[MR. SHAFFER]19LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Mr20NPMr .21SENT. Chief22NPChief Justice23NPJustice ,24,, and25CCand may26MDmay it27PPit please28VVplease the29DTthe Court30NPCourt :31:: When32WRBwhen states33NNSstate infringe34VVinfringe the35DTthe exclusive36JJexclusive federal37JJfederal rights38NNSright that39IN/thatthat Congress40NPCongress is41VBZbe charged42VVNcharge with43INwith securing44VVGsecure ,45,, Congress46NPCongress can47MDcan make48VVmake states49NNSstate pay50VVpay for51INfor doing52VVGdo so53RBso .54SENT. That55DTthat 's56VBZbe our57PP$our respectful58JJrespectful submission59NNsubmission today60NNtoday ,61,, one62CDone that63WDTthat follows64VVZfollow from65INfrom the66DTthe Constitution67NPConstitution 's68POS's text69NNtext and70CCand affords71VVZafford ample72JJample basis73NNbasis for74INfor this75DTthis Court76NPCourt to77TOto uphold78VVuphold the79DTthe work80NNwork Congress81NPCongress did82VVDdo in83INin enacting84VVGenact the85DTthe CRCA86NPCRCA .87SENT. Article88NPArticle I89NPI ,90,, Section91NPSection 892CD8 ,93,, clause94NNclause 895CD8 ,96,, what97WPwhat we98PPwe 're99VBPbe calling100VVGcall the101DTthe intellectual102JJintellectual property103NNproperty clause104NNclause ,105,, is106VBZbe unique107JJunique within108INwithin Article109NPArticle I110NPI in111INin laying112VVGlay down113RPdown an114DTan express115JJexpress constitutional116JJconstitutional mandate117NNmandate for118INfor Congress119NPCongress to120TOto protect121VVprotect specified122JJspecified private123JJprivate property124NNproperty rights125NNSright against126INagainst any127DTany and128CCand all129DTall intrusion130NNintrusion .131SENT. Consider132VVconsider just133RBjust how134WRBhow pointed135JJpointed and136CCand clear137VVclear the138DTthe constitutional139JJconstitutional text140NNtext is141VBZbe .142SENT. Congress143NPCongress is144VBZbe not145RBnot only146RBonly to147TOto be148VBbe granting149VVGgrant copyrights150NNScopyright but151CCbut securing152VVGsecure them153PPthem ,154,, and155CCand the156DTthe resulting157VVGresult rights158NNSright by159INby definition160NNdefinition are161VBPbe meant162VVNmean to163TOto be164VBbe exclusive165JJexclusive rights166NNSright .167SENT. Exclusive168JJexclusive against169INagainst whom170WPwhom ,171,, Your172PP$your Honors173NNShonors ?174SENT? Exclusive175JJexclusive against176INagainst all177DTall comers178NNScomer ,179,, exclusive180JJexclusive against181INagainst the182DTthe world183NNworld ,184,, including185VVGinclude the186DTthe government187NNgovernment and188CCand including189VVGinclude states190NNSstate .191SENT. And192CCand this193DTthis exercise194NNexercise of195INof congressional196JJcongressional power197NNpower serves198VVZserve the199DTthe express200JJexpress constitutional201JJconstitutional purpose202NNpurpose to203TOto promote204VVpromote progress205NNprogress .206SENT. How207WRBHow ?208SENT? By209INby affording210VVGafford monetary211JJmonetary recompense212NNrecompense to213TOto copyright214NNcopyright holders215NNSholder .216SENT. The217DTthe framers218NNSframer thus219RBthus made220VVDmake very221RBvery clear222VVclear that223IN/thatthat all224PDTall those225DTthose wanting226VVGwant to227TOto use228VVuse an229DTan author230NNauthor 's231POS's copyright232NNcopyright are233VBPbe meant234VVNmean to235TOto be236VBbe paying237VVGpay money238NNmoney for239INfor doing240VVGdo so241RBso .242SENT. This243DTthis clause244NNclause 's245POS's text246NNtext signals247VVZsignal a248DTa plan249NNplan of250INof the251DTthe convention252NNconvention waiver253NNwaiver like254INlike no255DTno other256JJother in257INin Article258NPArticle I259PPI .260SENT. For261INfor states262NNSstate to263TOto retain264VVretain immunity265NNimmunity to266TOto avoid267VVavoid paying268VVGpay for269INfor infringing270VVGinfringe the271DTthe very272RBvery same273JJsame exclusive274JJexclusive rights275NNSright that276IN/thatthat Congress277NPCongress is278VBZbe meant279VVNmean to280TOto secure281VVsecure would282MDwould be283VBbe incompatible284JJincompatible with285INwith the286DTthe text287NNtext as288RBas fixed289VVNfix and290CCand understood291VVNunderstand by292INby the293DTthe framers294NNSframer .295SENT. And296CCand this297DTthis Court298NPCourt has299VHZhave already300RBalready so301RBso recognized302VVNrecognize in303INin substance304NNsubstance .305SENT. Going306VVGgo back307RBback to308TOto 1888309CD@card@ ,310,, in311INin United312NPUnited States313NPSStates v314NNv .315SENT. Palmer316NPPalmer ,317,, the318DTthe Court319NPCourt said320VVDsay in321INin holding322VVGhold the323DTthe federal324JJfederal government325NNgovernment monetarily326RBmonetarily liable327JJliable for328INfor infringing329VVGinfringe patents330NNSpatent that331IN/thatthat Congress332NPCongress 's333POS's power334NNpower ,335,, the336DTthe same337JJsame power338NNpower we339PPwe were340VBDbe just341RBjust talking342VVGtalk about343RBabout ,344,, could345MDcould not346RBnot be347VBbe affected348VVNaffect if349INif the350DTthe government351NNgovernment had352VHDhave a353DTa reserve354NNreserve right355RBright to356TOto infringe357VVinfringe .358SENT. Same359JJsame reasoning360NNreasoning holds361VVZhold for362INfor states363NNSstate ,364,, Your365PP$your Honors366NNShonors .367SENT. And368CCand in369INin Goldstein370NPGoldstein v371NNv .372SENT. California373NPCalifornia in374INin 1973375CD@card@ ,376,, the377DTthe Court378NPCourt said379VVDsay ...380:... and381CCand ,382,, again383RBagain ,384,, in385RBin ...386:... here387RBhere discussing388VVGdiscuss copyrights389NNScopyright ...390:... when391WRBwhen Congress392NPCongress grants393VVZgrant an394DTan exclusive395JJexclusive right396NNright or397CCor monopoly398NNmonopoly ,399,, its400PP$its effects401NNSeffect are402VBPbe pervasive403JJpervasive .404SENT. No405DTno citizen406NNcitizen or407CCor state408NNstate may409MDmay escape410VVescape its411PP$its reach412NNreach .413SENT. [JUSTICE GINSBURG]414LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] All415NPAll ...416:... all417DTall that418WDTthat is419VBZbe ...420:... would421MDwould be422VBbe highly423RBhighly persuasive424JJpersuasive if425INif we426PPwe did427VVDdo n't428RBn't have429VHhave the430DTthe patent431NNpatent decision432NNdecision ,433,, the434DTthe Florida435NPFlorida Prepaid436JJprepaid decision437NNdecision .438SENT. It439PPit is440VBZbe the441DTthe very442RBvery same443JJsame clause444NNclause .445SENT. It446PPit 's447VBZbe the448DTthe very449RBvery same450JJsame secure451JJsecure .452SENT. It453PPit 's454VBZbe the455DTthe very456RBvery same457JJsame exclusivity458NNexclusivity .459SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]460LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Correct461JJcorrect ,462,, Justice463NPJustice Ginsburg464NPGinsburg .465SENT. But466CCbut ...467:... but468CCbut the469DTthe Court470NPCourt was471VBDbe not472RBnot examining473VVGexamine the474DTthe text475NNtext .476SENT. The477DTthe Court478NPCourt was479VBDbe not480RBnot examining481VVGexamine the482DTthe clause483NNclause .484SENT. In485INin fact486NNfact ,487,, it488PPit did489VVDdo n't490RBn't even491RBeven grant492VVgrant review493NNreview on494INon the495DTthe question496NNquestion whether497INwhether the498DTthe Article499NPArticle I500NNI basis501NNbasis for502INfor the503DTthe Patent504NPPatent Remedy505NNremedy Act506NPAct would507MDwould be508VBbe a509DTa valid510JJvalid basis511NNbasis .512SENT. That513DTthat was514VBDbe n't515RBn't before516INbefore the517DTthe Court518NPCourt .519SENT. It520PPit was521VBDbe n't522RBn't even523RBeven raised524VVNraise before525INbefore the526DTthe Court527NPCourt .528SENT. And529CCand so530RBso all531PDTall the532DTthe Court533NPCourt did534VVDdo ,535,, Justice536NPJustice Ginsburg537NPGinsburg ,538,, was539VBDbe refer540VVrefer back541RBback to542TOto Seminole543NPSeminole Tribe544NPTribe ,545,, that546IN/thatthat the547DTthe sweeping548JJsweeping assumption549NNassumption of550INof Seminole551NPSeminole Tribe552NPTribe that553IN/thatthat no554DTno Article555NPArticle I556NNI clause557NNclause could558MDcould ever559RBever supply560VVsupply a561DTa basis562NNbasis for563INfor abrogation564NNabrogation .565SENT. That566DTthat 's567VBZbe the568DTthe same569JJsame assumption570NNassumption that571IN/thatthat the572DTthe Court573NPCourt in574INin Katz575NPKatz more576RBRmore recently577RBrecently called578VVNcall dicta579NNdicta and580CCand held581VVNhold to582TOto be583VBbe erroneous584JJerroneous dicta585NNdicta ,586,, an587DTan erroneous588JJerroneous assumption589NNassumption ,590,, which591WDTwhich is592VBZbe the593DTthe only594JJonly way595NNway that596IN/thatthat the597DTthe Court598NPCourt was599VBDbe able600JJable to601TOto analyze602VVanalyze the603DTthe specifics604NNSspecific of605INof the606DTthe Bankruptcy607NPBankruptcy Clause608NNclause and609CCand find610VVPfind that611IN/thatthat it612PPit did613VVDdo reflect614VVreflect a615DTa plan616NNplan of617INof the618DTthe convention619NNconvention waiver620NNwaiver ...621:... [JUSTICE GINSBURG]622LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] In623INin ...624:... in625INin ...626:... [MR. SHAFFER]627LOC[MR. SHAFFER] ...628:... and629CCand a630DTa basis631NNbasis for632INfor abrogation633NNabrogation .634SENT. [JUSTICE GINSBURG]635LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] ...636:... in637INin Katz638NPKatz ,639,, the640DTthe ...641:... the642DTthe Court643NPCourt concentrated644VVDconcentrate on645INon the646DTthe bankruptcy647NNbankruptcy authority648NNauthority as649INas a650DTa unique651JJunique authority652NNauthority .653SENT. We654PPwe have655VHPhave Seminole656NPSeminole ,657,, which658WDTwhich is659VBZbe across660INacross the661DTthe board662NNboard ,663,, and664CCand then665RBthen we666PPwe have667VHPhave the668DTthe exception669NNexception for670INfor the671DTthe Bankruptcy672NPBankruptcy Clause673NNclause .674SENT. Now675RBnow are676VBPbe you677PPyou asking678VVGask us679PPus to680TOto go681VVgo through682INthrough all683DTall of684INof the685DTthe Article686NPArticle III687NPIII authority688NNauthority and689CCand take690VVtake them691PPthem one692CDone by693INby one694CDone ?695SENT? Is696VBZbe n't697RBn't Katz698NPKatz more699RBRmore properly700RBproperly read701VVNread as702INas a703DTa bankruptcy704NNbankruptcy exception705NNexception to706TOto the707DTthe Seminole708NPSeminole Tribe709NPTribe rule710NNrule ?711SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]712LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Your713PP$your Honor714NPHonor ,715,, we716PPwe rely717VVPrely upon718INupon the719DTthe methodology720NNmethodology of721INof Katz722NPKatz and723CCand we724PPwe rely725VVPrely upon726INupon the727DTthe upfront728NNupfront holding729NNholding of730INof Katz731NPKatz .732SENT. We733PPwe take734VVPtake it735PPit to736TOto be737VBbe a738DTa holding739NNholding that740IN/thatthat ,741,, in742INin fact743NNfact ,744,, what745WPwhat Seminole746NPSeminole Tribe747NPTribe had748VHDhave said749VVNsay about750INabout no751DTno Article752NPArticle I753NNI power754NNpower supplying755VVGsupply a756DTa basis757NNbasis for758INfor abrogation759NNabrogation ,760,, that761WDTthat that762RBthat was763VBDbe dicta764NNdicta ,765,, and766CCand that767DTthat was768VBDbe an769DTan erroneous770JJerroneous assumption771NNassumption .772SENT. In773INin fact774NNfact ,775,, the776DTthe relevant777JJrelevant portion778NNportion of779INof Seminole780NPSeminole Tribe781NPTribe ,782,, as783INas both784CCboth the785DTthe majority786NNmajority and787CCand the788DTthe dissent789NNdissent in790INin that791DTthat case792NNcase recognized793VVDrecognize ,794,, it795PPit dealt796VVDdeal with797INwith the798DTthe Copyright799NNcopyright Clause800NNclause and801CCand the802DTthe Bankruptcy803NPBankruptcy Clause804NNclause and805CCand the806DTthe commerce807NNcommerce power808NNpower all809RBall in810INin the811DTthe same812JJsame breath813NNbreath .814SENT. It815PPit was816VBDbe the817DTthe same818JJsame ...819:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]820LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] And821CCand do822VVdo you823PPyou ...824:... because825INbecause I826PPI read827VVPread the828DTthe erroneous829JJerroneous dicta830NNdicta language831NNlanguage ...832:... maybe833RBmaybe I834PPI 'm835VBPbe misreading836VVGmisread it837PPit ,838,, so839RBso you840PPyou can841MDcan tell842VVtell me843PPme how844WRBhow ...845:... as846RBas just847RBjust a848DTa reference849NNreference to850TOto the851DTthe statements852NNSstatement in853INin Seminole854NPSeminole Tribe855NPTribe about856INabout the857DTthe Bankruptcy858NPBankruptcy Clause859NNclause .860SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]861LOC[MR. SHAFFER] It862PPit 's863VBZbe the864DTthe same865JJsame sentences866NNSsentence ,867,, Justice868NPJustice Kagan869NPKagan .870SENT. It871PPit 's872VBZbe the873DTthe same874JJsame exact875JJexact portion876NNportion of877INof Seminole878NPSeminole Tribe879NPTribe that880WDTthat dealt881VVDdeal with882INwith all883DTall Article884NPArticle I885NNI clauses886NNSclause in887INin the888DTthe same889JJsame breath890NNbreath .891SENT. And892CCand ,893,, in894INin fact895NNfact ,896,, in897INin Justice898NPJustice Stevens899NPStevens '900POS' dissent901NNdissent in902INin ...903:... I904PPI think905VVPthink it906PPit was907VBDbe the908DTthe first909JJfirst footnote910NNfootnote of911INof it912PPit ...913:... he914PPhe noted915VVDnote that916IN/thatthat the917DTthe Seminole918NPSeminole Tribe919NPTribe decision920NNdecision by921INby its922PP$its terms923NNSterm would924MDwould apply925VVapply to926TOto the927DTthe commerce928NNcommerce ...929:... would930MDwould apply931VVapply to932TOto the933DTthe Copyright934NNcopyright Clause935NNclause and936CCand to937TOto the938DTthe Bankruptcy939NPBankruptcy Clause940NNclause ,941,, and942CCand Justice943NPJustice Rehnquist944NPRehnquist ,945,, I946PPI think947VVPthink ...948:... and949CCand Chief950NPChief Justice951NPJustice Rehnquist952NPRehnquist ,953,, in954INin Footnote955NNfootnote 16956CD@card@ ,957,, I958PPI think959VVPthink ,960,, engaged961VVDengage that962IN/thatthat assumption963NNassumption and964CCand said965VVDsay ,966,, yes967UHyes ,968,, essentially969RBessentially ,970,, no971DTno big972JJbig deal973NNdeal ,974,, but975CCbut that976DTthat is977VBZbe the978DTthe necessary979JJnecessary upshot980NNupshot of981INof the982DTthe Seminole983NPSeminole Tribe984NPTribe holding985NNholding as986INas it987PPit was988VBDbe articulated989VVNarticulate by990INby the991DTthe Court992NPCourt .993SENT. And994CCand that995DTthat 's996VBZbe why997WRBwhy I998PPI think999VVPthink ,1000,, in1001INin Katz1002NPKatz ,1003,, this1004DTthis Court1005NPCourt had1006VHDhave to1007TOto deal1008VVdeal right1009JJright upfront1010NNupfront with1011INwith whether1012INwhether that1013DTthat assumption1014NNassumption held1015VVNhold or1016CCor not1017RBnot ,1018,, and1019CCand it1020PPit rejected1021VVDreject it1022PPit as1023RBas erroneous1024JJerroneous .1025SENT. But1026CCbut ,1027,, Justice1028NPJustice Ginsburg1029NPGinsburg ,1030,, Justice1031NPJustice Kagan1032NPKagan ,1033,, let1034VVDlet me1035PPme assure1036VVassure the1037DTthe Court1038NNcourt there1039EXthere is1040VBZbe no1041DTno other1042JJother clause1043NNclause in1044INin Article1045NPArticle I1046PPI like1047VVPlike this1048DTthis one1049CDone .1050SENT. There1051EXthere is1052VBZbe no1053DTno other1054JJother clause1055NNclause that1056WDTthat is1057VBZbe as1058RBas pointed1059VVNpoint .1060SENT. There1061EXthere is1062VBZbe no1063DTno other1064JJother clause1065NNclause that1066WDTthat contemplates1067VVZcontemplate that1068IN/thatthat there1069EXthere will1070MDwill be1071VBbe private1072JJprivate property1073NNproperty rights1074NNSright ...1075:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1076LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But1077CCbut if1078INif you1079PPyou 're1080VBPbe ...1081:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]1082LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] What1083WPWhat about1084RBabout ...1085:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1086LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] ...1087:... if1088INif you1089PPyou 're1090VBPbe right1091RBright ...1092:... if1093INif you1094PPyou are1095VBPbe right1096JJright ,1097,, we1098PPwe would1099MDwould then1100RBthen have1101VHhave to1102TOto go1103VVgo back1104RBback to1105TOto Florida1106NPFlorida Prepaid1107VVNprepay ,1108,, right1109RBright ,1110,, and1111CCand topple1112VVtopple that1113DTthat rule1114NNrule ?1115SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]1116LOC[MR. SHAFFER] It1117PPit would1118MDwould be1119VBbe certainly1120RBcertainly open1121JJopen to1122TOto folks1123NNSfolk in1124INin patent1125NNpatent cases1126NNScase to1127TOto make1128VVmake that1129DTthat argument1130NNargument ,1131,, Justice1132NPJustice Kagan1133NPKagan .1134SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]1135LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But1136CCbut how1137JJhow ...1138:... how1139WRBhow could1140MDcould ...1141:... how1142WRBhow could1143MDcould we1144PPwe have1145VHhave the1146DTthe two1147CDtwo rules1148NNSrule going1149VVGgo simultaneously1150RBsimultaneously ?1151SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]1152LOC[MR. SHAFFER] That1153DTthat would1154MDwould be1155VBbe my1156PP$my prediction1157NNprediction .1158SENT. My1159PP$my prediction1160NNprediction is1161VBZbe that1162IN/thatthat ,1163,, ultimately1164RBultimately ,1165,, the1166DTthe Patent1167NPPatent Remedy1168NNremedy Act1169NPAct would1170MDwould be1171VBbe revisited1172VVNrevisit and1173CCand properly1174RBproperly upheld1175VVNuphold as1176INas a1177DTa valid1178JJvalid exercise1179NNexercise ...1180:... exercise1181NNexercise of1182INof Congress1183NPCongress 's1184POS's Article1185NPArticle I1186NNI power1187NNpower .1188SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]1189LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] So1190RBso ,1191,, basically1192RBbasically ,1193,, you1194PPyou 're1195VBPbe asking1196VVGask us1197PPus to1198TOto overrule1199VVoverrule Florida1200NPFlorida Prepaid1201VVprepaid ?1202SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]1203LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I1204PPI 'm1205VBPbe asking1206VVGask this1207DTthis Court1208NPCourt to1209TOto follow1210VVfollow Katz1211NPKatz ,1212,, Justice1213NPJustice Alito1214NPAlito ,1215,, where1216WRBwhere I1217PPI think1218VVPthink Florida1219NPFlorida Prepaid1220VVDprepay was1221VBDbe overruled1222VVNoverrule in1223INin relevant1224JJrelevant part1225NNpart and1226CCand certainly1227RBcertainly ...1228:... [JUSTICE ALITO]1229LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] You1230PPyou think1231VVPthink Katz1232NPKatz overruled1233VVDoverrule Florida1234NPFlorida Prepaid1235VVDprepay ?1236SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]1237LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I1238PPI think1239VVPthink it1240PPit ...1241:... it1242PPit overruled1243VVDoverrule ...1244:... it1245PPit overruled1246VVDoverrule the1247DTthe basis1248NNbasis for1249INfor Florida1250NPFlorida Prepaid1251VVDprepay .1252SENT. The1253DTthe ...1254:... the1255DTthe precedential1256JJprecedential foundation1257NNfoundation for1258INfor Florida1259NPFlorida Prepaid1260VVDprepay was1261VBDbe solely1262RBsolely the1263DTthe relevant1264JJrelevant portion1265NNportion of1266INof Seminole1267NPSeminole Tribe1268NPTribe .1269SENT. That1270DTthat 's1271VBZbe exactly1272RBexactly what1273WPwhat the1274DTthe Court1275NPCourt was1276VBDbe ...1277:... was1278VBDbe ,1279,, I1280PPI think1281VVPthink ,1282,, calling1283VVGcall erroneous1284JJerroneous ...1285:... erroneous1286JJerroneous dicta1287NNdicta and1288CCand rejected1289VVNreject .1290SENT. So1291RBso I1292PPI take1293VVPtake the1294DTthe holding1295NNholding of1296INof Katz1297NPKatz to1298TOto have1299VHhave totally1300RBtotally undermined1301VVNundermine the1302DTthe foundation1303NNfoundation ...1304:... [JUSTICE ALITO]1305LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] So1306INso you1307PPyou ...1308:... [MR. SHAFFER]1309LOC[MR. SHAFFER] ...1310:... of1311INof Florida1312NPFlorida Prepaid1313VVDprepay .1314SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]1315LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] ...1316:... you1317PPyou think1318VVPthink the1319DTthe state1320NNstate of1321INof the1322DTthe law1323NNlaw is1324VBZbe that1325IN/thatthat every1326DTevery Article1327NPArticle I1328NPI ,1329,, Section1330NPSection 81331CD8 power1332NNpower would1333MDwould have1334VHhave to1335TOto be1336VBbe considered1337VVNconsider independently1338RBindependently and1339CCand Florida1340NPFlorida Prepaid1341VVDprepay may1342MDmay hold1343VVhold on1344INon for1345INfor a1346DTa while1347NNwhile as1348INas a1349DTa poorly1350RBpoorly reasoned1351VVNreason exception1352NNexception to1353TOto that1354DTthat rule1355NNrule but1356CCbut ultimately1357RBultimately would1358MDwould have1359VHhave to1360TOto be1361VBbe overruled1362VVNoverrule to1363TOto bring1364VVbring it1365PPit in1366INin line1367NNline with1368INwith the1369DTthe position1370NNposition you1371PPyou 're1372VBPbe asking1373VVGask us1374PPus to1375TOto adopt1376VVadopt today1377NNtoday ?1378SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]1379LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I1380PPI have1381VHPhave only1382RBonly one1383CDone friendly1384JJfriendly amendment1385NNamendment to1386TOto Your1387PP$your Honor1388NPHonor 's1389POS's assumption1390NNassumption ,1391,, which1392WDTwhich is1393VBZbe I1394PPI do1395VVPdo n't1396RBn't think1397VVthink that1398IN/thatthat there1399EXthere is1400VBZbe any1401DTany other1402JJother Article1403NPArticle I1404NNI clause1405NNclause that1406WDTthat reflects1407VVZreflect a1408DTa plan1409NNplan of1410INof the1411DTthe convention1412NNconvention waiver1413NNwaiver in1414INin the1415DTthe sense1416NNsense that1417IN/thatthat we1418PPwe 're1419VBPbe discussing1420VVGdiscuss ,1421,, in1422INin terms1423NNSterm of1424INof the1425DTthe constitutional1426JJconstitutional text1427NNtext and1428CCand the1429DTthe necessary1430JJnecessary implications1431NNSimplication of1432INof it1433PPit ,1434,, because1435RBbecause ,1436,, for1437INfor the1438DTthe reasons1439NNSreason that1440IN/thatthat this1441DTthis Court1442NPCourt has1443VHZhave already1444RBalready recognized1445VVNrecognize ,1446,, we1447PPwe think1448VVPthink it1449PPit is1450VBZbe totally1451RBtotally incompatible1452JJincompatible with1453INwith the1454DTthe framers1455NNSframer '1456POS' text1457NNtext and1458CCand the1459DTthe framers1460NNSframer '1461POS' contemplation1462NNcontemplation to1463TOto say1464VVsay that1465IN/thatthat there1466EXthere 's1467VBZbe any1468DTany such1469JJsuch thing1470NNthing as1471INas an1472DTan exclusive1473JJexclusive private1474JJprivate property1475NNproperty right1476NNright secured1477VVNsecure by1478INby the1479DTthe United1480NPUnited States1481NPStates Congress1482NPCongress that1483IN/thatthat states1484NNSstate are1485VBPbe free1486JJfree to1487TOto infringe1488VVinfringe without1489INwithout pay1490NNpay .1491SENT. I1492PPI think1493VVPthink that1494IN/thatthat would1495MDwould have1496VHhave been1497VBNbe antithetical1498JJantithetical to1499TOto the1500DTthe framers1501NNSframer '1502POS' conception1503NNconception .1504SENT. That1505DTthat 's1506VBZbe our1507PP$our respectful1508JJrespectful submission1509NNsubmission on1510INon Article1511NPArticle I1512PPI .1513SENT. And1514CCand if1515INif the1516DTthe Court1517NPCourt does1518VVZdo n't1519RBn't have1520VHhave other1521JJother questions1522NNSquestion about1523INabout that1524DTthat ,1525,, I1526PPI 'll1527MDwill move1528VVmove on1529INon to1530TOto ...1531:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]1532LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Well1533UHWell ,1534,, do1535VVPdo you1536PPyou think1537VVthink Florida1538NPFlorida Prepaid1539VVprepaid is1540VBZbe subject1541JJsubject to1542TOto our1543PP$our usual1544JJusual stare1545NNstare decisis1546NNdecisis rules1547NNSrule or1548CCor not1549RBnot ?1550SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]1551LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Well1552UHWell ,1553,, Justice1554NPJustice Kavanaugh1555NPKavanaugh ,1556,, obviously1557RBobviously ,1558,, the1559DTthe Court1560NPCourt will1561MDwill decide1562VVdecide what1563WPwhat is1564VBZbe its1565PP$its precedent1566NNprecedent .1567SENT. We1568PPwe read1569VVDread Florida1570NPFlorida Prepaid1571VVDprepay as1572INas not1573RBnot having1574VHGhave really1575RBreally squarely1576RBsquarely addressed1577VVNaddress this1578DTthis question1579NNquestion .1580SENT. I1581PPI do1582VVPdo n't1583RBn't think1584VVthink Florida1585NPFlorida Prepaid1586JJprepaid reached1587VVDreach a1588DTa holding1589NNholding on1590INon the1591DTthe Article1592NNarticle I1593PPI point1594VVPpoint because1595INbecause the1596DTthe question1597NNquestion was1598VBDbe not1599RBnot before1600INbefore the1601DTthe Court1602NPCourt there1603RBthere .1604SENT. [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]1605LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Well1606UHWell ,1607,, the1608DTthe Court1609NPCourt said1610VVDsay the1611DTthe Patent1612NPPatent Remedy1613NNremedy Act1614NPAct cannot1615MDcan be1616VBbe sustained1617VVNsustain under1618INunder either1619CCeither the1620DTthe Commerce1621NPCommerce Clause1622NNclause or1623CCor the1624DTthe Patent1625NPPatent Clause1626NNclause .1627SENT. Before1628INbefore that1629DTthat ,1630,, it1631PPit said1632VVDsay Seminole1633NPSeminole Tribe1634NPTribe makes1635VVZmake clear1636JJclear that1637IN/thatthat Congress1638NPCongress may1639MDmay not1640RBnot abrogate1641VVabrogate state1642NNstate sovereign1643JJsovereign immunity1644NNimmunity pursuant1645JJpursuant to1646TOto its1647PP$its Article1648NPArticle I1649NNI powers1650NNSpower .1651SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]1652LOC[MR. SHAFFER] It1653PPit said1654VVDsay that1655IN/thatthat without1656INwithout the1657DTthe question1658NNquestion having1659VHGhave been1660VBNbe presented1661VVNpresent and1662CCand without1663INwithout any1664DTany party1665NNparty arguing1666VVGargue the1667DTthe question1668NNquestion ,1669,, which1670WDTwhich is1671VBZbe why1672WRBwhy I1673PPI ...1674:... I1675PPI would1676MDwould respectfully1677RBrespectfully question1678VVquestion whether1679INwhether it1680PPit 's1681VBZbe truly1682RBtruly a1683DTa holding1684NNholding ,1685,, Justice1686NPJustice Kavanaugh1687NPKavanaugh .1688SENT. But1689CCbut ,1690,, if1691INif it1692PPit was1693VBDbe a1694DTa holding1695NNholding ,1696,, it1697PPit was1698VBDbe ,1699,, just1700RBjust as1701INas Your1702PP$your Honor1703NPHonor articulated1704VVDarticulate it1705PPit ,1706,, based1707VVNbase solely1708RBsolely on1709INon Seminole1710NPSeminole Tribe1711NPTribe ,1712,, the1713DTthe very1714RBvery same1715JJsame aspect1716NNaspect of1717INof Seminole1718NPSeminole Tribe1719NPTribe that1720IN/thatthat we1721PPwe read1722VVPread the1723DTthe Court1724NPCourt as1725INas revisiting1726VVGrevisit and1727CCand overruling1728VVGoverrule in1729INin Katz1730NPKatz .1731SENT. But1732CCbut the1733DTthe Court1734NPCourt will1735MDwill decide1736VVdecide the1737DTthe status1738NNstatus of1739INof its1740PP$its precedent1741NNprecedent .1742SENT. If1743INif it1744PPit has1745VHZhave any1746DTany qualms1747NNSqualm about1748INabout the1749DTthe Article1750NPArticle I1751NNI basis1752NNbasis for1753INfor the1754DTthe CRCA1755NPCRCA ,1756,, I1757PPI would1758MDwould ask1759VVask the1760DTthe Court1761NPCourt to1762TOto sustain1763VVsustain the1764DTthe CRCA1765NPCRCA on1766INon the1767DTthe strength1768NNstrength of1769INof the1770DTthe ...1771:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1772LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Could1773MDcould you1774PPyou tell1775VVtell me1776PPme ...1777:... [MR. SHAFFER]1778LOC[MR. SHAFFER] ...1779:... Section1780NPSection 51781CD5 of1782INof the1783DTthe Fourteenth1784JJfourteenth Amendment1785NPAmendment basis1786NNbasis .1787SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1788LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...1789:... can1790MDcan you1791PPyou articulate1792VVarticulate what1793WPwhat "1794``" plan1795NNplan of1796INof the1797DTthe convention1798NNconvention "1799``" means1800VVZmean to1801TOto you1802PPyou ?1803SENT? I1804PPI know1805VVPknow what1806WPwhat it1807PPit means1808VVZmean in1809INin Katz1810NPKatz .1811SENT. And1812CCand ...1813:... and1814CCand they1815PPthey look1816VVPlook to1817TOto a1818DTa textual1819JJtextual foothold1820NNfoothold ,1821,, the1822DTthe ability1823NNability of1824INof ...1825:... ability1826NNability of1827INof habeas1828NNShabea courts1829NNScourt to1830TOto grant1831VVgrant relief1832NNrelief to1833TOto state1834NNstate prisoners1835NNSprisoner .1836SENT. So1837RBso that1838DTthat 's1839VBZbe a1840DTa clear1841JJclear intrusion1842NNintrusion on1843INon states1844NNSstate .1845SENT. I1846PPI do1847VVPdo n't1848RBn't see1849VVsee the1850DTthe same1851JJsame thing1852NNthing in1853INin the1854DTthe intellectual1855JJintellectual property1856NNproperty provision1857NNprovision .1858SENT. In1859INin fact1860NNfact ,1861,, for1862INfor years1863NNSyear ,1864,, there1865EXthere was1866VBDbe concurrent1867JJconcurrent state1868NNstate and1869CCand federal1870JJfederal jurisdiction1871NNjurisdiction .1872SENT. That1873DTthat seems1874VVZseem to1875TOto cut1876VVcut against1877INagainst your1878PP$your argument1879NNargument that1880IN/thatthat somehow1881RBsomehow the1882DTthe founders1883NNSfounder thought1884VVDthink that1885IN/thatthat this1886DTthis was1887VBDbe an1888DTan exclusive1889JJexclusive federal1890JJfederal right1891NNright .1892SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]1893LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Take1894VVtake those1895DTthose in1896INin turn1897NNturn ,1898,, Justice1899NPJustice Sotomayor1900NPSotomayor .1901SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1902LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Or1903CCor exclusively1904RBexclusively ,1905,, an1906DTan exclusive1907JJexclusive right1908NNright to1909TOto the1910DTthe federal1911JJfederal government1912NNgovernment .1913SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]1914LOC[MR. SHAFFER] A1915DTa plan1916NNplan of1917INof the1918DTthe convention1919NNconvention waiver1920NNwaiver refers1921VVZrefer to1922TOto some1923DTsome reflection1924NNreflection that1925IN/thatthat states1926NNSstate were1927VBDbe surrendering1928VVGsurrender their1929PP$their back-dropped1930JJback-dropped default1931NNdefault sovereign1932JJsovereign immunity1933NNimmunity in1934INin a1935DTa discrete1936JJdiscrete respect1937NNrespect as1938INas part1939NNpart of1940INof the1941DTthe constitutional1942JJconstitutional convention1943NNconvention ...1944:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1945LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] You1946PPyou do1947VVPdo n't1948RBn't think1949VVthink ...1950:... [MR. SHAFFER]1951LOC[MR. SHAFFER] ...1952:... and1953CCand what1954WPwhat came1955VVDcome out1956RPout of1957INof it1958PPit .1959SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1960LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...1961:... that1962DTthat exclusive1963JJexclusive jurisdiction1964NNjurisdiction would1965MDwould have1966VHhave signaled1967VVNsignal that1968IN/thatthat more1969RBRmore clearly1970RBclearly ...1971:... [MR. SHAFFER]1972LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I1973PPI ...1974:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1975LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...1976:... than1977INthan concurrent1978JJconcurrent jurisdiction1979NNjurisdiction for1980INfor over1981RBover 2001982CD@card@ years1983NNSyear ?1984SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]1985LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I1986PPI think1987VVPthink that1988IN/thatthat our1989PP$our textual1990JJtextual basis1991NNbasis for1992INfor the1993DTthe abrogation1994NNabrogation is1995VBZbe stronger1996JJRstrong than1997INthan it1998PPit was1999VBDbe in2000INin Katz2001NPKatz .2002SENT. In2003INin Katz2004NPKatz ,2005,, as2006INas you2007PPyou say2008VVPsay ,2009,, Your2010PP$your Honor2011NPHonor ,2012,, I2013PPI ...2014:... I2015PPI do2016VVPdo n't2017RBn't think2018VVthink it2019PPit was2020VBDbe in2021INin the2022DTthe Bankruptcy2023NPBankruptcy Clause2024NPClause ,2025,, the2026DTthe plan2027NNplan of2028INof the2029DTthe convention2030NNconvention waiver2031NNwaiver .2032SENT. And2033CCand as2034INas to2035TOto habeas2036NNShabea jurisdiction2037NNjurisdiction ,2038,, that2039WDTthat was2040VBDbe not2041RBnot about2042RBabout monetary2043JJmonetary relief2044NNrelief against2045INagainst states2046NNSstate .2047SENT. That2048DTthat was2049VBDbe not2050RBnot about2051INabout hauling2052VVGhaul states2053NNSstate into2054INinto federal2055JJfederal court2056NNcourt .2057SENT. It2058PPit was2059VBDbe just2060RBjust about2061RBabout granting2062VVGgrant relief2063NNrelief ,2064,, habeas2065NNShabea relief2066NNrelief ,2067,, to2068TOto get2069VVget prisoners2070NNSprisoner out2071RPout of2072INof state2073NNstate prison2074NNprison .2075SENT. I2076PPI ...2077:... I2078PPI do2079VVPdo n't2080RBn't think2081VVthink that2082IN/thatthat that2083DTthat 's2084VBZbe anywhere2085RBanywhere near2086JJnear as2087INas on2088INon point2089NNpoint as2090INas what2091WPwhat you2092PPyou have2093VHPhave with2094INwith the2095DTthe intellectual2096JJintellectual property2097NNproperty clause2098NNclause ,2099,, where2100WRBwhere clearly2101RBclearly the2102DTthe framers2103NNSframer '2104POS' contemplation2105NNcontemplation is2106VBZbe these2107DTthese are2108VBPbe exclusive2109JJexclusive rights2110NNSright that2111IN/thatthat anyone2112NNanyone who2113WPwho may2114MDmay infringe2115VVinfringe has2116VHZhave to2117TOto pay2118VVpay for2119INfor .2120SENT. Congress2121NPCongress 's2122POS's job2123NNjob is2124VBZbe to2125TOto secure2126VVsecure those2127DTthose rights2128NNSright .2129SENT. It2130PPit cannot2131MDcan do2132VVdo that2133IN/thatthat without2134INwithout abrogating2135VVGabrogate state2136NNstate sovereignty2137NNsovereignty ...2138:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2139LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Well2140UHwell ,2141,, you2142PPyou 're2143VBPbe assuming2144VVGassume ...2145:... [MR. SHAFFER]2146LOC[MR. SHAFFER] ...2147:... within2148INwithin this2149DTthis discrete2150JJdiscrete realm2151NNrealm .2152SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2153LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...2154:... the2155DTthe latter2156JJlatter part2157NNpart you2158PPyou 're2159VBPbe assuming2160VVGassume .2161SENT. Nothing2162NNnothing about2163INabout it2164PPit ...2165:... it2166PPit says2167VVZsay securing2168VVGsecure the2169DTthe copyright2170NNcopyright ,2171,, but2172CCbut it2173PPit does2174VVZdo n't2175RBn't say2176VVsay making2177VVGmake sure2178JJsure that2179IN/thatthat the2180DTthe copyright2181NNcopyright owners2182NNSowner are2183VBPbe paid2184VVNpay .2185SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]2186LOC[MR. SHAFFER] To2187TOTo promote2188VVpromote progress2189NNprogress .2190SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2191LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Number2192NPNumber one2193CDone ...2194:... [MR. SHAFFER]2195LOC[MR. SHAFFER] To2196TOTo promote2197VVpromote progress2198NNprogress ,2199,, Justice2200NPJustice Sotomayor2201NPSotomayor .2202SENT. It2203PPit is2204VBZbe a2205DTa preamble2206NNpreamble that2207WDTthat is2208VBZbe not2209RBnot echoed2210VVNecho anywhere2211RBanywhere else2212RBelse in2213INin Article2214NPArticle I2215PPI .2216SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2217LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Some2218RBsome would2219MDwould say2220VVsay that2221DTthat injunctive2222JJinjunctive relief2223NNrelief promotes2224VVZpromote progress2225NNprogress .2226SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]2227LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Well2228UHWell ,2229,, James2230NPJames Madison2231NPMadison ...2232:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2233LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] That2234DTthat 's2235VBZbe a2236DTa damages2237NNSdamage question2238VVPquestion .2239SENT. That2240DTthat 's2241VBZbe not2242RBnot a2243DTa ...2244:... an2245DTan issue2246NNissue of2247INof what2248WPwhat promotes2249VVZpromote the2250DTthe arts2251NNSart .2252SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]2253LOC[MR. SHAFFER] James2254NPJames Madison2255NPMadison 's2256POS's conception2257NNconception reflected2258VVDreflect in2259INin the2260DTthe text2261NNtext of2262INof what2263WPwhat the2264DTthe monopoly2265NNmonopoly would2266MDwould achieve2267VVachieve is2268VBZbe that2269IN/thatthat the2270DTthe authors2271NNSauthor and2272CCand inventors2273NNSinventor would2274MDwould get2275VVget paid2276VVNpay for2277INfor their2278PP$their inventions2279NNSinvention .2280SENT. They2281PPthey would2282MDwould get2283VVget paid2284VVNpay for2285INfor their2286PP$their creations2287NNScreation .2288SENT. And2289CCand as2290INas the2291DTthe Court2292NPCourt ,2293,, as2294INas I2295PPI indicated2296VVDindicate ,2297,, back2298RBback in2299INin 18882300CD@card@ recognized2301VVDrecognize ,2302,, it2303PPit is2304VBZbe antithetical2305JJantithetical to2306TOto that2307DTthat to2308TOto say2309VVsay that2310DTthat government2311NNgovernment of2312INof any2313DTany kind2314NNkind ,2315,, certainly2316RBcertainly the2317DTthe federal2318JJfederal government2319NNgovernment ,2320,, can2321MDcan infringe2322VVinfringe those2323DTthose exclusive2324JJexclusive rights2325NNSright that2326RBthat ...2327:... that2328IN/thatthat Congress2329NPCongress is2330VBZbe to2331TOto be2332VBbe securing2333VVGsecure .2334SENT. But2335CCbut ,2336,, as2337RBas to2338TOto Section2339NPSection 52340CD5 of2341INof the2342DTthe Fourteenth2343JJfourteenth Amendment2344NPAmendment ,2345,, Your2346PP$your Honor2347NPHonor ,2348,, this2349DTthis is2350VBZbe a2351DTa case2352NNcase and2353CCand a2354DTa legislative2355JJlegislative record2356NNrecord different2357JJdifferent from2358INfrom what2359WPwhat the2360DTthe Court2361NPCourt had2362VHDhave before2363INbefore it2364PPit in2365INin Florida2366NPFlorida Prepaid2367VVDprepay .2368SENT. It2369PPit is2370VBZbe much2371RBmuch stronger2372JJRstrong in2373INin relevant2374JJrelevant part2375NNpart .2376SENT. In2377INin part2378NNpart ,2379,, that2380WDTthat 's2381VBZbe because2382INbecause of2383INof the2384DTthe fundamental2385JJfundamental difference2386NNdifference between2387INbetween copyright2388NNcopyright law2389NNlaw at2390INat issue2391NNissue in2392INin this2393DTthis case2394NNcase and2395CCand patent2396NNpatent law2397NNlaw that2398IN/thatthat the2399DTthe Court2400NPCourt was2401VBDbe looking2402VVGlook at2403INat in2404INin Florida2405NPFlorida Prepaid2406VVDprepay .2407SENT. In2408INin part2409NNpart ,2410,, it2411PPit 's2412VBZbe also2413RBalso because2414INbecause you2415PPyou have2416VHPhave a2417DTa legislative2418JJlegislative record2419NNrecord that2420WDTthat is2421VBZbe so2422RBso much2423RBmuch stronger2424JJRstrong ,2425,, Your2426PP$your Honors2427NNShonors .2428SENT. You2429PPyou had2430VHDhave the2431DTthe Register2432NPRegister of2433INof Copyrights2434NPSCopyrights ,2435,, Ralph2436NPRalph Oman2437NPOman ,2438,, testifying2439VVGtestify to2440TOto Congress2441NPCongress ,2442,, preparing2443VVGprepare a2444DTa report2445NNreport based2446VVNbase on2447INon a2448DTa 50-state2449JJ50-state survey2450NNsurvey ,2451,, and2452CCand in2453INin ...2454:... a2455DTa ...2456:... a2457DTa very2458RBvery conscientious2459JJconscientious compilation2460NNcompilation of2461INof comments2462NNScomment and2463CCand studies2464NNSstudy about2465INabout what2466WPwhat was2467VBDbe happening2468VVGhappen in2469INin federal2470JJfederal copyrights2471NNScopyright and2472CCand why2473WRBwhy this2474DTthis legislation2475NNlegislation was2476VBDbe necessary2477JJnecessary to2478TOto protect2479VVprotect them2480PPthem .2481SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]2482LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But2483CCbut you2484PPyou tell2485VVPtell us2486PPus in2487INin your2488PP$your brief2489NNbrief that2490IN/thatthat when2491WRBwhen Congress2492NPCongress enacted2493VVDenact the2494DTthe CRCA2495NPCRCA it2496PPit had2497VHDhave "2498``" 162499CD@card@ examples2500NNSexample over2501INover the2502DTthe previous2503JJprevious decade2504NNdecade of2505INof reported2506VVNreport state2507NNstate infringement2508NNinfringement in2509INin 132510CD@card@ states2511NNSstate .2512SENT. "2513``" Is2514VBZbe ...2515:... is2516VBZbe that2517IN/thatthat enough2518RBenough to2519TOto identify2520VVidentify a2521DTa serious2522JJserious constitutional2523JJconstitutional problem2524NNproblem ?2525SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]2526LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I2527PPI think2528VVPthink so2529RBso ,2530,, Justice2531NPJustice Alito2532NPAlito .2533SENT. I2534PPI think2535VVPthink ,2536,, first2537JJfirst of2538INof all2539DTall ,2540,, as2541RBas to2542TOto this2543DTthis serious2544JJserious constitutional2545JJconstitutional problem2546NNproblem ,2547,, you2548PPyou have2549VHPhave federal2550JJfederal property2551NNproperty rights2552NNSright that2553WDTthat are2554VBPbe ...2555:... have2556VHPhave been2557VBNbe granted2558VVNgrant and2559CCand that2560DTthat are2561VBPbe private2562JJprivate property2563NNproperty rights2564NNSright ,2565,, and2566CCand states2567NNSstate are2568VBPbe infringing2569VVGinfringe without2570INwithout paying2571VVGpay for2572INfor them2573PPthem .2574SENT. That2575DTthat is2576VBZbe a2577DTa fundamental2578JJfundamental intrusion2579NNintrusion .2580SENT. That2581DTthat is2582VBZbe a2583DTa fundamental2584JJfundamental constitutional2585JJconstitutional problem2586NNproblem .2587SENT. And2588CCand I2589PPI think2590VVPthink Congress2591NPCongress ,2592,, if2593INif it2594PPit has2595VHZhave a2596DTa remedy2597NNremedy that2598WDTthat is2599VBZbe conscientiously2600RBconscientiously tailored2601VVNtailor around2602INaround that2603DTthat ,2604,, should2605MDshould have2606VHhave ,2607,, as2608INas the2609DTthe Court2610NPCourt put2611VVDput it2612PPit in2613INin City2614NPCity of2615INof Boerne2616NPBoerne ...2617:... [JUSTICE ALITO]2618LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Sixteen2619CDsixteen examples2620NNSexample is2621VBZbe not2622RBnot enough2623JJenough .2624SENT. And2625CCand the2626DTthe ...2627:... the2628DTthe mere2629JJmere fact2630NNfact that2631IN/thatthat there2632EXthere were2633VBDbe ...2634:... that2635IN/thatthat there2636EXthere were2637VBDbe state2638NNstate infringements2639NNSinfringement does2640VVZdo n't2641RBn't necessarily2642RBnecessarily mean2643VVmean that2644IN/thatthat there2645EXthere were2646VBDbe state2647NNstate violations2648NNSviolation of2649INof a2650DTa constitutional2651JJconstitutional right2652NNright ,2653,, does2654VVZdo it2655PPit ?2656SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]2657LOC[MR. SHAFFER] We2658PPwe think2659VVPthink it2660PPit follows2661VVZfollow in2662INin the2663DTthe copyright2664NNcopyright context2665NNcontext ,2666,, Justice2667NPJustice Alito2668NPAlito .2669SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]2670LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Every2671DTevery ...2672:... every2673DTevery infringement2674NNinfringement is2675VBZbe a2676DTa violate2677JJviolate ...2678:... every2679DTevery infringement2680NNinfringement by2681INby a2682DTa state2683NNstate or2684CCor by2685INby the2686DTthe federal2687JJfederal government2688NNgovernment is2689VBZbe a2690DTa constitutional2691JJconstitutional violation2692NNviolation ?2693SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]2694LOC[MR. SHAFFER] The2695DTthe nature2696NNnature of2697INof the2698DTthe exclusive2699JJexclusive intellectual2700JJintellectual property2701NNproperty right2702NNright is2703VBZbe that2704IN/thatthat one2705PPone will2706MDwill have2707VHhave the2708DTthe right2709RBright respected2710VVNrespect or2711CCor else2712RBelse be2713VBbe compensated2714VVNcompensate for2715INfor an2716DTan intrusion2717NNintrusion .2718SENT. That2719DTthat is2720VBZbe the2721DTthe nature2722NNnature of2723INof intellectual2724JJintellectual property2725NNproperty .2726SENT. And2727CCand for2728INfor copyright2729NNcopyright in2730INin particular2731JJparticular ,2732,, Justice2733NPJustice Alito2734NPAlito ,2735,, infringement2736NNinfringement by2737INby definition2738NNdefinition means2739NNSmean someone2740NNsomeone has2741VHZhave copied2742VVNcopy the2743DTthe protected2744JJprotected original2745JJoriginal expression2746NNexpression of2747INof the2748DTthe copyright2749NNcopyright holder2750NNholder .2751SENT. And2752CCand ,2753,, yes2754UHyes ,2755,, we2756PPwe think2757VVPthink that2758IN/thatthat that2759DTthat is2760VBZbe a2761DTa constitutional2762JJconstitutional violation2763NNviolation pretty2764RBpretty much2765RBmuch every2766DTevery time2767NNtime .2768SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]2769LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But2770CCbut what2771WPwhat if2772INif it2773PPit 's2774VBZbe negligent2775JJnegligent ?2776SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]2777LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I2778PPI do2779VVPdo n't2780RBn't think2781VVthink it2782PPit ...2783:... Justice2784NPJustice Alito2785NPAlito ,2786,, I2787PPI do2788VVPdo n't2789RBn't think2790VVthink it2791PPit can2792MDcan be2793VBbe negligent2794JJnegligent in2795INin a2796DTa relevant2797JJrelevant sense2798NNsense .2799SENT. The2800DTthe ...2801:... the2802DTthe ...2803:... the2804DTthe ...2805:... the2806DTthe government2807NNgovernment may2808MDmay permit2809VVpermit procedural2810JJprocedural due2811JJdue process2812NNprocess violations2813NNSviolation by2814INby doing2815VVGdo all2816DTall sorts2817NNSsort of2818INof things2819NNSthing negligently2820RBnegligently ,2821,, denying2822VVGdeny notice2823NNnotice ,2824,, denying2825VVGdeny opportunity2826NNopportunity to2827TOto be2828VBbe heard2829VVNhear ,2830,, a2831DTa spurious2832JJspurious welfare2833NNwelfare cancellation2834NNcancellation .2835SENT. Those2836DTthose things2837NNSthing offend2838VVPoffend procedural2839JJprocedural due2840JJdue process2841NNprocess .2842SENT. But2843CCbut there2844EXthere 's2845VBZbe also2846RBalso a2847DTa takings2848NNStaking basis2849NNbasis for2850INfor this2851DTthis legislation2852NNlegislation .2853SENT. And2854CCand the2855DTthe Court2856NPCourt has2857VHZhave been2858VBNbe very2859RBvery clear2860JJclear that2861IN/thatthat a2862DTa taking2863VVGtake can2864MDcan occur2865VVoccur even2866RBeven through2867INthrough a2868DTa regulatory2869JJregulatory taking2870NNtaking ,2871,, as2872RBas in2873INin Penn2874NPPenn Central2875NPCentral .2876SENT. And2877CCand so2878RBso ,2879,, if2880INif there2881EXthere is2882VBZbe a2883DTa predictable2884JJpredictable result2885NNresult of2886INof a2887DTa government2888NNgovernment action2889NNaction that2890WDTthat denies2891VVZdeny someone2892NNsomeone their2893PP$their protected2894VVNprotect property2895NNproperty rights2896NNSright and2897CCand does2898VVZdo that2899IN/thatthat without2900INwithout compensation2901NNcompensation ,2902,, that2903WDTthat is2904VBZbe a2905DTa Fourteenth2906JJfourteenth Amendment2907NPAmendment problem2908NNproblem .2909SENT. I2910PPI submit2911VVPsubmit that2912IN/thatthat that2913DTthat 's2914VBZbe true2915JJtrue in2916INin every2917DTevery case2918NNcase ,2919,, but2920CCbut it2921PPit 's2922VBZbe certainly2923RBcertainly true2924JJtrue in2925INin most2926JJSmost cases2927NNScase .2928SENT. And2929CCand the2930DTthe Court2931NPCourt 's2932VHZhave been2933VBNbe very2934RBvery clear2935JJclear that2936IN/thatthat Congress2937NPCongress has2938VHZhave prophylactic2939JJprophylactic and2940CCand deterrent2941NNdeterrent rights2942NNSright under2943INunder its2944PP$its Section2945NPSection 52946CD5 power2947NNpower .2948SENT. And2949CCand I2950PPI would2951MDwould also2952RBalso note2953VVnote ,2954,, as2955RBas to2956TOto the2957DTthe 162958CD@card@ examples2959NNSexample that2960IN/thatthat we2961PPwe 're2962VBPbe talking2963VVGtalk about2964RBabout ,2965,, those2966DTthose examples2967NNSexample are2968VBPbe really2969RBreally in2970INin the2971DTthe nature2972NNnature of2973INof reports2974NNSreport ,2975,, Justice2976NPJustice Alito2977NPAlito .2978SENT. So2979RBso one2980CDone of2981INof those2982DTthose reports2983NNSreport was2984VBDbe from2985INfrom the2986DTthe Motion2987NPMotion Picture2988NPPicture Association2989NPAssociation of2990INof America2991NPAmerica ,2992,, which2993WDTwhich said2994VVDsay that2995IN/thatthat films2996NNSfilm were2997VBDbe being2998VBGbe shown2999VVNshow by3000INby state3001NNstate prison3002NNprison authorities3003NNSauthority widely3004RBwidely .3005SENT. And3006CCand when3007WRBwhen that3008DTthat was3009VBDbe pointed3010VVNpoint out3011RPout to3012TOto multiple3013JJmultiple states3014NNSstate ,3015,, two3016CDtwo of3017INof those3018DTthose states3019NNSstate came3020VVDcome back3021RBback and3022CCand said3023VVDsay ,3024,, we3025PPwe 're3026VBPbe going3027VVGgo to3028TOto stand3029VVstand on3030INon our3031PP$our Eleventh3032JJeleventh Amendment3033NPAmendment sovereign3034JJsovereign immunity3035NNimmunity .3036SENT. One3037CDOne of3038INof those3039DTthose is3040VBZbe North3041NPNorth Carolina3042NPCarolina ,3043,, one3044CDone of3045INof those3046DTthose states3047NNSstate .3048SENT. That3049DTthat 's3050VBZbe one3051CDone of3052INof the3053DTthe episodes3054NNSepisode that3055WDTthat was3056VBDbe reported3057VVNreport .3058SENT. And3059CCand just3060RBjust two3061CDtwo other3062JJother points3063NNSpoint about3064INabout this3065DTthis .3066SENT. The3067DTthe report3068NNreport from3069INfrom Ralph3070NPRalph Oman3071NPOman came3072VVDcome in3073INin 19883074CD@card@ .3075SENT. That3076DTthat was3077VBDbe three3078CDthree years3079NNSyear after3080INafter the3081DTthe Court3082NPCourt 's3083POS's decision3084NNdecision in3085INin Atascadero3086NPAtascadero .3087SENT. So3088INso the3089DTthe register3090NNregister was3091VBDbe clear3092JJclear ,3093,, the3094DTthe former3095JJformer register3096NNregister was3097VBDbe clear3098JJclear ,3099,, and3100CCand the3101DTthe Congress3102NPCongress was3103VBDbe clear3104JJclear that3105IN/thatthat this3106DTthis was3107VBDbe an3108DTan emerging3109VVGemerge problem3110NNproblem ,3111,, and3112CCand what3113WPwhat they3114PPthey had3115VHDhave in3116INin the3117DTthe way3118NNway of3119INof examples3120NNSexample was3121VBDbe within3122INwithin a3123DTa three-year3124JJthree-year band3125NNband of3126INof time3127NNtime .3128SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]3129LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But3130CCbut do3131VVPdo you3132PPyou think3133VVPthink that3134IN/thatthat record3135NNrecord is3136VBZbe stronger3137JJRstrong than3138INthan the3139DTthe record3140NNrecord in3141INin City3142NPCity of3143INof Boerne3144NPBoerne ?3145SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]3146LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Your3147PP$your Honor3148NPHonor ,3149,, I3150PPI think3151VVPthink the3152DTthe intrusion3153NNintrusion here3154RBhere is3155VBZbe much3156RBmuch lighter3157JJRlight than3158INthan in3159INin City3160NPCity of3161INof Boerne3162NPBoerne .3163SENT. Here3164RBhere ,3165,, all3166PDTall that3167DTthat states3168NNSstate are3169VBPbe being3170VBGbe held3171VVNhold to3172TOto substantively3173RBsubstantively is3174VBZbe the3175DTthe same3176JJsame rule3177NNrule they3178PPthey 've3179VHPhave been3180VBNbe under3181INunder since3182INsince the3183DTthe founding3184NNfounding :3185:: Do3186VVPdo n't3187RBn't infringe3188VVinfringe copyrights3189NNScopyright .3190SENT. Everyone3191NNEveryone agrees3192VVZagree that3193IN/thatthat that3194DTthat is3195VBZbe an3196DTan obligation3197NNobligation of3198INof the3199DTthe states3200NNSstate .3201SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]3202LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Well3203UHWell ,3204,, that3205WDTthat may3206MDmay be3207VBbe true3208JJtrue ,3209,, but3210CCbut the3211DTthe question3212NNquestion is3213VBZbe ,3214,, is3215VBZbe there3216RBthere greater3217JJRgreat congruence3218NNcongruence and3219CCand proportionality3220NNproportionality here3221RBhere than3222INthan there3223EXthere was3224VBDbe in3225INin City3226NPCity of3227INof Boerne3228NPBoerne ,3229,, or3230CCor maybe3231RBmaybe that3232IN/thatthat we3233PPwe should3234MDshould reexamine3235VVreexamine City3236NPCity of3237INof Boerne3238NPBoerne too3239RBtoo ?3240SENT? That3241DTthat 's3242VBZbe a3243DTa ...3244:... [MR. SHAFFER]3245LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I3246PPI 'm3247VBPbe not3248RBnot urging3249VVGurge that3250DTthat .3251SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]3252LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] It3253PPit 's3254VBZbe a3255DTa ...3256:... okay3257JJokay .3258SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]3259LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I'm3260NPI'm ...3261:... I3262PPI 'm3263VBPbe not3264RBnot urging3265VVGurge that3266IN/thatthat ,3267,, and3268CCand I3269PPI do3270VVPdo n't3271RBn't think3272VVthink the3273DTthe Court3274NPCourt needs3275VVZneed to3276TOto reexamine3277VVreexamine that3278IN/thatthat because3279INbecause there3280EXthere is3281VBZbe n't3282RBn't the3283DTthe same3284JJsame sort3285NNsort of3286INof congruence3287NNcongruence and3288CCand proportionality3289NNproportionality problem3290NNproblem .3291SENT. Part3292NNpart of3293INof what3294WPwhat was3295VBDbe at3296INat issue3297NNissue I3298PPI think3299VVPthink in3300INin City3301NPCity of3302INof Boerne3303NPBoerne ,3304,, and3305CCand rightfully3306RBrightfully concerned3307VVNconcern the3308DTthe Court3309NPCourt ,3310,, is3311VBZbe Congress3312NPCongress was3313VBDbe redefining3314VVGredefin the3315DTthe substantive3316JJsubstantive law3317NNlaw .3318SENT. It3319PPit was3320VBDbe intruding3321VVGintrude upon3322INupon the3323DTthe substantive3324JJsubstantive conduct3325NNconduct of3326INof states3327NNSstate and3328CCand basically3329RBbasically changing3330VVGchange the3331DTthe substantive3332JJsubstantive rules3333NNSrule of3334INof what3335WPwhat would3336MDwould constitute3337VVconstitute a3338DTa constitutional3339JJconstitutional violation3340NNviolation .3341SENT. That3342DTthat 's3343VBZbe not3344RBnot what3345WPwhat you3346PPyou have3347VHPhave here3348RBhere ,3349,, respectfully3350RBrespectfully ,3351,, Justice3352NPJustice Alito3353NPAlito .3354SENT. This3355DTthis is3356VBZbe Congress3357NPCongress looking3358VVGlook at3359INat something3360NNsomething that3361WDTthat is3362VBZbe a3363DTa cardinal3364JJcardinal sin3365NNsin .3366SENT. It3367PPit is3368VBZbe states3369NNSstate infringing3370VVGinfringe federal3371JJfederal copyrights3372NNScopyright ,3373,, protected3374VVNprotect federal3375JJfederal property3376NNproperty .3377SENT. And3378CCand it3379PPit 's3380VBZbe ...3381:... it3382PPit 's3383VBZbe enacting3384VVGenact a3385DTa remedy3386NNremedy that3387WDTthat is3388VBZbe precisely3389RBprecisely tailored3390VVNtailor to3391TOto that3392DTthat .3393SENT. States3394NNSstate have3395VHPhave to3396TOto pay3397VVpay what3398WPwhat any3399DTany private3400JJprivate infringer3401NNinfringer would3402MDwould pay3403VVpay .3404SENT. States3405NNSstate have3406VHPhave to3407TOto pay3408VVpay what3409WPwhat they3410PPthey would3411MDwould insist3412VVinsist an3413DTan infringer3414NNinfringer of3415INof their3416PP$their protected3417JJprotected copyrights3418NNScopyright pay3419VVPpay .3420SENT. That3421DTthat 's3422VBZbe all3423DTall Congress3424NPCongress was3425VBDbe doing3426VVGdo in3427INin the3428DTthe CRCA3429NPCRCA .3430SENT. And3431CCand I3432PPI do3433VVPdo n't3434RBn't think3435VVthink that3436IN/thatthat there3437EXthere should3438MDshould be3439VBbe the3440DTthe same3441JJsame sort3442NNsort of3443INof empirical3444JJempirical scepticism3445NNscepticism on3446INon the3447DTthe Court3448NPCourt 's3449POS's part3450NNpart ,3451,, especially3452RBespecially given3453VVNgive the3454DTthe fact3455NNfact that3456IN/thatthat Congress3457NPCongress was3458VBDbe so3459RBso clear3460JJclear about3461RBabout why3462WRBwhy the3463DTthe problem3464NNproblem was3465VBDbe newly3466RBnewly emerging3467VVGemerge and3468CCand why3469WRBwhy ,3470,, to3471TOto use3472VVuse the3473DTthe words3474NNSword that3475WDTthat are3476VBPbe found3477VVNfind in3478INin the3479DTthe legislative3480JJlegislative record3481NNrecord ,3482,, this3483DTthis was3484VBDbe just3485RBjust the3486DTthe tip3487NNtip of3488INof the3489DTthe iceberg3490NNiceberg ,3491,, because3492INbecause copyright3493NNcopyright holders3494NNSholder ,3495,, small3496JJsmall businesses3497NNSbusiness ,3498,, individual3499JJindividual authors3500NNSauthor ,3501,, did3502VVDdo not3503RBnot have3504VHhave the3505DTthe means3506NNmeans ,3507,, did3508VVDdo not3509RBnot have3510VHhave the3511DTthe incentives3512NNSincentive to3513TOto be3514VBbe going3515VVGgo to3516TOto court3517NNcourt and3518CCand reporting3519VVGreport instances3520NNSinstance of3521INof deprivation3522NNdeprivation .3523SENT. [JUSTICE GINSBURG]3524LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] You3525PPyou ...3526:... you3527PPyou said3528VVDsay it3529PPit was3530VBDbe inevitably3531RBinevitably intentional3532JJintentional copying3533NNcopying .3534SENT. But3535CCbut North3536NPNorth Carolina3537NPCarolina says3538VVZsay that3539IN/thatthat it3540PPit used3541VVDuse the3542DTthe copyrighted3543VVNcopyright works3544NNSwork only3545RBonly for3546INfor educational3547JJeducational purposes3548NNSpurpose and3549CCand it3550PPit got3551VVDget that3552IN/thatthat right3553RBright from3554INfrom the3555DTthe settlement3556NNsettlement that3557IN/thatthat the3558DTthe parties3559NNSparty reached3560VVDreach .3561SENT. So3562RBso that3563IN/thatthat sounds3564NNSsound like3565INlike North3566NPNorth Carolina3567NPCarolina is3568VBZbe saying3569VVGsay ,3570,, we3571PPwe ...3572:... we3573PPwe ...3574:... far3575RBfar from3576INfrom intentionally3577RBintentionally copying3578VVGcopy ,3579,, we3580PPwe thought3581VVDthink we3582PPwe were3583VBDbe just3584RBjust carrying3585VVGcarry out3586RPout the3587DTthe rights3588NNSright we3589PPwe had3590VHDhave under3591INunder the3592DTthe settlement3593NNsettlement agreement3594NNagreement .3595SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]3596LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Your3597PP$your Honor3598NPHonor ,3599,, that3600WDTthat 's3601VBZbe what3602WPwhat they3603PPthey say3604VVPsay .3605SENT. Of3606INof course3607NNcourse ,3608,, we3609PPwe 're3610VBPbe here3611RBhere on3612INon a3613DTa complaint3614NNcomplaint .3615SENT. We3616PPwe 're3617VBPbe here3618RBhere on3619INon a3620DTa motion3621NNmotion to3622TOto dismiss3623VVdismiss that3624WDTthat was3625VBDbe granted3626VVNgrant .3627SENT. And3628CCand ...3629:... and3630CCand we3631PPwe are3632VBPbe entitled3633VVNentitle to3634TOto have3635VHhave all3636DTall inferences3637NNSinference drawn3638VVNdraw in3639INin favor3640NNfavor of3641INof the3642DTthe allegations3643NNSallegation of3644INof the3645DTthe complaint3646NNcomplaint .3647SENT. And3648CCand if3649INif Your3650PP$your Honor3651NPHonor looks3652NNSlook at3653INat the3654DTthe settlement3655NNsettlement agreement3656NNagreement ,3657,, it3658PPit 's3659VBZbe very3660RBvery clear3661JJclear that3662IN/thatthat it3663PPit needed3664VVDneed ...3665:... there3666RBthere needed3667VVNneed to3668TOto be3669VBbe watermarks3670NNSwatermark and3671CCand timestamps3672NNStimestamps that3673WDTthat were3674VBDbe on3675INon North3676NPNorth ...3677:... on3678INon any3679DTany images3680NNSimage that3681IN/thatthat North3682NPNorth Carolina3683NPCarolina might3684MDmight use3685VVuse .3686SENT. That3687DTthat was3688VBDbe not3689RBnot on3690INon the3691DTthe images3692NNSimage that3693IN/thatthat they3694PPthey were3695VBDbe using3696VVGuse .3697SENT. When3698WRBwhen copyright3699NNcopyright infringement3700NNinfringement was3701VBDbe pointed3702VVNpoint out3703RPout to3704TOto them3705PPthem and3706CCand they3707PPthey were3708VBDbe caught3709VVNcatch red3710NNred handed3711VVNhand with3712INwith that3713DTthat ,3714,, they3715PPthey returned3716VVDreturn to3717TOto infringement3718NNinfringement .3719SENT. The3720DTthe infringement3721NNinfringement kept3722VVDkeep up3723RPup even3724RBeven after3725INafter the3726DTthe filing3727NNfiling of3728INof the3729DTthe lawsuit3730NNlawsuit .3731SENT. That3732DTthat 's3733VBZbe in3734INin the3735DTthe complaint3736NNcomplaint too3737RBtoo .3738SENT. Blackbeard3739NPBlackbeard 's3740POS's law3741NNlaw was3742VBDbe then3743RBthen passed3744VVNpass by3745INby North3746NPNorth Carolina3747NPCarolina to3748TOto make3749VVmake sure3750JJsure that3751IN/thatthat they3752PPthey could3753MDcould get3754VVget out3755RPout from3756INfrom under3757INunder the3758DTthe settlement3759NNsettlement agreement3760NNagreement and3761CCand they3762PPthey could3763MDcould basically3764RBbasically get3765VVget off3766RPoff the3767DTthe hook3768NNhook for3769INfor liability3770NNliability for3771INfor their3772PP$their infringement3773NNinfringement .3774SENT. That3775IN/thatthat ,3776,, too3777RBtoo ,3778,, is3779VBZbe in3780INin the3781DTthe complaint3782NNcomplaint .3783SENT. That3784DTthat 's3785VBZbe a3786DTa defense3787NNdefense that3788IN/thatthat North3789NPNorth Carolina3790NPCarolina raised3791VVDraise in3792INin a3793DTa parallel3794JJparallel state3795NNstate court3796NNcourt suit3797NNsuit .3798SENT. They3799PPthey pointed3800VVDpoint to3801TOto Blackbeard3802NPBlackbeard 's3803POS's law3804NNlaw to3805TOto basically3806RBbasically evade3807VVevade any3808DTany liability3809NNliability for3810INfor their3811PP$their copyright3812NNcopyright infringement3813NNinfringement .3814SENT. And3815CCand so3816RBso ,3817,, if3818INif you3819PPyou look3820VVPlook at3821INat the3822DTthe complaint3823NNcomplaint ,3824,, I3825PPI 'd3826MDwould point3827VVpoint the3828DTthe Court3829NNcourt to3830TOto paragraphs3831NNSparagraph 733832CD@card@ through3833INthrough 753834CD@card@ and3835CCand to3836TOto paragraph3837VVparagraph 803838CD@card@ ,3839,, it3840PPit is3841VBZbe explicit3842JJexplicit that3843IN/thatthat these3844DTthese were3845VBDbe intentional3846JJintentional uncompensated3847JJuncompensated infringements3848NNSinfringement by3849INby the3850DTthe state3851NNstate and3852CCand that3853IN/thatthat they3854PPthey were3855VBDbe unconstitutional3856JJunconstitutional in3857INin violating3858VVGviolate both3859CCboth the3860DTthe Fourteenth3861JJfourteenth Amendment3862NPAmendment and3863CCand the3864DTthe takings3865NNStaking clause3866NNclause .3867SENT. And3868CCand that3869WDTthat 's3870VBZbe ...3871:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]3872LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Mr3873NPMr .3874SENT. Shaffer3875NPShaffer ...3876:... please3877UHplease .3878SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]3879LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I3880PPI 'm3881VBPbe sorry3882JJsorry ,3883,, Justice3884NPJustice Kagan3885NPKagan .3886SENT. I3887PPI was3888VBDbe just3889RBjust going3890VVGgo to3891TOto say3892VVsay under3893INunder the3894DTthe rationale3895NNrationale that3896IN/thatthat the3897DTthe Court3898NPCourt articulated3899VVDarticulate in3900INin U3901NPU .3902SENT. S3903NPS .3904SENT. v3905NNv .3906SENT. Georgia3907NPGeorgia ,3908,, Tennessee3909NPTennessee v3910NNv .3911SENT. Lane3912NPLane ,3913,, at3914INat the3915DTthe very3916RBvery least3917JJSleast it3918PPit should3919MDshould be3920VBbe open3921JJopen to3922TOto my3923PP$my clients3924NNSclient to3925TOto be3926VBbe able3927JJable to3928TOto proceed3929VVproceed on3930INon this3931DTthis complaint3932NNcomplaint and3933CCand show3934VVPshow that3935IN/thatthat there3936EXthere was3937VBDbe something3938NNsomething unconstitutional3939JJunconstitutional here3940RBhere ,3941,, Justice3942NPJustice Alito3943NPAlito ...3944:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]3945LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] How3946NPHow ...3947:... [MR. SHAFFER]3948LOC[MR. SHAFFER] ...3949:... and3950CCand the3951DTthe CRCA3952NPCRCA is3953VBZbe valid3954JJvalid as3955RBas to3956TOto that3957DTthat .3958SENT. Sorry3959RBsorry ,3960,, Justice3961NPJustice Kagan3962NPKagan .3963SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]3964LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] How3965NPHow ...3966:... how3967WRBhow do3968VVPdo we3969PPwe figure3970VVfigure out3971RPout how3972WRBhow much3973RBmuch is3974VBZbe enough3975RBenough in3976INin a3977DTa legislative3978JJlegislative record3979NNrecord ?3980SENT? You3981PPyou said3982VVDsay these3983DTthese 163984CD@card@ instances3985NNSinstance are3986VBPbe enough3987JJenough .3988SENT. In3989INin Florida3990NPFlorida Prepaid3991VVNprepay ,3992,, I3993PPI believe3994VVPbelieve there3995EXthere were3996VBDbe eight3997CDeight instances3998NNSinstance ,3999,, and4000CCand we4001PPwe said4002VVDsay that4003DTthat was4004VBDbe n't4005RBn't enough4006JJenough .4007SENT. Now4008RBnow what4009WPwhat 's4010VBZbe the4011DTthe difference4012NNdifference between4013INbetween the4014DTthe two4015CDtwo ...4016:... [MR. SHAFFER]4017LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I4018PPI think4019VVPthink that4020DTthat ...4021:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]4022LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] ...4023:... other4024JJother than4025INthan eight4026CDeight ,4027,, you4028PPyou know4029VVPknow ?4030SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]4031LOC[MR. SHAFFER] ...4032:... part4033NNpart of4034INof it4035PPit is4036VBZbe the4037DTthe fundamental4038JJfundamental difference4039NNdifference between4040INbetween patents4041NNSpatent and4042CCand copyrights4043NNScopyright .4044SENT. In4045RBin ...4046:... in4047INin Florida4048NPFlorida Prepaid4049VVDprepay ,4050,, the4051DTthe Court4052NPCourt 's4053VBZbe dealing4054VVGdeal with4055INwith a4056DTa body4057NNbody of4058INof law4059NNlaw where4060WRBwhere states4061NNSstate can4062MDcan be4063VBbe totally4064RBtotally innocent4065JJinnocent in4066INin their4067PP$their infringement4068NNinfringement .4069SENT. They4070PPthey could4071MDcould independently4072RBindependently arrive4073VVarrive at4074INat an4075DTan invention4076NNinvention ,4077,, they4078PPthey could4079MDcould have4080VHhave no4081DTno awareness4082NNawareness that4083IN/thatthat anyone4084NNanyone else4085RBelse came4086VVDcome first4087JJfirst ,4088,, you4089PPyou 're4090VBPbe still4091RBstill going4092VVGgo to4093TOto be4094VBbe liable4095JJliable for4096INfor patent4097NNpatent infringement4098NNinfringement .4099SENT. Copyright4100NNcopyright law4101NNlaw by4102INby definition4103NNdefinition is4104VBZbe much4105RBmuch more4106RBRmore circumscribed4107VVNcircumscribe .4108SENT. For4109INfor there4110EXthere to4111TOto be4112VBbe infringement4113NNinfringement ,4114,, it4115PPit requires4116VVZrequire that4117IN/thatthat a4118DTa state4119NNstate have4120VHPhave ...4121:... have4122VHPhave copied4123VVNcopy the4124DTthe original4125JJoriginal expression4126NNexpression of4127INof someone4128NNsomeone else4129RBelse .4130SENT. Absent4131VVabsent that4132IN/thatthat ,4133,, we4134PPwe 're4135VBPbe not4136RBnot talking4137VVGtalk about4138INabout a4139DTa copyright4140NNcopyright violation4141NNviolation .4142SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]4143LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Yeah4144NPYeah ,4145,, because4146INbecause you4147PPyou could4148MDcould look4149VVlook at4150INat 164151CD@card@ as4152INas a4153DTa really4154RBreally low4155JJlow number4156NNnumber .4157SENT. There4158EXthere are4159VBPbe 504160CD@card@ states4161NNSstate ,4162,, and4163CCand if4164INif 164165CD@card@ of4166INof them4167PPthem infringed4168VVDinfringe once4169RBonce ,4170,, that4171WDTthat gets4172VVZget you4173PPyou to4174TOto 164175CD@card@ .4176SENT. That4177DTthat would4178MDwould n't4179RBn't strike4180VVstrike me4181PPme as4182INas a4183DTa major4184JJmajor national4185JJnational problem4186NNproblem .4187SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]4188LOC[MR. SHAFFER] It4189PPit was4190VBDbe reported4191VVNreport ...4192:... there4193EXthere were4194VBDbe 164195CD@card@ reports4196NNSreport oftentimes4197NNSoftentime of4198INof multiple4199JJmultiple instances4200NNSinstance of4201INof infringement4202NNinfringement or4203CCor bad-faith4204NNbad-faith conduct4205NNconduct by4206INby states4207NNSstate .4208SENT. That4209DTthat 's4210VBZbe encompassed4211VVNencompass within4212INwithin the4213DTthe 164214CD@card@ that4215IN/thatthat we4216PPwe 're4217VBPbe referring4218VVGrefer to4219TOto .4220SENT. And4221CCand as4222INas to4223TOto that4224DTthat ,4225,, there4226EXthere were4227VBDbe dozens4228NNSdozen of4229INof comments4230NNScomment that4231WDTthat were4232VBDbe received4233VVNreceive about4234RBabout is4235VBZbe this4236DTthis a4237DTa bigger4238JJRbig problem4239NNproblem ,4240,, is4241VBZbe this4242DTthis an4243DTan increasing4244VVGincrease problem4245NNproblem ?4246SENT? And4247CCand Congress4248NPCongress ,4249,, per4250INper the4251DTthe Register4252NPRegister ,4253,, found4254VVDfind that4255IN/thatthat ,4256,, yes4257UHyes ,4258,, it4259PPit was4260VBDbe .4261SENT. And4262CCand it4263PPit might4264MDmight be4265VBbe different4266JJdifferent ,4267,, Justice4268NPJustice Kagan4269NPKagan ,4270,, if4271INif there4272EXthere were4273VBDbe 164274CD@card@ examples4275NNSexample after4276INafter three4277CDthree decades4278NNSdecade had4279VHDhave passed4280VVNpass ,4281,, but4282CCbut the4283DTthe reality4284NNreality is4285VBZbe Congress4286NPCongress saw4287VVDsee the4288DTthe tip4289NNtip of4290INof the4291DTthe iceberg4292NNiceberg of4293INof this4294DTthis problem4295NNproblem .4296SENT. It4297PPit saw4298VVDsee something4299NNsomething that4300WDTthat was4301VBDbe growing4302VVGgrow quickly4303RBquickly and4304CCand said4305VVDsay this4306DTthis is4307VBZbe a4308DTa serious4309JJserious problem4310NNproblem for4311INfor the4312DTthe Fourteenth4313JJfourteenth Amendment4314NPAmendment ;4315:; we4316PPwe 're4317VBPbe going4318VVGgo to4319TOto put4320VVput remedies4321NNSremedy in4322INin place4323NNplace in4324INin order4325NNorder to4326TOto stop4327VVstop it4328PPit ,4329,, in4330INin order4331NNorder to4332TOto deter4333VVdeter it4334PPit .4335SENT. And4336CCand you4337PPyou have4338VHPhave from4339INfrom the4340DTthe amici4341NNamici on4342INon our4343PP$our side4344NNside a4345DTa whole4346JJwhole chorus4347NNchorus of4348INof industry4349NNindustry associations4350NNSassociation ,4351,, including4352VVGinclude the4353DTthe Chamber4354NPChamber of4355INof Commerce4356NPCommerce ,4357,, including4358VVGinclude the4359DTthe Copyright4360NPCopyright Alliance4361NPAlliance ,4362,, the4363DTthe way4364NNway that4365IN/thatthat this4366DTthis iceberg4367NNiceberg has4368VHZhave grown4369VVNgrow much4370RBmuch ,4371,, much4372RBmuch bigger4373JJRbig .4374SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]4375LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But4376CCbut how4377NNhow ...4378:... [MR. SHAFFER]4379LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Congress4380NPCongress was4381VBDbe exactly4382RBexactly right4383JJright .4384SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]4385LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] ...4386:... do4387VVPdo we4388PPwe think4389VVPthink about4390RBabout that4391RBthat ?4392SENT? Because4393INbecause a4394DTa lot4395NNlot of4396INof that4397WDTthat is4398VBZbe not4399RBnot in4400INin the4401DTthe record4402NNrecord .4403SENT. Do4404VVdo we4405PPwe close4406VVclose our4407PP$our eyes4408NNSeye to4409TOto that4410DTthat ?4411SENT? Do4412VVdo we4413PPwe act4414VVact like4415INlike a4416DTa trial4417NNtrial court4418NNcourt with4419INwith respect4420NNrespect to4421TOto those4422DTthose sorts4423NNSsort of4424INof facts4425NNSfact ?4426SENT? What4427WPWhat do4428VVPdo we4429PPwe do4430VVPdo ?4431SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]4432LOC[MR. SHAFFER] You4433PPyou have4434VHPhave a4435DTa clear4436JJclear rationale4437NNrationale from4438INfrom Congress4439NPCongress in4440INin the4441DTthe record4442NNrecord ,4443,, which4444WDTwhich is4445VBZbe that4446IN/thatthat there4447EXthere was4448VBDbe a4449DTa newly4450RBnewly emerging4451VVGemerge problem4452NNproblem and4453CCand a4454DTa tip4455NNtip of4456INof the4457DTthe iceberg4458NNiceberg ,4459,, and4460CCand Congress4461NPCongress wanted4462VVDwant to4463TOto ward4464VVward it4465PPit off4466RPoff ,4467,, Justice4468NPJustice Kagan4469NPKagan .4470SENT. And4471CCand perhaps4472RBperhaps in4473INin a4474DTa case4475NNcase like4476INlike City4477NPCity of4478INof Boerne4479NPBoerne ,4480,, the4481DTthe Court4482NPCourt might4483MDmight be4484VBbe skeptical4485JJskeptical as4486RBas to4487TOto whether4488INwhether this4489DTthis was4490VBDbe a4491DTa good-faith4492NNgood-faith ,4493,, sound4494JJsound prediction4495NNprediction by4496INby Congress4497NPCongress or4498CCor whether4499INwhether it4500PPit was4501VBDbe paranoia4502NNparanoia or4503CCor whether4504INwhether it4505PPit was4506VBDbe pretextual4507JJpretextual .4508SENT. I4509PPI think4510VVPthink the4511DTthe Court4512NPCourt should4513MDshould be4514VBbe heartened4515VVNhearten here4516RBhere ,4517,, Justice4518NPJustice Kagan4519NPKagan ,4520,, by4521INby the4522DTthe fact4523NNfact that4524IN/thatthat exactly4525RBexactly what4526WPwhat Congress4527NPCongress feared4528VVDfear would4529MDwould come4530VVcome to4531TOto pass4532VVpass has4533VHZhave come4534VVNcome to4535TOto pass4536VVpass over4537RPover and4538CCand over4539RPover and4540CCand over4541RPover again4542RBagain .4543SENT. And4544CCand there4545EXthere 's4546VBZbe a4547DTa one-sided4548JJone-sided chorus4549NNchorus on4550INon this4551DTthis .4552SENT. It4553PPit just4554RBjust confirms4555VVZconfirm the4556DTthe reality4557NNreality and4558CCand the4559DTthe soundness4560NNsoundness of4561INof Congress4562NPCongress 's4563POS's prediction4564NNprediction .4565SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]4566LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Why4567NPWhy has4568VHZhave n't4569RBn't there4570RBthere ...4571:... after4572INafter Florida4573NPFlorida Prepaid4574VVDprepay ,4575,, why4576RBwhy ...4577:... why4578RBwhy ...4579:... why4580WRBwhy do4581VVPdo you4582PPyou think4583VVPthink ...4584:... why4585WRBwhy has4586VHZhave there4587RBthere not4588RBnot been4589VBNbe ,4590,, have4591VHPhave not4592RBnot been4593VBNbe ,4594,, many4595JJmany ,4596,, many4597JJmany instances4598NNSinstance in4599INin which4600WDTwhich states4601NNSstate decide4602VVPdecide ,4603,, well4604RBwell ,4605,, look4606VVPlook at4607INat all4608PDTall this4609DTthis text4610NNtext stuff4611NNstuff ,4612,, it4613PPit 's4614VBZbe fabulous4615JJfabulous ,4616,, we4617PPwe 'll4618MDwill just4619RBjust copy4620VVcopy all4621PDTall the4622DTthe patents4623NNSpatent ?4624SENT? Why4625WRBwhy not4626RBnot ?4627SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]4628LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Justice4629NPJustice Breyer4630NPBreyer ,4631,, there4632EXthere has4633VHZhave been4634VBNbe a4635DTa lot4636NNlot ...4637:... I4638PPI mean4639VVPmean ,4640,, there4641EXthere has4642VHZhave been4643VBNbe a4644DTa lot4645NNlot of4646INof that4647DTthat .4648SENT. And4649CCand you4650PPyou have4651VHPhave that4652DTthat from4653INfrom the4654DTthe amici4655NNamici .4656SENT. And4657CCand I4658PPI think4659VVPthink it4660PPit 's4661VBZbe also4662RBalso influenced4663VVNinfluence licensing4664NNlicensing entities4665NNSentity .4666SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]4667LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] All4668NPAll over4669INover California4670NPCalifornia .4671SENT. Why4672WRBwhy does4673VVZdo n't4674RBn't California4675NPCalifornia have4676VHPhave a4677DTa budget4678NNbudget problem4679NNproblem ?4680SENT? We4681PPwe 'll4682MDwill just4683RBjust take4684VVtake all4685PDTall the4686DTthe Silicon4687NPSilicon Valley4688NPValley material4689NNmaterial and4690CCand ...4691:... and4692CCand we4693PPwe 'll4694MDwill copy4695VVcopy it4696PPit .4697SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]4698LOC[MR. SHAFFER] If4699INif you4700PPyou read4701VVPread from4702INfrom Dow4703NPDow Jones4704NPJones ...4705:... I4706PPI ...4707:... I4708PPI committed4709VVDcommit to4710TOto ...4711:... [JUSTICE BREYER]4712LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] They4713PPthey 're4714VBPbe doing4715VVGdo it4716PPit ?4717SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]4718LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Your4719PP$your Honor4720NPHonor ,4721,, that4722WDTthat 's4723VBZbe what4724WPwhat they4725PPthey did4726VVDdo tens4727NNSten of4728INof thousands4729NNSthousand of4730INof times4731NNStime over4732INover with4733INwith ...4734:... [JUSTICE BREYER]4735LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] I4736PPI 'm4737VBPbe not4738RBnot talking4739VVGtalk about4740INabout copyright4741NNcopyright .4742SENT. I4743PPI 'm4744VBPbe talking4745VVGtalk about4746INabout patents4747NNSpatent .4748SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]4749LOC[MR. SHAFFER] As4750INas to4751TOto patents4752NNSpatent ,4753,, I4754PPI do4755VVPdo n't4756RBn't think4757VVthink that4758DTthat ...4759:... that4760IN/thatthat states4761NNSstate are4762VBPbe in4763INin the4764DTthe patent4765NNpatent business4766NNbusiness to4767TOto the4768DTthe same4769JJsame extent4770NNextent ,4771,, Justice4772NPJustice Breyer4773NPBreyer .4774SENT. I4775PPI do4776VVPdo n't4777RBn't ...4778:... [JUSTICE BREYER]4779LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Why4780WRBwhy do4781VVPdo n't4782RBn't they4783PPthey ...4784:... why4785WRBwhy do4786VVPdo n't4787RBn't they4788PPthey ...4789:... here4790RBhere 's4791VBZbe the4792DTthe solution4793NNsolution to4794TOto all4795DTall their4796PP$their budget4797NNbudget problems4798NNSproblem ?4799SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]4800LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Well4801UHWell ,4802,, maybe4803RBmaybe they4804PPthey 're4805VBPbe afraid4806JJafraid that4807IN/thatthat this4808DTthis Court4809NPCourt might4810MDmight be4811VBbe there4812RBthere at4813INat the4814DTthe end4815NNend of4816INof the4817DTthe day4818NNday to4819TOto answer4820VVanswer unresolved4821JJunresolved questions4822NNSquestion after4823INafter Florida4824NPFlorida Prepaid4825VVDprepay .4826SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]4827LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] What4828WPWhat ?4829SENT? What4830WPWhat question4831NNquestion ?4832SENT? We4833PPwe apparently4834RBapparently said4835VVDsay they4836PPthey could4837MDcould go4838VVgo do4839VVdo it4840PPit .4841SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]4842LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Well4843UHwell ,4844,, we4845PPwe think4846VVPthink that4847IN/thatthat there4848EXthere 's4849VBZbe still4850RBstill an4851DTan Article4852NNarticle I4853PPI ...4854:... a4855DTa question4856NNquestion as4857RBas to4858TOto the4859DTthe Article4860NPArticle I4861NNI basis4862NNbasis .4863SENT. That4864DTthat 's4865VBZbe what4866WPwhat we4867PPwe 're4868VBPbe respectfully4869RBrespectfully urging4870VVGurge .4871SENT. And4872CCand ,4873,, certainly4874RBcertainly ,4875,, Congress4876NPCongress ...4877:... [JUSTICE BREYER]4878LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] I4879PPI ,4880,, of4881INof course4882NNcourse ,4883,, dissented4884VVDdissent .4885SENT. [4886SYM[ LAUGHTER4887NNlaughter ]4888SYM] [MR. SHAFFER]4889LOC[MR. SHAFFER] We4890PPwe ...4891:... I4892PPI ...4893:... I4894PPI know4895VVPknow it4896PPit well4897RBwell ,4898,, Justice4899NPJustice Breyer4900NPBreyer .4901SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]4902LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Well4903UHwell ,4904,, you4905PPyou ...4906:... what4907WPwhat you4908PPyou say4909VVPsay raises4910VVZraise an4911DTan interesting4912JJinteresting question4913NNquestion under4914INunder Section4915NNsection of4916INof the4917DTthe Fourteenth4918JJfourteenth Amendment4919NPAmendment .4920SENT. When4921WRBwhen we4922PPwe have4923VHPhave decided4924VVNdecide that4925IN/thatthat the4926DTthe ...4927:... the4928DTthe congressional4929JJcongressional record4930NNrecord at4931INat the4932DTthe time4933NNtime of4934INof an4935DTan enactment4936NNenactment that4937WDTthat attempts4938VVZattempt to4939TOto rely4940VVrely on4941INon Congress4942NPCongress 's4943POS's Section4944NPSection 54945CD5 power4946NNpower is4947VBZbe insufficient4948JJinsufficient ,4949,, and4950CCand in4951INin subsequent4952JJsubsequent years4953NNSyear there4954EXthere are4955VBPbe events4956NNSevent that4957WDTthat would4958MDwould have4959VHhave made4960VVNmake the4961DTthe record4962NNrecord a4963DTa lot4964NNlot stronger4965RBRstronger ,4966,, what4967WPwhat does4968VVZdo that4969RBthat do4970VVdo to4971TOto the4972DTthe decision4973NNdecision ?4974SENT? Does4975VVZdo that4976DTthat ...4977:... does4978VVZdo that4979RBthat mean4980VVmean that4981IN/thatthat it4982PPit 's4983VBZbe ...4984:... it4985PPit 's4986VBZbe subject4987JJsubject to4988TOto reexamination4989NNreexamination based4990VVNbase on4991INon what4992WPwhat has4993VHZhave happened4994VVNhappen after4995INafter that4996DTthat point4997NNpoint ?4998SENT? So4999RBso why5000WRBwhy should5001MDshould we5002PPwe look5003VVlook at5004INat events5005NNSevent that5006WDTthat occurred5007VVDoccur after5008INafter the5009DTthe enactment5010NNenactment of5011INof this5012DTthis ?5013SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]5014LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Because5015INbecause you5016PPyou 've5017VHPhave never5018RBnever looked5019VVNlook at5020INat this5021DTthis legislative5022JJlegislative record5023NNrecord before5024RBbefore .5025SENT. When5026WRBwhen you5027PPyou look5028VVPlook at5029INat this5030DTthis legislative5031JJlegislative record5032NNrecord ,5033,, you5034PPyou find5035VVPfind a5036DTa predictive5037JJpredictive judgment5038NNjudgment by5039INby Congress5040NPCongress that5041WDTthat is5042VBZbe a5043DTa well-reasoned5044JJwell-reasoned and5045CCand logical5046JJlogical and5047CCand evidence-based5048JJevidence-based predictive5049JJpredictive ...5050:... predictive5051JJpredictive judgment5052NNjudgment that5053IN/thatthat this5054DTthis is5055VBZbe a5056DTa real5057JJreal phenomenon5058NNphenomenon ,5059,, it5060PPit is5061VBZbe emerging5062VVGemerge ,5063,, it5064PPit 's5065VBZbe being5066VBGbe reported5067VVNreport from5068INfrom multiple5069JJmultiple sources5070NNSsource ,5071,, it5072PPit is5073VBZbe quite5074RBquite concerning5075VVGconcern when5076WRBwhen you5077PPyou look5078VVPlook at5079INat this5080DTthis from5081INfrom Fourteenth5082JJfourteenth Amendment5083NPAmendment principles5084NNSprinciple ,5085,, among5086INamong others5087NNSother .5088SENT. And5089CCand so5090RBso they5091PPthey decided5092VVDdecide to5093TOto do5094VVdo what5095WPwhat they5096PPthey did5097VVDdo .5098SENT. So5099INso that5100DTthat rationale5101NNrationale is5102VBZbe corroborated5103VVNcorroborate ,5104,, Justice5105NPJustice Alito5106NPAlito .5107SENT. There5108EXthere 's5109VBZbe a5110DTa reality5111NNreality to5112TOto it5113PPit ,5114,, a5115DTa grounding5116NNgrounding that5117WDTthat is5118VBZbe evident5119JJevident in5120INin what5121WPwhat has5122VHZhave happened5123VVNhappen subsequent5124JJsubsequent to5125TOto that5126DTthat .5127SENT. And5128CCand I5129PPI think5130VVPthink if5131INif the5132DTthe Court5133NPCourt were5134VBDbe to5135TOto go5136VVgo ,5137,, from5138INfrom our5139PP$our perspective5140NNperspective ,5141,, the5142DTthe wrong5143JJwrong way5144NNway in5145INin this5146DTthis case5147NNcase ,5148,, the5149DTthe problem5150NNproblem will5151MDwill get5152VVget that5153DTthat much5154RBmuch worse5155JJRbad ,5156,, because5157INbecause that5158WDTthat will5159MDwill be5160VBbe taken5161VVNtake as5162INas a5163DTa green5164JJgreen light5165NNlight for5166INfor states5167NNSstate to5168TOto continue5169VVcontinue with5170INwith their5171PP$their infringement5172NNinfringement without5173INwithout paying5174VVGpay for5175INfor it5176PPit .5177SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]5178LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] So5179RBso ...5180:... so5181RBso can5182MDcan Congress5183NPCongress say5184VVPsay we5185PPwe 're5186VBPbe enacting5187VVGenact this5188DTthis under5189INunder Section5190NPSection 55191CD5 and5192CCand we5193PPwe recognize5194VVPrecognize that5195IN/thatthat there5196EXthere 's5197VBZbe not5198RBnot much5199JJmuch of5200INof a5201DTa record5202NNrecord of5203INof state5204NNstate violations5205NNSviolation at5206INat this5207DTthis point5208NNpoint ,5209,, but5210CCbut we5211PPwe predict5212VVPpredict that5213IN/thatthat there5214EXthere is5215VBZbe going5216VVGgo to5217TOto be5218VBbe ?5219SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]5220LOC[MR. SHAFFER] If5221INif ...5222:... if5223INif the5224DTthe remedy5225NNremedy is5226VBZbe sufficiently5227RBsufficiently well5228RBwell tailored5229VVNtailor around5230INaround the5231DTthe constitutional5232JJconstitutional deprivation5233NNdeprivation ,5234,, my5235PP$my answer5236NNanswer to5237TOto that5238WDTthat is5239VBZbe yes5240UHyes ,5241,, Justice5242NPJustice Alito5243NPAlito .5244SENT. I5245PPI think5246VVPthink we5247PPwe are5248VBPbe stronger5249JJRstrong than5250INthan that5251DTthat .5252SENT. But5253CCbut to5254TOto take5255VVtake U5256NPU .5257SENT. S5258NPS ...5259:... .5260SENT. to5261TOto take5262VVtake Tennessee5263NPTennessee v5264NNv .5265SENT. Lane5266NPLane and5267CCand U5268NPU .5269SENT. S5270NPS .5271SENT. v5272NNv .5273SENT. Georgia5274NPGeorgia ,5275,, there5276RBthere ,5277,, the5278DTthe Court5279NPCourt was5280VBDbe looking5281VVGlook at5282INat essentially5283RBessentially what5284WPwhat are5285VBPbe the5286DTthe facts5287NNSfact of5288INof specific5289JJspecific cases5290NNScase or5291CCor a5292DTa specific5293JJspecific set5294NNset of5295INof cases5296NNScase and5297CCand saying5298VVGsay from5299INfrom the5300DTthe Court5301NPCourt 's5302POS's perspective5303NNperspective ,5304,, yes5305UHyes ,5306,, this5307DTthis would5308MDwould violate5309VVviolate the5310DTthe Constitution5311NPConstitution ,5312,, therefore5313RBtherefore ,5314,, the5315DTthe remedy5316NNremedy is5317VBZbe constitutional5318JJconstitutional as5319RBas to5320TOto those5321DTthose separate5322JJseparate cases5323NNScase .5324SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]5325LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But5326CCbut I5327PPI did5328VVDdo n't5329RBn't understand5330VVunderstand you5331PPyou to5332TOto be5333VBbe making5334VVGmake an5335DTan argument5336NNargument under5337INunder U5338NPU .5339SENT. S5340NPS .5341SENT. versus5342CCversus Georgia5343NPGeorgia .5344SENT. Am5345VBPbe I5346PPI wrong5347JJwrong ?5348SENT? You5349PPyou 're5350VBPbe making5351VVGmake an5352DTan as-applied5353JJas-applied argument5354NNargument to5355TOto this5356DTthis particular5357JJparticular case5358NNcase ?5359SENT? [MR. SHAFFER]5360LOC[MR. SHAFFER] I5361PPI think5362VVPthink it5363PPit 's5364VBZbe on5365INon North5366NPNorth Carolina5367NPCarolina to5368TOto make5369VVmake an5370DTan as-applied5371JJas-applied challenge5372NNchallenge ,5373,, Justice5374NPJustice Alito5375NPAlito .5376SENT. Our5377PP$our respectful5378JJrespectful submission5379NNsubmission is5380VBZbe that5381IN/thatthat the5382DTthe CRCA5383NPCRCA is5384VBZbe constitutional5385JJconstitutional as5386RBas enacted5387VVNenact by5388INby Congress5389NPCongress and5390CCand as5391RBas relied5392VVNrely upon5393RPupon by5394INby us5395PPus in5396INin this5397DTthis case5398NNcase .5399SENT. And5400CCand if5401INif North5402NPNorth Carolina5403NPCarolina wants5404VVZwant to5405TOto argue5406VVargue that5407IN/thatthat it5408PPit is5409VBZbe an5410DTan unconstitutional5411JJunconstitutional application5412NNapplication as5413RBas to5414TOto them5415PPthem ,5416,, it5417PPit 's5418VBZbe their5419PP$their burden5420NNburden to5421TOto do5422VVdo so5423RBso .5424SENT. And5425CCand we5426PPwe support5427VVPsupport the5428DTthe arguments5429NNSargument of5430INof our5431PP$our amici5432NNSamici that5433WDTthat say5434VVPsay the5435DTthe Court5436NPCourt could5437MDcould ultimately5438RBultimately decide5439VVdecide this5440DTthis case5441NNcase under5442INunder a5443DTa U5444NPU .5445SENT. S5446NPS .5447SENT. v5448NNv .5449SENT. Georgia5450NPGeorgia or5451CCor a5452DTa Tennessee5453NPTennessee v5454NNv .5455SENT. Lane5456NPLane rationale5457NNrationale .5458SENT. I5459PPI 'm5460VBPbe urging5461VVGurge the5462DTthe Court5463NPCourt ,5464,, in5465INin the5466DTthe first5467JJfirst instance5468NNinstance ,5469,, simply5470RBsimply to5471TOto uphold5472VVuphold the5473DTthe CRCA5474NPCRCA the5475DTthe way5476NNway that5477IN/thatthat Congress5478NPCongress enacted5479VVDenact the5480DTthe CRCA5481NPCRCA and5482CCand envisioned5483VVNenvision for5484INfor it5485PPit to5486TOto be5487VBbe applied5488VVNapply .5489SENT. [JUSTICE GINSBURG]5490LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] But5491CCbut you5492PPyou did5493VVDdo n't5494RBn't make5495VVmake below5496INbelow the5497DTthe ...5498:... any5499DTany ...5500:... at5501INat least5502JJSleast I5503PPI did5504VVDdo n't5505RBn't see5506VVsee an5507DTan argument5508NNargument based5509VVNbase on5510INon U5511NPU .5512SENT. S5513NPS .5514SENT. v5515NNv .5516SENT. Georgia5517NPGeorgia .5518SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]5519LOC[MR. SHAFFER] We5520PPwe did5521VVDdo n't5522RBn't ,5523,, I5524PPI think5525VVPthink ,5526,, cite5527VVPcite U5528NPU .5529SENT. S5530NPS .5531SENT. v5532NNv .5533SENT. Georgia5534NPGeorgia .5535SENT. I5536PPI think5537VVPthink that5538WDTthat is5539VBZbe true5540JJtrue ,5541,, Justice5542NPJustice Ginsburg5543NPGinsburg .5544SENT. We5545PPwe do5546VVPdo rely5547VVrely upon5548INupon the5549DTthe arguments5550NNSargument of5551INof our5552PP$our amici5553NNSamici ,5554,, and5555CCand I5556PPI stand5557VVPstand by5558INby my5559PP$my submission5560NNsubmission to5561TOto Your5562PP$your Honors5563NNShonors that5564IN/thatthat if5565INif anyone5566NNanyone is5567VBZbe ...5568:... is5569VBZbe trying5570VVGtry to5571TOto argue5572VVargue that5573IN/thatthat the5574DTthe CRCA5575NPCRCA is5576VBZbe unconstitutionally5577RBunconstitutionally applied5578VVNapply in5579INin this5580DTthis case5581NNcase ,5582,, it5583PPit 's5584VBZbe North5585NPNorth Carolina5586NPCarolina .5587SENT. And5588CCand the5589DTthe Court5590NPCourt can5591MDcan decide5592VVdecide ,5593,, as5594INas it5595PPit decides5596VVZdecide so5597RBso often5598RBoften when5599WRBwhen it5600PPit comes5601VVZcome to5602TOto facial5603JJfacial challenges5604NNSchallenge ,5605,, that5606IN/thatthat the5607DTthe CRCA5608NPCRCA is5609VBZbe not5610RBnot facially5611RBfacially unconstitutional5612JJunconstitutional ,5613,, but5614CCbut it5615PPit could5616MDcould be5617VBbe open5618JJopen to5619TOto states5620NNSstate in5621INin an5622DTan appropriate5623JJappropriate case5624NNcase to5625TOto make5626VVmake the5627DTthe as-applied5628JJas-applied challenge5629NNchallenge .5630SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]5631LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] You5632PPyou 've5633VHPhave done5634VVNdo a5635DTa very5636RBvery nice5637JJnice job5638NNjob of5639INof showing5640VVGshow in5641INin your5642PP$your papers5643NNSpaper ...5644:... the5645DTthe Blackbeard5646NPBlackbeard law5647NNlaw does5648VVZdo trouble5649VVtrouble me5650PPme deeply5651RBdeeply ,5652,, but5653CCbut you5654PPyou 're5655VBPbe doing5656VVGdo nothing5657NNnothing with5658INwith proving5659VVGprove the5660DTthe proportionality5661NNproportionality to5662TOto the5663DTthe problem5664NNproblem because5665INbecause there5666EXthere are5667VBPbe states5668NNSstate that5669WDTthat presumably5670RBpresumably have5671VHPhave fine5672JJfine remedies5673NNSremedy to5674TOto handle5675VVhandle any5676DTany infringement5677NNinfringement .5678SENT. You5679PPyou 've5680VHPhave shown5681VVNshow some5682DTsome failings5683NNSfailing in5684INin this5685DTthis state5686NNstate 's5687POS's processes5688NNSprocess ,5689,, but5690CCbut I5691PPI do5692VVPdo n't5693RBn't know5694VVknow how5695WRBhow any5696DTany of5697INof the5698DTthe evidence5699NNevidence developed5700VVNdevelop by5701INby Congress5702NPCongress shows5703VVZshow that5704IN/thatthat all5705DTall 505706CD@card@ states5707NNSstate and5708CCand territories5709NNSterritory additionally5710RBadditionally do5711VVPdo n't5712RBn't have5713VHhave adequate5714JJadequate state5715NNstate systems5716NNSsystem to5717TOto address5718VVaddress this5719DTthis issue5720NNissue .5721SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]5722LOC[MR. SHAFFER] If5723INif I5724PPI may5725MDmay answer5726VVanswer the5727DTthe question5728NNquestion ,5729,, Mr5730NPMr .5731SENT. Chief5732NPChief Justice5733NPJustice .5734SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]5735LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Briefly5736NNbriefly .5737SENT. [MR. SHAFFER]5738LOC[MR. SHAFFER] Very5739JJVery briefly5740NNbriefly ,5741,, Justice5742NPJustice Sotomayor5743NPSotomayor .5744SENT. Number5745NNnumber one5746CDone ,5747,, in5748RBin ...5749:... in5750INin the5751DTthe legislative5752JJlegislative record5753NNrecord ,5754,, the5755DTthe House5756NPHouse report5757NNreport at5758INat ...5759:... committee5760NNcommittee report5761NNreport at5762INat 95763CD9 and5764CCand 105765CD@card@ ,5766,, the5767DTthe House5768NPHouse emphasized5769VVDemphasize how5770WRBhow important5771JJimportant copyright5772NNcopyright damages5773NNSdamage are5774VBPbe ,5775,, specifically5776RBspecifically statutory5777JJstatutory damages5778NNSdamage and5779CCand attorneys5780NNSattorney '5781POS' fees5782NNSfee .5783SENT. It5784PPit 's5785VBZbe the5786DTthe difference5787NNdifference between5788INbetween loss5789NNloss of5790INof the5791DTthe right5792NNright and5793CCand ...5794:... and5795CCand protection5796NNprotection of5797INof the5798DTthe right5799NNright .5800SENT. That5801DTthat 's5802VBZbe how5803WRBhow important5804JJimportant it5805PPit is5806VBZbe .5807SENT. And5808CCand ,5809,, of5810INof course5811NNcourse ,5812,, the5813DTthe copyright5814NNcopyright statute5815NNstatute preempts5816VVZpreempt any5817DTany equivalent5818JJequivalent state5819NNstate laws5820NNSlaw .5821SENT. So5822RBso there5823EXthere is5824VBZbe no5825DTno recourse5826NNrecourse for5827INfor the5828DTthe copyright5829NNcopyright holder5830NNholder who5831WPwho 's5832VBZbe complaining5833VVGcomplain specifically5834RBspecifically of5835INof copyright5836NNcopyright deprivation5837NNdeprivation outside5838INoutside of5839INof the5840DTthe CRCA5841NPCRCA .5842SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]5843LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Thank5844VVthank you5845PPyou ,5846,, counsel5847NNcounsel .5848SENT. Mr5849NPMr .5850SENT. Park5851NPPark .5852SENT.