSA) [3] or the binding MSA (BIMSA) [4]). These\nmodels are the most practical to use [5], since they allow\nfor a direct link between the experimental measurements\nand the microscopic parameters of the system. Never-\ntheless, they ignore the molecular structure of the sol-\nvent. Consequently, they cannot properly account for\nthe complex specific effects of the ions, which appear in\nnumerous biological, chemical, and physical interfacial\nphenomena [6, 7], without further developments.\nAn alternative procedure consists in carrying out\nmolecular simulations, where both the solvent and solute\nare treated explicitly. After a rigorous averaging over\nthe solvent configurations, a coarse-grained description\nof the ions, which still includes the effect of the solvent\nstructure, can be obtained [8- 11]. However, this set of\nmethods is purely numeric; they do not provide any an-\nalytical expression for thermodynamic quantities. They",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Get history of expected free energies only\nhistory_efe = get_history(agent, \"expected_free_energies\" ) � � And how to change the parameters of a created agent: � � # Set individual parameter , alpha to 1.0\nset_parameters!(agent, \"alpha\" , 1 .0 )",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl solutions\n\n## solutions\n\nare therefore restricted to simple geometries [12, 13] (bulk\nsolutions or planar interfaces). The description of com-\nplex systems, such as porous or electrochemical materi-\nals, is still based on continuous solvent models [14].\nIn this letter we present a method aimed at bridging\nthe gap between analytical and numerical approaches. It\nis based on the application of liquid perturbation theory\n(LPT) [15] to effective ion-ion potentials extracted from\n∗ [Electronic address: john.molina@etu.upmc.fr](mailto:john.molina@etu.upmc.fr)\n† [Electronic address: jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr](mailto:jean-francois.dufreche@upmc.fr)\nmolecular dynamics (MD) results. Different approxima-\ntions of the PM are employed for the case of NaCl elec-\ntrolyte solutions: a two component model (MSA2), that\nonly takes free ions into account, and two different three\ncomponent models (MSA3 and BIMSA3), which include\na third species (the contact ion pair). As we proceed\nto show, LPT allows us to select the best simple model\nwhich accurately accounts for the thermodynamics and\nthe physical-chemistry of the system.\nThe first stage consists in calculating the McMillan-\nMayer effective ion-ion interaction potentials V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), by</sup> inverting the radial distribution functions (RDF) g ij ( r )\nobtained by MD. The simulations were carried out on\na box of 2000 water molecules and 48 NaCl pairs us-\ning the same interaction potentials as in reference [16].\nThis setup corresponds to a concentration of 0 . 64 moll <sup>−</sup> <sup>1</sup> .\nNPT ensemble sampling at standard pressure and tem-\nperature was enforced, with a time step of 1 fs and a\npressure bath coupling constant of 1 ps. An equilibration\nrun of 0.25 ns was followed by a production run of 0.6 ns\nfor five different initial configurations. The averages of\nthe resulting RDF were then used for the potential inver-\nsion via the HNC closure [15]. These effective potentials\nare assumed to be concentration independent and will be\nused for simulations at all concentrations.\nSubtracting the long-range Coulombic potential\nV  <sup>LR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) (which depends on the dielectric constant of the</sup>\nsolvent) from V  <sup>eff</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>), we obtain the short-range contri-</sup>\nbution V  <sup>SR</sup> ij  <sup>(</sup> <sup>r</sup> <sup>) to the effective potentials. These are given</sup>\nin Fig. 1 (species 1 and 2 refer to Na <sup>+</sup> and Cl <sup>−</sup> free ions,\nrespectively). All the short-range potentials exhibit os-\ncillations corresponding to the solvent layering between",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf",
+                "query": "How could the heart rate be estimated by means of an active inference paradigm?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "The second panel of Fig. 2 shows the Shannon surprise of an inference model that estimates the current heart rate using the two standard components of a generative model. The for- mer component is the prior, which encodes the person’s a priori probabilistic belief (i.e. probability distribution) about her “nor- mal” heart rate range; here, the prior is a Gaussian centered on 67 and has a precision of 0.11. The latter component is the likeli- hood, which encodes the probabilistic mapping between sensory (heartbeat) observations and the hidden state (heart rate); here, the likelihood is a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate with an additional bias of 15 pulses, and the panel shows the results for 10 values for precision obtained by subdividing the range [0.1,10] into equal intervals.",
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+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Active inference, interoceptive processing, and uncertainty reduction\n\nting some examples of Bayesian inference using generative models\nunder various levels of precision of the model components. For\nsimplicity, we focus on a simplified example of inference of an\ninteroceptive variable: one’s heart rate. Heart rate is a “hidden\nvariable” in Bayesian parlance since it is not directly observable\nbut needs to be inferred through two sources of information:\nprior knowledge about the most likely heart rate and sensory (heartbeat) observations. The top panel of  Fig.  2 shows a series\nof (noisy) heartbeat observations. In the beginning, they are\nin the normal range for an adult (time steps 1- 10), then they\nincrease significantly, simulating tachycardia (time steps 11- 20),\nthen they go back to the normal range (time steps 21- 30), then\nthey decrease significantly, simulating bradycardia (time steps\n31- 40), and finally, they go back to the normal range (time steps\n41- 50). The second panel of  Fig.  2 shows the Shannon surprise of\nan inference model that estimates the current heart rate using\nthe two standard components of a generative model. The for-\nmer component is the prior, which encodes the person’s a priori probabilistic belief (i.e.  probability distribution) about her “nor-\nmal” heart rate range; here, the prior is a Gaussian centered on\n67 and has a precision of 0.11. The latter component is the likeli-\nhood, which encodes the probabilistic mapping between sensory\n(heartbeat) observations and the hidden state (heart rate); here,\nthe likelihood is a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate\nwith an additional bias of 15 pulses, and the panel shows the\nresults for 10 values for precision obtained by subdividing the\nrange [0.1,10] into equal intervals. The results shown in the second panel of  Fig.  2 show that Shannon surprise increases dramatically\nduring episodes of tachycardia and bradycardia, which are far\nfrom the normal range. The pattern of results is the same across\nall levels of likelihood precision. However, the inference with a\nvery high precision (a precision of 10) tracks more closely the noise\nsensory signals and can therefore lead to more extreme results.\nThe third panel shows the Bayesian surprise (or the Kullback-\nLeibler divergence between posterior and prior probability distri-\nbutions) over time. This is a measure of how much dissimilar the\nposterior and the prior are, and it always decreases as a result of\ninference, but note that it decreases much more rapidly when the\nprecision of the likelihood is 10, which is another indication that",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Active inference, interoceptive processing, and uncertainty reduction\n\ncoding with these reflexes—hence realizing an “active inference”\narchitecture—permits minimizing prediction errors by changing\nthe state of the world (by physically acting) or the internal milieu\n(by engaging in autonomic actions) rather than only by changing\npredictions, as described later. Equipped with a generative model like the one shown in  Fig.  1 ,\nan active inference agent can continuously infer (and act upon)\nthe state of the world and of the body, including the internal\nmilieu, at multiple time scales. Of particular interest, here are\nmultimodal inferences that unite exteroceptive and interocep-\ntive sources of evidence. One example of this is the percep-\ntion of faces expressing emotions. Two studies reported that\n6 Barca  *et*    *al.*\nparticipants processed faces expressing fear (but not neutral\nfaces or faces expressing other emotions) when their heart rate\nwas high—hence congruent with the fearful expression ( Pez- zulo et  al. 2018 , Yu et  al. 2021 ). The generative model shown in  Fig.  1 could support this kind of inference by using interocep- tive information from the heart (i.e.  high heart rate) as evidence\nthat “there might be something fearful out there” ( Pezzulo 2013 ).\nAnother more complex example regards emotional awareness\nand self-awareness—which significantly engage the brain regions\ninvolved in interoception and the representation of physiologi- cal processes ( Garfinkel et  al. 2013 ). The generative model shown in  Fig.  1 might support processes of emotional awareness in a way that is neither purely bottom-up (i.e.  as if interoceptive sig- nals cause emotional awareness) nor top-down (i.e.  as if emotional\nawareness causes interoceptive signals), but rather through a\ncircular causality between central predictions about bodily state—\nthat engage autonomic reflexes—and interoceptive streams—that\nupdate the predictions ( Seth and Friston 2016 ). In this perspec-\ntive, any representation that induces interoceptive predictions\ncould be associated with emotional or affective content; cru-\ncially, this is also the case with some aspects of self-awareness\n(e.g. recognizing one’s own face) that require integrating intero-\nceptive streams with concurrent exteroceptive (e.g. visual) and\nproprioceptive cues. These examples illustrate that the genera- tive model of  Fig.  1 natively implements both the multisensory\nintegration required to unite (for example) interoceptive and exte-\nroceptive streams and the active aspects that are supposed to\nsupport emotional and self-processing—and the construction of an “embodied self” (i.e.  the circular causality between engag-\ning autonomic reflexes and capturing the ensuing interoceptive\nsignals).\nIn general, the accuracy of the inference of hidden bodily",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Active inference, interoceptive processing, and uncertainty reduction\n\nguiding inference. Remarkably, the inference can be more or less\naccurate or fast using the same data, depending on the precision parameters. Note that in  Fig.  2 , we manipulated only the precision\nof the likelihood. However, it would also be possible to manipulate\nthe precision of the prior, together or in alternative to the precision\nof the likelihood. Generally speaking, when the precision of the\n8 Barca  *et*    *al.*\nprior is very high, the posterior will closely reflect the prior, ren-\ndering the inference rigid and incapable of adapting to changing\nenvironmental conditions—which might be especially problem-\natic in periods of significant changes, such as adolescence or more\nsimply when one changes city, working environment, and friends. Furthermore, as shown in  Fig.  1 , hierarchical predictive coding\narchitectures have precision values associated with every hierar- chical level (whereas, for simplicity, the inference shown in  Fig.  2\nis not hierarchical). The correct balance of precision parameters\nwithin and across layers is crucial for accurate inference, as it\nensures that the correct levels of confidence are assigned to data\nand prior information.\nFinally, and importantly, aberrant precision control (as well\nas various combinations of other factors discussed earlier, such\nas noisy bodily sensations and poor bodily mode) can render\ninference not just incorrect but also highly ambiguous, leaving a\nperson in a permanent condition of uncertainty about whether\none is fatigued (when considering the bodily state), happy, or sad\n(when considering the emotional state), what kind of person one\nis or what are one’s desires (when considering self-models), etc.\nImportantly, this condition of uncertainty is not limited to percep-\ntual inference but has a cascade effect on decision-making and\naction selection. Indeed, an uncertain estimate of one’s state auto-\nmatically implies that one has low confidence in the effects of\none’s plans; for example, it renders more difficult the prediction\nof whether a run would be too fatiguing or a party too stressful.\nIt is exactly this kind of uncertainty (about the present and the\nfuture, the body state or the outcomes of social interactions, etc.)\nthat active inference agents strive to avoid.",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Active inference, interoceptive processing, and uncertainty reduction\n\nthe posterior is “overfitting,” meaning that the inference result is\nexcessively biased by the likelihood distribution.\nFinally, the two bottom series of panels are organized in two\n(left and right) columns, which show the first five time steps of\ninference for the two cases with high precision (of 10) and low pre-\ncision (of 0.1) of the likelihood, respectively. In these plots, the prior\ndistributions are in blue, the posterior distributions are in green,\nand the likelihoods are in red. It is possible to note that in the left\n(high precision) panels, the posterior inference closely follows the\nlikelihood (it “overfits”) after five time steps and the inferred heart rate is slightly biased (i.e.  it is 79). Differently, in the right (low\nprecision) panels, the inference converges much slower to a high\nprecision posterior, but without overfitting.\nThese simple examples of Bayesian inference illustrate two\nthings. First, sensory observations that are unpredictable given\n*Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways*  7\nFigure  2. A simplified example of (Bayesian) inference of one’s heart rate. First panel: simulated time series of heartbeat observations. Second panel:\nShannon surprise of a generative model composed of a fixed prior about heart rate (a Gaussian with a mean of 67 and a precision of 0.11) and a\nlikelihood (a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate with an additional bias of 15 pulses, with various precisions that vary between 0.47 and 10,\nsee the legend). Third panel: Bayesian surprise, which measures the discrepancy between posterior and prior probabilities over time. Bottom panels:\nthe two series of panels are organized in two (left and right) columns, which show the first five time steps of inference for the two cases with high\nprecision (of 10) and low precision (of 0.1) of the likelihood, respectively. See the main text for an explanation and online article for colored version of\nthis figure.\nthe current model generate significant surprise, and sometimes,\nthe surprise can remain relatively high for long periods before the\nmodel adapts (or the world changes), especially with some param-\neterizations of the generative model. This is particularly relevant\nin this context since active inference agents strive to minimize\ntheir surprise (and the long-term average of surprise, entropy,\nwhich is a measure of uncertainty) by changing their model, or\nchanging the world, or both.\nSecond, these examples illustrate the importance of precision\ncontrol and the appropriate setting of precision parameters in",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Active inference, interoceptive processing, and uncertainty reduction\n\nActive inference is based on the idea that in order to engage in\nadaptive allostatic regulation and goal-directed behavior, living\norganisms continuously strive to minimize the surprise of their\nsensations or, more formally, an upper bound to surprise: varia- tional free energy ( Parr et  al. 2022 ). Notably, the (expected) free\nenergy minimization processes that drive active inference jointly\nconsider two complementary objectives. The former (utilitarian)\nobjective is to realize one’s preferences, such as being satiated\nor safe, by minimizing the discrepancy between preferred sensa-\ntions (encoded as “priors over observations” in active inference)\nand current sensations in different modalities (e.g. interoceptive\nor exteroceptive). The latter (epistemic) objective is to reduce\nuncertainty about one’s estimated state. This means that active\ninference agents tend to avoid ambiguous states, encompass-\ning the avoidance of ambiguous places where self-localization is\nchallenging, ambiguous social situations where safety is uncer-\ntain, and ambiguous bodily states, such as unsure feelings of\nfatigue. However, one apparent exception to this aversion to ambi-\nguity arises when exploring novel states implies the opportunity to learn new things and enhance one’s model; see Friston et  al.\n(2017) for a discussion. Furthermore, and importantly, active infer-\nence agents will actively operate in the environment to reduce\ntheir ambiguity; for example, by actively seeking informative sen-\nsations that disambiguate in which location they are (e.g. by\nlooking for traffic signs), whether their social context is safe\nor unsafe (e.g. by trying to understand other’s intentions from\ntheir facial expressions and actions), or whether they are cur-\nrently fatigued (e.g. by putting attention to one’s heart), happy,\nor sad.\nThe last examples—disambiguating one’s fatigue and emo-\ntional states—may seem strange if one assumes that we do have\ndirect access to the body- and allostasis-related states (e.g. states\nof satiation, thirst, and fatigue) and to our emotions (e.g. we\nautomatically know whether we are happy or sad). However, one\nassumption of active inference is that one’s bodily and emotional\nstates are not necessarily observable but, instead, “hidden states”\nthat need to be inferred on the basis of sensations (especially,\nbut not exclusively, of interoceptive sensations from the inside\nof the body) and of an implicit, unconscious model of how the body functions ( Barrett and Simmons 2015 , Pezzulo et  al. 2015 ,\nSeth and Friston 2016 ). In other words, the same inferential pro-\ncess that allows active inference agents to estimate the hidden",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.2. Perception in Active Inference*\n\nIn AIF, perception is conceptualised as the result of variational (i.e., approximate)\nBayesian inference, performed by minimising the  *VFE*  to optimise parameters of poste-\nrior beliefs about the environment. In exact Bayesian inference, we use a parametrised\ngenerative model  *m*  to make an optimal inference about state  *s*  of the environment based\non observation  *o*  . This is performed by combining a prior belief over states  *p*  (  *s*   *|*   *m*  ) ; a like- lihood model  *p*  (  *o*   *|*   *s*  ,  *m*  ) ; and the model evidence  *p*  (  *o*   *|*   *m*  ) , a normalisation term encoding the likelihood of receiving the given observations across all possible environmental states,\nas follows [ 1 ]: *p*  (  *s*   *|*   *o*  ,  *m*  ) =   *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>o</sup>*   *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*  <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>m</sup>*  <sup>)</sup>  *<sup>p</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>m</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *p*  (  *o*   *|*   *m*  ) (1)\nThe posterior distribution over states given observations  *p*  (  *s*   *|*   *o*  ,  *m*  ) here represent the agent’s beliefs about the environment. Forming beliefs in this way is thought to be the process that\nenables conscious, as well as unconscious, perception. The product of the likelihood model\nand prior is also called the joint likelihood  *p*  (  *o*  ,  *s*   *|*   *m*  ) , which fully defines the generative model, and which we use henceforth. In the following, for notational simplicity, we also\nomit denoting the dependency on the generative model  *m*  .\nCalculating the model evidence  *p*  (  *o*  ) is often intractable, making exact Bayesian infer-\nence unfeasible. The way to circumvent this in AIF is to use a variational approximation\nto Bayesian inference [ 23 , 33 , 50 , 51 ]. This works by transforming the inference into an opti-\nmisation problem, specifically the minimisation of the  *VFE*  . First, an arbitrary probability\ndistribution over environmental states  *q*  (  *s*  ) , an approximate posterior that is used to ap-\nproximate the exact posterior, is introduced. We then introduce the Kullback- Leibler (KL)\n8 of 33\ndivergence between the approximate posterior  *q*  (  *s*  ) and the exact posterior, which is also\nsometimes called the perceptual divergence:\n*D* KL [  *q*  (  *s*  )  *∥*   *p*  (  *s*   *|*   *o*  )] = ∑ *s* *q*  (  *s*  ) ln   *<sup>q</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*  <sup>)</sup> *p*  (  *s*   *|*   *o*  ) (2)",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Active inference, interoceptive processing, and uncertainty reduction\n\nstates, the “embodied self,” or other aspects of the model depends\non the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensations and on the quality of\nthe model. For example, it is difficult to self-localize in a city if it\nis dark (low signal-to-noise ratio) or if one does not know the city\nwell (poor model). The inference of hidden bodily and emotional\nstates might function in an analogous manner. If the quality of\nthe afferent interoceptive (e.g. cardiac) signals is low, or if one has\na poor model of how one’s body functions, then it would estimate\none’s bodily states such as fatigue incorrectly (which in turn would\nalso impair its adaptive regulation of the same bodily states). Inte-\nroceptive signals could be “too noisy” for various reasons, which\nmight be related to physiology, inflammation, or stress. The body\nmodel can be poor in various ways, too. For example, it could\npoorly characterize the statistical relations between interoceptive\nsensations and hidden bodily states (e.g. systematically mischar-\nacterize high heart rate as caused by hunger but not fatigue\nor joy).\nFinally, there is a third essential element that determines the\naccuracy of the inference: precision control. In predictive cod-\ning, the influence of prediction errors on inference is weighted by their precision, i.e.  inverse variance (pink triangles in  Fig.  1 ).\nThis weighting would ensure that very reliable sensations have\nmore impact on inference than unreliable sensations. However,\nprecision (like all other variables) needs to be estimated, but this\nmight be incorrect. An incorrect setting of precisions has been\nassociated with various psychopathological conditions, such as psychosis ( Adams et  al. 2013 ), eating disorders ( Barca and Pezzulo\n2020 ), panic disorders ( Maisto et al. 2021 ), symptom perception ( Pezzulo et  al. 2019 ), depression ( Barrett et  al. 2016 ), and many others ( Khalsa et  al. 2018 , Paulus et  al. 2019 ). Intuitively, assign-\ning excessively high weight to noisy sensations yields an incorrect\ninference that tracks the noise rather than the correct state of\nthe estimated variable system (i.e. overfitting), whereas assigning\nexcessively low weight to sensations (or excessively high weight to\nprior knowledge) makes the system poorly responsive to incom-\ning observations that might signal a change in the state of the\nsystem—and both are examples of aberrant inference ( Friston et  al. 2014 ). Figure  2 provides a formal illustration of the above by plot-",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.2. Perception in Active Inference*\n\n*q*  (  *s*  ) =  *q*  (  *s* 1 ,  *s* 2 , . . . ,  *s* *T* ) =\n*T* ∏ *t*  = 1\n*q*  (  *s* *t* ) (11)\n*q*  (  *s* *t* ) =  *q*  (  *s*  <sup>1</sup> *t*   <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*  <sup>2</sup> *t*   <sup>, . . . ,</sup>  *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>F</sup>* *t*   <sup>) =</sup>\n*F* ∏ *f*  = 1\n*q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> (12)\nThe factorisation into hidden state factors allows us to calculate the VFE separately for each\nfactor  *f*  and sum them to obtain the total VFE. The factorisation in time allows us to calculate\nthe time-specific VFE as in Equation ( 6 ) using the predictive posterior ln  *p*  (  *s* *t*   *|* *s* *t*   *−*  1 ,  *u* *t*   *−*  1 )\nfrom the last time step as the prior:\n*F* *t*  = E *q*  (  *s* *t* ) [ ln  *q*  (  *s* *t* )  *−*  ln  *p*  (  *o* *t*   *|* *s* *t* )  *−*  ln  *p*  (  *s* *t*   *|* *s* *t*   *−*  1 ,  *u* *t*   *−*  1 )] (13)\nwhich is the value we intend to minimise. Various methods exist for minimising the\n*VFE*  ; the one used in pymdp , from which we drew much of our inspiration, is Coordinate\nAscent Variational Inference (CAVI) [ 35 ], where the fixed points of the  *VFE*  are solved for\nwith coordinate descent (also known as fixed-point iteration (FPI) [ 23 ]). This is also the\nalgorithm currently available in ActiveInference.jl . We correspondingly use a coordinate descent update to find the factorised approximate posterior  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>that minimises the time-</sup> dependent VFE  *F* *t* , and therefore optimises for the time-specific variational posterior  *q*  (  *s* *t* ) .\nTo obtain the coordinate descent update, we start by taking the derivative of  *F* *t*  with respect to  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> <sup>and setting the derivative to zero [</sup> <sup>23</sup> <sup>]:</sup>\n*∂*   *F* *t*\n*∂*   *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>)</sup> = ln  *q*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   <sup>) +</sup> <sup>1</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>E</sup> *q*   *<sup>i</sup>*   *<sup>\\</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>*  <sup>[</sup> <sup>ln</sup>  *<sup>P</sup>*  <sup>(</sup>  *<sup>o</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*   *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>t</sup>*  <sup>)]</sup>  *<sup>−</sup>*  <sup>ln</sup> � E *P*  (  *s*   *f* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � *P*  (  *s*    *<sup>f</sup>* *t*    *<sup>|</sup>*   *<sup>s</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>,</sup>  *<sup>u</sup>*   *<sup>f</sup>* *t*   *−*  1 <sup>)</sup> � <sup>�</sup> = 0 (14)",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\n### *2.2. Perception in Active Inference*\n\nWe can now combine our definition of  *VFE*  with Equation ( 4 ):\n*D* KL [  *q*  (  *s*  )  *∥*   *p*  (  *s*   *|*   *o*  )] =  *F*  [  *q*  (  *s*  ) ,  *o*  ] + ln  *p*  (  *o*  ) (7)\nFinally, we can reorganise this equation to show that the VFE is the sum of the divergence of\nthe approximation posterior and exact posterior (if we could perform exact inference, this is\nwhat we would obtain) and the surprise  *I*  =  *−*  ln (  *p*  (  *o*  )) (the negative log model evidence):\n*F*  [  *q*  (  *s*  ) ,  *o*  ] =  *D* KL [  *q*  (  *s*  )  *∥*   *p*  (  *s*   *|*   *o*  )] � �� � Divergence *−*  ln  *p*  (  *o*  ) � �� � Surprise\n(8)\nSince the KL divergence is non-negative, the  *VFE*  becomes an upper bound on the surprise:\n*F*  [  *q*  (  *s*  ) ,  *o*  ]  *≥−*  ln  *p*  (  *o*  ) (9)\nBy rearranging the parts of this expression, we can express the  *VFE*  as a balance between\nthe complexity and accuracy, where the accuracy is how well the model predicts observa-\ntion, and the complexity is how much the beliefs need to change in order to maintain a\nhigh accuracy:\n9 of 33\n*F*  [  *q*  (  *s*  ) ,  *o*  ] =  *D* KL [  *q*  (  *s*  )  *∥*   *p*  (  *s*  )] � �� � Complexity *−*  E *q*  (  *s*  ) [ ln  *p*  (  *o*   *|*   *s*  )] � �� � Accuracy\n(10)\nSince the  *VFE*  can be calculated (Equation ( 5 )), it can be used as a target for minimisation.\nThis allows us to choose the approximate posterior  *q*  (  *s*  ) that is associated with the smallest\n*VFE*  ; since the surprise does not depend on  *q*  (  *s*  ) , minimising the  *VFE*  this way must\nnecessarily reduce the divergence between the approximate and exact posterior. We now,\nas is usually performed in variational inference, introduce a mean-field approximation [ 35 ]\nso that the joint approximate posterior  *q*  (  *s* *t* ) factorises across time steps  *t*   *∈*   *T*  and hidden state factors  *f*   *∈*   *F*  :",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Introducing  ActiveInference.jl : A Julia Library for Simulation and Parameter Estimation with Activ[...]\n\n## **1. Introduction**\n\nWe introduce a novel software library for Julia, ActiveInference , which lets users\nproduce the simulated behaviour of agents and their internal belief states with active\ninference (AIF) models, as well as fit such models to empirically observed behaviour.\nAIF [ 1 - 3 ] is a generally applicable formal framework for understanding and simulating\nintelligent behaviour that is based in neurobiology and first principles from statistical\nphysics [ 4 - 8 ]. AIF treats action and perception as unified under a joint imperative: to\nminimise the variational free energy (  *VFE*  ), which quantifies how well the agent’s internal\ngenerative model explains incoming sensory observations. It is an upper bound on the\nthe surprise from sensory observations, making AIF formally related to prediction error\n*Entropy*   **2025**  ,  *27*  , 62 [https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062](https://doi.org/10.3390/e27010062)\n2 of 33\nminimisation [ 9 ]. Choosing actions that minimise the expected free energy (  *EFE*  ) of their\nconsequences provides a natural balance between exploratory and exploitative behaviour;\ngeneralises descriptive approaches to behavioural modelling, like reinforcement learning\nand expected utility maximisation; and provides a singular approach to adaptive behaviour\nthat can be used across different environments. AIF was argued to be applicable to any self-\norganising system that actively maintains a stable boundary that defines its integrity [ 10 ],\na broad category that includes cells and plants [ 11 ], as well as humans [ 2 ] and even\ncollectives [ 12 ]. Owing to its generality, AIF has seen a rise in popularity across multiple\nfields. It is used for theoretical simulations of the mechanisms underlying various types of\nbehaviour [ 2 ], computational phenotyping in computational psychiatry [ 13 , 14 ], and agent-\nbased simulations of population dynamics [ 15 ], as well as in engineering and robotics [ 16 ].\nIn AIF, perception and concurrent action are based on performing a variational Bayesian\ninversion of a generative model of the environment (i.e., a model of how the environment\nchanges and brings about sensory observations). This belief updating includes inferring\n(hidden) states of the environment, learning parameters of the generative model and\nlearning the structure of the generative model. Since the requisite inference schemes come\npre-specified, the main task in AIF modelling becomes specifying an appropriate generative\nmodel. This includes specifying priors over environmental states, as well as what might\nbe called  *prior preferences*  ,  *preference priors*  or  *goal priors*  : immutable prior expectations that",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf",
+                "query": "At what stage of childhood does the construction of narrative identity take place?",
+                "target_page": 3,
+                "target_passage": "Among the challenges that adolescents have to face are the structuring of a “narrative identity” or self-story, featuring the development of a sense of personal identity that integrates past experiences with current, and future goals and meanings in a coherent whole over time ",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### NSSI in adolescence\n\nAdolescence is the period of developmental transition from child-\nhood to adulthood, which might be stretched up to the early\n20s due to current sociocultural changes (e.g. delays in complet-\ning education, occupational attainment, and parenthood) ( Patton et  al. 2018 ). Among the challenges that adolescents have to face\nare the structuring of a “narrative identity” or self-story, featuring\nthe development of a sense of personal identity that integrates\npast experiences with current, and future goals and meanings in\na coherent whole over time ( McAdams and McLean 2013 , McLean\nand Lilgendahl 2019 ). The definition of the new boundaries of\nadolescents’ personal identity involves significant changes in the\n4 Barca  *et*    *al.*\nreciprocity with caregivers and peers. Thus, in parallel to the\nnegotiation of identity with caregivers (through a relative detach-\nment from them, a renegotiation of intimacy, and the questioning\nof their confirmatory authority), the modifications of friendship\nstructures—from childhood to adolescence—lay the ground for\nthe progressive recognition of social contexts and peer relation-\nships as the elite territories for the modulation and exploration\nof personal identity. The redefinition that the adolescent has to\nface in these territories of exploration (of the self as an individ-\nual separated from the other and of the self with the other) might\npass through a phase of reduced coherence in the narration of\nthe self and hence an increased level of uncertainty. Coherence\nin the self’s narrative is considered a measure of well-being and\nhas been associated with psychopathology in adulthood ( Klim- stra and Denissen 2017 ) and adolescence ( Lind et  al. 2020 , Shiner et  al. 2021 ). For example, narrative incoherence has been found\nto be associated with personality disorders in adolescents ( Lind et  al. 2019 ), where “identity diffusion” (e.g. feelings of emptiness",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 2 Materials and methods\n\n#### 2.7 Analysis\n\nThe transcribed material was analyzed using systematic text\ncondensation (STC) ( 30 ) and was organized utilizing NVivo\n(version 1.7.1). STC is a method for cross-case analysis inspired\nby phenomenology. It involves four-steps: (1) identi fi cation\noverall themes from the empirical material, (2) extraction of\nmeaning units from the text which were then coded into groups,\n(3) condensation of all meaning units within the subgroups into\nan arti fi cial quotation, that summarize and represents\nparticipants ’ voices, (4) recontextualization of the material into\ncategories, presented as analytical texts. The process is iterative,\nresulting in continuous movement between the transcripts and\nwithin different steps of the analysis. An example of the STC\nprocess is illustrated in Figure 1 .\nThe fi rst author (SSHD) transcribed the interviews and read\nall material several times, while BN and ECA read most of the\ninterviews before preliminary themes were agreed on. SSHD\nidenti fi ed meaning units adhering to these themes and\ncoded them into groups. Condensates of the subgroups were\nwritten by SSHD and discussed by all researchers. SSHD then\nrecontextualized the material by forming categories\ndescribed as analytical texts supplemented by quotes, a process\nthat was discussed and revised several times by all authors.\nAll authors contributed to writing the manuscript.\nEnactive theory was used to interpret the results, aiming at\nextracting new knowledge beyond what the informants\nhad provided ( 28 ).",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### NSSI in adolescence\n\nand being fragmented and lack of a sense of continuity over time)\nmight be considered an expression of high levels of uncertainty of\nthe self.\nEmotion-wise, a developmental trend toward an increased\nspecificity of emotion-related maps of bodily sensations ( Barca et  al. 2023 )—a proxy of interoceptive representations of\nemotions—has been reported from children aged 6 years to adult- hood ( Hietanen et  al. 2016 ). Pubertal changes encompass dramatic\nbodily and neuroendocrine system changes, comprising—but not\nreduced to—changes in the reproductive, adrenal, and growth\naxes ( Cameron 2004 ). Thus, adolescents might face at least four\nsources of uncertainty: (i) the uncertainty due to physiological\nalterations related to bodily changes and to modification in hor-\nmonal levels leading to sexual maturity; (ii) the uncertainty in self- identity (i.e.  the structure of self-awareness) and personal identity\n(i.e, the narrative diachronic self) ( Drummond 2021 ), which might\nbe coupled with changes in body image and the development of\ngender identity; (iii) the uncertainty in affect regulation, with the\nemergence of new forms of affectivity as feelings of love and sex-\nual attraction toward a partner; and (iv) uncertainty in the social\ncontext, with respect to their social status and role expectations\nin the adult society. Such high levels of uncertainty might lead\nto a poorly defined sense of self, with unclear boundaries and a\nsense of emptiness. In this context, pain becomes a possible way\nto recover a bodily sense of self, and self-injurious behavior might\nbe instantiated as an attempt to reduce the rise in the levels of\nuncertainty in these (and potentially other) domains, toward the transition to adulthood (see Miller et  al. 2020 for a closely related\napproach on addiction).",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### References\n\n3452- 9.\nLaugesen N, Dugas MJ, Bukowski WM. Understanding adolescent worry: the application of  a cognitive model.  *J Abnorm Child Psychol*\n2003;  **31**  :55- 64. Lauriola M, Iannattone S, Bottesi G. Intolerance of  uncertainty and  emotional processing in  adolescence: separating between- person stability and  within-person change.  *Res Child Adolesc Psy-*\n*chopathol*  2023;  **51**  :871- 84. Leone C, Galosi S, Mollica C  *et*    *al.*  Dissecting pain processing in  adoles-\ncents with non-suicidal self injury: could suicide risk lurk among\nthe electrodes?.  *Eur J Pain*  2021;  **25**  :1815- 28. Lind M, Vanwoerden S, Penner F  *et*    *al.*  Inpatient adolescents\nwith borderline personality disorder features: identity diffusion and  narrative incoherence..  *Pers Disord Theory Res Treat*  2019;  **10**  :\n389- 93. Lind M, Vanwoerden S, Penner F  *et*    *al.*  Narrative coherence in  ado- lescence: relations with attachment, mentalization, and  psy-\nchopathology.  *J Pers Assess*  2020;  **102**  :380- 9. Linson A, Parr T, Friston KJ. Active inference, stressors, and  psy- chological trauma: a neuroethological model of  (mal)adaptive explore-exploit dynamics in  ecological context.  *Behav Brain Res*\n2020;  **380**  :112421.\n12 Barca  *et*    *al.*\nLiotti G. Trauma, dissociation, and  disorganized attachment: three strands of  a single braid..  *Psychother Theory Res Pract*\n2004;  **41**  :472- 86. Liotti G. A model of  dissociation based on  attachment theory and  research.  *J Trauma Dissocn*  2006;  **7**  :55- 73.\nMagerl W, Burkart D, Fernandez A, Schmidt LG, Treede R. Persis-\ntent antinociception through repeated self-injury in patients with\nborderline personality disorder.  *Pain*  2012;  **153**  :575- 84. Maisto D, Barca L, Van den Bergh O  *et*    *al.*  Perception and  misperception of  bodily symptoms from an active inference perspective: mod- elling the case of  panic disorder..  *Psychol Rev*  2021;  **128**  :690- 710. Malter Cohen M, Jing D, Yang RR  *et*    *al.*  Early-life stress has persistent effects on  amygdala function and  development in  mice and  humans.  *Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A*  2013;  **110**  :\n18274- 8.\nMcAdams DP, McLean KC. Narrative identity.  *Curr Dir Psychol Sci*\n2013;  **22**  :233- 8.\nMcEvoy PM, Mahoney AE. To be sure, to be sure: intolerance of  uncertainty mediates symptoms of  various anxiety disorders and  depression.  *Behav Ther*  2012;  **43**  :533- 45.\nMcLean KC, Lilgendahl JP. Narrative identity in adolescence and\nadulthood: pathways of development. In:  *Handbook of Personality*\n*Development*  . New York, United States: The Guilford Press, 2019,\n418- 32.\nMiller M, Kiverstein J, Rietveld E. Embodying addiction: a predictive",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Introduction\n\nsent his/her internal bodily states, concurring in the development of self-processes ( Fotopoulou and Tsakiris 2017 , Ciaunica et  al.\n2021a , 2021b ). The degree of predictability of caregivers’ response\nappears to be critical for the development of affect regulation and a cohesive sense of the self ( Ilyka et  al. 2021 ). When care-\ngivers’ behavior is less reliable, children have more difficulties in\ndistinguishing their own internal states, making self-other dis- tinctions ( Ogawa et  al. 1997 , Dutra et  al. 2009 ), and—in the most\nsevere cases—developing an integrated sense of the self ( Liotti\n2004 , 2006 ).\nAs a consequence of these or other deficits in developing\nappropriate models of emotional and self-models, a person might\nexperience significant interoceptive uncertainty and perceive her\nown internal states in confused and uncomfortable ways later\nin life. Suppose that the interoceptive channels are unreliable\nand the internal models rooted in bodily experiences are poor.\nIn that case, a person might construe a sense of personal stabil-\nity through external, non-interoceptive signals, such as feedback\nfrom others and from the world, rather than via interoceptive\nsignals. Engaging in social interactions, in which we experience\naffective states relevant to our self-confirmation (e.g. a sense\nof acceptance and kindness), might be particularly challenging\nfor this person ( Guidano 1987 , Arciero and Bondolfi 2009 ). While\ninteracting with others, she might experience ambiguous bodily\nand emotional states. She might be unable to reduce this uncer-\ntainty using the other as an external point of reference since\n*Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways*  3\nthe affectivity attributed to the others might also be perceived\nas vague and misinterpreted (e.g. “Is he/she interested in me or\nnot?” “Am I a person worthy of attention and love from oth-\ners?”). Bodily illusions, such as the “rubber hand illusion” ( Suzuki et  al. 2013 , Crucianelli et  al. 2018 ) and the “enfacement illu- sion” ( Sforza et  al. 2010 , Tajadura-Jiménez et  al. 2012 ), provide\ncompelling evidence for the malleability of self-other bound-\naries as a function of bodily information and of interoceptive\nsensibility.\nDealing with these ambiguous situations could be particu-\nlarly challenging and distressing for a person with no adaptive\nstrategies to reduce uncertainty. Therefore, in these (admittedly",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### References\n\n2021b;  **2021**  :niab037.\nConradt E, Ablow J. Infant physiological response to the still-face paradigm: contributions of  maternal sensitivity and  infants’ early\nregulatory behavior.  *Infant Behav Dev*  2010;  **33**  :251- 65. Craig AD. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of  the physiolog- ical condition of  the body.  *Nat Rev Neurosci*  2002;  **3**  :655- 66. Crucianelli L, Krahé C, Jenkinson PM  *et*    *al.*  Interoceptive ingredients of  body ownership: affective touch and  cardiac awareness in  the\nrubber hand illusion.  *Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the*\n*Nervous System and Behavior*  2018;  **104**  :180- 92. Deeks AA. Psychological aspects of  menopause management.  *Best*\n*Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab*  2003;  **17**  :17- 31.\nDeneault A, Hammond SI, Madigan S. A meta-analysis of child-\nparent attachment in early childhood and prosociality.  *Develop-*\n*mental Psychology*  2023;  **59**  :236- 55 Dieguez S, Lopez C. The bodily self: insights from clinical and  exper-\nimental research.  *Ann Phys Rehabil Med*  2017;  **60**  :198- 207. Drummond JJ. Self-identity and  personal identity.  *Phenomenol Cogn Sci*\n2021;  **20**  :235- 47. Dutra L, Bureau J-F, Holmes B  *et*    *al.*  Quality of  early care and  child- hood trauma: a prospective study of  developmental pathways to\ndissociation.  *J Nerv Ment Dis*  2009;  **197**  :383- 90.\nFonagy P, Campbell C, Luyten P. Attachment, mentalizing and  trauma: then (1992) and  now (2022).  *Brain Sci*  2023;  **13**  :459.\nFotopoulou A, Tsakiris M. Mentalizing homeostasis: the social origins of  interoceptive inference.  *Neuropsychoanalysis*  2017;  **19**  :3- 28. Friston K. A theory of  cortical responses.  *Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol*\n*Sci*  2005;  **360**  :815- 36. Friston K, Lin M, Frith CD  *et*    *al.*  Active inference, curiosity and  insight.\n*Neural Comput*  2017;  **29**  :2633- 83. Friston KJ, Stephan KE, Montague R  *et*    *al.*  Computational psychiatry:\nthe brain as a phantastic organ.  *Lancet Psychiatry*  2014;  **1**  :148- 58. Garfinkel SN, Nagai Y, Seth AK  *et*    *al.*  Neuroimaging studies of inte-\nroception and self-awareness. In:  *Neuroimaging of Consciousness*  .\nSpringer Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013, 207- 24. Gee DG. Sensitive periods of  emotion regulation: influences of  parental care on  frontoamygdala circuitry and  plasticity.  *New*\n*Dir Child Adolesc Dev*  2016;  **2016**  :87- 110.\nGee DG and Cohodes EM. Influences of Caregiving on Development:\nA Sensitive Period for Biological Embedding of Predictability and\nSafety Cues.  *Curr Dir Psychol Sci*  2021;  **30**  :376- 83. Glynn LM, Baram TZ. The influence of  unpredictable, fragmented parental signals on  the developing brain.  *Front Neuroendocrinol*",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### Introduction\n\none’s body and bodily information might result from adverse\nexperiences during infancy and childhood, such as emotional and physical neglect ( Schmitz et  al. 2023 ), or—in less dramatic\nsituations—from reduced affective reciprocity during parental\ninteractions ( Conradt and Ablow 2010 ). Development theories\nunderscore the role of parental care in shaping the experience of\nself and others and integrative processes of consciousness ( Bowlby 1997 , Liotti 2004 , 2006 , Fonagy et  al. 2023 ).\nDuring infancy, a child starts making sense of her internal\nexperiences through the information she gets from the external\nworld, most notably from caregivers whose behavior has a fun-\ndamental regulatory function shaping emotional development,\nstress physiology, and refinement of limbic circuitry ( Gee 2016 ).\nIn addition to the quality of caregivers’ response to the infant’s\nneed for proximity, its “predictability” supports the development\nof emotions’ regulatory capacity ( Gee and Cohodes 2021 ; Wu and\nFeng 2020 ) and a cohesive sense of self ( Arciero and Bondolfi\n2009 ), increases prosociality ( Deneault et al. 2023 ), and influ- ences the development of social brain structure (see Ilyka et  al.\n2021 for a review). Self-report assessment of exposure to unpre-\ndictability during early life appears to predict symptoms of anx- iety, depression, and anhedonia in adulthood ( Glynn et  al. 2019 ).\nEvidence from cross-species studies indicates that the predictabil-\nity of caregivers’ behavior in rodents may specifically influence\nthe offspring’s development of corticolimbic circuitry involved in\nemotion-related functioning ( Glynn and Baram 2019 ). Rodents\nexposed to unpredictable maternal care exhibit atypical amygdala functioning ( Malter Cohen et  al. 2013 ) and weaker connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex ( Guadagno et  al. 2018 ). Abraham et  al. (2019) evaluated a number of features of the\nneurobiological interoceptive circuit (e.g. the functionality of the\namygdala, insula, and oxytocinergic system) in parents and chil-\ndren over the first 6 years of parenthood. Results revealed a critical\nassociation between parental interoceptive sensitivity—indexed, e.g.  by increased bilateral activation of the anterior insula in\nresponse to a video of his/her interacting with his/her infant—\nthe consolidation of the child’s interoceptive circuit and mental\nhealth. Taken together, thus, consistent evidence indicates that\nparental ability to respond appropriately to the children’s needs\nand bodily signals supports the child’s ability to adequately repre-",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### References\n\nAbraham E, Hendler T, Zagoory-Sharon O  *et*    *al.*  Interoception sensi- tivity in  the parental brain during the first months of  parenting\nmodulates children’s somatic symptoms six years later: the role of  oxytocin.  *Int J Psychophysiol*  2019;  **136**  :39- 48. Adams RA, Stephan KE, Brown HR  *et*    *al.*  The computational anatomy of  psychosis.  *Front Psychiatry*  2013;  **4**  :1- 26.\nArciero G, Bondolfi G.  *Selfhood, Identity and Personality Styles*  . 1st edn\nHoboken, New Jersey, United States: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2009. Barca L, Candidi M, Lancia GL  *et*    *al.*  Mapping the mental space of  emotional concepts through kinematic measures of  decision\nuncertainty.  *Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci*  2023;  **378**  :20210367. Barca L, De Marchis MD. The case of  Sofia: an example of  the dynamic properties of  the therapeutic relationship. 2018.\nBarca L, Pezzulo G. Keep your interoceptive streams under control: an active inference perspective on  anorexia nervosa.  *Cogn Affect*\n*Behav Neurosci*  2020;  **20**  :427- 40.\nBarrett LF.  *How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain*  . Boston,\nMassachusetts, United States: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.\nBarrett LF, Quigley KS, Hamilton P. An active inference theory of  allostasis and  interoception in  depression.  *Philos Trans R Soc Lond*\n*B Biol Sci*  2016;  **371**  :20160011. Barrett LF, Simmons WK. Interoceptive predictions in  the brain.  *Nat*\n*Rev Neurosci*  2015;  **16**  :419- 29.\nBowlby J.  *Attachment and Loss: Attachment*  . London, UK: Pimlico, 1997. Bresin K, Gordon KH. Endogenous opioids and  nonsuicidal self- injury: a mechanism of  affect regulation.  *Neurosci Biobehav Rev*\n2013;  **37**  :374- 83. Cakin Memik N, Hunc F, Kalayci S  *et*    *al.*  Assessment of  plasma- endogenous opioid neuropeptide levels and  psychometric prop- erties of  non-suicidal self-injury in  adolescents.  *Arch Suicide Res*\n2023;  **27**  :749- 68.\n*Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways*  11\nCameron JL. Interrelationships between hormones, behavior, and  affect during adolescence: complex relationships exist\nbetween reproductive hormones, stress-related hormones, and  the activity of  neural systems that regulate behavioral affect. comments on  part III.  *Ann N Y Acad Sci*  2004;  **1021**  :134- 42. Chapman AL, Gratz KL, Brown MZ. Solving the puzzle of  deliber-\nate self-harm: the experiential avoidance model.  *Behav Res Ther*\n2006;  **44**  :371- 94. Ciaunica A, Constant A, Preissl H  *et*    *al.*  The first prior: from co-embodiment to co-homeostasis in  early life.  *Conscious Cogn*\n2021a;  **91**  :103117.\nCiaunica A, Safron A, Delafield-Butt J. Back to square one: the bod- ily roots of  conscious experiences in  early life.  *Neurosci Conscious*",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Special Issue: Experiencing Well-Being Modeling and controlling the body in maladaptive ways:  an ac[...]\n\n### References\n\nprocessing account.  *Brain Cogn*  2020;  **138**  :105495. Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM  *et*    *al.*  Psychiatric aspects of  impulsivity.  *Am J Psychiatry*  2001;  **158**  :1783- 93.\nMurphy J, Viding E, Bird G. Does atypical interoception following phys- ical change contribute to sex differences in  mental illness?  *Psychol*\n*Rev*  2019;  **126**  :787- 9.\nNock MK. Self-injury.  *Annu Rev Clin Psychol*  2010;  **6**  :339- 63. Nock MK, Joiner TE, Gordon KH  *et*    *al.*  Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: diagnostic correlates and  relation to suicide\nattempts.  *Psychiatry Res*  2006;  **144**  :65- 72.\nNock MK, Mendes WB. Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and  social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-\ninjurers..  *J Consult Clin Psychol*  2008a;  **76**  :28- 38.\nNock MK, Mendes WB. Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and  social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-\ninjurers.  *J Consult Clin Psychol*  2008b;  **76**  :28- 38.\nNock MK, Prinstein MJ. A functional approach to the assessment of  self-mutilative behavior.  *J Consult Clin Psychol*  2004;  **72**  :885- 90. Nock MK, Prinstein MJ, Sterba SK. Revealing the form and  function of  self-injurious thoughts and  behaviors: a real-time ecological assessment study among adolescents and  young adults.  *J Abnorm*\n*Psychol*  2009;  **118**  :816- 27. Ogawa JR, Sroufe LA, Weinfield NS  *et*    *al.*  Development and  the fragmented self: longitudinal study of  dissociative symp- tomatology in  a nonclinical sample.  *Dev Psychopathol*  1997;  **9**  :\n855- 79. Osmana ̆ gao ̆ glu N, Creswell C, Dodd HF. Intolerance of  uncertainty, anxiety, and  worry in  children and  adolescents: a meta-analysis.\n*J Affect Disord*  2018;  **225**  :80- 90. Paluska SA, Schwenk TL. Physical activity and  mental health: current\nconcepts.  *Sports Med*  2000;  **29**  :167- 80.\nParr T, Pezzulo G, Friston KJ.  *Active Inference. The Free Energy Principle*\n*in Mind, Body, and Behaviour*  . Cambridge, Massachusetts, United\nStates: The MIT Press, 2022. Patton GC, Olsson CA, Skirbekk V  *et*    *al.*  Adolescence and  the next\ngeneration.  *Nature*  2018;  **554**  :458- 466.\nPaulus MP, Feinstein JS, Khalsa SS. An active inference approach\nto interoceptive psychopathology.  *Annu*   *Rev*   *Clin*   *Psychol*\n2019;  **15**  :97- 122.\nPezzulo G. Why do you fear the Bogeyman? An embodied predictive coding model of  perceptual inference.  *Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci*\n2013;  **14**  :902- 11. Pezzulo G, Barca L, Friston KJ. Active inference and  cognitive- emotional interactions in  the brain.  *Behav Brain Sci*  2015;  **38**  :e85. Pezzulo G, Iodice P, Barca L  *et*    *al.*  Increased heart rate after exercise facilitates the processing of  fearful but not disgusted faces.  *Sci Rep*",
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+                    "text": "# The meaningfulness of  exploring one ’ s own limits  through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor h[...]\n\n### 1 Introduction\n\noutdoor component of CoreDISTparticipation has yet to be\ninvestigated from a fi rst-person perspective. Particularly\ninteresting is what participants perceive as meaningful regarding\nthe intervention, as this is essential for motivation, motor\nlearning and exercise adherence ( 18 ).\nTo deepen our understanding of what the participants\nperceive as meaningful, we turn to a theoretical perspective\nthat integrates bodily capacities with the construction of\nmeaning. Enactive theory emphasizes that making sense of the\nworld depends essentially on the biological (living) body and\nthe phenomenological (lived or experienced) body ( 19 ), which\nimplies that the body is viewed as a neurobiological organism\nthat is concurrently experiencing, expressing and social\n(embodiment) ( 20 ). Thus, what is experienced by an individual\nduring an exercise intervention is constituted by her\nsensorimotor repertoire for perception and action in\ninteractions with the requirements of the task and the context\n( 21 ). From this perspective, dysfunctions related to MS, such as\nsensorimotor impairments, can in fl uence how individuals with\nMS interpret and understand their participation in a PA\nintervention. Moreover, the notion of “ participatory sense-\nmaking ” ( 22 ) extends the body into the social domain,\nenabling an understanding of how the interaction processes\nbetween two embodied individuals affect shared and individual\nmeaning-making. These concepts may illuminate pwMS ’ s\nexperiences and direct the focus toward bodily, contextual, and\ninteractional aspects that may generate new insights regarding\nsensorimotor exercise and high-intensity training as part of PA.\nThe aim of this study was to explore participants ’ experiences\nof the content, delivery and setting of a new outdoor group\nintervention combining high-intensity training and detailed\nexercises to generate new knowledge about important aspects of\nexercise interventions for pwMS with low disability.\n1 GroupCoreDIST is a group-based intervention (Group), involving 35\nexercises at different levels, addressing activation of trunk musculature\n(Core) in motor tasks in lying, sitting and standing (e.g. rolling, reaching,\nsquatting, single leg stance. DIST describes essential elements of the\nconcept: D = dose (high), dual task; I = individualization, insight, intensity;\nS = sensorimotor activation, selective movement control; T = task\noriented training.\nDahl et al. [10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094](https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1303094)\n[Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/rehabilitation-sciences) 02 [frontiersin.org](https://www.frontiersin.org/)",
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+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "What was the indicator related to increasing Nissan's research and development activities in terms of publication of scientific articles in 2004?",
+                "target_page": 46,
+                "target_passage": "And the number of research papers we present at societies such as The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers rose dramatically in fiscal 2004. ",
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+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### TECHNOLOGY\n\nO U R  W O R K\nRear active steering Intelligent cruise control Shock-absorbing body, to reduce pedestrian injuries\n“I have two prime objectives. The first is to realize our\ncorporate vision, ‘ Enriching people’s lives,’ from an\nengineering standpoint. The second is to create a\nfuture vision for people working in R&D. Research and\ndevelopment is all about providing practical value to\nthe customer via technological excellence, which in\nturn creates value for our shareholders. Nissan has\nmade a major commitment to technological excellence\nso that we can accomplish these objectives.\n**Research and Development**\nNissan’s investment in R&D has been rising. In fiscal 2004\nwe devoted approximately ¥400 billion to it, equivalent to\n4.6 percent of our turnover. We estimate that our financial\ncommitment to R&D will continue to range between 4.5\nand 5 percent. R&D investments take a lot of time to pay\noff, of course, so it’s difficult to evaluate our evolution\nover the short term. Given our expanded output, however,\nI believe that we are headed in the right direction.\nFor example, the number of patents we have generated\nis growing quickly, exceeding 4,000 in fiscal 2003—more\nthan twice the fiscal 1999 figure. And the number of\nresearch papers we present at societies such as The Japan\nSociety of Mechanical Engineers rose dramatically in fiscal\n2004. These are direct results of our commitment to\nresearch. We are also generating more new technologies\nrelated to safety and the environment, such as the Around\nView Monitor and the lane-keeping system.\nWe have succeeded in shortening our production\npipeline, too, using a new vehicle development process\ncalled V3P that our engineers devised over the past three\nyears. V3P, which stands for Value-up innovation of\nProduct, Process, and Program, has helped us cut our\ndevelopment time almost in half, from 20 months to just\n10.5 months. I believe this makes Nissan the world\nbenchmark in development. That improvement is having a\nmajor effect on the flexibility and execution of R&D at\nNissan, and will ultimately boost the company’s profitability.\nThe number of new products we have brought to\nmarket over the past three years is equally significant—\nmore than thirty new vehicles. That’s an impressive\nengineering achievement, and the reason you are seeing",
+                    "page_start": 45,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### TECHNOLOGY\n\nso many new Nissan models on the road.\nOur R&D infrastructure, however, is still in need of\nexpansion. We’ve therefore begun building new facilities at\nthe Nissan Technical Center, NTC, and at the Nissan\nAdvanced Technical Center, NATC, both of which are in\nJapan. These additions represent a major investment, and\nshow Nissan’s dedication to maintaining and enhancing its\ntechnological skills.\nOur technology base is in Japan, where we have some\nten thousand people involved in R&D, but we also have two\nmajor centers in North America and Europe, and smaller\noperations in Taiwan, China, Thailand, South Africa and\nBrazil. In the past, these entities were mostly standalone\noperations, but today there are many more joint projects\nO U R  W O R K\nTesting at Nissan Advanced Crash Laboratory CARWINGS telematics system Aluminum parts\n500\n400\n(Billion yen) (% of net revenue)\n300\n200\n100\n0\n5\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0 **’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n232 262 300 354 398 3.8% 4.2% 4.4% 4.8% 4.6%\n**R&D Investment**\n5,000\n4,000\n(xxxxxxx)\n3,000\n2,000\n1,000\n0 **’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03**\n**Patent**\n120\n100\n80\n60\n40\n20\n0 **’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n**Research Paper**\nThe number of research papers presented at JSME (The Japan Society of\nMechanical Engineers), JSAE (The Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), SAE\n(The Society of Automotive Engineers), FISITA (The International Federation of\nAutomotive Engineering Societies)\nand much more collaboration. The core engineering is\ncommon to all—that’s why the different organizations can\nwork together so closely, and why we’re more efficient\ntoday. While each engineering center remains responsible\nfor meeting the specific tastes or specifications that its\nlocal market demands, we have global oversight to ensure\nconsistency, with NTC supervising overall resource\nmanagement and facility investment.\nWe are building on these strengths through greater\ncollaboration with our suppliers—our project partners—and\ndoing it much further upstream. For example, we are\ncreating a facility at the NATC where we can disclose our\nplans to suppliers during the very early planning stages.\nThis means we have to be much more open than before,\nbut in return we will gain a great deal from the ideas our\npartners bring.\nThe Alliance with Renault is another major strength for",
+                    "page_start": 45,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n### FISCAL YEAR 2004 FINANCIAL REVIEW\n\nNISSAN REPORTED A RECORD YEAR IN TERMS OF REVENUES, OPERATING INCOME, NET INCOME,\nSALES AND PRODUCTION VOLUME IN FISCAL 2004. NISSAN ACHIEVED TWO OF ITS THREE COMMITMENTS\nFOR NISSAN 180: AN 8 PERCENT OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN AND ZERO NET AUTOMOTIVE DEBT.\nTHE REMAINING COMMITMENT IS THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ONE MILLION ADDITIONAL UNIT SALES.\nAT MID-YEAR 2005, GLOBAL SALES AT 1,809,000 UNITS WERE SLIGHTLY AHEAD OF THE COMMITMENT TO\nREACH 3,597,000 UNITS BY THE END OF SEPTEMBER 2005.\nP E R F O R M A N C E **Net Sales**\nConsolidated net sales came to ¥8,576.3 billion, up 15.4\npercent from last year. A higher volume and mix had a\npositive impact of ¥707.0 billion. Movements in foreign\nexchange rates produced a negative impact of ¥173.0\nbillion. Changes in the scope of consolidation, including\nDongfeng Motor and Yulon Nissan Motor, raised revenues\nby ¥432.0 billion.\n**Operating Income**\nConsolidated operating profit improved by 4.4 percent from\nlast year to a record ¥861.2 billion. This resulted in an\noperating profit margin of 10.0 percent. Operating profit\nwas affected by the following factors:\n-  The effect of foreign exchange rates produced a ¥78\nbillion negative impact for the full year. The\ndepreciation of the U.S. dollar against the yen resulted\nin a negative impact of ¥74 billion, with an additional\n¥13 billion from other currencies. The appreciation of\nthe euro resulted in a positive impact of ¥9 billion.\n-  The change in the scope of consolidation produced\na positive impact of ¥31 billion. This was primarily\nfrom the consolidation of Dongfeng Motor and Yulon\nNissan Motor.\n-  The impact of the higher volume and mix contributed\n¥284 billion. This was mainly driven by an increase in\nU.S. sales volume.\n-  Selling expenses increased by ¥114 billion, also\nmainly due to the increase of sales in the U.S.\n-  The improvement in purchasing costs amounted to\n¥131 billion.\n-  Product enrichment and the cost of regulations had\na negative impact of ¥92 billion.\n-  An additional ¥44 billion was allocated to R&D to\nreinforce product and technology development.\n-  Cost reductions from manufacturing efficiencies were\noffset by costs associated with expanding the Canton\nplant’s capacity, which resulted in a ¥15 billion",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\nThis Annual Report contains forward-looking\nstatements on Nissan’s future plans and targets, and\nrelated operating investment, product planning and\nproduction targets. Please note that there can be no\nassurance that these targets and plans will actually\nbe achieved. Achieving them will depend on many\nfactors, including not only Nissan’s activities and\ndevelopment, but on the dynamics of the automobile\nindustry worldwide and the global economy.\n**1**\nHIGHLIGHTS\n*Millions of* *U.S. dollars*   *<sup>(Note 1)</sup>* *Millions of yen*   *(except per* *(except per share amounts and number of employees)*   *share amounts)*\n2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2004 *For the years ended*   *Mar. 31, 2005*   *Mar. 31, 2004*   *Mar. 31, 2003*   *Mar. 31, 2002*   *Mar. 31, 2001*   *Mar. 31, 2005*\nNet sales ¥8,576,277 ¥7,429,219 ¥6,828,588 ¥6,196,241 ¥6,089,620 $80,152\nOperating income 861,160 824,855 737,230 489,215 290,314 8,048\nNet income 512,281 503,667 495,165 372,262 331,075 4,788\nNet income per share <sup>(Note 2)</sup> 125.16 122.02 117.75 92.61 83.53 1.17\nCash dividends paid <sup>(Note 3)</sup> 94,236 74,594 50,800 27,841 0 881\nShareholder’s equity ¥2,465,750 ¥2,023,994 ¥1,808,304 ¥1,620,822 ¥ 957,939 $23,044\nTotal assets 9,848,523 7,859,856 7,349,183 7,215,005 6,451,243 92,042\nNet consolidated automotive debt <sup>(Note 4)</sup> (205,791) 13,603 107,952 431,714 952,657 (1,923)\nNumber of employees 183,607 123,748 127,625 125,099 133,833\nNotes: 1. Unless indicated otherwise, all dollar figures herein refer to U.S. currency.  Yen amounts have been translated into U.S. dollars, for convenience\nonly, at ¥107 = $1, the approximate exchange rate on March 31, 2005.\n2. Net income per share amounts are based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each year.\nFigures for net income per share are in exact yen and U.S. dollars.\nNumber of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2005: 4,520,715,112.\n3. Cash dividends during the full year by subsidiary companies to non-Nissan minority shareholders are not included.\n4. Net consolidated automotive debt was ¥8,602 million cash positive in fiscal year 2002, ¥215,861 million cash positive in fiscal year 2003, and\n¥453,470 million cash positive in fiscal year 2004, using the same accounting principles as fiscal year 2001.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n### FISCAL YEAR 2004 FINANCIAL REVIEW\n\n239 <sup>244</sup> 232\n206\n262\n326 300\n378\n354\n427\n**398**\n**478**\n4.0% 3.8%\n5.3% 5.5% 5.8%\n**5.6%**\n4.2% 4.4%\n4.8%\n**4.6%**\n3.4%\n4.1%\n500\n400\n300\n200\n6\n5\n4\n3 **’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n**Investment in Our Future**\n(Billion Yen) (% of net revenue)\n40\n30\n20\n10\n0 **’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05* ’06* ’07* ’99**\n*Forecast\n0\n8 14 19 24 29 34\n40\n7\n**Dividend Policy**\n(Dividend per share, in yen)\nP E R F O R M A N C E **Automotive Debt:**\nDespite higher levels incurred for capital expenditures and\nR&D, cash generated from operating activities in the\nautomotive division eliminated net automotive debt. Nissan\nheld a ¥205.8 billion yen net cash position at the close of\nfiscal 2004 in this division.\n**Rating**\nRegarding Nissan’s long-term credit rating, R&I upgraded\nNissan from A- to A on May 11, 2005. S&P upgraded their\nrating from BBB to BBB+ on July 20, 2004, and Moody’s\nupgraded from Baa3 to Baa1 on January 29, 2004.\n**Investment Policy**\nCapital expenditures increased by ¥50.2 billion to ¥477.5\nbillion, representing 5.6 percent of net revenue. This\nincrease included the Canton plant expansion. R&D\nexpenditures increased by ¥43.8 billion to ¥398.1 billion.\nThis increase went to fund new technologies and product\ndevelopment. Our R&D resources are focused on projects\nthat add value to our customers and that will deliver an\nexpected return, in both the short and long term.\n**Dividend**\nAt the annual general meeting of shareholders on June 21,\n2005, the company proposed increasing its dividend to\n¥24 per share in 2004, up from ¥19 in 2003. In the first\nyear of the NISSAN Value-up dividend policy, the\nCompany plans to increase the per-share dividend to ¥29\nin 2005. By the end of NISSAN Value-up in March 2008,\nNissan plans to pay an annual dividend of no less than\n¥40 per share.\n**Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)**\nNissan’s investments are made within the strict guidelines\nof its automotive operating ROIC. Based on these\nguidelines, Nissan reached 20.1 percent of ROIC on a\nconsistent basis as of fiscal 2003.\n**Share Performance in Fiscal 2004**\nNissan’s share price began at ¥1,143 at the beginning",
+                    "page_start": 15,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS\nNissan Motor Co., Ltd. And Consolidated Subsidiaries\n*Fiscal years 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001 and 2000*\n**’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n6,090\n6,196\n6,829\n7,429\n**8,576**\n290\n489\n737\n825\n**861**\n331\n372\n495\n504\n**512**\n**Net Sales**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**Operating Income**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**Net Income**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**2**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### MARKETING\n\ncenter of our business.\nWe work with different research experts and\ncompanies as our partners. They offer a variety of high-\ntech techniques such as glasses with cameras that track\neye movement, instruments that measure brainwaves or\npupil dilation to detect preferences, and non-categorical\nmeasures that help us find personal evaluations of\nperceived quality or design. Our job is to evaluate these\nresearch companies and their output, and to develop the\nbest methodology for our issues. We are always refining\nthe tools we have and looking for new ones that will boost\nour accuracy. Our strong ties with outside experts are a\nsource of competitive advantage for Nissan.\nAgain, it all goes back to being customer-oriented.\nConfirming that customer-oriented stance will create value\nfor Nissan. Market Intelligence must be a dedicated\nevangelist for this change.”\nO U R  W O R K\nYUSUKE SEKIGUCHI\nVice President\n**Sales & Marketing**\n“In 2003, I was the “pilot”—essentially the project\nleader—of a cross-functional team that redefined the\ntraditional sales function as a marketing function.\nNow I cover car sales as well as traditional marketing\nactivities such as advertising and sales promotion.\nThis is part of our effort to address one of the most\ncompetitive auto markets in the world—Japan.\nOur dealers conduct sales activities in the\nmarketplace, and our role is to ensure that what they\ndo reflects Nissan’s plans. We also gather customer\nfeedback from the showroom to see how we can\nimprove processes. Direct communication through online\noutlets is another new way of reaching out to customers.\nAlthough the total market in Japan was down in 2004, we\nmanaged to pick up market share. The two halves of the\nyear were completely different, however. The first half was\nthe ‘dry season’—where we didn’t have any new model\nintroduction for over 12 months. We underestimated the\nimpact that would have on our business, and the dealers\nhad a tough time because of it. Then we organized the\nSHIFT_ event in the second half of the year, and for the\nfirst time ever introduced six new models simultaneously.\nThis completely changed the playing field. While it was\na challenge for the dealers to launch six models in five\nmonths, it had a significant and positive impact.\nJapan’s population peaks in 2006, and automobile",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 42,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### QUALITY\n\n“Quality is a crucial factor in Nissan’s success. Along\nwith trust, familiarity and differentiation, it is one of\nthe ways we express our brand. Quality builds the\ntrust of our customers and stakeholders, so it is also\na major element in promoting the brand.\nQuality was a major issue for us in 2004. We were\nunable to reach the global goals we set because a\ngreat deal of time was spent addressing issues that\narose, particularly in the U.S. The good news is that in\nall our newly launched vehicles, including those from\nthe U.S., we are seeing radically better quality. This is\na direct result of implementing a global quality\nmanagement system. While such positive outcomes\nare welcome, we must continue to upgrade the\nquality of Nissan automobiles.\nTo be frank, the quality programs of the past no longer suit\nour organization. During the NISSAN 180 period, we\nredefined the Nissan Product Quality Policy and\nreorganized its elements. The new Quality Policy sets three\ngoals. First, our product quality must be in the top three\namong automakers. Second, we will establish uniform\nglobal quality standards; this is not a single-fix solution,\nhowever, since each region may have its own requirements.\nAnd third, we will implement and continuously improve\nthe Nissan Quality Assurance Way, a global quality\nassurance system.\nThe Quality Policy is a top-down process, whereas the\nAssurance Way is bottom up. The Assurance Way can be\nsummarized as follows:\nFirst, we will set clear, reasonable, understandable\ntargets for each activity, and review milestones along\nthe way.\nSecond, because problems are usually discovered late\nin the process, we want to front-load the problem-discovery\nprocess by moving it further upstream. We must predict\n**The Quest for Improved Quality**\nEIJI IMAI\nSenior Vice President\nO U R  W O R K\n**Building on World-Class**\n**Productivity and Efficiency** TADAO TAKAHASHI\nExecutive Vice President",
+                    "page_start": 50,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT AND CEO\n\nmargin came to 10 percent, which remains at the top level\namong global automakers. And our net income reached\n¥512.3 billion, or ¥125.16 per share, compared to ¥122.02\nper share for the previous fiscal year.\nNISSAN Value-Up\nThe Nissan revival story is now complete. Our next\nthree-year business plan, ‘NISSAN Value-Up,’ is focused,\nas its name suggests, on delivering sustainable long-term\nvalue to all our stakeholders. As such, it is evolutionary\nnot revolutionary.\nAs with our previous business plans, NISSAN Value-Up\nestablishes three core commitments. They are ambitious,\nand will require us to stretch our capabilities. But they\nare realistic.\nProfit: Nissan will maintain the top level of operating\nprofit margin among global automakers for each of the\nthree years of the plan. Operating profit remains at the\ncenter of our management system, as it is the most\naccurate measure of business performance.\nLETTER FROM CEO\n**3**\nLETTER FROM CEO Volume: Nissan will achieve global sales of 4.2 million\nunits in fiscal 2008—an increase of 812,000 units over\nfiscal 2004.\nROIC: Nissan will achieve a 20 percent or higher\nreturn on invested capital on average over the course\nof the plan, excluding cash on hand.\nTo meet this commitment, over the NISSAN Value-Up\nperiod we will launch 28 new products, including 10 models\nthat are highly innovative in their concept and benefits.\nOur investment in advanced technology continues.\nFrom fiscal 2002 to 2005 we have increased spending\non research and development by 50 percent. Over the next\nthree years we will invest a further 5 percent of net sales\nannually, creating new and exciting technologies to benefit\nour customers.\nDuring NISSAN Value-Up we will pursue several key\nbusiness opportunities:\n-  Our Infiniti luxury brand will extend its reach into new\nmarkets such as China and Russia and continue to\nestablish its credibility as a Tier-1 luxury player.\n-  We will develop our Light Commercial Vehicle\nbusiness into a fully competitive global operation\nthrough new market and product entries.\n-  We will take a more efficient global sourcing\napproach to maximize our opportunities and minimize",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\nMurano\nPathfinder\nNavara\nMicra C+C\n**Japan**\nSerena\nOtti\nCompact wagon\nM-class sedan\nMinicar\n**GOM**  *  **/Mexico**\nQuest\nPathfinder\nNavara\nInfiniti M\nTiida hatchback\nTiida sedan\nLafesta\nInterstar\nXterra\n*General Overseas Markets\n**US/Canada**\n**New Models for Fiscal Year 2005**\n**’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05**\nForecast\n2,597\n2,771\n3,057\n3,388\n**3,618** +6.8%\n816\n837\n848\n**933** +10%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n726\n859\n1,013\n**1,047** +3.3%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n474\n542\n544\n**550** +1.1%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n755\n822\n983\n**1,088** +10.7%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n**Global Retail Sales Volume**\n(Units: 1000s)\n**Retail Sales by Region**\n(Units: 1000s)\n**Japan U.S. Europe GOM***\n*Including Mexico\nand Canada\nNissan’s position today is much different than it was six years ago or even three years ago. In\n1999, we were in crisis, and the Nissan Revival Plan was needed to revive our company and\nbuild a future. In April 2002, when NISSAN 180 began, we wanted to complete the revival\nprocess, with an emphasis on profitable growth.\nNISSAN Value-Up is about sustaining performance. About taking all the gains we have\nmade in connecting with our customers, in growing volumes, in creating value, in earning profits,\nin improving management— and then building upon these gains.\nWith NISSAN Value-Up, you will not see a radical break from NISSAN 180. This plan is\nevolutionary, not revolutionary. We will take the core elements that got us to this point—namely,\nmore revenue, less cost, more quality and speed, and maximized Alliance benefit with Renault—\nand build upon them.\nNISSAN Value-Up has three critical commitments:\nProfit: Nissan will maintain the top level of operating profit margin among global automakers\nfor each of the three years of the plan.\nVolume: Nissan will achieve global sales of 4.2 million units measured in fiscal 2008.\nROIC: Nissan will achieve a 20 percent ROIC on average over the course of the plan, based\non the new formula that excludes cash on hand from the denominator.\nNISSAN Value-Up will oversee 28 new models, resulting in the start of production of 70\nmodels worldwide, over two dozen more than the 44 production starts during NISSAN 180. Of\nthe 28 new models, 18 will be replacements for existing models and 10 will be completely new\n“conquest” models. We will enter more new segments, and we will introduce six models that will",
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+                    "page_end": 11,
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+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf",
+                "query": "What was Nissan's vehicle production in Mexico in 2003?",
+                "target_page": 72,
+                "target_passage": "308,322",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\nMurano\nPathfinder\nNavara\nMicra C+C\n**Japan**\nSerena\nOtti\nCompact wagon\nM-class sedan\nMinicar\n**GOM**  *  **/Mexico**\nQuest\nPathfinder\nNavara\nInfiniti M\nTiida hatchback\nTiida sedan\nLafesta\nInterstar\nXterra\n*General Overseas Markets\n**US/Canada**\n**New Models for Fiscal Year 2005**\n**’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05**\nForecast\n2,597\n2,771\n3,057\n3,388\n**3,618** +6.8%\n816\n837\n848\n**933** +10%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n726\n859\n1,013\n**1,047** +3.3%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n474\n542\n544\n**550** +1.1%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n755\n822\n983\n**1,088** +10.7%\n**’02 ’03 ’04 ’05** Forecast\n**Global Retail Sales Volume**\n(Units: 1000s)\n**Retail Sales by Region**\n(Units: 1000s)\n**Japan U.S. Europe GOM***\n*Including Mexico\nand Canada\nNissan’s position today is much different than it was six years ago or even three years ago. In\n1999, we were in crisis, and the Nissan Revival Plan was needed to revive our company and\nbuild a future. In April 2002, when NISSAN 180 began, we wanted to complete the revival\nprocess, with an emphasis on profitable growth.\nNISSAN Value-Up is about sustaining performance. About taking all the gains we have\nmade in connecting with our customers, in growing volumes, in creating value, in earning profits,\nin improving management— and then building upon these gains.\nWith NISSAN Value-Up, you will not see a radical break from NISSAN 180. This plan is\nevolutionary, not revolutionary. We will take the core elements that got us to this point—namely,\nmore revenue, less cost, more quality and speed, and maximized Alliance benefit with Renault—\nand build upon them.\nNISSAN Value-Up has three critical commitments:\nProfit: Nissan will maintain the top level of operating profit margin among global automakers\nfor each of the three years of the plan.\nVolume: Nissan will achieve global sales of 4.2 million units measured in fiscal 2008.\nROIC: Nissan will achieve a 20 percent ROIC on average over the course of the plan, based\non the new formula that excludes cash on hand from the denominator.\nNISSAN Value-Up will oversee 28 new models, resulting in the start of production of 70\nmodels worldwide, over two dozen more than the 44 production starts during NISSAN 180. Of\nthe 28 new models, 18 will be replacements for existing models and 10 will be completely new\n“conquest” models. We will enter more new segments, and we will introduce six models that will",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS\nNissan Motor Co., Ltd. And Consolidated Subsidiaries\n*Fiscal years 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001 and 2000*\n**’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04**\n6,090\n6,196\n6,829\n7,429\n**8,576**\n290\n489\n737\n825\n**861**\n331\n372\n495\n504\n**512**\n**Net Sales**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**Operating Income**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**Net Income**\n*(Billion Yen)*\n**2**",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\nThis Annual Report contains forward-looking\nstatements on Nissan’s future plans and targets, and\nrelated operating investment, product planning and\nproduction targets. Please note that there can be no\nassurance that these targets and plans will actually\nbe achieved. Achieving them will depend on many\nfactors, including not only Nissan’s activities and\ndevelopment, but on the dynamics of the automobile\nindustry worldwide and the global economy.\n**1**\nHIGHLIGHTS\n*Millions of* *U.S. dollars*   *<sup>(Note 1)</sup>* *Millions of yen*   *(except per* *(except per share amounts and number of employees)*   *share amounts)*\n2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2004 *For the years ended*   *Mar. 31, 2005*   *Mar. 31, 2004*   *Mar. 31, 2003*   *Mar. 31, 2002*   *Mar. 31, 2001*   *Mar. 31, 2005*\nNet sales ¥8,576,277 ¥7,429,219 ¥6,828,588 ¥6,196,241 ¥6,089,620 $80,152\nOperating income 861,160 824,855 737,230 489,215 290,314 8,048\nNet income 512,281 503,667 495,165 372,262 331,075 4,788\nNet income per share <sup>(Note 2)</sup> 125.16 122.02 117.75 92.61 83.53 1.17\nCash dividends paid <sup>(Note 3)</sup> 94,236 74,594 50,800 27,841 0 881\nShareholder’s equity ¥2,465,750 ¥2,023,994 ¥1,808,304 ¥1,620,822 ¥ 957,939 $23,044\nTotal assets 9,848,523 7,859,856 7,349,183 7,215,005 6,451,243 92,042\nNet consolidated automotive debt <sup>(Note 4)</sup> (205,791) 13,603 107,952 431,714 952,657 (1,923)\nNumber of employees 183,607 123,748 127,625 125,099 133,833\nNotes: 1. Unless indicated otherwise, all dollar figures herein refer to U.S. currency.  Yen amounts have been translated into U.S. dollars, for convenience\nonly, at ¥107 = $1, the approximate exchange rate on March 31, 2005.\n2. Net income per share amounts are based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each year.\nFigures for net income per share are in exact yen and U.S. dollars.\nNumber of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2005: 4,520,715,112.\n3. Cash dividends during the full year by subsidiary companies to non-Nissan minority shareholders are not included.\n4. Net consolidated automotive debt was ¥8,602 million cash positive in fiscal year 2002, ¥215,861 million cash positive in fiscal year 2003, and\n¥453,470 million cash positive in fiscal year 2004, using the same accounting principles as fiscal year 2001.",
+                    "page_start": 1,
+                    "page_end": 2,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORLD\n\n### GENERAL OVERSEAS MARKETS\n\nhave Nissan national sales\ncompanies. It’s a very\ndiverse composition of small\nand large nations, and many\nlanguages and cultures.\nIn fiscal 2004 we met all\nour targets for sales and\nprofit. Out of Nissan’s total unit sales of\napproximately 3.4 million vehicles, for example, GOM\naccounted for 678,000 units. We contribute to\nNissan’s performance in both volume expansion and\nprofitability. And the operating profit margin for GOM\nis better than the corporate average.\nThe strongest regions in my territory were several African\nnations, such as South Africa, and Latin America. Our\nsuccess was due in part to general market strength, but the\ncontinuing appeal of the Nissan Pickup in South Africa and\nLatin America was also a key. Aside from the Middle East,\nwhere larger vehicles like the Armada are preferred, sales\nfor the Pickup and the X-TRAIL have been consistently\nstrong in all markets. We produce the Pickup in South\nAfrica and currently sell over 40,000 vehicles there every\nyear; our market share is around 9 percent. In addition to\nAfrica, the vehicles produced here will be sold in Europe,\nAustralia and New Zealand starting at the beginning of\n2006. In 2005, in the Middle East, we are already seeing\nsignificant increases in volume due to the launch of Infiniti\nand the introduction of new Nissan models in the latter\nhalf of 2004.\nThere are several risks associated with a diverse\nterritory like ours, including political issues, economic\nissues, and a range of other external factors. At Nissan,\nour policy is to stay flexible and adapt to the situation. For\nexample, we had initially planned to supply Pathfinder\nvehicles to the Middle East from Spain. However, the rise in\nthe euro raised costs, so we quickly shifted production to\nthe U.S. Because our job is so diversified, we felt we\nneeded more strategic thinking within GOM. For this",
+                    "page_start": 68,
+                    "page_end": 68,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### MANUFACTURING\n\nO U R  W O R K\n“By following the Nissan Production Way and the\nprinciple of  *doukiseisan*  —meaning synchronization\nwith the customer—manufacturing at Nissan remains\nflexible and integrated, and keeps lead times short.\nThe Nissan Production Way incorporates integration at\nthe supplier, global and logistic levels. That is why we\nremain the most productive manufacturer in the world.\nWe’ve also become much more efficient, as our\nutilization rates show. In Japan, we were operating at\n54 percent of capacity in 1999. In fiscal 2004 that\nfigure increased to 86 percent, which is just about the\nmaximum possible. During NISSAN Value-Up, we will\nincrease our global utilization rate from approximately\n74 percent to over 80 percent. We will not achieve that\ntarget by closing facilities, either. In fact, we’ve opened\nnew plants in the U.S. and China, and increased\ncapacity at our other facilities.\nManufacturing achieved a series of milestones during\nNISSAN 180. One of the biggest was opening the Canton\nplant in the U.S., which got up to speed quickly, launching\nfive new vehicles in a period of just eight months. We built\ntwo plants in China, and restarted operations in Egypt. We\ndramatically expanded the Decherd, Tennessee engine\nplant in the U.S., and all engines for North America are now\nbuilt at Decherd or at our plant in Mexico.\nWe also commenced cross-production with Renault:\nNissan began building Renault’s Platina in Mexico and its\nTraffic in Spain, while Renault began building our Pickup\nand Xterra at its factory in Brazil. We also started\nproduction of common engines with Renault, with our\nsubsidiary Aichi Kikai and the Yokohama plant producing\nthe four-cylinder engines used in our new Tiida, Note and\nLafesta models. In Japan, we launched six new models in\njust six months—the Murano, Fuga, Lafesta, Tiida, Tiida\nLatio and Note. We also launched three vehicles—the Tiida,\nTeana and Tiida Latio—in China.\nWhile we were successful in Japan and China, we did\nhave quality issues at the Canton facility. This was\nunfortunate, since it affected our ratings in the J. D. Power\nand Associates Initial Quality Study. We’ve since taken\neffective measures to resolve these problems. More",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## OUR WORK\n\n### MANUFACTURING\n\ncabriolet. NISSAN 180 was a great success for\nus. Today, our Spanish factory is in full\nproduction and our Sunderland plant is\npreparing to turn out the three new models.”\nCOLIN DODGE\nSenior Vice President\nNissan Europe\nEurope MANUFACTURING IN EUROPE\nO U R  W O R K\nThe above are all part of the Nissan Integrated\nManufacturing System, known as NIMS, which provides\nmore flexibility in manufacturing. Using NIMS, for example,\nwe can produce eight models on a single line. During\nNISSAN 180, we introduced 16 NIMS lines worldwide into\nour 18 total major lines. For NISSAN Value-Up, we will\nincrease this to 22 NIMS lines.\nWe will need that flexibility during NISSAN Value-Up,\nbecause twice a month we will be launching new cars\nsomewhere—a total of 70 production starts. We cannot do\nthis with our old system. The launch stage can be a difficult\nperiod, and too often problems arise that can cause panic\non the line. To cope with these problems, we’ve devised\nwhat we call the Global Launching Expert system. The\nlaunch expert can stand back and analyze the situation and\ncome up with solutions. We are now identifying, educating\nand dispatching launch experts from around the world. In\n2006, we will further refine our launch procedures by\nopening the Global Production Engineering Center.\nCurrently, if we produce the same car in several markets,\nthe launches are separate activities. In the future, we will\n‘bundle’ all launches by developing the launch process and\ncreating the dies in Japan. This bundle will then be\nreproduced and forwarded to the various factories\nproducing the car.\nWe have established four key factors for success\nduring NISSAN Value-Up: quality, timely delivery, cost, and\nthe environment. Regarding the environment, we have\nidentified three environmental issues, which are CO 2 ,\nrecycling, and emissions such as chemical emissions and\nvolatile organic compounds. This is our newest challenge,\nsince we do not yet have concrete targets on a global scale\nas we do for Japan.\nOur goal is to maintain Nissan’s status as the world\nleader in manufacturing by aggressively implementing new\ntechnologies and expertise. Our processes are designed",
+                    "page_start": 53,
+                    "page_end": 53,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## PERFORMANCE\n\n### FISCAL YEAR 2004 FINANCIAL REVIEW\n\nNISSAN REPORTED A RECORD YEAR IN TERMS OF REVENUES, OPERATING INCOME, NET INCOME,\nSALES AND PRODUCTION VOLUME IN FISCAL 2004. NISSAN ACHIEVED TWO OF ITS THREE COMMITMENTS\nFOR NISSAN 180: AN 8 PERCENT OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN AND ZERO NET AUTOMOTIVE DEBT.\nTHE REMAINING COMMITMENT IS THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ONE MILLION ADDITIONAL UNIT SALES.\nAT MID-YEAR 2005, GLOBAL SALES AT 1,809,000 UNITS WERE SLIGHTLY AHEAD OF THE COMMITMENT TO\nREACH 3,597,000 UNITS BY THE END OF SEPTEMBER 2005.\nP E R F O R M A N C E **Net Sales**\nConsolidated net sales came to ¥8,576.3 billion, up 15.4\npercent from last year. A higher volume and mix had a\npositive impact of ¥707.0 billion. Movements in foreign\nexchange rates produced a negative impact of ¥173.0\nbillion. Changes in the scope of consolidation, including\nDongfeng Motor and Yulon Nissan Motor, raised revenues\nby ¥432.0 billion.\n**Operating Income**\nConsolidated operating profit improved by 4.4 percent from\nlast year to a record ¥861.2 billion. This resulted in an\noperating profit margin of 10.0 percent. Operating profit\nwas affected by the following factors:\n-  The effect of foreign exchange rates produced a ¥78\nbillion negative impact for the full year. The\ndepreciation of the U.S. dollar against the yen resulted\nin a negative impact of ¥74 billion, with an additional\n¥13 billion from other currencies. The appreciation of\nthe euro resulted in a positive impact of ¥9 billion.\n-  The change in the scope of consolidation produced\na positive impact of ¥31 billion. This was primarily\nfrom the consolidation of Dongfeng Motor and Yulon\nNissan Motor.\n-  The impact of the higher volume and mix contributed\n¥284 billion. This was mainly driven by an increase in\nU.S. sales volume.\n-  Selling expenses increased by ¥114 billion, also\nmainly due to the increase of sales in the U.S.\n-  The improvement in purchasing costs amounted to\n¥131 billion.\n-  Product enrichment and the cost of regulations had\na negative impact of ¥92 billion.\n-  An additional ¥44 billion was allocated to R&D to\nreinforce product and technology development.\n-  Cost reductions from manufacturing efficiencies were\noffset by costs associated with expanding the Canton\nplant’s capacity, which resulted in a ¥15 billion",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## FINANCIAL SECTION\n\n### CONSOLIDATED FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY\n\nNissan Motor Co., Ltd. and Consolidated Subsidiaries\n*Fiscal years 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001 and 2000*\nFINANCIAL SECTION\n*Millions of* *U.S. dollars*   *<sup>(Note 1)</sup>* *Millions of yen*   *(except per* *(except per share amounts and number of employees)*   *share amounts)*\n2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2004 *For the years ended*   *Mar. 31, 2005*   *Mar. 31, 2004*   *Mar. 31, 2003*   *Mar. 31, 2002*   *Mar. 31, 2001*   *Mar. 31, 2005*\nNet sales ¥8,576,277 ¥7,429,219 ¥6,828,588 ¥6,196,241 ¥6,089,620 $80,152\nOperating income 861,160 824,855 737,230 489,215 290,314 8,048\nNet income 512,281 503,667 495,165 372,262 331,075 4,788\nNet income per share <sup>(Note 2)</sup> 125.16 122.02 117.75 92.61 83.53 1.17\nCash dividends paid <sup>(Note 3)</sup> 94,236 74,594 50,800 27,841 0 881\nShareholder’s equity ¥2,465,750 ¥2,023,994 ¥1,808,304 ¥1,620,822 ¥ 957,939 $23,044\nTotal assets 9,848,523 7,859,856 7,349,183 7,215,005 6,451,243 92,042\nLong-term debt 1,963,173 1,694,793 1,603,246 1,604,955 1,402,547 18,347\nDepreciation and amortization 525,926 461,037 371,125 374,827 360,191 4,915\nNumber of employees 183,607 123,748 127,625 125,099 133,833\nNotes: 1. Unless indicated otherwise, all dollar figures herein refer to U.S. currency.  Yen amounts have been translated into U.S. dollars, for convenience\nonly, at ¥107 = $1, the approximate exchange rate on March 31, 2005.\n2. Net income per share amounts are based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each year.\nFigures for net income per share are in exact yen and U.S. dollars.\nNumber of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2005: 4,520,715,112.\n3. Cash dividends during the full year by subsidiary companies to non-Nissan minority shareholders are not included.\nSales and Production (units) 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 *For the years ended*   *Mar. 31, 2005*   *Mar. 31, 2004*   *Mar. 31, 2003*   *Mar. 31, 2002*   *Mar. 31, 2001*\nGlobal vehicle production 3,293,339 2,883,409 2,586,602 2,428,279 2,475,730\nJapan 1,481,563 1,475,063 1,444,314 1,272,851 1,313,527\nUnited States 803,556 619,665 392,458 363,366 352,927\nMexico 325,086 308,322 340,658 328,946 312,691\nSpain 142,889 116,589 84,919 137,502 136,807\nUnited Kingdom 319,652 331,924 297,719 296,788 327,792\nOthers 51,572 31,846 26,534 28,826 31,986\nGlobal unit sales (wholesale) 3,470,422 2,946,782 2,635,686 2,460,484 2,564,160\nJapan 819,152 799,206 792,767 702,657 725,842\nNorth America <sup>(Notes 1 and 2)</sup> 1,394,099 1,204,882 1,040,684 968,030 985,168\nEurope <sup>(Note2)</sup> 554,901 548,693 458,222 453,697 513,048\nOthers <sup>(Note 1)</sup> 702,270 394,001 344,013 336,100 340,102\nNotes: 1. Unit sales in Mexico are included in “North America.”\n2. Sales and Production for Europe and Mexico for each year are on a January to December basis.  (In the annual reports for the fiscal years before",
+                    "page_start": 71,
+                    "page_end": 71,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## WHO WE ARE\n\n### SALES FINANCE\n\nratio was 1.1 percent, and our lease loss ratio\nwas 0.4 percent. Both ratios have improved\nsince the previous year. We also grew our dealer\ninventory-financing portfolio. At the beginning of\n2003, we had 359 dealerships in our inventory\nfloor plan count. By the end of fiscal 2004, that\nhad increased to 595. It’s a profitable business,\nand one that sets the stage for a strong overall\nrelationship with the dealer.\nOn the cost side of our business, we have\neffectively managed our operating expenses,\nwhich represent another KPI. From the beginning\nof fiscal 2003 to the end of fiscal 2004 we\nimproved our operating efficiency metric by over\n20 percent, and continue to be among the\nindustry leaders in cost structure.\nRegarding our funding strategy,\napproximately fifty percent of funding comes\nfrom asset-backed securitization, making that\nour largest funding source. However, that\nproportion has been declining because we\nbegan using a variety of other funding sources,\nincluding commercial paper and bonds, after\nour ratings improvement. As a result, our\ndependence on Nissan North America for\nfunding via inter-company loans will be reduced\nin the future.\nUnder NISSAN Value-Up, we will work closely\nwith Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. and Nissan North\nAmerica to provide additional sales-financing\ncapabilities in new global markets, which can be\na key to increasing sales volume. To achieve the\nsame kind of success we have achieved in our\nnew Mexican sales-financing efforts under the\nNISSAN 180 plan, we will support the global\nInfiniti expansion and other geographic growth,\nincluding developing financial products for the\nlight commercial vehicle market.”\nSTEVEN R. LAMBERT\nPresident and CEO\nNissan Motor\nAcceptance Corporation\nW H O  W E  A R E",
+                    "page_start": 30,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2004 Annual Report\n\n## WHO WE ARE\n\n### OUR WAY\n\n#### **Corporate Governance**\n\nthreads of emerging trends. Our designs are bold, geared to electrify and inspire. We see little\npoint in building vehicles that please everyone but excite no one.\nThe appeal of a Nissan goes much deeper than the fine lines of its body and the gleam of\nits paint. We make some of the world’s most advanced high-performance engines and\ntransmissions. From our renowned VQ engine series to the latest in high technology,\ncontinuously variable transmissions (CVT), we blend driving pleasure with safety, fuel efficiency,\nand real-world environmental solutions.\nNissan has a long history of leadership and innovation in the automotive industry. We began\nour quest to create the best cars in the world in 1933, when the company was founded in\nYokohama. The first Datsun passenger car rolled off the assembly line two years later. In the\nyears since, we have fashioned a reputation for bold and innovative products. We were the first\ncompany to design, manufacture and export a small pickup truck from Japan to the United\nStates, and to build and export a sports sedan, the Datsun 510. And we were the first to\nproduce a true sports car that was also affordable, the Z. Today, we build equally exceptional\nvehicles in factories throughout the world that consistently rank in the top tier for efficiency,\nproductivity and quality.\nIn the future, we will take the Nissan brand into new segments and markets. We will\naccelerate the pace of automotive evolution. And our products will continue to define our brand\nwith clarity and consistency that brings lasting value to all our stakeholders.",
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+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf",
+                "query": "Why did Sundance Energy's oil sales improve in 2014?",
+                "target_page": 18,
+                "target_passage": "The increase in oil revenues was the result of increased oil production volumes ($81.3 million) offset by a decrease in product pricing ($15.7 million). ",
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+                    "text": "## * **2014 Review** *   *—2014 was a year of stark economic contrasts*\n\n##### *prices towards the floor of the range.*\n\nunbalanced, driving prices down almost 50% and rendering material portions of global\noil and gas development uneconomic.\nOur peers went from talking about their growth prospects to fretting about cash costs\nand liquidity, a stark contrast from the go-go growth times which existed in the first half\nof the year. This shift in industry strategy has now come in line with our general business\nphilosophy — in the resource space, low-cost, low debt businesses will survive and thrive\nacross cycles; and, relative to our US onshore peer group, Sundance boasts a top 15%\ncost structure and balance sheet.\nOur position as a cost and balance sheet leader is underpinned by two key philosophies:\n1) investment in a leading technical team that is encouraged to take reasonable risks to\nimprove recoveries and/or reduce costs, and 2) a ruthless focus on portfolio returns as\ndemonstrated by our consistent track record of divesting assets that don’t fit our strategic\nobjectives or promise lower forward return profiles.\nOur high quality Eagle Ford acreage produces strong recoveries at reasonable costs and\nthus generates good returns, even in a low price environment. Because of these character-\nistics, the majority of our forward capital is expected to be invested generating strong\ngrowth and shareholder returns in the Eagle Ford.\nWith mixed appraisal results in the Woodford, Sundance’s Mississippian/Woodford\nposition generally requires higher prices to meet our hurdle rates. Because of the mixed\nWoodford results, higher overall unit costs, and depressed pricing at year end, we\nrecognized an impairment charge of ~$60 million on these assets at year 2014. Had\nprices maintained their strength, we likely would have been in a position to recover our\ninvestment from these assets.\n**CEO’S REPORT**\n**4**\n**Sundance’s Performance versus the ASX 200**\n**ANNUAL PERCENTAGE CHANGE**\nIN 2P PV10\n(NET ASSET VALUE) IN SUNDANCE\n**YEAR** PER DEBT ADJUSTED SHARE PRICE PER SHARE IN ASX200\n2014 21.6% -48.0% 1.1%\n2013 63.3% 29.9% 15.1%\n2012 -15.6% 87.8% 14.6%\n2011 59.7% -44.6% -14.5%\nAs oil prices started to tumble, we reacted swiftly.  In early November 2014, we began",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## * **2014 Review** *   *—2014 was a year of stark economic contrasts*\n\n##### *in our industry. During the first half as in the past several years,*\n##### *historically volatile West Texas Intermediate oil prices seemed*\n##### *range bound between $80 and $110 with geopolitical events*\n##### *driving prices towards the ceiling and demand risks pushing*\n##### *prices towards the floor of the range.*\nIn the US, E&P companies were spending record amounts of capital, fueled by cheap\nand plentiful debt, on horizontal drilling and completions to drive production growth\nwhile making material strategic acquisitions in order to increase their long-term\nexposure to oil prices.\nThe easy credit environment caused asset prices to increase significantly to the point\nwhere, in our view, risk adjusted returns on new acquisitions were threatening cyclical\nlows. In line with our strategy, Sundance had monetized several mature assets realizing\n~$50 million in current period gains while freeing up\n~$165 million in invested capital.\nWe primarily reinvested this capital in production growth\nand cash flow with only about $75 million reinvested in\nacquiring oil and gas leases and producing properties. This\nresulted in our production increasing from 5,028 BOEPD\nto 9,434 BOEPD by December 2014 and full year EBITDAX\nincreasing $73.8 million to $126.4 million in 2014. Had\nprices stayed steady, we likely would have generated\nearnings before income taxes of over $85 million and a\nreturn on capital in excess of 20%.\nOur second capital priority for the year was to conclude the appraisal of the Woodford\nformation in our Logan County, Oklahoma assets. We viewed this relatively modest, but\nhigher risk, investment as having a 25% chance of success with a 15x upside. Unfortunately,\nwe met with mixed success in our appraisal activities proving that in today’s onshore\nUS oil and gas industry that the best absolute returns are generated by drilling in proved\nregions. There are plenty of solid opportunities to efficiently grow the business without\nexposure to undue geologic risk.\nLike many prior bubbles driven by new technologies, the second half of the year saw the\npricing environment come crashing down around us. The market became fundamentally",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## I  Natural gas (Mboe)\n\n**2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014**\n$85,345\n$159,793\n$126,373\n$165,142\n$72,755\n25%\n18%\n82%\n75%\n$338,366\n$217,514\n$52,594\n1,000\n2,000\n3,000\n4,000\n5,000\n6,000\n7,000\n**DAILY PRODUCTION**\n**(Mboe)**\nI  Oil and NGL (Bbls)\nI  Natural gas (Mboe)\n80%\n20%\n16%\n84%\n**2013 2014**\n##### * **Dear Fellow Shareholders,** *\n##### *I am pleased to present Sundance Energy Australia Limited’s*\n##### *Annual Report for the 12 months ended 31 December 2014. It*\n##### *has been another year of significant progress for Sundance*\n##### *across our portfolio of liquids rich oil and gas assets in the US.*\nThe Company’s strategic focus on growing production, cash flows and reserves from\nlarge, repeatable resource plays in North America continues to deliver positive results\nwith growth in production, cash flows, and reserves.\nDuring late 2013 and 2014, we completed the divestment of our interest in the Williston\nBasin in North Dakota for $51 million which realised an internal rate of return of 45 percent;\nand also opportunistically divested our interest in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in Colorado\nfor $114 million which realised an internal rate of return of 104 percent. These divestitures\nof smaller, less scalable positions enabled us to focus on developing and growing our\nassets in the Eagle Ford in Texas and our Mississippian/Woodford assets in Oklahoma.\nDespite the reduction in crude oil and liquids prices towards the end of the year\nand continuing into 2015, the operational performance and focused, value-adding\ntransactions during the past year have positioned the Company very favourably for\nfuture growth in net asset value and shareholder returns.\n####### **A year of growing production, cash flow and reserves**\nIn line with our strategy we continued to increase the level of company operated assets,\nand successfully maintained a very strong focus on optimising our operations and reducing\ncosts. This resulted in an impressive improvement in well performance combined with a\ntop tier cost structure.\nThrough our operated development program, we ended 2014 with record production\nof 9,434 barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOEPD) compared with an exit rate of 5,028\nBOEPD in December 2013 and an average annual production of 6,635 BOEPD compared",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## I  Natural gas (Mboe)\n\nto 3,015 BOEPD in 2013. During 2014 we drilled and completed 42.7 net wells, primarily\nin the Eagle Ford, bringing our total well count to 81.3 by 31 December 2014. High\nvalue oil comprised approximately 69 percent of our total 2014 annual production\nand production from Sundance-operated projects accounted for 89 percent of total\nproduction for the year.\nCorresponding with the growth in annual production, the Company’s full year revenues\nincreased to $159.8 million and Adjusted EBITDAX increased to $126.4 million.\nThe Company’s development program also generated significant growth in Constant Case\nreserves during the year. More details are contained elsewhere in this Annual Report,\nbut in summary our 1P Reserves at the end of 2014 were 26.0 MBOE, 2P Reserves 54.1\nMBOE, and 3P Reserves 147.7 MBOE. This compares with Reserves of 20.7 MBOE, 34.6\nMBOE, and 92.8 MBOE, respectively, at the end of 2013.\nIn the current price environment, we have elected to scale back our drilling program to\nmainly concentrate on limited drilling obligations to hold Eagle Ford acreage. This will\nenable us to maintain our low leverage profile, which was approximately 1.03x debt to\nAdjusted EBITDAX at year end, and focus on growing our drilling inventory in an environ-\nment with less competition for leases and small acquisitions. Liquidity was $84 million at\nyear end, with a borrowing base redetermination in 2015 expected to materially increase\ndebt availability if the use of such funds is justified in line with our strategy.\n####### **The Eagle Ford -  driving value and production growth**\nSundance has grown its Eagle Ford acreage position from ~7,200 acres upon entering the\nbasin to approximately 26,160 net mineral acres in the Eagle Ford at the end of 2014\nwhich includes the acquisition of approximately 18,000 net acreage in 2014. By the end of\nthe first quarter 2015 this had grown to 38,701 net mineral acres. Our growing presence\nin this prolific oil and gas region has been driving significant value for the Company and\nour shareholders, and continues to form our priority focus for development and acreage\ngrowth in the coming years.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **EAGLE FORD**\n\n##### *The Eagle Ford continues to have one of the highest internal*\n##### *rates of return of any of the US unconventional resource plays.*\nBecause of its relatively low operating costs,\nthe Eagle Ford to remains profitable during\ncurrent oil commodity pricing conditions.\nSundance has quickly transformed the Eagle\nFord position acquired in its merger with\nTexon Petroleum Ltd to its most valuable\nasset in its portfolio through development\nand growing its drilling inventory.\nIn 2014, the Company\nbrought 35 gross (26.1\nnet) Eagle Ford wells into\nproduction by D&P investments of $244 million. Through $26\nmillion of direct mineral leases and $36 million of acquisitions\nin 2014, the Company increased its Eagle Ford acreage position\nto 20,742 net acres, which represents 153.7 net undrilled\n3P Reserves locations.\nSince its entrance into the Eagle Ford in March 2013, the Company has:\n-  increased its production over 10x to a 2014 exit rate of 8,177 BOEPD (a 290\npercent CAGR);\n-  increased 1P Constant Case Reserves by 10x to 18,132 MBOE (PV10 of $449.3 million\n(an 18x increase));\n-  increased its acreage to approximately 33,000 net acres, primarily in the volatile oil\nand condensate window of the Eagle Ford (includes 14,180 net acres acquired in January\n2015 and excludes 5,418 net acres targeting the Georgetown Formation in neighboring\nMaverick County);\n-  increased its producing well count to 77\ngross (53.8 net), with an additional 19 gross\n(10.6 net) wells in progress at year-end;\n-  increased its undrilled 3P Reserves drilling\nlocations to 153.7 net; which represents a\n4.3 year drilling inventory (assuming two rig",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **FINANCIAL OVERVIEW**\n\n2,000\n4,000\n6,000\n8,000\n10,000\n$10,000\n$20,000\n$30,000\n$40,000\n$50,000\n**REVENUE**  (US$000s)  **AND PRODUCTION**  (Boe/d)\nI REVENUE — Boe/d\n**Q1-13 Q2-13 Q3-13 Q4-13 Q1-14 Q2-14 Q3-14 Q4-14**\n$5,000\n$10,000\n$15,000\n$20,000\n$25,000\n$30,000\n$35,000\n$40,000\n20%\n40%\n60%\n80%\n100%\n**Q1-13 Q2-13 Q3-13 Q4-13 Q1-14 Q2-14 Q3-14 Q4-14**\n**ADJUSTED EBITDAX AND MARGIN**\nI ADJUSTED EBITDAX (US$000s)\n— ADJUSTED EBITDAX MARGIN (%)\n**6**\nIn addition to the significantly improved operating profitability, the Company exited two\nnon-core basins which resulted in a gain on sales of non-current assets of $50.3 million.\nThe DJ and Bakken dispositions that occurred in 2014 are further proving the Company’s\ntrack-record of large opportunistic dispositions that result in a high internal rate of\nreturn; allowing the Company to reinvest proceeds in basins with higher risk-adjusted\nreturns. Since 2007, the Company disposed of six\nprospects or basins with an aggregate transaction\nvalue of nearly $400 million. These dispositions had a\ntransaction value weighted return of 83 percent. The\n2014 DJ disposition (transaction value of $113 million)\nyielded the Company’s highest internal rate of return\nto date of 104 percent.\nAs a result of the increased revenue, cost controlled\noperating and G&A expenses and gain on sales, offset\nby the Company’s non-cash impairment of $71.2\nmillion (due to the depressed oil commodity pricing\nat year-end), the Company reported profits before\nincome tax for the year of $14.5 million.\nAs mentioned above, the Company’s Adjusted EBITDAX for the period ($126.4 million)\napproximates its operating cash flow of $128.1 million. This operating cash flow, along\nwith i) net proceeds from the disposition of the DJ and Bakken basins ($118.8 million),\nii) net proceeds from issuance of equity ($68.7 million) and iii) net debt draws ($100.0\nmillion) were the Company’s primary sources of cash (collectively $415.6 million), fund-",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAIRMAN’S LETTER**\n\n####### **Positive outlook for 2015**\nDespite the current oil pricing scenario, Sundance’s medium-to-long term growth\ntrajectory looks very positive.\nWe can demonstrate this through:\n-  A track record of capital efficient growth\n-  A track record of value creation\n-  Being a low cost/high margin operator\n-  Having top tier Eagle Ford assets with an extensive drilling inventory\n-  Having a clean balance sheet\nAs a mid-tier oil and gas producer and explorer in the S&P/ASX All Australian 200 index,\nand with the increasing interest and support from institutional and retail investors. I believe\nthat Sundance will deliver significant long-term value from our assets for our shareholders.\n####### **Thank you for your support**\nWe have had a busy year at Sundance and I would like to recognise the efforts and valued\ncontribution of the Board of Directors, management team and all staff and contractors of\nthe Company in helping us achieve our strategic goals. I am confident that we have the\nright team and excellent assets in place to execute our clear and focused strategy that we\nexpect to deliver significant value for our shareholders.\nOn behalf of the Board and Company, I would like to thank our shareholders for your\nstrong support of the Company throughout the year. We are committed to delivering\nlong-term value for our shareholders and I look forward to reporting over the rest of the\ncoming year on the continued value creation and growth of Sundance.\nYours sincerely,\n**M IKE H ANNELL**\n*Chairman*\n*The Company has a*\n*strong balance sheet to*\n*withstand the current low*\n*oil price environment,*\n*and our sound financial*\n*management strategy*\n*has seen the Company*\n*well supported by*\n*both new and existing*\n*investors in Australia*\n*and internationally.*\n##### * **Dear Fellow Shareholders,** *",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAIRMAN’S LETTER**\n\n**2**\n*Despite the reduction in*\n*crude oil and liquids*\n*prices towards the end of*\n*the year and continuing*\n*into 2015, the opertional*\n*performance and focused,*\n*value-adding transactions*\n*during the past year have*\n*positioned the Company*\n*very favourably for future*\n*growth in net asset value*\n*and shareholder returns.*\n**3**\nAt year end, we had 197 gross 3P Reserves drilling locations across our Eagle Ford\nacreage where we continue to pursue operational and drilling efficiencies, opportunities\nto further improve well economics by improving recoveries and reducing costs. In 2014\nthis included a switch to pad drilling with zipper fracs and new completion techniques\nthat have provided significant upside in production.\nDespite our current scaling back of drilling activity, we have set 2015 production guidance\nat 7,850 -  8,500 BOEPD, an increase from the previous year of some 13 -  17 percent,\nbut a target that we believe is achievable while maintaining acceptable levels of liquidity\ngiven our demonstrated abilities and growing footprint in the Eagle Ford.\n####### **Safety and Environment**\nSundance has a strong culture throughout the organisation of ensuring that high standards\nof safety are maintained and that our operations are conducted in an environmentally\nresponsible way. During 2014 our comprehensive safety program was enhanced and\nfurther improvements will be a strong focus throughout 2015.\n####### **A strong financial position**\nSundance is well placed for future growth in the Eagle Ford. The Company has a strong\nbalance sheet to withstand the current low oil price environment, and our sound financial\nmanagement strategy has seen the Company well supported by both new and existing\ninvestors in Australia and internationally.\nWe expect that Sundance will grow organically and also through further leasing or\nbolt-on acquisitions in our core Eagle Ford focus area within our current, conservative\nbalance sheet parameters.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "####### **Corporate Overview and Strategy**\nSundance Energy Australia Limited (ASX: SEA) is an\nonshore oil and natural gas company focused on the\nexploration, development and production of large,\nrepeatable resource plays in North America. The Company’s\noil and natural gas properties are located in premier U.S.\noil and natural gas basins, and its current operational\nactivities are focused in south Texas targeting the Eagle\nFord formation (‘‘Eagle Ford’’) and north central Oklahoma\ntargeting the Mississippian and Woodford formations\n(‘‘Mississippian/Woodford’’).\nThe Company utilises its U.S.-based management and\ntechnical team to appraise, develop, produce and grow its\nportfolio of assets. The Company’s strategy focuses on\ngenerating cash flow from its existing production base,\ndeveloping assets where it is the operator and has high\nworking interests, exploring for additional resources\nwithin its existing basins and pursuing strategic merger\nand acquisition opportunities, which positions it to\ncontrol the pace of its development and the allocation\nof capital resources.\n####### **Contents**\nPerformance Summary .......................................................1\nChairman’s Letter................................................................2\nManaging Director’s Letter..................................................4\nFinancial Overview.............................................................6\nOperations Overview..........................................................8\nEagle Ford.........................................................................10\nGreater Anadarko .............................................................12\nDirectors’ Report...............................................................15\nRemuneration Report .......................................................28\nAuditor’s Independence Declaration.................................45\nCorporate Governance......................................................46\nFinancial Information.......................................................54\nDirectors’ Declaration .....................................................106\nAuditor’s Report..............................................................107\nAdditional Information...................................................109\nCorporate Information....................................................111\nForward-Looking Statements .........................................111\nCompetent Persons Statement........................................111\n####### **Abbreviations & Definitions**\n**1P Reserves**  —proved reserves which have at least a 90%\nprobability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or\nexceed the estimate\n**2P Reserves**  —proved plus probable reserves which have at\nleast a 50% probability that the quantities actually recovered",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Greater Anadarko 1P\n\n### **DIRECTORS’ REPORT**\n\n####### * **Review of Operations** *\n\nrespectively.\n**Oil sales.**  Oil sales increased by $65.6 million (82.7%) to $145.0 million for the year ended 31 December 2014 from $79.4 million\nfor the prior year. The increase in oil revenues was the result of increased oil production volumes ($81.3 million) offset by a\ndecrease in product pricing ($15.7 million). Oil production volumes increased 102.4% to 1,675,078 Bbls for the year ended 31\nDecember 2014 compared to 827,432 Bbls for the prior year. The average price we realised on (NGL) the sale of our oil\ndecreased by 9.8% to $86.56 per Bbl for the year ended 31 December 2014 from $95.92 per Bbl for the prior year.\n**Natural gas sales.**  Natural gas sales increased by $3.4 million (122.1%) to $6.2 million for the year ended 31 December 2014\nfrom $2.8 million for the prior year. The increase in natural gas revenues was primarily the result of increased production\nvolumes ($2.6 million) and improved product pricing ($0.8 million). Natural gas production volumes increased 868,800 Mcf\n(93.0%) to 1,803,000 Mcf for the year ended 31 December 2014 compared to 934,200 Mcf for the prior year. The average price\nwe realised on the sale of our natural gas increased by 15.1% to $3.42 per Mcf for the year ended 31 December 2014 from\n$2.97 per Mcf for the prior year.\n\n**Natural gas liquids sales (NGL)**  .  NGL sales increased by $5.4 million (169.5%) to $8.6 million for the year ended 31 December\n2014 from $3.2 million for the same period in prior year. The increase in NGL revenues was primarily the result of increased\nproduction volumes in the Eagle Ford and Anardarko Basins. NGL production volumes increased 172,131 Bbls (179.6%) to\n267,952 Bbls for the year ended 31 December 2014 compared to 95,821 Bbls for the prior year. The average price we realised\non the sale of our natural gas liquids decreased by 3.6% to $32.24 per Bbl for the year ended 31 December 2014 from $33.45\nper Bbl for the prior year.\n\n**Year ended 31 December**\n**Selected per Boe metrics (US$) 2014 2013**\n**Change in**\n**$**\n**Change as**\n**%**\nTotal oil, natural gas and NGL revenue ................................... 71.22 79.10 (7.88) (10.0)\nLease operating expense ......................................................... (6.03) (11.23) (5.21) (46.4)\nProduction tax expense ........................................................... (3.10) (5.80) (2.70) (46.5)\nDepreciation and amortisation expense ................................. (38.15) (33.57) 4.58 13.6",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf",
+                "query": "I heard that Sundance Energy has acquired land in South Texas in July 2014, where is it?",
+                "target_page": 21,
+                "target_passage": "In July 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of approximately 5,700 net Eagle Ford acres in Dimmit County, South Texas",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                {
+                    "text": "####### **Corporate Overview and Strategy**\nSundance Energy Australia Limited (ASX: SEA) is an\nonshore oil and natural gas company focused on the\nexploration, development and production of large,\nrepeatable resource plays in North America. The Company’s\noil and natural gas properties are located in premier U.S.\noil and natural gas basins, and its current operational\nactivities are focused in south Texas targeting the Eagle\nFord formation (‘‘Eagle Ford’’) and north central Oklahoma\ntargeting the Mississippian and Woodford formations\n(‘‘Mississippian/Woodford’’).\nThe Company utilises its U.S.-based management and\ntechnical team to appraise, develop, produce and grow its\nportfolio of assets. The Company’s strategy focuses on\ngenerating cash flow from its existing production base,\ndeveloping assets where it is the operator and has high\nworking interests, exploring for additional resources\nwithin its existing basins and pursuing strategic merger\nand acquisition opportunities, which positions it to\ncontrol the pace of its development and the allocation\nof capital resources.\n####### **Contents**\nPerformance Summary .......................................................1\nChairman’s Letter................................................................2\nManaging Director’s Letter..................................................4\nFinancial Overview.............................................................6\nOperations Overview..........................................................8\nEagle Ford.........................................................................10\nGreater Anadarko .............................................................12\nDirectors’ Report...............................................................15\nRemuneration Report .......................................................28\nAuditor’s Independence Declaration.................................45\nCorporate Governance......................................................46\nFinancial Information.......................................................54\nDirectors’ Declaration .....................................................106\nAuditor’s Report..............................................................107\nAdditional Information...................................................109\nCorporate Information....................................................111\nForward-Looking Statements .........................................111\nCompetent Persons Statement........................................111\n####### **Abbreviations & Definitions**\n**1P Reserves**  —proved reserves which have at least a 90%\nprobability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or\nexceed the estimate\n**2P Reserves**  —proved plus probable reserves which have at\nleast a 50% probability that the quantities actually recovered",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **EAGLE FORD**\n\n##### *The Eagle Ford continues to have one of the highest internal*\n##### *rates of return of any of the US unconventional resource plays.*\nBecause of its relatively low operating costs,\nthe Eagle Ford to remains profitable during\ncurrent oil commodity pricing conditions.\nSundance has quickly transformed the Eagle\nFord position acquired in its merger with\nTexon Petroleum Ltd to its most valuable\nasset in its portfolio through development\nand growing its drilling inventory.\nIn 2014, the Company\nbrought 35 gross (26.1\nnet) Eagle Ford wells into\nproduction by D&P investments of $244 million. Through $26\nmillion of direct mineral leases and $36 million of acquisitions\nin 2014, the Company increased its Eagle Ford acreage position\nto 20,742 net acres, which represents 153.7 net undrilled\n3P Reserves locations.\nSince its entrance into the Eagle Ford in March 2013, the Company has:\n-  increased its production over 10x to a 2014 exit rate of 8,177 BOEPD (a 290\npercent CAGR);\n-  increased 1P Constant Case Reserves by 10x to 18,132 MBOE (PV10 of $449.3 million\n(an 18x increase));\n-  increased its acreage to approximately 33,000 net acres, primarily in the volatile oil\nand condensate window of the Eagle Ford (includes 14,180 net acres acquired in January\n2015 and excludes 5,418 net acres targeting the Georgetown Formation in neighboring\nMaverick County);\n-  increased its producing well count to 77\ngross (53.8 net), with an additional 19 gross\n(10.6 net) wells in progress at year-end;\n-  increased its undrilled 3P Reserves drilling\nlocations to 153.7 net; which represents a\n4.3 year drilling inventory (assuming two rig",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n### **2014 2013**\n\n####### **Year ended 31 December US$’000 US$’000**\n\nCosts carried forward in respect of areas of interest in:\nExploration and evaluation phase, at cost 156,680 167,694\nProvision for impairment (1,550) (1,550)\n**Total Exploration and Evaluation Expenditure**  155,130 166,144\n\n####### **a) Movements in carrying amounts:**\nExploration and evaluation\nBalance at the beginning of the period 166,144 33,439\nAmounts capitalised during the period 39,670 14,770\nFair value of assets acquired - 151,115\nAllocation of working interest assets acquired 34,184 -\nExploration costs expensed <sup>(1)</sup> (10,934) -\nReclassifications to assets held for sale - (1,104)\nAmounts transferred to development phase (59,209) (31,999)\nExploration tenements sold during the period (14,725) (77)\n**Balance at end of period**  155,130 166,144\n\n(1)  The Company drilled three exploratory wells in the Anadarko Basin that did not have economically\nrecoverable reserves (i.e. dry wells) and as such, all associated costs were written off.\n\nIn July 2014, the Company acquired the working interest in approximately 9,200 gross (5,700 net) in Dimmit County,\nTexas.  The purchase price included an initial cash payment of $35.5 million and a commitment to drill four Eagle\nFord wells.  The purchase price was allocated between exploration and evaluation and development and production\nassets based on discounted cash flows of developed producing wells.\n\nThe ultimate recoupment of costs carried forward for exploration phase is dependent on the successful development\nand commercial exploitation or sale of respective areas.\n\n####### **NOTE 19 -  PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT**",
+                    "page_start": 86,
+                    "page_end": 86,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## Capturing and Delivering Growth\n\ngas hub in central Australia. This\narrangement for 200 PJ meant\nthat Origin could avoid building\na pipeline and that Santos could\ncapture a share of the saving.\nGas swapping will commence in\n2005 and could continue until the\nend of 2011.\nA second gas swap, from eastern\nQueensland to Gippsland, moved\ngas through three states and five\njoint ventures, expanding market\nhorizons for partners and\nproviding backup options\nto customers.\n**EXPANDED CASINO CONTRACT**\n**ENHANCES VALUE**\nThe commercialisation of the\nCasino gas field in the Otway\nBasin, offshore southern Australia,\ncontinued during 2004 with an\nincrease in the quantity of gas\nbeing sold under the initial term\nsheet signed in September 2003\nwith TXU for 293 PJ.\nWhen the project was sanctioned\nin October 2004, the joint venture\nannounced an extension to the\noriginal Gas Sales Agreement to\nsupply up to 420 PJ of gas, and\npossibly another 105 PJ, over 12\nyears for the Victorian or South\nAustralian markets.\nThe Casino contracts are unique\nin that the reserves have been\ncontracted prior to the field being\nfully appraised to confirm the\nquantity of gas available. This\nhas allowed the joint venture\nto undertake appraisal drilling\nand near field exploration\nprograms with the knowledge\nthat  all of the gas likely to be\ndiscovered will be taken, thereby\nsignificantly reducing the risk.\nThis shortens the time from\ndiscovery to production and\ndelivers profits to Santos and\nits shareholders sooner.\n**WA CONTRACTS FAST-TRACK**\n**JOHN BROOKES**\nSantos and its co-venturer\nApache won two significant gas\ncontracts in Western Australia\nwhich resulted in the fast\ntracking and sanctioning of the\nJohn Brookes gas field in the\nCarnarvon Basin.\nThe successful appraisal of the\nfield in late 2003 and early 2004\nsignificantly increased the\navailable gas reserves. The\ndecision to bring the field into\nproduction by mid-2005 enabled\nactive marketing of gas above\nthat already allocated to support\nthe declining East Spar field.\nIn a separate move, designed to\nenhance future commercialisation\nopportunities, the joint venture\nequity interests in the East Spar\nand the John Brookes fields were\naligned through an acquisition\nprogram which created an\nimportant production hub\nat Varanus Island.",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## SANTOS GROUP INTERESTS\n\nAs at 28 February 2005\nLicence Area % Interest\n**SOUTH AUSTRALIA**\n*(PPL = Petroleum Production Licence;*\n*PL = Pipeline Licence)*\n**Cooper Basin**  * <sup>(I)</sup> (Fixed Factor Area)\n(SA Unit PPLs 6-20, 22-25, 27-61, 63-75,\n78-117, 119, 120, 124, 126-130, 132-135,\n137-141, 143-146, 148-151, 153-155, 157,\n159-166, 169-181, 183-186, 188-190, 192,\n193, 195, 196, 198, 199 and in\nQueensland PPL12) 66.6\n**Downstream**  * <sup>(I)</sup> (PL2) 66.6\n**Patchawarra East Joint Operating Area**  *\n(PPLs 26, 76, 77, 118, 121-123, 125,\n131, 136, 142, 147, 152, 156, 158,\n167, 182, 187, 191, 194 & 197) 72.3\n**QUEENSLAND**\n*(PL = Petroleum Lease; PPL = Pipeline Licence)*\n**South-West Queensland**  *\nATP 259P\nNaccowlah (PLs 23-26, 35, 36, 62, 76-79,\n82, 87, 105, 107, 109, 133, 149, 175,\n181, 182 & 189 55.5\nTotal 66 (PLs 34, 37, 63, 68, 75, 84, 88,\n110, 129, 130, 134, 140, 142-144, 150,\n168, 178, 186, 193, PPL8 & PPL14) 70.0\nWareena (PLs 113, 114, 141, 145, 148,\n153, 157, 158, 187 & 188) 61.2\nInnamincka (PLs 58, 80, 136, 137,\n156 & 159) 70.0\nAlkina 72.0\nAquitaine A (PLs 86, 131, 146,\n177 & 208) 52.5\nAquitaine B (PLs 59-61, 81, 83, 85, 97,\n106, 108, 111, 112, 132, 135, 139, 147,\n151, 152, 155, 205 & 207) 55.0\nAquitaine C (PLs 138 & 154) 47.8\n50/40/10 (PL 55) 60.0\nSWQ Unit (PLs 12-13, 16-18, 31, 34,\n36-40, 46-48, 62, 64-72, 78-82, 84,\n86, 94-96, 98, 100, 101 & 105 and\nin South Australia PLs 5, 9 & 15) 60.1\nATP 267P (Nockatunga) (PLs 33,\n50 & 51) 59.1\nATP 299P (Tintaburra) (PLs 29, 38, 39,\n52, 57, 95, 169 & 170) 89.0\nLicence Area % Interest\n**Surat Basin**\nPLs 30, 56 & 74 15.0\nATP 336P (Roma) (PLs 3-13, 93 & PPL2)* 85.0\nATP 336P (Waldegrave) (PLs 10-12, 28,\n69 & 89)* 46.3\nATP 470P (Redcap) (PL 71) 10.0\nATP 471P (Bainbilla) (PL 119 & PPL 58) 16.7\nATP 471P (Myall) (PL 192) 51.0\nBoxleigh* 100.0\nPL 1 (Moonie)* 100.0\nPL 1 (2) (Cabawin Exclusion)* 100.0\nPL 1 (FO) (Cabawin Farm-out)* 50.0\nPL 2 (A & B) (Kooroon)* 52.5\nPL 2 (Alton)* 100.0",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 43,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **Directors’ Declaration**\n\n### *Auditor's responsibility*\n\nDenver, CO 80202 USA\nPhone:  (303) 543-5700\nFax:  (303) 543-5701\nWebsite: www.sundanceenergy.net\n####### **Auditors**\nErnst & Young\nErnst & Young Centre\n680 George Street\nSydney NSW 2000\n####### **Australian Legal Advisors**\nBaker & McKenzie\nLevel 27, AMP Centre\n50 Bridge Street\nSydney, NSW 2000\nAustralia\n####### **Bankers**\nNational Australia Bank Limited -  Australia\nWells Fargo -  United States\n####### **Share Registry**\nComputershare Investor Services Pty Ltd\nLevel 5, 115 Grenfell Street\nAdelaide SA 5000\n####### **Securities Exchange Listing**\nAustralian Securities Exchange (ASX)\nASX Code:  SEA\n####### **Forward-Looking Statements**\nThis Annual Report includes forward-looking statements.\nThese statements relate to Sundance’s expectations, beliefs,\nintentions or strategies regarding the future. These statements\ncan be identified by the use of words like “anticipate”,\n“believe”, “intend”, “estimate”, “expect”, “may”, “plan”,\n“project”, “will”, “should”, “seek” and similar words or\nexpressions containing same. The forward-looking state-\nments reflect the Company’s views and assumptions with\nrespect to future events as of the date of this presentation\nand are subject to a variety of unpredictable risks, uncertain-\nties, and other unknowns. Actual and future results and\ntrends could differ materially from those set forth in such\nstatements due to various factors, many of which are\nbeyond our ability to control or predict. Given these\nuncertainties, no one should place undue reliance on any\nforward-looking statements attributable to Sundance,\nor any of its affiliates or persons acting on its behalf.\nAlthough every effort has been made to ensure this report\nsets forth a fair and accurate view, we do not undertake\nany obligation to update or revise any forward-looking\nstatements, whether as a result of new information, future\nevents or otherwise.\n####### **Competent Persons Statement**\nThis report contains information on Sundance Energy’s\nreserves and resources which has been reviewed by David\nRamsden-Wood, Professional Engineer, who is licensed in\nAlberta, Canada and is qualified in accordance with ASX\nListing Rule 5.11 and has consented to the inclusion of this\ninformation in the form and context in which it appears.\nDESIGN BY :\nMark Mulvany Graphic Design  *(Denver, CO)*\nPHOTOGRAPHY BY :\nMichael McConnell Photography  *(Denver, CO)* www.sundanceenergy.net www.sundanceenergy.com.au",
+                    "page_start": 112,
+                    "page_end": 112,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **Directors’ Declaration**\n\n#### *Report on the financial report*\nWe have audited the accompanying financial report of Sundance Energy Australia Limited, which comprises the\nconsolidated statement of financial position as at 31 December 2014 the consolidated statement of comprehensive\nincome, the consolidated statement of changes in equity and the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year\nthen ended, notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information, and\nthe directors' declaration of the consolidated entity comprising the company Sundance Energy Australia Limited\nand the entities it controlled at the year's end or from time to time during the financial year.",
+                    "page_start": 108,
+                    "page_end": 108,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **Directors’ Declaration**\n\n### *Auditor's responsibility*\n\n##### *Report on the remuneration report*\n\n####### **Sundance Energy, Inc.**\n\nsubject to any rights or restrictions attached to any shares or class or classes of shares.\n*Unlisted options and unvested RSUs*\nNo voting rights.\n\n- 109 -\n\n**Twenty largest holders of fully paid Ordinary Shares**\n**Rank Name__                          ____________ Units % Issued Capital**\n1 J P MORGAN NOMINEES AUSTRALIA LIMITED 95,979,708 17.47\n2 NATIONAL NOMINEES LIMITED 79,135,550 14.41\n3 HSBC CUSTODY NOMINEES (AUSTRALIA) LIMITED 77,105,579 14.04\n4 CITICORP NOMINEES PTY LIMITED 43,178,917 7.86\n5 GAFFWICK PTY LTD 19,500,000 3.55\n6 PROVIDENT MINERALS PTE LTD 18,292,076 3.33\n7 BNP PARIBAS NOMS PTY LTD 13,478,209 2.45\n8 ZERO NOMINEES PTY LTD 13,204,678 2.40\n9 WILLIAM TAYLOR NOMINEES PTY LTD 8,919,194 1.62\n10 CITICORP NOMINEES PTY LIMITED 8,405,435 1.53\n11 MR JAMES DAVID TAYLOR + MRS MARION AMY TAYLOR 4,830,077 0.88\n12 HSBC CUSTODY NOMINEES (AUSTRALIA) LIMITED 4,741,930 0.86\n13 GAFFWICK PTY LTD 3,500,000 0.64\n14 MR MARCUS JAMES TAYLOR 3,116,367 0.57\n15 CS FOURTH NOMINEES PTY LTD 2,818,710 0.51\n16 NAVIGATOR AUSTRALIA LTD 2,792,184 0.51\n17 MERRILL LYNCH (AUSTRALIA) NOMINEES PTY LIMITED 2,747,094 0.50\n18 RBC INVESTOR SERVICES AUSTRALIA NOMINEES PTY LIMITED 2,695,500 0.49\n19 BRESRIM NOMINEES PTY LTD 2,541,128 0.46\n20\n\nABN AMRO CLEARING SYDNEY NOMINEES PTY LTD 2,498,771 0.45\n\n**Total**\n\n**409,481,107 74.54**\n\n**Stock Exchange on which the Company’s Securities are quoted**\nThe Company’s listed equity securities are quoted on the Australian Securities Exchange, under Ticker “SEA”.\n\n**Petroleum Exploration Licenses**\nAs the Company is a petroleum exploration Company, below is a list of its interests in petroleum exploration licences\ngranted, where the licences are situated and the percentage interest held.\n\n**Exploration & Development Assets**\n\n####### **ACREAGE Prospect**\n####### **Ownership % U.S. Leases __                __ Gross Net**\nEagle Ford 31,079 33,283 65-95\nGreater Anadarko 66,177 35,034 50-100\n**US Grand Total**  97,256 68,317\n\n**On Market Buy-back**\nThere is currently no on-market buy-back.\n\n- 110 -\n\n####### **Sundance Energy Australia Limited**\nABN 76 112 202 883\n####### **Directors**\nMichael D. Hannell -  *Chairman*\nEric McCrady - *Managing Director and CEO*\nDamien A. Hannes -  *Non-Executive Director*\nNeville W. Martin -  *Non-Executive Director*\nWeldon Holcombe -  *Non-Executive Director*\n####### **Company Secretary**\nDamien Connor\n####### **Registered Office**\n32 Beulah Road\nNorwood SA 5067\nPhone: (61 8) 8363 0388\nFax: (61 8) 8132 0766\nWebsite: www.sundanceenergy.com.au\n####### **Corporate Headquarters**\n####### **Sundance Energy, Inc.**\n633 17th Street, Suite 1950",
+                    "page_start": 110,
+                    "page_end": 112,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAIRMAN’S LETTER**\n\n####### **Positive outlook for 2015**\nDespite the current oil pricing scenario, Sundance’s medium-to-long term growth\ntrajectory looks very positive.\nWe can demonstrate this through:\n-  A track record of capital efficient growth\n-  A track record of value creation\n-  Being a low cost/high margin operator\n-  Having top tier Eagle Ford assets with an extensive drilling inventory\n-  Having a clean balance sheet\nAs a mid-tier oil and gas producer and explorer in the S&P/ASX All Australian 200 index,\nand with the increasing interest and support from institutional and retail investors. I believe\nthat Sundance will deliver significant long-term value from our assets for our shareholders.\n####### **Thank you for your support**\nWe have had a busy year at Sundance and I would like to recognise the efforts and valued\ncontribution of the Board of Directors, management team and all staff and contractors of\nthe Company in helping us achieve our strategic goals. I am confident that we have the\nright team and excellent assets in place to execute our clear and focused strategy that we\nexpect to deliver significant value for our shareholders.\nOn behalf of the Board and Company, I would like to thank our shareholders for your\nstrong support of the Company throughout the year. We are committed to delivering\nlong-term value for our shareholders and I look forward to reporting over the rest of the\ncoming year on the continued value creation and growth of Sundance.\nYours sincerely,\n**M IKE H ANNELL**\n*Chairman*\n*The Company has a*\n*strong balance sheet to*\n*withstand the current low*\n*oil price environment,*\n*and our sound financial*\n*management strategy*\n*has seen the Company*\n*well supported by*\n*both new and existing*\n*investors in Australia*\n*and internationally.*\n##### * **Dear Fellow Shareholders,** *",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## I  Natural gas (Mboe)\n\n**2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014**\n$85,345\n$159,793\n$126,373\n$165,142\n$72,755\n25%\n18%\n82%\n75%\n$338,366\n$217,514\n$52,594\n1,000\n2,000\n3,000\n4,000\n5,000\n6,000\n7,000\n**DAILY PRODUCTION**\n**(Mboe)**\nI  Oil and NGL (Bbls)\nI  Natural gas (Mboe)\n80%\n20%\n16%\n84%\n**2013 2014**\n##### * **Dear Fellow Shareholders,** *\n##### *I am pleased to present Sundance Energy Australia Limited’s*\n##### *Annual Report for the 12 months ended 31 December 2014. It*\n##### *has been another year of significant progress for Sundance*\n##### *across our portfolio of liquids rich oil and gas assets in the US.*\nThe Company’s strategic focus on growing production, cash flows and reserves from\nlarge, repeatable resource plays in North America continues to deliver positive results\nwith growth in production, cash flows, and reserves.\nDuring late 2013 and 2014, we completed the divestment of our interest in the Williston\nBasin in North Dakota for $51 million which realised an internal rate of return of 45 percent;\nand also opportunistically divested our interest in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in Colorado\nfor $114 million which realised an internal rate of return of 104 percent. These divestitures\nof smaller, less scalable positions enabled us to focus on developing and growing our\nassets in the Eagle Ford in Texas and our Mississippian/Woodford assets in Oklahoma.\nDespite the reduction in crude oil and liquids prices towards the end of the year\nand continuing into 2015, the operational performance and focused, value-adding\ntransactions during the past year have positioned the Company very favourably for\nfuture growth in net asset value and shareholder returns.\n####### **A year of growing production, cash flow and reserves**\nIn line with our strategy we continued to increase the level of company operated assets,\nand successfully maintained a very strong focus on optimising our operations and reducing\ncosts. This resulted in an impressive improvement in well performance combined with a\ntop tier cost structure.\nThrough our operated development program, we ended 2014 with record production\nof 9,434 barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOEPD) compared with an exit rate of 5,028\nBOEPD in December 2013 and an average annual production of 6,635 BOEPD compared",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf",
+                "query": "I am the CFO of Sundance Energy, will my base increase in 2015 as it did in 2014?",
+                "target_page": 31,
+                "target_passage": "No increases to Managing Director’s or KMP’s base salary",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n### **2014 2013**\n\n####### **Year ended 31 December US$000 US$000**\n\nSenior Credit Facility 95,000 15,000\nJunior Credit Facility\n\n35,000 15,000\nTotal credit facilities 130,000 30,000\nDeferred financing fees (1,195) (859)\nTotal credit facilities, net of deferred financing fees\n\n128,805 29,141\n\n####### **Junior Credit Facility**\nIn August 2013, Sundance Energy, Inc. (“Sundance Energy”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered\ninto a second lien credit agreement with Wells Fargo Energy Capital, Inc., as the administrative agent (the “Junior\nCredit Facility”), which provides for term loans to be made in a series of draws up to $100 million. The Junior Credit\nFacility matures in June 2018 and is secured by a second priority lien on substantially all of the Company’s assets.\nUpon entering into the Junior Credit Facility, the Company immediately borrowed $15 million pursuant to the terms\nof the Junior Credit Facility and paid down the outstanding principal of the Senior Credit Facility. In May 2014, the\nCompany’s borrowing capacity increased to $35 million.  As at 31 December 2014, the borrowing capacity under the\nJunior Credit Facility remains at $35 million.\n**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n####### **NOTE 22 -  CREDIT FACILITIES continued**\n\nThe principal amount of the loans borrowed under our Junior Credit Facility is due in full on the maturity date.\nInterest on the Junior Credit Facility accrues at a rate equal to the greater of (i) 8.50% or (ii) a base rate (being, at\nour option, either (a) LIBOR for the applicable interest period (adjusted for Eurodollar Reserve Requirements) or (b)\nthe greatest of (x) the prime rate announced by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., (y) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (z)\none-month adjusted LIBOR plus 1.00%), plus a margin of either 6.5% or 7.5%, based on the base rate selected.\n\nThe Company is also required under our Junior Credit Facility to maintain the following financial ratios:\n-  a current ratio, consisting of consolidated current assets including undrawn borrowing capacity to\nconsolidated current liabilities, of not less than 1.0 to 1.0 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter;\n-  a maximum leverage ratio, consisting of consolidated debt to adjusted consolidated EBITDAX (as defined\nin the Junior Credit Facility), of not greater than 4.5 to 1.0 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter",
+                    "page_start": 87,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## * **2014 Review** *   *—2014 was a year of stark economic contrasts*\n\n##### *prices towards the floor of the range.*\n\nunbalanced, driving prices down almost 50% and rendering material portions of global\noil and gas development uneconomic.\nOur peers went from talking about their growth prospects to fretting about cash costs\nand liquidity, a stark contrast from the go-go growth times which existed in the first half\nof the year. This shift in industry strategy has now come in line with our general business\nphilosophy — in the resource space, low-cost, low debt businesses will survive and thrive\nacross cycles; and, relative to our US onshore peer group, Sundance boasts a top 15%\ncost structure and balance sheet.\nOur position as a cost and balance sheet leader is underpinned by two key philosophies:\n1) investment in a leading technical team that is encouraged to take reasonable risks to\nimprove recoveries and/or reduce costs, and 2) a ruthless focus on portfolio returns as\ndemonstrated by our consistent track record of divesting assets that don’t fit our strategic\nobjectives or promise lower forward return profiles.\nOur high quality Eagle Ford acreage produces strong recoveries at reasonable costs and\nthus generates good returns, even in a low price environment. Because of these character-\nistics, the majority of our forward capital is expected to be invested generating strong\ngrowth and shareholder returns in the Eagle Ford.\nWith mixed appraisal results in the Woodford, Sundance’s Mississippian/Woodford\nposition generally requires higher prices to meet our hurdle rates. Because of the mixed\nWoodford results, higher overall unit costs, and depressed pricing at year end, we\nrecognized an impairment charge of ~$60 million on these assets at year 2014. Had\nprices maintained their strength, we likely would have been in a position to recover our\ninvestment from these assets.\n**CEO’S REPORT**\n**4**\n**Sundance’s Performance versus the ASX 200**\n**ANNUAL PERCENTAGE CHANGE**\nIN 2P PV10\n(NET ASSET VALUE) IN SUNDANCE\n**YEAR** PER DEBT ADJUSTED SHARE PRICE PER SHARE IN ASX200\n2014 21.6% -48.0% 1.1%\n2013 63.3% 29.9% 15.1%\n2012 -15.6% 87.8% 14.6%\n2011 59.7% -44.6% -14.5%\nAs oil prices started to tumble, we reacted swiftly.  In early November 2014, we began",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAIRMAN’S LETTER**\n\n####### **Positive outlook for 2015**\nDespite the current oil pricing scenario, Sundance’s medium-to-long term growth\ntrajectory looks very positive.\nWe can demonstrate this through:\n-  A track record of capital efficient growth\n-  A track record of value creation\n-  Being a low cost/high margin operator\n-  Having top tier Eagle Ford assets with an extensive drilling inventory\n-  Having a clean balance sheet\nAs a mid-tier oil and gas producer and explorer in the S&P/ASX All Australian 200 index,\nand with the increasing interest and support from institutional and retail investors. I believe\nthat Sundance will deliver significant long-term value from our assets for our shareholders.\n####### **Thank you for your support**\nWe have had a busy year at Sundance and I would like to recognise the efforts and valued\ncontribution of the Board of Directors, management team and all staff and contractors of\nthe Company in helping us achieve our strategic goals. I am confident that we have the\nright team and excellent assets in place to execute our clear and focused strategy that we\nexpect to deliver significant value for our shareholders.\nOn behalf of the Board and Company, I would like to thank our shareholders for your\nstrong support of the Company throughout the year. We are committed to delivering\nlong-term value for our shareholders and I look forward to reporting over the rest of the\ncoming year on the continued value creation and growth of Sundance.\nYours sincerely,\n**M IKE H ANNELL**\n*Chairman*\n*The Company has a*\n*strong balance sheet to*\n*withstand the current low*\n*oil price environment,*\n*and our sound financial*\n*management strategy*\n*has seen the Company*\n*well supported by*\n*both new and existing*\n*investors in Australia*\n*and internationally.*\n##### * **Dear Fellow Shareholders,** *",
+                    "page_start": 4,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## I  Natural gas (Mboe)\n\n**2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014**\n$85,345\n$159,793\n$126,373\n$165,142\n$72,755\n25%\n18%\n82%\n75%\n$338,366\n$217,514\n$52,594\n1,000\n2,000\n3,000\n4,000\n5,000\n6,000\n7,000\n**DAILY PRODUCTION**\n**(Mboe)**\nI  Oil and NGL (Bbls)\nI  Natural gas (Mboe)\n80%\n20%\n16%\n84%\n**2013 2014**\n##### * **Dear Fellow Shareholders,** *\n##### *I am pleased to present Sundance Energy Australia Limited’s*\n##### *Annual Report for the 12 months ended 31 December 2014. It*\n##### *has been another year of significant progress for Sundance*\n##### *across our portfolio of liquids rich oil and gas assets in the US.*\nThe Company’s strategic focus on growing production, cash flows and reserves from\nlarge, repeatable resource plays in North America continues to deliver positive results\nwith growth in production, cash flows, and reserves.\nDuring late 2013 and 2014, we completed the divestment of our interest in the Williston\nBasin in North Dakota for $51 million which realised an internal rate of return of 45 percent;\nand also opportunistically divested our interest in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in Colorado\nfor $114 million which realised an internal rate of return of 104 percent. These divestitures\nof smaller, less scalable positions enabled us to focus on developing and growing our\nassets in the Eagle Ford in Texas and our Mississippian/Woodford assets in Oklahoma.\nDespite the reduction in crude oil and liquids prices towards the end of the year\nand continuing into 2015, the operational performance and focused, value-adding\ntransactions during the past year have positioned the Company very favourably for\nfuture growth in net asset value and shareholder returns.\n####### **A year of growing production, cash flow and reserves**\nIn line with our strategy we continued to increase the level of company operated assets,\nand successfully maintained a very strong focus on optimising our operations and reducing\ncosts. This resulted in an impressive improvement in well performance combined with a\ntop tier cost structure.\nThrough our operated development program, we ended 2014 with record production\nof 9,434 barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOEPD) compared with an exit rate of 5,028\nBOEPD in December 2013 and an average annual production of 6,635 BOEPD compared",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **NOTE 15:  EARNINGS PER SHARE**\n\nInternal Revenue Code and applicable state law. If not utilized, a portion of our state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards will begin to\nexpire in 2031 and 2033, respectively.\nA reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nUnrecognized tax benefit at beginning of year  **$14**  $15 $21\nGross increase to tax positions in prior periods  **9**  3 1\nGross decrease to tax positions in prior periods  **(2)**  (1) (7)\nGross increase to tax positions in current period  **2**  1 1\nLapses in statute  **(3)**  — —\nSettlements  **(5)**  (4) (1)\n**Unrecognized tax benefit at end of year $15**  $14 $15\nAt the end of 2014, 2013 and 2012, $13, $7 and $7 of the ending gross unrecognized tax benefit related to items which, if recognized, would\naffect the effective tax rate.\nOur income tax expense included a decrease to expense of $1 in both 2014 and 2012, and an increase to expense of $1 in 2013, for tax-\nrelated interest and penalties. At the end of 2014, 2013 and 2012, our liability for interest and penalties was $2, $7 and $7.\nWe file income tax returns in the U.S. and a limited number of foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to federal,\nstate and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations for years before 2010. Unrecognized tax benefits related to federal, state and local tax\npositions may decrease by $4 by January 30, 2016, due to the completion of examinations and the expiration of various statutes of\nlimitations.\n####### **NOTE 15:  EARNINGS PER SHARE**\nEarnings per basic share is computed using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Earnings per\ndiluted share uses the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year plus dilutive common stock equivalents,\nprimarily stock options. Dilutive common stock reflects the issuance of stock for all outstanding options that could be exercised, and would\nalso reduce the amount of earnings that each share is entitled to. Anti-dilutive shares (including stock options and other shares) are excluded\nfrom the calculation of diluted shares and earnings per diluted share because their impact could increase earnings per diluted share.\nThe computation of earnings per share is as follows:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nNet earnings  **$720**  $734 $735\nBasic shares  **190.0**  194.5 203.0\nDilutive effect of stock options and other  **3.6**  3.2 3.7",
+                    "page_start": 72,
+                    "page_end": 72,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **NOTE 13:  STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION**\n\ngrants will be made under the 2004 Plan. As of January 31, 2015, we have 70.4 shares authorized, 40.4 shares issued and outstanding and\n16.7 shares remaining available for future grants under the 2010 Plan.\nUnder the ESPP, employees may make payroll deductions of up to 10% of their base and bonus compensation. At the end of each six-month\noffering period, participants may apply their accumulated payroll deductions toward the purchase of shares of our common stock at 90% of\nthe fair market value on the last day of the offer period. As of January 31, 2015, we had 12.6 shares authorized and 3.3 shares available for\nissuance under the ESPP. We issued 0.3 shares under the ESPP during 2014. At the end of both 2014 and 2013, we had current liabilities of\n$6 for future purchases of shares under the ESPP.\nThe 2002 Nonemployee Director Stock Incentive Plan authorizes the grant of stock awards to our nonemployee directors. These awards may\nbe deferred or issued in the form of restricted or unrestricted stock, non-qualified stock options or stock appreciation rights. As of January 31,\n2015, we had 0.9 shares authorized and 0.5 shares available for issuance under this plan. In 2014, we deferred shares with a total expense\nof less than $1.\nThe following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nStock options  **$37**  $44 $36\nAcquisition-related stock compensation  **11**  8 9\nRestricted stock units  **10**  — —\nPerformance share units  **6**  — 3\nOther  **4**  6 5\nTotal stock-based compensation expense, before income tax benefit  **68**  58 53\nIncome tax benefit  **(23)**  (19) (17)\n**Total stock-based compensation expense, net of income tax benefit $45**  $39 $36\nThe stock-based compensation expense before income tax benefit was recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Earnings as follows:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nCost of sales and related buying and occupancy costs  **$17**  $15 $14\nSelling, general and administrative expenses  **51**  43 39\n**Total stock-based compensation expense, before income tax benefit $68**  $58 $53\nThe benefit of tax deductions in excess of the compensation cost recognized for stock-based awards is classified as financing cash inflows\nand are reflected as “Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation” in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.\n**Nordstrom, Inc.**\n**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\nDollar and share amounts in millions except per share, per option and per unit amounts\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  57",
+                    "page_start": 67,
+                    "page_end": 68,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## I  Natural gas (Mboe)\n\nto 3,015 BOEPD in 2013. During 2014 we drilled and completed 42.7 net wells, primarily\nin the Eagle Ford, bringing our total well count to 81.3 by 31 December 2014. High\nvalue oil comprised approximately 69 percent of our total 2014 annual production\nand production from Sundance-operated projects accounted for 89 percent of total\nproduction for the year.\nCorresponding with the growth in annual production, the Company’s full year revenues\nincreased to $159.8 million and Adjusted EBITDAX increased to $126.4 million.\nThe Company’s development program also generated significant growth in Constant Case\nreserves during the year. More details are contained elsewhere in this Annual Report,\nbut in summary our 1P Reserves at the end of 2014 were 26.0 MBOE, 2P Reserves 54.1\nMBOE, and 3P Reserves 147.7 MBOE. This compares with Reserves of 20.7 MBOE, 34.6\nMBOE, and 92.8 MBOE, respectively, at the end of 2013.\nIn the current price environment, we have elected to scale back our drilling program to\nmainly concentrate on limited drilling obligations to hold Eagle Ford acreage. This will\nenable us to maintain our low leverage profile, which was approximately 1.03x debt to\nAdjusted EBITDAX at year end, and focus on growing our drilling inventory in an environ-\nment with less competition for leases and small acquisitions. Liquidity was $84 million at\nyear end, with a borrowing base redetermination in 2015 expected to materially increase\ndebt availability if the use of such funds is justified in line with our strategy.\n####### **The Eagle Ford -  driving value and production growth**\nSundance has grown its Eagle Ford acreage position from ~7,200 acres upon entering the\nbasin to approximately 26,160 net mineral acres in the Eagle Ford at the end of 2014\nwhich includes the acquisition of approximately 18,000 net acreage in 2014. By the end of\nthe first quarter 2015 this had grown to 38,701 net mineral acres. Our growing presence\nin this prolific oil and gas region has been driving significant value for the Company and\nour shareholders, and continues to form our priority focus for development and acreage\ngrowth in the coming years.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 3,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES**\n\nEarnings before interest and income tax expense  **1,324**  1,351 1,347 1,251 1,119\nAdd: rent expense  **137** 125 105 78 62\nLess: estimated depreciation on capitalized operating leases <sup>1</sup> **(74)**  (67) (56) (42) (32)\nNet operating profit  **1,387**  1,409 1,396 1,287 1,149\nLess: estimated income tax expense <sup>2</sup> **(544)** (539) (530) (501) (439)\n**Net operating profit after tax $843**  $710\n\nAverage total assets <sup>3</sup> **$8,860**  $8,398 $8,274 $7,890 $7,091\nLess: average non-interest-bearing current liabilities <sup>4</sup> **(2,730)**  (2,430) (2,262) (2,041) (1,796)\nLess: average deferred property incentives <sup>3</sup> **(502)** (489) (494) (504) (487)\nAdd: average estimated asset base of capitalized operating leases <sup>5</sup> **1,058** 929 724 555 425\n**Average invested capital $6,686** $5,233\n\n**Return on assets 8.1%** 8.7% 8.9% 8.7% 8.6%\n**ROIC 12.6%** 13.6% 13.9% 13.3% 13.6%\n1 Capitalized operating leases is our best estimate of the asset base we would record for our leases that are classified as operating if they had met the criteria for a capital lease\nor we had purchased the property. Asset base is calculated as described in footnote 5 below.\n2 Based upon our effective tax rate multiplied by the net operating profit for the 12 fiscal months ended January 31, 2015, February 1, 2014, February 2, 2013, January 28, 2012\nand January 29, 2011.\n3 Based upon the trailing 12-month average.\n4 Based upon the trailing 12-month average for accounts payable, accrued salaries, wages and related benefits, and other current liabilities.\n5 Based upon the trailing 12-month average of the monthly asset base. The asset base for each month is calculated as the trailing 12 months of rent expense multiplied by eight.\nThe multiple of eight times rent expense is a commonly used method of estimating the asset base we would record for our capitalized operating leases described in footnote 1.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  27\n####### **LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES**\nWe strive to maintain a level of liquidity sufficient to allow us to cover our seasonal cash needs and to maintain appropriate levels of short-\nterm borrowings. We believe that our operating cash flows, available credit facilities and potential future borrowings are sufficient to finance\nour cash requirements for the next 12 months and beyond.\nOver the long term, we manage our cash and capital structure to maximize shareholder return, maintain our financial position, manage\nrefinancing risk and allow flexibility for strategic initiatives. We regularly assess our debt and leverage levels, capital expenditure",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **Investing Activities**\n\nrequirements, debt service payments, dividend payouts, potential share repurchases and other future investments. We believe that as of\nJanuary 31, 2015, our existing cash and cash equivalents on-hand of $827, available credit facilities of $800 and potential future operating\ncash flows and borrowings will be sufficient to fund these scheduled future payments and potential long-term initiatives. Additionally, if an\nagreement is reached and a transaction is consummated in regards to our credit card receivables, it could result in additional cash flows to\nfurther support our capital requirements and strategic initiatives.\n####### **Operating Activities**\nNet cash provided by operating activities was $1,220 in 2014, $1,320 in 2013 and $1,110 in 2012. The majority of our operating cash inflows\nare derived from sales. We also receive cash payments for property incentives from developers. Our operating cash outflows generally\nconsist of payments to our merchandise vendors (net of vendor allowances), payments to our employees for wages, salaries and other\nemployee benefits and payments to our landlords for rent. Operating cash outflows also include payments for income taxes and interest\npayments on our short-term and long-term borrowings.\nCash provided by operating activities decreased in 2014 compared with 2013, which was primarily due to higher state tax payments made in\n2014 compared with 2013, as well as changes in working capital in 2014.\nCash provided by operating activities increased in 2013 compared with 2012, resulting from less state tax payments made in 2013 due to\nadditional payments made in 2012 as a result of the 53rd week, along with increased property incentives received from developers and\nchanges in working capital.\n####### **Investing Activities**\nNet cash used in investing activities was $889 in 2014, $822 in 2013 and $369 in 2012. Our investing cash flows primarily consist of capital\nexpenditures, changes in restricted cash accumulated for debt maturities and changes in credit card receivables associated with cardholder\npurchases outside of Nordstrom using our Nordstrom Visa credit cards.\nCapital Expenditures\nOur capital expenditures over the last three years totaled $2,177, with $861 in 2014, $803 in 2013 and $513 in 2012. Capital expenditures\nincreased in 2014 compared with 2013 primarily due to ongoing store expansion and increased technology investments.\nCapital expenditures increased in 2013 compared with 2012 as we continued to make progress executing our customer strategy through\nincreased investments in technology, ecommerce, remodels and new stores, including Nordstrom Rack and our Manhattan full-line store.",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **CHAIRMAN’S LETTER**\n\n**2**\n*Despite the reduction in*\n*crude oil and liquids*\n*prices towards the end of*\n*the year and continuing*\n*into 2015, the opertional*\n*performance and focused,*\n*value-adding transactions*\n*during the past year have*\n*positioned the Company*\n*very favourably for future*\n*growth in net asset value*\n*and shareholder returns.*\n**3**\nAt year end, we had 197 gross 3P Reserves drilling locations across our Eagle Ford\nacreage where we continue to pursue operational and drilling efficiencies, opportunities\nto further improve well economics by improving recoveries and reducing costs. In 2014\nthis included a switch to pad drilling with zipper fracs and new completion techniques\nthat have provided significant upside in production.\nDespite our current scaling back of drilling activity, we have set 2015 production guidance\nat 7,850 -  8,500 BOEPD, an increase from the previous year of some 13 -  17 percent,\nbut a target that we believe is achievable while maintaining acceptable levels of liquidity\ngiven our demonstrated abilities and growing footprint in the Eagle Ford.\n####### **Safety and Environment**\nSundance has a strong culture throughout the organisation of ensuring that high standards\nof safety are maintained and that our operations are conducted in an environmentally\nresponsible way. During 2014 our comprehensive safety program was enhanced and\nfurther improvements will be a strong focus throughout 2015.\n####### **A strong financial position**\nSundance is well placed for future growth in the Eagle Ford. The Company has a strong\nbalance sheet to withstand the current low oil price environment, and our sound financial\nmanagement strategy has seen the Company well supported by both new and existing\ninvestors in Australia and internationally.\nWe expect that Sundance will grow organically and also through further leasing or\nbolt-on acquisitions in our core Eagle Ford focus area within our current, conservative\nbalance sheet parameters.",
+                    "page_start": 3,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg247938.pdf",
+                "query": "What are the physical requirements for installing the Storwize V7000?",
+                "target_page": 70,
+                "target_passage": "You must consider several key factors when you are planning the physical site of a Storwize V7000 installation. The physical site must have the following characteristics: \u0002 Meets power, cooling, and location requirements of the Storwize V7000 nodes. \u0002 Has two separate power sources. \u0002 Sufficient rack space exists for the installation of controller and disk expansion enclosures. \u0002 Has sufficient maximum power rating of the rack. Plan your rack placement carefully to not exceed maximum power rating of the rack. For more information about the power and environmental requirements, see this website",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.4  Physical planning**\n\nYou must consider several key factors when you are planning the physical site of a Storwize\nV7000 installation. The physical site must have the following characteristics:\n� Meets power, cooling, and location requirements of the Storwize V7000 nodes.\n� Has two separate power sources.\n� Sufficient rack space exists for the installation of controller and disk expansion enclosures.\n� Has sufficient maximum power rating of the rack. Plan your rack placement carefully to not\nexceed maximum power rating of the rack. For more information about the power and\nenvironmental requirements, see [this website](https://ibm.biz/BdjGTt) .\nYour Storwize V7000 2076-524 and Storwize V7000 2076-624 order includes a printed copy\nof the IBM Storwize V7000 Gen2 and Gen2+ Quick Installation Guide, which also provides\ninformation about environmental and power requirements.",
+                    "page_start": 69,
+                    "page_end": 69,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.1  General planning rules**\n\nTo maximize the benefit that is realized from the Storwize V7000, pre-installation planning\nmust include several important steps. These steps ensure that the Storwize V7000 provides\nthe best possible performance, reliability, and ease of management for your application\nneeds. The correct configuration also helps minimize downtime by avoiding changes to the\nStorwize V7000 and the storage area network (SAN) environment to meet future growth\nneeds.\nThis book is *not*  intended to provide in-depth information about the described topics. For an\nenhanced analysis of advanced topics, see  *IBM System Storage SAN Volume Controller and*\n*Storwize V7000 Best Practices and Performance Guidelines*  , [SG24-7521](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg247521.html) .",
+                    "page_start": 65,
+                    "page_end": 65,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 2. System overview**\n\n### **2.3  IBM Storwize V7000 overview**\n\n#### **2.3.4  IBM Storwize V7000 licensing**\n\nWith the broad range of technical features and capabilities of the IBM Storwize V7000 Gen2\nand Gen2+, including Copy Services, External Virtualization, Easy Tier, and Real-time\nCompression, IBM simplified the licensing model to include these new features. The IBM\nStorwize V7000 offers two ways of license procurement:\n� Fully flexible\n� Bundled (license packages)\nThe license model is based on a *license-per-enclosure*  concept that is familiar from the first\ngeneration of IBM Storwize V7000. However, the second generation offers more flexibility to\nmatch your specific needs.\nThe conceptual model of the licensing in IBM Storwize V7000 Gen2 and Gen2+ is shown in\nFigure 2-5.\n*Figure 2-5   Licensing model on IBM Storwize V7000 Gen2 and Gen2+*\nThe base module is represented by  *IBM Spectrum Virtualize family*  and is mandatory for\nevery controller, enclosure, or externally managed controller unit. Additional licensed features\ncan be purchased on-demand as a full software bundle or each feature separately.\n**Upgrade:**  Installing or upgrading the code on the  *first*  generation of IBM Storwize V7000 to\nthe V8.2 does not change your license model or license needs.\nChapter 2. System overview  **19**\nAny additional licenses must be procured per every enclosure where they are planned to be\nused. For example, if you plan to build a disk array with compression enabled in one\nenclosure only (no matter if this enclosure is the control or expansion enclosure), you must\npurchase only one compression license.",
+                    "page_start": 39,
+                    "page_end": 40,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 2. System overview**\n\n### **2.3  IBM Storwize V7000 overview**\n\n#### **2.3.1  IBM Storwize V7000 models**\nThe IBM Storwize V7000 consists of enclosures and drives. An enclosure contains two\ncanisters that are seen as part of the enclosure, although they can be replaced\nindependently.\nThe IBM Storwize V7000 models are listed in Table 2-1.\n*Table 2-1   IBM Storwize V7000 models*\n**More information:**  For the most up-to-date information about features, benefits, and\nspecifications of IBM Storwize V7000 models, see [this web page](https://www.ibm.com/us-en/marketplace/storage-workload) .\nThe information in this IBM Redbooks publication is valid at the time of this writing and\ncovers IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2. As IBM Storwize V7000 matures, expect to see new\nfeatures and enhanced specifications.\n|  Model  |  Cache  |  Fibre Channel (FC) /  iSCSI / SAS ports  |  Drive slots  |  Power supply  |\n|:---|:---|:---|:---|:---|\n| 2076-AF1 (with  two node  canisters Gen2+) | 64, 128, or 256  gigabytes (GB) | 16 x 16 Gb / 6 x 1 Gb + 8x 10 Gb /  4 x 12 Gb | 24 x 2.5-inch (All Flash) | Integrated dual  power supplies  with battery |\n**14**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1",
+                    "page_start": 34,
+                    "page_end": 35,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 4. Initial configuration**\n\n### **4.1  Prerequisites**\n\nBefore initializing and setting up the Storwize V7000, ensure that the following prerequisites\nare met:\n� The installation of physical components is planned to fulfill all requirements and correctly\nexecuted, including:\n- Control enclosures are physically installed with the correct cabling.\n- The Ethernet and Fibre Channel connectivity are correctly configured.\n- Expansion enclosures, if available, are physically installed and attached to the Storwize\nV7000 nodes in the I/O group that is meant to use them.\n- The Storwize V7000 control enclosures and optional expansion enclosures are\npowered on.\n� Your web browser is supported and has the appropriate settings enabled. For more\ninformation about supported browsers and settings, see [IBM Knowledge Center](https://ibm.biz/BdYTum) .\n� You have the required information available, including:\n- For IPv4 addressing (if used):\n- Cluster IPv4 address, which is the address that is used for the management of the\nsystem.\n- Service IPv4 addresses, which are used to access node service interfaces. You\nneed one address for each node.\n- IPv4 subnet mask for each subnet used.\n- IPv4 gateway for each subnet used.\n- For IPv6 addressing (if used):\n- Cluster IPv6 address, which is used for the management of the system.\n- Service IPv6 addresses, which are used to access node service interfaces. You\nneed one address for each node.\n- IPv6 prefix for each subnet used.\n- IPv6 gateway. for each subnet used.\n- The licenses that enable you to use licensed functions, which include the licenses that\nindicate your entitlement to use licensed functions:\n- Remote Copy\n- External Virtualization\n- Real-time Compression\n- Transparent Cloud Tiering\n- Physical location of the system.\n- The name, email address, and phone number of the storage administrator who IBM\ncan contact if necessary.\n- The Network Time Protocol (NTP) server IP address (optional, but recommended),\nwhich is necessary only if you want to use an NTP service instead of manually entering\ndate and time.\n- The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) email server IP address (optional), which is\nnecessary only if you want to enable *call home*  .\n- The IP addresses for Remote Support Proxy Servers (optional), which are necessary\nonly if you want to enable Support Assistance.\nChapter 4. Initial configuration  **89**",
+                    "page_start": 109,
+                    "page_end": 110,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Front cover**\n**Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1**\nJon Tate\nJack Armstrong\nTiago Bastos\nPawel Brodacki\nFrank Enders\nSergey Kubin\nDanilo Miyasiro\nRodrigo Suzuki\nInternational Technical Support Organization\n**Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1**\nJune 2019\nSG24-7938-07\n**© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2011, 2018, 2019. All rights reserved.**\nNote to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule\nContract with IBM Corp.\n**Eighth Edition (June 2019)**\nThis edition applies to IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1 and the associated hardware and software detailed\nwithin. Note that the screen captures included within this book might differ from the generally available (GA)\nversion, because parts of this book were written with pre-GA code.\n**Note:**  Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on\npage xiii.\n© Copyright IBM Corp. 2011, 2018, 2019. All rights reserved.  **iii**",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 4,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 4. Initial configuration**\n\n### **4.3  System setup**\n\nThis section provides instructions about how to define the basic settings of the system with\nthe system setup wizard, and how to add nodes and optional expansion enclosures.",
+                    "page_start": 113,
+                    "page_end": 113,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 4. Initial configuration**\n\n### **4.3  System setup**\n\n#### **4.3.1  System setup wizard**\n\nWhether you are redirected from your PC or notebook after completing system initialization or\nyou browse to the management IP address manually, you must complete the system setup\nwizard to define the basic settings of the system.\n**Note:**  Make sure that your PC or notebook has a network route to the system IP\naddress that you specified. In particular, you can access the management GUI from\nany management console that is connected to the same subnet as the system. Enter\nthe system IP address on a supported browser to access the management GUI.\n**Note:**  The first time that you connect to the management GUI, you are prompted to accept\nuntrusted certificates because the system certificates are self-signed.\nYou can install certificates that are signed by a trusted certificate authority after you\ncomplete system setup. For more information about how to perform this task, see 4.5,\n“Configuring secure communications” on page 117.\nChapter 4. Initial configuration  **93**\nComplete the following steps to successfully complete the system setup wizard:\n1. Log in to system by using the superuser account, as shown in Figure 4-7. Click  **Log in**  .\n*Figure 4-7   System setup: Logging in for the first time*\n**Important:**  The default password for the superuser account is passw0rd (with the\nnumber zero and not the capital letter o).\n**94**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1\n2. The welcome window opens, as shown in Figure 4-8. Verify the prerequisites and click\n**Next**  .\n*Figure 4-8   System setup: Welcome*\nChapter 4. Initial configuration  **95**\n3. Carefully read the license agreement. Select  **I agree with the terms in the license**\n**agreement**  when you are ready, as shown in Figure 4-9. Click  **Next**  .\n*Figure 4-9   System setup: License agreement*\n**96**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1\n4. Enter a new password for superuser, as shown in Figure 4-10. The valid password is 6 -\n64 characters long and it cannot begin or end with a space. Click  **Apply and Next**  .\n*Figure 4-10   System setup: Changing the password for superuser*\nChapter 4. Initial configuration  **97**\n5. Enter the name that you want to give the new system, as shown in Figure 4-11. Click\n**Apply and Next**  .\n*Figure 4-11   System setup: Setting the system name*\n**98**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1\n6. Enter the number of enclosures licensed for each function as authorized by your license",
+                    "page_start": 113,
+                    "page_end": 119,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 2. System overview**\n\n### **2.8  Useful IBM Storwize V7000 websites**\nSee the following IBM Storwize V7000 web pages for more information:\n� IBM Support page:\n[https://www.ibm.com/support/home/product/5402112/IBM_Storwize_V7000_(2076)](https://www.ibm.com/support/home/product/5402112/IBM_Storwize_V7000_(2076))\n� IBM Storwize V7000 Unified and IBM Storwize V7000 Systems:\n[https://www.ibm.com/support/home/product/5421300/IBM_Storwize_V7000_Unified](https://www.ibm.com/support/home/product/5421300/IBM_Storwize_V7000_Unified)\n� IBM Storwize V7000 page support\n[http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1003741](http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1003741)\n� Direct attachment of IBM Storwize V7000\n[https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1005776](https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1005776)\n� IBM Knowledge Center:\n[https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ST3FR7_8.2.1/com.ibm.storwize.v7](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ST3FR7_8.2.1/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.821.doc/v7000_ichome.html)\n[000.821.doc/v7000_ichome.html](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/ST3FR7_8.2.1/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.821.doc/v7000_ichome.html)\n© Copyright IBM Corp. 2011, 2018, 2019. All rights reserved.  **43**",
+                    "page_start": 63,
+                    "page_end": 64,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Chapter 3. Planning**\n\n### **3.8  Back-end storage subsystem configuration**\n\nBack-end storage subsystem configuration must be planned for all storage controllers that are\nattached to the Storwize V7000.\nFor more information about supported storage subsystems, see these websites:\n� [IBM Support Information for Storwize V7000](https://www.ibm.com/support/home/product/5402112/IBM_Storwize_V7000_(2076))\n� [IBM System Storage Interoperation Center (SSIC)](https://www.ibm.com/systems/support/storage/ssic/interoperability.wss)\n**64**   Implementing the IBM Storwize V7000 with IBM Spectrum Virtualize V8.2.1\nApply the following general guidelines for back-end storage subsystem configuration\nplanning:\n� In the SAN, storage controllers that are used by the Storwize V7000 clustered system\nmust be connected through SAN switches. Direct connection between the Storwize V7000\nand the storage controller is not supported.\n� Enhanced Stretched Cluster configurations have additional requirements and\nconfiguration guidelines. For more information about performance and preferred practices\nfor the Storwize V7000, see  *IBM System Storage SAN Volume Controller and Storwize*\n*V7000 Best Practices and Performance Guidelines*  , SG24-7521.\nIf your back-end storage system does not support the Storwize V7000 round-robin algorithm,\nensure that the number of MDisks per storage pool is a multiple of the number of storage\nports that are available. This approach ensures sufficient bandwidth for the storage controller,\nand an even balance across storage controller ports.\nIn general, configure disk subsystems as though Storwize V7000 was not used. However,\nthere might be specific requirements or limitations as to the features usable in the specific\nback-end storage system when it is attached to Storwize V7000. Review the appropriate\nsection of documentation to verify that your back-end storage is supported and to check for\nany special requirements at [this website](https://ibm.biz/Bdjm8H) .\nObserve the following general rules:\n� Disk drives\nExercise caution with the use of large hard disk drives so that you do not have too few\nspindles to handle the load.\n� Array sizes:\n- Storwize V7000 does not queue more than 60 I/O operations per MDisk. Therefore,\nmake sure that the MDisks presented to Storwize V7000 can handle about this many\nrequests, which corresponds to about 8 HDDs. If your array can handle higher load,",
+                    "page_start": 84,
+                    "page_end": 85,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "sg247938.pdf",
+                "query": "Is '1oijizer--10108453535318919918883384---jhjjzhiuhzrh--14584joiz///KK ' valid for a pool?",
+                "target_page": 218,
+                "target_passage": "Naming rules: When you choose a name for a pool, the following rules apply: \u0002 Names must begin with a letter. \u0002 The first character cannot be numeric. \u0002 The name can be a maximum of 63 characters. \u0002 Valid characters are uppercase letters (A - Z), lowercase letters (a - z), digits (0 - 9), underscore (_), period (.), hyphen (-), and space. \u0002 Names must not begin or end with a space. \u0002 Object names must be unique within the object type. For example, you can have a volume that is named ABC and a storage pool that is calledvolumes that are calledvolumes called ABC. \u0002 The default object name is valid (object prefix with an integer). \u0002 Objects can be renamed to their current names",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#---------------------------------\nnet1_name           = \"net_ocp_cluster2\"    # Network Name\nnet1_vlan_id        = \"1\"                   # VLAN ID\nnet1_subnet         = \"192.168.11.0/21\" # Network/Mask\nnet1_gateway        = \"192.168.11.1\" # Gateway\nnet1_start          = \"192.168.11.202\" # First IP from Pool\nnet1_end            = \"192.168.11.212\" # Last IP from Pool",
+                    "page_start": 131,
+                    "page_end": 131,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#---------------------------------\nnet1_name           = \"net_ocp_cluster1\"    # Network Name\nnet1_vlan_id        = \"1\"                   # VLAN ID\nnet1_subnet         = \"192.168.11.0/21\" # Network/Mask\nnet1_gateway        = \"192.168.11.1\" # Gateway\nnet1_start          = \"192.168.11.223\" # First IP from Pool\nnet1_end            = \"192.168.11.223\" # Last IP from Pool",
+                    "page_start": 130,
+                    "page_end": 130,
+                    "source_file": "sg248459.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 6. Storage pools\n\n### **6.2  Working with internal drives and arrays**\n\n#### **6.2.1  Working with drives**\n\nas *Candidates*  . Initial setup or Assign storage GUI wizards do that automatically.\n*Figure 6-26   Actions on internal storage*\nThe actions available depend on the status of the drive or drives selected. Some actions can\nbe run only on a set of them, and some are possible only for individual drives.\n**Action: Fix error**\nThis action is only available if the drive selected has an error event that is associated with it.\nSelect  **Fix Error**  to start the Directed Maintenance Procedure (DMP) for the selected drive.\nFor more information about DMPs, see Chapter 13, “RAS, monitoring, and troubleshooting”\non page 673.\n**Action: Take offline**\nSelect  **Take Offline**  to take a drive offline. You must confirm the action, as shown in\nFigure 6-27.\n*Figure 6-27   Taking a drive offline*\nIf a spare drive is available and the drive is taken offline, the MDisk of which the failed drive is\na member remains *Online*  . The spare is automatically reassigned. If no spare drive is\navailable and the drive is taken offline, the status of the array of which the failed drive is a\nmember becomes *Degraded*  . Therefore, the status of the storage pool to which the MDisk\nbelongs becomes *Degraded*  as well.\nThe system prevents you from taking the drive offline if one of the following conditions is true:\n� The first option was selected and no suitable spares are available.\n� Losing another drive in the array results in data loss.\nA drive that is taken offline is considered *Failed*  , as shown in Figure 6-28 on page 211.\nChapter 6. Storage pools\n*Figure 6-28   An offline drive is marked as failed*\nTo set the drive offline with the CLI, use  **[chdrive](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_chdrive.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  . See Example 6-12. This command returns\nno feedback.\n*Example 6-12   Setting drive offline with CLI*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K::superuser>chdrive -use failed 3\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K::superuser>\n**Action: Mark as**\nSelect  **Mark as**  to change the usage that is assigned to the drive, as shown in Figure 6-29. A\nlist of available use options depends on current drive state and allowed state changes, as was",
+                    "page_start": 230,
+                    "page_end": 232,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 12. Encryption\n\n### **12.8  Using encryption**\n\n#### **12.8.4  Encrypted MDisks**\n\nas self-encrypting. Correctly declaring an MDisk as self-encrypting avoids waste of\nresources, such as CPU time. However, when used improperly, it might lead to unencrypted\ndata at-rest.\nTo declare an MDisk as self-encrypting, select  **Externally encrypted**  when adding external\nstorage in the  **Assign Storage**  view, as shown in Figure 12-77.\n*Figure 12-77   Declaring MDisk as externally encrypted*\nIBM Spectrum Virtualize products can detect that an MDisk is self-encrypting by using the\nSCSI Inquiry page C2. MDisks that are provided by other IBM Spectrum Virtualize products\nreport this page correctly. For these MDisks, the  **Externally encrypted**  option that is shown in\nFigure 12-77 is not selected. However, when added, they are still considered as\nself-encrypting.\n**Note:**  You can override the external encryption setting of a detected MDisk as\nself-encrypting and configure it as unencrypted by using the CLI command  **chmdisk**\n**-encrypt no**  . However, only do so if you plan to decrypt the data on the backend or if the\nbackend uses inadequate data encryption.\nChapter 12. Encryption\nTo check whether an MDisk was detected or declared as self-encrypting, click  **Pools**  →\n**MDisk by Pools**  and verify the information in the Encryption column, as shown in\nFigure 12-78.\n*Figure 12-78   MDisk self-encryption state*\nThe value that is shown in the Encryption column shows the property of objects in respective\nrows. That means that in the configuration that is shown in Figure 12-78, Pool1 is encrypted,\nso every volume created from this pool is encrypted. However, that pool is formed by two\nMDisks, out of which one is self-encrypting and one is not. Therefore, a value of No next to\nmdisk2 does not imply that encryption of Pool1 is in any way compromised. It only indicates\nthat encryption of the data placed on mdisk2 is done by using software encryption. Data that\nis placed on mdisk1 is encrypted by the back-end storage that is providing these MDisks.",
+                    "page_start": 682,
+                    "page_end": 684,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 12. Encryption\n\n### **12.8  Using encryption**\n\n#### **12.8.4  Encrypted MDisks**\n\nFor more information about how to add external storage to a pool, see Chapter 6, “Storage\npools” on page 191. Each MDisk that belongs to external storage that is added to an\nencrypted pool or child pool is automatically encrypted by using the pool or child pool key,\nunless the MDisk is detected or declared as self-encrypting.\nThe user interface gives no method to see which extents contain encrypted data and which\ndo not. However, if a volume is created in a correctly configured encrypted pool, all data that\nis written to this volume is encrypted.\nChapter 12. Encryption\nYou can use the MDisk by Pools view to show the object encryption state by clicking  **Pools**  →\n**MDisk by Pools**  . Figure 12-76 shows an example in which self-encrypting MDisk is in an\nunencrypted pool.\n*Figure 12-76   MDisk encryption state*\nWhen working with MDisks encryption, take extra care when configuring MDisks and pools.\nIf the MDisk was earlier used for storage of unencrypted data, the extents can contain stale\nunencrypted data. This issue occurs because file deletion only marks disk space as free. The\ndata is *not*  removed from the storage. Therefore, if the MDisk is not self-encrypting and was a\npart of an unencrypted pool, and later was moved to an encrypted pool, it contains stale data\nfrom its previous life.\nAnother mistake that can occur is to misconfigure an external MDisk as self-encrypting, while\nin reality it is not self-encrypting. In that case, the data written to this MDisk is not encrypted\nby Storwize V7000 because Storwize V7000 is convinced that the MDisk encrypts the data.\nAt the same time, the MDisk does not encrypt the data because it is not self-encrypting, so\nyou end up with unencrypted data on an extent in an encrypted pool.\nHowever, all data that is written to any MDisk that is a part of correctly configured encrypted\npool is going to be encrypted.\n**Self-encrypting MDisks**\nWhen adding external storage to a pool, be exceptionally diligent when declaring the MDisk",
+                    "page_start": 681,
+                    "page_end": 682,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n#### **11.4.2  System log exit for z/OS**\n\n*     Return codes:                                                   * 00360000\n*                                                                     * 00370000\n*        NORMAL:        R15 = return code from WTO                    * 00380000\n*                                                                     * 00390000\n*     Exits:            Return to caller via BR 14                    * 00400000\n*                                                                     * 00410000\n*     External References:                                            * 00420000\n*                                                                     * 00430000\n*     Change Activity:  See below                                     * 00440000\n*                                                                     * 00450000\n*     Ver Rel Mod    Date    Description of Change                    * 00460000\n*     ___________  ________  _______________________________________  * 00470000\n*      0?  0?  00  04/05/00  Release ?.?                              * 00480000\n*                                                                     * 00490000\nEND OF MODULE SPECIFICATIONS      *** 00500000\nARSLOG   csect                                                          00510000\nARSLOG   rmode any                                                      00520000\nARSLOG   amode 31                                                       00530000\nusing *,r15                                                    00540000\nb     pastcopy                                                 00550000\ndc    C'ARSLOG  &sysdate'                                      00560000\ndc    C'5622-662 (C) COPYRIGHT IBM CORP. 2013'                 00570000\ndc    C'ALL RIGHTS RESERVED'                                   00580000\ndc    C'LICENSED MATERIALS-PROPERTY OF IBM'                    00590000\npastcopy ds    0h                                                       00600000\nstm   14,12,12(r13)                                            00610001\nlr    r12,r15                                                  00620000\nlr    r2,r1                                                    00630000\nusing plist,r2                                                 00640000\ndrop  r15                                                      00650000\nusing ARSLOG,r12                                               00660000\nstorage OBTAIN,length=workl,loc=ANY,cond=YES                   00670000\nltr   r15,r15                                                  00680000\njnz   bagit                                                    00690000\nst    r13,4(,r1)                                               00700000\nst    r1,8(,r13)                                               00710000\nlr    r13,r1                                                   00720000\nusing workarea,r13                                             00730000\n*                                                                       00740000\n* Determine the message length                                          00750005\n*                                                                       00760000\nslr   r1,r1              Number of bytes                       00770005\nl     r15,msgtxta        get starting address                  00780005\nnulloop  ds    0h                                                       00790006\ncli   0(r15),x'00'       Is it zero?                           00800005\nje    nomore             Yes - quit                            00810005\nla    r1,1(,r1)          Bump count                            00820005\nla    r15,1(,r15)        bump address                          00830005\nj     nulloop            And try next                          00840005\nnomore   ds    0h                                                       00850005\nlr    r3,r1              Save length of message                00860005\nmvc   msgtxt+2(3),=c'XXX' Set the prefix                       00870007\nla    r14,msgtxt+5       Start to place number                 00880005\nl     r15,msgnum         Get start of message number           00890005\nnumloop  ds    0h                                                       00900005\ncli   0(r15),x'00'       Null?                                 00910005\nje    nomove                                                   00920005\nmvc   0(0,r14),0(15)     move it                               00930005\nla    r14,1(,r14)        next destination                      00940005\nla    r15,1(,r15)        next source                           00950005\nj     numloop            go do next                            00960005\nnomove   ds    0h                                                       00970005\nl     r15,sev            Get severity                          00980005\ncli   0(r15),c'1'        Is it Alert                           00990005\njne   tryerror           No skip                               01000005\nmvi   0(r14),c'E'        Set error severity                    01010006\nj     donesev                                                  01020005\ntryerror ds    0h                                                       01030005\ncli   0(r15),c'2'        \"Error\" severity?                     01040005\njne   trywarn            No - skip                             01050005\nmvi   0(r14),c'E'        Set error                             01060005\nj     donesev                                                  01070006\ntrywarn  ds    0h                                                       01080005\ncli   0(r15),c'3'        Is it Warning                         01090006\njne   setinfo                                                  01100005\nmvi   0(r14),C'W'        Set Warning                           01110005\nj     donesev                                                  01120005\nsetinfo  ds    0h                                                       01130005\nmvi   0(r14),c'I'        Indicate info                         01140005\ndonesev  ds    0h                                                       01150005",
+                    "page_start": 278,
+                    "page_end": 279,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 6. Storage pools\n\n### **6.3  Working with external controllers and MDisks**\n\n#### **6.3.4  Actions on external MDisks**\n\nExternal MDisks support specific actions that are not supported on arrays. Some actions are\nsupported only on unmanaged external MDisks, and some are supported only on managed\nexternal MDisks.\n**Note:**  If the external storage LUs to virtualize behind the Storwize V7000 contain data and\nthis data needs to be retained, do not use the “Assign to pool” option to manage the\nMDisks. This option destroys the data on the LU. Instead, use the Import  option. For more\ninformation, see Chapter 9, “Storage migration” on page 385.\nTo choose an action, select the external MDisk in  **Pools**  →  **External Storage**  or  **Pools**  →\n**MDisks by Pools,**  and click  **Actions**  , as shown in Figure 6-55. Alternatively, right-click the\nexternal MDisk.\n*Figure 6-55   Actions on MDisks*\n**Discover Storage**\nThis option is available even if no MDisks are selected. By running it, you cause the system to\nrescan the iSCSI and FC network for these purposes:\n� Find any new managed disks (MDisks) that might have been added.\n� Rebalance MDisk access across all available controller device ports.\nThis action executes the CLI command  **[detectmdisk](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_requestdiscovery_21ifux.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  .\n**Assign**\nThis action is available only for unmanaged MDisks. Select  **Assign**  to open the dialog box\nthat is explained in “Assigning MDisks to pools” on page 232.\n**Modify tier**\nSelect  **Modify Tier**  to modify the tier to which the external MDisk is assigned, as shown in\nFigure 6-56. This setting is adjustable because the system cannot always detect the tiers that\nare associated with external storage automatically, unlike with internal arrays.\n*Figure 6-56   Modifying an external MDisk tier*\nFor information about storage tiers and their importance, see Chapter 10, “Advanced features\nfor storage efficiency” on page 403.\nChapter 6. Storage pools\nTo change the external MDisk storage tier, use  **[chmdisk](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_modifymdisk_21kdtr.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  . Example 6-26 shows setting the new\ntier to the mdisk2. No feedback is returned.\n*Example 6-26   Changing tier setting with CLI*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chmdisk -tier tier1_flash mdisk2\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>\n**Modify encryption**\nSelect  **Modify Encryption**  to modify the encryption setting for the MDisk. This option is\navailable only when encryption is enabled.\nIf the external MDisk is already encrypted by the external storage system, change the\nencryption state of the MDisk to  **Externally encrypted**  . This setting stops the system from\nencrypting the MDisk again if the MDisk is part of an encrypted storage pool.",
+                    "page_start": 254,
+                    "page_end": 256,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 6. Storage pools\n\n### **6.2  Working with internal drives and arrays**\n\n#### **6.2.1  Working with drives**\n\nshown in Figure 6-25 on page 209.\n*Figure 6-29   A drive can be marked as Unused, Candidate, or Spare*\nTo change the drive role with the CLI, use  **[chdrive](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_chdrive.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  . See Example 6-13. It shows the drive that\nwas set offline with a previous command is set to spare. Notice that it can’t go from *Failed*  to *Spare*  use in one step. It needs to be assigned to a  *Candidate*  role before.\n*Example 6-13   Changing drive role with CLI*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>lsdrive -filtervalue status=offline\nid status  error_sequence_number use    tech_type       capacity mdisk_id\n3  offline                       failed tier_enterprise 558.4GB\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chdrive -use spare 3\nCMMVC6537E The command cannot be initiated because the drive that you have\nspecified has a Use property that is not supported for the task.\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chdrive -use candidate 3\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chdrive -use spare 3\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>\n**Action: Identify**\nSelect  **Identify**  to turn on the LED light that identifies a drive that must be replaced or that you\nwant to troubleshoot. Select this action to access a dialog box like the one shown in\nFigure 6-30.\n*Figure 6-30   Identifying an internal drive*\nYour action makes an amber LED flash (turn on and off continuously) for the drive that you\nwant to identify.\nClick  **Turn LED Off**  when you are finished. The LED returns to its initial state.\nIn the CLI, this action requires a command that operates with the drive enclosure. The LED\ndoes not belong to a drive itself, but to the slot of the enclosure, so the command is\n**[chenclosureslot](https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ST3FR7_8.2.0/com.ibm.storwize.v7000.820.doc/svc_chenclosureslot.html?sc=ST3FR7_latest)**  . See Example 6-14 for commands to turn on and off identification LED on\nslot 3 of enclosure 1, populated with drive id 21.\n*Example 6-14   Changing slot LED to identification mode with CLI*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>lsenclosureslot -slot 3 1\nenclosure_id 1\nslot_id 3\nfault_LED off\npowered yes\ndrive_present yes\ndrive_id 21\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chenclosureslot -identify yes -slot 3 1\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>lsenclosureslot -slot 3 1\nenclosure_id 1\nslot_id 3\nfault_LED slow_flashing\npowered yes\ndrive_present yes\ndrive_id 21\nIBM_Storwize:ITSOV7K:superuser>chenclosureslot -identify no -slot 3 1\n**Action: Upgrade**\nSelect  **Upgrade**  to update the drive firmware as shown in Figure 6-31 on page 213. You can",
+                    "page_start": 232,
+                    "page_end": 233,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#AdditionalData(0->63)=00000000210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n\n## Chapter 8. Hosts\n\n### **8.3  N-Port Virtualization ID support**\n\n#### **8.3.2  Enabling NPIV on a new system**\n\n**8  500507680112A288 500507680100A288 3       1              1               010501  yes               yes         scsi**\n**9  500507680114A288 500507680100A288 3       1              1               010502  yes               yes         nvme**\n10 500507680120A288 500507680100A288 4       1              1               010A00  no                no          scsi\n**11 500507680122A288 500507680100A288 4       1              1               010A02  yes               yes         scsi**\n**12 500507680124A288 500507680100A288 4       1              1               010A01  yes               yes         nvme**\n49 500507680C110009 500507680C000009 1       2              2               010500  no                no          scsi\n**50 500507680C150009 500507680C000009 1       2              2               010502  yes               yes         scsi**\n**51 500507680C190009 500507680C000009 1       2              2               010501  yes               yes         nvme**\nChapter 8. Hosts\n52 500507680C120009 500507680C000009 2       2              2               010400  no                no          scsi\n**53 500507680C160009 500507680C000009 2       2              2               010401  yes               yes         scsi**\n**54 500507680C1A0009 500507680C000009 2       2              2               010402  yes               yes         nvme**\n55 500507680C130009 500507680C000009 3       2              2               010900  no                no          scsi\n**56 500507680C170009 500507680C000009 3       2              2               010902  yes               yes         scsi**\n**57 500507680C1B0009 500507680C000009 3       2              2               010901  yes               yes         nvme**\n58 500507680C140009 500507680C000009 4       2              2               010900  no                no          scsi\n**59 500507680C180009 500507680C000009 4       2              2               010901  yes               yes         scsi**\n**60 500507680C1C0009 500507680C000009 4       2              2               010902  yes               yes         nvme**\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>\n4. NPIV enablement can be verified by checking the fctargetportmode field, as shown in\nExample 8-4.\n*Example 8-4   NPIV enablement verification*\nIBM_Storwize:ITSO-V7000:superuser>lsiogrp 0\nid 0\nname io_grp0\nnode_count 2\nvdisk_count 2\nhost_count 2\nflash_copy_total_memory 20.0MB\nflash_copy_free_memory 20.0MB\nremote_copy_total_memory 20.0MB\nremote_copy_free_memory 20.0MB\nmirroring_total_memory 20.0MB\nmirroring_free_memory 20.0MB\nraid_total_memory 40.0MB\nraid_free_memory 38.8MB\nmaintenance no\ncompression_active yes\naccessible_vdisk_count 2\ncompression_supported yes\nmax_enclosures 10\nencryption_supported no\nflash_copy_maximum_memory 552.0MB\nsite_id\nsite_name\n**fctargetportmode enabled**\ncompression_total_memory 2047.9MB\nYou can now configure your zones for hosts by using the primary host attach ports (virtual\nWWPNs) of the Storwize V7000 ports, as shown in  **bold**  in the output of Example 8-3 on\npage 322.",
+                    "page_start": 343,
+                    "page_end": 344,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#\n\n87) echo \"Instance : $1\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\necho \"Time Stamp : $2\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\necho \"Log Identifier : $3\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\necho \"Userid : $4\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\necho \"Account : $5\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\necho \"Severity: $6\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\necho \"Message Number: $7\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\necho \"Message Text : $8\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out\n/arsacif/companyx/control_file.scr \"$@\" >> /arsacif/companyx/arslog.out ;;\n*) ;;\nesac\nexit 0",
+                    "page_start": 276,
+                    "page_end": 276,
+                    "source_file": "sg246915.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news4.pdf",
+                "query": "I want to start a company that automates kitchen tasks, does that sound like a good idea for 2025?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Smart home automation Smart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a home that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home systems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to security and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before.",
+                "chunk_present": {
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+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n## **The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\nwww.newscanada.com\nWord Count: 346\n[M ed i a A ttach m en ts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n[View](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n(NC) As we look ahead to 2025, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to revolutionize our lives. From\nenhancing our daily routines to transforming entire industries, AI’s impact is undeniable.\nThese five innovations are set to shape our future, offering unprecedented convenience, efficiency and\npersonalization.\nAI-powered computing\nAI-powered computing, such as Intel-powered laptops -  or AI PC -  is at the forefront of technological\nadvancement. But what, exactly, is an AI PC? They’re computers that have AI built into their processors\n-  also known as the brain of the computer -  which optimizes performance, enhances security and\nprovides a more personalized experience as they learn from your usage patterns. For consumers, this\nmeans faster, smarter and more secure computing tailored to your individual needs.\nSmart home automation\nSmart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a\nhome that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home\nsystems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to\nsecurity and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before.\nHealth and wellness\nThe health-care industry is seeing significant transformation. AI-driven health and wellness applications",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\nelectrical power is such that they might max out the electrical grid. The Big Tech companies counter that\nAI can be used to maximize the utilization of the grid by all. <sup>[207]</sup>\nIn 2024, the  *Wall Street Journal*  reported that big AI companies have begun negotiations with the US\nnuclear power providers to provide electricity to the data centers. In March 2024 Amazon purchased a\nPennsylvania nuclear-powered data center for $650 Million (US). <sup>[208]</sup> [ Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang said](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang)\nnuclear power is a good option for the data centers. <sup>[209]</sup>\n[In September 2024, Microsoft announced an agreement with Constellation Energy to re-open the Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\n[Mile Island nuclear power plant to provide Microsoft with 100% of all electric power produced by the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\nplant for 20 years. Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in\n1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive\n[safety scrutiny from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. If approved (this will be the first ever US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission)\nre-commissioning of a nuclear plant), over 835 megawatts of power -  enough for 800,000 homes -  of\n##### **Dominance by tech giants**\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\nenergy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is\n[dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act) <sup>[210]</sup> The\n[US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n[Nuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a\n[nuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon)\nConstellation. <sup>[211]</sup>\n[After the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan)\n[Taoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan) <sup>[212]</sup> Taiwan aims to\n[phase out nuclear power by 2025.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out) <sup>[212]</sup> [ On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore)\ndata centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban. <sup>[212]</sup>\n[Although most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n## **The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\ncan monitor vital signs, predict potential health issues, and even provide personalized fitness and\nnutrition plans. Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights,\nhelping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being.\nFinancial services\nAI is also making waves in the financial sector, offering smarter and more secure ways to manage\nmoney. From AI-driven investment platforms that provide personalized financial advice to fraud\ndetection systems that protect against cyber threats, AI can analyze vast amounts of data to identify\ntrends and make more informed financial decisions.\nEnhanced education\nIn education, enhanced learning tools provide personalized learning experiences that adapt to each\nstudent’s strengths and weaknesses. This technology can offer real-time feedback, helping students\nimprove their skills more effectively. Additionally, AI can assist educators by automating administrative\ntasks and providing insights into student performance, allowing for more focused and effective\nteaching.\nLearn more at intel.com/aipc.\n−\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN\nHave your say! Complete our\n[2025 Media Survey](https://www.newscanada.com/en/have-your-say-complete-our-2025-media-survey-137263)\n[Retrain your way to a new job](https://www.newscanada.com/en/retrain-your-way-to-a-new-job-139857) [The top AI-powered tech trends](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nin 2025\n[R el ated  P o sts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n[Ter m s o f  Use](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nEDITOR'S PICKS\n+\n+\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada\nInc. All rights reserved.\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nISSUE\nDecember 2024\nCATEGORIES\n[Technology & Cybersecurity](https://www.newscanada.com/en/Technology/content)\n[Editor's Picks](https://www.newscanada.com/en/editor-picks/content)\n[Finance - Personal](https://www.newscanada.com/en/personal-finance/content)\n[Home - Interior](https://www.newscanada.com/en/house-home/content)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n[2019/05/03/china-smart-city-exposed). 3 May 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2](https://web.archive.org/web/20210307203740/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_c8562b93-9863-4915-8523-6c7b930a3efc)\n[0210307203740/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_c85](https://web.archive.org/web/20210307203740/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_c8562b93-9863-4915-8523-6c7b930a3efc)\n[62b93-9863-4915-8523-6c7b930a3efc) from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved](https://web.archive.org/web/20210307203740/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_c8562b93-9863-4915-8523-6c7b930a3efc)\n14 September 2020.\n254. Urbina et al. (2022).\n255. E. McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and\n[Economic Democracy' (2022), 51(3) Industrial Law Journal 511- 559 (https://academic.oup.c](https://academic.oup.com/ilj/article/51/3/511/6321008)\n[om/ilj/article/51/3/511/6321008). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230527163045/htt](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527163045/https://academic.oup.com/ilj/article/51/3/511/6321008)\n[ps://academic.oup.com/ilj/article/51/3/511/6321008) 27 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine)\n256. Ford & Colvin (2015);McGaughey (2022)\n257. IGM Chicago (2017).\n258. Arntz, Gregory & Zierahn (2016), p. 33.\n259. Lohr (2017); Frey & Osborne (2017); Arntz, Gregory & Zierahn (2016, p. 33)\n[260. Zhou, Viola (11 April 2023). \"AI is already taking video game illustrators' jobs in China\" (http](https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs)\n[s://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs). ](https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs)  *Rest of World*  [. Archived (http](https://web.archive.org/web/20240221131748/https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs/)\n[s://web.archive.org/web/20240221131748/https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video](https://web.archive.org/web/20240221131748/https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs/)\n[-game-layoffs/) from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240221131748/https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-image-china-video-game-layoffs/)\n[261. Carter, Justin (11 April 2023). \"China's game art industry reportedly decimated by growing AI](https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use)\n[use\" (https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-a](https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use)\n[i-art-use). ](https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use)  *Game Developer*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230817010519/https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20230817010519/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use)\n[www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use)](https://web.archive.org/web/20230817010519/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/china-s-game-art-industry-reportedly-decimated-ai-art-use)\nfrom the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.\n262. Morgenstern (2015).\n263. Mahdawi (2017); Thompson (2014)\n264. Tarnoff, Ben (4 August 2023). \"Lessons from Eliza\".  *[The Guardian Weekly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian_Weekly)*  . pp. 34- 39.\n265. Cellan-Jones (2014).\n266. Russell & Norvig 2021, p. 1001.\n267. Bostrom (2014).\n268. Russell (2019).\n269. Bostrom (2014); Müller & Bostrom (2014); Bostrom (2015).\n270. Harari (2023).\n271. Müller & Bostrom (2014).\n272. Leaders' concerns about the existential risks of AI around 2015: Rawlinson (2015), Holley\n(2015), Gibbs (2014), Sainato (2015)\n[273. \" \"Godfather of artificial intelligence\" talks impact and potential of new AI\" (https://www.cbsne](https://www.cbsnews.com/video/godfather-of-artificial-intelligence-talks-impact-and-potential-of-new-ai)\n[ws.com/video/godfather-of-artificial-intelligence-talks-impact-and-potential-of-new-ai). ](https://www.cbsnews.com/video/godfather-of-artificial-intelligence-talks-impact-and-potential-of-new-ai)  *CBS*\n*News*  [. 25 March 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328225221/https://www.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230328225221/https://www.cbsnews.com/video/godfather-of-artificial-intelligence-talks-impact-and-potential-of-new-ai)\n[cbsnews.com/video/godfather-of-artificial-intelligence-talks-impact-and-potential-of-new-ai)](https://web.archive.org/web/20230328225221/https://www.cbsnews.com/video/godfather-of-artificial-intelligence-talks-impact-and-potential-of-new-ai)\nfrom the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.\n[274. Pittis, Don (4 May 2023). \"Canadian artificial intelligence leader Geoffrey Hinton piles on](https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/ai-doom-column-don-pittis-1.6829302)\n[fears of computer takeover\" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/ai-doom-column-don-pittis-](https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/ai-doom-column-don-pittis-1.6829302)\n[1.6829302). ](https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/ai-doom-column-don-pittis-1.6829302)  *CBC*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240707032135/https://www.cbc.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240707032135/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/ai-doom-column-don-pittis-1.6829302)\n[ca/news/business/ai-doom-column-don-pittis-1.6829302) from the original on 7 July 2024.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240707032135/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/ai-doom-column-don-pittis-1.6829302)\nRetrieved 5 October 2024.\n[275. \" '50- 50 chance' that AI outsmarts humanity, Geoffrey Hinton says\" (https://www.bnnbloomb](https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/50-50-chance-that-ai-outsmarts-humanity-geoffrey-hinton-says-1.2085394)\n[erg.ca/50-50-chance-that-ai-outsmarts-humanity-geoffrey-hinton-says-1.2085394).](https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/50-50-chance-that-ai-outsmarts-humanity-geoffrey-hinton-says-1.2085394)\n*Bloomberg BNN*  . 14 June 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.\n276. Valance (2023).\n[277. Taylor, Josh (7 May 2023). \"Rise of artificial intelligence is inevitable but should not be](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says)\n[feared, 'father of AI' says\" (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-arti](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says)\n[ficial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says). ](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says)  *The Guardian*  .\n[Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/techn](https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says)\n[ology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-](https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says)\n[of-ai-says) from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says)\n[278. Colton, Emma (7 May 2023). \" 'Father of AI' says tech fears misplaced: 'You cannot stop it' \"](https://www.foxnews.com/tech/father-ai-jurgen-schmidhuber-says-tech-fears-misplaced-cannot-stop)",
+                    "page_start": 43,
+                    "page_end": 44,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 5\n\nmanufacturing locations.\nIn 2003, we continued to make solid headway in our never-ending quest for operational improvement,\nwhich is a primary focus of our business strategy. Our ability to hold the line on operational costs, coupled\nwith increased revenues from product sales, contributed to a 20 percent improvement in operating income\nover 2002.\nOur strategy for the future continues to be focused on growth, as we remain committed to the\nfundamentals that have served us well: Financial strength that fuels continuing growth. Products that meet the\nneeds of select markets. Productivity and profitability that improve year by year.\nTo that end, we will continue to put products into the marketplace that represent the highest standards of\nintegrity and innovation. We will be relentless in our pursuit of operational measures that improve productivity\nand produce bottom-line benefits. We will seek out new ways to expand market opportunities and increase\nsales. We will continue to deploy our financial resources in the wisest way we can. We pledge our best effort\nto achieving a double-digit rate of growth in earnings per share from continuing operations. And we will\nremain vigilant in our determination to return value to those who invest in our company.\nSincerely,\nEmile A. Battat\n*Chairman of the Board and President*",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Looking Ahead**\n\nperiods:\n**-**  competition within the office furniture and fireplace industries,\nincluding competition from imported products and competitive\npricing;\n**-**  increases in the cost of raw materials, including steel, which is the\nCompany’s largest raw material category;\n**-**  increases in the cost of health care benefits provided by the\nCompany;\n**-**  reduced demand for the Company’s storage products caused by\nchanges in office technology, including the change from paper record\nstorage to electronic record storage;\n**-**  the effects of economic conditions on demand for office furniture,\ncustomer insolvencies and related bad debts, and claims against the\nCompany that it received preferential payments;\n**-**  changes in demand and order patterns from the Company’s customers,\nparticularly its top ten customers, which represented approximately\n36% of net sales in 2003;\n**-**  issues associated with acquisitions and integration of acquisitions;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize cost savings and productivity\nimprovements from its cost containment and business simplification\ninitiatives;\n**-**  the ability of the Company to realize financial benefits from invest-\nments in new products;\n**-**  the ability of the Company’s distributors and dealers to successfully\nmarket and sell the Company’s products; and\n**-**  the availability and cost of capital to finance planned growth.\n39\n*(Amounts in thousands, except for per share data)*   For the Years  **2003**  2002                                 2001\nNet sales $ 1,692,622 $ 1,792,438\n|  $  1,755,728  1,116,513  |\n|:---|\n| 639,215  480,744  8,510  |\n| 149,961  |\n| 3,940  2,970  |\n| 150,931  52,826  |\n| $  98,105  |\n| $  1.69  |\n| 58,178,739  |\n| $  1.68  |\n| 58,545,353  |\nCost of products sold 1,092,743  1,181,140\nGross Profit  599,879  611,298\nSelling and administrative expenses  454,189  464,206\nRestructuring related charges  3,000  24,000\nOperating Income  142,690  123,092\nInterest income  2,578  1,717\nInterest expense  4,714  8,548\nIncome Before Income Taxes  140,554  116,261\nIncome taxes  49,194  41,854\nNet Income $ 91,360 $ 74,407\nNet Income Per Common Share -  Basic $ 1.55 $ 1.26\nWeighted Average Shares Outstanding -  Basic 58,789,851 59,087,963\nNet Income Per Common Share -  Diluted $ 1.55 $ 1.26\nWeighted Average Shares Outstanding -  Diluted 59,021,071 59,210,049\n*The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.*\nCONSOLI DA T ED ST A T EMENT S OF I NCOME\n40\n*(Amounts in thousands of dollars and shares except par value)*   As of Year-End  **2003**  2002                                 2001\nA SSET S\nCUR R ENT  A SSET S",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Technological unemployment**\n\nartificial intelligence. <sup>[260][261]</sup>\nUnlike previous waves of automation, many middle-class jobs may be eliminated by artificial\nintelligence;  *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist)*  stated in 2015 that \"the worry that AI could do to white-collar jobs what\nsteam power did to blue-collar ones during the Industrial Revolution\" is \"worth taking seriously\". <sup>[262]</sup>\n[Jobs at extreme risk range from paralegals to fast food cooks, while job demand is likely to increase for](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralegal)\ncare-related professions ranging from personal healthcare to the clergy. <sup>[263]</sup>\nFrom the early days of the development of artificial intelligence, there have been arguments, for example,\n[those put forward by Joseph Weizenbaum, about whether tasks that can be done by computers actually](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum)\nshould be done by them, given the difference between computers and humans, and between quantitative\n##### **Technological unemployment**\ncalculation and qualitative, value-based judgement. <sup>[264]</sup>\nIt has been argued AI will become so powerful that humanity may irreversibly lose control of it. This\n[could, as physicist Stephen Hawking stated, \"spell the end of the human race\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk) <sup>[265]</sup> This scenario has been\ncommon in science fiction, when a computer or robot suddenly develops a human-like \"self-awareness\"\n(or \"sentience\" or \"consciousness\") and becomes a malevolent character. <sup>[q]</sup> These sci-fi scenarios are\nmisleading in several ways.\n[First, AI does not require human-like sentience to be an existential risk. Modern AI programs are given](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience)\n[specific goals and use learning and intelligence to achieve them. Philosopher Nick Bostrom argued that if](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom)\none gives  *almost any*  goal to a sufficiently powerful AI, it may choose to destroy humanity to achieve it\n[(he used the example of a paperclip factory manager).](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_convergence#Paperclip_maximizer) <sup>[267]</sup> [ Stuart Russell gives the example of household](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell)\nrobot that tries to find a way to kill its owner to prevent it from being unplugged, reasoning that \"you\ncan't fetch the coffee if you're dead.\" <sup>[268]</sup> [ In order to be safe for humanity, a superintelligence would have](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence)\n[to be genuinely aligned with humanity's morality and values so that it is \"fundamentally on our side\".](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment) <sup>[269]</sup>\n[Second, Yuval Noah Harari argues that AI does not require a robot body or physical control to pose an](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari)\n[existential risk. The essential parts of civilization are not physical. Things like ideologies, law,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law)\n[government, money and the economy are built on language; they exist because there are stories that](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language)\n[billions of people believe. The current prevalence of misinformation suggests that an AI could use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation)",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 18,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Other sources**\n\n[http://fusion.net/story/54583/the-case-against-killer-robots-from-a-guy-actually-building-ai)](https://web.archive.org/web/20160204175716/http://fusion.net/story/54583/the-case-against-killer-robots-from-a-guy-actually-building-ai)\nfrom the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.\n[Mahdawi, Arwa (26 June 2017). \"What jobs will still be around in 20 years? Read this to prepare](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skills-creative-health)\n[your future\" (https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robo](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skills-creative-health)\n[ts-skills-creative-health). ](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skills-creative-health)  *The Guardian*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021](https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021804/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skills-creative-health)\n[804/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skills-](https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021804/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skills-creative-health)\n[creative-health) from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.](https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021804/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/26/jobs-future-automation-robots-skills-creative-health)\nMaker, Meg Houston (2006),  *[AI@50: AI Past, Present, Future](https://web.archive.org/web/20081008120238/http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html)*  (https://web.archive.org/web/200\n[81008120238/http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html),](https://web.archive.org/web/20081008120238/http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html)\n[Dartmouth College, archived from the original (http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/0](http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html)\n[7/ai50_ai_past_pr.html) on 8 October 2008, retrieved 16 October 2008](http://www.engagingexperience.com/2006/07/ai50_ai_past_pr.html)\n[Marmouyet, Françoise (15 December 2023). \"Google's Gemini: is the new AI model really better](https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-than-chatgpt-219526)\n[than ChatGPT?\" (https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-bet](https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-than-chatgpt-219526)\n[ter-than-chatgpt-219526). ](https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-than-chatgpt-219526)  *The Conversation*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202403](https://web.archive.org/web/20240304215625/https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-than-chatgpt-219526)\n[04215625/https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-tha](https://web.archive.org/web/20240304215625/https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-than-chatgpt-219526)\n[n-chatgpt-219526) from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240304215625/https://theconversation.com/googles-gemini-is-the-new-ai-model-really-better-than-chatgpt-219526)\n[Minsky, Marvin (1986), ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky)  *[The Society of Mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Society_of_Mind)*  , Simon and Schuster\n[McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin; Rochester, Nathan; Shannon, Claude (1955). \"A Proposal for](https://web.archive.org/web/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html)\n[the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence\" (https://web.archive.org/w](https://web.archive.org/web/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html)\n[eb/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html).](https://web.archive.org/web/20070826230310/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html)\n[Archived from the original (http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.](http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html)\n[html) on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2007.](http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth/dartmouth.html)\n[McCarthy, John (2007), \"From Here to Human-Level AI\", ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist))  *Artificial Intelligence*  , p. 171\n[McCarthy, John (1999), ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist))  *What is AI?*  [ (http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/inde](http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index.html)\n[x.html), archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221204051737/http://jmc.stanford.edu/artifi](https://web.archive.org/web/20221204051737/http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index.html)\n[cial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index.html) from the original on 4 December 2022, retrieved](https://web.archive.org/web/20221204051737/http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index.html)\n4 December 2022\nMcCauley, Lee (2007). \"AI armageddon and the three laws of robotics\".  *Ethics and Information*\n*Technology*  .  **9**  [ (2): 153- 164. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.85.8904 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdo](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.85.8904)\n[c/summary?doi=10.1.1.85.8904). doi:10.1007/s10676-007-9138-2 (https://doi.org/10.1007%](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-007-9138-2)\n[2Fs10676-007-9138-2). S2CID 37272949 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:372729](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37272949)\n[49).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37272949)\nMcGarry, Ken (1 December 2005). \"A survey of interestingness measures for knowledge\ndiscovery\".  *The Knowledge Engineering Review*  .  **20**  (1): 39- 61.\n[doi:10.1017/S0269888905000408 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269888905000408).](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269888905000408)\n[S2CID 14987656 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14987656).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14987656)\nMcGaughey, E (2022),  *[Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income,](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448)*\n*and Economic Democracy*  [ (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448),](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448)\n[p. 51(3) Industrial Law Journal 511- 559, doi:10.2139/ssrn.3044448 (https://doi.org/10.213](https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3044448)\n[9%2Fssrn.3044448), S2CID 219336439 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2193364](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219336439)\n[39), SSRN 3044448 (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448),](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448)\n[archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210131074722/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/paper](https://web.archive.org/web/20210131074722/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448)\n[s.cfm?abstract_id=3044448) from the original on 31 January 2021, retrieved 27 May 2023](https://web.archive.org/web/20210131074722/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448)\nMerkle, Daniel; Middendorf, Martin (2013). \"Swarm Intelligence\". In Burke, Edmund K.; Kendall,\nGraham (eds.).  *Search Methodologies: Introductory Tutorials in Optimization and Decision*\n*Support Techniques*  [. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4614-6940-7.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6940-7)\n[Minsky, Marvin (1967), ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky)  *Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines*  , Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:\nPrentice-Hall\n[Moravec, Hans (1988). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec)  *Mind Children*  [ (https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora).](https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora)\n[Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6745-7616-2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131644/https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora)\n[0200726131644/https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora) from the original on 26](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131644/https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora)\nJuly 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.\n[Morgenstern, Michael (9 May 2015). \"Automation and anxiety\" (https://www.economist.com/new](https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-and-anxiety)\n[s/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-a](https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21700758-will-smarter-machines-cause-mass-unemployment-automation-and-anxiety)",
+                    "page_start": 59,
+                    "page_end": 60,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Red books Implementing the IBM Storwize  V7000 with IBM Spectrum  Virtualize V8.2.1\n\n## **Preface**\n\n### **Now you can become a published author, too!**\nHere’s an opportunity to spotlight your skills, grow your career, and become a published\nauthor—all at the same time! Join an ITSO residency project and help write a book in your\narea of expertise, while honing your experience using leading-edge technologies. Your efforts\nwill help to increase product acceptance and customer satisfaction, as you expand your\nnetwork of technical contacts and relationships. Residencies run from two to six weeks in\nlength, and you can participate either in person or as a remote resident working from your\nhome base.\nFind out more about the residency program, browse the residency index, and apply online at:\n**[ibm.com](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/residencies.html)**  [/redbooks/residencies.html](http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/residencies.html)",
+                    "page_start": 19,
+                    "page_end": 19,
+                    "source_file": "sg247938.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news4.pdf",
+                "query": "I want to help my parents who are in residential care, are there any trendy AI-related devices I could help them with? ",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights, helping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
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+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n## **The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\nwww.newscanada.com\nWord Count: 346\n[M ed i a A ttach m en ts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n[View](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n(NC) As we look ahead to 2025, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to revolutionize our lives. From\nenhancing our daily routines to transforming entire industries, AI’s impact is undeniable.\nThese five innovations are set to shape our future, offering unprecedented convenience, efficiency and\npersonalization.\nAI-powered computing\nAI-powered computing, such as Intel-powered laptops -  or AI PC -  is at the forefront of technological\nadvancement. But what, exactly, is an AI PC? They’re computers that have AI built into their processors\n-  also known as the brain of the computer -  which optimizes performance, enhances security and\nprovides a more personalized experience as they learn from your usage patterns. For consumers, this\nmeans faster, smarter and more secure computing tailored to your individual needs.\nSmart home automation\nSmart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a\nhome that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home\nsystems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to\nsecurity and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before.\nHealth and wellness\nThe health-care industry is seeing significant transformation. AI-driven health and wellness applications",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n## **The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\ncan monitor vital signs, predict potential health issues, and even provide personalized fitness and\nnutrition plans. Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights,\nhelping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being.\nFinancial services\nAI is also making waves in the financial sector, offering smarter and more secure ways to manage\nmoney. From AI-driven investment platforms that provide personalized financial advice to fraud\ndetection systems that protect against cyber threats, AI can analyze vast amounts of data to identify\ntrends and make more informed financial decisions.\nEnhanced education\nIn education, enhanced learning tools provide personalized learning experiences that adapt to each\nstudent’s strengths and weaknesses. This technology can offer real-time feedback, helping students\nimprove their skills more effectively. Additionally, AI can assist educators by automating administrative\ntasks and providing insights into student performance, allowing for more focused and effective\nteaching.\nLearn more at intel.com/aipc.\n−\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN\nHave your say! Complete our\n[2025 Media Survey](https://www.newscanada.com/en/have-your-say-complete-our-2025-media-survey-137263)\n[Retrain your way to a new job](https://www.newscanada.com/en/retrain-your-way-to-a-new-job-139857) [The top AI-powered tech trends](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nin 2025\n[R el ated  P o sts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n[Ter m s o f  Use](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nEDITOR'S PICKS\n+\n+\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada\nInc. All rights reserved.\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Techniques**\n\n#### **GPT**\n\n[models are prone to generating falsehoods called \"hallucinations\", although this can be reduced with](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence))\n[RLHF and quality data. They are used in chatbots, which allow people to ask a question or request a task](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatbot)\nin simple text. <sup>[122][123]</sup>\n[Current models and services include Gemini (formerly Bard), ChatGPT, Grok, Claude, Copilot, and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot)\n[LLaMA.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLaMA) <sup>[124]</sup> [ Multimodal GPT models can process different types of data (modalities) such as images,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality_(human%E2%80%93computer_interaction))\nvideos, sound, and text. <sup>[125]</sup>\n[In the late 2010s, graphics processing units (GPUs) that were increasingly designed with AI-specific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit)\n[enhancements and used with specialized TensorFlow software had replaced previously used central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)\n[processing unit (CPUs) as the dominant means for large-scale (commercial and academic) machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning)\n[learning models' training.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning) <sup>[126]</sup> [ Specialized programming languages such as Prolog were used in early AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog)\nresearch, <sup>[127]</sup> [ but general-purpose programming languages like Python have become predominant.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)) <sup>[128]</sup>\n[The transistor density in integrated circuits has been observed to roughly double every 18 months—a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit)\n[trend known as Moore's law, named after the Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, who first identified it.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moore)\n[Improvements in GPUs have been even faster.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPUs) <sup>[129]</sup>\nAI and machine learning technology is used in most of the essential applications of the 2020s, including:\n[search engines (such as Google Search), targeting online advertisements, recommendation systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommendation_systems)\n[(offered by Netflix, YouTube or Amazon), driving internet traffic, targeted advertising (AdSense,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense)\n[Facebook), virtual assistants (such as Siri or Alexa), autonomous vehicles (including drones, ADAS and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system)",
+                    "page_start": 8,
+                    "page_end": 8,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Other sources**\n\n[Bases for Clinical Decision Support: Opportunities, Hurdles, and Recommendations\" (http](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513681)\n[s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513681). ](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513681)  *Journal of the American Medical*\n*Informatics Association*  .  **13**  [ (4): 369- 371. doi:10.1197/jamia.M2055 (https://doi.org/10.119](https://doi.org/10.1197%2Fjamia.M2055)\n[7%2Fjamia.M2055). PMC 1513681 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151368](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513681)\n[1). PMID 16622160 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16622160).](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16622160)\n[Kurzweil, Ray (2005). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil)  *[The Singularity is Near](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singularity_is_Near)*  [. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-6700-3384-3.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6700-3384-3)\n[Langley, Pat (2011). \"The changing science of machine learning\" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs1](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10994-011-5242-y)\n[0994-011-5242-y). ](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10994-011-5242-y)  *[Machine Learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Learning_(journal))*  .  **82**  [ (3): 275- 279. doi:10.1007/s10994-011-5242-y (htt](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10994-011-5242-y)\n[ps://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10994-011-5242-y).](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10994-011-5242-y)\n[Larson, Jeff; Angwin, Julia (23 May 2016). \"How We Analyzed the COMPAS Recidivism](https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm)\n[Algorithm\" (https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algor](https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm)\n[ithm). ](https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm)  *ProPublica*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190429190950/https://www.prop](https://web.archive.org/web/20190429190950/https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm)\n[ublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm) from the original on 29](https://web.archive.org/web/20190429190950/https://www.propublica.org/article/how-we-analyzed-the-compas-recidivism-algorithm)\nApril 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.\n[Laskowski, Nicole (November 2023). \"What is Artificial Intelligence and How Does AI Work?](https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence)\n[TechTarget\" (https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligenc](https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence)\n[e). ](https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence)  *Enterprise AI*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20241005171229/https://www.techta](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005171229/https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence)\n[rget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence) from the original on 5](https://web.archive.org/web/20241005171229/https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence)\nOctober 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2023.\nLaw Library of Congress (U.S.). Global Legal Research Directorate, issuing body. (2019).\n*Regulation of artificial intelligence in selected jurisdictions*  [. LCCN 2019668143 (https://lccn.l](https://lccn.loc.gov/2019668143)\n[oc.gov/2019668143). OCLC 1110727808 (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110727808).](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110727808)\n[Lee, Timothy B. (22 August 2014). \"Will artificial intelligence destroy humanity? Here are 5](https://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking)\n[reasons not to worry\" (https://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worr](https://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking)\n[y-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking). ](https://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking)  *Vox*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201](https://web.archive.org/web/20151030092203/http://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking)\n[51030092203/http://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-s](https://web.archive.org/web/20151030092203/http://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking)\n[uper-intelligent-computers-taking) from the original on 30 October 2015. Retrieved](https://web.archive.org/web/20151030092203/http://www.vox.com/2014/8/22/6043635/5-reasons-we-shouldnt-worry-about-super-intelligent-computers-taking)\n30 October 2015.\n[Lenat, Douglas; Guha, R. V. (1989). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Lenat)  *Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems*  . Addison-\n[Wesley. ISBN 978-0-2015-1752-1.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2015-1752-1)\n[Lighthill, James (1973). \"Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey\". ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lighthill)  *Artificial Intelligence: a paper*\n*symposium*  . Science Research Council.\nLipartito, Kenneth (6 January 2011),  *[The Narrative and the Algorithm: Genres of Credit](https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28142/1/MPRA_paper_28142.pdf)*\n*Reporting from the Nineteenth Century to Today*  [ (https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28142/1/](https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28142/1/MPRA_paper_28142.pdf)\n[MPRA_paper_28142.pdf) (PDF) (Unpublished manuscript), doi:10.2139/ssrn.1736283 (http](https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1736283)\n[s://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1736283), S2CID 166742927 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/C](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166742927)\n[orpusID:166742927), archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mpra.ub.u](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28142/1/MPRA_paper_28142.pdf)\n[ni-muenchen.de/28142/1/MPRA_paper_28142.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 9 October](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28142/1/MPRA_paper_28142.pdf)\n2022\n[Lohr, Steve (2017). \"Robots Will Take Jobs, but Not as Fast as Some Fear, New Report Says\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html)\n[(https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-so](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html)\n[me-fear-new-report-says.html). ](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html)  *The New York Times*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/](https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html)\n[20180114073704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-](https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html)\n[not-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html) from the original on 14 January 2018.](https://web.archive.org/web/20180114073704/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/technology/robots-will-take-jobs-but-not-as-fast-as-some-fear-new-report-says.html)\nRetrieved 13 January 2018.\nLungarella, M.; Metta, G.; Pfeifer, R.; Sandini, G. (2003). \"Developmental robotics: a survey\".\n*Connection Science*  .  **15**  [ (4): 151- 190. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.83.7615 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.ed](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.83.7615)\n[u/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.83.7615). doi:10.1080/09540090310001655110 (https://doi.](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540090310001655110)\n[org/10.1080%2F09540090310001655110). S2CID 1452734 (https://api.semanticscholar.or](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1452734)\n[g/CorpusID:1452734).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1452734)\n[\"Machine Ethics\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044821/http://www.aaai.org/Library/Sy](https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044821/http://www.aaai.org/Library/Symposia/Fall/fs05-06)\n[mposia/Fall/fs05-06). ](https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044821/http://www.aaai.org/Library/Symposia/Fall/fs05-06)  *aaai.org*  [. Archived from the original (http://www.aaai.org/Library/Symp](http://www.aaai.org/Library/Symposia/Fall/fs05-06)\n[osia/Fall/fs05-06) on 29 November 2014.](http://www.aaai.org/Library/Symposia/Fall/fs05-06)\n[Madrigal, Alexis C. (27 February 2015). \"The case against killer robots, from a guy actually](https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/19/losing-humanity/case-against-killer-robots)\n[working on artificial intelligence\" (https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/19/losing-humanity/cas](https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/19/losing-humanity/case-against-killer-robots)\n[e-against-killer-robots). ](https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/19/losing-humanity/case-against-killer-robots)  *Fusion.net*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160204175716/](https://web.archive.org/web/20160204175716/http://fusion.net/story/54583/the-case-against-killer-robots-from-a-guy-actually-building-ai)",
+                    "page_start": 58,
+                    "page_end": 59,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nISSUE\nDecember 2024\nCATEGORIES\n[Technology & Cybersecurity](https://www.newscanada.com/en/Technology/content)\n[Editor's Picks](https://www.newscanada.com/en/editor-picks/content)\n[Finance - Personal](https://www.newscanada.com/en/personal-finance/content)\n[Home - Interior](https://www.newscanada.com/en/house-home/content)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\nelectrical power is such that they might max out the electrical grid. The Big Tech companies counter that\nAI can be used to maximize the utilization of the grid by all. <sup>[207]</sup>\nIn 2024, the  *Wall Street Journal*  reported that big AI companies have begun negotiations with the US\nnuclear power providers to provide electricity to the data centers. In March 2024 Amazon purchased a\nPennsylvania nuclear-powered data center for $650 Million (US). <sup>[208]</sup> [ Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang said](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang)\nnuclear power is a good option for the data centers. <sup>[209]</sup>\n[In September 2024, Microsoft announced an agreement with Constellation Energy to re-open the Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\n[Mile Island nuclear power plant to provide Microsoft with 100% of all electric power produced by the](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island)\nplant for 20 years. Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in\n1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive\n[safety scrutiny from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. If approved (this will be the first ever US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission)\nre-commissioning of a nuclear plant), over 835 megawatts of power -  enough for 800,000 homes -  of\n##### **Dominance by tech giants**\n##### **Power needs and environmental impacts**\nenergy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is\n[dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act) <sup>[210]</sup> The\n[US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n[Nuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station)\n2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a\n[nuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon)\nConstellation. <sup>[211]</sup>\n[After the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan)\n[Taoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan) <sup>[212]</sup> Taiwan aims to\n[phase out nuclear power by 2025.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out) <sup>[212]</sup> [ On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore)\ndata centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban. <sup>[212]</sup>\n[Although most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_accident)",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Ethics**\n\n#### **Risks and harm**\n\n##### **Bad actors and weaponized AI**\n\nin conventional warfare, it is unlikely that they will be unable to reliably choose targets and could\n[potentially kill an innocent person.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder) <sup>[248]</sup> In 2014, 30 nations (including China) supported a ban on\n[autonomous weapons under the United Nations' Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, however](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons)\n[the United States and others disagreed.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) <sup>[249]</sup> By 2015, over fifty countries were reported to be researching\nbattlefield robots. <sup>[250]</sup>\n[AI tools make it easier for authoritarian governments to efficiently control their citizens in several ways.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian)\n[Face and voice recognition allow widespread surveillance. Machine learning, operating this data, can](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning)\n[classify potential enemies of the state and prevent them from hiding. Recommendation systems can](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommendation_systems)\n[precisely target propaganda and misinformation for maximum effect. Deepfakes and generative AI aid in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_AI)\n[producing misinformation. Advanced AI can make authoritarian centralized decision making more](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy)\n[competitive than liberal and decentralized systems such as markets. It lowers the cost and difficulty of](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics))\n[digital warfare and advanced spyware.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware) <sup>[251]</sup> All these technologies have been available since 2020 or\n[earlier—AI facial recognition systems are already being used for mass surveillance in China.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillance) <sup>[252][253]</sup>\nThere many other ways that AI is expected to help bad actors, some of which can not be foreseen. For\nexample, machine-learning AI is able to design tens of thousands of toxic molecules in a matter of\nhours. <sup>[254]</sup>\nEconomists have frequently highlighted the risks of redundancies from AI, and speculated about\nunemployment if there is no adequate social policy for full employment. <sup>[255]</sup>\nIn the past, technology has tended to increase rather than reduce total employment, but economists\nacknowledge that \"we're in uncharted territory\" with AI. <sup>[256]</sup> A survey of economists showed\ndisagreement about whether the increasing use of robots and AI will cause a substantial increase in long-\n[term unemployment, but they generally agree that it could be a net benefit if productivity gains are](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity)\n[redistributed.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth) <sup>[257]</sup> [ Risk estimates vary; for example, in the 2010s, Michael Osborne and Carl Benedikt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Benedikt_Frey)\n[Frey estimated 47% of U.S. jobs are at \"high risk\" of potential automation, while an OECD report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Benedikt_Frey)\nclassified only 9% of U.S. jobs as \"high risk\". <sup>[p][259]</sup> The methodology of speculating about future\nemployment levels has been criticised as lacking evidential foundation, and for implying that technology,\nrather than social policy, creates unemployment, as opposed to redundancies. <sup>[255]</sup> In April 2023, it was\nreported that 70% of the jobs for Chinese video game illustrators had been eliminated by generative",
+                    "page_start": 17,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Philosophy**\n\n#### **Machine consciousness, sentience, and mind**\n\n##### **Consciousness**\n##### **Computationalism and functionalism**\nshow that even a computer capable of perfectly simulating human behavior would not have a mind. <sup>[387]</sup>\n[It is difficult or impossible to reliably evaluate whether an advanced AI is sentient (has the ability to feel),](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient_AI)\nand if so, to what degree. <sup>[388]</sup> But if there is a significant chance that a given machine can feel and suffer,\nthen it may be entitled to certain rights or welfare protection measures, similarly to animals. <sup>[389][390]</sup>\n[Sapience (a set of capacities related to high intelligence, such as discernment or self-awareness) may](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness)\nprovide another moral basis for AI rights. <sup>[389]</sup> [ Robot rights are also sometimes proposed as a practical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_rights)\nway to integrate autonomous agents into society. <sup>[391]</sup>\nIn 2017, the European Union considered granting \"electronic personhood\" to some of the most capable AI\nsystems. Similarly to the legal status of companies, it would have conferred rights but also\nresponsibilities. <sup>[392]</sup> Critics argued in 2018 that granting rights to AI systems would downplay the\n[importance of human rights, and that legislation should focus on user needs rather than speculative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights)\nfuturistic scenarios. They also noted that robots lacked the autonomy to take part to society on their\nown. <sup>[393][394]</sup>\nProgress in AI increased interest in the topic. Proponents of AI welfare and rights often argue that AI",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Applications**\n\n#### **Mathematics**\n\nAlternatively, dedicated models for mathematical problem solving with higher precision for the outcome\nincluding proof of theorems have been developed such as  *Alpha Tensor*  ,  *Alpha Geometry*  and  *Alpha*\n*Proof*  [ all from Google DeepMind,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind) <sup>[157]</sup> *Llemma*  from eleuther <sup>[158]</sup> or  *Julius*  . <sup>[159]</sup>\nWhen natural language is used to describe mathematical problems, converters transform such prompts\n[into a formal language such as Lean to define mathematical tasks.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant))\nSome models have been developed to solve challenging problems and reach good results in benchmark\ntests, others to serve as educational tools in mathematics. <sup>[160]</sup>\nFinance is one of the fastest growing sectors where applied AI tools are being deployed: from retail\nonline banking to investment advice and insurance, where automated \"robot advisers\" have been in use\nfor some years. <sup>[161]</sup>\n[World Pensions experts like Nicolas Firzli insist it may be too early to see the emergence of highly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum)\ninnovative AI-informed financial products and services: \"the deployment of AI tools will simply further\nautomatise things: destroying tens of thousands of jobs in banking, financial planning, and pension advice\nin the process, but I'm not sure it will unleash a new wave of [e.g., sophisticated] pension\ninnovation.\" <sup>[162]</sup>\nVarious countries are deploying AI military applications. <sup>[163]</sup> [ The main applications enhance command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control)\n[and control, communications, sensors, integration and interoperability.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_and_control) <sup>[164]</sup> Research is targeting\nintelligence collection and analysis, logistics, cyber operations, information operations, and\n[semiautonomous and autonomous vehicles.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_automation) <sup>[163]</sup> AI technologies enable coordination of sensors and\n[effectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_acquisition)\n[and deconfliction of distributed Joint Fires between networked combat vehicles involving manned and](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_observers_in_the_U.S._military)\nunmanned teams. <sup>[164]</sup>\nAI has been used in military operations in Iraq, Syria, Israel and Ukraine. <sup>[163][165][166][167]</sup>\n[In the early 2020s, generative AI gained widespread prominence. GenAI is AI capable of generating text,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_AI)\n[images, videos, or other data using generative models,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_model) <sup>[168][169]</sup> [ often in response to prompts.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_(natural_language)) <sup>[170][171]</sup>\n[In March 2023, 58% of U.S. adults had heard about ChatGPT and 14% had tried it.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT) <sup>[172]</sup> The increasing\n[realism and ease-of-use of AI-based text-to-image generators such as Midjourney, DALL-E, and Stable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_Diffusion)\n[Diffusion sparked a trend of viral AI-generated photos. Widespread attention was gained by a fake photo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon)\n[of Pope Francis wearing a white puffer coat, the fictional arrest of Donald Trump, and a hoax of an attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump)\n[on the Pentagon, as well as the usage in professional creative arts.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon) <sup>[173][174]</sup>",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **Applications**\n\n#### **Other industry-specific tasks**\n\n[During the 2024 Indian elections, US$50 millions was spent on authorized AI-generated content, notably](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election)\n[by creating deepfakes of allied (including sometimes deceased) politicians to better engage with voters,](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepfake)\nand by translating speeches to various local languages. <sup>[182]</sup>\nAI has potential benefits and potential risks. <sup>[183]</sup> AI may be able to advance science and find solutions for\n[serious problems: Demis Hassabis of DeepMind hopes to \"solve intelligence, and then use that to solve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeepMind)\neverything else\". <sup>[184]</sup> However, as the use of AI has become widespread, several unintended\nconsequences and risks have been identified. <sup>[185]</sup> In-production systems can sometimes not factor ethics\nand bias into their AI training processes, especially when the AI algorithms are inherently unexplainable\nin deep learning. <sup>[186]</sup>\nMachine learning algorithms require large amounts of data. The techniques used to acquire this data have\n[raised concerns about privacy, surveillance and copyright.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright)\nAI-powered devices and services, such as virtual assistants and IoT products, continuously collect\npersonal information, raising concerns about intrusive data gathering and unauthorized access by third\nparties. The loss of privacy is further exacerbated by AI's ability to process and combine vast amounts of\ndata, potentially leading to a surveillance society where individual activities are constantly monitored and\nanalyzed without adequate safeguards or transparency.\nSensitive user data collected may include online activity records, geolocation data, video or audio. <sup>[187]</sup>\n[For example, in order to build speech recognition algorithms, Amazon has recorded millions of private](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company))",
+                    "page_start": 12,
+                    "page_end": 12,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "news4.pdf",
+                "query": "Is the topic of finance trending among AI topics for 2015 in Canada?",
+                "target_page": 1,
+                "target_passage": "Financial services",
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+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\nISSUE\nDecember 2024\nCATEGORIES\n[Technology & Cybersecurity](https://www.newscanada.com/en/Technology/content)\n[Editor's Picks](https://www.newscanada.com/en/editor-picks/content)\n[Finance - Personal](https://www.newscanada.com/en/personal-finance/content)\n[Home - Interior](https://www.newscanada.com/en/house-home/content)",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n## **The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\ncan monitor vital signs, predict potential health issues, and even provide personalized fitness and\nnutrition plans. Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights,\nhelping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being.\nFinancial services\nAI is also making waves in the financial sector, offering smarter and more secure ways to manage\nmoney. From AI-driven investment platforms that provide personalized financial advice to fraud\ndetection systems that protect against cyber threats, AI can analyze vast amounts of data to identify\ntrends and make more informed financial decisions.\nEnhanced education\nIn education, enhanced learning tools provide personalized learning experiences that adapt to each\nstudent’s strengths and weaknesses. This technology can offer real-time feedback, helping students\nimprove their skills more effectively. Additionally, AI can assist educators by automating administrative\ntasks and providing insights into student performance, allowing for more focused and effective\nteaching.\nLearn more at intel.com/aipc.\n−\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN\nHave your say! Complete our\n[2025 Media Survey](https://www.newscanada.com/en/have-your-say-complete-our-2025-media-survey-137263)\n[Retrain your way to a new job](https://www.newscanada.com/en/retrain-your-way-to-a-new-job-139857) [The top AI-powered tech trends](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nin 2025\n[R el ated  P o sts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n[Ter m s o f  Use](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\nEDITOR'S PICKS\n+\n+\nNews Canada and L'édition Nouvelles are either registered trademarks or trademarks of News Canada\nInc. All rights reserved.\nMENU SEARCH [ARTICLES](https://www.newscanada.com/en/articles/content) [RADIO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/radio/content) [VIDEO](https://www.newscanada.com/en/digital-content/content)\nEN",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 1,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#     The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025\n\n## **The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\nwww.newscanada.com\nWord Count: 346\n[M ed i a A ttach m en ts](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n[View](https://www.newscanada.com/en/the-top-ai-powered-tech-trends-in-2025-139854)\n(NC) As we look ahead to 2025, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to revolutionize our lives. From\nenhancing our daily routines to transforming entire industries, AI’s impact is undeniable.\nThese five innovations are set to shape our future, offering unprecedented convenience, efficiency and\npersonalization.\nAI-powered computing\nAI-powered computing, such as Intel-powered laptops -  or AI PC -  is at the forefront of technological\nadvancement. But what, exactly, is an AI PC? They’re computers that have AI built into their processors\n-  also known as the brain of the computer -  which optimizes performance, enhances security and\nprovides a more personalized experience as they learn from your usage patterns. For consumers, this\nmeans faster, smarter and more secure computing tailored to your individual needs.\nSmart home automation\nSmart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a\nhome that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home\nsystems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to\nsecurity and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before.\nHealth and wellness\nThe health-care industry is seeing significant transformation. AI-driven health and wellness applications",
+                    "page_start": 0,
+                    "page_end": 0,
+                    "source_file": "news4.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RISK**\n\napproximately 225 basis points over the year and (ii) linear decline of approximately 15 basis points over the year, due to the fact that current\ninterest rates are near historically low levels. Other key parameters and assumptions in our sensitivity analyses include the average cash and\ncash equivalents balance, average credit card receivables balance and no new floating rate debt. The first hypothetical scenario would result\nin an approximate $15 increase in future earnings, while the second hypothetical scenario would not have a material effect on future\nearnings.\nFor our long-term fixed-rate debt of $3,131, our exposure to interest rate risk is limited to changes in the fair value of our debt. As our debt is\nprimarily fixed-rate, changes in interest rates do not impact our cash flows. However, changes in interest rates increase or decrease the fair\nvalue of our debt, depending on whether market rates are lower or higher than our fixed-rates. As of January 31, 2015, the fair value of our\nfixed-rate debt was $3,693. See Note 8: Debt and Credit Facilities and Note 9: Fair Value Measurements in Item 8: Financial Statements and\nSupplementary Data for additional information.\n####### **FOREIGN CURRENCY EXCHANGE RISK**\nThe majority of our revenues, expenses and capital expenditures are transacted in U.S. Dollars. Our U.S. operation periodically enters into\nmerchandise purchase orders denominated in British Pounds or Euros. From time to time, we may use forward contracts to hedge against\nfluctuations in foreign currency prices. As of January 31, 2015, our outstanding forward contracts did not have a material impact on our\nconsolidated financial statements.\nAs of January 31, 2015, we have opened one full-line store in Canada and have announced plans to open five additional full-line stores in\nCanada over the next few years. The functional currency of our Canadian operations is the Canadian Dollar. We translate assets and\nliabilities into U.S. Dollars using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date, while we translate revenues and expenses using a\nweighted-average exchange rate for the period. We record these translation adjustments as a component of accumulated other\ncomprehensive loss on the Consolidated Balance Sheets in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Our Canadian operations\nenter into merchandise purchase orders denominated in U.S. Dollars for approximately half of its inventory. As sales in Canada are\ndenominated in the Canadian Dollar, gross profit for our Canadian operations can be impacted by foreign currency fluctuations.",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **INTEREST RATE RISK**\n\nstock price volatility, forfeiture rates, expected life and performance criteria. A 10% change in stock-based compensation expense would have\na $4 impact on our net earnings for the year ended January 31, 2015.\n34\n####### **Income Taxes**\nWe regularly evaluate the likelihood of realizing the benefit for income tax positions we have taken in various federal, state and foreign filings\nby considering all relevant facts, circumstances and information available. If we believe it is more likely than not that our position will be\nsustained, we recognize a benefit at the largest amount that we believe is cumulatively greater than 50% likely to be realized. Our\nunrecognized tax benefit was $15 as of January 31, 2015 and $14 as of February 1, 2014.\nUnrecognized tax benefits require significant management judgment regarding applicable statutes and their related interpretation, the status\nof various income tax audits and our particular facts and circumstances. Also, as audits are completed or statutes of limitations lapse, it may\nbe necessary to record adjustments to our taxes payable, deferred taxes, tax reserves or income tax expense. Such adjustments did not\nmaterially impact our effective income tax rate in 2014 or 2013.\n####### **RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS**\nSee Note 1: Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of\nItem 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements. We are currently evaluating\nthe impact of these standards or do not expect any of these pronouncements to have a material effect on our results of operations, liquidity or\ncapital resources.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  35\n**Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.**\nDollars in millions\n####### **INTEREST RATE RISK**\nWe are exposed to interest rate risk primarily from changes in short-term interest rates. As of January 31, 2015, we had cash and cash\nequivalents of $827, which generate interest income at variable rates, and gross credit card receivables of $2,284, which generate finance\ncharge income at a combination of fixed and variable rates. Interest rate fluctuations can affect our interest income, credit card revenues and\ninterest expense. See Note 3: Accounts Receivable in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for additional information.\nWe use sensitivity analyses to measure and assess our interest rate risk exposure. For purposes of presenting the potential earnings effect\nof a reasonably possible hypothetical change in interest rates from our reporting date, we utilized two sensitivity scenarios: (i) linear growth of",
+                    "page_start": 44,
+                    "page_end": 46,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES**\n\nEarnings before interest and income tax expense  **1,324**  1,351 1,347 1,251 1,119\nAdd: rent expense  **137** 125 105 78 62\nLess: estimated depreciation on capitalized operating leases <sup>1</sup> **(74)**  (67) (56) (42) (32)\nNet operating profit  **1,387**  1,409 1,396 1,287 1,149\nLess: estimated income tax expense <sup>2</sup> **(544)** (539) (530) (501) (439)\n**Net operating profit after tax $843**  $710\n\nAverage total assets <sup>3</sup> **$8,860**  $8,398 $8,274 $7,890 $7,091\nLess: average non-interest-bearing current liabilities <sup>4</sup> **(2,730)**  (2,430) (2,262) (2,041) (1,796)\nLess: average deferred property incentives <sup>3</sup> **(502)** (489) (494) (504) (487)\nAdd: average estimated asset base of capitalized operating leases <sup>5</sup> **1,058** 929 724 555 425\n**Average invested capital $6,686** $5,233\n\n**Return on assets 8.1%** 8.7% 8.9% 8.7% 8.6%\n**ROIC 12.6%** 13.6% 13.9% 13.3% 13.6%\n1 Capitalized operating leases is our best estimate of the asset base we would record for our leases that are classified as operating if they had met the criteria for a capital lease\nor we had purchased the property. Asset base is calculated as described in footnote 5 below.\n2 Based upon our effective tax rate multiplied by the net operating profit for the 12 fiscal months ended January 31, 2015, February 1, 2014, February 2, 2013, January 28, 2012\nand January 29, 2011.\n3 Based upon the trailing 12-month average.\n4 Based upon the trailing 12-month average for accounts payable, accrued salaries, wages and related benefits, and other current liabilities.\n5 Based upon the trailing 12-month average of the monthly asset base. The asset base for each month is calculated as the trailing 12 months of rent expense multiplied by eight.\nThe multiple of eight times rent expense is a commonly used method of estimating the asset base we would record for our capitalized operating leases described in footnote 1.\nNordstrom, Inc. and subsidiaries  27\n####### **LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES**\nWe strive to maintain a level of liquidity sufficient to allow us to cover our seasonal cash needs and to maintain appropriate levels of short-\nterm borrowings. We believe that our operating cash flows, available credit facilities and potential future borrowings are sufficient to finance\nour cash requirements for the next 12 months and beyond.\nOver the long term, we manage our cash and capital structure to maximize shareholder return, maintain our financial position, manage\nrefinancing risk and allow flexibility for strategic initiatives. We regularly assess our debt and leverage levels, capital expenditure",
+                    "page_start": 37,
+                    "page_end": 38,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Artificial intelligence Goals\n\n## **Artificial intelligence**\n\n### **References**\n\n#### **Other sources**\n\n[Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3938-6833-3. OCLC 1233266753 (https://search.worldcat.o](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233266753)\n[rg/oclc/1233266753).](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233266753)\nCiresan, D.; Meier, U.; Schmidhuber, J. (2012). \"Multi-column deep neural networks for image\nclassification\".  *2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition*  .\n[pp. 3642- 3649. arXiv:1202.2745 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.2745).](https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.2745)\n[doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248110 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fcvpr.2012.6248110). ISBN 978-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-1228-8)\n[1-4673-1228-8. S2CID 2161592 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2161592).](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2161592)\n[Clark, Jack (2015b). \"Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence\" (https://www.](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-int](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[elligence). ](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)  *Bloomberg.com*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artific](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[ial-intelligence) from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.](https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-08/why-2015-was-a-breakthrough-year-in-artificial-intelligence)\n[CNA (12 January 2019). \"Commentary: Bad news. Artificial intelligence is biased\" (https://www.c](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[hannelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[challenge-11097374). ](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)  *CNA*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://](https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loan](https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[s-key-challenge-11097374) from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.](https://web.archive.org/web/20190112104421/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/artificial-intelligence-big-data-bias-hiring-loans-key-challenge-11097374)\n[Cybenko, G. (1988). Continuous valued neural networks with two hidden layers are sufficient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cybenko)\n(Report). Department of Computer Science, Tufts University.\n[Deng, L.; Yu, D. (2014). \"Deep Learning: Methods and Applications\" (http://research.microsoft.c](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)\n[om/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf) (PDF). ](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)  *Foundations and*\n*Trends in Signal Processing*  .  **7**  [ (3- 4): 197- 387. doi:10.1561/2000000039 (https://doi.org/10.](https://doi.org/10.1561%2F2000000039)\n[1561%2F2000000039). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152112/http://resea](https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152112/http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)\n[rch.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf) (PDF)](https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152112/http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/209355/DeepLearning-NowPublishing-Vol7-SIG-039.pdf)\nfrom the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2014.\n[Dennett, Daniel (1991). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett)  *[Consciousness Explained](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained)*  [. The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7139-9037-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9037-9)\n[9.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9037-9)\n[DiFeliciantonio, Chase (3 April 2023). \"AI has already changed the world. This report shows](https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[how\" (https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869](https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[558.php). ](https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)  *San Francisco Chronicle*  [. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023061901530](https://web.archive.org/web/20230619015309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[9/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230619015309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[php) from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.](https://web.archive.org/web/20230619015309/https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/ai-artificial-intelligence-report-stanford-17869558.php)\n[Dickson, Ben (2 May 2022). \"Machine learning: What is the transformer architecture?\" (https://b](https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer)\n[dtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer). ](https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer)  *TechTalks*  [. Archived (https://web.archiv](https://web.archive.org/web/20231122142948/https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer/)\n[e.org/web/20231122142948/https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer/)](https://web.archive.org/web/20231122142948/https://bdtechtalks.com/2022/05/02/what-is-the-transformer/)\nfrom the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.\n[Dockrill, Peter (27 June 2022), \"Robots With Flawed AI Make Sexist And Racist Decisions,](https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[Experiment Shows\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.](https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows),](https://web.archive.org/web/20220627225827/https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n*Science Alert*  [, archived from the original (https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai](https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows) on 27 June 2022](https://www.sciencealert.com/robots-with-flawed-ai-make-sexist-racist-and-toxic-decisions-experiment-shows)\n[Domingos, Pedro (2015). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Domingos)  *The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning*\n*Machine Will Remake Our World*  [. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-4650-6570-7.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-6570-7)\n[Dreyfus, Hubert (1972). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus)  *[What Computers Can't Do](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Computers_Can%27t_Do)*  [. New York: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-0601-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-1082-6)\n[1082-6.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0601-1082-6)\n[Dreyfus, Hubert; Dreyfus, Stuart (1986). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus)  *[Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and](https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)*\n*[Expertise in the Era of the Computer](https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)*  (https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey).\n[Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-0290-8060-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020072](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)\n[6131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey) from the original on 26 July](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131414/https://archive.org/details/mindovermachinep00drey)\n2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.\n[Dyson, George (1998). ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian))  *[Darwin among the Machines](https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso)*  (https://archive.org/details/darwinamongm\n[achi00dyso). Allan Lane Science. ISBN 978-0-7382-0030-9. Archived (https://web.archive.or](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso)\n[g/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso) from the](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131443/https://archive.org/details/darwinamongmachi00dyso)\noriginal on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.",
+                    "page_start": 54,
+                    "page_end": 55,
+                    "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **Investing Activities**\n\nThe following table summarizes our store count and square footage activity:\n**Store count Square footage**\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012 2014 2013 2012**\nTotal, beginning of year  **260**  240 225  **26.0**  25.3 24.7\nStore openings:\nNordstrom full-line stores - U.S.  **2**  — 1  **0.3**  — 0.1\nNordstrom Rack and other stores <sup>1</sup> **29**  22 15  **1.2**  0.7 0.6\nStores acquired **4**  — —  **—**  —\nStores closed  **(3)**  (2) (1)  **(0.4)**  — (0.1)\n**Total, end of year 292**  260 240  **27.1**  26.0 25.3\n1 Other stores include Jeffrey boutiques, Trunk Club showrooms, our Nordstrom Canada full-line store and Last Chance.\nWe had no store relocations in 2014, compared with one Nordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack relocations in 2013 and three\nNordstrom Rack relocations in 2012. Our 2014 new store openings increased our square footage by 5.5%.\nTo date in 2015, we have opened our second full-line store in Canada. We plan to open 27 Nordstrom Rack stores, three additional\nNordstrom full-line stores in the U.S. and another full-line store in Canada during 2015. Planned net store openings are expected to increase\nour retail square footage by approximately 6.1%.\n28\nWe received property incentives from our developers of $110 in 2014, $89 in 2013 and $58 in 2012. These incentives are included in our\ncash provided by operations in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.\nHowever, operationally we view these as an offset to our capital expenditures. Our capital expenditure percentages, net of property\nincentives, by category are summarized as follows:\n**Fiscal year 2014 2013 2012**\nCategory and expenditure percentage:\nNew store openings, relocations and remodels  **62%**  62% 54%\nInformation technology  **35%**  27% 27%\nOther  **3%**  11% 19%\n**Total 100%**  100% 100%\nOther capital expenditures consist of ongoing improvements to our stores in the ordinary course of business and expenditures related to\nvarious growth initiatives.\nWe expect to significantly increase our capital expenditures, net of property incentives, over the next five years to approximately $4,300,\ncompared with $2,700 over the previous five years. We plan to spend approximately $1,200 in 2015 compared with $751 in 2014. Both of\nthese increases are primarily due to our continued expansion into new markets such as Canada, Puerto Rico and Manhattan, investment in\nnew Nordstrom Rack and full-line stores and remodels of existing stores. Over these next five years, we expect that 62% of our net capital",
+                    "page_start": 38,
+                    "page_end": 39,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **Debt Covenants**\n\ntrade letter of credit, with $1 outstanding, and $15 available under the standby letter of credit, with $7 outstanding at the end of the year.\nPlans for our Manhattan full-line store, which we currently expect to open in late 2018 to 2019, ultimately include owning a condominium\ninterest in a mixed-use tower and leasing certain nearby properties. As of January 31, 2015, we had approximately $125 of fee interest in\nland, which is expected to convert to the condominium interest once the store is constructed. We have committed to make future installment\npayments based on the developer meeting pre-established construction and development milestones. Our fee interest in the land is currently\nand will continue to be subject to lien by project development lenders until project completion or fulfillment of our existing installment payment\ncommitment. In the unlikely event that this project is not completed, the opening may be delayed and we may potentially be subject to future\nlosses or capital commitments in order to complete construction or to monetize our previous investments in the land.\n####### **Impact of Credit Ratings**\nUnder the terms of our revolver, any borrowings we may enter into will accrue interest for Euro-Dollar Rate Loans at a floating base rate tied\nto LIBOR, for Canadian Dealer Offer Rate Loans at a floating rate tied to CDOR, and for Base Rate Loans at the highest of: (i) the Euro-\nDollar rate plus 100 basis points, (ii) the federal funds rate plus 50 basis points and (iii) the prime rate.\nThe rate depends upon the type of borrowing incurred, plus in each case an applicable margin. This applicable margin varies depending\nupon the credit ratings assigned to our long-term unsecured debt. At the time of this report, our long-term unsecured debt ratings, outlook\nand resulting applicable margin were as follows:\n**Credit Ratings Outlook**\nMoody’s Baa1 Stable\nStandard & Poor’s A- Stable\n**Base Interest Rate Applicable Margin**\nEuro-Dollar Rate Loan LIBOR 0.9%\nCanadian Dealer Offer Rate Loan CDOR 0.9%\nBase Rate Loan various —\nShould the ratings assigned to our long-term unsecured debt improve, the applicable margin associated with any such borrowings may\ndecrease, resulting in a slightly lower borrowing cost under this facility. Should the ratings assigned to our long-term unsecured debt worsen,\nthe applicable margin associated with our borrowings may increase, resulting in a slightly higher borrowing cost under this facility.\n####### **Debt Covenants**\nThe revolver requires that we maintain an adjusted debt to earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, amortization and rent",
+                    "page_start": 41,
+                    "page_end": 41,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#14. This is the seventh consecutive year we’ve\n\n## **2015 Outlook**\n\n####### **NOTE 10:  LEASES**\n\n**Nordstrom, Inc.**\n**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\nDollar and share amounts in millions except per share, per option and per unit amounts\n54\n####### **NOTE 9:  FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS**\nWe disclose our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets by level within the fair\nvalue hierarchy as defined by applicable accounting standards:\nLevel 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities\nLevel 2: Other observable market-based inputs or unobservable inputs that are corroborated by market data\nLevel 3: Unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by market data that reflect the reporting entity’s own\nassumptions\nWe did not have any financial assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2015 or February 1,\n2014.\nFinancial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring basis include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts\npayable and approximate fair value due to their short-term nature. We estimate the fair value of long-term debt using quoted market prices of\nthe same or similar issues and, as such, this is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement. The following table summarizes the carrying\nvalue and fair value estimate of our long-term debt, including current maturities:\n**January 31, 2015 February 1, 2014**\nCarrying value of long-term debt <sup>1</sup> **$3,131**  $3,113\nFair value of long-term debt  **3,693**  3,511\n1 The carrying value of long-term debt includes the remaining unamortized adjustment from our previous effective fair value hedge.\nWe also measure certain non-financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, primarily goodwill and long-lived tangible and intangible\nassets, in connection with periodic evaluations for potential impairment. See Note 1: Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant\nAccounting Policies for additional information related to goodwill, intangible assets and long-lived assets. We recorded no material\nimpairment charges for these assets in 2014, 2013 and 2012. We estimate the fair value of goodwill and long-lived tangible and intangible\nassets using primarily unobservable inputs and, as such, these are considered Level 3 fair value measurements.\n####### **NOTE 10:  LEASES**\nWe lease the land or the land and buildings at many of our stores. Additionally, we lease office facilities, warehouses and equipment. Most of\nthese leases are classified as operating leases and they expire at various dates through 2080. The majority of our fixed, non-cancelable\nlease terms are 15 to 30 years for Nordstrom full-line stores and 10 to 15 years for Nordstrom Rack stores. Many of our leases include",
+                    "page_start": 65,
+                    "page_end": 65,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf",
+                "query": "Is there any chance that my cousin has been granted financial aid from Chesapeak Energy? He's studying at a college in Oklahoma.",
+                "target_page": 26,
+                "target_passage": "hat’s why we gave $1.0 million to establish the Chesapeake Energy dormitory for students at the Oklahoma School for Science and Mathematics (OSSM",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
+                    "index": null
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### CHESAPEAKE’S COMMITMENT TO BEING A GOOD NEIGHBOR  »\n\n##### INVESTING IN OUR COMMUNITIES »\n\nschool located in Oklahoma City for juniors and seniors with exceptional\nabilities. The extremely competitive school is helping train the next gen-\neration of scientists and mathematicians.\nWe also established the Chesapeake Energy Presidential Scholars Pro­\ngram at the Oklahoma City University Meinders School of Business, making\na $5.0 million commitment to be distributed over the next five years. The\nChesapeake Scholars Program will provide up to $25,000 per year in tuition\nto selected students pursuing careers in finance, economics, accounting,\nmarketing, business administration, computer science and information\ntechnology. In addition, scholars will take part in a Chesapeake Presiden­\ntial Leadership Course facilitated by faculty members in coordination with\ndesignated Chesapeake leadership coaches, including a Chesapeake senior\nvice president and OCU alumni.\nIn 2007 Chesapeake launched a scholarship program in Texas with an\ninitial $1.25 million contribution, challenging the cities of Fort Worth and Dal­\nlas to match its gift within a year. The cities responded and matched the gift,\nso Chesapeake in 2008 added another $1.25 million to the fund, bringing the\ntotal to $3.75 million. The Chesapeake Scholarship Fund currently funds the\ncost of higher education for 48 minority students. The fund provides each\nstudent $20,000 a year for up to four years at the school of their choice. To\ndate more than $1.0 million has been distributed to deserving local students.\nTo help ensure the training of qualified geologists, engineers, land­\nmen and energy lawyers in the next generation, we award scholarships\nto students pursuing energy-related degrees. We also help mentor them\nthrough Chesapeake’s Peak Program. Junior- and senior-level scholarship\nrecipients are paired with Chesapeake employee mentors who help devel­\nop students’ knowledge and provide career advice. There are currently 25\nmentors and 40 scholarship recipients participating in the Peak Program.\nOur recruiting team also initiated a strategic military recruitment\neffort during the past two years to hire former military personnel to\nwork in a variety of leadership and crew positions. This effort earned\nChesapeake an honor from G.I. JOBS magazine when we were named a\n2011 Top 100 Military-Friendly Employer. Chesapeake currently employs\n37 men and women who formerly served as junior military officers and\nmore than 100 former servicemen and servicewomen who joined the\ncompany through a program called Troops 2 Roughnecks.\nIn addition to our specific scholarship programs, one-time educational\ndonations and recruitment efforts, in 2010 we gave more than $1.8 million",
+                    "page_start": 25,
+                    "page_end": 26,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## M A T C H\n\n### H OT !\n\n#### MA T CH\n\n####### **Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies**\n\nfederal subsidy is pending. The final issued guidance could require a\nchange to previously reported information.\n####### **Leases**\nThe Company leases certain warehouses. Commitments for minimum\nrentals under noncancelable leases at the end of 2003 are as follows:\nCapitalized Operating\n*(In thousands)*    Leases Leases\n2004     $  523 $ 13,012\n2005     515 10,742\n2006     284 8,424\n2007      215 5,430\n2008      211 4,080\nThereafter    590 9,062\nTotal minimum lease payments   $ 2,338 $ 50,750\nLess: amount representing interest   487\nPresent value of net minimum lease payments,\nincluding current maturities of $415  $ 1,851\nProperty, plant, and equipment at year-end include the following\namounts for capitalized leases:\n*(In thousands)*    **2003**   2002 2001\nBuildings $ 3,299 $ 3,299\n|  $ 3,299  196  761  |\n|:---|\n| 4,256  2,879  |\n| $ 1,377  |\nMachinery and equipment  196 15,805\nOffice equipment  -  -\n3,495 19,104\nLess: allowances for depreciation 2,514 17,052\n$ 981 $ 2,052\nRent expense for the years 2003, 2002, and 2001 amounted to approx-\nimately $13,592,000, $13,683,000, and $13,387,000, respectively.\nContingent rent expense under both capitalized and operating leases\n(generally based on mileage of transportation equipment) amounted to\n$313,000, $787,000, and $869,000 for the years 2003, 2002, and\n2001, respectively.\n####### **Guarantees, Commitments, and Contingencies**\nDuring the second quarter ended June 28, 2003, the Company entered\ninto a one-year financial agreement for the benefit of one of its distribu-\ntion chain partners. The maximum financial exposure assumed by the\nCompany as a result of this arrangement totals $3 million of which over\n75% is secured by collateral. In accordance with the provisions of FIN\n45, the Company has recorded the fair value of this guarantee, which is\nestimated to be less than $0.1 million.\nThe Company utilizes letters of credit in the amount of\n$24 million to back certain financing instruments, insurance policies,\nand payment obligations. The letters of credit reflect fair value as a\ncondition of their underlying purpose and are subject to fees competi-\ntively determined.\nThe Company is contingently liable for future minimum pay-\nments totaling $9.7 million under a transportation service contract.\nThe transportation agreement is for a three-year period and is auto-\nmatically renewable for periods of one year unless either party gives\nsixty days’ written notice of its intent to terminate at the end of the\noriginal three-year term or any subsequent term. The minimum pay-\nments are $4.8 million in 2004, and $4.9 million in 2005.",
+                    "page_start": 51,
+                    "page_end": 51,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n### **2014 2013**\n\non the undrawn balance of the borrowing base.  The agreement has a five-year term and contains both negative and\naffirmative covenants, including minimum current ratio and maximum leverage ratio requirements consistent with\nthe Junior Credit Facility’s. Certain development and production assets are pledged as collateral and the facility is\nguaranteed by the Parent Company.\n\nFor the years ended 31 December 2014 and 2013, the Company capitalised nil and $0.2 million, respectively, of\nfinancing costs related to the Senior Credit Facility, which offset the principal balance. As at 31 December 2014 there\nwas $95.0 million outstanding under the Company’s Senior Credit Facility.  As at 31 December 2014, the Company\nwas in compliance with all restrictive financial and other covenants under the Senior Credit Facility.\n\nThe Company capitalised $3.4 million and $1.3 million of interest expense during the years ended 31 December\n2014 and 2013, respectively.\n- 87 -\n\n**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n####### **NOTE 23 -  RESTORATION PROVISION**\n\nThe restoration provision represents the best estimate of the present value of restoration costs relating to the\nCompany’s oil and natural gas interests, which are expected to be incurred up to 2043.  Assumptions, based on the\ncurrent economic environment, have been made which management believes are a reasonable basis upon which to\nestimate the future liability.  The estimate of future removal costs requires management to make significant\njudgments regarding removal date or well lives, the extent of restoration activities required, discount and inflation\nrates. These estimates are reviewed regularly to take into account any material changes to the assumptions.\nHowever, actual restoration costs will reflect market conditions at the relevant time.  Furthermore, the timing of\nrestoration is likely to depend on when the fields cease to produce at economically viable rates.  This in turn will\ndepend on future oil and natural gas prices, which are inherently uncertain.",
+                    "page_start": 88,
+                    "page_end": 89,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## **10**\n\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\n★\nSMBC SMBC’s Bangkok Branch assisted s Bangkok Branch assisted\nfarmers by donating underground farmers by donating underground\nwater storage tanks and assisting water storage tanks and assisting\nwith vegetable planting and with vegetable planting and\nharvesting. harvesting.\nHigh school students from New York\nwho visited Japan on a study trip\nScholarship students at Sun Yat-sen University\nDonated furniture\nEmployee volunteers who participated in\nlandscape improvement projects\nPerforming a Japanese-language drama\nBank employees helped plant\nvegetables as volunteers\nPhotographs supplied by AYO\nScholarship award ceremony for university students in Vietnam\n*Please see this website\nfor further details (in\nJapanese):\n\nwww.smbc.co.jp/ccs/\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report\n**Helping build prosperity**\n**in Asia and the world**",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## 253.  Our plan is to add capacity and build additional sites in 2004 in order\n\n#### **A SIGNIFICANT MILESTONE FOR PCS**\n\n**PLANT FACILITIES** Telephone CATV Route Miles 2,133.6 550.5 Customers Per Route Mile 11.7 15.8 Miles of Distribution Wire 579.3 157.8 Telephone Poles 7,675 36 Miles of Aerial Copper Cable 337.2 162.0 Miles of Buried Copper Cable 1,314.4 352.7 Miles of Underground Copper Cable 39.2 2.0 Fiber Optic Cable-Fiber Miles 256.9 - Inter-toll Circuits to Interexchange Carriers 1,622 - Special Service Circuits to Interexchange Carriers 313 -\n(1) -  Wholesale Digital PCS Users are private label subscribers homed in the Company’s wireless network service area. (2) -  Originated by customers of the Company’s Telephone subsidiary (3) -  POPS refers to the estimated population of a given geographic area.  Market POPS are those within a market area, and Covered POPS are those covered by the network’s service area.  ARPU is revenue before travel, roaming revenue, and management fee, net of adjustments divided by average subscribers.  PCS Travel revenue includes roamer revenue and is divided by average subscribers.  PCS Average management fee per subscriber is 8% of collected revenue excluding travel revenue, retained by Sprint.  PCS Ave Monthly Churn is the average of three monthly calculations of deactivations (excluding returns less than 30 days) divided by beginning of period subscribers.  CPGA includes selling costs, product costs, and advertising costs.  CCPU includes network, customer care and other costs. (4) - On a normalized basis, the 4 <sup>th</sup> quarter PCS travel revenue per subscriber would be $19.25 and PCS CCPU would be approximately $38.66 if adjustments and true-ups recorded in December 2003 were excluded.",
+                    "page_start": 11,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n### **2014 2013**\n\n####### **Year ended 31 December US$000 US$000**\n\nSenior Credit Facility 95,000 15,000\nJunior Credit Facility\n\n35,000 15,000\nTotal credit facilities 130,000 30,000\nDeferred financing fees (1,195) (859)\nTotal credit facilities, net of deferred financing fees\n\n128,805 29,141\n\n####### **Junior Credit Facility**\nIn August 2013, Sundance Energy, Inc. (“Sundance Energy”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered\ninto a second lien credit agreement with Wells Fargo Energy Capital, Inc., as the administrative agent (the “Junior\nCredit Facility”), which provides for term loans to be made in a series of draws up to $100 million. The Junior Credit\nFacility matures in June 2018 and is secured by a second priority lien on substantially all of the Company’s assets.\nUpon entering into the Junior Credit Facility, the Company immediately borrowed $15 million pursuant to the terms\nof the Junior Credit Facility and paid down the outstanding principal of the Senior Credit Facility. In May 2014, the\nCompany’s borrowing capacity increased to $35 million.  As at 31 December 2014, the borrowing capacity under the\nJunior Credit Facility remains at $35 million.\n**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n####### **NOTE 22 -  CREDIT FACILITIES continued**\n\nThe principal amount of the loans borrowed under our Junior Credit Facility is due in full on the maturity date.\nInterest on the Junior Credit Facility accrues at a rate equal to the greater of (i) 8.50% or (ii) a base rate (being, at\nour option, either (a) LIBOR for the applicable interest period (adjusted for Eurodollar Reserve Requirements) or (b)\nthe greatest of (x) the prime rate announced by Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., (y) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (z)\none-month adjusted LIBOR plus 1.00%), plus a margin of either 6.5% or 7.5%, based on the base rate selected.\n\nThe Company is also required under our Junior Credit Facility to maintain the following financial ratios:\n-  a current ratio, consisting of consolidated current assets including undrawn borrowing capacity to\nconsolidated current liabilities, of not less than 1.0 to 1.0 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter;\n-  a maximum leverage ratio, consisting of consolidated debt to adjusted consolidated EBITDAX (as defined\nin the Junior Credit Facility), of not greater than 4.5 to 1.0 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter",
+                    "page_start": 87,
+                    "page_end": 88,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **FINANCIAL OVERVIEW**\n\n(approximately 1,181 BOEPD at time of dispositions), the Company’s\nproduction has increased at a 173 percent compounded annual\ngrowth rate (CAGR) during the two year 2013- 2014 period.\nAs a result of its robust 2014 drilling and completions program ($324.0\nmillion), the Company brought on a total of 35 gross (26.1 net) in the\nEagle Ford and 40 gross (16.6 net) Greater Anadarko. In addition, the\nCompany had 19 gross (10.6 net) and 5 gross (3.1 net) Eagle Ford\nand Greater Anadarko wells in progress, respectively, at year-end. The\nCompany also invested approximately $75.0 million in direct mineral leases and acreage\nacquisitions in the Eagle Ford, which increased its net acreage position by 12,640 net\nacres to 20,742 in the Eagle Ford and 5,418 in neighboring Maverick County.\nThese acquisitions increased the Company’s net drilling locations and extended its drilling\ninventory to almost 6 years assuming a two-rig program (at 18 wells per rig per year) in\nboth the Eagle Ford and Greater Anadarko (72 total wells per year).\nBecause of its successful drilling program and acreage acquisitions,\nthe Company increased Constant Case 1P Reserves by 5.3 MMBOE\n(25 percent) to 26.0 MMBOE (PV10 of $531.7 million), compared to\n20.7 mmboe at the beginning of the year (PV10 of $337.0 million).\nThis 25 percent Constant Case reserve increase is net of the disposed\nDJ and Bakken 6.1 MMBOE reserves (PV10 of $78.2 million).\nExcluding the disposed reserves, 1P Reserves increased 11.3 MMBOE\n(77 percent). This increase in 1P Reserves, represents 5.5x the\nCompany’s production for its remaining assets (reserve replacement rate). The 2014\nreserve replacement rate is among the highest of our peers.",
+                    "page_start": 9,
+                    "page_end": 9,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\nNovember 12, 2006, and may be extended under certain circumstances. At any time during the term, the Company may convert any or all outstanding\namounts under the Credit Facility to a term loan with a maturity of two years. The Company’s ability to borrow funds under the Credit Facility from time to\ntime is contingent on meeting certain covenants in the loan agreement, the most restrictive of which is the ratio of total debt to earnings before interest,\nincome tax, depreciation and amortization. At December 31, 2003, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants.\n3\n4\nN O T E S  T O  C O N S O L I D A T E D  F I N A N C I A L  S T A T E M E N T S ( C O N T I N U E D )\nI N C O M E  TA X E S\nThe items comprising income tax expense for continuing operations are as follows (in thousands):\nYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,\n2003 2002 2001\nCurrent — Federal $ 914\n|  $ 1,081 (44)  |  $ 1,520 188  |\n|:---|:---|\n| 1,037  | 1,708  |\n| 327 39  | 74 21  |\n| 366  | 95  |\n| $ 1,403  | $ 1,803  |\n— State 32\n946\nDeferred — Federal 912\n— State 21\n933\nTotal income tax expense $ 1,879\nTemporary differences and carryforwards which have given rise to deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2003 and 2002 are as\nfollows (in thousands):\n2003 2002\n**D E F E R R E D  T A X  A S S E T S :**\nPatents and goodwill $ 654\n|  $ 1,041 639 342 451 60  |\n|:---|\n| $ 2,533  |\n| $ 3,253 362 15  |\n| $ 3,630  |\n| $ 1,097  |\n| $ 2,115 1,018  |\nBenefit plans 492\nInventories 374\nTax credits 169\nOther 39\nTotal deferred tax assets $ 1,728\n**D E F E R R E D  T A X  L I A B I L I T I E S :**\nProperty, plant and equipment $ 3,838\nPensions 626\nOther —\nTotal deferred tax liabilities $ 4,464\nNet deferred tax liability $ 2,736\n**B A L A N C E  S H E E T  C L A S S I F I C AT I O N :**",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 17,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# We exceeded last year’s earnings by more than 15%. Again. 2003\n\n## 12\n\n2004 $ 304\n2005 $ 271\n2006 $ 169\n2007 $ 144\n2008 $ 144\nThere was no change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for 2003.\nD I S C O N T I N U E D  O P E R AT I O N S\nDuring 1997, the Company sold all of its natural gas operations. The consolidated financial statements presented herein reflect the Company’s natural gas\noperations as discontinued operations for all periods presented. The consolidated financial statements reflect a gain on disposal of these discontinued\noperations of $165,000 in 2003 and 2002, and $5.5 million in 2001. These amounts are net of income tax expense of $85,000 in 2003 and 2002, and\ninclude an income tax benefit of $5.1 million in 2001.\nIn addition to the initial consideration received in 1997 upon the sale of the natural gas operations, certain annual contingent deferred payments of up to\n$250,000 per year were to be paid to the Company over an eight-year period which began in 1999, with the amount paid each year to be dependent upon\nrevenues received by the purchaser from certain gas transportation contracts. The Company received deferred payments of $250,000 each, before tax, from\nthe purchaser in April 2003, 2002 and 2001 which are reflected in each year as a gain from discontinued operations of $165,000, net of tax. The 2001\ngain also includes a $5.3 million non-cash gain from reversal of a reserve established when the Company disposed of its natural gas operations in 1997.\nThis reversal in the third quarter of 2001 followed the resolution of an outstanding contingency related to the sale of those assets.\nL I N E  O F  C R E D I T\nThe Company has a revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”) with a regional bank. In December 2001, the Credit Facility arrangement was amended to\nincrease the credit line under the Credit Facility from $18.5 million to $25.0 million. Under the Credit Facility, the Company and certain of its subsidiaries\nhave a line of credit which is secured by substantially all inventory, equipment and accounts receivable of the Company. Interest under the Credit Facility is\nassessed at 30-day, 60-day or 90-day LIBOR, as selected by the Company, plus one percent (2.17 percent at December 31, 2003) and is payable monthly.\nAt December 31, 2003, and 2002, $4.3 million and $10.3 million, respectively, was outstanding under the line of credit. The Credit Facility expires",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "## **2013**\n\n####### **years**\n\n####### **NOTE 27 - CAPITAL AND OTHER EXPENDITURE COMMITMENTS continued**\n\nThe following tables summarize the Group’s contractual commitments not provided for in the consolidated\nfinancial statements:\n\n####### **As at 31 December 2014 Total**\n####### **Less than 1**\n####### **year 1 -  5 years**\n####### **More than 5**\n####### **years**\nDrilling rig commitments <sup>(1)</sup>\n\n1,460 1,460 - -\nOperating lease commitments <sup>(3)</sup> 2,363 430 1,933 -\nEmployment commitments <sup>(4)</sup> 742 370 372 -\nTotal expenditure commitments 4,565 2,260 2,305 -\n\n####### **As at 31 December 2013 Total**\n####### **Less than 1**\n####### **year 1 -  5 years**\n####### **More than 5**\n####### **years**\nDrilling rig commitments <sup>(1)</sup>\n\n5,159 5,159 - -\nDrilling commitments <sup>(2)</sup> 2,000 - 2,000 -\nOperating lease commitments <sup>(3)</sup> 1,860 200 1,354 306\nEmployment commitments <sup>(4)</sup> 104 104 - -\nTotal expenditure commitments 9,123 5,463 3,354 306\n\n(1)  As at 31 December 2014 the Company had one (2013: four) outstanding drilling rig contracts to\nexplore and develop the Company’s properties.  The contracts generally have terms of 6 months.\nAmounts represent minimum expenditure commitments should the Company elect to terminate\nthese contracts prior to term. (2)  On 31 December 2012, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire certain oil and natural\ngas properties located in the Wattenberg Field and to drill 45 net wells by 31 December 2015 on\nthe acquired properties (the “Drilling Commitment”).  As each qualifying well is drilled,\napproximately $67 thousand is paid from the escrow account to the Company.  However, for each\nrequired net commitment well not completed by the Company during that prorated commitment\nyear, the Company is to pay the seller of the properties approximately $67 thousand from the\nescrow account.  Certain clawback provisions allow the Company to recoup amounts paid to the\nsellers if the total 45 wells are drilled by 31 December 2015.  The Company sold the properties in\nJuly 2014 and should the buyer drill any qualifying wells, the obligation would be satisfied.  As at\n31 December 2014, the Company and the buyer had not drilled any wells and the Company does\nnot expect any wells to be drilled under this provision in 2015.  As such, the remaining\ncommitment of $2.0 million was accrued in our consolidated statement of financial position and\nrecognised against the gain on sale of assets in the consolidated statement of profit or loss and",
+                    "page_start": 93,
+                    "page_end": 93,
+                    "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf",
+                "query": "Has the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group offered help to the elderly?",
+                "target_page": 6,
+                "target_passage": "Currently, the proportion of people aged 65 or over in Japan has reached 23.4%*. SMFG will help create frameworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycleframeworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycle planning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a soundplanning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a sound balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives.balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": false,
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+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Activities**\n\n**For further details,**\n**please see our website.**\nMitsui Sumitomo VISA Card\nc UNICEF\nMozambique/Arild Drivdal\n**International cooperation begins at home**\nThe SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities The SMFG Group is engaged in a range of activities\nthat contribute to development at both the regional that contribute to development at both the regional\nand international level. In addition to overseas units’ and international level. In addition to overseas units’\nindependent initiatives, which are geared to host independent initiatives, which are geared to host\ncountry issues and characteristics, the Group supports country issues and characteristics, the Group supports\nprojects that have contributed to achievement of the projects that have contributed to achievement of the\nUnited Nations’ global Millennium Development Goals, United Nations’ global Millennium Development Goals,\nsuch as poverty eradication, health improvement and such as poverty eradication, health improvement and\nstatus improvement for education and women in status improvement for education and women in\ndeveloping countries. Our support takes the form of developing countries. Our support takes the form of\ndonations to non-profit and non-governmental donations to non-profit and non-governmental\norganizations, through the employee volunteer fund. organizations, through the employee volunteer fund.\n(The map shows areas where fund money is used, (The map shows areas where fund money is used,\nmarked with a marked with a ★ symbol). Please see our website for symbol). Please see our website for\nmore details. more details.\nEurope & Africa Middle East & Asia North America\n**Scholarships at major universities 2**\n**2**\n**China**\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited\nestablished a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang established a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang\nUniversity, Shanghai Inter University, Shanghai Inter-\nnational Studies University, national Studies University,\nSun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University,\nand other universities. and other universities.\nSMBC Hong Kong Branch makes donations to the Asian SMBC Hong Kong Branch makes donations to the Asian\nYouth Orchestra (AYO), Youth Orchestra (AYO),\ncomprising young Asian comprising young Asian\nmusicians selected musicians selected\nthrough auditioning who through auditioning who\nperform all over Asia. perform all over Asia.\nAs a way of increasing understanding of Japanese culture, As a way of increasing understanding of Japanese culture,\nSMBC SMBC’s Seoul Branch donates funds to make possible the s Seoul Branch donates funds to make possible the\nholding of a competition holding of a competition\ninvolving theatrical perfor involving theatrical perfor-",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\nactivities, and this was a good opportunity activities, and this was a good opportunity\nfor us to appreciate anew how our business for us to appreciate anew how our business\ncontributes to the public good. contributes to the public good.\nThe SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, The SMFG Group has 62,000 employees,\n“stepping up to the plate and working hard “stepping up to the plate and working hard\nto give something back to society.” I think it to give something back to society.” I think it\nis important to develop ways of making this is important to develop ways of making this\na shared aspiration of all the employees of a shared aspiration of all the employees of\nthe Group. the Group.\n##### Commitment from the Top\n**What can we do now to spur**\n**the reconstruction and revitalization**\n**of Japan, and help**\n**resolve global issues?**\n**Our measures to support**\n**reconstruction**\n**after the disastrous**\n**earthquake and tsunami**\n**Uplifting**\n**the nation’s spirits**\nK oichi M iyata\nT akeshi K unibe\nT adao A ndo\nArchitect. Professor Emeritus at the University of\nTokyo, Representative and Vice-chairman of the\nGreat East Japan Earthquake Reconstruction\nDesign Council. Awarded the Order of Cultural\nMerit in 2010.\nPresident\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc.\nPresident and CEO\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation\n**A Conversation with Tadao Ando, Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata**\n*Uplifting the nation’s spirits*   *Uplifting the nation’s spirits*\nJapan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan) Japan is now facing a wide variety of problems, ranging from the reconstruction of the Tohoku region (the northeastern region of Japan)\nafter the March 11 earthquake and tsunami (“the Great East Japan Earthquake”) to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami (“the Great East Japan Earthquake”) to a shrinking and aging population, with falling birth rates\nand increasing numbers of the aged. and increasing numbers of the aged.\nWe must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective. We must now find ways for people to coexist in harmony with nature, based on a global perspective.\nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (SMFG) invited the world-famous architect Tadao Ando to join in a conversation on the issues facing society",
+                    "page_start": 2,
+                    "page_end": 2,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nthrough branches and representative offices overseas. through branches and representative offices overseas.\nWe will continue to discuss and review various approaches to issues facing the international We will continue to discuss and review various approaches to issues facing the international\ncommunity so as to build up trust internationally as a global player. community so as to build up trust internationally as a global player.\n####### **Further measures needed**\n-\n-\n-\nGive further support for businesses involved in greenhouse gas Give further support for businesses involved in greenhouse gas\nreduction, water supply, new energy and resource initiatives reduction, water supply, new energy and resource initiatives\nDo more to safeguard biodiversity, in our capacity as a Do more to safeguard biodiversity, in our capacity as a\nfinancial institution financial institution\nShare our information assets and know-how globally in the Share our information assets and know-how globally in the\nenvironmental business environmental business\n*Estimates by the Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (October 1, 2011)\n####### **Further measures needed**\n-\n-\n-\nSupport businesses involved in health, medical and Support businesses involved in health, medical and\nnursing care nursing care\nExpand range of financial products and services for the Expand range of financial products and services for the\nelderly (planning for asset management for old age) elderly (planning for asset management for old age)\nFoster a better work-life balance Foster a better work-life balance\n####### **Further measures needed**\n-\n-\n-\nShare expertise in corporate social responsibility Share expertise in corporate social responsibility\nwith the international community with the international community\nImprove financial services in preparation for the Improve financial services in preparation for the\nglobalization of operations in Japan (multilingual globalization of operations in Japan (multilingual\nsupport) support)\nPromote diversity Promote diversity\nIn the past, the Sumitomo Group In the past, the Sumitomo Group undertook large-scale afforestation undertook large-scale afforestation\nprograms to solve the problem of programs to solve the problem of pollution around the Besshi copper pollution around the Besshi copper\nmine, while the Mitsui Group set up mine, while the Mitsui Group set up the Mitsui Memorial Hospital to the Mitsui Memorial Hospital to\ngive the poorest in society access to give the poorest in society access to basic medical care. Based on this basic medical care. Based on this\ncorporate social responsibility corporate social responsibility DNA embedded in the business DNA embedded in the business",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Activities**\n\n####### **Donation boxes for foreign currency coins**\n\nmances in the Japanese mances in the Japanese\nlanguage by South Korean language by South Korean\nstudents of Japanese. students of Japanese.\n**Donations to charity groups**\n**Europe**\nEmployees of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Europe Employees of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Europe\n(SMBCE) conducted volunteer activities in their time off. (SMBCE) conducted volunteer activities in their time off.\nSMBCE contributes to charitable organizations through an SMBCE contributes to charitable organizations through an\nin-house fund and also uses a matching gifts program under in-house fund and also uses a matching gifts program under\nwhich it donates a which it donates a\ncertain amount for certain amount for\nevery donation made every donation made\nby its employees. by its employees.\n**Support for a South Korean students’**\n**Japanese-language theater competition**\n**1**\n**1**\n**South Korea**\n**Supporting performances**\n**by young Asian musicians**\n**3 Hong Kong**\nThe European office of the Japan Research Institute (JRI) The European office of the Japan Research Institute (JRI)\nmade a donation in support of a Japanese-language speech made a donation in support of a Japanese-language speech\ncontest. contest.\n**Donating furniture to**\n**welfare facilities**\n**6 Malaysia**\nSMBC SMBC’s Labuan Branch in s Labuan Branch in\nMalaysia, following its relocation, Malaysia, following its relocation,\ndonated desks, chairs and donated desks, chairs and\ncabinets to occupational training cabinets to occupational training\ncenters for the disabled. centers for the disabled.\n####### **Employees put school meals on the table**\n####### **through their purchases in staff canteens**\nSMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing SMBC and Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing\nhave a program that provides donations to the non have a program that provides donations to the non-\nprofit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to profit organization TABLE FOR TWO International to\nfund school meals in developing fund school meals in developing\ncountries, for every low-calorie countries, for every low-calorie\nmeal ordered for lunch. SMBC meal ordered for lunch. SMBC\nFriend Securities has also Friend Securities has also\ninstalled vending machines installed vending machines\nselling healthy drinks, donating selling healthy drinks, donating\npart of their sales to TABLE FOR part of their sales to TABLE FOR\nTWO International. TWO International.\n####### **Donation boxes for foreign currency coins**\nSMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency SMBC places donation boxes for foreign currency\ncoins at the entrances of all manned branches and coins at the entrances of all manned branches and\noffices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by offices in Japan, and sorts such collected coins by",
+                    "page_start": 14,
+                    "page_end": 14,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Together with Our Employees**\n\n**We are developing human resources that can take on global roles,**\n**and we are creating globalized working environments**\nStaggered and shorter\nworking hours to care for\nsick family members\nMore flexible approach to\ndaily scheduling of care\nleave\nSMBC employees and their family members\n(1) Consultation with Public Health Nurses and other nurses,\ngeriatric care managers and other experts\n(2) Information about care facilities\n(3) Care service agency\n(4) Other preferential services\nDelay start of working day by one hour\nor\nEnd working day one hour earlier\n93 days\n(Including care leave)\n93 days\n(Including staggered and reduced\nworking hours)\n1 year\n(Excluding staggered and reduced\nworking hours)\n3 years in each case\n(Excluding care leave)\nOffer menu of work-scheduling options\n(Work six or seven hour day), with option\nof selecting working days\n**Preparing human resources**\n**to take on global roles**\n**Better support for carers:**\n**Workplace measures to**\n**deal with the rising old-age**\n**dependency ratio**\nAt Sumitomo Mitsui Card, rare earths At Sumitomo Mitsui Card, rare earths\nextracted from IC chips from expired credit extracted from IC chips from expired credit\ncards are recycled. cards are recycled.\nAs part of its core leasing operations, As part of its core leasing operations,\nSumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is Sumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is\nhelping reduce customers’ environmental helping reduce customers’ environmental\nSMBC jointly organizes the “eco japan cup,” an SMBC jointly organizes the “eco japan cup,” an\nenvironmental business contest, together with environmental business contest, together with\nthe Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry\nof Internal Affairs and of Internal Affairs and Communi Communications, cations,\nthe Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, he Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Trans Trans-\nport and Tourism, Development Bank of port and Tourism, Development Bank of\nJapan Inc. and Environmental Business Japan Inc. and Environmental Business\nWomen. The competition has four major Women. The competition has four major\ncategories -  business, culture, lifestyle, and categories -  business, culture, lifestyle, and\npolicy-making. policy-making.\nIn eco japan cup 2010, the “SMBC Eco-Banking In eco japan cup 2010, the “SMBC Eco-Banking\nOffice Prize” was launched in the cultural Office Prize” was launched in the cultural\ndivision. Entries were solicited on creating division. Entries were solicited on creating\neco-friendly bank branches through envi eco-friendly bank branches through envi-\nronment protection measures including ronment protection measures including",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 11,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nMeasures are being stepped up on a range of fronts — not only involving a low-carbon society, but Measures are being stepped up on a range of fronts — not only involving a low-carbon society, but\nalso dealing with issues such as water supply, soil contamination, energy and biodiversity. We aim to also dealing with issues such as water supply, soil contamination, energy and biodiversity. We aim to\ncontribute to sustainable development by supporting the worldwide adoption of Japan’s much-admired contribute to sustainable development by supporting the worldwide adoption of Japan’s much-admired\ntechnological breakthroughs, with a particular focus on the Asian region. technological breakthroughs, with a particular focus on the Asian region.\nCurrently, the proportion of people aged 65 or over in Japan has reached 23.4%*. SMFG will help create Currently, the proportion of people aged 65 or over in Japan has reached 23.4%*. SMFG will help create\nframeworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycle frameworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycle\nplanning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a sound planning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a sound\nbalance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives. balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives.\n-\n-\n-\nWide-ranging financial support for the reconstruction of infrastructure Wide-ranging financial support for the reconstruction of infrastructure\nOngoing disaster recovery activities by employee volunteers Ongoing disaster recovery activities by employee volunteers\nComprehensive support for industrial recovery in partnership with local governments and Comprehensive support for industrial recovery in partnership with local governments and\nfinancial institutions in the disaster-affected areas financial institutions in the disaster-affected areas\nIn anticipation of further global expansion, the SMFG Group is aggressively internationalizing its In anticipation of further global expansion, the SMFG Group is aggressively internationalizing its\noperations both in Japan and overseas. Initiatives include aggressive development of advisory operations both in Japan and overseas. Initiatives include aggressive development of advisory\nservices for infrastructure upgrades in emerging economies, a cross-departmental endeavor, services for infrastructure upgrades in emerging economies, a cross-departmental endeavor,\nas well as contributions to the international community and the environmental business, chiefly as well as contributions to the international community and the environmental business, chiefly",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 5,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\nphilosophies of both the Sumitomo philosophies of both the Sumitomo and Mitsui groups over the 400 and Mitsui groups over the 400\nyears of their existence, we will years of their existence, we will continue to play our part in solving continue to play our part in solving\nproblems facing the international problems facing the international community through our financial community through our financial\nservice service operations. operations.\n**Priority Issues for Us** As one of Japa As one of Japan’s leading financial services groups, s leading financial services groups,\nthe SMFG Group is taking the lead in aggressively addressing the four priority issues the SMFG Group is taking the lead in aggressively addressing the four priority issues\nwe have identified as significantly impacting the nation. we have identified as significantly impacting the nation.\nOur Mission and CSR at SMFG\n-  To provide optimum added value to our customers and together with them achieve growth -  To provide optimum added value to our customers and together with them achieve growth\n-  To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth -  To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth\n-  To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employees -  To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employees\nWe intend to be a financial services group that has the complete trust and support of We intend to be a financial services group that has the complete trust and support of\nour customers. For this purpose, we will always provide services that meet the true our customers. For this purpose, we will always provide services that meet the true\nneeds of our customers to assure their satisfaction and earn confidence in the Group. needs of our customers to assure their satisfaction and earn confidence in the Group. *1.* **Satisfactory**\n**Customer Services**\nIn the conduct of its business activities, SMFG fulfills its social responsibilities by contributing to In the conduct of its business activities, SMFG fulfills its social responsibilities by contributing to\nthe sustainable development of society as a whole through offering higher added value to the sustainable development of society as a whole through offering higher added value to\n(i) customers, (ii) shareholders and the market, (iii) the environment and society, and (iv) employees. (i) customers, (ii) shareholders and the market, (iii) the environment and society, and (iv) employees.\n**SMFG’s Definition of CSR**",
+                    "page_start": 5,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\n**improving the nation’s diet and**\n**in strengthening the agricultural**\n**and fisheries sectors**\n**Roundtable session: SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan**\n**Making banking**\n**a more pleasant experience**\n**for all customers**\n**Peace of mind**\n**at the bank counter**\n**Preparing our businesses**\n**for a higher old-age**\n**dependency ratio**\nWith the old-age dependency ratio soaring, With the old-age dependency ratio soaring,\nthe SMFG Group aims to provide friendly, the SMFG Group aims to provide friendly,\neasy-to-use banking services for all its easy-to-use banking services for all its\ncustomers. customers.\nSome Group companies are likewise making Some Group companies are likewise making\ntheir facilities barrier-free at bank branches their facilities barrier-free at bank branches\nwith large numbers of customers, to tailor with large numbers of customers, to tailor\nservices to the needs of all customers. services to the needs of all customers.\nFor example at the Minato Bank, we have For example at the Minato Bank, we have\nequipped all ATMs at all our branches and equipped all ATMs at all our branches and\ncashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for cashpoints with voice-guidance handsets for\nthe visually impaired. the visually impaired.\nIn addition, we have set up priority seating In addition, we have set up priority seating\nin the lobby of each of our branches for in the lobby of each of our branches for\ncustomers who are very old or who have customers who are very old or who have\nmobility problems. We are also steadily mobility problems. We are also steadily\nintroducing queue-number displays using introducing queue-number displays using\nColor Universal Design (CUD) principles, Color Universal Design (CUD) principles,\nwhich are easier to read for customers with which are easier to read for customers with\neyesight concerns. eyesight concerns. A roundtable session with experts held in August 2011\nconsidered the role of the new SMBC Food and Agricultural\nAssessment Loan in improving the food supply chain that\nlinks food and fishery producers with food processors and\nconsumers. Opinions were also exchanged on what other\nfuture role the bank might assume in this regard, given\nthe current situation and issues facing the food industry\nand agriculture\nin Japan.\n“We want to deliver value by creating demand and quality combined with safety, peace\nof mind and trust.”\nA further measure is installation of handheld A further measure is installation of handheld\nhearing support devices at all branches hearing support devices at all branches",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n##### Commitment from the Top\n\n####### **Further measures needed**\n\n**Our Mission**\n**Contributing to the Sustainable Development of Society**\n**CSR Group Initiatives**\nSolid Management Structure\n(corporate governance, internal controls, compliance,\nrisk management, information disclosure, etc.)\nCustomers Shareholders\nand the Market The Environment\nand Society Employees\nHighly-valued\nproducts and\nservices\nSound\nManagement\nSocial and community activities and environmental activities\nCorporate culture\nrespecting\nthe individual\nBoard of Directors\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation SMFG Card & Credit, Inc. The Japan Research Institute Limited SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd. Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd.\n**Chairman**  : Director in charge of SMFG\nCorporate Planning Department\n**Committee members**  : General Managers of SMFG,\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation,\nSMFG Card & Credit, Sumitomo Mitsui Card,\nCedyna, Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing,\nThe Japan Research Institute,\nSMBC Friend Securities, SMBC Nikko Securities,\nTHE MINATO BANK and\nKansai Urban Banking Corporation\n**Administered by**  : Group CSR Department of SMFG\n**Strategic advisor**  :\nJRI Center for the Strategy of Emergence\nManagement Committee\n**Group CSR Committee**\n**CSR Liaison Committee**\n**SMFG CSR promotion structure**\nOur Mission\nCustomers\nPromoting CSR through\ncore operations\nShareholders and the Market\nThe Environment and Society\nEmployees\n|  Plan  |\n|:---|\n| Do  |\n|  Check  |\n|:---|\n| Act  |\nBasic CSR Policy\n(Business Ethics)\nWe intend to be a financial services group for which all officers and employees work We intend to be a financial services group for which all officers and employees work\nwith pride and commitment. For this purpose, we respect people and develop with pride and commitment. For this purpose, we respect people and develop\nemployees with extensive professional knowledge and capabilities, thereby creating a employees with extensive professional knowledge and capabilities, thereby creating a\nfree and active business environment. free and active business environment. *4.* **Free and Active**\n**Business Environment**\nWe intend to be a financial services group that maintains fair, transparent, and sound We intend to be a financial services group that maintains fair, transparent, and sound\nmanagement based on the principle of self-responsibility. For this purpose, along with management based on the principle of self-responsibility. For this purpose, along with\nearning the firm confidence of our shareholders, our customers, and the general public, earning the firm confidence of our shareholders, our customers, and the general public,\nwe take a long-term view of our business and operate it efficiently, and actively disclose we take a long-term view of our business and operate it efficiently, and actively disclose",
+                    "page_start": 6,
+                    "page_end": 6,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report Digest version www.smfg.co.jp/english\n\n## Today, Tomorrow and Beyond\n\n#### **Together with Our Customers**\n\n####### **Size of fund**\n\npersonnel exchanges within Japan and with personnel exchanges within Japan and with\noverseas countries. For example, we overseas countries. For example, we\norganize “Global Corporate Banker Training” organize “Global Corporate Banker Training”\nclasses in Tokyo for foreign staff working classes in Tokyo for foreign staff working\nat overseas units and for regular employees at overseas units and for regular employees\nin Japan. All of these courses are in English in Japan. All of these courses are in English\nand feature discussions and presentations and feature discussions and presentations\non resolution of issues faced by global on resolution of issues faced by global\ncompanies. Through such lively exchanges, companies. Through such lively exchanges,\nthe aim is to develop the ability to deepen the aim is to develop the ability to deepen\ncross-cultural communication and cultivate cross-cultural communication and cultivate\na global outlook and mentality. a global outlook and mentality.\nAt the bank, we will continue measures to At the bank, we will continue measures to\npromote globalization going forward, and promote globalization going forward, and\ncreate systems that can provide higher create systems that can provide higher\nquality support to our customers. quality support to our customers.\nNative speaker teachers\nIn November 2010, the bank expanded its In November 2010, the bank expanded its\nemployee carer support program. employee carer support program.\nEven now, much remains to be done to Even now, much remains to be done to\ndevelop public support mechanisms, develop public support mechanisms,\nsubsidies and other infrastructure needed subsidies and other infrastructure needed\nto provide and enable old-age care services. to provide and enable old-age care services.\nIf the old-age dependency ratio continues to If the old-age dependency ratio continues to\nclimb, we expect the number of employees climb, we expect the number of employees\nwith care responsibilities to increase. In light with care responsibilities to increase. In light\nof this, we have broadened the scope of of this, we have broadened the scope of\nour support program to achieve a sounder our support program to achieve a sounder\nbalance between work and care needs. balance between work and care needs.\nThe improvements have three aspects: The improvements have three aspects:\n(1) Care-leave time has been extended to (1) Care-leave time has been extended to\none year; (2) the time frame during which one year; (2) the time frame during which",
+                    "page_start": 10,
+                    "page_end": 10,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf",
+                "query": "Does Chesapeake Energy have a project to reduce excessive water use?",
+                "target_page": 28,
+                "target_passage": "Created to meet the challenge of reducing our water usage, Chesapeake’s Aqua Renew® program uses state-of-the-art technology to recycle pro- duced water.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### CHESAPEAKE’S COMMITMENT TO BEING A GOOD NEIGHBOR  »\n\n##### INVESTING IN OUR WORLD AND OUR PEOPLE »\n\nManagement Practices (BMPs) to help ensure energy development is con­\nducted in an environmentally responsible manner. Procedures are imple­\nmented throughout our operations to protect freshwater aquifers and\nreduce environmental impacts. BMPs protect wildlife, air quality, water and\nlandscapes as we work to develop vitally needed domestic energy sources.\nImplemented throughout the entire life cycle of a well, BMPs can be\nas simple as strategically placing a berm, or land barrier, on locations\nto control surface water runoff. Others involve cutting-edge operational\ntechnologies such as utilizing the most advanced techniques offered in\ndrilling fluids, well casing and cement design. Regardless of complex­\nity, all BMPs are based on the idea that the environmental footprint of\nenergy development should be as small and temporary as possible.\nThese practices are continually evolving and further improving as\nChesapeake and the industry develop new innovative techniques and\napproaches to business.\nIn addition to our BMPs, Chesapeake has also initiated several\ninnovative internal programs focused on water recycling and greener\nhydraulic fracturing processes.\n* **Aqua Renew** *    **<sup>®</sup>**\nCreated to meet the challenge of reducing our water usage, Chesapeake’s\n*Aqua Renew*  <sup>®</sup> program uses state-of-the-art technology to recycle pro­\nduced water. Since the\ncompany’s preliminary\nreclamation project in\n2006, our focus on water reuse and conservation has become a company-\nwide endeavor, stretching from the Barnett Shale of North Texas to the\nMarcellus Shale of northern Pennsylvania.\nThe  *Aqua Renew*  program has yet to find a limit to how much\nrecycled water could be used without compromising well production.\nIn fact, our Marcellus Shale operations are treating and recycling virtu­\nally 100% of produced water (more than 10 million gallons per month)\nfor reuse in our hydraulic fracturing operations. Properly conducted\nmodern fracking is a highly engineered, controlled, sophisticated and\nsafe procedure.\nWith such large volumes of recycled water, the company is see­\ning more than just environmental advantages. We estimate that this\n##### INVESTING IN OUR WORLD AND OUR PEOPLE »\n*Green operations — Chesapeake’s Best Management Practices ensure our*\n*operations are as environmentally friendly as possible, while protecting*\n*our employees, neighbors and the areas where we operate.*\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **27**\nprocess is saving the company an average of $12 million per year in the\nMarcellus Shale alone.\n* **Green Frac** *   **<sup>®</sup>**\nChesapeake’s  *Green Frac*   *<sup>®</sup>* program was launched in October 2009 to\nevaluate the types of additives typically used in the fracking process. As",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **8**\nPermian Basin  Chesapeake has built a strong position of approx­\nimately 1.2 million net leasehold acres in the Permian Basin including\n560,000 net leasehold acres in the Bone Spring, Avalon, Wolfcamp and Wolfberry\nunconventional liquids plays. This area has the potential to deliver significant\nupside as we move toward increasing our oil production substantially in the years\nahead. We have developed multiple new horizontal oil projects in this area, where\nwe plan to utilize an average of approximately eight operated rigs in 2011 to further\ndevelop our leasehold in the Permian and Delaware basins and estimate we could drill\nup to 4,400 net wells.",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\nnatural gas refineries that supplement the U.S. liquid fuel supply stream, we believe that the marketplace will increasingly utilize and embrace natural\ngas. Chesapeake is working with industry, public policymakers and potential partners on each of these demand reinvention opportunities. Natural\ngas is clean, affordable, abundant and American. Why  *shouldn’t*  it trade at a BTU premium in the years ahead?\n**Why is an investment grade rating on its debt securities important to CHK?**\nWe believe that Chesapeake will benefit in multiple ways from an investment grade rating on our debt\nsecurities, which we hope to achieve in 2012 or 2013. First, a higher rating would obviously lower the company’s\nborrowing costs over time. In addition, other less easily quantifiable benefits will also accrue to Chesapeake.\nHigher debt ratings would result in lower costs on long-term firm transportation contracts that we enter into in\norder to market our natural gas and oil production as well as facilitate our ability to enter into long-term contracts\nto sell our natural gas production to international buyers in the form of LNG. An improved rating will also enhance\nChesapeake’s ability to further attract world-class energy companies to participate in our joint venture projects,\nwhich profitably monetize a portion of our leasehold investments and also accelerate the development of our\nresource base. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we believe that reduced financial leverage and an invest­\nment grade rating will lead to a higher stock price and provide further interest from worldwide equity investors.\nJeff Fisher\nSenior Vice President -  Production\nNick Dell’Osso\nExecutive Vice President\nand Chief Financial Officer\nJeff Mobley\nSenior Vice President -\nInvestor Relations and Research\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **21**\nThrough volunteer programs and responsible operations, we strive to be the best neighbor\npossible in every one of our operating areas by investing in our communities.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\nfracture stimulation designs for liquids-rich plays that allow the company to achieve a greater stimulated rock volume\nin low permeability reservoirs. Finally, the advancements Chesapeake has made in developing liquids-rich plays have\nbeen made possible through the use of our proprietary Reservoir Technology Center that has become the industry’s most advanced shale core laboratory.\n**It is often said that the energy industry has an aging work force that is fast approaching**\n**retirement age. How is Chesapeake addressing this?**\nIt is no secret that there is a shortage of experienced professionals in the natural gas and oil industry. The industry down­\nturn of the 1980s and 1990s discouraged many from pursuing energy careers. In the following decades, strong compe­\ntition from other industries lured away many of the best and brightest science and technology graduates, and today\nmany experienced professionals who stayed in the industry through the downturn are approaching retirement age.\nAs a result, one of our industry’s greatest challenges over the past 10 years has been to develop a new generation\nof natural gas and oil professionals who have the knowledge and experience required to meet the nation’s growing\nenergy needs.\nIn 2000 Chesapeake was one of the first companies to recognize this trend and to understand how recruiting\nand training a new generation of energy professionals would impact the company’s future success and its ability to\ncompete in the industry. At that time, Chesapeake formulated a business strategy to address future staffing needs\nand decided to create a world-class college recruiting and intern program to recruit the most promising industry\ntalent. Today, Chesapeake hosts more than 150 interns every summer in its internship program, many of whom go\non to become full-time Chesapeake employees upon graduation. In addition, we have 350 students who receive\nscholarships through Chesapeake programs, and our staff of college recruiters has developed strong relationships with professors, department heads\nand career counselors at the more than 31 universities where we actively recruit.\nAs a result of these efforts, young professionals in a wide range of disciplines, from scientists and engineers to land management and legal",
+                    "page_start": 21,
+                    "page_end": 21,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n#### the most active driller of new wells in the U.S.\n\nHeadquartered in Oklahoma City, the company’s operations are focused on discovering and developing\nunconventional natural gas and oil fields onshore in the U.S. Chesapeake owns leading positions in\nthe Barnett, Haynesville, Bossier, Marcellus and Pearsall natural gas shale plays and in the Granite\nWash, Cleveland, Tonkawa, Mississippian, Bone Spring, Avalon, Wolfcamp, Wolfberry, Eagle Ford,\nNiobrara and Utica unconventional liquids-rich plays.\nThe company has also vertically integrated its oper-\nations and owns substantial midstream, compression,\ndrilling and oilfield service assets. Chesapeake’s stock\nis listed on the New York Stock Exchange under\nthe symbol CHK. Further information is available at\n**www.chk.com**  where Chesapeake routinely posts\nannouncements, updates, events, investor informa-\ntion, presentations and press releases.\n**CORPORATE PROFILE**\n**Proved Reserve Growth**\nBcfe at end of year **Production Growth**\nAverage mmcfe per day for year **Total Resource Base Growth**  <sup>*</sup>\nBcfe at end of year\n* Proved and unrisked, unproved reserves\n**FIVE-YEAR PERFORMANCE**\nAs of December 31\nCHK 2010 Peer Group  <sup>(1)</sup> S&P 500\n**TEN-YEAR PERFORMANCE**\nAs of December 31\nCHK 2010 Peer Group  <sup>(1)</sup> S&P 500\n20,000\n40,000\n60,000\n100,000\n80,000\n120,000\n0\n500\n1,000\n1,500\n2,000\n2,500\n3,000\n0\n500\n1000\n1500\n2000\n2500\n3000\n0\n5000\n10000\n15000\n20000\n0\n20000\n40000\n60000\n80000\n100000\n120000\n00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 0\n5,000\n10,000\n15,000\n20,000\n00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10\n20,000\n40,000\n60,000\n100,000\n80,000\n120,000\n0\n500\n1,000\n1,500\n2,000\n2,500\n3,000\n0\n500\n1000\n1500\n2000\n2500\n3000\n0\n5000\n10000\n15000\n20000\n0\n20000\n40000\n60000\n80000\n100000\n120000\n00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 0\n5,000\n10,000\n15,000\n20,000\n00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10\n50,000\n100,000\n150,000\n250,000\n200,000\n300,000\n0\n5000\n10000\n15000\n20000\n0\n50000\n100000\n150000\n200000\n250000\n300000\n00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 0\n5,000\n10,000\n15,000\n20,000\n00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10\n0\n10\n20\n30\n40\n50\n60\n70\n80\n0\n5\n10\n15\n20\n$ 0",
+                    "page_start": 1,
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+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### WE THANK EVERY MEMBER OF TEAM CHESAPEAKE  »\n\nassumptions regarding future natural gas and\noil prices, planned drilling activity and capital\nexpenditures, and future asset sales, as well as\nstatements concerning anticipated cash flow and\nliquidity, business strategy and other plans and\nobjectives for future operations. Although we\nbelieve the expectations and forecasts reflected\nin these and other forward-looking statements\nare reasonable, we can give no assurance they\nwill prove to have been correct. They can be af­\nfected by inaccurate assumptions or by known\nor unknown risks and uncertainties.\nFactors that could cause actual results to differ\nmaterially from expected results are described\nunder “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our 2010 Annual\nReport on Form 10-K included in this report. We\ncaution you not to place undue reliance on for­\nward-looking statements, and we undertake no\nobligation to update this information. We urge\nyou to carefully review and consider the disclo­\nsures made in this report and our other filings\nwith the Securities and Exchange Commission\n(SEC) regarding the risks and factors that may\naffect our business.\nThe SEC requires natural gas and oil companies, in\nfilings made with the SEC, to disclose proved re-\nserves and permits the optional disclosure of\nprobable and possible reserves. While Chesapeake\nhas elected not to report probable and possible\nreserves in its filings with the SEC, we have pro-\nvided estimates in this report of what we consider\nto be our “total resource base.” This term includes\nour estimated proved reserves as well as “risked\nand unrisked unproved resources,” which repre­\nsent Chesapeake’s internal estimates of volumes of\nnatural gas and oil that are not classified as proved\nreserves but are potentially recoverable through\nexploratory drilling or additional drilling or recovery\ntechniques. Our estimates of unproved resources\nare not intended to correspond to probable and\npossible reserves, as defined by SEC regulations,\nand are by their nature more speculative than\nestimates of proved reserves and accordingly are\nsubject to substantially greater risk of being ac­\ntually realized by the company.\n**CORPORATE INFORMATION**\nWWW.CHK.COM\n**6100 NORTH WESTERN AVENUE**\n**OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73118**\n**WWW.CHK.COM**",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### WE THANK EVERY MEMBER OF TEAM CHESAPEAKE  »\n\nWe would like to thank each of Chesapeake’s 10,021 employees who brought a unique combination of experience, talent and\npositive attitude to the company in 2010. Last year the company was honored for the fourth consecutive year with inclusion\nin the FORTUNE 100 Best Companies to Work For <sup>®</sup> list at #32, the highest-ranking company in the energy production industry.\n**30**   |  EMPLOYEES\n**1989 (3)**\nKinney Louthan\nAubrey McClendon\nPatsy Watters\n**1990 (3)**\nKevin Decker\nDavid Higgins\nCindi Williams\n**1991 (4)**\nSteve Dixon\nMarilyn Pollard\nPatti Schlegel\nJulie Washam\n**1992 (2)**\nTom Price\nMelanie Weaver\n**1993 (5)**\nRalph Ball\nDavid Desalvo\nMike Johnson\nRandy Pierce\nDave Wittman\n**1994 (16)**\nBarbara Bale\nMartha Burger\nMichael Coles\nTraci Cook\nRon Goff\nGreg Knight\nDan LeDonne\nRich McClanahan\nSteve W. Miller\nTommy Morphew\nPat Pope\nDanny Rutledge\nStephanie Shedden\nRonnie Ward\nShelly White\nGerald Zgabay\n**1995 (26)**\nRichey Albright\nPaula Asher\nEric Ashmore\nRandy Borlaug\nShelli Butler\nMelissa Chambers\nDale Cook\nTed Davis\nMandy Duane\nSteve Gaskins\nJennifer Grigsby\nGayle Harris\nHenry Hood\nLorrie Jacobs\nBarry Langham\nCindy LeBlanc\nLeland Murray\nFred Portillo\nJohn Qualls\nPat Rolla\nHank Scheel\nCharles W. Scholz\nStan Stinnett\nBrenda Stremble\nGreg Weinschenk\nBrian Winter\n**1996 (29)**\nHeather Anderson\nJamie Carter\nJasen Davis\nGeorge Denny\nTim Denny\nGary Dunlap\nLaurie Eck\nJan Fair\nBarbara Frailey\nLinda Gardner\nCharlene Glover\nRandy Goben\nJim Gomez\nMelissa Gruenewald\nDoug W. Johnson\nJim Johnson\nTaylor Kemp\nMike Lebsack\nSteve Lepretre\nLarry Lunardi\nJohn Marks\nSandi Michalicka\nLiz Muskrat\nAngela Ports\nTommy Putz\nBryan Sagebiel\nKurt Schrantz\nPhyllis Trammell\nAllan Waldroup\n**1997 (32)**\nLinda Allen\nKarla Allford\nSara Caldwell\nSteve Cody\nKristine Conway\nRandy Cornelsen\nMichelle Cullen\nBruce Dixon\nGreg Drwenski\nMark B. Evans\nJoy Franklin\nRob Gilkes\nShane Hamilton\nMichael Horn\nEric Hughes\nDavid B. Jones\nMike Ludlow\nSarah Lumen\nLauren Matlock\nSam McCaskill\nBob Neely\nBob Pope\nErick Porter\nJolene Schur\nCarolyn Simmons\nApril Smith\nWilma Smith\nFrank Unsicker\nIvajean Wallace\nCraig White\nDori Williams\nCurtis Williford\n**1998 (62)**\nStephen Adams\nCrae Barr\nFrancy Beesley\nJoel Bennett\nLeonard Berry Jr.\nSusan Bradford\nMark Brown\nRandy Brown\nLori Budde\nTerry Caldwell\nBob Campbell\nTed Campbell\nSherri Childers\nTana Clark\nJennifer Copeland\nDavid Craycraft\nIris Drake\nMac Drake\nGary Egger\nSteve Emick\nDan Estes\nDennis Frick\nStacy Gilbert\nJim Gowens\nKelsey Hammit\nTresa Hammond\nJeff L. Harris\nDebbie Hulett\nJulie Ingram\nTammy Kelln\nRose Kim\nSteve King\nMike Lancaster\nChris H. Lee",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### CHESAPEAKE’S COMMITMENT TO BEING A GOOD NEIGHBOR  »\n\n*Retiring from the*\n*Board in June 2011*\nCharles T. Maxwell  <sup>(3,4)</sup>\nSenior Energy Analyst\nWeeden & Co.\nGreenwich, Connecticut\nDon Nickles  <sup>(4)</sup>\nFormer U.S. Senator, Oklahoma\nFounder and President\nThe Nickles Group, LLC\nWashington, D.C.\nSEATED (LEFT TO RIGHT)\nRichard K Davidson  <sup>(1)</sup>\nRetired Chairman and CEO\nUnion Pacific Corporation\nBonita Springs, Florida\nGovernance\nOur Board of Directors is responsible to our shareholders for the oversight of the company and for the imple­\nmentation and operation of an effective and sound corporate governance environment. We believe that effec­\ntive corporate governance contributes to long-term corporate performance. An effective governance structure\nshould reinforce a culture of corporate integrity, foster the company’s pursuit of long-term strategic goals of\ngrowth and profit and ensure quality and continuity of corporate leadership. Our directors will continue to be\ndiligent in their efforts to preserve the public trust while fostering the long-term success of the company.\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **29**\n##### OFFICERS »\nJeffrey A. Fisher\nSenior Vice President -\nProduction\nMichael A. Johnson\nSenior Vice President -\nAccounting, Controller\nand Chief Accounting Officer\nJ. Mike Stice\nSenior Vice President -  Natural Gas\nProjects and Chief Executive Officer\nChesapeake Midstream Partners, L.P.\nSteven C. Dixon\nExecutive Vice President -\nOperations and Geosciences\nand Chief Operating Officer\nHenry J. Hood\nSenior Vice President -  Land\nand Legal and General Counsel\nJeffrey L. Mobley\nSenior Vice President -\nInvestor Relations and Research\nDomenic J. Dell’Osso, Jr.\nExecutive Vice President\nand Chief Financial Officer\nMartha A. Burger\nSenior Vice President -\nHuman and Corporate Resources\nJames C. Johnson\nSenior Vice President -\nEnergy Marketing\nThomas S. Price, Jr.\nSenior Vice President -\nCorporate Development\nand Government Relations\nAubrey K. McClendon\nChairman of the Board\nand Chief Executive Officer\nJennifer M. Grigsby\nSenior Vice President,\nTreasurer and Corporate Secretary\nCathy L. Tompkins\nSenior Vice President -\nInformation Technology\nand Chief Information Officer\nStephen W. Miller\nSenior Vice President -  Drilling\nDouglas J. Jacobson\nExecutive Vice President -\nAcquisitions and Divestitures\n###### FROM PENNSYLVANIA TO NEW MEXICO,",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n### DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS  »\n\npeople across 15 states today, Chesapeake has always focused on build­\ning first-class human resources within a distinctive corporate culture. Talk\nto Chesapeake employees and you will note genuine pride and great\nenthusiasm about the company and the critical role that we play in deliv­\nering increasing quantities of clean and affordable American natural gas\nand valuable and reliable liquids to energy consumers across the country.\nChesapeake employees are distinctive in other ways as well. They\nare much younger than the industry average, with half of our almost\n4,000 Oklahoma City-based headquarters employees 33 years old\nor younger. Their enthusiasm and willingness to learn create an\n**12**   | LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT  |    **13**\n*Developing great assets begins with*\n*great people, such as the hardworking*\n*crews of Nomac, Chesapeake’s wholly*\n*owned drilling subsidiary. Employees*\n*take pride in the critical roles they play*\n*in finding and delivering natural gas*\n*to their fellow Americans.*\nI am pleased to report that we have apparently finally convinced\nPresident Barack Obama and Congressional leadership to recognize that\nthe energy path America is on today is completely unsustainable. There\nappears to be growing recognition that it is spectacularly dangerous for\nAmerica to continue importing 9 million barrels of oil per day and exporting\nmore than $1 billion per day in national wealth to oil exporting countries.\nAmerica’s undiminished appetite for foreign oil has created the larg­\nest wealth transfer in the history of the world. The political leadership\nin Washington, D.C., has not seemed overly concerned about this issue\nuntil recently. However, after President Obama’s recent speech calling\n(1)\n\u0007 Reserve replacement is calculated by dividing net reserve additions from all sources by actual production for the corresponding period. We calculate drilling and net acquisition cost per mcfe by dividing total drilling\nand net proved property acquisition costs incurred during the year (excludes certain costs primarily related to net unproved property acquisitions, geological and geophysical costs and deferred taxes related to\ncorporate acquisitions) by total proved reserve additions excluding price-related revisions.\n(2)\n\u0007 A non-GAAP financial measure, as defined below. Please refer to the Investors section of our website at www.chk.com for reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to comparable financial measures calculated\nin accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.\n-   \u0007Adjusted ebitda is net income (loss) before interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), and depreciation, depletion and amortization expense, as adjusted to remove the effects of certain items that manage­\nment believes affect the comparability of operating results.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n### DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS  »\n\nPlatts Global Energy Awards as finalists for CEO of the Year, Community\nDevelopment Program of the Year, Deal of the Year, Energy Producer\nof the Year and the Industry Leadership Award. Chesapeake was one\nof only two companies selected as a finalist in five or more categories.\nThe company was also honored in 2010 with a Certificate of Recognition\nfor our military reserve recruiting efforts, named a 2010 Best Diversity\nCompany by Engineering & Information Technology Magazine and rec­\nognized for Best Investor Relations in Energy Sector and Best Investor\nRelations Website at the 2010 IR Magazine U.S. Awards.\n**Recent Events and a Better Way Forward**\nYou may be aware that I have been outspoken in attempting to persuade\nour country’s political leadership to recognize that the discovery of vast\nresources of unconventional natural gas and oil in the U.S. is a complete\ngame changer for our country from an economic, national security and\nenvironmental perspective. After two years of my best efforts and the\nefforts of many others in the industry, most notably T. Boone Pickens,\nFrom our beginning 22 years ago with 10\nemployees in Oklahoma City to employing\nmore than 10,000 people across 15 states\ntoday, Chesapeake has always focused on\nbuilding first-class human resources within\na distinctive corporate culture.\n*<<*   *A Chesapeake rig drills in the Marcellus Shale, where the company is*\n*the leading leasehold owner, largest producer and most active driller.*\nwet natural gas and dry natural gas), similar to the components of the\nEagle Ford Shale. We have made a large commitment to this play and\nhave acquired approximately 1.2 million net leasehold acres and expect\nto increase this total to as much as 1.5 million net leasehold acres in the\ncoming months. We are currently using three rigs to evaluate the play\nand believe our leasehold could support the drilling of up to 12,000 net\nwells. This is an area where we anticipate bringing in a joint venture\npartner late in 2011 or early in 2012.\n**Our People**\nGreat assets cannot exist without great people, so we take great pride\nin hiring, training, motivating, rewarding and retaining what we regard\nas the best employees in the industry. From our beginning 22 years ago\nwith 10 employees in Oklahoma City to employing more than 10,000",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "references": {
+                "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf",
+                "query": "Has the CEO of Chesapeake Energy met with the US President about America's energy production?",
+                "target_page": 16,
+                "target_passage": "I am pleased to report that we have apparently finally convinced President Barack Obama and Congressional leadership to recognize that the energy path America is on today is completely unsustainable.",
+                "chunk_present": {
+                    "presence": true,
+                    "index": 0
+                }
+            },
+            "top_chunk": [
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n### DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS  »\n\npeople across 15 states today, Chesapeake has always focused on build­\ning first-class human resources within a distinctive corporate culture. Talk\nto Chesapeake employees and you will note genuine pride and great\nenthusiasm about the company and the critical role that we play in deliv­\nering increasing quantities of clean and affordable American natural gas\nand valuable and reliable liquids to energy consumers across the country.\nChesapeake employees are distinctive in other ways as well. They\nare much younger than the industry average, with half of our almost\n4,000 Oklahoma City-based headquarters employees 33 years old\nor younger. Their enthusiasm and willingness to learn create an\n**12**   | LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS 2010 ANNUAL REPORT  |    **13**\n*Developing great assets begins with*\n*great people, such as the hardworking*\n*crews of Nomac, Chesapeake’s wholly*\n*owned drilling subsidiary. Employees*\n*take pride in the critical roles they play*\n*in finding and delivering natural gas*\n*to their fellow Americans.*\nI am pleased to report that we have apparently finally convinced\nPresident Barack Obama and Congressional leadership to recognize that\nthe energy path America is on today is completely unsustainable. There\nappears to be growing recognition that it is spectacularly dangerous for\nAmerica to continue importing 9 million barrels of oil per day and exporting\nmore than $1 billion per day in national wealth to oil exporting countries.\nAmerica’s undiminished appetite for foreign oil has created the larg­\nest wealth transfer in the history of the world. The political leadership\nin Washington, D.C., has not seemed overly concerned about this issue\nuntil recently. However, after President Obama’s recent speech calling\n(1)\n\u0007 Reserve replacement is calculated by dividing net reserve additions from all sources by actual production for the corresponding period. We calculate drilling and net acquisition cost per mcfe by dividing total drilling\nand net proved property acquisition costs incurred during the year (excludes certain costs primarily related to net unproved property acquisitions, geological and geophysical costs and deferred taxes related to\ncorporate acquisitions) by total proved reserve additions excluding price-related revisions.\n(2)\n\u0007 A non-GAAP financial measure, as defined below. Please refer to the Investors section of our website at www.chk.com for reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to comparable financial measures calculated\nin accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.\n-   \u0007Adjusted ebitda is net income (loss) before interest expense, income tax expense (benefit), and depreciation, depletion and amortization expense, as adjusted to remove the effects of certain items that manage­\nment believes affect the comparability of operating results.",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 15,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n### DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS  »\n\nomy’s lifeline of oil. This should be especially obvious when one realizes\nthat during the next 10 years, America will likely export at least another\n$4 trillion in national wealth to oil exporters around the world. Clearly,\nour country must demand from its leaders a new and more sustainable\nenergy future.\nThe good news, however, is that America can now secure a new\nenergy future thanks to Chesapeake and a handful of other leading U.S.\nE&P companies that have reinvented the process of finding natural gas\nand oil during the past five years. In doing so, we have discovered twice\nthe resources of natural gas in the U.S. that Saudi Arabia possesses in oil.\nFurthermore, these same few companies that led the unconventional\nnatural gas revolution have in just the past two years also reinvented\nthe way in which we can find large new oil resources onshore in the U.S.\nIn fact, I believe the U.S. can possibly increase its production of oil from\nthe current 5.8 million barrels per day by 30- 50% during the next 5- 10\nyears, thereby potentially reaching the President’s 2025 goal of reducing\nforeign oil imports by 33%, 5- 10 years earlier than hoped.\nThe combination of these vast new discoveries\nof unconventional natural gas and liquids\nprovides America with a unique future path-\nway toward greater energy independence,\nan industrial renaissance, economic rejuvenation\nand greater national security.\nBest regards,\nAubrey K. McClendon\nChairman and Chief Executive Officer\nApril 15, 2011\n*Advancing technology for cleaner operations: solar panels at a West Texas well power*\n*telemetry systems that provide pumpers with real-time information on oil and water*\n*tank levels to alarm them when levels near capacity, preventing tank spills.*\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **15**",
+                    "page_start": 16,
+                    "page_end": 16,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n### DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS  »\n\nPlatts Global Energy Awards as finalists for CEO of the Year, Community\nDevelopment Program of the Year, Deal of the Year, Energy Producer\nof the Year and the Industry Leadership Award. Chesapeake was one\nof only two companies selected as a finalist in five or more categories.\nThe company was also honored in 2010 with a Certificate of Recognition\nfor our military reserve recruiting efforts, named a 2010 Best Diversity\nCompany by Engineering & Information Technology Magazine and rec­\nognized for Best Investor Relations in Energy Sector and Best Investor\nRelations Website at the 2010 IR Magazine U.S. Awards.\n**Recent Events and a Better Way Forward**\nYou may be aware that I have been outspoken in attempting to persuade\nour country’s political leadership to recognize that the discovery of vast\nresources of unconventional natural gas and oil in the U.S. is a complete\ngame changer for our country from an economic, national security and\nenvironmental perspective. After two years of my best efforts and the\nefforts of many others in the industry, most notably T. Boone Pickens,\nFrom our beginning 22 years ago with 10\nemployees in Oklahoma City to employing\nmore than 10,000 people across 15 states\ntoday, Chesapeake has always focused on\nbuilding first-class human resources within\na distinctive corporate culture.\n*<<*   *A Chesapeake rig drills in the Marcellus Shale, where the company is*\n*the leading leasehold owner, largest producer and most active driller.*\nwet natural gas and dry natural gas), similar to the components of the\nEagle Ford Shale. We have made a large commitment to this play and\nhave acquired approximately 1.2 million net leasehold acres and expect\nto increase this total to as much as 1.5 million net leasehold acres in the\ncoming months. We are currently using three rigs to evaluate the play\nand believe our leasehold could support the drilling of up to 12,000 net\nwells. This is an area where we anticipate bringing in a joint venture\npartner late in 2011 or early in 2012.\n**Our People**\nGreat assets cannot exist without great people, so we take great pride\nin hiring, training, motivating, rewarding and retaining what we regard\nas the best employees in the industry. From our beginning 22 years ago\nwith 10 employees in Oklahoma City to employing more than 10,000",
+                    "page_start": 13,
+                    "page_end": 13,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### CHESAPEAKE’S COMMITMENT TO BEING A GOOD NEIGHBOR  »\n\n*Retiring from the*\n*Board in June 2011*\nCharles T. Maxwell  <sup>(3,4)</sup>\nSenior Energy Analyst\nWeeden & Co.\nGreenwich, Connecticut\nDon Nickles  <sup>(4)</sup>\nFormer U.S. Senator, Oklahoma\nFounder and President\nThe Nickles Group, LLC\nWashington, D.C.\nSEATED (LEFT TO RIGHT)\nRichard K Davidson  <sup>(1)</sup>\nRetired Chairman and CEO\nUnion Pacific Corporation\nBonita Springs, Florida\nGovernance\nOur Board of Directors is responsible to our shareholders for the oversight of the company and for the imple­\nmentation and operation of an effective and sound corporate governance environment. We believe that effec­\ntive corporate governance contributes to long-term corporate performance. An effective governance structure\nshould reinforce a culture of corporate integrity, foster the company’s pursuit of long-term strategic goals of\ngrowth and profit and ensure quality and continuity of corporate leadership. Our directors will continue to be\ndiligent in their efforts to preserve the public trust while fostering the long-term success of the company.\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **29**\n##### OFFICERS »\nJeffrey A. Fisher\nSenior Vice President -\nProduction\nMichael A. Johnson\nSenior Vice President -\nAccounting, Controller\nand Chief Accounting Officer\nJ. Mike Stice\nSenior Vice President -  Natural Gas\nProjects and Chief Executive Officer\nChesapeake Midstream Partners, L.P.\nSteven C. Dixon\nExecutive Vice President -\nOperations and Geosciences\nand Chief Operating Officer\nHenry J. Hood\nSenior Vice President -  Land\nand Legal and General Counsel\nJeffrey L. Mobley\nSenior Vice President -\nInvestor Relations and Research\nDomenic J. Dell’Osso, Jr.\nExecutive Vice President\nand Chief Financial Officer\nMartha A. Burger\nSenior Vice President -\nHuman and Corporate Resources\nJames C. Johnson\nSenior Vice President -\nEnergy Marketing\nThomas S. Price, Jr.\nSenior Vice President -\nCorporate Development\nand Government Relations\nAubrey K. McClendon\nChairman of the Board\nand Chief Executive Officer\nJennifer M. Grigsby\nSenior Vice President,\nTreasurer and Corporate Secretary\nCathy L. Tompkins\nSenior Vice President -\nInformation Technology\nand Chief Information Officer\nStephen W. Miller\nSenior Vice President -  Drilling\nDouglas J. Jacobson\nExecutive Vice President -\nAcquisitions and Divestitures\n###### FROM PENNSYLVANIA TO NEW MEXICO,",
+                    "page_start": 29,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### WE THANK EVERY MEMBER OF TEAM CHESAPEAKE  »\n\nWe would like to thank each of Chesapeake’s 10,021 employees who brought a unique combination of experience, talent and\npositive attitude to the company in 2010. Last year the company was honored for the fourth consecutive year with inclusion\nin the FORTUNE 100 Best Companies to Work For <sup>®</sup> list at #32, the highest-ranking company in the energy production industry.\n**30**   |  EMPLOYEES\n**1989 (3)**\nKinney Louthan\nAubrey McClendon\nPatsy Watters\n**1990 (3)**\nKevin Decker\nDavid Higgins\nCindi Williams\n**1991 (4)**\nSteve Dixon\nMarilyn Pollard\nPatti Schlegel\nJulie Washam\n**1992 (2)**\nTom Price\nMelanie Weaver\n**1993 (5)**\nRalph Ball\nDavid Desalvo\nMike Johnson\nRandy Pierce\nDave Wittman\n**1994 (16)**\nBarbara Bale\nMartha Burger\nMichael Coles\nTraci Cook\nRon Goff\nGreg Knight\nDan LeDonne\nRich McClanahan\nSteve W. Miller\nTommy Morphew\nPat Pope\nDanny Rutledge\nStephanie Shedden\nRonnie Ward\nShelly White\nGerald Zgabay\n**1995 (26)**\nRichey Albright\nPaula Asher\nEric Ashmore\nRandy Borlaug\nShelli Butler\nMelissa Chambers\nDale Cook\nTed Davis\nMandy Duane\nSteve Gaskins\nJennifer Grigsby\nGayle Harris\nHenry Hood\nLorrie Jacobs\nBarry Langham\nCindy LeBlanc\nLeland Murray\nFred Portillo\nJohn Qualls\nPat Rolla\nHank Scheel\nCharles W. Scholz\nStan Stinnett\nBrenda Stremble\nGreg Weinschenk\nBrian Winter\n**1996 (29)**\nHeather Anderson\nJamie Carter\nJasen Davis\nGeorge Denny\nTim Denny\nGary Dunlap\nLaurie Eck\nJan Fair\nBarbara Frailey\nLinda Gardner\nCharlene Glover\nRandy Goben\nJim Gomez\nMelissa Gruenewald\nDoug W. Johnson\nJim Johnson\nTaylor Kemp\nMike Lebsack\nSteve Lepretre\nLarry Lunardi\nJohn Marks\nSandi Michalicka\nLiz Muskrat\nAngela Ports\nTommy Putz\nBryan Sagebiel\nKurt Schrantz\nPhyllis Trammell\nAllan Waldroup\n**1997 (32)**\nLinda Allen\nKarla Allford\nSara Caldwell\nSteve Cody\nKristine Conway\nRandy Cornelsen\nMichelle Cullen\nBruce Dixon\nGreg Drwenski\nMark B. Evans\nJoy Franklin\nRob Gilkes\nShane Hamilton\nMichael Horn\nEric Hughes\nDavid B. Jones\nMike Ludlow\nSarah Lumen\nLauren Matlock\nSam McCaskill\nBob Neely\nBob Pope\nErick Porter\nJolene Schur\nCarolyn Simmons\nApril Smith\nWilma Smith\nFrank Unsicker\nIvajean Wallace\nCraig White\nDori Williams\nCurtis Williford\n**1998 (62)**\nStephen Adams\nCrae Barr\nFrancy Beesley\nJoel Bennett\nLeonard Berry Jr.\nSusan Bradford\nMark Brown\nRandy Brown\nLori Budde\nTerry Caldwell\nBob Campbell\nTed Campbell\nSherri Childers\nTana Clark\nJennifer Copeland\nDavid Craycraft\nIris Drake\nMac Drake\nGary Egger\nSteve Emick\nDan Estes\nDennis Frick\nStacy Gilbert\nJim Gowens\nKelsey Hammit\nTresa Hammond\nJeff L. Harris\nDebbie Hulett\nJulie Ingram\nTammy Kelln\nRose Kim\nSteve King\nMike Lancaster\nChris H. Lee",
+                    "page_start": 31,
+                    "page_end": 31,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### WE THANK EVERY MEMBER OF TEAM CHESAPEAKE  »\n\nassumptions regarding future natural gas and\noil prices, planned drilling activity and capital\nexpenditures, and future asset sales, as well as\nstatements concerning anticipated cash flow and\nliquidity, business strategy and other plans and\nobjectives for future operations. Although we\nbelieve the expectations and forecasts reflected\nin these and other forward-looking statements\nare reasonable, we can give no assurance they\nwill prove to have been correct. They can be af­\nfected by inaccurate assumptions or by known\nor unknown risks and uncertainties.\nFactors that could cause actual results to differ\nmaterially from expected results are described\nunder “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our 2010 Annual\nReport on Form 10-K included in this report. We\ncaution you not to place undue reliance on for­\nward-looking statements, and we undertake no\nobligation to update this information. We urge\nyou to carefully review and consider the disclo­\nsures made in this report and our other filings\nwith the Securities and Exchange Commission\n(SEC) regarding the risks and factors that may\naffect our business.\nThe SEC requires natural gas and oil companies, in\nfilings made with the SEC, to disclose proved re-\nserves and permits the optional disclosure of\nprobable and possible reserves. While Chesapeake\nhas elected not to report probable and possible\nreserves in its filings with the SEC, we have pro-\nvided estimates in this report of what we consider\nto be our “total resource base.” This term includes\nour estimated proved reserves as well as “risked\nand unrisked unproved resources,” which repre­\nsent Chesapeake’s internal estimates of volumes of\nnatural gas and oil that are not classified as proved\nreserves but are potentially recoverable through\nexploratory drilling or additional drilling or recovery\ntechniques. Our estimates of unproved resources\nare not intended to correspond to probable and\npossible reserves, as defined by SEC regulations,\nand are by their nature more speculative than\nestimates of proved reserves and accordingly are\nsubject to substantially greater risk of being ac­\ntually realized by the company.\n**CORPORATE INFORMATION**\nWWW.CHK.COM\n**6100 NORTH WESTERN AVENUE**\n**OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73118**\n**WWW.CHK.COM**",
+                    "page_start": 46,
+                    "page_end": 47,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\nnatural gas refineries that supplement the U.S. liquid fuel supply stream, we believe that the marketplace will increasingly utilize and embrace natural\ngas. Chesapeake is working with industry, public policymakers and potential partners on each of these demand reinvention opportunities. Natural\ngas is clean, affordable, abundant and American. Why  *shouldn’t*  it trade at a BTU premium in the years ahead?\n**Why is an investment grade rating on its debt securities important to CHK?**\nWe believe that Chesapeake will benefit in multiple ways from an investment grade rating on our debt\nsecurities, which we hope to achieve in 2012 or 2013. First, a higher rating would obviously lower the company’s\nborrowing costs over time. In addition, other less easily quantifiable benefits will also accrue to Chesapeake.\nHigher debt ratings would result in lower costs on long-term firm transportation contracts that we enter into in\norder to market our natural gas and oil production as well as facilitate our ability to enter into long-term contracts\nto sell our natural gas production to international buyers in the form of LNG. An improved rating will also enhance\nChesapeake’s ability to further attract world-class energy companies to participate in our joint venture projects,\nwhich profitably monetize a portion of our leasehold investments and also accelerate the development of our\nresource base. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we believe that reduced financial leverage and an invest­\nment grade rating will lead to a higher stock price and provide further interest from worldwide equity investors.\nJeff Fisher\nSenior Vice President -  Production\nNick Dell’Osso\nExecutive Vice President\nand Chief Financial Officer\nJeff Mobley\nSenior Vice President -\nInvestor Relations and Research\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **21**\nThrough volunteer programs and responsible operations, we strive to be the best neighbor\npossible in every one of our operating areas by investing in our communities.",
+                    "page_start": 22,
+                    "page_end": 23,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## **6**\n\n### CHESAPEAKE’S COMMITMENT TO BEING A GOOD NEIGHBOR  »\n\n##### INVESTING IN OUR WORLD AND OUR PEOPLE »\n\nManagement Practices (BMPs) to help ensure energy development is con­\nducted in an environmentally responsible manner. Procedures are imple­\nmented throughout our operations to protect freshwater aquifers and\nreduce environmental impacts. BMPs protect wildlife, air quality, water and\nlandscapes as we work to develop vitally needed domestic energy sources.\nImplemented throughout the entire life cycle of a well, BMPs can be\nas simple as strategically placing a berm, or land barrier, on locations\nto control surface water runoff. Others involve cutting-edge operational\ntechnologies such as utilizing the most advanced techniques offered in\ndrilling fluids, well casing and cement design. Regardless of complex­\nity, all BMPs are based on the idea that the environmental footprint of\nenergy development should be as small and temporary as possible.\nThese practices are continually evolving and further improving as\nChesapeake and the industry develop new innovative techniques and\napproaches to business.\nIn addition to our BMPs, Chesapeake has also initiated several\ninnovative internal programs focused on water recycling and greener\nhydraulic fracturing processes.\n* **Aqua Renew** *    **<sup>®</sup>**\nCreated to meet the challenge of reducing our water usage, Chesapeake’s\n*Aqua Renew*  <sup>®</sup> program uses state-of-the-art technology to recycle pro­\nduced water. Since the\ncompany’s preliminary\nreclamation project in\n2006, our focus on water reuse and conservation has become a company-\nwide endeavor, stretching from the Barnett Shale of North Texas to the\nMarcellus Shale of northern Pennsylvania.\nThe  *Aqua Renew*  program has yet to find a limit to how much\nrecycled water could be used without compromising well production.\nIn fact, our Marcellus Shale operations are treating and recycling virtu­\nally 100% of produced water (more than 10 million gallons per month)\nfor reuse in our hydraulic fracturing operations. Properly conducted\nmodern fracking is a highly engineered, controlled, sophisticated and\nsafe procedure.\nWith such large volumes of recycled water, the company is see­\ning more than just environmental advantages. We estimate that this\n##### INVESTING IN OUR WORLD AND OUR PEOPLE »\n*Green operations — Chesapeake’s Best Management Practices ensure our*\n*operations are as environmentally friendly as possible, while protecting*\n*our employees, neighbors and the areas where we operate.*\n2010 ANNUAL REPORT |   **27**\nprocess is saving the company an average of $12 million per year in the\nMarcellus Shale alone.\n* **Green Frac** *   **<sup>®</sup>**\nChesapeake’s  *Green Frac*   *<sup>®</sup>* program was launched in October 2009 to\nevaluate the types of additives typically used in the fracking process. As",
+                    "page_start": 27,
+                    "page_end": 28,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "# 2010:  A YEAR \n OF TRANSITION \n AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n## 2010: A YEAR OF TRANSITION AND ACHIEVEMENT\n\n### DEAR FELLOW SHAREHOLDERS  »\n\nnatural gas, our new plays to meet expectations, oil prices to remain\nstrong and natural gas prices not to weaken from where they are today.\nHowever, Chesapeake’s growth from here on will be very mechanical\nwith our “factories” (meaning both our individual wells and our large\nplays) needing only four inputs for success: land, science, people and\ncapital. We now have gathered enough of these four inputs so that our\nfactories can run in harvest mode for decades to come, which hopefully\ncan lead to a $100 stock price by year-end 2015. Again, this would be a\nvery considerable achievement, but your management team enjoys big\nchallenges and we look forward to discussing it further with you in the\nquarters ahead.\n**Great Assets = A Great Future**\nThe very significant upward trajectory of value creation that Chesapeake\nis on today is primarily driven by the quality of our assets, which feature\ndominant positions in 16 of the 20 most important major unconvention­\nal natural gas and liquids plays in the U.S. — the Barnett, Haynesville,\nBossier, Marcellus, Eagle Ford, Pearsall, Niobrara and Utica shales\nand the Granite Wash, Cleveland, Tonkawa, Mississippian, Bone Spring,\nAvalon, Wolfcamp and Wolfberry tight sands and fractured carbonates.\nHaving only missed the Bakken Shale play in the Williston Basin, having\npassed on the Cana Shale play in Oklahoma and having sold out of\nthe Woodford and Fayetteville shale plays in Oklahoma and Arkansas\n(for overall value creation of $5.4 billion), Chesapeake’s unrivaled posi­\ntion in the 16 other major U.S. unconventional plays is remarkable and\nunprecedented and should form the foundation of further substantial\nvalue creation for Chesapeake’s shareholders for decades to come.\nThe gathering of these assets has been hard work for our employ­\nees and management team, and during 2010 it stretched our balance\nsheet and tested the patience of some of our shareholders. What is\nclear now, however, is that we have created a tremen­\ndous storehouse of value and an abundance of oppor­\ntunities for bountiful harvests for years to come for our\nshareholders.\nGiven the importance of these 16 unconventional\nplays, I have provided below a brief summary of our posi­\ntion in each of them:\nBarnett Shale — Discovered in the 1990s, the Barnett is the\ngranddaddy of all U.S. shale plays. Chesapeake acquired",
+                    "page_start": 7,
+                    "page_end": 7,
+                    "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf"
+                },
+                {
+                    "text": "#us, short for the United States\n\n## **References**\n\nMental models.  *Risk Anal.*   **1994**  ,  *14*  , 959- 970. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00065.x) ]\n90. Moser, S.C. Communicating climate change: History, challenges, process and future directions.  *Wiley*\n*Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang.*   **2010**  ,  *1*  , 31- 53. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.11) ]\n91. Huang, J.; Thornton, K.M.; Efthimiadis, E.N. Conversational tagging in twitter. In Proceedings of the 21st\nACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, Toronto, ON, Canada, 13- 16 June 2010; pp. 173- 178.\n92. Callon, M.  *Acting in an Uncertain World*  ; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2009.\n93. O’Neill, S.; Williams, H.T.; Kurz, T.; Wiersma, B.; Boyko ff , M. Dominant frames in legacy and social media\ncoverage of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.  *Nat. Clim. Chang.*   **2015**  ,  *5*  , 380. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2535) ]\n94. Brian Kennedy, M.H. U.S. Concern about Climate Change Is Rising, but Mainly among Democrats. 2019.\nAvailable online: https: // [www.pewresearch.org](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/08/28/u-s-concern-about-climate-change-is-rising-but-mainly-among-democrats/) / fact-tank / 2019 / 08 / 28 / u-s-concern-about-climate-change-is-\n[rising-but-mainly-among-democrats](https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/08/28/u-s-concern-about-climate-change-is-rising-but-mainly-among-democrats/) / (accessed on 10 October 2019).\n95. Carroll, L. George Takei Says White House Removed Pages about Climate Change, Civil Rights from Website.\n2017. Available online: https: // www.politifact.com / punditfact / statements / 2017 / jan / 23 / [george-takei](https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2017/jan/23/george-takei/george-takei-says-white-house-removed-pages-about-/l) / george-\n[takei-says-white-house-removed-pages-about-](https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2017/jan/23/george-takei/george-takei-says-white-house-removed-pages-about-/l) / l (accessed on 10 October 2019).\n96. Haug, G.H.; Günther, D.; Peterson, L.C.; Sigman, D.M.; Hughen, K.A.; Aeschlimann, B. Climate and the\ncollapse of Maya civilization.  *Science*   **2003**  ,  *299*  , 1731- 1735. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1080444) ]\n97. Kennett, D.J.; Breitenbach, S.F.; Aquino, V.V.; Asmerom, Y.; Awe, J.; Baldini, J.U.; Bartlein, P.; Culleton, B.J.;\nEbert, C.; Jazwa, C.; et al. Development and disintegration of Maya political systems in response to climate\nchange.  *Science*   **2012**  ,  *338*  , 788- 791. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1226299) ]\n98. Fredland, J.S. Unlabel Their Frankenstein Foods: Evaluating a US Challenge to the European Commission’s\nLabeling Requirements for Food Products Containing Genetically-Modified Organisms.  *Vanderbilt J. Transnatl.*\n*Law*   **2000**  ,  *33*  , 183.\n99. Scott, I.M. Green symbolism in the genetic modification debate.  *J. Agric. Environ. Ethics*   **2000**  ,  *13*  , 293- 311.\n[ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009511616869) ]\n100. Nisbet, M.C.; Scheufele, D.A.; Shanahan, J.; Moy, P.; Brossard, D.; Lewenstein, B.V. Knowledge, reservations,\nor promise? A media e ff ects model for public perceptions of science and technology.  *Commun. Res.*   **2002**  ,  *29*  ,\n584- 608. [ [CrossRef](http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009365002236196) ]\n101. Lewandowsky, S.; Gignac, G.E.; Vaughan, S. The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance",
+                    "page_start": 20,
+                    "page_end": 20,
+                    "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf"
+                }
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+]
\ No newline at end of file