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[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]1LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] We2PPwe 'll3MDwill hear4VVhear argument5NNargument next6JJnext in7INin Case8NPCase 17-11049CD@card@ ,10,, Air11NPAir and12CCand Liquid13NPLiquid Systems14NPSSystems versus15CCversus DeVries16NPDeVries .17SENT. Mr18NPMr .19SENT. Dvoretzky20NPDvoretzky .21SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]22LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Mr23NPMr .24SENT. Chief25NPChief Justice26NPJustice ,27,, and28CCand may29MDmay it30PPit please31VVplease the32DTthe Court33NPCourt :34:: Petitioners35NNSpetitioner had36VHDhave no37DTno duty38NNduty to39TOto warn40VVwarn about41INabout asbestos42NNasbestos added43VVDadd to44TOto their45PP$their equipment46NNequipment years47NNSyear or48CCor even49RBeven decades50NNSdecade after51INafter its52PP$its sale53NNsale .54SENT. That55DTthat follows56VVZfollow from57INfrom a58DTa well-established59JJwell-established tort60NNtort law61NNlaw principle62NNprinciple :63:: manufacturers64NNSmanufacturer are65VBPbe not66RBnot liable67JJliable for68INfor injuries69NNSinjury caused70VVNcause by71INby third-party72JJthird-party goods73NNSgood .74SENT. That75DTthat tort76NNtort law77NNlaw principle78NNprinciple ...79:...

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]80LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] Their81PP$their product82NNproduct would83MDwould not84RBnot be85VBbe salable86JJsalable absent87JJabsent the88DTthe addition89NNaddition of90INof the91DTthe asbestos92NNasbestos insulation93NNinsulation or94CCor whatever95WDTwhatever it96PPit is97VBZbe .98SENT. They99PPthey 're100VBPbe making101VVGmake a102DTa product103NNproduct that104WDTthat is105VBZbe useless106JJuseless unless107INunless the108DTthe asbestos109NNasbestos is110VBZbe added111VVNadd .112SENT. And113CCand does114VVZdo n't115RBn't that116WDTthat make117VVPmake a118DTa difference119NNdifference ?120SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]121LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] No122NPNo ,123,, it124PPit does125VVZdo n't126RBn't ,127,, Justice128NPJustice Ginsburg129NPGinsburg .130SENT. First131RBfirst ,132,, the133DTthe Navy134NPNavy ...135:... the136DTthe Respondent137NNrespondent ...138:... the139DTthe Petitioners140NNSpetitioner ,141,, of142INof course143NNcourse ,144,, knew145VVDknow that146IN/thatthat the147DTthe Navy148NPNavy was149VBDbe going150VVGgo to151TOto use152VVuse asbestos153NNasbestos because154INbecause the155DTthe Navy156NPNavy determined157VVDdetermine that158IN/thatthat asbestos159NNasbestos met160VVDmeet its161PP$its specifications162NNSspecification .163SENT. That164DTthat does165VVZdo n't166RBn't mean167VVmean that168IN/thatthat the169DTthe Petitioners170NNSpetitioner '171POS' products172NNSproduct were173VBDbe useless174JJuseless without175INwithout asbestos176NNasbestos .177SENT. Today178NNtoday ,179,, those180DTthose same181JJsame products182NNSproduct are183VBPbe used184VVNuse without185INwithout asbestos186NNasbestos on187INon Navy188NPNavy ships189NNSship .190SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]191LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Why192NPWhy is193VBZbe that194DTthat ?195SENT? Did196VVDdo they197PPthey discover198VVPdiscover something199NNsomething new200JJnew that201WDTthat 's202VBZbe better203JJRgood than204INthan asbestos205NNasbestos ?206SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]207LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] They208PPthey did209VVDdo ,210,, in211INin fact212NNfact .213SENT. Technology214NNtechnology advanced215VVDadvance and216CCand there217EXthere were218VBDbe different219JJdifferent forms220NNSform of221INof insulation222NNinsulation ,223,, and224CCand the225DTthe Navy226NPNavy eventually227RBeventually transitioned228VVDtransitioned to229TOto those230DTthose forms231NNSform .232SENT. And233CCand our234PP$our equipment235NNequipment today236NNtoday is237VBZbe used238VVNuse with239INwith non-asbestos240NPnon-asbestos forms241NNSform of242INof insulation243NNinsulation .244SENT.

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]245LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] But246CCbut at247INat least248JJSleast at249INat the250DTthe time251NNtime of252INof these253DTthese sales254NNSsale in255INin question256NNquestion ,257,, the258DTthe manufacturers259NNSmanufacturer have260VHPhave a261DTa product262NNproduct that263IN/thatthat ,264,, to265TOto be266VBbe used267VVNuse ,268,, requires269VVZrequire the270DTthe addition271NNaddition of272INof asbestos273NNasbestos .274SENT. So275RBso they276PPthey know277VVPknow that278IN/thatthat their279PP$their sale280NNsale of281INof this282DTthis equipment283NNequipment is284VBZbe dependent285JJdependent upon286INupon asbestos287NNasbestos being288VBGbe incorporated289VVNincorporate into290INinto it291PPit .292SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]293LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] They294PPthey ...295:... they296PPthey do297VVPdo know298VVknow that299DTthat asbestos300NNasbestos will301MDwill be302VBbe incorporated303VVNincorporate by304INby the305DTthe Navy306NPNavy .307SENT. However308RBhowever ,309,, when310WRBwhen the311DTthe Navy312NPNavy chooses313VVZchoose to314TOto use315VVuse a316DTa third-party317JJthird-party 's318POS's asbestos319NNasbestos with320INwith our321PP$our product322NNproduct ,323,, our324PP$our products325NNSproduct are326VBPbe not327RBnot the328DTthe cause329NNcause of330INof the331DTthe injury332NNinjury .333SENT. And334CCand ...335:... and336CCand you337PPyou can338MDcan look339VVlook at340INat ...341:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]342LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] I343PPI 'm344VBPbe sorry345JJsorry ...346:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]347LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] What348WPWhat about349INabout this350DTthis ...351:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]352LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...353:... how354WRBhow is355VBZbe your356PP$your product357NNproduct not358RBnot the359DTthe cause360NNcause of361INof the362DTthe injury363NNinjury ?364SENT? The365DTthe asbestos366NNasbestos as367RBas sold368VVNsell is369VBZbe perfectly370RBperfectly safe371JJsafe .372SENT. It373PPit 's374VBZbe integrated375JJintegrated .376SENT. It377PPit 's378VBZbe whole379JJwhole .380SENT. It381PPit does382VVZdo n't383RBn't release384VVrelease molecules385NNSmolecule .386SENT. What387WPWhat causes388VVZcause it389PPit to390TOto degrade391VVdegrade is392VBZbe your393PP$your ship394NNship ,395,, is396VBZbe your397PP$your product398NNproduct .399SENT. Your400PP$your product401NNproduct heats402VVZheat up403RPup to404TOto such405PDTsuch an406DTan extreme407JJextreme degree408NNdegree that409IN/thatthat it410PPit degenerates411VVZdegenerate the412DTthe asbestos413NNasbestos .414SENT. So415RBso it416PPit 's417VBZbe somewhat418RBsomewhat incongruous419JJincongruous for420INfor me421PPme to422TOto think423VVthink that424IN/thatthat you425PPyou 're426VBPbe saying427VVGsay that428IN/thatthat the429DTthe harm430NNharm 's431VBZbe caused432VVNcause by433INby the434DTthe asbestos435NNasbestos .436SENT. The437DTthe asbestos438NNasbestos is439VBZbe in440INin this441DTthis shape442NNshape because443INbecause of444INof what445WPwhat you446PPyou did447VVDdo to448TOto it449PPit ,450,, meaning451VVGmean your452PP$your product453NNproduct did454VVDdo to455TOto it456PPit .457SENT. It458PPit 's459VBZbe an460DTan integrated461JJintegrated product462NNproduct .463SENT. It464PPit 's465VBZbe not466RBnot standing467VVGstand alone468RBalone .469SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]470LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Two471CDTwo responses472NNSresponse to473TOto that474WDTthat ,475,, Justice476NPJustice Sotomayor477NPSotomayor .478SENT. First479RBfirst ,480,, our481PP$our product482NNproduct does483VVZdo not484RBnot cause485VVcause the486DTthe asbestos487NNasbestos to488TOto degrade489VVdegrade in490INin any491DTany unique492JJunique way493NNway .494SENT. This495DTthis is496VBZbe just497RBjust what498WPwhat happens499VVZhappen to500TOto asbestos501NNasbestos when502WRBwhen it503PPit 's504VBZbe used505VVNuse ,506,, just507RBjust as508INas gasoline509NNgasoline is510VBZbe used511VVNuse in512INin a513DTa car514NNcar and515CCand eventually516RBeventually needs517VVZneed to518TOto be519VBbe replaced520VVNreplace .521SENT. But522CCbut our523PP$our product524NNproduct is525VBZbe not526RBnot contributing527VVGcontribute to528TOto the529DTthe harm530NNharm in531INin any532DTany way533NNway that534WDTthat is535VBZbe different536JJdifferent than537INthan what538WPwhat otherwise539RBotherwise happens540VVZhappen to541TOto asbestos542NNasbestos .543SENT. Second544RBsecond ,545,, even546RBeven if547INif you548PPyou think549VVPthink ...550:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]551LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] In552INin ...553:... in554INin normal555JJnormal tort556NNtort law557NNlaw ,558,, if559INif you560PPyou create561VVPcreate a562DTa car563NNcar that564WDTthat has565VHZhave a566DTa spark567NNspark in568INin the569DTthe tank570NNtank ,571,, and572CCand the573DTthe gasoline574NNgasoline ,575,, which576WDTwhich is577VBZbe what578WPwhat explodes579VVZexplode the580DTthe car581NNcar ,582,, explodes583VVZexplode ,584,, the585DTthe consumer586NNconsumer is587VBZbe not588RBnot going589VVGgo to590TOto sue591VVsue the592DTthe gasoline593NNgasoline company594NNcompany .595SENT. It596PPit 's597VBZbe going598VVGgo to599TOto sue600VVsue you601PPyou because602INbecause you603PPyou ,604,, the605DTthe car606NNcar manufacturer607NNmanufacturer ,608,, produced609VVDproduce a610DTa defective611JJdefective product612NNproduct that613WDTthat caused614VVDcause an615DTan injury616NNinjury that617IN/thatthat the618DTthe gasoline619NNgasoline would620MDwould otherwise621RBotherwise not622RBnot cause623VVcause .624SENT. Why625WRBwhy are626VBPbe you627PPyou any628RBany different629JJdifferent than630INthan the631DTthe bare-metal632JJbare-metal car633NNcar seller634NNseller ?635SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]636LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Because637INbecause ,638,, in639INin that640DTthat situation641NNsituation ,642,, the643DTthe consumer644NNconsumer might645MDmight well646RBwell sue647VVsue both648CCboth the649DTthe car650NNcar manufacturer651NNmanufacturer and652CCand the653DTthe gasoline654NNgasoline manufacturer655NNmanufacturer because656INbecause both657DTboth products658NNSproduct contributed659VVDcontribute together660RBtogether to661TOto the662DTthe harm663NNharm ,664,, where665WRBwhere ...666:... whereas667INwhereas in668INin ...669:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]670LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] That671DTthat 's672VBZbe the673DTthe fault674NNfault ...675:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]676LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] No677NPNo ,678,, that679WDTthat 's680VBZbe not681RBnot ...682:... he683PPhe would684MDwould n't685RBn't see686VVsee the687DTthe gasoline688NNgasoline manufacturer689NNmanufacturer .690SENT. I691PPI mean692VVPmean ,693,, normally694RBnormally ...695:... you696PPyou normally697RBnormally run698VVPrun a699DTa car700NNcar with701INwith gasoline702NNgasoline and703CCand it704PPit 's705VBZbe normally706RBnormally perfectly707RBperfectly safe708JJsafe .709SENT. Here710RBhere ,711,, you712PPyou normally713RBnormally run714VVPrun your715PP$your product716NNproduct with717INwith asbestos718NNasbestos and719CCand it720PPit 's721VBZbe not722RBnot perfectly723RBperfectly safe724JJsafe .725SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]726LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well727UHWell ,728,, here729RBhere ,730,, you731PPyou run732VVPrun our733PP$our product734NNproduct and735CCand our736PP$our product737NNproduct is738VBZbe safe739JJsafe .740SENT. It741PPit 's742VBZbe the743DTthe asbestos744NNasbestos that745WDTthat is746VBZbe causing747VVGcause the748DTthe harm749NNharm .750SENT. Now751RBnow the752DTthe asbestos753NNasbestos naturally754RBnaturally degrades755VVZdegrade with756INwith use757NNuse ,758,, and759CCand then760RBthen replacing761VVGreplace it762PPit can763MDcan be764VBbe dangerous765JJdangerous .766SENT. That767DTthat 's768VBZbe true769JJtrue .770SENT. But771CCbut ,772,, unlike773INunlike the774DTthe defective775JJdefective car776NNcar ,777,, which778WDTwhich is779VBZbe creating780VVGcreate a781DTa spark782NNspark that783IN/thatthat a784DTa properly785RBproperly operating786VVGoperate car787NNcar should788MDshould not789RBnot create790VVcreate ,791,, and792CCand thereby793RBthereby causing794VVGcause the795DTthe injury796NNinjury with797INwith the798DTthe gasoline799NNgasoline ,800,, our801PP$our equipment802NNequipment is803VBZbe not804RBnot making805VVGmake the806DTthe asbestos807NNasbestos any808DTany more809RBRmore dangerous810JJdangerous than811INthan it812PPit would813MDwould be814VBbe .815SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]816LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] If817INif ...818:... if819INif ...820:...

[MR. DVORETZKY]821LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] The822DTthe other823JJother ...824:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]825LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] I826PPI 'm827VBPbe sorry828JJsorry .829SENT. But830CCbut if831INif ...832:... are833VBPbe you834PPyou arguing835VVGargue that836IN/thatthat this837DTthis is838VBZbe a839DTa special840JJspecial rule841NNrule in842INin admiralty843NNadmiralty ,844,, or845CCor are846VBPbe you847PPyou arguing848VVGargue that849IN/thatthat this850DTthis is851VBZbe the852DTthe normal853JJnormal tort854NNtort rule855NNrule ?856SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]857LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] We858PPwe 're859VBPbe arguing860VVGargue that861IN/thatthat it862PPit 's863VBZbe the864DTthe normal865JJnormal tort866NNtort rule867NNrule that868WDTthat ought869MDought to870TOto be871VBbe adopted872VVNadopt as873INas a874DTa matter875NNmatter of876INof general877JJgeneral admiralty878NNadmiralty law879NNlaw .880SENT. As881INas a882DTa matter883NNmatter of884INof ordinary885JJordinary tort886NNtort law887NNlaw ,888,, product889NNproduct liability890NNliability defendants891NNSdefendant ,892,, of893INof course894NNcourse ,895,, may896MDmay be897VBbe liable898JJliable for899INfor injuries900NNSinjury that901IN/thatthat their902PP$their products903NNSproduct cause904VVPcause ,905,, so906RBso the907DTthe defective908JJdefective car909NNcar that910WDTthat causes911VVZcause a912DTa spark913NNspark is914VBZbe causing915VVGcause an916DTan injury917NNinjury .918SENT. But919CCbut they920PPthey 're921VBPbe not922RBnot liable923JJliable for924INfor the925DTthe injuries926NNSinjury that927WDTthat are928VBPbe caused929VVNcause by930INby third-party931JJthird-party products932NNSproduct foreseeably933RBforeseeably used934VVNuse with935INwith their936PP$their own937JJown .938SENT. Consider939VVconsider ,940,, for941INfor example942NNexample ,943,, a944DTa tire945NNtire manufacturer946NNmanufacturer that947WDTthat designs948VVZdesign a949DTa tire950NNtire to951TOto be952VBbe used953VVNuse specifically954RBspecifically with955INwith a956DTa multi-piece957NNmulti-piece wheel958NNwheel ,959,, and960CCand the961DTthe multi-piece962NNmulti-piece wheel963NNwheel may964MDmay explode965VVexplode when966WRBwhen the967DTthe tire968NNtire is969VBZbe installed970VVNinstall on971INon it972PPit .973SENT. The974DTthe wheel975NNwheel manufacturer976NNmanufacturer in977INin that978DTthat situation979NNsituation can980MDcan be981VBbe sued982VVNsue ,983,, but984CCbut the985DTthe tire986NNtire manufacturer987NNmanufacturer ,988,, even989RBeven knowing990VVGknow that991IN/thatthat its992PP$its tire993NNtire is994VBZbe going995VVGgo to996TOto be997VBbe used998VVNuse with999INwith the1000DTthe dangerous1001JJdangerous wheel1002NNwheel ,1003,, is1004VBZbe not1005RBnot liable1006JJliable .1007SENT. Likewise1008RBlikewise ,1009,, a1010DTa jet1011NNjet manufacturer1012NNmanufacturer is1013VBZbe n't1014RBn't liable1015JJliable when1016WRBwhen the1017DTthe seats1018NNSseat that1019WDTthat are1020VBPbe later1021RBRlater installed1022VVNinstall in1023INin the1024DTthe plane1025NNplane can1026MDcan cause1027VVcause blood1028NNblood clots1029NNSclot ,1030,, even1031RBeven though1032INthough you1033PPyou might1034MDmight think1035VVthink of1036INof the1037DTthe jet1038NNjet with1039INwith the1040DTthe seats1041NNSseat ,1042,, in1043INin common1044JJcommon parlance1045NNparlance ,1046,, as1047INas an1048DTan integrated1049JJintegrated product1050NNproduct or1051CCor ...1052:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1053LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] But1054CCbut in1055INin those1056DTthose ...1057:... in1058INin those1059DTthose situations1060NNSsituation ,1061,, it1062PPit was1063VBDbe n't1064RBn't foreseeable1065JJforeseeable .1066SENT. They1067PPthey did1068VVDdo n't1069RBn't know1070VVknow it1071PPit was1072VBDbe going1073VVGgo to1074TOto cause1075VVcause a1076DTa blood1077NNblood clot1078NNclot .1079SENT. I1080PPI ...1081:... I1082PPI think1083VVPthink you1084PPyou ...1085:... what1086WPwhat do1087VVPdo I1088PPI make1089VVmake of1090INof the1091DTthe fact1092NNfact that1093IN/thatthat this1094DTthis is1095VBZbe maritime1096JJmaritime law1097NNlaw ,1098,, which1099WDTwhich is1100VBZbe different1101JJdifferent ,1102,, and1103CCand that1104IN/thatthat you1105PPyou claim1106VVPclaim there1107EXthere 's1108VBZbe a1109DTa uniform1110JJuniform tort1111NNtort principle1112NNprinciple ,1113,, but1114CCbut not1115RBnot every1116DTevery state1117NNstate has1118VHZhave the1119DTthe absolute1120JJabsolute rule1121NNrule that1122IN/thatthat you1123PPyou tout1124VVtout ?1125SENT? There1126EXthere 's1127VBZbe a1128DTa split1129NNsplit of1130INof authorities1131NNSauthority among1132INamong states1133NNSstate as1134INas to1135TOto the1136DTthe extent1137NNextent of1138INof liability1139NNliability ,1140,, if1141INif any1142DTany ,1143,, for1144INfor bare-metal1145JJbare-metal providers1146NNSprovider .1147SENT. So1148RBso what1149WPwhat do1150VVPdo I1151PPI do1152VVPdo if1153INif I1154PPI 'm1155VBPbe in1156INin a1157DTa special1158JJspecial area1159NNarea with1160INwith a1161DTa solicitude1162NNsolicitude for1163INfor sailors1164NNSsailor and1165CCand I1166PPI do1167VVPdo n't1168RBn't buy1169VVbuy your1170PP$your argument1171NNargument that1172IN/thatthat we1173PPwe should1174MDshould ignore1175VVignore that1176DTthat principle1177NNprinciple or1178CCor overturn1179VVoverturn it1180PPit after1181INafter two1182CDtwo centuries1183NNScentury of1184INof case1185NNcase law1186NNlaw on1187INon it1188PPit ?1189SENT? Assume1190VVassume I1191PPI accept1192VVaccept the1193DTthe principle1194NNprinciple .1195SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]1196LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] So1197RBso ,1198,, Justice1199NPJustice Sotomayor1200NPSotomayor ,1201,, I1202PPI think1203VVPthink there1204EXthere are1205VBPbe a1206DTa few1207JJfew questions1208NNSquestion embedded1209VVNembed in1210INin there1211RBthere .1212SENT. Let1213VVlet ...1214:... let1215VVlet me1216PPme try1217VVtry to1218TOto tease1219VVtease them1220PPthem out1221RPout .1222SENT. First1223RBfirst ,1224,, in1225INin the1226DTthe tire1227NNtire case1228NNcase and1229CCand the1230DTthe jet1231NNjet case1232NNcase ,1233,, you1234PPyou say1235VVPsay it1236PPit 's1237VBZbe not1238RBnot foreseeable1239JJforeseeable .1240SENT. Quite1241PDTQuite the1242DTthe contrary1243NNcontrary ,1244,, the1245DTthe jet1246NNjet manufacturer1247NNmanufacturer makes1248VVZmake a1249DTa passenger1250NNpassenger jet1251NNjet ,1252,, of1253INof course1254NNcourse ,1255,, knowing1256VVGknow that1257IN/thatthat seats1258NNSseat are1259VBPbe going1260VVGgo to1261TOto be1262VBbe used1263VVNuse and1264CCand it1265PPit 's1266VBZbe common1267JJcommon knowledge1268NNknowledge that1269IN/thatthat you1270PPyou can1271MDcan ...1272:... that1273WDTthat can1274MDcan cause1275VVcause blood1276NNblood clots1277NNSclot .1278SENT. The1279DTthe ...1280:... the1281DTthe tire1282NNtire manufacturer1283NNmanufacturer in1284INin the1285DTthe Reynolds1286NPReynolds case1287NNcase that1288IN/thatthat I1289PPI 'm1290VBPbe referring1291VVGrefer to1292TOto specifically1293RBspecifically manufactured1294VVNmanufacture the1295DTthe tire1296NNtire to1297TOto be1298VBbe used1299VVNuse with1300INwith this1301DTthis particular1302JJparticular kind1303NNkind of1304INof wheel1305NNwheel that1306WDTthat was1307VBDbe dangerous1308JJdangerous .1309SENT. So1310RBso there1311EXthere is1312VBZbe foreseeability1313NNforeseeability ,1314,, but1315CCbut the1316DTthe point1317NNpoint is1318VBZbe that1319IN/thatthat ,1320,, as1321INas a1322DTa matter1323NNmatter of1324INof ordinary1325JJordinary tort1326NNtort law1327NNlaw ,1328,, foreseeability1329NNforeseeability alone1330RBalone is1331VBZbe not1332RBnot enough1333JJenough to1334TOto create1335VVcreate a1336DTa duty1337NNduty when1338WRBwhen you1339PPyou 're1340VBPbe talking1341VVGtalk about1342INabout the1343DTthe foreseeable1344JJforeseeable use1345NNuse of1346INof your1347PP$your product1348NNproduct with1349INwith somebody1350NNsomebody else1351RBelse 's1352POS's product1353NNproduct .1354SENT. The1355DTthe second1356JJsecond question1357NNquestion ...1358:... sorry1359RBsorry ,1360,, Justice1361NPJustice Breyer1362NPBreyer .1363SENT. Well1364UHwell ,1365,, the1366DTthe second1367JJsecond question1368NNquestion ,1369,, Justice1370NPJustice Sotomayor1371NPSotomayor ,1372,, that1373WDTthat I1374PPI think1375VVPthink you1376PPyou asked1377VVNask is1378VBZbe about1379RBabout the1380DTthe state1381NNstate of1382INof tort1383NNtort law1384NNlaw .1385SENT. If1386INif you1387PPyou look1388VVPlook only1389RBonly at1390INat asbestos-specific1391JJasbestos-specific cases1392NNScase ,1393,, then1394RBthen there1395EXthere 's1396VBZbe a1397DTa split1398NNsplit of1399INof authority1400NNauthority .1401SENT. But1402CCbut there1403EXthere 's1404VBZbe no1405DTno reason1406NNreason that1407IN/thatthat you1408PPyou would1409MDwould look1410VVlook only1411RBonly at1412INat asbestos-specific1413JJasbestos-specific cases1414NNScase .1415SENT. You1416PPyou ought1417MDought to1418TOto look1419VVlook at1420INat the1421DTthe body1422NNbody of1423INof tort1424NNtort law1425NNlaw as1426INas a1427DTa whole1428NNwhole .1429SENT. And1430CCand when1431WRBwhen you1432PPyou do1433VVPdo ,1434,, Respondents1435NNSrespondent have1436VHPhave n't1437RBn't found1438VVNfind a1439DTa single1440JJsingle case1441NNcase ,1442,, not1443RBnot even1444RBeven one1445CDone ,1446,, outside1447RBoutside of1448INof the1449DTthe asbestos1450NNasbestos context1451NNcontext holding1452VVGhold that1453IN/thatthat a1454DTa defendant1455NNdefendant is1456VBZbe liable1457JJliable for1458INfor injuries1459NNSinjury caused1460VVNcause by1461INby a1462DTa third-party1463JJthird-party product1464NNproduct used1465VVNuse with1466INwith its1467PP$its own1468JJown .1469SENT. If1470INif that1471DTthat were1472VBDbe the1473DTthe law1474NNlaw ,1475,, drywall1476NNdrywall manufacturers1477NNSmanufacturer would1478MDwould be1479VBbe responsible1480JJresponsible for1481INfor warning1482VVGwarn about1483INabout the1484DTthe dangers1485NNSdanger of1486INof paint1487NNpaint .1488SENT. The1489DTthe airplane1490NNairplane and1491CCand the1492DTthe seats1493NNSseat ,1494,, the1495DTthe tire1496NNtire and1497CCand the1498DTthe wheel1499NNwheel .1500SENT. Toy1501JJtoy manufacturers1502NNSmanufacturer would1503MDwould be1504VBbe responsible1505JJresponsible ...1506:...

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]1507LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] No1508RBno ,1509,, but1510CCbut there1511EXthere 's1512VBZbe no1513DTno ...1514:... no1515RBno one1516CDone ...1517:...

[MR. DVORETZKY]1518LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] ...1519:... for1520INfor warning1521NNwarning about1522INabout leaking1523VVGleak batteries1524NNSbattery .1525SENT.

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]1526LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] This1527NPThis is1528VBZbe different1529JJdifferent from1530INfrom those1531DTthose in1532INin that1533WDTthat no1534DTno one1535CDone would1536MDwould buy1537VVbuy your1538PP$your product1539NNproduct but1540CCbut for1541INfor the1542DTthe use1543NNuse of1544INof asbestos1545NNasbestos with1546INwith it1547PPit .1548SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]1549LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well1550UHWell ...1551:...

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]1552LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] And1553CCand that1554DTthat 's1555VBZbe not1556RBnot true1557JJtrue of1558INof the1559DTthe other1560JJother examples1561NNSexample that1562IN/thatthat you1563PPyou 've1564VHPhave given1565VVNgive .1566SENT. I1567PPI mean1568VVPmean ,1569,, what1570WPwhat makes1571VVZmake the1572DTthe product1573NNproduct desirable1574JJdesirable is1575VBZbe when1576WRBwhen the1577DTthe asbestos1578NNasbestos is1579VBZbe incorporated1580VVNincorporate ,1581,, it1582PPit works1583VVZwork in1584INin a1585DTa certain1586JJcertain way1587NNway .1588SENT. Without1589INwithout the1590DTthe asbestos1591NNasbestos ,1592,, it1593PPit does1594VVZdo n't1595RBn't work1596VVwork .1597SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]1598LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Justice1599NPJustice Ginsburg1600NPGinsburg ,1601,, I1602PPI think1603VVPthink that1604WDTthat is1605VBZbe true1606JJtrue of1607INof the1608DTthe other1609JJother examples1610NNSexample .1611SENT. Nobody1612NNnobody would1613MDwould buy1614VVbuy a1615DTa commercial1616JJcommercial passenger1617NNpassenger jet1618NNjet without1619INwithout the1620DTthe availability1621NNavailability of1622INof seats1623NNSseat to1624TOto be1625VBbe installed1626VVNinstall in1627INin it1628PPit later1629RBRlater by1630INby a1631DTa third-party1632JJthird-party .1633SENT. Nobody1634NNnobody would1635MDwould buy1636VVbuy drywall1637NNdrywall without1638INwithout the1639DTthe availability1640NNavailability of1641INof paint1642NNpaint or1643CCor ...1644:... or1645CCor wallpaper1646NNwallpaper in1647INin order1648NNorder to1649TOto cover1650VVcover it1651PPit .1652SENT. And1653CCand so1654RBso I1655PPI do1656VVPdo n't1657RBn't think1658VVthink that1659IN/thatthat our1660PP$our situation1661NNsituation is1662VBZbe any1663DTany different1664JJdifferent from1665INfrom the1666DTthe ordinary1667JJordinary tort1668NNtort rule1669NNrule .1670SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]1671LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] It1672PPit is1673VBZbe somewhat1674RBsomewhat .1675SENT. I1676PPI mean1677VVPmean ,1678,, this1679DTthis is1680VBZbe an1681DTan area1682NNarea where1683WRBwhere I1684PPI had1685VHDhave to1686TOto go1687VVgo back1688RBback and1689CCand read1690VVread the1691DTthe Restatement1692NNrestatement of1693INof Torts1694NNStort about1695INabout 501696CD@card@ times1697NNStime ...1698:... I1699PPI did1700VVDdo n't1701RBn't ...1702:... not1703RBnot 501704CD@card@ ,1705,, but1706CCbut ...1707:... because1708INbecause this1709DTthis is1710VBZbe a1711DTa negligence1712NNnegligence case1713NNcase .1714SENT. So1715INso I1716PPI ...1717:... I1718PPI do1719VVPdo n't1720RBn't know1721VVknow that1722IN/thatthat there1723EXthere are1724VBPbe special1725JJspecial rules1726NNSrule here1727RBhere .1728SENT. At1729INat least1730JJSleast I1731PPI have1732VHPhave n't1733RBn't been1734VBNbe convinced1735VVNconvince of1736INof that1737DTthat .1738SENT. So1739RBso ,1740,, if1741INif you1742PPyou look1743VVPlook at1744INat it1745PPit as1746INas a1747DTa negligence1748NNnegligence case1749NNcase ,1750,, then1751RBthen you1752PPyou look1753VVPlook at1754INat the1755DTthe restatement1756NNrestatement ,1757,, and1758CCand then1759RBthen you1760PPyou look1761VVPlook at1762INat what1763WPwhat the1764DTthe court1765NNcourt ordered1766VVDorder below1767RBbelow ,1768,, I1769PPI do1770VVPdo have1771VHhave trouble1772NNtrouble with1773INwith one1774CDone of1775INof the1776DTthe things1777NNSthing .1778SENT. But1779CCbut do1780VVdo you1781PPyou really1782RBreally have1783VHPhave a1784DTa problem1785NNproblem if1786INif the1787DTthe manufacturer1788NNmanufacturer specifically1789RBspecifically directed1790VVDdirect that1791IN/thatthat the1792DTthe product1793NNproduct be1794VBbe used1795VVNuse with1796INwith an1797DTan asbestos-containing1798NNasbestos-containing material1799NNmaterial ,1800,, where1801WRBwhere he1802PPhe knew1803VVDknow that1804IN/thatthat it1805PPit was1806VBDbe dangerous1807JJdangerous ?1808SENT? That1809DTthat 's1810VBZbe one1811CDone of1812INof the1813DTthe things1814NNSthing they1815PPthey want1816VVPwant to1817TOto show1818VVshow .1819SENT. I1820PPI do1821VVPdo n't1822RBn't see1823VVsee what1824WPwhat your1825PP$your problem1826NNproblem is1827VBZbe with1828INwith that1829DTthat ,1830,, or1831CCor ,1832,, that1833IN/thatthat the1834DTthe product1835NNproduct was1836VBDbe originally1837RBoriginally equipped1838VVNequip with1839INwith an1840DTan asbestos-containing1841NNasbestos-containing part1842NNpart that1843IN/thatthat you1844PPyou could1845MDcould reasonably1846RBreasonably expect1847VVexpect will1848MDwill be1849VBbe replaced1850VVNreplace ,1851,, because1852INbecause simply1853RBsimply ,1854,, when1855WRBwhen people1856NNSpeople do1857VVPdo replace1858VVreplace things1859NNSthing ,1860,, they1861PPthey do1862VVPdo tend1863VVtend to1864TOto use1865VVuse the1866DTthe kind1867NNkind of1868INof equipment1869NNequipment that1870WDTthat was1871VBDbe there1872RBthere before1873RBbefore .1874SENT. What1875WPWhat 's1876VBZbe wrong1877JJwrong with1878INwith that1879WDTthat one1880CDone ?1881SENT? Now1882RBnow containing1883VVGcontain an1884DTan ...1885:... I1886PPI might1887MDmight ...1888:... the1889DTthe third1890JJthird one1891CDone ,1892,, I1893PPI do1894VVPdo n't1895RBn't know1896VVknow ,1897,, because1898INbecause there1899EXthere 's1900VBZbe conflict1901NNconflict sort1902NNsort of1903INof within1904INwithin the1905DTthe restatement1906NNrestatement ,1907,, so1908RBso I1909PPI thought1910VVDthink maybe1911RBmaybe you1912PPyou should1913MDshould phrase1914VVphrase it1915PPit in1916INin your1917PP$your favor1918NNfavor somewhat1919RBsomewhat and1920CCand say1921VVPsay ,1922,, well1923RBwell ,1924,, he1925PPhe could1926MDcould be1927VBbe liable1928JJliable to1929TOto where1930WRBwhere the1931DTthe manufacturer1932NNmanufacturer functionally1933RBfunctionally requires1934VVZrequire ,1935,, you1936PPyou see1937VVPsee ,1938,, he1939PPhe puts1940VVZput out1941RPout a1942DTa product1943NNproduct that1944IN/thatthat to1945TOto work1946VVwork ,1947,, that1948IN/thatthat to1949TOto work1950VVwork ,1951,, you1952PPyou have1953VHPhave to1954TOto use1955VVuse the1956DTthe dangerous1957JJdangerous thing1958NNthing .1959SENT. Now1960RBnow I1961PPI 'm1962VBPbe pretty1963RBpretty sure1964JJsure he1965PPhe should1966MDshould be1967VBbe liable1968JJliable there1969RBthere ,1970,, but1971CCbut I1972PPI can1973MDcan see1974VVsee that1975DTthat C1976NPC in1977INin the1978DTthe ...1979:... the1980DTthe court1981NNcourt of1982INof appeals1983NNSappeal may1984MDmay be1985VBbe read1986VVNread to1987TOto go1988VVgo beyond1989INbeyond that1990DTthat .1991SENT. All1992DTall right1993NNright .1994SENT. It1995PPit 's1996VBZbe a1997DTa long1998JJlong question1999NNquestion .2000SENT. But2001CCbut ,2002,, really2003RBreally ,2004,, it2005PPit comes2006VVZcome down2007RPdown to2008TOto what2009WPwhat 's2010VBZbe wrong2011JJwrong with2012INwith A2013NPA and2014CCand B2015NPB ,2016,, and2017CCand what2018WPwhat 's2019VBZbe wrong2020JJwrong with2021INwith C2022NPC if2023INif we2024PPwe interpret2025VVPinterpret it2026PPit as2027INas I2028PPI suggested2029VVDsuggest ?2030SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]2031LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] So2032RBso let2033VVlet 's2034VBZbe take2035VVtake A2036DTa ,2037,, B2038NPB ,2039,, and2040CCand C2041NPC .2042SENT. I2043PPI think2044VVPthink A2045DTa was2046VBDbe required2047VVNrequire ,2048,, B2049NPB was2050VBDbe directed2051VVNdirect ,2052,, and2053CCand C2054NPC was2055VBDbe replacement2056NNreplacement parts2057NNSpart .2058SENT. The2059DTthe problem2060NNproblem with2061INwith required2062JJrequired is2063VBZbe that2064IN/thatthat required2065VVNrequire just2066RBjust really2067RBreally means2068VVZmean foreseeable2069JJforeseeable .2070SENT. Just2071RBjust like2072JJlike ...2073:...

[JUSTICE BREYER]2074LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] No2075RBno ,2076,, it2077PPit does2078VVZdo n't2079RBn't .2080SENT. Required2081JJrequired means2082NNSmean you2083PPyou tell2084VVPtell the2085DTthe person2086NNperson that2087IN/thatthat he2088PPhe better2089RBRwell use2090VVuse this2091DTthis product2092NNproduct ,2093,, which2094WDTwhich is2095VBZbe very2096RBvery dangerous2097JJdangerous ,2098,, by2099INby the2100DTthe way2101NNway ,2102,, and2103CCand you2104PPyou know2105VVPknow it2106PPit ,2107,, or2108CCor it2109PPit won2110MDwill 't2111RB't work2112NNwork .2113SENT. It2114PPit 's2115VBZbe like2116INlike telling2117VVGtell people2118NNSpeople if2119INif you2120PPyou have2121VHPhave one2122CDone of2123INof those2124DTthose hammers2125NNShammer ,2126,, you2127PPyou know2128VVPknow ,2129,, that2130WDTthat shoots2131VVZshoot nails2132NNSnail ,2133,, and2134CCand you2135PPyou know2136VVPknow the2137DTthe nails2138NNSnail are2139VBPbe ...2140:... are2141VBPbe absolutely2142RBabsolutely defective2143JJdefective ,2144,, and2145CCand you2146PPyou say2147VVPsay :2148:: You2149PPyou 've2150VHPhave got2151VVNget to2152TOto use2153VVuse this2154DTthis product2155NNproduct ,2156,, says2157VVZsay the2158DTthe manufacturer2159NNmanufacturer ,2160,, with2161INwith Smith2162NPSmith 's2163POS's nails2164NNSnail ,2165,, which2166WDTwhich he2167PPhe knows2168VVZknow work2169VVwork backwards2170RBbackwards .2171SENT. Okay2172JJokay ?2173SENT? I2174PPI mean2175VVPmean ,2176,, that2177WDTthat 's2178VBZbe what2179WPwhat it2180PPit seems2181VVZseem to2182TOto me2183PPme this2184DTthis says2185VVZsay .2186SENT. The2187DTthe manufacturer2188NNmanufacturer specifically2189RBspecifically directed2190VVDdirect that2191IN/thatthat the2192DTthe product2193NNproduct be2194VBbe used2195VVNuse with2196INwith an2197DTan asbestos-containing2198NNasbestos-containing part2199NNpart .2200SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]2201LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] First2202NPFirst ,2203,, we2204PPwe did2205VVDdo not2206RBnot specifically2207RBspecifically direct2208VVdirect the2209DTthe Navy2210NPNavy to2211TOto do2212VVdo anything2213NNanything ,2214,, nor2215CCnor ...2216:... nor2217CCnor ...2218:... nor2219CCnor could2220MDcould we2221PPwe have2222VHPhave .2223SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]2224LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Oh2225UHoh ,2226,, well2227UHwell ,2228,, that2229WDTthat 's2230VBZbe what2231WPwhat you2232PPyou say2233VVPsay .2234SENT. The2235DTthe other2236JJother side2237NNside may2238MDmay say2239VVsay the2240DTthe opposite2241NNopposite .2242SENT. And2243CCand there2244EXthere we2245PPwe looked2246VVDlook through2247INthrough the2248DTthe record2249NNrecord briefly2250NNbriefly ,2251,, I2252PPI 'm2253VBPbe not2254RBnot an2255DTan expert2256NNexpert there2257RBthere ,2258,, but2259CCbut I2260PPI think2261VVPthink we2262PPwe only2263RBonly have2264VHhave to2265TOto ...2266:... it2267PPit did2268VVDdo seem2269VVseem to2270TOto me2271PPme maybe2272RBmaybe there2273EXthere 's2274VBZbe some2275DTsome evidence2276NNevidence on2277INon their2278PP$their side2279NNside there2280RBthere ,2281,, and2282CCand ...2283:... and2284CCand I2285PPI do2286VVPdo n't2287RBn't think2288VVthink that2289WDTthat 's2290VBZbe ...2291:... I2292PPI ...2293:... I2294PPI can2295MDcan 't2296RB't read2297VVDread the2298DTthe whole2299JJwhole record2300NNrecord and2301CCand know2302VVknow if2303INif there2304EXthere 's2305VBZbe evidence2306NNevidence there2307RBthere or2308CCor not2309RBnot .2310SENT. This2311DTthis is2312VBZbe n't2313RBn't a2314DTa summary2315NNsummary judgment2316NNjudgment case2317NNcase here2318RBhere .2319SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]2320LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] You2321PPyou do2322VVPdo n't2323RBn't need2324VVneed to2325TOto read2326VVread the2327DTthe whole2328JJwhole record2329NNrecord .2330SENT. But2331CCbut if2332INif you2333PPyou look2334VVPlook ,2335,, for2336INfor example2337NNexample ,2338,, at2339INat Joint2340NPJoint Appendix2341NPAppendix 272342CD@card@ ,2343,, it2344PPit tells2345VVZtell you2346PPyou that2347IN/thatthat the2348DTthe Navy2349NPNavy was2350VBDbe the2351DTthe one2352CDone that2353WDTthat specified2354VVDspecify the2355DTthe asbestos2356NNasbestos .2357SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]2358LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Okay2359NPOkay .2360SENT. Fine2361NNfine .2362SENT. Then2363RBthen you2364PPyou 'll2365MDwill win2366VVwin .2367SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]2368LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] But2369CCbut ...2370:...

[JUSTICE BREYER]2371LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Then2372RBthen the2373DTthe jury2374NNjury will2375MDwill decide2376VVdecide in2377INin favor2378NNfavor of2379INof you2380PPyou .2381SENT. And2382CCand if2383INif they2384PPthey come2385VVPcome up2386RPup with2387INwith some2388DTsome evidence2389NNevidence that2390WDTthat says2391VVZsay it2392PPit is2393VBZbe specifically2394RBspecifically directed2395VVNdirect ,2396,, they2397PPthey will2398MDwill win2399VVwin if2400INif the2401DTthe jury2402NNjury believes2403VVZbelieve them2404PPthem .2405SENT. All2406DTall right2407NNright ?2408SENT? Fine2409NNfine .2410SENT. End2411NNend of2412INof case2413NNcase for2414INfor us2415PPus .2416SENT. Anything2417NNanything wrong2418JJwrong with2419INwith that2420DTthat ?2421SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]2422LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Ah2423UHah ...2424:... yes2425UHyes .2426SENT.

[2427SYM[ LAUGHTER2428NNlaughter ]2429SYM]

[MR. DVORETZKY]2430LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Even2431RBeven ...2432:... even2433RBeven if2434INif a2435DTa manufacturer2436NNmanufacturer "2437``" directs2438VVZdirect "2439``" somebody2440NNsomebody else2441RBelse to2442TOto do2443VVdo something2444NNsomething ,2445,, the2446DTthe manufacturer2447NNmanufacturer does2448VVZdo n't2449RBn't control2450VVcontrol the2451DTthe Navy2452NPNavy .2453SENT. It2454PPit 's2455VBZbe ultimately2456RBultimately the2457DTthe Navy2458NPNavy 's2459POS's choice2460NNchoice what2461WPwhat to2462TOto do2463VVdo .2464SENT. It2465PPit 's2466VBZbe an2467DTan asbestos2468NNasbestos manufacturer2469NNmanufacturer 's2470POS's choice2471NNchoice whether2472INwhether to2473TOto supply2474VVsupply the2475DTthe asbestos2476NNasbestos that2477WDTthat is2478VBZbe dangerous2479JJdangerous or2480CCor whether2481INwhether ...2482:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2483LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] That2484DTthat 's2485VBZbe a2486DTa separate2487JJseparate defense2488NNdefense .2489SENT. Forget2490VVforget the2491DTthe Navy2492NPNavy .2493SENT. Let2494VVlet 's2495VBZbe assume2496VVassume the2497DTthe Navy2498NPNavy was2499VBDbe not2500RBnot involved2501VVNinvolve ...2502:...

[MR. DVORETZKY]2503LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] So2504INso any2505DTany ...2506:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2507LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] A2508DTa private2509JJprivate ...2510:... any2511DTany private2512JJprivate person2513NNperson .2514SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]2515LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] ...2516:... any2517DTany third2518JJthird ...2519:... any2520DTany third-party2521JJthird-party ,2522,, even2523RBeven if2524INif you2525PPyou 're2526VBPbe talking2527VVGtalk about2528INabout a2529DTa private2530JJprivate user2531NNuser of2532INof ship2533NNship components2534NNScomponent ,2535,, the2536DTthe manufacturers2537NNSmanufacturer do2538VVPdo n't2539RBn't have2540VHhave the2541DTthe power2542NNpower to2543TOto direct2544VVdirect them2545PPthem to2546TOto do2547VVdo anything2548NNanything .2549SENT. They2550PPthey make2551VVPmake the2552DTthe choice2553NNchoice what2554WPwhat equipment2555NNequipment to2556TOto use2557VVuse .2558SENT. And2559CCand a2560DTa later2561JJRlate asbestos2562NNasbestos manufacturer2563NNmanufacturer or2564CCor ,2565,, as2566INas the2567DTthe Chief2568NPChief Justice2569NPJustice asked2570VVDask earlier2571RBRearlier on2572RBon ,2573,, a2574DTa later2575JJRlate manufacturer2576NNmanufacturer of2577INof an2578DTan alternative2579JJalternative form2580NNform of2581INof insulation2582NNinsulation .2583SENT.

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]2584LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] And2585CCand ,2586,, by2587INby the2588DTthe way2589NNway ,2590,, and2591CCand what2592WPwhat is2593VBZbe the2594DTthe Navy's2595NPNavy's ...2596:... what2597WPwhat is2598VBZbe the2599DTthe Navy2600NPNavy 's2601POS's liability2602NNliability ?2603SENT? What2604WPWhat is2605VBZbe the2606DTthe Navy2607NPNavy 's2608POS's exposure2609NNexposure to2610TOto these2611DTthese widows2612NNSwidow to2613TOto seamen2614NNSseaman who2615WPwho died2616VVDdie of2617INof cancer2618NNcancer ?2619SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]2620LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] The2621NPThe Navy2622NPNavy is2623VBZbe immune2624JJimmune under2625INunder Feres2626NNSfere ,2627,, but2628CCbut there2629EXthere is2630VBZbe a2631DTa worker2632NNworker 's2633POS's compensation2634NNcompensation system2635NNsystem that2636IN/thatthat the2637DTthe Navy2638NPNavy administers2639VVZadminister that2640DTthat can2641MDcan provide2642VVprovide some2643DTsome form2644NNform of2645INof compensation2646NNcompensation .2647SENT.

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]2648LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] Very2649JJVery little2650JJlittle .2651SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]2652LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Going2653VVGgo back2654RBback to2655TOto Justice2656NPJustice Breyer2657NPBreyer ...2658:...

[JUSTICE KAGAN]2659LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Mr2660NPMr .2661SENT. Dvoretzky2662NPDvoretzky ...2663:... and2664CCand this2665DTthis follows2666VVZfollow on2667INon Justice2668NPJustice Breyer's2669NPBreyer's ...2670:... when2671WRBwhen you2672PPyou say2673VVPsay that2674IN/thatthat even2675RBeven when2676WRBwhen this2677DTthis manufacturer2678NNmanufacturer is2679VBZbe ...2680:... or2681CCor the2682DTthe Navy2683NPNavy or2684CCor whoever2685WPwhoever else2686RBelse it2687PPit is2688VBZbe ,2689,, is2690VBZbe directed2691VVNdirect to2692TOto use2693VVuse asbestos2694NNasbestos ,2695,, you2696PPyou are2697VBPbe not2698RBnot liable2699JJliable ,2700,, are2701VBPbe you2702PPyou making2703VVGmake a2704DTa fairness2705NNfairness argument2706NNargument ?2707SENT? Are2708VBPbe you2709PPyou making2710VVGmake an2711DTan efficiency2712NNefficiency argument2713NNargument ?2714SENT? What2715WPWhat kind2716NNkind of2717INof argument2718NNargument is2719VBZbe that2720RBthat ?2721SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]2722LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] It's2723NPIt's ...2724:... it2725PPit 's2726VBZbe both2727CCboth a2728DTa doctrinal2729JJdoctrinal argument2730NNargument and2731CCand a2732DTa policy2733NNpolicy argument2734NNargument .2735SENT. As2736INas a2737DTa doctrinal2738JJdoctrinal argument2739NNargument ,2740,, tort2741NNtort law2742NNlaw draws2743VVZdraw ...2744:... draws2745VVZdraw the2746DTthe line2747NNline of2748INof liability2749NNliability at2750INat the2751DTthe chain2752NNchain of2753INof distribution2754NNdistribution .2755SENT.

[JUSTICE KAGAN]2756LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Okay2757NPOkay .2758SENT. I2759PPI mean2760VVPmean ,2761,, we2762PPwe could2763MDcould read2764VVread the2765DTthe restatement2766NNrestatement and2767CCand contest2768NNcontest that2769RBthat .2770SENT. So2771RBso ...2772:... so2773RBso I2774PPI guess2775VVPguess what2776WPwhat I2777PPI 'm2778VBPbe asking2779VVGask is2780VBZbe ,2781,, like2782INlike what2783WDTwhat ...2784:... what2785WPwhat ...2786:... what2787WPwhat sense2788NNsense would2789MDwould that2790RBthat rule2791VVrule make2792VVmake ?2793SENT? If2794INif ...2795:... if2796INif you2797PPyou think2798VVPthink that2799IN/thatthat that2800DTthat 's2801VBZbe what2802WPwhat the2803DTthe doctrine2804NNdoctrine says2805VVZsay ,2806,, tell2807VVtell me2808PPme why2809WRBwhy the2810DTthe doctrine2811NNdoctrine says2812VVZsay that2813IN/thatthat ,2814,, because2815RBbecause ...2816:... because2817INbecause I2818PPI can2819MDcan 't2820RB't think2821VVPthink of2822INof a2823DTa reason2824NNreason ,2825,, and2826CCand that2827WDTthat makes2828VVZmake me2829PPme think2830VVPthink that2831IN/thatthat the2832DTthe doctrine2833NNdoctrine does2834VVZdo n't2835RBn't say2836VVsay it2837PPit .2838SENT. So2839RBso here's2840NNShere's ...2841:... this2842DTthis is2843VBZbe your2844PP$your opportunity2845NNopportunity to2846TOto tell2847VVtell me2848PPme what2849WPwhat sense2850NNsense would2851MDwould it2852PPit make2853VVmake to2854TOto say2855VVsay ,2856,, even2857RBeven though2858INthough you2859PPyou direct2860VVPdirect the2861DTthe use2862NNuse of2863INof asbestos2864NNasbestos ,2865,, you2866PPyou can2867MDcan 't2868RB't be2869VBbe liable2870JJliable for2871INfor its2872PP$its harms2873NNSharm ?2874SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]2875LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Because2876INbecause tort2877NNtort law2878NNlaw places2879VVZplace the2880DTthe duty2881NNduty to2882TOto warn2883VVwarn and2884CCand also2885RBalso places2886VVZplace liability2887NNliability on2888INon the2889DTthe party2890NNparty that2891WDTthat is2892VBZbe in2893INin the2894DTthe best2895JJSgood position2896NNposition to2897TOto control2898VVcontrol or2899CCor avoid2900VVavoid the2901DTthe harm2902NNharm .2903SENT. And2904CCand it2905PPit is2906VBZbe the2907DTthe ...2908:... the2909DTthe subsequent2910JJsubsequent manufacturer2911NNmanufacturer of2912INof asbestos2913NNasbestos or2914CCor of2915INof the2916DTthe Chief2917NPChief Justice2918NPJustice 's2919POS's alternative2920NNalternative to2921TOto asbestos2922NNasbestos that2923WDTthat is2924VBZbe in2925INin the2926DTthe best2927JJSgood position2928NNposition to2929TOto control2930VVcontrol the2931DTthe harm2932NNharm in2933INin this2934DTthis situation2935NNsituation .2936SENT. That2937DTthat party2938NNparty is2939VBZbe also2940RBalso in2941INin the2942DTthe best2943JJSgood position2944NNposition ...2945:...

[JUSTICE KAGAN]2946LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But2947CCbut why2948WRBwhy is2949VBZbe that2950RBthat ?2951SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]2952LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Once2953INonce we2954PPwe put2955VVDput our2956PP$our product2957NNproduct out2958INout there2959RBthere ,2960,, we2961PPwe do2962VVPdo n't2963RBn't control2964VVcontrol what2965WPwhat some2966DTsome third-party2967JJthird-party develops2968VVZdevelop or2969CCor sells2970VVZsell as2971INas insulation2972NNinsulation .2973SENT.

[JUSTICE KAGAN]2974LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] You2975PPyou 've2976VHPhave directed2977VVNdirect it2978PPit to2979TOto use2980VVuse asbestos2981NNasbestos ,2982,, so2983RBso they2984PPthey 're2985VBPbe going2986VVGgo to2987TOto use2988VVuse asbestos2989NNasbestos .2990SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]2991LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] The2992DTthe fact2993NNfact that2994IN/thatthat we2995PPwe ...2996:... if2997INif we2998PPwe had2999VHDhave directed3000VVNdirect something3001NNsomething ,3002,, that3003WDTthat still3004RBstill does3005VVZdo n't3006RBn't obligate3007VVobligate the3008DTthe insulation3009NNinsulation manufacturer3010NNmanufacturer to3011TOto sell3012VVsell asbestos3013NNasbestos .3014SENT. If3015INif the3016DTthe insulation3017NNinsulation manufacturer3018NNmanufacturer learns3019VVZlearn ,3020,, gee3021NNgee ,3022,, asbestos3023NNasbestos is3024VBZbe dangerous3025JJdangerous ,3026,, I3027PPI either3028RBeither should3029MDshould n't3030RBn't sell3031VVsell this3032DTthis or3033CCor I3034PPI ought3035MDought to3036TOto warn3037VVwarn about3038INabout it3039PPit or3040CCor I3041PPI ought3042MDought to3043TOto put3044VVput money3045NNmoney ...3046:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]3047LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] What3048WPWhat ...3049:...

[MR. DVORETZKY]3050LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] ...3051:... into3052INinto R3053NNR &3054CC& amp3055NNamp ;3056:; amp3057NNamp ;3058:; D3059NPD in3060INin order3061NNorder to3062TOto come3063VVcome up3064RPup with3065INwith an3066DTan alternative3067NNalternative ,3068,, that3069WDTthat 's3070VBZbe all3071RBall within3072INwithin their3073PP$their control3074NNcontrol ,3075,, not3076RBnot ours3077JJours .3078SENT. And3079CCand the3080DTthe tort3081NNtort ...3082:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]3083LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] What3084WPWhat if3085INif ...3086:... what3087WPwhat if3088INif you3089PPyou are3090VBPbe the3091DTthe only3092JJonly one3093CDone who3094WPwho knows3095VVZknow about3096INabout it3097PPit ?3098SENT? I3099PPI mean3100VVPmean ,3101,, the3102DTthe asbestos3103NNasbestos manufacturer3104NNmanufacturer ,3105,, their3106PP$their ...3107:... their3108PP$their scientists3109NNSscientist have3110VHPhave n't3111RBn't discovered3112VVNdiscover yet3113RByet that3114IN/thatthat it3115PPit 's3116VBZbe going3117VVGgo to3118TOto kill3119VVkill you3120PPyou ,3121,, but3122CCbut you3123PPyou have3124VHPhave ,3125,, and3126CCand it3127PPit 's3128VBZbe the3129DTthe same3130JJsame case3131NNcase ,3132,, you3133PPyou still3134RBstill do3135VVPdo n't3136RBn't have3137VHhave a3138DTa duty3139NNduty to3140TOto warn3141VVwarn ?3142SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]3143LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] I3144PPI do3145VVPdo n't3146RBn't think3147VVthink you3148PPyou have3149VHPhave a3150DTa duty3151NNduty to3152TOto warn3153VVwarn in3154INin that3155DTthat situation3156NNsituation ,3157,, but3158CCbut that3159DTthat 's3160VBZbe also3161RBalso far3162RBfar from3163INfrom this3164DTthis case3165NNcase .3166SENT. There's3167NPThere's ...3168:... there3169EXthere is3170VBZbe no3171DTno ...3172:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]3173LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] No3174UHNo ,3175,, no3176UHno ,3177,, I3178PPI know3179VVPknow it3180PPit 's3181VBZbe not3182RBnot this3183DTthis case3184NNcase .3185SENT. But3186CCbut your3187PP$your position3188NNposition is3189VBZbe even3190RBeven if3191INif you3192PPyou ,3193,, the3194DTthe manufacturer3195NNmanufacturer ,3196,, is3197VBZbe telling3198VVGtell people3199NNSpeople to3200TOto use3201VVuse asbestos3202NNasbestos with3203INwith your3204PP$your product3205NNproduct ,3206,, they3207PPthey do3208VVPdo n't3209RBn't know3210VVknow that3211IN/thatthat it3212PPit 's3213VBZbe harmful3214JJharmful ,3215,, but3216CCbut you3217PPyou do3218VVPdo ,3219,, you3220PPyou have3221VHPhave no3222DTno duty3223NNduty to3224TOto warn3225VVwarn ?3226SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]3227LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Perhaps3228RBperhaps you3229PPyou might3230MDmight in3231INin that3232DTthat situation3233NNsituation on3234INon a3235DTa different3236JJdifferent theory3237NNtheory have3238VHPhave some3239DTsome sort3240NNsort of3241INof a3242DTa fraud3243NNfraud claim3244NNclaim ,3245,, but3246CCbut that3247DTthat 's3248VBZbe not3249RBnot what3250WPwhat 's3251VBZbe alleged3252VVNallege here3253RBhere .3254SENT. There3255EXthere 's3256VBZbe no3257DTno question3258NNquestion here3259RBhere that3260IN/thatthat the3261DTthe Navy3262NPNavy knew3263VVDknow about3264INabout the3265DTthe dangers3266NNSdanger of3267INof asbestos3268NNasbestos and3269CCand that3270IN/thatthat ,3271,, over3272INover time3273NNtime ,3274,, asbestos3275NNasbestos manufacturers3276NNSmanufacturer knew3277VVDknow about3278INabout the3279DTthe dangers3280NNSdanger of3281INof asbestos3282NNasbestos and3283CCand ,3284,, again3285RBagain ,3286,, companies3287NNScompany came3288VVDcome up3289RPup with3290INwith alternatives3291NNSalternative .3292SENT. So3293INso the3294DTthe policy3295NNpolicy rationale3296NNrationale here3297RBhere is3298VBZbe to3299TOto place3300VVplace the3301DTthe burden3302NNburden on3303INon the3304DTthe party3305NNparty that3306WDTthat has3307VHZhave the3308DTthe ability3309NNability to3310TOto control3311VVcontrol the3312DTthe harm3313NNharm ,3314,, and3315CCand ,3316,, moreover3317RBmoreover ,3318,, the3319DTthe asbestos3320NNasbestos component3321NNcomponent manufacturers3322NNSmanufacturer are3323VBPbe the3324DTthe ones3325NNSone that3326WDTthat are3327VBPbe in3328INin the3329DTthe best3330JJSgood position3331NNposition to3332TOto warn3333VVwarn .3334SENT. If3335INif we3336PPwe had3337VHDhave put3338VVNput some3339DTsome sort3340NNsort of3341INof a3342DTa plate3343NNplate on3344INon our3345PP$our equipment3346NNequipment ,3347,, first3348RBfirst ,3349,, who3350WPwho knows3351VVZknow if3352INif it3353PPit would3354MDwould have3355VHhave been3356VBNbe seen3357VVNsee down3358RPdown the3359DTthe road3360NNroad as3361RBas opposed3362VVNoppose to3363TOto the3364DTthe package3365NNpackage of3366INof new3367JJnew insulation3368NNinsulation that3369WDTthat has3370VHZhave to3371TOto be3372VBbe opened3373VVNopen and3374CCand applied3375VVNapply .3376SENT. And3377CCand ,3378,, second3379RBsecond ,3380,, as3381INas technology3382NNtechnology changes3383NNSchange ,3384,, our3385PP$our warning3386NNwarning from3387INfrom 19453388CD@card@ might3389MDmight well3390RBwell have3391VHhave become3392VVNbecome outdated3393JJoutdated and3394CCand inconsistent3395JJinconsistent with3396INwith a3397DTa state-of-the-art3398JJstate-of-the-art warning3399NNwarning provided3400VVNprovide later3401RBRlater .3402SENT. And3403CCand so3404RBso that3405DTthat 's3406VBZbe why3407WRBwhy tort3408NNtort law3409NNlaw puts3410VVZput the3411DTthe liability3412NNliability on3413INon the3414DTthe party3415NNparty that3416WDTthat actually3417RBactually has3418VHZhave the3419DTthe ability3420NNability to3421TOto control3422VVcontrol the3423DTthe harm3424NNharm .3425SENT. Getting3426VVGget back3427RBback ...3428:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]3429LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Besides3430INbesides ...3431:... besides3432INbesides the3433DTthe costs3434NNScost of3435INof having3436VHGhave an3437DTan additional3438JJadditional warning3439NNwarning ,3440,, do3441VVPdo you3442PPyou see3443VVPsee any3444DTany other3445JJother downsides3446NNSdownsides to3447TOto expanding3448VVGexpand the3449DTthe scope3450NNscope of3451INof the3452DTthe duty3453NNduty to3454TOto warn3455VVwarn in3456INin this3457DTthis way3458NNway ?3459SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]3460LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well3461UHwell ,3462,, I3463PPI think3464VVPthink ...3465:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]3466LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] I3467PPI 'm3468VBPbe really3469RBreally not3470RBnot interested3471JJinterested in3472INin asbestos3473NNasbestos and3474CCand bare3475JJbare metal3476NNmetal .3477SENT. I3478PPI 'm3479VBPbe talking3480VVGtalk ,3481,, as3482INas Justice3483NPJustice Kagan3484NPKagan was3485VBDbe ,3486,, as3487INas a3488DTa matter3489NNmatter of3490INof doctrine3491NNdoctrine and3492CCand policy3493NNpolicy .3494SENT. What3495WPWhat costs3496VVZcost ,3497,, what3498WDTwhat downsides3499NNSdownsides are3500VBPbe there3501RBthere associated3502VVNassociate with3503INwith expanding3504VVGexpand the3505DTthe duty3506NNduty to3507TOto warn3508VVwarn ,3509,, at3510INat least3511JJSleast insofar3512RBinsofar as3513INas we3514PPwe 're3515VBPbe talking3516VVGtalk about3517INabout things3518NNSthing that3519WDTthat are3520VBPbe directed3521VVNdirect or3522CCor necessary3523JJnecessary or3524CCor inevitably3525RBinevitably used3526VVNuse ?3527SENT? Forget3528VVforget about3529INabout foreseeability3530NNforeseeability for3531INfor a3532DTa moment3533NNmoment .3534SENT. We3535PPwe ...3536:... we3537PPwe normally3538RBnormally do3539VVPdo ,3540,, you3541PPyou 're3542VBPbe right3543JJright ,3544,, put3545VVDput the3546DTthe duty3547NNduty to3548TOto warn3549VVwarn with3550INwith the3551DTthe lowest-cost3552JJlowest-cost avoider3553NNavoider .3554SENT. But3555CCbut sometimes3556RBsometimes it3557PPit 's3558VBZbe expanded3559VVNexpand and3560CCand ,3561,, in3562INin some3563DTsome cases3564NNScase ,3565,, it3566PPit has3567VHZhave been3568VBNbe expanded3569VVNexpand in3570INin this3571DTthis area3572NNarea ,3573,, it3574PPit looks3575VVZlook like3576INlike ,3577,, and3578CCand I3579PPI 'm3580VBPbe just3581RBjust wondering3582VVGwonder what3583WPwhat ...3584:... what3585WPwhat are3586VBPbe the3587DTthe negatives3588NNSnegative associated3589VVNassociate with3590INwith that3591DTthat ?3592SENT? Why3593WRBwhy is3594VBZbe that3595IN/thatthat bad3596JJbad ?3597SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]3598LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] So3599RBso ,3600,, again3601RBagain ,3602,, outside3603INoutside the3604DTthe asbestos3605NNasbestos context3606NNcontext ,3607,, I3608PPI do3609VVPdo n't3610RBn't think3611VVthink it3612PPit has3613VHZhave been3614VBNbe .3615SENT. But3616CCbut ,3617,, to3618TOto answer3619VVanswer your3620PP$your ...3621:... your3622PP$your policy3623NNpolicy question3624NNquestion ,3625,, it3626PPit 's3627VBZbe bad3628JJbad ,3629,, first3630JJfirst ,3631,, because3632RBbecause ,3633,, if3634INif you3635PPyou believe3636VVPbelieve that3637IN/thatthat the3638DTthe incentive3639NNincentive ought3640MDought to3641TOto be3642VBbe placed3643VVNplace on3644INon the3645DTthe ...3646:... the3647DTthe party3648NNparty that3649WDTthat can3650MDcan avoid3651VVavoid the3652DTthe harm3653NNharm ,3654,, you3655PPyou dilute3656VVPdilute that3657DTthat ...3658:... that3659DTthat incentive3660NNincentive by3661INby spreading3662VVGspread the3663DTthe liability3664NNliability around3665RBaround and3666CCand you3667PPyou lead3668VVPlead to3669TOto over3670RBover ...3671:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]3672LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] No3673NPNo ,3674,, that3675DTthat incentive3676NNincentive remains3677VVZremain .3678SENT. I3679PPI mean3680VVPmean ,3681,, that3682IN/thatthat still3683RBstill ...3684:... we3685PPwe 're3686VBPbe expanding3687VVGexpand the3688DTthe duty3689NNduty to3690TOto warn3691VVwarn .3692SENT. We3693PPwe 're3694VBPbe not3695RBnot contracting3696VVGcontract it3697PPit .3698SENT. Okay3699JJokay ?3700SENT? So3701RBso that3702DTthat does3703VVZdo n't3704RBn't work3705VVwork .3706SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]3707LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] You3708PPyou lead3709VVPlead to3710TOto over-warning3711NNover-warning ,3712,, which3713WDTwhich will3714MDwill lead3715VVlead people3716NNSpeople just3717RBjust to3718TOto be3719VBbe deluged3720VVNdeluge with3721INwith warnings3722NNSwarning and3723CCand to3724TOto ignore3725VVignore them3726PPthem .3727SENT. You3728PPyou create3729VVPcreate a3730DTa situation3731NNsituation where3732WRBwhere there3733EXthere really3734RBreally is3735VBZbe n't3736RBn't any3737DTany clarity3738NNclarity for3739INfor manufacturers3740NNSmanufacturer about3741INabout what3742WPwhat they3743PPthey do3744VVPdo or3745CCor do3746VVPdo n't3747RBn't have3748VHhave to3749TOto warn3750VVwarn about3751RBabout ,3752,, because3753INbecause we3754PPwe 're3755VBPbe talking3756VVGtalk about3757INabout tests3758NNStest like3759INlike directed3760VVNdirect and3761CCand required3762VVNrequire ,3763,, but3764CCbut what3765WPwhat do3766VVPdo those3767DTthose really3768RBreally mean3769JJmean ?3770SENT? If3771INif we3772PPwe talk3773VVPtalk about3774RBabout required3775VVNrequire ,3776,, really3777RBreally ,3778,, what3779WPwhat that3780RBthat means3781VVZmean is3782VBZbe it3783PPit 's3784VBZbe really3785RBreally foreseeable3786JJforeseeable ,3787,, but3788CCbut at3789INat some3790DTsome point3791NNpoint ,3792,, there3793EXthere can3794MDcan be3795VBbe another3796DTanother alternative3797NNalternative that3798WDTthat maybe3799RBmaybe is3800VBZbe 103801CD@card@ percent3802NNpercent less3803RBRless effective3804JJeffective and3805CCand 103806CD@card@ percent3807NNSpercent more3808RBRmore expensive3809JJexpensive .3810SENT. At3811INat that3812DTthat point3813NNpoint ,3814,, is3815VBZbe asbestos3816NNasbestos or3817CCor whatever3818WDTwhatever product3819NNproduct we3820PPwe 're3821VBPbe talking3822VVGtalk about3823RBabout still3824RBstill required3825VVNrequire ,3826,, or3827CCor can3828MDcan we3829PPwe say3830VVPsay ,3831,, well3832RBwell ,3833,, the3834DTthe equipment3835NNequipment will3836MDwill run3837VVrun with3838INwith this3839DTthis alternative3840NNalternative ,3841,, it3842PPit just3843RBjust won3844MDwill 't3845RB't run3846VVrun quite3847RBquite as3848RBas well3849RBwell ?3850SENT? Is3851VBZbe ...3852:... when3853WRBwhen you3854PPyou put3855VVDput your3856PP$your product3857NNproduct into3858INinto the3859DTthe market3860NNmarket and3861CCand say3862VVPsay it3863PPit requires3864VVZrequire asbestos3865NNasbestos ,3866,, that3867WDTthat does3868VVZdo n't3869RBn't even3870RBeven hold3871VVhold as3872INas technology3873NNtechnology changes3874NNSchange .3875SENT. So3876RBso "3877``" required3878VVNrequire "3879''" and3880CCand "3881``" specified3882VVNspecify "3883''" are3884VBPbe indeterminate3885JJindeterminate terms3886NNSterm ,3887,, and3888CCand one3889CDone of3890INof the3891DTthe costs3892NNScost ,3893,, to3894TOto answer3895VVanswer your3896PP$your question3897NNquestion ,3898,, Justice3899NPJustice Gorsuch3900NPGorsuch ,3901,, is3902VBZbe you3903PPyou 're3904VBPbe leaving3905VVGleave manufacturers3906NNSmanufacturer at3907INat sea3908NNsea ,3909,, whether3910INwhether we3911PPwe 're3912VBPbe talking3913VVGtalk about3914INabout maritime3915JJmaritime law3916NNlaw or3917CCor on3918INon land3919NNland ...3920:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3921LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] I3922PPI 'm3923VBPbe sorry3924JJsorry ,3925,, why3926WRBwhy ...3927:...

[MR. DVORETZKY]3928LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] ...3929:... about3930RBabout what3931WPwhat warnings3932NNSwarning they3933PPthey need3934VVPneed to3935TOto provide3936VVprovide .3937SENT.

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3938LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] I3939PPI 'm3940VBPbe sorry3941JJsorry .3942SENT. I3943PPI ...3944:... I3945PPI do3946VVPdo n't3947RBn't understand3948VVunderstand your3949PP$your point3950NNpoint about3951INabout the3952DTthe future3953NNfuture and3954CCand a3955DTa change3956NNchange .3957SENT. If3958INif you3959PPyou 've3960VHPhave warned3961VVNwarn that3962IN/thatthat asbestos3963NNasbestos products3964NNSproduct are3965VBPbe dangerous3966JJdangerous and3967CCand you3968PPyou should3969MDshould exercise3970VVexercise care3971NNcare in3972INin removing3973VVGremove them3974PPthem ,3975,, then3976RBthen it3977PPit 's3978VBZbe the3979DTthe people3980NNSpeople down3981INdown the3982DTthe line3983NNline who3984WPwho choose3985VVPchoose to3986TOto continue3987VVcontinue doing3988VVGdo it3989PPit ,3990,, you3991PPyou 're3992VBPbe off3993RBoff the3994DTthe hook3995NNhook because3996INbecause you3997PPyou gave3998VVDgive them3999PPthem a4000DTa warning4001NNwarning .4002SENT. This4003DTthis is4004VBZbe a4005DTa failure4006NNfailure to4007TOto warn4008VVwarn claim4009NNclaim .4010SENT. If4011INif you4012PPyou did4013VVDdo what4014WPwhat you4015PPyou were4016VBDbe supposed4017VVNsuppose to4018TOto do4019VVdo ,4020,, that4021WDTthat does4022VVZdo n't4023RBn't take4024VVtake away4025RPaway their4026PP$their incentive4027NNincentive to4028TOto change4029VVchange to4030TOto a4031DTa less4032RBRless dangerous4033JJdangerous product4034NNproduct if4035INif it4036PPit 's4037VBZbe cheaper4038JJRcheap or4039CCor if4040INif it4041PPit 's4042VBZbe easier4043JJReasy to4044TOto deal4045VVdeal with4046INwith .4047SENT. I4048PPI 'm4049VBPbe not4050RBnot sure4051JJsure what4052WPwhat that4053DTthat ...4054:... why4055WRBwhy that4056DTthat increases4057NNSincrease cost4058NNcost in4059INin some4060DTsome meaningful4061JJmeaningful way4062NNway .4063SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]4064LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well4065UHWell ,4066,, I4067PPI ...4068:... it4069PPit increases4070VVZincrease costs4071NNScost if4072INif you4073PPyou 're4074VBPbe looking4075VVGlook after4076INafter the4077DTthe fact4078NNfact at4079INat a4080DTa party4081NNparty that4082WDTthat did4083VVDdo n't4084RBn't think4085VVthink that4086IN/thatthat the4087DTthe law4088NNlaw required4089VVDrequire it4090PPit to4091TOto provide4092VVprovide a4093DTa warning4094NNwarning and4095CCand imposing4096VVGimpose liability4097NNliability .4098SENT. It4099PPit dilutes4100VVZdilute the4101DTthe effectiveness4102NNeffectiveness of4103INof warnings4104NNSwarning to4105TOto have4106VHhave too4107RBtoo many4108JJmany of4109INof them4110PPthem .4111SENT. If4112INif you4113PPyou just4114RBjust have4115VHPhave warnings4116NNSwarning about4117INabout everything4118NNeverything ,4119,, people4120NNSpeople ignore4121VVPignore them4122PPthem .4123SENT. And4124CCand ,4125,, again4126RBagain ,4127,, moreover4128RBmoreover ,4129,, you4130PPyou may4131MDmay end4132VVend up4133RPup with4134INwith inconsistent4135JJinconsistent warnings4136NNSwarning .4137SENT. If4138INif the4139DTthe company4140NNcompany ...4141:... if4142INif a4143DTa company4144NNcompany provides4145VVZprovide a4146DTa warning4147NNwarning about4148INabout how4149WRBhow to4150TOto handle4151VVhandle insulation4152NNinsulation based4153VVNbase on4154INon what4155WPwhat 's4156VBZbe known4157VVNknow in4158INin 19454159CD@card@ ,4160,, that4161WDTthat may4162MDmay be4163VBbe inconsistent4164JJinconsistent ,4165,, it4166PPit may4167MDmay be4168VBbe the4169DTthe wrong4170JJwrong way4171NNway to4172TOto handle4173VVhandle insulation4174NNinsulation in4175INin whatever4176WDTwhatever form4177NNform it4178PPit takes4179VVZtake 204180CD@card@ years4181NNSyear later4182RBRlater .4183SENT. And4184CCand so4185RBso ...4186:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]4187LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Well4188UHWell ,4189,, but4190CCbut that4191WDTthat 's4192VBZbe ...4193:... I4194PPI do4195VVPdo n't4196RBn't understand4197VVunderstand your4198PP$your ...4199:... your4200PP$your technology4201NNtechnology argument4202NNargument .4203SENT. I4204PPI mean4205VVPmean ,4206,, we4207PPwe 're4208VBPbe talking4209VVGtalk about4210INabout people4211NNSpeople who4212WPwho were4213VBDbe injured4214VVNinjure at4215INat a4216DTa time4217NNtime where4218WRBwhere this4219DTthis was4220VBDbe what4221WPwhat you4222PPyou use4223VVPuse ,4224,, asbestos4225NNasbestos ,4226,, right4227RBright ?4228SENT? And4229CCand you4230PPyou 're4231VBPbe saying4232VVGsay ,4233,, well4234RBwell ,4235,, a4236DTa warning4237NNwarning would4238MDwould be4239VBbe bad4240JJbad because4241INbecause 204242CD@card@ years4243NNSyear later4244RBRlater maybe4245RBmaybe there4246EXthere 's4247VBZbe something4248NNsomething better4249RBRwell .4250SENT. Is4251VBZbe that4252IN/thatthat the4253DTthe argument4254NNargument ?4255SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]4256LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well4257UHWell ,4258,, no4259UHno .4260SENT. We4261PPwe 're4262VBPbe saying4263VVGsay a4264DTa ...4265:... a4266DTa warning4267NNwarning at4268INat that4269DTthat point4270NNpoint ...4271:... the4272DTthe warning4273NNwarning is4274VBZbe best4275RBSwell provided4276VVNprovide by4277INby the4278DTthe asbestos4279NNasbestos manufacturer4280NNmanufacturer .4281SENT. We4282PPwe 're4283VBPbe not4284RBnot saying4285VVGsay that4286IN/thatthat there4287EXthere should4288MDshould n't4289RBn't be4290VBbe a4291DTa warning4292NNwarning by4293INby somebody4294NNsomebody and4295CCand that4296IN/thatthat there4297EXthere should4298MDshould n't4299RBn't be4300VBbe somebody4301NNsomebody to4302TOto sue4303VVsue .4304SENT. You4305PPyou can4306MDcan sue4307VVsue the4308DTthe asbestos4309NNasbestos manufacturer4310NNmanufacturer if4311INif it4312PPit did4313VVDdo n't4314RBn't provide4315VVprovide the4316DTthe warning4317NNwarning and4318CCand setting4319VVGset aside4320RPaside any4321DTany government4322NNgovernment contractor4323NNcontractor defense4324NNdefense or4325CCor anything4326NNanything .4327SENT. But4328CCbut the4329DTthe ...4330:... the4331DTthe problem4332NNproblem is4333VBZbe ,4334,, if4335INif you4336PPyou have4337VHPhave multiple4338JJmultiple warnings4339NNSwarning ,4340,, it4341PPit dilutes4342VVZdilute the4343DTthe value4344NNvalue of4345INof them4346PPthem and4347CCand it4348PPit can4349MDcan also4350RBalso lead4351VVlead to4352TOto contradictory4353JJcontradictory warnings4354NNSwarning .4355SENT. Once4356RBonce we4357PPwe put4358VVPput ,4359,, let4360VVPlet 's4361POS's say4362NNsay ,4363,, a4364DTa plate4365NNplate on4366INon our4367PP$our equipment4368NNequipment that4369WDTthat provides4370VVZprovide instructions4371NNSinstruction about4372INabout what4373WPwhat to4374TOto do4375VVdo in4376INin 19454377CD@card@ based4378VVNbase on4379INon the4380DTthe state4381NNstate of4382INof insulation4383NNinsulation then4384RBthen ,4385,, a4386DTa few4387JJfew years4388NNSyear later4389RBRlater when4390WRBwhen an4391DTan alternative4392NNalternative comes4393VVZcome on4394INon the4395DTthe market4396NNmarket ,4397,, that4398WDTthat may4399MDmay have4400VHhave to4401TOto be4402VBbe handled4403VVNhandle very4404RBvery differently4405RBdifferently .4406SENT.

[JUSTICE KAGAN]4407LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] No4408NPNo ,4409,, but4410CCbut the4411DTthe warning4412NNwarning ...4413:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]4414LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] No4415NPNo ,4416,, but4417CCbut I4418PPI mean4419VVPmean ...4420:...

[MR. DVORETZKY]4421LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] And4422CCand it4423PPit would4424MDwould be4425VBbe counter-productive4426JJcounter-productive .4427SENT.

[JUSTICE KAGAN]4428LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] ...4429:... presumably4430RBpresumably would4431MDwould say4432VVsay when4433WRBwhen this4434DTthis product4435NNproduct is4436VBZbe used4437VVNuse with4438INwith asbestos4439NNasbestos ,4440,, it4441PPit creates4442VVZcreate the4443DTthe following4444VVGfollow dangers4445NNSdanger .4446SENT. So4447RBso ,4448,, if4449INif 204450CD@card@ years4451NNSyear from4452INfrom now4453RBnow the4454DTthe product4455NNproduct is4456VBZbe not4457RBnot used4458VVNuse with4459INwith asbestos4460NNasbestos ,4461,, everybody4462NNeverybody knows4463VVZknow to4464TOto ignore4465VVignore the4466DTthe warning4467NNwarning .4468SENT. But4469CCbut the4470DTthe warning4471NNwarning is4472VBZbe good4473JJgood for4474INfor all4475PDTall the4476DTthe time4477NNtime in4478INin which4479WDTwhich the4480DTthe product4481NNproduct is4482VBZbe used4483VVNuse with4484INwith asbestos4485NNasbestos .4486SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]4487LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] That4488DTthat ...4489:... not4490RBnot necessarily4491RBnecessarily .4492SENT. What4493WPWhat ...4494:... what4495WPwhat if4496INif five4497CDfive years4498NNSyear down4499INdown the4500DTthe road4501NNroad there4502EXthere is4503VBZbe different4504JJdifferent thinking4505NNthinking about4506INabout how4507WRBhow best4508JJSgood to4509TOto handle4510VVhandle asbestos4511NNasbestos itself4512PPitself ?4513SENT?

[JUSTICE BREYER]4514LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Then4515RBthen they4516PPthey 're4517VBPbe not4518RBnot negligent4519JJnegligent .4520SENT. I4521PPI mean4522VVPmean ,4523,, that4524WDTthat 's4525VBZbe ...4526:... see4527VVsee ,4528,, I4529PPI 've4530VHPhave been4531VBNbe ...4532:... tell4533VVtell me4534PPme if4535INif I'm4536NPI'm ...4537:... where4538WRBwhere I4539PPI 'm4540VBPbe wrong4541JJwrong on4542INon this4543DTthis .4544SENT. I4545PPI found4546VVDfind it4547PPit easier4548JJReasy to4549TOto think4550VVthink about4551INabout this4552DTthis case4553NNcase once4554INonce I4555PPI forgot4556VVDforget about4557INabout warnings4558NNSwarning .4559SENT. And4560CCand I4561PPI said4562VVDsay the4563DTthe case4564NNcase is4565VBZbe not4566RBnot that4567IN/thatthat complicated4568VVNcomplicate a4569DTa case4570NNcase .4571SENT. It4572PPit 's4573VBZbe the4574DTthe case4575NNcase in4576INin the4577DTthe Restatement4578NNrestatement .4579SENT. Judy4580NPJudy loans4581VVZloan her4582PP$her car4583NNcar for4584INfor the4585DTthe evening4586NNevening to4587TOto Grant4588NPGrant ,4589,, whom4590WPwhom she4591PPshe knows4592VVZknow is4593VBZbe a4594DTa very4595RBvery dangerous4596JJdangerous driver4597NNdriver .4598SENT. The4599DTthe least-cost4600NNleast-cost avoider4601NNavoider ,4602,, of4603INof course4604NNcourse ,4605,, is4606VBZbe Grant4607NPGrant .4608SENT. But4609CCbut ,4610,, nonetheless4611RBnonetheless ,4612,, Judy4613NPJudy is4614VBZbe negligent4615JJnegligent .4616SENT. And4617CCand the4618DTthe negligence4619NNnegligence that4620IN/thatthat they4621PPthey 're4622VBPbe claiming4623VVGclaim here4624RBhere is4625VBZbe taking4626VVGtake a4627DTa thing4628NNthing ,4629,, a4630DTa physical4631JJphysical thing4632NNthing which4633WDTwhich the4634DTthe manufacturer4635NNmanufacturer knows4636VVZknow is4637VBZbe dangerous4638JJdangerous and4639CCand unreasonably4640RBunreasonably putting4641VVGput it4642PPit out4643RPout into4644INinto interstate4645JJinterstate commerce4646NNcommerce ,4647,, perhaps4648RBperhaps on4649INon a4650DTa boat4651NNboat ,4652,, perhaps4653RBperhaps somewhere4654RBsomewhere else4655RBelse .4656SENT. And4657CCand that4658DTthat 's4659VBZbe why4660WRBwhy if4661INif you4662PPyou tell4663VVPtell the4664DTthe user4665NNuser he4666PPhe 's4667VBZbe got4668VVNget to4669TOto use4670VVuse asbestos4671NNasbestos ,4672,, knowing4673VVGknow all4674PDTall the4675DTthe relevant4676JJrelevant things4677NNSthing ,4678,, that4679WDTthat 's4680VBZbe a4681DTa negligent4682JJnegligent act4683NNact .4684SENT. Okay4685JJokay .4686SENT. And4687CCand ,4688,, similarly4689RBsimilarly ,4690,, if4691INif you4692PPyou use4693VVPuse asbestos4694NNasbestos in4695INin it4696PPit on4697INon a4698DTa part4699NNpart that4700WDTthat will4701MDwill wear4702VVwear out4703RPout easily4704RBeasily ,4705,, because4706INbecause people4707NNSpeople do4708VVPdo use4709VVuse the4710DTthe past4711NNpast to4712TOto judge4713VVjudge the4714DTthe present4715NNpresent ,4716,, he4717PPhe 'll4718MDwill replace4719VVreplace it4720PPit with4721INwith asbestos4722NNasbestos material4723NNmaterial ,4724,, and4725CCand that4726DTthat 's4727VBZbe an4728DTan unreasonable4729JJunreasonable act4730NNact .4731SENT. And4732CCand the4733DTthe third4734JJthird thing4735NNthing is4736VBZbe if4737INif you4738PPyou functionally4739RBfunctionally ...4740:... that4741WDTthat 's4742VBZbe why4743WRBwhy I4744PPI thought4745VVDthink this4746DTthis third4747JJthird was4748VBDbe better4749JJRgood for4750INfor you4751PPyou ...4752:... you4753PPyou know4754VVPknow ,4755,, you4756PPyou functionally4757RBfunctionally require4758VVPrequire the4759DTthe use4760NNuse of4761INof asbestos4762NNasbestos in4763INin one4764CDone way4765NNway or4766CCor another4767DTanother ,4768,, then4769RBthen you4770PPyou have4771VHPhave performed4772VVNperform an4773DTan unreasonable4774JJunreasonable act4775NNact .4776SENT. Whether4777INwhether you4778PPyou could4779MDcould cure4780VVcure the4781DTthe problem4782NNproblem with4783INwith a4784DTa warning4785NNwarning or4786CCor not4787RBnot cure4788VVcure the4789DTthe problem4790NNproblem with4791INwith a4792DTa warning4793NNwarning is4794VBZbe a4795DTa question4796NNquestion of4797INof what4798WPwhat makes4799VVZmake it4800PPit unreasonable4801JJunreasonable and4802CCand what4803WPwhat should4804MDshould a4805DTa remedy4806NNremedy be4807VBbe .4808SENT. All4809DTall right4810NNright .4811SENT. I4812PPI was4813VBDbe thinking4814VVGthink of4815INof it4816PPit and4817CCand now4818RBnow I4819PPI 've4820VHPhave listened4821VVNlisten to4822TOto you4823PPyou and4824CCand I4825PPI 'm4826VBPbe not4827RBnot sure4828JJsure I4829PPI 'm4830VBPbe thinking4831VVGthink of4832INof it4833PPit correctly4834RBcorrectly .4835SENT. So4836INso I4837PPI ...4838:... I4839PPI would4840MDwould like4841VVlike to4842TOto know4843VVknow what4844WPwhat you4845PPyou think4846VVPthink .4847SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]4848LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well4849UHwell ,4850,, I4851PPI think4852VVPthink the4853DTthe problem4854NNproblem with4855INwith all4856DTall of4857INof those4858DTthose standards4859NNSstandard is4860VBZbe that4861IN/thatthat they4862PPthey do4863VVPdo n't4864RBn't give4865VVgive manufacturers4866NNSmanufacturer clear4867JJclear guidance4868NNguidance about4869INabout what4870WPwhat they4871PPthey need4872VVPneed to4873TOto warn4874VVwarn about4875RBabout .4876SENT. Does4877VVZdo a4878DTa manufacturer4879NNmanufacturer of4880INof a4881DTa device4882NNdevice that4883WDTthat takes4884VVZtake batteries4885NNSbattery ...4886:... and4887CCand batteries4888NNSbattery can4889MDcan leak4890VVleak ,4891,, does4892VVZdo the4893DTthe manufacturer4894NNmanufacturer in4895INin that4896DTthat situation4897NNsituation have4898VHhave to4899TOto include4900VVinclude a4901DTa warning4902NNwarning ?4903SENT? Just4904RBjust in4905INin case4906NNcase the4907DTthe battery4908NNbattery manufacturer4909NNmanufacturer does4910VVZdo n't4911RBn't tell4912VVtell you4913PPyou that4914IN/thatthat its4915PP$its battery4916NNbattery can4917MDcan leak4918VVleak ,4919,, I4920PPI 'm4921VBPbe going4922VVGgo to4923TOto tell4924VVtell you4925PPyou this4926DTthis battery4927NNbattery can4928MDcan leak4929VVleak because4930INbecause I4931PPI 'm4932VBPbe telling4933VVGtell you4934PPyou to4935TOto use4936VVuse batteries4937NNSbattery in4938INin my4939PP$my product4940NNproduct .4941SENT. Does4942VVZdo the4943DTthe manufacturer4944NNmanufacturer need4945VVPneed to4946TOto do4947VVdo that4948DTthat ?4949SENT? Has4950VHZhave it4951PPit directed4952VVNdirect the4953DTthe use4954NNuse of4955INof batteries4956NNSbattery ?4957SENT? The4958DTthe ...4959:... there4960EXthere 's4961VBZbe no4962DTno tort4963NNtort case4964NNcase in4965INin which4966WDTwhich ,4967,, in4968INin that4969DTthat situation4970NNsituation ,4971,, people4972NNSpeople have4973VHPhave gone4974VVNgo beyond4975INbeyond suing4976VVGsue the4977DTthe battery4978NNbattery manufacturer4979NNmanufacturer and4980CCand actually4981RBactually sued4982VVDsue the4983DTthe electronic4984JJelectronic products4985NNSproduct manufacturer4986NNmanufacturer because4987INbecause ,4988,, again4989RBagain ,4990,, tort4991NNtort law4992NNlaw places4993VVZplace the4994DTthe burden4995NNburden on4996INon the4997DTthe battery4998NNbattery manufacturer4999NNmanufacturer .5000SENT. It5001PPit 's5002VBZbe their5003PP$their product5004NNproduct that5005WDTthat 's5006VBZbe actually5007RBactually causing5008VVGcause the5009DTthe harm5010NNharm .5011SENT. The5012DTthe duty5013NNduty does5014VVZdo n't5015RBn't extend5016VVextend beyond5017INbeyond your5018PP$your own5019JJown product5020NNproduct and5021CCand the5022DTthe harm5023NNharm is5024VBZbe caused5025VVNcause by5026INby somebody5027NNsomebody else5028RBelse 's5029POS's product5030NNproduct .5031SENT. So5032RBso whether5033INwhether it5034PPit 's5035VBZbe viewed5036VVNview as5037INas a5038DTa question5039NNquestion of5040INof duty5041NNduty or5042CCor causation5043NNcausation ,5044,, tort5045NNtort law5046NNlaw puts5047VVZput the5048DTthe liability5049NNliability on5050INon the5051DTthe manufacturer5052NNmanufacturer ,5053,, distributor5054NNdistributor ,5055,, or5056CCor seller5057NNseller of5058INof the5059DTthe product5060NNproduct that5061WDTthat actually5062RBactually causes5063VVZcause the5064DTthe harm5065NNharm .5066SENT. Not5067RBnot just5068RBjust any5069DTany product5070NNproduct downstream5071INdownstream that5072WDTthat is5073VBZbe used5074VVNuse with5075INwith it5076PPit and5077CCand in5078INin a5079DTa but-for5080NNbut-for way5081NNway can5082MDcan be5083VBbe said5084VVNsay to5085TOto contribute5086VVcontribute to5087TOto the5088DTthe harm5089NNharm .5090SENT. With5091INwith ...5092:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]5093LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Why5094WRBwhy are5095VBPbe too5096RBtoo many5097JJmany warnings5098NNSwarning bad5099JJbad ?5100SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]5101LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Why5102NPWhy are5103VBPbe too5104RBtoo many5105JJmany ...5106:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]5107LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Why5108WRBwhy is5109VBZbe that5110IN/thatthat bad5111JJbad ?5112SENT? You5113PPyou said5114VVDsay too5115RBtoo many5116JJmany warnings5117NNSwarning .5118SENT. Why5119WRBwhy are5120VBPbe too5121RBtoo many5122JJmany warnings5123NNSwarning ...5124:... explain5125VVexplain that5126IN/thatthat to5127TOto me5128PPme .5129SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]5130LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] For5131INfor a5132DTa couple5133NNcouple of5134INof reasons5135NNSreason .5136SENT. One5137PPone is5138VBZbe that5139DTthat over-warning5140NNover-warning just5141RBjust dilutes5142VVZdilute the5143DTthe value5144NNvalue of5145INof warnings5146NNSwarning .5147SENT. When5148WRBwhen ...5149:... when5150WRBwhen you5151PPyou get5152VVPget a5153DTa product5154NNproduct that5155WDTthat is5156VBZbe just5157RBjust plastered5158VVNplaster with5159INwith warnings5160NNSwarning ,5161,, it5162PPit leads5163VVZlead people5164NNSpeople not5165RBnot to5166TOto pay5167VVpay any5168DTany attention5169NNattention to5170TOto the5171DTthe warnings5172NNSwarning that5173IN/thatthat they5174PPthey actually5175RBactually should5176MDshould pay5177VVpay attention5178NNattention to5179TOto .5180SENT.

[JUSTICE KAGAN]5181LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Well5182UHWell ,5183,, at5184INat most5185JJSmost ,5186,, you5187PPyou have5188VHPhave two5189CDtwo warnings5190NNSwarning here5191RBhere .5192SENT. You5193PPyou have5194VHPhave the5195DTthe equipment5196NNequipment warning5197NNwarning and5198CCand the5199DTthe asbestos5200NNasbestos warning5201NNwarning .5202SENT. Does5203VVZdo that5204IN/thatthat really5205RBreally ...5206:... I5207PPI would5208MDwould think5209VVthink that5210IN/thatthat that5211DTthat 's5212VBZbe kind5213NNkind of5214INof good5215JJgood .5216SENT. You5217PPyou know5218VVPknow ,5219,, it5220PPit 's5221VBZbe two5222CDtwo warnings5223NNSwarning .5224SENT. You5225PPyou take5226VVPtake it5227PPit pretty5228RBpretty seriously5229RBseriously .5230SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]5231LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well5232UHWell ,5233,, but5234CCbut ,5235,, if5236INif you5237PPyou follow5238VVPfollow this5239DTthis rule5240NNrule to5241TOto its5242PP$its logical5243JJlogical conclusion5244NNconclusion ,5245,, you5246PPyou would5247MDwould have5248VHhave multiple5249JJmultiple warnings5250NNSwarning essentially5251RBessentially on5252INon every5253DTevery part5254NNpart that5255WDTthat 's5256VBZbe connected5257VVNconnect to5258TOto every5259DTevery other5260JJother part5261NNpart within5262INwithin the5263DTthe ship5264NNship .5265SENT. The5266DTthe propeller5267NNpropeller manufacturer5268NNmanufacturer knows5269VVZknow that5270IN/thatthat ,5271,, in5272INin order5273NNorder for5274INfor that5275DTthat propeller5276NNpropeller to5277TOto operate5278VVoperate ,5279,, it5280PPit needs5281VVZneed to5282TOto be5283VBbe connected5284VVNconnect to5285TOto a5286DTa steam-generating5287NNsteam-generating propulsion5288NNpropulsion system5289NNsystem that5290WDTthat uses5291VVZuse asbestos5292NNasbestos down5293INdown the5294DTthe line5295NNline .5296SENT. Does5297VVZdo each5298DTeach manufacturer5299NNmanufacturer at5300INat each5301DTeach step5302NNstep of5303INof that5304DTthat process5305NNprocess need5306VVPneed to5307TOto slap5308VVslap on5309INon a5310DTa warning5311NNwarning not5312RBnot only5313RBonly about5314INabout asbestos5315NNasbestos but5316CCbut about5317RBabout every5318DTevery solvent5319NNsolvent that5320WDTthat is5321VBZbe used5322VVNuse down5323RPdown the5324DTthe line5325NNline in5326INin the5327DTthe ship5328NNship ?5329SENT? About5330INabout weapons5331NNSweapon that5332WDTthat are5333VBPbe on5334INon the5335DTthe ship5336NNship ?5337SENT? All5338DTall of5339INof these5340DTthese things5341NNSthing are5342VBPbe interconnected5343VVNinterconnect ,5344,, and5345CCand ,5346,, in5347INin a5348DTa sense5349NNsense ,5350,, the5351DTthe propeller5352NNpropeller requires5353VVZrequire them5354PPthem ;5355:; otherwise5356RBotherwise ,5357,, the5358DTthe propeller5359NNpropeller 's5360VBZbe not5361RBnot going5362VVGgo to5363TOto operate5364VVoperate .5365SENT. But5366CCbut ,5367,, if5368INif you5369PPyou have5370VHPhave warnings5371NNSwarning all5372PDTall the5373DTthe way5374NNway down5375INdown the5376DTthe line5377NNline ,5378,, it5379PPit dilutes5380VVZdilute the5381DTthe value5382NNvalue of5383INof the5384DTthe warnings5385NNSwarning .5386SENT. It5387PPit can5388MDcan also5389RBalso lead5390VVlead to5391TOto inconsistent5392JJinconsistent warnings5393NNSwarning ,5394,, because5395INbecause the5396DTthe party5397NNparty that5398WDTthat 's5399VBZbe in5400INin the5401DTthe best5402JJSgood position5403NNposition to5404TOto provide5405VVprovide an5406DTan accurate5407JJaccurate warning5408NNwarning is5409VBZbe the5410DTthe party5411NNparty that5412WDTthat actually5413RBactually provides5414VVZprovide the5415DTthe injury-producing5416NNinjury-producing good5417JJgood ,5418,, not5419RBnot the5420DTthe propeller5421NNpropeller manufacturer5422NNmanufacturer down5423INdown the5424DTthe line5425NNline .5426SENT. If5427INif I5428PPI could5429MDcould ,5430,, I5431PPI 'd5432MDwould reserve5433VVreserve the5434DTthe rest5435NNrest of5436INof my5437PP$my time5438NNtime .5439SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]5440LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Thank5441VVthank you5442PPyou ,5443,, counsel5444NNcounsel .5445SENT. Mr5446NPMr .5447SENT. Goldstein5448NPGoldstein .5449SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]5450LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Thank5451VVthank you5452PPyou ,5453,, Mr5454NPMr .5455SENT. Chief5456NPChief Justice5457NPJustice ,5458,, and5459CCand may5460MDmay it5461PPit please5462VVplease the5463DTthe Court5464NPCourt :5465:: This5466DTthis is5467VBZbe a5468DTa failure5469NNfailure to5470TOto warn5471VVwarn case5472NNcase under5473INunder Section5474NPSection 3885475CD@card@ of5476INof the5477DTthe Second5478JJsecond Restatement5479NNrestatement .5480SENT. That5481DTthat 's5482VBZbe where5483WRBwhere the5484DTthe principle5485NNprinciple is5486VBZbe embodied5487VVNembody ,5488,, and5489CCand that5490WDTthat says5491VVZsay something5492NNsomething that5493WDTthat ought5494MDought to5495TOto be5496VBbe uncontroversial5497JJuncontroversial ,5498,, and5499CCand that5500DTthat is5501VBZbe ,5502,, if5503INif you5504PPyou make5505VVPmake a5506DTa product5507NNproduct and5508CCand the5509DTthe ordinary5510JJordinary use5511NNuse or5512CCor maintenance5513NNmaintenance of5514INof that5515DTthat product5516NNproduct is5517VBZbe going5518VVGgo to5519TOto cause5520VVcause a5521DTa harm5522NNharm that5523IN/thatthat you5524PPyou know5525VVPknow about5526RBabout ,5527,, then5528RBthen you5529PPyou need5530VVPneed to5531TOto warn5532VVwarn about5533INabout that5534DTthat .5535SENT. And5536CCand the5537DTthe court5538NNcourt of5539INof appeals5540NNSappeal here5541RBhere quite5542RBquite explicitly5543RBexplicitly limited5544VVNlimit its5545PP$its holding5546NNholding to5547TOto situations5548NNSsituation in5549INin which5550WDTwhich you5551PPyou have5552VHPhave a5553DTa product5554NNproduct that5555WDTthat has5556VHZhave a5557DTa part5558NNpart and5559CCand that5560IN/thatthat part5561NNpart is5562VBZbe required5563VVNrequire for5564INfor it5565PPit to5566TOto operate5567VVoperate .5568SENT. And5569CCand so5570RBso if5571INif I5572PPI could5573MDcould just5574RBjust point5575VVpoint us5576PPus to5577TOto the5578DTthe first5579JJfirst operative5580JJoperative sentence5581NNsentence of5582INof the5583DTthe court5584NNcourt of5585INof appeals5586NNSappeal '5587POS' opinion5588NNopinion .5589SENT. It5590PPit 's5591VBZbe at5592INat 2a5593NP2a of5594INof the5595DTthe Joint5596NPJoint Appendix5597NPAppendix .5598SENT. It5599PPit 's5600VBZbe not5601RBnot that5602DTthat long5603JJlong .5604SENT. "5605''" The5606DTthe defense5607NNdefense 's5608POS's basic5609JJbasic idea5610NNidea "5611''" ...5612:... this5613DTthis is5614VBZbe bare-metal5615JJbare-metal ...5616:... "5617``" is5618VBZbe that5619IN/thatthat a5620DTa manufacturer5621NNmanufacturer who5622WPwho delivers5623VVZdeliver a5624DTa product5625NNproduct ,5626,, bare-metal5627NNbare-metal ,5628,, that5629WDTthat is5630VBZbe ,5631,, without5632INwithout the5633DTthe insulation5634NNinsulation or5635CCor other5636JJother material5637NNmaterial that5638WDTthat must5639MDmust be5640VBbe added5641VVNadd for5642INfor the5643DTthe product5644NNproduct 's5645POS's proper5646JJproper operation5647NNoperation .5648SENT. "5649''" And5650CCand so5651RBso it5652PPit is5653VBZbe concerned5654VVNconcern only5655RBonly there5656RBthere with5657INwith the5658DTthe case5659NNcase in5660INin which5661WDTwhich you5662PPyou just5663RBjust ...5664:... these5665DTthese machines5666NNSmachine will5667MDwill not5668RBnot work5669VVwork if5670INif they5671PPthey do5672VVPdo n't5673RBn't have5674VHhave asbestos5675NNasbestos in5676INin them5677PPthem .5678SENT. But5679CCbut it5680PPit 's5681VBZbe worse5682JJRbad for5683INfor that5684DTthat ...5685:... for5686INfor the5687DTthe defendants5688NNSdefendant in5689INin terms5690NNSterm of5691INof their5692PP$their liability5693NNliability ,5694,, because5695RBbecause as5696RBas been5697VBNbe ...5698:... as5699RBas has5700VHZhave been5701VBNbe suggested5702VVNsuggest ,5703,, it5704PPit is5705VBZbe the5706DTthe operation5707NNoperation and5708CCand maintenance5709NNmaintenance of5710INof the5711DTthe machine5712NNmachine that5713WDTthat makes5714VVZmake the5715DTthe danger5716NNdanger worse5717RBRworse .5718SENT. So5719INso Justice5720NPJustice Breyer5721NPBreyer or5722CCor ...5723:... and5724CCand Justice5725NPJustice Sotomayor5726NPSotomayor discussed5727VVDdiscuss a5728DTa situation5729NNsituation of5730INof how5731WRBhow it5732PPit is5733VBZbe that5734DTthat asbestos5735NNasbestos can5736MDcan be5737VBbe on5738INon a5739DTa shelf5740NNshelf and5741CCand it5742PPit 's5743VBZbe not5744RBnot at5745INat all5746DTall dangerous5747JJdangerous ,5748,, but5749CCbut if5750INif you5751PPyou put5752VVPput it5753PPit in5754INin the5755DTthe machine5756NNmachine and5757CCand you5758PPyou subject5759VVPsubject it5760PPit to5761TOto the5762DTthe temperature5763NNtemperature of5764INof 1005765CD@card@ ...5766:... 8505767CD@card@ degrees5768NNSdegree and5769CCand you5770PPyou compress5771VVPcompress it5772PPit and5773CCand you5774PPyou leave5775VVPleave it5776PPit there5777RBthere over5778INover time5779NNtime ,5780,, it5781PPit will5782MDwill degrade5783VVdegrade to5784TOto the5785DTthe point5786NNpoint that5787IN/thatthat ,5788,, when5789WRBwhen you5790PPyou have5791VHPhave ordinary5792JJordinary maintenance5793NNmaintenance ,5794,, which5795WDTwhich is5796VBZbe specified5797VVNspecify in5798INin the5799DTthe manual5800NNmanual for5801INfor the5802DTthe machine5803NNmachine ,5804,, and5805CCand you5806PPyou are5807VBPbe digging5808VVGdig it5809PPit out5810RPout and5811CCand chopping5812VVGchop it5813PPit up5814RPup ,5815,, that5816WDTthat creates5817VVZcreate asbestos5818NNasbestos dust5819NNdust .5820SENT. Asbestos5821NNasbestos dust5822NNdust is5823VBZbe a5824DTa distinct5825JJdistinct danger5826NNdanger that5827WDTthat causes5828VVZcause a5829DTa distinct5830JJdistinct harm5831NNharm from5832INfrom asbestos5833NNasbestos as5834INas a5835DTa part5836NNpart .5837SENT. And5838CCand that5839DTthat is5840VBZbe the5841DTthe concern5842NNconcern here5843RBhere .5844SENT. And5845CCand that5846DTthat is5847VBZbe when5848WRBwhen you5849PPyou are5850VBPbe maintaining5851VVGmaintain the5852DTthe machine5853NNmachine as5854INas you5855PPyou 're5856VBPbe supposed5857VVNsuppose to5858TOto ,5859,, as5860INas you5861PPyou are5862VBPbe directed5863VVNdirect to5864TOto by5865INby the5866DTthe manual5867NNmanual created5868VVNcreate by5869INby the5870DTthe Defendants5871NNSdefendant here5872RBhere ,5873,, you5874PPyou have5875VHPhave an5876DTan injury5877NNinjury to5878TOto which5879WDTwhich you5880PPyou are5881VBPbe subjected5882VVNsubject .5883SENT. There5884EXthere 's5885VBZbe a5886DTa pretty5887RBpretty good5888JJgood illustration5889NNillustration of5890INof that5891DTthat ,5892,, and5893CCand that5894DTthat 's5895VBZbe their5896PP$their own5897JJown concession5898NNconcession that5899IN/thatthat when5900WRBwhen they5901PPthey ship5902VVPship the5903DTthe machine5904NNmachine with5905INwith the5906DTthe original5907JJoriginal gasket5908NNgasket in5909INin it5910PPit or5911CCor when5912WRBwhen they5913PPthey provide5914VVPprovide the5915DTthe 9925916CD@card@ replacement5917NNreplacement gaskets5918NNSgasket that5919IN/thatthat Foster5920NPFoster Wheeler5921NPWheeler did5922VVDdo ,5923,, who5924WPwho 's5925VBZbe one5926CDone of5927INof the5928DTthe Defendants5929NNSdefendant ,5930,, they5931PPthey 're5932VBPbe liable5933JJliable .5934SENT. They5935PPthey recognize5936VVPrecognize it5937PPit 's5938VBZbe part5939NNpart of5940INof their5941PP$their machine5942NNmachine .5943SENT. Maintaining5944VVGmaintain their5945PP$their machine5946NNmachine is5947VBZbe creating5948VVGcreate the5949DTthe risk5950NNrisk .5951SENT. Their5952PP$their responsibility5953NNresponsibility for5954INfor that5955WDTthat ,5956,, for5957INfor warning5958VVGwarn us5959PPus ,5960,, telling5961VVGtell us5962PPus wear5963VVPwear a5964DTa mask5965NNmask in5966INin the5967DTthe manual5968NNmanual ,5969,, does5970VVZdo n't5971RBn't change5972VVchange when5973WRBwhen we5974PPwe get5975VVPget to5976TOto the5977DTthe 993rd5978NN993rd gasket5979NNgasket .5980SENT. Now5981RBnow I5982PPI take5983VVPtake the5984DTthe kind5985NNkind of5986INof law5987NNlaw and5988CCand economics5989NNSeconomics take5990VVPtake on5991INon this5992DTthis to5993TOto be5994VBbe ,5995,, well5996UHwell ,5997,, who5998WPwho 's5999VBZbe the6000DTthe most6001RBSmost efficient6002JJefficient party6003NNparty to6004TOto warn6005VVwarn ?6006SENT? And6007CCand I6008PPI want6009VVPwant to6010TOto explain6011VVexplain why6012WRBwhy it6013PPit is6014VBZbe that6015IN/thatthat they6016PPthey are6017VBPbe .6018SENT. But6019CCbut just6020RBjust to6021TOto pause6022VVpause for6023INfor a6024DTa second6025NNsecond ,6026,, that6027WDTthat ,6028,, I6029PPI think6030VVPthink ,6031,, is6032VBZbe probably6033RBprobably the6034DTthe function6035NNfunction of6036INof maritime6037JJmaritime law6038NNlaw here6039RBhere ,6040,, and6041CCand that6042DTthat is6043VBZbe even6044RBeven if6045INif you6046PPyou disagreed6047VVDdisagree with6048INwith us6049PPus and6050CCand believed6051VVDbelieve that6052IN/thatthat there6053EXthere was6054VBDbe a6055DTa division6056NNdivision in6057INin how6058WRBhow the6059DTthe common6060JJcommon law6061NNlaw was6062VBDbe applied6063VVNapply in6064INin these6065DTthese circumstances6066NNScircumstance ,6067,, there6068EXthere is6069VBZbe a6070DTa special6071JJspecial solicitude6072NNsolicitude for6073INfor sailors6074NNSsailor that6075IN/thatthat you6076PPyou would6077MDwould say6078VVPsay requires6079VVZrequire the6080DTthe warning6081NNwarning by6082INby the6083DTthe manufacturers6084NNSmanufacturer here6085RBhere .6086SENT. And6087CCand if6088INif the6089DTthe Navy6090NPNavy believed6091VVDbelieve there6092EXthere was6093VBDbe over-warning6094NNover-warning ,6095,, the6096DTthe Navy6097NPNavy would6098MDwould prohibit6099VVprohibit giving6100VVGgive this6101DTthis warning6102NNwarning .6103SENT. Now6104RBnow why6105WRBwhy are6106VBPbe they6107PPthey the6108DTthe most6109RBSmost efficient6110JJefficient party6111NNparty to6112TOto give6113VVgive the6114DTthe warning6115NNwarning ?6116SENT? First6117RBfirst ,6118,, it6119PPit 's6120VBZbe their6121PP$their machine6122NNmachine .6123SENT. They6124PPthey 're6125VBPbe much6126RBmuch more6127RBRmore familiar6128JJfamiliar with6129INwith how6130WRBhow the6131DTthe parts6132NNSpart work6133VVPwork than6134INthan the6135DTthe part6136NNpart manufacturer6137NNmanufacturer because6138INbecause the6139DTthe parts6140NNSpart can6141MDcan be6142VBbe used6143VVNuse for6144INfor lots6145NNSlot of6146INof different6147JJdifferent machines6148NNSmachine .6149SENT. What6150WPWhat happens6151VVZhappen with6152INwith a6153DTa gasket6154NNgasket ,6155,, for6156INfor example6157NNexample ,6158,, is6159VBZbe we6160PPwe 'll6161MDwill get6162VVget shipped6163VVNship a6164DTa set6165NNset of6166INof asbestos6167NNasbestos board6168NNboard ,6169,, and6170CCand it6171PPit will6172MDwill be6173VBbe cut6174VVNcut out6175RPout to6176TOto fit6177VVfit inside6178INinside whatever6179WDTwhatever flange6180VVPflange or6181CCor whatever6182WDTwhatever pipe6183NNpipe connection6184NNconnection is6185VBZbe inside6186RBinside the6187DTthe machine6188NNmachine .6189SENT. The6190DTthe people6191NNSpeople who6192WPwho know6193VVPknow how6194WRBhow that6195DTthat 's6196VBZbe going6197VVGgo to6198TOto operate6199VVoperate ,6200,, how6201WRBhow much6202JJmuch pressure6203NNpressure is6204VBZbe going6205VVGgo to6206TOto be6207VBbe on6208INon it6209PPit ,6210,, is6211VBZbe the6212DTthe maker6213NNmaker of6214INof the6215DTthe machine6216NNmachine .6217SENT. The6218DTthe asbestos6219NNasbestos packing6220NNpacking ,6221,, it6222PPit comes6223VVZcome off6224RPoff a6225DTa shelf6226NNshelf .6227SENT. It6228PPit gets6229VVZget put6230VVNput in6231INin the6232DTthe machine6233NNmachine .6234SENT. Now6235RBnow who6236WPwho knows6237VVZknow how6238WRBhow the6239DTthe machine6240NNmachine will6241MDwill affect6242VVaffect the6243DTthe asbestos6244NNasbestos ?6245SENT? The6246DTthe maker6247NNmaker of6248INof the6249DTthe machine6250NNmachine .6251SENT. The6252DTthe real6253JJreal manufacturer6254NNmanufacturer that6255WDTthat 's6256VBZbe going6257VVGgo to6258TOto point6259VVpoint to6260TOto the6261DTthe cases6262NNScase that6263IN/thatthat he6264PPhe 's6265VBZbe citing6266VVGcite are6267VBPbe the6268DTthe makers6269NNSmaker of6270INof the6271DTthe asbestos6272NNasbestos replacement6273NNreplacement parts6274NNSpart ,6275,, because6276INbecause he6277PPhe says6278VVZsay examples6279NNSexample like6280VVPlike ,6281,, well6282RBwell ,6283,, you6284PPyou know6285VVPknow ,6286,, this6287DTthis could6288MDcould be6289VBbe used6290VVNuse for6291INfor lots6292NNSlot and6293CCand lots6294NNSlot of6295INof different6296JJdifferent applications6297NNSapplication .6298SENT. So6299RBso take6300VVtake a6301DTa maker6302NNmaker in6303INin their6304PP$their mind6305NNmind of6306INof the6307DTthe asbestos6308NNasbestos gasket6309NNgasket material6310NNmaterial or6311CCor the6312DTthe asbestos6313NNasbestos packing6314NNpacking .6315SENT. It6316PPit 's6317VBZbe not6318RBnot necessarily6319RBnecessarily going6320VVGgo to6321TOto be6322VBbe used6323VVNuse on6324INon a6325DTa Navy6326NPNavy destroyer6327NNdestroyer in6328INin a6329DTa GE6330NPGE turbine6331NNturbine .6332SENT. The6333DTthe people6334NNSpeople who6335WPwho know6336VVPknow the6337DTthe effects6338NNSeffect of6339INof a6340DTa Navy6341NPNavy destroyer6342NNdestroyer GE6343NPGE turbine6344NNturbine are6345VBPbe GE6346NPGE ,6347,, who6348WPwho made6349VVDmake the6350DTthe turbine6351NNturbine .6352SENT. In6353INin addition6354NNaddition ...6355:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]6356LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Well6357UHWell ,6358,, what6359WPwhat if6360INif they6361PPthey did6362VVDdo know6363VVknow ?6364SENT? What6365WPWhat if6366INif ...6367:... how6368WRBhow far6369RBfar up6370RBup the6371DTthe supply6372NNsupply chain6373NNchain does6374VVZdo this6375DTthis go6376NNgo ?6377SENT? And6378CCand suppose6379VVPsuppose that6380IN/thatthat the6381DTthe manufacturers6382NNSmanufacturer of6383INof these6384DTthese component6385NNcomponent parts6386NNSpart knew6387VVDknow this6388DTthis was6389VBDbe a6390DTa custom-made6391JJcustom-made part6392NNpart for6393INfor the6394DTthe ...6395:... the6396DTthe equipment6397NNequipment that6398IN/thatthat the6399DTthe ...6400:... these6401DTthese manufacturers6402NNSmanufacturer were6403VBDbe going6404VVGgo to6405TOto supply6406VVsupply .6407SENT. Would6408MDwould they6409PPthey be6410VBbe liable6411JJliable as6412RBas well6413RBwell ?6414SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]6415LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Likely6416RBlikely not6417RBnot because6418INbecause ...6419:... and6420CCand this6421DTthis is6422VBZbe a6423DTa question6424NNquestion in6425INin the6426DTthe common6427JJcommon law6428NNlaw that6429WDTthat is6430VBZbe dealt6431VVNdeal with6432INwith by6433INby the6434DTthe Integrated6435NPIntegrated Product6436NPProduct Doctrine6437NPDoctrine ,6438,, and6439CCand that6440DTthat is6441VBZbe ,6442,, if6443INif the6444DTthe component6445NNcomponent manufacturer6446NNmanufacturer advises6447VVZadvise the6448DTthe manufacturer6449NNmanufacturer of6450INof the6451DTthe product6452NNproduct and6453CCand it6454PPit 's6455VBZbe being6456VBGbe used6457VVNuse as6458INas intended6459VVNintend ,6460,, then6461RBthen the6462DTthe duty6463NNduty to6464TOto warn6465VVwarn is6466VBZbe taken6467VVNtake on6468INon by6469INby the6470DTthe manufacturer6471NNmanufacturer of6472INof the6473DTthe integrated6474JJintegrated product6475NNproduct here6476RBhere ,6477,, which6478WDTwhich is6479VBZbe what6480WPwhat makes6481VVZmake this6482DTthis case6483NNcase quite6484RBquite different6485JJdifferent from6486INfrom a6487DTa lot6488NNlot of6489INof the6490DTthe hypotheticals6491NNShypotheticals that6492IN/thatthat we6493PPwe can6494MDcan get6495VVget to6496TOto .6497SENT. I6498PPI did6499VVDdo want6500VVwant to6501TOto just6502RBjust ,6503,, if6504INif we6505PPwe could6506MDcould ...6507:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]6508LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] What6509WPWhat is6510VBZbe the6511DTthe reason6512NNreason for6513INfor drawing6514VVGdraw the6515DTthe line6516NNline there6517RBthere ?6518SENT? What6519WPWhat is6520VBZbe the6521DTthe policy6522NNpolicy reason6523NNreason for6524INfor drawing6525VVGdraw the6526DTthe line6527NNline at6528INat that6529DTthat point6530NNpoint ?6531SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]6532LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Along6533INalong the6534DTthe lines6535NNSline of6536INof what6537WPwhat I6538PPI 've6539VHPhave just6540RBjust described6541VVNdescribe ,6542,, and6543CCand that6544DTthat is6545VBZbe the6546DTthe manufacturer6547NNmanufacturer of6548INof the6549DTthe integrated6550JJintegrated product6551NNproduct knows6552VVZknow how6553WRBhow its6554PP$its product6555NNproduct is6556VBZbe operating6557VVGoperate ,6558,, knows6559VVZknow what6560WPwhat effect6561NNeffect will6562MDwill happen6563VVhappen on6564INon the6565DTthe parts6566NNSpart ,6567,, and6568CCand it6569PPit centralizes6570VVZcentralize the6571DTthe warnings6572NNSwarning there6573RBthere .6574SENT. And6575CCand so6576RBso I6577PPI could6578MDcould probably6579RBprobably put6580VVput it6581PPit in6582INin very6583RBvery precise6584JJprecise terms6585NNSterm for6586INfor you6587PPyou ,6588,, and6589CCand that6590DTthat is6591VBZbe if6592INif we6593PPwe could6594MDcould stop6595VVstop talking6596VVGtalk about6597INabout putting6598VVGput signs6599NNSsign on6600INon things6601NNSthing for6602INfor just6603RBjust a6604DTa moment6605NNmoment and6606CCand talk6607VVtalk about6608RBabout how6609WRBhow this6610DTthis actually6611RBactually operates6612VVZoperate .6613SENT. They6614PPthey provide6615VVPprovide a6616DTa manual6617NNmanual on6618INon how6619WRBhow to6620TOto maintain6621VVmaintain their6622PP$their machine6623NNmachine ,6624,, okay6625JJokay ?6626SENT? It6627PPit has6628VHZhave pages6629NNSpage in6630INin it6631PPit .6632SENT. And6633CCand it6634PPit will6635MDwill say6636VVsay disconnect6637VVdisconnect the6638DTthe flange6639NNflange and6640CCand take6641VVtake out6642RPout the6643DTthe asbestos6644NNasbestos and6645CCand the6646DTthe like6647INlike .6648SENT. That6649DTthat is6650VBZbe where6651WRBwhere the6652DTthe warning6653NNwarning should6654MDshould be6655VBbe because6656INbecause that6657DTthat 's6658VBZbe what6659WPwhat we6660PPwe 're6661VBPbe going6662VVGgo to6663TOto look6664VVlook at6665INat .6666SENT. You6667PPyou know6668VVPknow ,6669,, when6670WRBwhen we're6671NNwe're ...6672:... we6673PPwe 're6674VBPbe talking6675VVGtalk about6676INabout the6677DTthe harm6678NNharm that6679WDTthat comes6680VVZcome from6681INfrom asbestos6682NNasbestos that6683IN/thatthat you6684PPyou are6685VBPbe taking6686VVGtake out6687RPout of6688INof it6689PPit ,6690,, and6691CCand so6692RBso ,6693,, when6694WRBwhen my6695PP$my friend6696NNfriend was6697VBDbe talking6698VVGtalk about6699RBabout put6700VVput the6701DTthe warning6702NNwarning on6703INon the6704DTthe gasket6705NNgasket ,6706,, I6707PPI actually6708RBactually thought6709VVDthink about6710INabout it6711PPit and6712CCand wrote6713VVDwrite it6714PPit down6715RPdown and6716CCand it6717PPit says6718VVZsay warning6719NNwarning .6720SENT. Now6721RBnow what6722WPwhat will6723MDwill this6724RBthis look6725VVlook like6726INlike in6727INin 106728CD@card@ years6729NNSyear after6730INafter it6731PPit 's6732VHZhave been6733VBNbe ,6734,, you6735PPyou know6736VVPknow ,6737,, subjected6738VVDsubject to6739TOto 8506740CD@card@ degrees6741NNSdegree and6742CCand is6743VBZbe being6744VBGbe dug6745VVNdug out6746RPout with6747INwith a6748DTa screwdriver6749NNscrewdriver ?6750SENT? You6751PPyou 're6752VBPbe not6753RBnot going6754VVGgo to6755TOto see6756VVsee it6757PPit at6758INat all6759DTall on6760INon the6761DTthe actual6762JJactual gasket6763NNgasket itself6764PPitself when6765WRBwhen you6766PPyou 're6767VBPbe digging6768VVGdig it6769PPit out6770RPout .6771SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]6772LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] I6773PPI 'm6774VBPbe sorry6775JJsorry .6776SENT. I6777PPI missed6778VVDmiss the6779DTthe point6780NNpoint .6781SENT. What6782WPWhat is6783VBZbe the6784DTthe piece6785NNpiece of6786INof paper6787NNpaper ?6788SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]6789LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Sorry6790RBsorry .6791SENT. I6792PPI 'm6793VBPbe sorry6794JJsorry .6795SENT. The6796DTthe piece6797NNpiece of6798INof paper6799NNpaper is6800VBZbe the6801DTthe gasket6802NNgasket .6803SENT.

[6804SYM[ LAUGHTER6805NNlaughter ]6806SYM]

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]6807LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] My6808PP$my friend6809NNfriend says6810VVZsay ...6811:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]6812LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] That6813DTthat 's6814VBZbe a6815DTa gasket6816NNgasket ?6817SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]6818LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes6819NPYes .6820SENT. My6821PP$my friend6822NNfriend says6823VVZsay to6824TOto put6825VVput the6826DTthe warning6827NNwarning on6828INon the6829DTthe gasket6830NNgasket .6831SENT. And6832CCand my6833PP$my point6834NNpoint is6835VBZbe this6836DTthis looks6837VVZlook great6838JJgreat today6839NNtoday .6840SENT. But6841CCbut ,6842,, when6843WRBwhen I6844PPI 'm6845VBPbe going6846VVGgo to6847TOto tear6848VVtear it6849PPit out6850RPout of6851INof the6852DTthe machine6853NNmachine and6854CCand it6855PPit 's6856VBZbe going6857VVGgo to6858TOto get6859VVget ripped6860VVNrip up6861RBup and6862CCand torn6863VVNtear up6864RPup and6865CCand turned6866VVDturn into6867INinto dust6868NNdust ,6869,, which6870WDTwhich is6871VBZbe what6872WPwhat our6873PP$our case6874NNcase is6875VBZbe about6876RBabout ,6877,, this6878DTthis turns6879NNSturn into6880INinto dust6881NNdust .6882SENT. It6883PPit is6884VBZbe extremely6885RBextremely difficult6886JJdifficult to6887TOto read6888VVread in6889INin that6890DTthat circumstance6891NNcircumstance .6892SENT. So6893RBso the6894DTthe ...6895:... the6896DTthe natural6897JJnatural party6898NNparty who6899WPwho would6900MDwould provide6901VVprovide this6902DTthis warning6903NNwarning to6904TOto us6905PPus is6906VBZbe ,6907,, at6908INat the6909DTthe very6910RBvery least6911JJSleast ,6912,, the6913DTthe manufacturer6914NNmanufacturer knows6915VVZknow I6916PPI 'm6917VBPbe going6918VVGgo to6919TOto operate6920VVoperate the6921DTthe machine6922NNmachine and6923CCand I6924PPI 'm6925VBPbe going6926VVGgo to6927TOto maintain6928VVmaintain the6929DTthe machine6930NNmachine by6931INby digging6932VVGdig this6933DTthis out6934RPout of6935INof its6936PP$its machine6937NNmachine is6938VBZbe going6939VVGgo to6940TOto tell6941VVtell me6942PPme .6943SENT. Now6944RBnow you6945PPyou can6946MDcan have6947VHhave other6948JJother cases6949NNScase that6950WDTthat are6951VBPbe much6952RBmuch more6953RBRmore marginal6954JJmarginal cases6955NNScase ,6956,, but6957CCbut I6958PPI do6959VVPdo n't6960RBn't think6961VVthink it6962PPit 's6963VBZbe an6964DTan excuse6965NNexcuse to6966TOto say6967VVsay ,6968,, well6969UHwell ,6970,, we6971PPwe 're6972VBPbe 1006973CD@card@ percent6974NNpercent certain6975JJcertain that6976IN/thatthat this6977DTthis machine6978NNmachine is6979VBZbe going6980VVGgo to6981TOto require6982VVrequire asbestos6983NNasbestos ,6984,, but6985CCbut if6986INif it6987PPit only6988RBonly was6989VBDbe ...6990:... we6991PPwe were6992VBDbe 106993CD@card@ percent6994NNpercent certain6995JJcertain ,6996,, you6997PPyou would6998MDwould n't6999RBn't hold7000VVhold us7001PPus to7002TOto having7003VHGhave a7004DTa duty7005NNduty to7006TOto warn7007VVwarn ,7008,, the7009DTthe common7010JJcommon law7011NNlaw is7012VBZbe smarter7013JJRsmart than7014INthan that7015DTthat .7016SENT. It7017PPit 's7018VBZbe much7019RBmuch more7020RBRmore practical7021JJpractical than7022INthan that7023DTthat .7024SENT. And7025CCand the7026DTthe easy7027JJeasy case7028NNcase is7029VBZbe when7030WRBwhen you7031PPyou know7032VVPknow as7033INas a7034DTa matter7035NNmatter of7036INof fact7037NNfact and7038CCand it7039PPit 's7040VBZbe the7041DTthe premise7042NNpremise of7043INof liability7044NNliability that7045IN/thatthat the7046DTthe machine7047NNmachine won7048MDwill 't7049RB't operate7050VVoperate without7051INwithout this7052DTthis .7053SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7054LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Well7055UHWell ,7056,, Mr7057NPMr .7058SENT. Goldstein7059NPGoldstein ,7060,, that7061WDTthat 's7062VBZbe where7063WRBwhere I7064PPI guess7065VVPguess I7066PPI 'm7067VBPbe having7068VHGhave trouble7069NNtrouble figuring7070VVGfigure out7071RPout where7072WRBwhere the7073DTthe line7074NNline is7075VBZbe .7076SENT. The7077DTthe Third7078NPThird Circuit7079NPCircuit ,7080,, as7081INas I7082PPI read7083VVPread it7084PPit ,7085,, adopted7086VVDadopt a7087DTa foreseeability7088NNforeseeability analysis7089NNanalysis ,7090,, which7091WDTwhich is7092VBZbe quite7093RBquite generous7094JJgenerous .7095SENT. And7096CCand it7097PPit could7098MDcould be7099VBbe that7100DTthat 107101CD@card@ percent7102NNpercent possibility7103NNpossibility .7104SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7105LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Okay7106NPOkay .7107SENT. Could7108MDcould I7109PPI just7110RBjust disagree7111VVPdisagree with7112INwith that7113DTthat premise7114NNpremise or7115CCor ...7116:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7117LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Well7118UHWell ,7119,, at7120INat the7121DTthe end7122NNend of7123INof the7124DTthe question7125NNquestion you7126PPyou may7127MDmay do7128VVdo with7129INwith it7130PPit what7131WPwhat you7132PPyou wish7133VVPwish .7134SENT.

[7135SYM[ LAUGHTER7136NNlaughter ]7137SYM]

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7138LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] You7139PPyou can7140MDcan answer7141VVanswer it7142PPit .7143SENT. You7144PPyou can7145MDcan choose7146VVchoose not7147RBnot to7148TOto answer7149VVanswer it7150PPit .7151SENT. We7152PPwe 've7153VHPhave seen7154VVNsee plenty7155NNplenty of7156INof that7157DTthat on7158INon this7159DTthis bench7160NNbench .7161SENT. You7162PPyou can7163MDcan choose7164VVchoose to7165TOto answer7166VVanswer another7167DTanother question7168NNquestion .7169SENT. Entirely7170RBentirely up7171RBup to7172TOto you7173PPyou .7174SENT.

[7175SYM[ LAUGHTER7176NNlaughter ]7177SYM]

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7178LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] But7179CCbut a7180DTa foreseeability7181NNforeseeability analysis7182NNanalysis might7183MDmight be7184VBbe a7185DTa 107186CD@card@ or7187CCor a7188DTa 307189CD@card@ percent7190NNpercent ,7191,, we7192PPwe can7193MDcan quibble7194VVquibble ,7195,, okay7196JJokay ,7197,, but7198CCbut some7199DTsome chance7200NNchance .7201SENT. Then7202RBthen there7203EXthere is7204VBZbe in7205INin the7206DTthe case7207NNcase law7208NNlaw a7209DTa suggestion7210NNsuggestion of7211INof inevitability7212NNinevitability ,7213,, okay7214RBokay ,7215,, certitude7216NNcertitude ,7217,, we7218PPwe know7219VVPknow it7220PPit 's7221VBZbe going7222VVGgo to7223TOto be7224VBbe used7225VVNuse .7226SENT. And7227CCand then7228RBthen there7229EXthere is7230VBZbe the7231DTthe third7232JJthird possible7233JJpossible rule7234NNrule ,7235,, which7236WDTwhich seems7237VVZseem to7238TOto be7239VBbe the7240DTthe traditional7241JJtraditional products7242NNSproduct liability7243NNliability rule7244NNrule ,7245,, which7246WDTwhich is7247VBZbe you7248PPyou warn7249VVPwarn for7250INfor your7251PP$your own7252JJown thing7253NNthing and7254CCand not7255RBnot for7256INfor someone7257NNsomeone else's7258NNSelse's ,7259,, okay7260JJokay ?7261SENT? Those7262DTthose are7263VBPbe the7264DTthe three7265CDthree choices7266NNSchoice between7267INbetween us7268PPus .7269SENT. And7270CCand I7271PPI think7272VVPthink we7273PPwe 've7274VHPhave been7275VBNbe aligning7276VVGalign the7277DTthe first7278JJfirst two7279CDtwo a7280DTa little7281JJlittle bit7282NNbit here7283RBhere in7284INin this7285DTthis discussion7286NNdiscussion .7287SENT. And7288CCand I7289PPI 'm7290VBPbe just7291RBjust curious7292JJcurious ,7293,, which7294WDTwhich is7295VBZbe it7296PPit that7297IN/thatthat you7298PPyou are7299VBPbe asking7300VVGask this7301DTthis Court7302NPCourt to7303TOto adopt7304VVadopt ?7305SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7306LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] It7307PPit is7308VBZbe the7309DTthe ...7310:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7311LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] And7312CCand why7313WRBwhy ?7314SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7315LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Okay7316NPOkay .7317SENT. It7318PPit 's7319VBZbe the7320DTthe second7321JJsecond ,7322,, because7323INbecause that7324WDTthat 's7325VBZbe the7326DTthe actual7327JJactual rule7328NNrule of7329INof the7330DTthe Third7331NPThird Circuit7332NPCircuit .7333SENT. That7334DTthat 's7335VBZbe actually7336RBactually why7337WRBwhy I7338PPI started7339VVDstart with7340INwith the7341DTthe opinion7342NNopinion .7343SENT. So7344RBso the7345DTthe ...7346:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7347LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Right7348RBright .7349SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7350LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] ...7351:... what7352WPwhat the7353DTthe court7354NNcourt of7355INof appeals7356NNSappeal did7357VVDdo is7358VBZbe it7359PPit said7360VVDsay the7361DTthe common7362JJcommon law7363NNlaw recognizes7364VVZrecognize reasonable7365JJreasonable foreseeability7366NNforeseeability .7367SENT. And7368CCand my7369PP$my friend7370NNfriend likes7371VVZlike reasonable7372JJreasonable foreseeability7373NNforeseeability ,7374,, despite7375INdespite all7376PDTall the7377DTthe complaints7378NNScomplaint about7379INabout it7380PPit .7381SENT. So7382RBso take7383VVtake the7384DTthe original7385JJoriginal gasket7386NNgasket in7387INin the7388DTthe machine7389NNmachine .7390SENT. He7391PPhe wants7392VVZwant to7393TOto be7394VBbe held7395VVNhold liable7396JJliable only7397RBonly ,7398,, of7399INof course7400NNcourse ,7401,, for7402INfor reasonably7403RBreasonably foreseeable7404JJforeseeable disease7405NNdisease from7406INfrom the7407DTthe original7408JJoriginal gasket7409NNgasket .7410SENT. What7411WPWhat the7412DTthe Third7413JJthird Circuit7414NNcircuit said7415VVDsay is7416VBZbe we7417PPwe are7418VBPbe going7419VVGgo to7420TOto adopt7421VVadopt the7422DTthe common7423JJcommon law7424NNlaw rule7425NNrule that7426IN/thatthat you7427PPyou have7428VHPhave a7429DTa duty7430NNduty to7431TOto warn7432VVwarn about7433INabout your7434PP$your own7435JJown machine7436NNmachine ,7437,, and7438CCand that7439WDTthat 's7440VBZbe going7441VVGgo to7442TOto include7443VVinclude parts7444NNSpart and7445CCand replacement7446NNreplacement parts7447NNSpart that7448WDTthat must7449MDmust be7450VBbe there7451RBthere ,7452,, that7453WDTthat are7454VBPbe required7455VVNrequire and7456CCand the7457DTthe machine7458NNmachine will7459MDwill not7460RBnot operate7461VVoperate without7462INwithout them7463PPthem .7464SENT. Then7465RBthen you7466PPyou are7467VBPbe responsible7468JJresponsible for7469INfor the7470DTthe reasonably7471RBreasonably foreseeable7472JJforeseeable harm7473NNharm that7474WDTthat comes7475VVZcome from7476INfrom that7477DTthat .7478SENT. It7479PPit did7480VVDdo not7481RBnot say7482VVsay that7483IN/thatthat you7484PPyou are7485VBPbe responsible7486JJresponsible for7487INfor replacement7488NNreplacement parts7489NNSpart that7490WDTthat are7491VBPbe reasonably7492RBreasonably foreseeable7493JJforeseeable to7494TOto be7495VBbe used7496VVNuse with7497INwith your7498PP$your machine7499NNmachine .7500SENT. And7501CCand so7502RBso ...7503:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7504LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] I7505PPI 'm7506VBPbe not7507RBnot talking7508VVGtalk about7509INabout the7510DTthe replacement7511NNreplacement parts7512NNSpart portion7513NNportion of7514INof the7515DTthe opinion7516NNopinion right7517RBright now7518RBnow .7519SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7520LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes7521NPYes .7522SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7523LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] I7524PPI 'm7525VBPbe just7526RBjust talking7527VVGtalk about7528INabout the7529DTthe bare-metal7530JJbare-metal portion7531NNportion of7532INof the7533DTthe opinion7534NNopinion .7535SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7536LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes7537NPYes .7538SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]7539LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Put7540VVDput aside7541RPaside the7542DTthe replacement7543NNreplacement parts7544NNSpart .7545SENT. I7546PPI think7547VVPthink we're7548NNwe're ...7549:... we7550PPwe have7551VHPhave three7552CDthree possibilities7553NNSpossibility before7554INbefore us7555PPus .7556SENT. And7557CCand you7558PPyou 're7559VBPbe still7560RBstill ...7561:... you7562PPyou 're7563VBPbe saying7564VVGsay the7565DTthe second7566JJsecond one7567CDone is7568VBZbe the7569DTthe one7570CDone you7571PPyou 'd7572MDwould have7573VHhave us7574PPus adopt7575VVadopt ?7576SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7577LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] And7578CCand that7579WDTthat is7580VBZbe it7581PPit is7582VBZbe inevitable7583JJinevitable .7584SENT. So7585RBso I7586PPI do7587VVPdo want7588VVwant to7589TOto say7590VVsay that7591IN/thatthat I7592PPI do7593VVPdo disagree7594VVdisagree ,7595,, respectfully7596RBrespectfully ,7597,, with7598INwith your7599PP$your understanding7600NNunderstanding that7601IN/thatthat the7602DTthe ordinary7603JJordinary rule7604NNrule is7605VBZbe that7606IN/thatthat you7607PPyou 're7608VBPbe responsible7609JJresponsible only7610RBonly for7611INfor the7612DTthe thing7613NNthing that7614IN/thatthat you7615PPyou ,7616,, you7617PPyou know7618VVPknow ,7619,, you7620PPyou make7621VVPmake alone7622RBalone without7623INwithout regard7624NNregard to7625TOto replacement7626NNreplacement parts7627NNSpart .7628SENT. And7629CCand my7630PP$my friend7631NNfriend ,7632,, I7633PPI think7634VVPthink ,7635,, is7636VBZbe just7637RBjust confused7638VVNconfuse .7639SENT. He7640PPhe says7641VVZsay we7642PPwe have7643VHPhave n't7644RBn't cited7645VVNcite any7646DTany cases7647NNScase .7648SENT. We7649PPwe 've7650VHPhave cited7651VVNcite the7652DTthe Huynh7653NPHuynh case7654NNcase ,7655,, for7656INfor example7657NNexample ,7658,, and7659CCand that7660DTthat 's7661VBZbe a7662DTa situation7663NNsituation in7664INin which7665WDTwhich you7666PPyou have7667VHPhave an7668DTan asbestos7669NNasbestos grinder7670NNgrinder and7671CCand you7672PPyou have7673VHPhave a7674DTa wheel7675NNwheel on7676INon it7677PPit and7678CCand the7679DTthe wheel7680NNwheel runs7681VVZrun out7682RPout ,7683,, and7684CCand you7685PPyou replace7686VVPreplace it7687PPit with7688INwith an7689DTan identical7690JJidentical wheel7691NNwheel ,7692,, and7693CCand there7694EXthere is7695VBZbe a7696DTa risk7697NNrisk that7698IN/thatthat the7699DTthe wheel7700NNwheel will7701MDwill explode7702VVexplode .7703SENT. Of7704INof course7705NNcourse ,7706,, your7707PP$your duty7708NNduty to7709TOto warn7710VVwarn that7711DTthat ,7712,, hey7713UHhey ,7714,, my7715PP$my machine7716NNmachine ,7717,, you7718PPyou know7719VVPknow ,7720,, it7721PPit tends7722VVZtend to7723TOto blow7724VVblow up7725RPup the7726DTthe wheel7727NNwheel is7728VBZbe ...7729:... remains7730VVZremain your7731PP$your duty7732NNduty even7733RBeven if7734INif you7735PPyou replace7736VVPreplace the7737DTthe wheel7738NNwheel .7739SENT. We7740PPwe also7741RBalso have7742VHPhave the7743DTthe Macias7744NPMacias case7745NNcase .7746SENT. So7747INso the7748DTthe first7749JJfirst one7750CDone was7751VBDbe from7752INfrom the7753DTthe California7754NPCalifornia court7755NNcourt of7756INof appeals7757NNSappeal .7758SENT. The7759DTthe Macias7760NPMacias case7761NNcase is7762VBZbe from7763INfrom the7764DTthe Washington7765NPWashington supreme7766NNsupreme court7767NNcourt .7768SENT. That7769DTthat 's7770VBZbe a7771DTa respirators7772NNSrespirator case7773NNcase .7774SENT. So7775RBso you7776PPyou make7777VVPmake a7778DTa respirator7779NNrespirator and7780CCand it7781PPit exposes7782VVZexpose people7783NNSpeople to7784TOto the7785DTthe thing7786NNthing that7787WDTthat ...7788:... benzene7789NNbenzene or7790CCor asbestos7791NNasbestos or7792CCor whatever7793WDTwhatever it7794PPit is7795VBZbe that7796IN/thatthat you7797PPyou 're7798VBPbe trying7799VVGtry to7800TOto protect7801VVprotect against7802INagainst .7803SENT. You7804PPyou have7805VHPhave a7806DTa duty7807NNduty to7808TOto warn7809VVwarn that7810IN/thatthat you7811PPyou know7812VVPknow that7813IN/thatthat that7814DTthat machine7815NNmachine ...7816:... that7817DTthat device7818NNdevice is7819VBZbe only7820RBonly going7821VVGgo to7822TOto operate7823VVoperate when7824WRBwhen it7825PPit is7826VBZbe that7827IN/thatthat it7828PPit 's7829VBZbe exposed7830VVNexpose to7831TOto the7832DTthe hazardous7833JJhazardous chemical7834NNchemical .7835SENT. That7836DTthat duty7837NNduty exists7838VVZexist just7839RBjust as7840RBas in7841INin the7842DTthe gasoline7843NNgasoline in7844INin the7845DTthe car7846NNcar .7847SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]7848LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] But7849CCbut let7850NNlet 's7851VBZbe ...7852:... can7853MDcan I7854PPI go7855VVgo back7856RBback for7857INfor a7858DTa second7859NNsecond ?7860SENT? Because7861INbecause now7862RBnow I7863PPI ...7864:... I7865PPI did7866VVDdo have7867VHhave this7868DTthis kind7869NNkind of7870INof question7871NNquestion .7872SENT. I7873PPI suddenly7874RBsuddenly went7875VVDgo back7876RBback to7877TOto the7878DTthe court7879NNcourt of7880INof appeals7881NNSappeal '7882POS' opinion7883NNopinion ,7884,, and7885CCand it7886PPit says7887VVZsay the7888DTthe ...7889:... the7890DTthe product7891NNproduct may7892MDmay be7893VBbe held7894VVNhold liable7895JJliable ...7896:... you7897PPyou know7898VVPknow ,7899,, the7900DTthe manufacturer7901NNmanufacturer ,7902,, if7903INif the7904DTthe facts7905NNSfact show7906VVPshow the7907DTthe plaintiff7908NNplaintiff 's7909POS's injuries7910NNSinjury were7911VBDbe a7912DTa reasonably7913RBreasonably foreseeable7914JJforeseeable result7915NNresult of7916INof the7917DTthe failure7918NNfailure to7919TOto provide7920VVprovide a7921DTa warning7922NNwarning .7923SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7924LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes7925NPYes .7926SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]7927LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Then7928RBthen it7929PPit gives7930VVZgive three7931CDthree examples7932NNSexample .7933SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7934LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes7935NPYes .7936SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]7937LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Well7938UHwell ,7939,, I7940PPI do7941VVPdo n't7942RBn't have7943VHhave any7944DTany problem7945NNproblem ...7946:... or7947CCor I7948PPI probably7949RBprobably do7950VVPdo n't7951RBn't have7952VHhave a7953DTa problem7954NNproblem with7955INwith the7956DTthe three7957CDthree examples7958NNSexample .7959SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7960LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes7961NPYes .7962SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]7963LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] But7964CCbut it7965PPit does7966VVZdo n't7967RBn't say7968VVsay they7969PPthey 're7970VBPbe exclusive7971JJexclusive .7972SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]7973LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Oh7974NPOh .7975SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]7976LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] And7977CCand so7978RBso I7979PPI think7980VVPthink ...7981:... but7982CCbut the7983DTthe ...7984:... perhaps7985RBperhaps one7986CDone of7987INof the7988DTthe other7989JJother things7990NNSthing that7991IN/thatthat the7992DTthe other7993JJother side7994NNside is7995VBZbe worried7996JJworried about7997RBabout is7998VBZbe ,7999,, if8000INif you8001PPyou read8002VVPread that8003DTthat sentence8004NNsentence without8005INwithout limiting8006VVGlimit it8007PPit to8008TOto the8009DTthe three8010CDthree examples8011NNSexample ,8012,, it8013PPit would8014MDwould create8015VVcreate the8016DTthe horribles8017NNShorrible that8018WDTthat they8019PPthey show8020VVPshow ...8021:... that8022IN/thatthat they8023PPthey agree8024VVPagree with8025INwith .8026SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8027LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I8028PPI understand8029VVPunderstand .8030SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]8031LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Yes8032NPYes .8033SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8034LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] And8035CCand I8036PPI think8037VVPthink you8038PPyou can8039MDcan take8040VVtake some8041DTsome comfort8042NNcomfort from8043INfrom my8044PP$my reading8045NNreading from8046INfrom the8047DTthe first8048JJfirst operative8049JJoperative sentence8050NNsentence of8051INof the8052DTthe court8053NNcourt of8054INof appeals8055NNSappeal '8056POS' opinion8057NNopinion that8058IN/thatthat it8059PPit 's8060VBZbe talking8061VVGtalk about8062INabout only8063JJonly parts8064NNSpart that8065WDTthat have8066VHPhave to8067TOto be8068VBbe there8069RBthere for8070INfor the8071DTthe machine8072NNmachine to8073TOto operate8074VVoperate .8075SENT. When8076WRBwhen the8077DTthe court8078NNcourt of8079INof appeals8080NNSappeal ...8081:... and8082CCand this8083DTthis is8084VBZbe going8085VVGgo to8086TOto be8087VBbe at8088INat 16A8089NP16A of8090INof the8091DTthe Petition8092NNpetition Appendix8093NNAppendix|appendix ...8094:... says8095VVZsay we8096PPwe 've8097VHPhave given8098VVNgive you8099PPyou three8100CDthree ,8101,, we8102PPwe 're8103VBPbe not8104RBnot saying8105VVGsay these8106DTthese are8107VBPbe ,8108,, you8109PPyou know8110VVPknow ,8111,, all8112RBall of8113INof the8114DTthe possible8115JJpossible examples8116NNSexample .8117SENT. I8118PPI just8119RBjust think8120VVPthink it8121PPit was8122VBDbe being8123VBGbe sensible8124JJsensible in8125INin a8126DTa very8127RBvery common8128JJcommon law8129NNlaw way8130NNway .8131SENT. But8132CCbut it8133PPit was8134VBDbe excluding8135VVGexclude ...8136:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]8137LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But8138CCbut where8139WRBwhere we8140PPwe ...8141:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8142LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] If8143INif I8144PPI could8145MDcould just8146RBjust be8147VBbe precise8148JJprecise about8149INabout one8150CDone thing8151NNthing it8152PPit was8153VBDbe excluding8154VVGexclude ,8155,, and8156CCand it8157PPit did8158VVDdo n't8159RBn't ,8160,, and8161CCand so8162RBso you8163PPyou would8164MDwould know8165VVknow what8166WPwhat the8167DTthe actual8168JJactual consequences8169NNSconsequence of8170INof this8171DTthis are8172VBPbe .8173SENT. There8174EXthere is8175VBZbe a8176DTa leading8177VVGlead district8178NNdistrict court8179NNcourt opinion8180NNopinion that8181WDTthat gets8182VVZget cited8183VVNcite here8184RBhere by8185INby the8186DTthe court8187NNcourt of8188INof appeals8189NNSappeal ,8190,, and8191CCand it8192PPit had8193VHDhave a8194DTa fourth8195JJfourth ,8196,, and8197CCand that8198DTthat is8199VBZbe knowledge8200NNknowledge .8201SENT. If8202INif you8203PPyou know8204VVPknow that8205IN/thatthat the8206DTthe part8207NNpart ,8208,, the8209DTthe asbestos8210NNasbestos part8211NNpart will8212MDwill be8213VBbe in8214INin it8215PPit ,8216,, but8217CCbut you8218PPyou did8219VVDdo n't8220RBn't require8221VVrequire it8222PPit ,8223,, and8224CCand it8225PPit was8226VBDbe n't8227RBn't absolutely8228RBabsolutely necessary8229JJnecessary for8230INfor the8231DTthe machine8232NNmachine to8233TOto work8234VVwork ...8235:... and8236CCand the8237DTthe court8238NNcourt of8239INof appeals8240NNSappeal ,8241,, I8242PPI think8243VVPthink ,8244,, was8245VBDbe avoiding8246VVGavoid passing8247VVGpass on8248INon that8249DTthat question8250NNquestion ,8251,, which8252WDTwhich is8253VBZbe n't8254RBn't in8255INin the8256DTthe case8257NNcase ,8258,, and8259CCand I8260PPI think8261VVPthink you8262PPyou fairly8263RBfairly can8264MDcan too8265RBtoo .8266SENT.

[JUSTICE KAGAN]8267LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] One8268CDOne of8269INof the8270DTthe horribles8271NNShorrible that8272IN/thatthat Mr8273NPMr .8274SENT. Dvoretzky8275NPDvoretzky threw8276VVDthrow out8277RPout at8278INat the8279DTthe end8280NNend of8281INof his8282PP$his argument8283NNargument was8284VBDbe like8285INlike a8286DTa flashlight8287NNflashlight with8288INwith batteries8289NNSbattery .8290SENT. What8291WPWhat ...8292:... what8293WPwhat ...8294:... how8295WRBhow should8296MDshould that8297RBthat come8298VVcome out8299RPout ?8300SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8301LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] If8302INif the8303DTthe flashlight8304NNflashlight is8305VBZbe designed8306VVNdesign in8307INin a8308DTa way8309NNway that8310IN/thatthat it8311PPit punctures8312VVZpuncture the8313DTthe battery8314NNbattery ,8315,, okay8316RBokay ,8317,, in8318INin the8319DTthe same8320JJsame way8321NNway that8322IN/thatthat maintaining8323VVGmaintain this8324DTthis machine8325NNmachine causes8326VVZcause the8327DTthe asbestos8328NNasbestos to8329TOto turn8330VVturn into8331INinto dust8332NNdust ...8333:...

[JUSTICE KAGAN]8334LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] No8335NPNo ,8336,, you8337PPyou just8338RBjust put8339VVDput the8340DTthe batteries8341NNSbattery in8342INin ,8343,, a8344DTa normal8345JJnormal flashlight8346NNflashlight ,8347,, but8348CCbut it8349PPit does8350VVZdo n't8351RBn't work8352VVwork .8353SENT. You8354PPyou can8355MDcan turn8356VVturn it8357PPit on8358RPon ,8359,, it8360PPit does8361VVZdo n't8362RBn't work8363VVwork ,8364,, unless8365INunless the8366DTthe batteries8367NNSbattery are8368VBPbe in8369INin there8370RBthere .8371SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8372LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] No8373NPNo ,8374,, I8375PPI think8376VVPthink that8377IN/thatthat ,8378,, in8379INin that8380DTthat situation8381NNsituation ,8382,, the8383DTthe mere8384JJmere fact8385NNfact that8386IN/thatthat batteries8387NNSbattery are8388VBPbe intrinsically8389RBintrinsically dangerous8390JJdangerous does8391VVZdo n't8392RBn't create8393VVcreate the8394DTthe duty8395NNduty to8396TOto warn8397VVwarn .8398SENT. It8399PPit is8400VBZbe ,8401,, I8402PPI think8403VVPthink ,8404,, a8405DTa special8406JJspecial feature8407NNfeature of8408INof this8409DTthis case8410NNcase that8411IN/thatthat the8412DTthe machine8413NNmachine itself8414PPitself contributes8415VVZcontribute to8416TOto the8417DTthe liability8418NNliability .8419SENT. It8420PPit ships8421VVZship with8422INwith ,8423,, very8424RBvery frequently8425RBfrequently ,8426,, asbestos8427NNasbestos gaskets8428NNSgasket and8429CCand other8430JJother material8431NNmaterial ,8432,, and8433CCand it8434PPit cannot8435MDcan operate8436VVoperate without8437INwithout it8438PPit .8439SENT. It8440PPit 's8441VBZbe the8442DTthe combination8443NNcombination of8444INof those8445DTthose things8446NNSthing .8447SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]8448LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Well8449UHwell ,8450,, I8451PPI guess8452VVPguess I8453PPI 'm8454VBPbe confused8455VVNconfuse then8456RBthen ,8457,, because8458INbecause I8459PPI ...8460:... I8461PPI have8462VHPhave n't8463RBn't used8464VVNuse a8465DTa flashlight8466NNflashlight without8467INwithout a8468DTa battery8469NNbattery very8470RBvery often8471RBoften .8472SENT. I8473PPI mean8474VVPmean ,8475,, you8476PPyou know8477VVPknow ,8478,, it8479PPit seems8480VVZseem inevitable8481JJinevitable .8482SENT. The8483DTthe other8484JJother example8485NNexample that8486IN/thatthat we8487PPwe 're8488VBPbe given8489VVNgive is8490VBZbe the8491DTthe manufacturer8492NNmanufacturer of8493INof the8494DTthe ashtray8495NNashtray ...8496:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8497LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yeah8498NPYeah .8499SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]8500LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] ...8501:... who8502WPwho inevitably8503RBinevitably knows8504VVZknow that8505IN/thatthat it8506PPit 's8507VBZbe going8508VVGgo to8509TOto be8510VBbe used8511VVNuse with8512INwith some8513DTsome sort8514NNsort of8515INof tobacco8516NNtobacco product8517NNproduct ,8518,, hopefully8519RBhopefully .8520SENT. And8521CCand extending8522VVGextend the8523DTthe duty8524NNduty to8525TOto warn8526VVwarn in8527INin those8528DTthose cases8529NNScase ,8530,, some8531DTsome of8532INof the8533DTthe concerns8534NNSconcern that8535IN/thatthat your8536PP$your colleague8537NNcolleague have8538VHPhave ...8539:... has8540VHZhave raised8541VVNraise about8542INabout over-warnings8543NNSover-warnings ,8544,, contradictory8545JJcontradictory warnings8546NNSwarning ,8547,, and8548CCand the8549DTthe costs8550NNScost associated8551VVNassociate with8552INwith that8553DTthat ,8554,, that8555WDTthat might8556MDmight deter8557VVdeter innovation8558NNinnovation and8559CCand raise8560VVraise consumer8561NNconsumer cost8562NNcost needlessly8563RBneedlessly ,8564,, seem8565VVPseem to8566TOto have8567VHhave some8568DTsome purchase8569NNpurchase to8570TOto me8571PPme .8572SENT. So8573RBso help8574VVhelp me8575PPme out8576RPout .8577SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8578LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Sure8579NPSure .8580SENT. Okay8581JJokay .8582SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]8583LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] I'm8584NPI'm ...8585:... I8586PPI 'm8587VBPbe stuck8588VVNstick where8589WRBwhere Justice8590NPJustice Kagan8591NPKagan is8592VBZbe .8593SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8594LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Okay8595NPOkay .8596SENT. I8597PPI think8598VVPthink their8599PP$their better8600JJRgood example8601NNexample is8602VBZbe flashlights8603NNSflashlight ,8604,, rather8605RBrather than8606INthan ashtrays8607NNSashtray ,8608,, because8609INbecause you8610PPyou can8611MDcan use8612VVuse ashtrays8613NNSashtray for8614INfor other8615JJother things8616NNSthing .8617SENT. So8618RBso I8619PPI do8620VVPdo n't8621RBn't want8622VVwant to8623TOto avoid8624VVavoid the8625DTthe harder8626RBRharder hypothetical8627JJhypothetical .8628SENT. And8629CCand that8630DTthat is8631VBZbe ,8632,, if8633INif you8634PPyou have8635VHPhave a8636DTa ...8637:... a8638DTa flashlight8639NNflashlight and8640CCand you8641PPyou know8642VVPknow as8643INas the8644DTthe manufacturer8645NNmanufacturer that8646IN/thatthat the8647DTthe batteries8648NNSbattery in8649INin them8650PPthem are8651VBPbe going8652VVGgo to8653TOto leak8654VVleak out8655RPout and8656CCand put8657VVput acid8658NNacid on8659INon your8660PP$your hands8661NNShand ,8662,, I8663PPI actually8664RBactually do8665VVPdo think8666VVthink on8667INon reflection8668NNreflection that8669IN/thatthat that8670DTthat manufacturer8671NNmanufacturer needs8672VVZneed to8673TOto warn8674VVwarn about8675INabout that8676DTthat .8677SENT. Right8678RBright ?8679SENT? So8680INso it8681PPit ...8682:... it8683PPit is8684VBZbe technically8685RBtechnically the8686DTthe case8687NNcase that8688IN/thatthat the8689DTthe battery8690NNbattery inside8691RBinside is8692VBZbe leaking8693VVGleak ,8694,, but8695CCbut you8696PPyou 're8697VBPbe operating8698VVGoperate a8699DTa flashlight8700NNflashlight and8701CCand you8702PPyou 're8703VBPbe going8704VVGgo to8705TOto be8706VBbe exposed8707VVNexpose to8708TOto that8709DTthat risk8710NNrisk .8711SENT. I8712PPI would8713MDwould think8714VVthink that8715IN/thatthat you8716PPyou would8717MDwould want8718VVwant the8719DTthe manufacturer8720NNmanufacturer of8721INof the8722DTthe light8723NNlight to8724TOto warn8725VVwarn people8726NNSpeople while8727INwhile you8728PPyou 're8729VBPbe holding8730VVGhold this8731DTthis flashlight8732NNflashlight you8733PPyou could8734MDcould be8735VBbe exposed8736VVNexpose to8737TOto acid8738NNacid .8739SENT. Now8740RBnow you8741PPyou may8742MDmay have8743VHhave ...8744:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]8745LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] So8746INso you8747PPyou just8748RBjust changed8749VVDchange the8750DTthe answer8751NNanswer .8752SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8753LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I8754PPI did8755VVDdo .8756SENT.

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]8757LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Okay8758NPOkay .8759SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8760LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] So8761RBso ...8762:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]8763LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Just8764RBjust making8765VVGmake sure8766JJsure .8767SENT.

[8768SYM[ LAUGHTER8769NNlaughter ]8770SYM]

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8771LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Absolutely8772RBabsolutely .8773SENT. Now8774RBnow I8775PPI ...8776:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]8777LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] I8778PPI just8779RBjust wanted8780VVDwant to8781TOto make8782VVmake sure8783JJsure .8784SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8785LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I8786PPI will8787MDwill say8788VVsay that8789IN/thatthat another8790DTanother part8791NNpart of8792INof my8793PP$my answer8794NNanswer is8795VBZbe that8796IN/thatthat this8797DTthis is8798VBZbe the8799DTthe easier8800JJReasy case8801NNcase because8802INbecause the8803DTthe product8804NNproduct can8805MDcan ...8806:... actually8807RBactually contributes8808VVZcontribute to8809TOto the8810DTthe injury8811NNinjury .8812SENT. You8813PPyou may8814MDmay have8815VHhave lots8816NNSlot of8817INof defenses8818NNSdefense there8819RBthere ,8820,, including8821VVGinclude that8822IN/thatthat there8823EXthere were8824VBDbe other8825JJother warnings8826NNSwarning that8827WDTthat were8828VBDbe already8829RBalready given8830VVNgive ,8831,, you8832PPyou have8833VHPhave a8834DTa sophisticated8835JJsophisticated user8836NNuser that8837WDTthat already8838RBalready knows8839VVZknow about8840INabout it8841PPit ,8842,, that8843DTthat sort8844NNsort of8845INof thing8846NNthing .8847SENT. But8848CCbut I8849PPI actually8850RBactually think8851VVPthink that8852IN/thatthat ,8853,, in8854INin that8855DTthat precise8856JJprecise hypothetical8857JJhypothetical ,8858,, it8859PPit ought8860MDought to8861TOto come8862VVcome out8863RPout that8864DTthat way8865NNway .8866SENT.

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]8867LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Mr8868NPMr .8869SENT. Goldstein8870NPGoldstein ...8871:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8872LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I8873PPI would8874MDwould want8875VVwant to8876TOto know8877VVknow ...8878:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]8879LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But8880CCbut ...8881:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]8882LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...8883:... I8884PPI ...8885:... I8886PPI ...8887:... having8888VHGhave just8889RBjust recently8890RBrecently bought8891VVDbuy a8892DTa battery8893NNbattery ...8894:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8895LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes8896NPYes .8897SENT.

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]8898LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...8899:... the8900DTthe flashlight8901NNflashlight told8902VVDtell me8903PPme to8904TOto not8905RBnot store8906VVstore it8907PPit with8908INwith the8909DTthe battery8910NNbattery .8911SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8912LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Okay8913NPOkay .8914SENT.

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]8915LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] So8916RBso now8917RBnow ...8918:...

[JUSTICE KAGAN]8919LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Did8920VVDdo you8921PPyou feel8922VVPfeel overwarned8923JJoverwarned ?8924SENT?

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]8925LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...8926:... can8927MDcan you8928PPyou show8929VVshow me8930PPme why8931WRBwhy they8932PPthey ...8933:...

[8934SYM[ LAUGHTER8935NNlaughter ]8936SYM]

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]8937LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Can8938MDcan you8939PPyou show8940VVshow me8941PPme a8942DTa case8943NNcase that8944WDTthat would8945MDwould have8946VHhave suggested8947VVNsuggest ...8948:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8949LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Sure8950NPSure .8951SENT. Two8952CDTwo I8953PPI ...8954:... the8955DTthe two8956CDtwo that8957WDTthat ...8958:...

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]8959LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...8960:... that8961WDTthat would8962MDwould have8963VHhave come8964VVNcome out8965RPout to8966TOto the8967DTthe ...8968:... to8969TOto that8970DTthat conclusion8971NNconclusion ?8972SENT? I8973PPI always8974RBalways assume8975VVPassume that8976IN/thatthat when8977WRBwhen manufacturers8978NNSmanufacturer do8979VVPdo things8980NNSthing ,8981,, it8982PPit 's8983VBZbe because8984INbecause somebody8985NNsomebody sued8986VVDsue them8987PPthem .8988SENT.

[8989SYM[ LAUGHTER8990NNlaughter ]8991SYM]

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]8992LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Somebody8993NNsomebody told8994VVDtell them8995PPthem to8996TOto .8997SENT. And8998CCand sometimes8999RBsometimes they9000PPthey are9001VBPbe over-protective9002JJover-protective .9003SENT. It9004PPit 's9005VBZbe true9006JJtrue .9007SENT.

[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]9008LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Occasionally9009RBoccasionally .9010SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9011LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] So9012INso I9013PPI ...9014:... the9015DTthe two9016CDtwo I9017PPI think9018VVPthink that9019DTthat are9020VBPbe ...9021:... are9022VBPbe quite9023RBquite on9024INon point9025NNpoint are9026VBPbe the9027DTthe Huynh9028NPHuynh case9029NNcase and9030CCand the9031DTthe Macias9032NPMacias case9033NNcase that9034IN/thatthat I9035PPI gave9036VVDgive ,9037,, so9038RBso the9039DTthe California9040NPCalifornia Court9041NPCourt of9042INof Appeals9043NPSAppeals and9044CCand the9045DTthe Washington9046NPWashington Supreme9047NPSupreme Court9048NPCourt .9049SENT. And9050CCand I9051PPI ...9052:... I9053PPI do9054VVPdo think9055VVthink I9056PPI should9057MDshould ,9058,, you9059PPyou know9060VVPknow ,9061,, to9062TOto be9063VBbe fair9064JJfair to9065TOto my9066PP$my friend9067NNfriend ,9068,, address9069VVaddress the9070DTthe other9071JJother examples9072NNSexample .9073SENT. And9074CCand so9075RBso he9076PPhe gives9077VVZgive the9078DTthe airplane9079NNairplane ,9080,, okay9081JJokay ?9082SENT? So9083INso you9084PPyou ...9085:... you9086PPyou manufacture9087VVPmanufacture an9088DTan airplane9089NNairplane .9090SENT. It9091PPit is9092VBZbe ...9093:... a9094DTa few9095JJfew things9096NNSthing about9097INabout that9098DTthat .9099SENT. First9100RBfirst ,9101,, airplanes9102NNSairplane actually9103RBactually do9104VVPdo work9105NNwork without9106INwithout seats9107NNSseat .9108SENT. You9109PPyou know9110VVPknow ,9111,, some9112RBsome ...9113:... if9114INif not9115RBnot ,9116,, somebody9117NNsomebody better9118RBRwell tell9119VVtell FedEx9120NPFedEx ,9121,, which9122WDTwhich is9123VBZbe shipping9124VVGship things9125NNSthing all9126RBall over9127INover the9128DTthe country9129NNcountry .9130SENT. But9131CCbut at9132INat the9133DTthe very9134RBvery least9135JJSleast ,9136,, they9137PPthey work9138VVPwork with9139INwith lots9140NNSlot of9141INof different9142JJdifferent kinds9143NNSkind of9144INof seats9145NNSseat .9146SENT. That9147DTthat 's9148VBZbe why9149WRBwhy some9150DTsome people9151NNSpeople fly9152VVPfly Emirates9153NPSEmirates and9154CCand not9155RBnot Spirit9156NPSpirit ,9157,, because9158INbecause the9159DTthe ...9160:... some9161DTsome of9162INof the9163DTthe seats9164NNSseat will9165MDwill be9166VBbe much9167JJmuch ,9168,, much9169RBmuch closer9170RBRcloser in9171RBin and9172CCand have9173VHhave a9174DTa much9175RBmuch greater9176JJRgreat risk9177NNrisk of9178INof injury9179NNinjury for9180INfor them9181PPthem .9182SENT. And9183CCand that9184DTthat 's9185VBZbe why9186WRBwhy we9187PPwe do9188VVPdo n't9189RBn't say9190VVsay ,9191,, as9192INas the9193DTthe court9194NNcourt of9195INof appeals9196NNSappeal did9197VVDdo here9198RBhere ,9199,, that9200IN/thatthat the9201DTthe airplane9202NNairplane will9203MDwill only9204RBonly work9205VVwork in9206INin a9207DTa situation9208NNsituation in9209INin which9210WDTwhich you9211PPyou are9212VBPbe going9213VVGgo to9214TOto be9215VBbe exposed9216VVNexpose to9217TOto it9218PPit .9219SENT. But9220CCbut I9221PPI 'll9222MDwill give9223VVgive you9224PPyou another9225DTanother airplane9226NNairplane hypothetical9227JJhypothetical that9228IN/thatthat I9229PPI would9230MDwould hope9231VVhope come9232VVcome out9233RPout this9234DTthis way9235NNway ,9236,, and9237CCand that9238DTthat is9239VBZbe the9240DTthe airplane9241NNairplane manufacturer9242NNmanufacturer attaches9243VVZattach Rolls9244NPRolls Royce9245NPRoyce engines9246NNSengine .9247SENT. You9248PPyou know9249VVPknow that9250IN/thatthat working9251VVGwork on9252INon the9253DTthe engine9254NNengine can9255MDcan expose9256VVexpose you9257PPyou to9258TOto terrible9259JJterrible shock9260NNshock and9261CCand being9262VBGbe killed9263VVNkill or9264CCor gasoline9265NNgasoline will9266MDwill poor9267JJpoor out9268RPout of9269INof it9270PPit or9271CCor oil9272NNoil will9273MDwill pull9274VVpull out9275RBout ...9276:... pour9277VVpour out9278RPout of9279INof it9280PPit .9281SENT. I9282PPI hope9283VVPhope that9284IN/thatthat they9285PPthey ...9286:... we9287PPwe want9288VVPwant the9289DTthe airplane9290NNairplane manufacturer9291NNmanufacturer to9292TOto warn9293VVwarn about9294RBabout that9295IN/thatthat because9296INbecause that9297DTthat ...9298:... that9299DTthat plane9300NNplane will9301MDwill not9302RBnot operate9303VVoperate without9304INwithout those9305DTthose engines9306NNSengine and9307CCand you9308PPyou are9309VBPbe going9310VVGgo to9311TOto be9312VBbe exposed9313VVNexpose to9314TOto that9315DTthat risk9316NNrisk in9317INin the9318DTthe course9319NNcourse of9320INof maintaining9321VVGmaintain that9322DTthat machine9323NNmachine .9324SENT. That9325DTthat 's9326VBZbe the9327DTthe much9328RBmuch more9329RBRmore analogous9330JJanalogous hypothetical9331JJhypothetical of9332INof ours9333PPours .9334SENT.

[JUSTICE ALITO]9335LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] What9336WPWhat about9337INabout the9338DTthe ashtray9339NNashtray ?9340SENT? You9341PPyou did9342VVDdo n't9343RBn't answer9344VVanswer the9345DTthe question9346NNquestion .9347SENT. Yeah9348UHYeah .9349SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9350LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Oh9351UHoh ,9352,, I9353PPI 'm9354VBPbe sorry9355JJsorry .9356SENT. I9357PPI had9358VHDhave said9359VVNsay that9360IN/thatthat the9361DTthe ashtray9362NNashtray could9363MDcould be9364VBbe used9365VVNuse for9366INfor a9367DTa lot9368NNlot of9369INof different9370JJdifferent things9371NNSthing .9372SENT.

[JUSTICE ALITO]9373LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] That's9374NPThat's ...9375:... I9376PPI mean9377VVPmean ,9378,, that9379WDTthat 's9380VBZbe ...9381:... your9382PP$your answer9383NNanswer is9384VBZbe ,9385,, well9386UHwell ,9387,, you9388PPyou know9389VVPknow ,9390,, the9391DTthe manufacturer9392NNmanufacturer of9393INof the9394DTthe ashtray9395NNashtray is9396VBZbe off9397RBoff the9398DTthe hook9399NNhook because9400INbecause it9401PPit 's9402POS's possible9403JJpossible somebody9404NNsomebody might9405MDmight use9406VVuse it9407PPit for9408INfor some9409DTsome purpose9410NNpurpose other9411JJother than9412INthan ...9413:... than9414INthan smoking9415NNsmoking ?9416SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9417LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] No9418NPNo ,9419,, I9420PPI ...9421:... I9422PPI just9423RBjust tried9424VVDtry to9425TOto give9426VVgive ...9427:... among9428INamong the9429DTthe distinctions9430NNSdistinction is9431VBZbe certainly9432RBcertainly that9433RBthat .9434SENT. And9435CCand so9436RBso it9437PPit would9438MDwould n't9439RBn't fit9440VVfit within9441INwithin the9442DTthe Third9443NPThird Circu9444NPCircu it9445PPit 's9446VBZbe ...9447:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]9448LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] What9449WPWhat if9450INif I9451PPI do9452VVPdo n't9453RBn't think9454VVthink that9455WDTthat 's9456VBZbe much9457JJmuch of9458INof a9459DTa distinction9460NNdistinction ?9461SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9462LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Okay9463NPOkay .9464SENT. Then9465RBthen there9466EXthere are9467VBPbe ...9468:... there9469EXthere are9470VBPbe others9471NNSother ,9472,, and9473CCand that9474DTthat is9475VBZbe the9476DTthe ashtray9477NNashtray does9478VVZdo not9479RBnot give9480VVgive you9481PPyou cancer9482NNcancer .9483SENT. Okay9484JJokay ?9485SENT? The9486DTthe ashtray9487NNashtray does9488VVZdo not9489RBnot actually9490RBactually contribute9491VVcontribute to9492TOto your9493PP$your injury9494NNinjury .9495SENT. What9496WPWhat you9497PPyou have9498VHPhave is9499VBZbe you9500PPyou have9501VHPhave a9502DTa toxic9503JJtoxic product9504NNproduct that9505IN/thatthat you9506PPyou 're9507VBPbe making9508VVGmake a9509DTa choice9510NNchoice to9511TOto use9512VVuse that9513IN/thatthat you9514PPyou are9515VBPbe putting9516VVGput down9517RPdown .9518SENT. It9519PPit would9520MDwould be9521VBbe like9522INlike saying9523VVGsay this9524DTthis ...9525:... and9526CCand I9527PPI think9528VVPthink it9529PPit 's9530VBZbe a9531DTa great9532JJgreat example9533NNexample for9534INfor us9535PPus because9536INbecause it9537PPit highlights9538VVZhighlight why9539WRBwhy we9540PPwe are9541VBPbe not9542RBnot saying9543VVGsay they9544PPthey 're9545VBPbe responsible9546JJresponsible for9547INfor every9548DTevery harm9549NNharm from9550INfrom asbestos9551NNasbestos ,9552,, including9553VVGinclude this9554DTthis asbestos9555NNasbestos .9556SENT. It9557PPit would9558MDwould be9559VBbe like9560INlike us9561PPus saying9562VVGsay :9563:: Your9564PP$your machine9565NNmachine only9566RBonly works9567VVZwork with9568INwith asbestos9569NNasbestos ;9570:; you9571PPyou 're9572VBPbe liable9573JJliable because9574INbecause I9575PPI got9576VVDget sick9577JJsick because9578INbecause the9579DTthe storage9580NNstorage room9581NNroom had9582VHDhave the9583DTthe asbestos9584NNasbestos in9585INin it9586PPit .9587SENT. We9588PPwe 're9589VBPbe not9590RBnot just9591RBjust saying9592VVGsay kind9593NNkind of9594INof but-for9595NNbut-for causation9596NNcausation that9597IN/thatthat there9598EXthere was9599VBDbe a9600DTa relationship9601NNrelationship between9602INbetween them9603PPthem .9604SENT. You9605PPyou can9606MDcan put9607VVput your9608PP$your cancer-causing9609JJcancer-causing cigarette9610NNcigarette down9611RBdown in9612INin the9613DTthe ashtray9614NNashtray and9615CCand not9616RBnot be9617VBbe liable9618JJliable for9619INfor it9620PPit ,9621,, but9622CCbut if9623INif it9624PPit is9625VBZbe the9626DTthe case9627NNcase ...9628:... I9629PPI 'll9630MDwill give9631VVgive you9632PPyou an9633DTan example9634NNexample .9635SENT. What9636WPWhat if9637INif the9638DTthe ashtray9639NNashtray is9640VBZbe made9641VVNmake of9642INof paper9643NNpaper ?9644SENT? Okay9645JJokay ?9646SENT? If9647INif the9648DTthe ashtray9649NNashtray is9650VBZbe made9651VVNmake of9652INof paper9653NNpaper ,9654,, so9655RBso that9656IN/thatthat if9657INif you9658PPyou put9659VVDput something9660NNsomething lit9661VVDlight in9662INin it9663PPit ,9664,, they9665PPthey will9666MDwill cause9667VVcause ...9668:... it9669PPit will9670MDwill cause9671VVcause combustion9672NNcombustion and9673CCand it9674PPit will9675MDwill burn9676VVburn ...9677:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]9678LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] No9679NPNo ,9680,, but9681CCbut that9682WDTthat 's9683VBZbe different9684JJdifferent because9685INbecause then9686RBthen your9687PP$your product9688NNproduct ,9689,, the9690DTthe actual9691JJactual product9692NNproduct that9693IN/thatthat you9694PPyou 're9695VBPbe manufacturing9696VVGmanufacture ,9697,, is9698VBZbe dangerous9699JJdangerous .9700SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9701LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Well9702UHWell ,9703,, Your9704PP$your ...9705:... Your9706PP$your Honor9707NPHonor ,9708,, none9709NNnone of9710INof this9711DTthis is9712VBZbe about9713RBabout the9714DTthe product9715NNproduct ...9716:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]9717LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] In9718INin and9719CCand of9720INof itself9721PPitself .9722SENT. In9723INin and9724CCand of9725INof itself9726PPitself .9727SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9728LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I9729PPI do9730VVPdo n't9731RBn't ...9732:... I9733PPI do9734VVPdo n't9735RBn't ...9736:... I9737PPI mean9738VVPmean ,9739,, kids9740NNSkid make9741VVPmake paper9742NNpaper ashtrays9743NNSashtray ,9744,, and9745CCand we9746PPwe all9747RBall ...9748:... the9749DTthe world9750NNworld goes9751VVZgo on9752INon .9753SENT. I9754PPI do9755VVPdo n't9756RBn't think9757VVthink they9758PPthey are9759VBPbe intrinsically9760RBintrinsically dangerous9761JJdangerous ...9762:... I'm9763NNI'm ...9764:... probably9765RBprobably ,9766,, kids9767NNSkid should9768MDshould n't9769RBn't be9770VBbe making9771VVGmake ashtrays9772NNSashtray .9773SENT. But9774CCbut ...9775:...

[9776SYM[ LAUGHTER9777NNlaughter ]9778SYM]

[JUSTICE ALITO]9779LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Well9780UHwell ...9781:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9782LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] ...9783:... I9784PPI 'm9785VBPbe just9786RBjust saying9787VVGsay I9788PPI could9789MDcould .9790SENT.

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]9791LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] The9792DTthe difference9793NNdifference ...9794:... the9795DTthe difference9796NNdifference ...9797:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9798LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] It9799PPit may9800MDmay not9801RBnot be9802VBbe as9803RBas good9804JJgood as9805INas my9806PP$my gasket9807NNgasket .9808SENT.

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]9809LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Just9810RBjust so9811RBso I9812PPI can9813MDcan follow9814VVfollow ,9815,, the9816DTthe difference9817NNdifference between9818INbetween the9819DTthe flashlight9820NNflashlight and9821CCand ashtray9822NNashtray example9823NNexample ?9824SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9825LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] The9826NPThe ...9827:... the9828DTthe difference9829NNdifference between9830INbetween the9831DTthe flashlight9832NNflashlight and9833CCand the9834DTthe ashtray9835NNashtray example9836NNexample is9837VBZbe that9838IN/thatthat in9839INin the9840DTthe course9841NNcourse ...9842:... in9843INin the9844DTthe necessary9845JJnecessary course9846NNcourse of9847INof using9848VVGuse it9849PPit ,9850,, if9851INif you9852PPyou are9853VBPbe going9854VVGgo to9855TOto be9856VBbe exposed9857VVNexpose to9858TOto harm9859VVharm .9860SENT. And9861CCand so9862RBso I9863PPI suppose9864VVPsuppose on9865INon that9866DTthat axis9867NNaxis ,9868,, it9869PPit is9870VBZbe the9871DTthe case9872NNcase that9873IN/thatthat the9874DTthe ashtray9875NNashtray can9876MDcan be9877VBbe used9878VVNuse for9879INfor other9880JJother things9881NNSthing .9882SENT. But9883CCbut we9884PPwe are9885VBPbe ...9886:... I9887PPI did9888VVDdo think9889VVthink that9890IN/thatthat it9891PPit was9892VBDbe quite9893RBquite important9894JJimportant that9895IN/thatthat we9896PPwe are9897VBPbe n't9898RBn't saying9899VVGsay that9900IN/thatthat they9901PPthey are9902VBPbe ...9903:... they9904PPthey have9905VHPhave a9906DTa duty9907NNduty to9908TOto warn9909VVwarn that9910DTthat kind9911NNkind of9912INof encompasses9913VVZencompass everything9914NNeverything that9915IN/thatthat the9916DTthe asbestos9917NNasbestos manufacturer9918NNmanufacturer would9919MDwould ,9920,, because9921INbecause the9922DTthe asbestos9923NNasbestos manufacturer9924NNmanufacturer may9925MDmay have9926VHhave other9927JJother warnings9928NNSwarning and9929CCand other9930JJother harm9931NNharm that9932IN/thatthat it9933PPit causes9934VVZcause .9935SENT. Our9936PP$our harm9937NNharm is9938VBZbe one9939CDone that9940WDTthat comes9941VVZcome distinctly9942RBdistinctly from9943INfrom the9944DTthe fact9945NNfact that9946IN/thatthat this9947DTthis machine9948NNmachine is9949VBZbe just9950RBjust ...9951:... it9952PPit 's9953VBZbe not9954RBnot bare-metal9955JJbare-metal ;9956:; it9957PPit 's9958POS's dead9959JJdead metal9960NNmetal .9961SENT. It9962PPit is9963VBZbe just9964RBjust sitting9965VVGsit there9966RBthere as9967INas dead9968JJdead weight9969NNweight .9970SENT. And9971CCand if9972INif ...9973:... and9974CCand it9975PPit may9976MDmay help9977VVhelp ...9978:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]9979LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] What9980WPWhat if9981INif ...9982:... what9983WPwhat if9984INif ...9985:... let9986VVlet 's9987VBZbe just9988RBjust take9989VVtake a9990DTa hypothetical9991JJhypothetical .9992SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]9993LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Sure9994NPSure .9995SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]9996LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Okay9997NPOkay .9998SENT. The9999DTthe ...10000:... the10001DTthe ashtray10002NNashtray ,10003,, a10004DTa jury10005NNjury will10006MDwill find10007VVfind in10008INin my10009PP$my hypothetical10010JJhypothetical case10011NNcase that10012IN/thatthat the10013DTthe particular10014JJparticular nature10015NNnature of10016INof its10017PP$its design10018NNdesign meant10019VVDmean that10020IN/thatthat the10021DTthe manufacturer10022NNmanufacturer knew10023VVDknow it10024PPit would10025MDwould be10026VBbe used10027VVNuse with10028INwith tobacco10029NNtobacco products10030NNSproduct inevitably10031RBinevitably ,10032,, okay10033JJokay ?10034SENT? Then10035RBthen what10036WPwhat ?10037SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10038LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] So10039INso there10040EXthere are10041VBPbe a10042DTa lot10043NNlot of10044INof different10045JJdifferent defenses10046NNSdefense as10047INas well10048RBwell ,10049,, including10050VVGinclude the10051DTthe sophistication10052NNsophistication ...10053:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]10054LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Well10055UHWell ,10056,, just10057RBjust stick10058VVstick with10059INwith the10060DTthe ...10061:... the10062DTthe hypothetical10063JJhypothetical .10064SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10065LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I10066PPI am10067VBPbe sticking10068VVGstick with10069INwith the10070DTthe hypothetical10071JJhypothetical .10072SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]10073LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] All10074DTall right10075NNright .10076SENT. All10077DTall right10078NNright .10079SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10080LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I10081PPI mean10082VVPmean ,10083,, I10084PPI took10085VVDtake the10086DTthe hypothetical10087JJhypothetical to10088TOto be10089VBbe ,10090,, you10091PPyou know10092VVPknow ,10093,, will10094MDwill the10095DTthe ashtray10096NNashtray maker10097NNmaker be10098VBbe liable10099JJliable ...10100:...

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]10101LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] I10102PPI know10103VVPknow there10104EXthere are10105VBPbe defenses10106NNSdefense ,10107,, and10108CCand there10109EXthere are10110VBPbe going10111VVGgo to10112TOto be10113VBbe defenses10114NNSdefense ...10115:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10116LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yeah10117NPYeah .10118SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]10119LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] ...10120:... for10121INfor General10122NPGeneral Electric10123NPElectric or10124CCor whomever10125WPwhomever in10126INin this10127DTthis case10128NNcase too10129RBtoo .10130SENT. I10131PPI ...10132:... I10133PPI 'm10134VBPbe not10135RBnot asking10136VVGask about10137INabout that10138DTthat .10139SENT. Is10140VBZbe there10141RBthere a10142DTa duty10143NNduty ,10144,, is10145VBZbe what10146WPwhat I10147PPI 'm10148VBPbe asking10149VVGask ,10150,, okay10151JJokay ?10152SENT? That10153DTthat ...10154:... that10155IN/thatthat you10156PPyou could10157MDcould get10158VVget to10159TOto a10160DTa jury10161NNjury on10162INon duty10163NNduty ?10164SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10165LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yeah10166NPYeah .10167SENT.

[JUSTICE GORSUCH]10168LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] That10169DTthat 's10170VBZbe my10171PP$my question10172NNquestion .10173SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10174LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] The10175DTthe ashtray10176NNashtray ...10177:... I10178PPI think10179VVPthink that10180IN/thatthat there10181EXthere is10182VBZbe not10183RBnot a10184DTa duty10185NNduty .10186SENT. I10187PPI think10188VVPthink that10189IN/thatthat the10190DTthe important10191JJimportant distinctions10192NNSdistinction are10193VBPbe that10194IN/thatthat ,10195,, here10196RBhere ,10197,, the10198DTthe actual10199JJactual machine10200NNmachine creates10201VVZcreate the10202DTthe special10203JJspecial and10204CCand distinct10205JJdistinct risk10206NNrisk ,10207,, and10208CCand ,10209,, in10210INin addition10211NNaddition ,10212,, there10213EXthere is10214VBZbe in10215INin the10216DTthe common10217JJcommon law10218NNlaw this10219DTthis understanding10220NNunderstanding about10221RBabout whether10222INwhether you10223PPyou would10224MDwould be10225VBbe an10226DTan efficient10227JJefficient party10228NNparty or10229CCor there10230EXthere 's10231VBZbe a10232DTa much10233RBmuch better10234JJRgood party10235NNparty to10236TOto warn10237VVwarn .10238SENT. And10239CCand there10240EXthere we10241PPwe have10242VHPhave obviously10243RBobviously the10244DTthe situation10245NNsituation ...10246:... I10247PPI think10248VVPthink the10249DTthe ...10250:... the10251DTthe hypothetical10252JJhypothetical resonates10253VVZresonate because10254INbecause there10255EXthere 's10256VBZbe so10257RBso much10258JJmuch knowledge10259NNknowledge in10260INin the10261DTthe community10262NNcommunity about10263INabout the10264DTthe harms10265NNSharm from10266INfrom cigarettes10267NNScigarette that10268WDTthat come10269VVPcome from10270INfrom warning10271NNwarning about10272INabout cigarettes10273NNScigarette .10274SENT. But10275CCbut ,10276,, you10277PPyou know10278VVPknow ,10279,, to10280TOto take10281VVtake the10282DTthe battery10283NNbattery example10284NNexample from10285INfrom the10286DTthe flashlights10287NNSflashlight ,10288,, there10289EXthere are10290VBPbe other10291JJother sensible10292JJsensible instances10293NNSinstance in10294INin which10295WDTwhich we10296PPwe say10297VVPsay :10298:: Look10299VVlook ,10300,, if10301INif using10302VVGuse the10303DTthe machine10304NNmachine is10305VBZbe going10306VVGgo to10307TOto expose10308VVexpose you10309PPyou to10310TOto a10311DTa distinct10312JJdistinct risk10313NNrisk ,10314,, or10315CCor at10316INat the10317DTthe very10318RBvery least10319JJSleast ,10320,, when10321WRBwhen using10322VVGuse the10323DTthe machine10324NNmachine is10325VBZbe going10326VVGgo to10327TOto create10328VVcreate the10329DTthe risk10330NNrisk ,10331,, what10332WPwhat is10333VBZbe it10334PPit that10335IN/thatthat we10336PPwe think10337VVPthink the10338DTthe actual10339JJactual ...10340:... you10341PPyou know10342VVPknow ,10343,, the10344DTthe asbestos10345NNasbestos manufacturer10346NNmanufacturer ,10347,, not10348RBnot knowing10349VVGknow that10350IN/thatthat it10351PPit 's10352VBZbe going10353VVGgo to10354TOto be10355VBbe used10356VVNuse in10357INin this10358DTthis GE10359NPGE machine10360NNmachine ,10361,, not10362RBnot knowing10363VVGknow that10364IN/thatthat it10365PPit 's10366VBZbe going10367VVGgo to10368TOto be10369VBbe 85010370CD@card@ degrees10371NNSdegree ,10372,, that10373IN/thatthat this10374DTthis certain10375JJcertain pressure10376NNpressure will10377MDwill be10378VBbe at10379INat ,10380,, not10381RBnot knowing10382VVGknow that10383IN/thatthat GE10384NPGE will10385MDwill instruct10386VVinstruct to10387TOto how10388WRBhow to10389TOto maintain10390VVmaintain the10391DTthe machine10392NNmachine ,10393,, so10394RBso to10395TOto give10396VVgive it10397PPit ,10398,, you10399PPyou know10400VVPknow ,10401,, again10402RBagain ...10403:...

[JUSTICE ALITO]10404LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But10405CCbut ,10406,, if10407INif the10408DTthe question10409NNquestion is10410VBZbe who10411WPwho is10412VBZbe the10413DTthe ...10414:... the10415DTthe best10416JJSgood party10417NNparty to10418TOto warn10419VVwarn ,10420,, in10421INin this10422DTthis case10423NNcase ,10424,, why10425WRBwhy is10426VBZbe n't10427RBn't that10428IN/thatthat the10429DTthe Navy10430NPNavy ?10431SENT? Now10432RBnow I10433PPI know10434VVPknow the10435DTthe Navy10436NPNavy is10437VBZbe n't10438RBn't liable10439JJliable because10440INbecause of10441INof the10442DTthe separate10443JJseparate doctrine10444NNdoctrine ,10445,, but10446CCbut why10447WRBwhy is10448VBZbe n't10449RBn't the10450DTthe Navy10451NPNavy ...10452:... why10453WRBwhy was10454VBDbe n't10455RBn't the10456DTthe Navy10457NPNavy the10458DTthe best10459JJSgood party10460NNparty to10461TOto ...10462:... to10463TOto warn10464VVwarn ?10465SENT? The10466DTthe Navy10467NPNavy was10468VBDbe aware10469JJaware of10470INof the10471DTthe hazards10472NNShazard long10473RBlong before10474INbefore the10475DTthe ships10476NNSship were10477VBDbe built10478VVNbuild .10479SENT. It10480PPit wanted10481VVDwant to10482TOto use10483VVuse asbestos10484NNasbestos .10485SENT. It10486PPit ordered10487VVDorder these10488DTthese products10489NNSproduct knowing10490VVGknow that10491IN/thatthat they10492PPthey would10493MDwould have10494VHhave to10495TOto have10496VHhave asbestos10497NNasbestos on10498INon it10499PPit .10500SENT. It10501PPit had10502VHDhave control10503NNcontrol of10504INof the10505DTthe sailors10506NNSsailor .10507SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10508LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yeah10509NPYeah .10510SENT. So10511RBso what10512WPwhat the10513DTthe Navy10514NPNavy did10515VVDdo ...10516:... and10517CCand so10518INso I10519PPI ...10520:... it10521PPit is10522VBZbe a10523DTa very10524RBvery specific10525JJspecific question10526NNquestion about10527INabout the10528DTthe Navy10529NPNavy ...10530:... what10531WPwhat the10532DTthe Navy10533NPNavy did10534VVDdo is10535VBZbe it10536PPit required10537VVDrequire the10538DTthe manufacturers10539NNSmanufacturer to10540TOto provide10541VVprovide manuals10542NNSmanual on10543INon how10544WRBhow the10545DTthe machines10546NNSmachine are10547VBPbe maintained10548VVNmaintain .10549SENT. It10550PPit said10551VVDsay to10552TOto the10553DTthe manufacturer10554NNmanufacturer :10555:: You10556PPyou know10557VVPknow how10558WRBhow to10559TOto maintain10560VVmaintain your10561PP$your machine10562NNmachine .10563SENT. The10564DTthe Navy10565NPNavy is10566VBZbe n't10567RBn't the10568DTthe party10569NNparty that10570WDTthat 's10571VBZbe most10572RBSmost expert10573JJexpert about10574INabout that10575DTthat .10576SENT. It10577PPit 's10578VBZbe not10579RBnot the10580DTthe one10581CDone that10582WDTthat tested10583VVDtest the10584DTthe machine10585NNmachine and10586CCand the10587DTthe like10588INlike .10589SENT. Yes10590UHyes ,10591,, there10592EXthere were10593VBDbe specifications10594NNSspecification that10595IN/thatthat it10596PPit had10597VHDhave to10598TOto meet10599VVmeet ,10600,, but10601CCbut the10602DTthe party10603NNparty that10604WDTthat would10605MDwould produce10606VVproduce the10607DTthe manual10608NNmanual ,10609,, the10610DTthe party10611NNparty that10612WDTthat would10613MDwould know10614VVknow that10615IN/thatthat this10616DTthis was10617VBDbe going10618VVGgo to10619TOto degrade10620VVdegrade ,10621,, the10622DTthe party10623NNparty that10624WDTthat ...10625:... that10626DTthat ...10627:... and10628CCand if10629INif I10630PPI could10631MDcould just10632RBjust give10633VVgive you10634PPyou another10635DTanother precise10636JJprecise example10637NNexample because10638INbecause I10639PPI 'm10640VBPbe not10641RBnot sure10642JJsure the10643DTthe briefs10644NNSbrief ,10645,, you10646PPyou know10647VVPknow ,10648,, elucidate10649VVPelucidate this10650DTthis enough10651NNenough .10652SENT. What10653WPWhat happens10654VVZhappen here10655RBhere is10656VBZbe you10657PPyou have10658VHPhave two10659CDtwo pieces10660NNSpiece of10661INof metal10662NNmetal ...10663:... that10664WDTthat 's10665VBZbe why10666WRBwhy it10667PPit 's10668VHZhave called10669VVNcall the10670DTthe bare-metal10671JJbare-metal defense10672NNdefense ...10673:... and10674CCand in10675INin between10676INbetween them10677PPthem is10678VBZbe a10679DTa gasket10680NNgasket ,10681,, just10682RBjust like10683INlike a10684DTa washer10685NNwasher in10686INin something10687NNsomething in10688INin your10689PP$your house10690NNhouse ,10691,, okay10692JJokay ?10693SENT? This10694DTthis thing10695NNthing cannot10696MDcan operate10697VVoperate unless10698INunless it10699PPit 's10700VBZbe sealed10701VVNseal with10702INwith something10703NNsomething that10704WDTthat has10705VHZhave a10706DTa little10707JJlittle bit10708NNbit more10709JJRmore flexibility10710NNflexibility to10711TOto it10712PPit ,10713,, and10714CCand that10715DTthat 's10716VBZbe why10717WRBwhy you10718PPyou have10719VHPhave a10720DTa gasket10721NNgasket and10722CCand that10723DTthat 's10724VBZbe why10725WRBwhy ...10726:... the10727DTthe reason10728NNreason it10729PPit 's10730VBZbe asbestos10731NNasbestos is10732VBZbe it10733PPit 's10734VBZbe the10735DTthe only10736JJonly thing10737NNthing in10738INin the10739DTthe relevant10740JJrelevant period10741NNperiod of10742INof time10743NNtime that10744WDTthat would10745MDwould work10746VVwork .10747SENT. And10748CCand so10749RBso ,10750,, in10751INin that10752DTthat situation10753NNsituation when10754WRBwhen you10755PPyou ,10756,, the10757DTthe manufacturer10758NNmanufacturer ,10759,, are10760VBPbe designing10761VVGdesign your10762PP$your machine10763NNmachine and10764CCand knowing10765VVGknow what10766WPwhat kind10767NNkind of10768INof gasket10769NNgasket will10770MDwill I10771PPI be10772VBbe able10773JJable to10774TOto use10775VVuse ,10776,, it10777PPit 's10778VBZbe going10779VVGgo to10780TOto have10781VHhave to10782TOto be10783VBbe an10784DTan asbestos10785NNasbestos one10786CDone ,10787,, but10788CCbut not10789RBnot just10790RBjust that10791IN/thatthat ,10792,, I10793PPI know10794VVPknow that10795IN/thatthat when10796WRBwhen you10797PPyou break10798VVPbreak the10799DTthe machine10800NNmachine open10801JJopen ,10802,, right10803RBright ,10804,, to10805TOto do10806VVdo maintenance10807NNmaintenance on10808INon the10809DTthe machine10810NNmachine ,10811,, we10812PPwe have10813VHPhave to10814TOto get10815VVget inside10816INinside it10817PPit ,10818,, I10819PPI know10820VVPknow you10821PPyou 're10822VBPbe going10823VVGgo to10824TOto have10825VHhave to10826TOto scrape10827VVscrape that10828IN/thatthat off10829RBoff and10830CCand make10831VVmake it10832PPit perfectly10833RBperfectly clean10834VVclean in10835INin order10836NNorder to10837TOto reseal10838VVreseal it10839PPit ,10840,, given10841VVNgive the10842DTthe tolerances10843NNStolerance of10844INof my10845PP$my machine10846NNmachine .10847SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]10848LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Counsel10849NPCounsel ,10850,, I10851PPI ...10852:... I10853PPI 've10854VHPhave been10855VBNbe thinking10856VVGthink about10857INabout your10858PP$your plane10859NNplane and10860CCand the10861DTthe Rolls10862NPRolls Royce10863NPRoyce engine10864NNengine .10865SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10866LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes10867NPYes .10868SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]10869LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] I10870PPI want10871VVPwant to10872TOto make10873VVmake sure10874JJsure I10875PPI understand10876VVPunderstand it10877PPit .10878SENT. The10879DTthe engine10880NNengine can10881MDcan cause10882VVcause all10883DTall sorts10884NNSsort of10885INof dangers10886NNSdanger when10887WRBwhen it10888PPit 's10889VBZbe running10890VVGrun .10891SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10892LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Yes10893NPYes .10894SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]10895LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] And10896CCand your10897PP$your theory10898NNtheory was10899VBDbe that10900IN/thatthat the10901DTthe plane10902NNplane manufacturer10903NNmanufacturer is10904VBZbe liable10905JJliable to10906TOto the10907DTthe ...10908:... when10909WRBwhen those10910DTthose dangers10911NNSdanger injure10912VVPinjure someone10913NNsomeone ?10914SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]10915LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Your10916PP$your Honor10917NPHonor ,10918,, what10919WPwhat I10920PPI was10921VBDbe ...10922:... the10923DTthe example10924NNexample I10925PPI was10926VBDbe giving10927VVGgive is10928VBZbe if10929INif you10930PPyou are10931VBPbe doing10932VVGdo maintenance10933NNmaintenance on10934INon the10935DTthe engine10936NNengine ,10937,, okay10938JJokay ,10939,, on10940RBon ...10941:... under10942INunder the10943DTthe integrated10944JJintegrated product10945NNproduct doctrine10946NNdoctrine ,10947,, the10948DTthe responsibility10949NNresponsibility there10950EXthere is10951VBZbe of10952INof the10953DTthe airline10954NNairline manufacturer10955NNmanufacturer .10956SENT. It10957PPit may10958MDmay provide10959VVprovide another10960DTanother manual10961NNmanual from10962INfrom the10963DTthe Rolls10964NPRolls Royce10965NPRoyce company10966NNcompany ,10967,, but10968CCbut if10969INif the10970DTthe airline10971NNairline is10972VBZbe providing10973VVGprovide a10974DTa manual10975NNmanual on10976INon how10977WRBhow to10978TOto maintain10979VVmaintain the10980DTthe machine10981NNmachine and10982CCand it10983PPit includes10984VVZinclude the10985DTthe engines10986NNSengine ,10987,, we10988PPwe want10989VVPwant it10990PPit to10991TOto warn10992VVwarn about10993INabout the10994DTthe dangers10995NNSdanger of10996INof ...10997:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]10998LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] I10999PPI would11000MDwould have11001VHhave thought11002VVNthink in11003INin that11004DTthat case11005NNcase ...11006:... it11007PPit 's11008VBZbe a11009DTa point11010NNpoint your11011PP$your friend11012NNfriend on11013INon the11014DTthe other11015JJother side11016NNside made11017VVNmake ...11018:... it11019PPit does11020VVZdo seem11021VVseem to11022TOto me11023PPme that11024IN/thatthat it11025PPit would11026MDwould make11027VVmake a11028DTa lot11029NNlot more11030JJRmore sense11031NNsense for11032INfor the11033DTthe engine11034NNengine manufacturer11035NNmanufacturer to11036TOto be11037VBbe the11038DTthe one11039CDone giving11040VVGgive warnings11041NNSwarning about11042INabout how11043WRBhow its11044PP$its product11045NNproduct works11046NNSwork .11047SENT. Now11048RBnow I11049PPI 'm11050VBPbe not11051RBnot quite11052RBquite sure11053JJsure why11054WRBwhy that11055DTthat 's11056VBZbe different11057JJdifferent than11058INthan the11059DTthe case11060NNcase before11061INbefore us11062PPus ,11063,, but11064CCbut it11065PPit does11066VVZdo strike11067VVstrike me11068PPme as11069RBas ...11070:... as11071INas a11072DTa different11073JJdifferent situation11074NNsituation .11075SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11076LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Well11077UHwell ,11078,, I11079PPI do11080VVPdo think11081VVthink that11082IN/thatthat the11083DTthe ...11084:... the11085DTthe way11086NNway the11087DTthe integrated11088JJintegrated product11089NNproduct doctrine11090NNdoctrine has11091VHZhave worked11092VVNwork ,11093,, and11094CCand I11095PPI think11096VVPthink we11097PPwe can11098MDcan also11099RBalso cut11100VVcut through11101INthrough the11102DTthe ambiguities11103NNSambiguity and11104CCand what11105WPwhat the11106DTthe marginal11107JJmarginal cases11108NNScase are11109VBPbe ,11110,, because11111INbecause they11112PPthey concede11113VVPconcede liability11114NNliability as11115RBas to11116TOto the11117DTthe gaskets11118NNSgasket that11119WDTthat shipped11120VVDship with11121INwith it11122PPit originally11123RBoriginally .11124SENT. So11125RBso we11126PPwe know11127VVPknow we11128PPwe 're11129VBPbe dealing11130VVGdeal with11131INwith an11132DTan integrated11133JJintegrated product11134NNproduct there11135RBthere .11136SENT. The11137DTthe integrated11138JJintegrated product11139NNproduct doctrine11140NNdoctrine works11141VVZwork as11142INas saying11143VVGsay if11144INif you11145PPyou build11146VVPbuild something11147NNsomething into11148INinto your11149PP$your machine11150NNmachine and11151CCand it11152PPit is11153VBZbe going11154VVGgo to11155TOto operate11156VVoperate as11157INas intended11158VVNintend ,11159,, it11160PPit is11161VBZbe the11162DTthe manufacturer11163NNmanufacturer of11164INof the11165DTthe integrated11166JJintegrated product11167NNproduct ,11168,, the11169DTthe turbine11170NNturbine ,11171,, the11172DTthe pump11173NNpump ,11174,, in11175INin our11176PP$our examples11177NNSexample ,11178,, that11179WDTthat has11180VHZhave the11181DTthe ...11182:... the11183DTthe common11184JJcommon law11185NNlaw duty11186NNduty to11187TOto warn11188VVwarn .11189SENT.

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]11190LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Is11191VBZbe the11192DTthe ...11193:... is11194VBZbe a11195DTa flashlight11196NNflashlight an11197DTan integrated11198JJintegrated product11199NNproduct then11200RBthen with11201INwith the11202DTthe batteries11203NNSbattery ?11204SENT? Is11205VBZbe it11206PPit ...11207:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11208LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I11209PPI ...11210:... I11211PPI think11212VVPthink it11213PPit 's11214VBZbe probably11215RBprobably ...11216:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]11217LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Or11218CCor what11219WPwhat 's11220VBZbe the11221DTthe theory11222NNtheory ?11223SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11224LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] I11225PPI ...11226:... I11227PPI think11228VVPthink it11229PPit is11230VBZbe because11231INbecause we11232PPwe 're11233VBPbe talking11234VVGtalk about11235INabout wear11236NNwear parts11237NNSpart here11238RBhere ...11239:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]11240LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] And11241CCand the11242DTthe ashtray11243NNashtray is11244VBZbe not11245RBnot an11246DTan integrated11247JJintegrated product11248NNproduct with11249INwith the11250DTthe ...11251:...

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11252LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] With11253INwith the11254DTthe ...11255:...

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]11256LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] ...11257:... tobacco11258NNtobacco ?11259SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11260LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Exactly11261RBexactly .11262SENT.

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]11263LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Is11264VBZbe that11265IN/thatthat the11266DTthe ...11267:... I11268PPI just11269RBjust want11270VVPwant to11271TOto make11272VVmake sure11273JJsure ...11274:... is11275VBZbe that11276IN/thatthat the11277DTthe distinction11278NNdistinction ,11279,, so11280RBso I11281PPI understand11282VVPunderstand ?11283SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11284LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] That11285DTthat is11286VBZbe among11287INamong the11288DTthe distinctions11289NNSdistinction ,11290,, that11291WDTthat 's11292VBZbe right11293JJright .11294SENT. And11295CCand part11296NNpart of11297INof it11298PPit would11299MDwould be11300VBbe probably11301RBprobably whether11302INwhether it11303PPit is11304VBZbe the11305DTthe case11306NNcase that11307IN/thatthat these11308DTthese things11309NNSthing ordinarily11310RBordinarily ship11311VVPship with11312INwith batteries11313NNSbattery .11314SENT. Okay11315JJokay ?11316SENT? If11317INif it11318PPit 's11319VBZbe the11320DTthe case11321NNcase that11322IN/thatthat these11323DTthese products11324NNSproduct come11325VVNcome with11326INwith batteries11327NNSbattery ,11328,, so11329RBso ,11330,, you11331PPyou know11332VVPknow ,11333,, they11334PPthey 're11335VBPbe perceived11336VVNperceive as11337INas being11338VBGbe one11339CDone integrated11340JJintegrated thing11341NNthing .11342SENT. If11343INif they11344PPthey are11345VBPbe instead11346RBinstead understood11347VVNunderstand to11348TOto be11349VBbe two11350CDtwo separate11351JJseparate things11352NNSthing ,11353,, it11354PPit would11355MDwould be11356VBbe a11357DTa different11358JJdifferent matter11359NNmatter .11360SENT. The11361DTthe easy11362JJeasy case11363NNcase ,11364,, I11365PPI would11366MDwould say11367VVsay ...11368:... we11369PPwe ...11370:... we11371PPwe 're11372VBPbe having11373VHGhave the11374DTthe struggle11375NNstruggle that11376IN/thatthat the11377DTthe common11378JJcommon law11379NNlaw has11380VHZhave had11381VHNhave .11382SENT.

[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]11383LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] So11384RBso shipped11385VVNship with11386INwith ,11387,, not11388RBnot inevitably11389RBinevitably used11390VVNuse with11391INwith ?11392SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11393LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] No11394NPNo .11395SENT. I11396PPI think11397VVPthink that11398IN/thatthat it11399PPit is11400VBZbe shipped11401VVNship with11402INwith because11403INbecause it11404PPit is11405VBZbe inevitably11406RBinevitably used11407VVNuse with11408INwith .11409SENT. It11410PPit 's11411VBZbe no11412DTno accident11413NNaccident .11414SENT. It11415PPit just11416RBjust ...11417:... it11418PPit was11419VBDbe n't11420RBn't like11421INlike we11422PPwe love11423VVPlove asbestos11424NNasbestos .11425SENT. I11426PPI mean11427VVPmean ,11428,, there11429EXthere is11430VBZbe nothing11431NNnothing else11432RBelse ...11433:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]11434LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Well11435UHWell ,11436,, but11437CCbut here11438RBhere ...11439:... here11440RBhere ,11441,, they11442PPthey ...11443:... they11444PPthey did11445VVDdo n't11446RBn't ship11447VVship the11448DTthe asbestos11449NNasbestos with11450INwith it11451PPit .11452SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11453LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] That11454DTthat is11455VBZbe ...11456:...

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]11457LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Other11458JJother than11459INthan your11460PP$your gasket11461NNgasket part11462NNpart .11463SENT. I11464PPI mean11465VVPmean ,11466,, the11467DTthe insulation11468NNinsulation was11469VBDbe added11470VVNadd later11471RBRlater .11472SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11473LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] That11474DTthat is11475VBZbe ...11476:... so11477RBso just11478RBjust to11479TOto be11480VBbe clear11481JJclear ,11482,, our11483PP$our ...11484:... our11485PP$our case11486NNcase rests11487VVZrest quite11488RBquite heavily11489RBheavily on11490INon the11491DTthe internal11492JJinternal gasket11493NNgasket that11494WDTthat turns11495VVZturn to11496TOto dust11497NNdust and11498CCand the11499DTthe internal11500JJinternal packing11501NNpacking that11502WDTthat turns11503VVZturn to11504TOto dust11505VVdust .11506SENT. That11507DTthat was11508VBDbe overwhelmingly11509RBoverwhelmingly provided11510VVNprovide with11511INwith the11512DTthe machine11513NNmachine because11514INbecause ,11515,, especially11516RBespecially as11517INas to11518TOto the11519DTthe gaskets11520NNSgasket ,11521,, you11522PPyou know11523VVPknow ,11524,, the11525DTthe metal11526NNmetal will11527MDwill just11528RBjust rub11529VVrub up11530RPup against11531INagainst it11532PPit .11533SENT. There11534EXthere is11535VBZbe the11536DTthe question11537NNquestion of11538INof the11539DTthe non-replacement11540NNnon-replacement external11541JJexternal insulation11542NNinsulation .11543SENT. And11544CCand so11545RBso this11546DTthis could11547MDcould be11548VBbe looked11549VVNlook at11550INat differently11551RBdifferently .11552SENT. We11553PPwe do11554VVPdo think11555VVthink the11556DTthe result11557NNresult is11558VBZbe the11559DTthe same11560JJsame ,11561,, because11562INbecause the11563DTthe machine11564NNmachine will11565MDwill not11566RBnot operate11567VVoperate as11568RBas intended11569VVNintend without11570INwithout the11571DTthe external11572JJexternal insulation11573NNinsulation for11574INfor two11575CDtwo reasons11576NNSreason .11577SENT. The11578DTthe most11579RBSmost important11580JJimportant one11581PPone is11582VBZbe the11583DTthe machine11584NNmachine is11585VBZbe built11586VVNbuild to11587TOto keep11588VVkeep heat11589NNheat in11590INin the11591DTthe system11592NNsystem .11593SENT. If11594INif you11595PPyou do11596VVPdo n't11597RBn't have11598VHhave asbestos11599NNasbestos insulation11600NNinsulation ,11601,, all11602PDTall the11603DTthe heat11604NNheat goes11605VVZgo out11606RPout of11607INof it11608PPit .11609SENT. Everybody11610NNEverybody knows11611VVZknow the11612DTthe machine11613NNmachine will11614MDwill be11615VBbe covered11616VVNcover in11617INin insulation11618NNinsulation .11619SENT. The11620DTthe reason11621NNreason it11622PPit does11623VVZdo n't11624RBn't ship11625VVship with11626INwith it11627PPit is11628VBZbe because11629INbecause it11630PPit is11631VBZbe just11632RBjust very11633RBvery ,11634,, very11635RBvery difficult11636JJdifficult to11637TOto pre-install11638NNpre-install blanket11639NNblanket insulation11640NNinsulation rather11641RBrather than11642INthan hanging11643VVGhang it11644PPit on11645INon once11646RBonce it11647PPit gets11648VVZget to11649TOto the11650DTthe ship11651NNship itself11652PPitself .11653SENT. I11654PPI ...11655:... I11656PPI will11657MDwill say11658VVsay there11659EXthere is11660VBZbe also11661RBalso a11662DTa marginal11663JJmarginal case11664NNcase that11665IN/thatthat my11666PP$my friend11667NNfriend sometimes11668RBsometimes points11669VVZpoint to11670TOto ,11671,, and11672CCand that11673WDTthat is11674VBZbe you11675PPyou ship11676VVPship the11677DTthe parts11678NNSpart of11679INof the11680DTthe machine11681NNmachine and11682CCand there11683EXthere 's11684VBZbe where11685WRBwhere you11686PPyou put11687VVDput in11688INin the11689DTthe gasket11690NNgasket and11691CCand the11692DTthe packing11693NNpacking .11694SENT. That11695DTthat 's11696VBZbe because11697INbecause some11698DTsome ...11699:... these11700DTthese machines11701NNSmachine can11702MDcan be11703VBbe so11704RBso big11705JJbig that11706IN/thatthat the11707DTthe Navy11708NPNavy can11709MDcan require11710VVrequire that11711IN/thatthat they11712PPthey be11713VBbe assembled11714VVNassemble shipboard11715NNshipboard ,11716,, but11717CCbut that11718WDTthat does11719VVZdo n't11720RBn't make11721VVmake them11722PPthem any11723DTany less11724JJRless part11725NNpart of11726INof the11727DTthe original11728JJoriginal machine11729NNmachine .11730SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]11731LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] The11732DTthe part11733NNpart there11734RBthere that11735IN/thatthat I11736PPI started11737VVDstart off11738RPoff ,11739,, whatever11740WDTwhatever my11741PP$my track11742NNtrack was11743VBDbe ,11744,, is11745VBZbe ...11746:... is11747VBZbe in11748INin the11749DTthe restatement11750NNrestatement where11751WRBwhere it11752PPit says11753VVZsay on11754RPon ...11755:... you11756PPyou 're11757VBPbe talking11758VVGtalk about11759INabout this11760DTthis case11761NNcase that11762IN/thatthat you11763PPyou 're11764VBPbe talking11765VVGtalk about11766RBabout ,11767,, I11768PPI think11769VVPthink ,11770,, right11771RBright now11772RBnow .11773SENT. "11774''" The11775DTthe law11776NNlaw itself11777PPitself must11778MDmust take11779VVtake care11780NNcare to11781TOto avoid11782VVavoid requiring11783VVGrequire excessive11784JJexcessive precautions11785NNSprecaution of11786INof actors11787NNSactor relating11788VVGrelate to11789TOto harms11790NNSharm that11791WDTthat are11792VBPbe immediately11793RBimmediately due11794JJdue to11795TOto the11796DTthe improper11797JJimproper conduct11798NNconduct of11799INof third-parties11800NNSthird-parties ,11801,, even11802RBeven when11803WRBwhen that11804DTthat improper11805JJimproper conduct11806NNconduct can11807MDcan be11808VBbe regarded11809VVNregard as11810INas somewhat11811RBsomewhat foreseeable11812JJforeseeable .11813SENT. "11814``" So11815INso that11816WDTthat says11817VVZsay ,11818,, oh11819UHoh ,11820,, well11821UHwell ,11822,, we11823PPwe have11824VHPhave to11825TOto figure11826VVfigure it11827PPit out11828RPout .11829SENT. And11830CCand that11831DTthat 's11832VBZbe why11833WRBwhy I11834PPI sort11835VVPsort of11836INof see11837NNsee ,11838,, but11839CCbut I11840PPI thought11841VVDthink ,11842,, well11843RBwell ,11844,, maybe11845RBmaybe that11846DTthat should11847MDshould be11848VBbe interpreted11849VVNinterpret as11850RBas to11851TOto require11852VVrequire ,11853,, in11854INin your11855PP$your third11856JJthird situation11857NNsituation ,11858,, not11859RBnot the11860DTthe first11861JJfirst two11862CDtwo ,11863,, that11864WDTthat ...11865:... that11866IN/thatthat the11867DTthe manufacturer11868NNmanufacturer functionally11869RBfunctionally requires11870VVZrequire that11871IN/thatthat a11872DTa dangerous11873JJdangerous item11874NNitem be11875VBbe put11876VVNput to11877TOto work11878VVwork .11879SENT.

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11880LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] All11881DTall right11882NNright .11883SENT. The11884DTthe only11885JJonly change11886NNchange I11887PPI would11888MDwould give11889VVgive ...11890:...

[JUSTICE BREYER]11891LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] And11892CCand you11893PPyou all11894RBall can11895MDcan argue11896VVargue about11897RBabout whether11898INwhether that11899DTthat 's11900VBZbe true11901JJtrue .11902SENT. What11903WPWhat ?11904SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11905LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] Sorry11906RBsorry .11907SENT. I11908PPI might11909MDmight not11910RBnot say11911VVsay the11912DTthe manufacturer11913NNmanufacturer functionally11914RBfunctionally requires11915VVZrequire ,11916,, that11917WDTthat is11918VBZbe ,11919,, it11920PPit is11921VBZbe functionally11922RBfunctionally required11923VVNrequire .11924SENT.

[JUSTICE BREYER]11925LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] What11926WPWhat would11927MDwould you11928PPyou say11929VVsay ?11930SENT?

[MR. GOLDSTEIN]11931LOC[MR. GOLDSTEIN] It11932PPit is11933VBZbe ...11934:... in11935INin the11936DTthe passive11937JJpassive voice11938NNvoice ,11939,, because11940INbecause I11941PPI just11942RBjust ...11943:... if11944INif ...11945:... if11946INif they11947PPthey are11948VBPbe making11949VVGmake a11950DTa machine11951NNmachine to11952TOto a11953DTa Navy11954NPNavy specification11955NNspecification and11956CCand the11957DTthe machine11958NNmachine will11959MDwill only11960RBonly operate11961VVoperate with11962INwith asbestos11963NNasbestos ,11964,, I11965PPI do11966VVPdo n't11967RBn't think11968VVthink that11969WDTthat gets11970VVZget rid11971JJrid of11972INof the11973DTthe duty11974NNduty to11975TOto warn11976VVwarn unless11977INunless the11978DTthe Navy11979NPNavy tells11980VVZtell them11981PPthem not11982RBnot to11983TOto warn11984VVwarn .11985SENT. That11986DTthat 's11987VBZbe the11988DTthe Boyle11989NPBoyle defense11990NNdefense .11991SENT. So11992RBso I11993PPI do11994VVPdo want11995VVwant to11996TOto be11997VBbe clear11998JJclear that11999IN/thatthat I12000PPI think12001VVPthink that12002IN/thatthat there12003EXthere are12004VBPbe a12005DTa couple12006NNcouple defenses12007NNSdefense ,12008,, government12009NNgovernment contractor12010NNcontractor and12011CCand superseding12012VVGsupersede cause12013NNcause ,12014,, that12015WDTthat essentially12016RBessentially the12017DTthe other12018JJother side12019NNside 's12020POS's argument12021NNargument is12022VBZbe ,12023,, you12024PPyou know12025VVPknow ,12026,, we12027PPwe got12028VVDget halfway12029RBhalfway there12030RBthere ,12031,, you12032PPyou know12033VVPknow ,12034,, we12035PPwe did12036VVDdo n't12037RBn't actually12038RBactually have12039VHhave the12040DTthe Navy12041NPNavy forbidding12042VVGforbid us12043PPus from12044INfrom giving12045VVGgive warnings12046NNSwarning and12047CCand we12048PPwe did12049VVDdo n't12050RBn't actually12051RBactually have12052VHhave an12053DTan unforeseeable12054JJunforeseeable superseding12055VVGsupersede cause12056NNcause ,12057,, but12058CCbut kind12059NNkind of12060INof the12061DTthe mix12062NNmix of12063INof those12064DTthose as12065INas a12066DTa policy12067NNpolicy matter12068NNmatter is12069VBZbe enough12070JJenough to12071TOto put12072VVput the12073DTthe liability12074NNliability off12075RPoff on12076INon someone12077NNsomeone else12078RBelse .12079SENT. There12080EXthere should12081MDshould be12082VBbe a12083DTa real12084JJreal consequence12085NNconsequence to12086TOto the12087DTthe fact12088NNfact that12089IN/thatthat they12090PPthey can12091MDcan 't12092RB't meet12093VVmeet the12094DTthe standards12095NNSstandard of12096INof the12097DTthe Court12098NPCourt 's12099POS's decision12100NNdecision in12101INin Exxon12102NPExxon versus12103CCversus Sofec12104NPSofec on12105INon superseding12106VVGsupersede cause12107NNcause or12108CCor the12109DTthe government12110NNgovernment contractor12111NNcontractor defense12112NNdefense .12113SENT. When12114WRBwhen the12115DTthe ...12116:... those12117DTthose requirements12118NNSrequirement are12119VBPbe n't12120RBn't met12121VVNmeet ,12122,, that12123WDTthat 's12124VBZbe because12125INbecause we12126PPwe want12127VVPwant the12128DTthe liability12129NNliability on12130INon the12131DTthe original12132JJoriginal party12133NNparty here12134RBhere .12135SENT. And12136CCand that12137DTthat 's12138VBZbe this12139DTthis party12140NNparty .12141SENT. It12142PPit is12143VBZbe creating12144VVGcreate the12145DTthe danger12146NNdanger .12147SENT. Thank12148VVthank you12149PPyou .12150SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]12151LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Thank12152VVthank you12153PPyou ,12154,, counsel12155NNcounsel .12156SENT. Four12157CDFour minutes12158NNSminute ,12159,, Mr12160NPMr .12161SENT. Dvoretzky12162NPDvoretzky .12163SENT.

[MR. DVORETZKY]12164LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Thank12165VVthank you12166PPyou ,12167,, Mr12168NPMr .12169SENT. Chief12170NPChief Justice12171NPJustice .12172SENT. I12173PPI think12174VVPthink that12175IN/thatthat one12176CDone of12177INof the12178DTthe challenges12179NNSchallenge ...12180:... one12181CDone of12182INof the12183DTthe challenges12184NNSchallenge of12185INof this12186DTthis argument12187NNargument is12188VBZbe creating12189VVGcreate an12190DTan administrable12191JJadministrable rule12192NNrule based12193VVNbase on12194INon these12195DTthese terms12196NNSterm like12197INlike required12198VVNrequire ,12199,, directed12200VVNdirect ,12201,, inevitable12202JJinevitable .12203SENT. And12204CCand I12205PPI think12206VVPthink the12207DTthe back12208RBback and12209CCand forth12210RBforth shows12211VVZshow that12212IN/thatthat those12213DTthose terms12214NNSterm ,12215,, when12216WRBwhen you12217PPyou actually12218RBactually try12219VVPtry to12220TOto apply12221VVapply them12222PPthem ,12223,, are12224VBPbe very12225RBvery difficult12226JJdifficult to12227TOto apply12228VVapply and12229CCand will12230MDwill not12231RBnot lead12232VVlead to12233TOto predictable12234JJpredictable rules12235NNSrule that12236WDTthat will12237MDwill tell12238VVtell manufacturers12239NNSmanufacturer what12240WPwhat they12241PPthey need12242VVPneed to12243TOto do12244VVdo and12245CCand that12246IN/thatthat will12247MDwill promote12248VVpromote the12249DTthe interests12250NNSinterest of12251INof maritime12252JJmaritime commerce12253NNcommerce .12254SENT. When12255WRBwhen you12256PPyou talk12257VVPtalk about12258INabout the12259DTthe machine12260NNmachine not12261RBnot operating12262VVGoperate without12263INwithout it12264PPit ,12265,, in12266INin our12267PP$our case12268NNcase ,12269,, the12270DTthe machines12271NNSmachine would12272MDwould operate12273VVoperate without12274INwithout asbestos12275NNasbestos .12276SENT. They12277PPthey just12278RBjust would12279MDwould not12280RBnot operate12281VVoperate as12282RBas efficiently12283RBefficiently .12284SENT. And12285CCand Joint12286NPJoint Appendix12287NPAppendix 10412288CD@card@ and12289CCand 12812290CD@card@ discuss12291VVPdiscuss a12292DTa couple12293NNcouple of12294INof alternatives12295NNSalternative that12296WDTthat maybe12297RBmaybe did12298VVDdo not12299RBnot meet12300VVmeet the12301DTthe Navy12302NPNavy 's12303POS's specs12304NNSspec but12305CCbut that12306WDTthat would12307MDwould have12308VHhave allowed12309VVNallow the12310DTthe machines12311NNSmachine to12312TOto operate12313VVoperate ,12314,, and12315CCand ,12316,, again12317RBagain ,12318,, they12319PPthey operate12320VVPoperate without12321INwithout asbestos12322NNasbestos today12323NNtoday .12324SENT. If12325INif we12326PPwe 're12327VBPbe talking12328VVGtalk about12329RBabout directed12330VVNdirect ,12331,, I12332PPI think12333VVPthink it12334PPit 's12335VBZbe helpful12336JJhelpful to12337TOto look12338VVlook at12339INat the12340DTthe ...12341:... what12342WPwhat an12343DTan example12344NNexample of12345INof a12346DTa manual12347NNmanual in12348INin this12349DTthis case12350NNcase actually12351RBactually is12352VBZbe ,12353,, and12354CCand it12355PPit 's12356VBZbe in12357INin the12358DTthe Third12359NPThird Circuit12360NPCircuit Joint12361NPJoint Appendix12362NPAppendix at12363INat 412364CD4 37212365CD@card@ to12366TOto 40412367CD@card@ .12368SENT. All12369RBall it12370PPit is12371VBZbe is12372VBZbe a12373DTa series12374NNseries of12375INof sketches12376NNSsketch that12377WDTthat show12378VVPshow where12379WRBwhere the12380DTthe asbestos12381NNasbestos would12382MDwould go12383VVgo .12384SENT. In12385INin other12386JJother words12387NNSword ,12388,, this12389DTthis shows12390VVZshow the12391DTthe foreseeable12392JJforeseeable use12393NNuse of12394INof asbestos12395NNasbestos by12396INby the12397DTthe Navy12398NPNavy ,12399,, but12400CCbut it12401PPit 's12402VBZbe not12403RBnot providing12404VVGprovide specific12405JJspecific step-by-step12406NNstep-by-step directions12407NNSdirection saying12408VVGsay you12409PPyou must12410MDmust use12411VVuse asbestos12412NNasbestos and12413CCand here12414RBhere 's12415VBZbe how12416WRBhow to12417TOto use12418VVuse it12419PPit .12420SENT. So12421RBso ,12422,, when12423WRBwhen we12424PPwe talk12425VVPtalk about12426RBabout directed12427VVNdirect ,12428,, what12429WPwhat does12430VVZdo that12431DTthat mean12432NNmean ?12433SENT? And12434CCand it12435PPit 's12436VBZbe important12437JJimportant in12438INin maritime12439JJmaritime law12440NNlaw in12441INin particular12442JJparticular to12443TOto have12444VHhave predictable12445JJpredictable rules12446NNSrule in12447INin order12448NNorder to12449TOto promote12450VVpromote maritime12451JJmaritime commerce12452NNcommerce .12453SENT. Second12454JJsecond point12455NNpoint :12456:: My12457PP$my friend12458NNfriend talks12459NNStalk about12460RBabout how12461WRBhow our12462PP$our machines12463NNSmachine created12464VVDcreate the12465DTthe risk12466NNrisk .12467SENT. This12468DTthis is12469VBZbe not12470RBnot a12471DTa combined12472JJcombined use12473NNuse sort12474NNsort of12475INof case12476NNcase where12477WRBwhere a12478DTa flashlight12479NNflashlight might12480MDmight puncture12481VVpuncture a12482DTa battery12483NNbattery .12484SENT. And12485CCand in12486INin that12487DTthat situation12488NNsituation ,12489,, of12490INof course12491NNcourse ,12492,, the12493DTthe flashlight12494NNflashlight manufacturer12495NNmanufacturer would12496MDwould be12497VBbe liable12498JJliable for12499INfor contributing12500VVGcontribute to12501TOto the12502DTthe harm12503NNharm .12504SENT. It12505PPit was12506VBDbe not12507RBnot argued12508VVNargue below12509RBbelow .12510SENT. There12511EXthere 's12512VBZbe no12513DTno evidence12514NNevidence in12515INin the12516DTthe record12517NNrecord that12518IN/thatthat our12519PP$our ...12520:... that12521IN/thatthat our12522PP$our machines12523NNSmachine contribute12524VVPcontribute to12525TOto the12526DTthe harm12527NNharm in12528INin this12529DTthis way12530NNway .12531SENT. And12532CCand it12533PPit 's12534VBZbe also12535RBalso not12536RBnot true12537JJtrue ,12538,, first12539JJfirst ,12540,, because12541INbecause of12542INof the12543DTthe point12544NNpoint I12545PPI made12546VVDmake earlier12547RBRearlier that12548IN/thatthat this12549DTthis is12550VBZbe just12551RBjust the12552DTthe natural12553JJnatural degradation12554NNdegradation of12555INof asbestos12556NNasbestos when12557WRBwhen it12558PPit 's12559VBZbe used12560VVNuse ,12561,, not12562RBnot any12563DTany unique12564JJunique harm12565NNharm caused12566VVNcause by12567INby our12568PP$our machine12569NNmachine .12570SENT.

[JUSTICE GINSBURG]12571LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] And12572CCand what12573WPwhat you12574PPyou just12575RBjust said12576VVDsay ,12577,, it12578PPit sounds12579VVZsound to12580TOto me12581PPme like12582INlike ...12583:... that12584IN/thatthat those12585DTthose would12586MDwould be12587VBbe an12588DTan issue12589NNissue ...12590:... issues12591NNSissue for12592INfor trial12593NNtrial ,12594,, but12595CCbut you12596PPyou say12597VVPsay you12598PPyou should12599MDshould have12600VHhave summary12601JJsummary judgment12602NNjudgment and12603CCand no12604DTno trial12605NNtrial based12606VVNbase on12607INon the12608DTthe ,12609,, what12610WPwhat is12611VBZbe it12612PPit ,12613,, the12614DTthe bare12615JJbare something12616NNsomething doctrine12617NNdoctrine ?12618SENT?

[MR. DVORETZKY]12619LOC[MR. DVORETZKY] Well12620UHWell ,12621,, if12622INif ...12623:... if12624INif the12625DTthe theory12626NNtheory ...12627:... if12628INif it12629PPit were12630VBDbe argued12631VVNargue in12632INin this12633DTthis case12634NNcase that12635IN/thatthat there12636EXthere was12637VBDbe a12638DTa genuine12639JJgenuine issue12640NNissue of12641INof fact12642NNfact about12643RBabout whether12644INwhether our12645PP$our equipment12646NNequipment contributed12647VVDcontribute to12648TOto the12649DTthe harm12650NNharm in12651INin the12652DTthe way12653NNway that12654IN/thatthat a12655DTa flashlight12656NNflashlight punctures12657VVZpuncture a12658DTa battery12659NNbattery ,12660,, that12661WDTthat might12662MDmight well12663RBwell be12664VBbe a12665DTa fact12666NNfact question12667NNquestion ,12668,, but12669CCbut that12670WDTthat 's12671VHZhave not12672RBnot been12673VBNbe pled12674VVNplead or12675CCor argued12676VVNargue ,12677,, and12678CCand there12679EXthere 's12680VBZbe no12681DTno genuine12682JJgenuine issue12683NNissue of12684INof fact12685NNfact on12686INon this12687DTthis record12688NNrecord because12689INbecause that12690WDTthat 's12691VBZbe simply12692RBsimply not12693RBnot what12694WPwhat 's12695VHZhave been12696VBNbe argued12697VVNargue below12698RBbelow .12699SENT. Moreover12700RBmoreover ,12701,, if12702INif you12703PPyou look12704VVPlook at12705INat our12706PP$our system12707NNsystem ,12708,, while12709INwhile the12710DTthe system12711NNsystem as12712INas a12713DTa whole12714NNwhole generates12715VVZgenerate heat12716NNheat ,12717,, not12718RBnot all12719DTall equipment12720NNequipment in12721INin the12722DTthe system12723NNsystem even12724RBeven does12725VVZdo that12726DTthat .12727SENT. The12728DTthe ...12729:... the12730DTthe turbine12731NNturbine ,12732,, for12733INfor example12734NNexample ,12735,, spins12736VVZspin around12737RParound but12738CCbut is12739VBZbe n't12740RBn't generating12741VVGgenerate any12742DTany appreciable12743JJappreciable amount12744NNamount of12745INof heat12746NNheat .12747SENT. And12748CCand so12749RBso the12750DTthe idea12751NNidea that12752IN/thatthat every12753DTevery manufacturer12754NNmanufacturer in12755INin this12756DTthis integrated12757JJintegrated system12758NNsystem is12759VBZbe liable12760JJliable for12761INfor warning12762NNwarning would12763MDwould just12764RBjust ...12765:... would12766MDwould ,12767,, again12768RBagain ,12769,, lead12770VVlead to12771TOto over-warning12772NNover-warning and12773CCand excessive12774JJexcessive liability12775NNliability .12776SENT. With12777INwith respect12778NNrespect to12779TOto the12780DTthe cases12781NNScase that12782IN/thatthat Mr12783NPMr .12784SENT. Goldstein12785NPGoldstein cited12786VVDcite ,12787,, the12788DTthe Huynh12789NPHuynh case12790NNcase is12791VBZbe one12792CDone in12793INin which12794WDTwhich the12795DTthe grinder12796NNgrinder caused12797VVDcause the12798DTthe wheel12799NNwheel to12800TOto explode12801VVexplode because12802INbecause the12803DTthe particular12804JJparticular wheel12805NNwheel was12806VBDbe incompatible12807JJincompatible with12808INwith the12809DTthe grinder12810NNgrinder .12811SENT. And12812CCand so12813RBso ,12814,, in12815INin that12816DTthat situation12817NNsituation ,12818,, there12819RBthere ,12820,, of12821INof course12822NNcourse ,12823,, might12824MDmight well12825RBwell be12826VBbe a12827DTa duty12828NNduty on12829INon the12830DTthe part12831NNpart of12832INof the12833DTthe grinder12834NNgrinder manufacturer12835NNmanufacturer to12836TOto say12837VVsay :12838:: Do12839VVPdo n't12840RBn't use12841VVuse this12842DTthis wheel12843NNwheel .12844SENT. The12845DTthe Macias12846NPMacias case12847NNcase did12848VVDdo not12849RBnot involve12850VVinvolve later12851RBRlater added12852VVNadd components12853NNScomponent .12854SENT. And12855CCand the12856DTthe same12857JJsame state12858NNstate supreme12859NNsupreme court12860NNcourt there12861RBthere reaffirmed12862VVDreaffirm its12863PP$its earlier12864JJRearly decisions12865NNSdecision in12866INin the12867DTthe Braaten12868NPBraaten and12869CCand Simonetta12870NPSimonetta cases12871NNScase ,12872,, which12873WDTwhich did12874VVDdo involve12875VVinvolve later12876RBRlater added12877VVNadd components12878NNScomponent .12879SENT. And12880CCand it12881PPit 's12882VBZbe also12883RBalso worth12884JJworth emphasizing12885VVGemphasize that12886IN/thatthat both12887DTboth of12888INof those12889DTthose cases12890NNScase ...12891:... both12892CCboth of12893INof those12894DTthose cases12895NNScase are12896VBPbe asbestos-related12897JJasbestos-related cases12898NNScase .12899SENT. And12900CCand Mr12901NPMr .12902SENT. Goldstein12903NPGoldstein has12904VHZhave n't12905RBn't cited12906VVNcite a12907DTa single12908JJsingle case12909NNcase from12910INfrom outside12911INoutside the12912DTthe asbestos12913NNasbestos made12914VVDmake context12915NNcontext involving12916VVGinvolve ,12917,, say12918VVsay ,12919,, a12920DTa flashlight12921NNflashlight manufacturer12922NNmanufacturer that12923WDTthat needs12924VVZneed to12925TOto warn12926VVwarn about12927INabout the12928DTthe batteries12929NNSbattery .12930SENT. The12931DTthe fact12932NNfact that12933IN/thatthat flashlight12934NNflashlight manufacturers12935NNSmanufacturer might12936MDmight do12937VVdo that12938IN/thatthat as12939INas a12940DTa matter12941NNmatter of12942INof being12943VBGbe overly12944RBoverly cautious12945JJcautious does12946VVZdo n't12947RBn't mean12948VVmean that12949IN/thatthat the12950DTthe law12951NNlaw requires12952VVZrequire it12953PPit and12954CCand does12955VVZdo n't12956RBn't mean12957VVmean that12958DTthat tort12959NNtort law12960NNlaw policy12961NNpolicy is12962VBZbe well12963RBwell served12964VVNserve by12965INby it12966PPit .12967SENT.

[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]12968LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Thank12969VVthank you12970PPyou ,12971,, counsel12972NNcounsel .12973SENT. The12974DTthe case12975NNcase is12976VBZbe submitted12977VVNsubmit .12978SENT.