[MS. BLATT]19LOC[MS. BLATT] Thank20VVthank you21PPyou ,22,, Mr23NPMr .24SENT. Chief25NPChief Justice26NPJustice ,27,, and28CCand may29MDmay it30PPit please31VVplease the32DTthe Court33NPCourt :34:: Eastern35NPEastern Oklahoma36NPOklahoma is37VBZbe not38RBnot an39DTan Indian40JJIndian reservation41NNreservation for42INfor three43CDthree reasons44NNSreason .45SENT. First46RBfirst ,47,, Congress48NPCongress destroyed49VVDdestroy all50DTall features51NNSfeature of52INof a53DTa reservation54NNreservation by55INby terminating56VVGterminate all57DTall sovereignty58NNsovereignty over59INover the60DTthe land61NNland in62INin the63DTthe march64NNmarch up65RBup to66TOto statehood67NNstatehood .68SENT. Second69RBsecond ,70,, Solem71NPSolem is72VBZbe not73RBnot to74TOto the75DTthe contrary76NNcontrary .77SENT. And78CCand ,79,, third80JJthird ,81,, affirmance82NNaffirmance would83MDwould immediately84RBimmediately trigger85VVtrigger a86DTa seismic87JJseismic shift88NNshift in89INin criminal90JJcriminal and91CCand civil92JJcivil jurisdiction93NNjurisdiction .94SENT. First95RBfirst ,96,, Congress97NPCongress stripped98VVDstrip the99DTthe former100JJformer Indian101JJIndian territory102NNterritory of103INof reservation104NNreservation status105NNstatus by106INby terminating107VVGterminate all108DTall tribal109JJtribal sovereignty110NNsovereignty over111INover the112DTthe area113NNarea to114TOto create115VVcreate Oklahoma116NPOklahoma .117SENT. Disestablishment118NNdisestablishment occurred119VVDoccur ...120:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]121LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Exactly122RBexactly when123WRBwhen did124VVDdo it125PPit do126VVPdo this127DTthis ?128SENT? What129WPWhat 's130VBZbe the131DTthe exact132JJexact date133NNdate ?134SENT? It135PPit was136VBDbe n't137RBn't in138INin the139DTthe Enabling140VVGenable Act141NPAct when142WRBwhen the143DTthe state144NNstate became145VVDbecome ...146:... when147WRBwhen the148DTthe state149NNstate was150VBDbe pro151JJpro ...152:... well153RBwell ,154,, when155WRBwhen Teddy156NPTeddy Roosevelt157NPRoosevelt proclaimed158VVDproclaim it159PPit a160DTa state161NNstate ,162,, but163CCbut nothing164NNnothing in165INin the166DTthe Enabling167VVGenable Act168NPAct did169VVDdo that170DTthat .171SENT. So172RBso exactly173RBexactly what174WPwhat 's175VBZbe the176DTthe date177NNdate ?178SENT? [MS. BLATT]179LOC[MS. BLATT] I180PPI mean181VVPmean ,182,, our183PP$our position184NNposition is185VBZbe it186PPit was187VBDbe done188VVNdo by189INby statehood190NNstatehood .191SENT. Our192PP$our position193NNposition is194VBZbe more195RBRmore fundamentally196RBfundamentally that197IN/thatthat we198PPwe do199VVPdo n't200RBn't have201VHhave ...202:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]203LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] But204CCbut at205INat statehood206NNstatehood ...207:... [MS. BLATT]208LOC[MS. BLATT] ...209:... to210TOto give211VVgive you212PPyou a213DTa state214NNstate ...215:... a216DTa date217NNdate ...218:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]219LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] But220CCbut at221INat ...222:... but223CCbut at224INat statehood225NNstatehood ,226,, the227DTthe tribe228NNtribe was229VBDbe still230RBstill in231INin existence232NNexistence .233SENT. Shortly234RBshortly thereafter235RBthereafter ,236,, Congress237NPCongress says238VVZsay it239PPit 's240VBZbe not241RBnot going242VVGgo to243TOto dismember244VVdismember it245PPit ,246,, and247CCand tribal248JJtribal members249NNSmember still250RBstill owned251VVNown property252NNproperty ,253,, they254PPthey were255VBDbe getting256VVGget property257NNproperty ,258,, and259CCand it260PPit was261VBDbe only262RBonly after263INafter that264DTthat that265WDTthat the266DTthe government267NNgovernment began268VVDbegin to269TOto ...270:... it271PPit was272VBDbe n't273RBn't even274RBeven that275IN/thatthat it276PPit took277VVDtake the278DTthe land279NNland away280RBaway from281INfrom the282DTthe Indians283NPSIndians ;284:; that285WDTthat through286INthrough trickery287NNtrickery and288CCand deceit289NNdeceit ,290,, they291PPthey were292VBDbe permitted293VVNpermit to294TOto sell295VVsell off296RPoff their297PP$their lands298NNSland ,299,, but300CCbut I301PPI 'm302VBPbe trying303VVGtry to304TOto figure305VVfigure out306RPout ...307:... [MS. BLATT]308LOC[MS. BLATT] Sure309NPSure .310SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]311LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...312:... exactly313RBexactly when314WRBwhen ?315SENT? [MS. BLATT]316LOC[MS. BLATT] Sure317NPSure .318SENT. So319RBso ,320,, again321RBagain ,322,, we323PPwe do324VVPdo n't325RBn't have326VHhave to327TOto give328VVgive you329PPyou a330DTa date331NNdate .332SENT. Rome333NPRome did334VVDdo not335RBnot fall336VVfall in337INin a338DTa day339NNday .340SENT. We341PPwe know342VVPknow it343PPit fell344VVDfall by345INby 476346CD@card@ ,347,, but348CCbut it349PPit was350VBDbe sacked351VVNsack several352JJseveral times353NNStime before354INbefore that355DTthat .356SENT. The357DTthe other358JJother thing359NNthing is360VBZbe that361IN/thatthat Congress362NPCongress does363VVZdo not364RBnot have365VHhave to366TOto terminate367VVterminate a368DTa tribe369NNtribe 's370POS's government371NNgovernment to372TOto disestablish373VVdisestablish the374DTthe reservation375NNreservation .376SENT. A377DTa reservation378NNreservation ,379,, by380INby definition381NNdefinition ,382,, signifies383VVZsignify some384DTsome tribal385JJtribal sovereignty386NNsovereignty ,387,, not388RBnot tribal389JJtribal property390NNproperty ,391,, but392CCbut tribal393JJtribal sovereignty394NNsovereignty over395INover non-Indian-owned396JJnon-Indian-owned fee397NNfee land398NNland .399SENT. Otherwise400RBotherwise ,401,, a402DTa reservation403NNreservation has404VHZhave no405DTno purpose406NNpurpose if407INif there408EXthere 's409VBZbe not410RBnot non-Indian-owned411JJnon-Indian-owned fee412NNfee land413NNland that414WDTthat 's415VBZbe being416VBGbe reserved417VVNreserve ...418:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]419LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] I420PPI 'm421VBPbe sorry422JJsorry ...423:... [MS. BLATT]424LOC[MS. BLATT] ...425:... for426INfor any427DTany purpose428NNpurpose .429SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]430LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...431:... what432WDTwhat are433VBPbe all434PDTall the435DTthe Solomon436NPSolomon cases437NNScase ...438:... all439RBall of440INof those441DTthose tribes442NNStribe ,443,, the444DTthe issue445NNissue was446VBDbe whether447INwhether the448DTthe deprivation449NNdeprivation of450INof property451NNproperty was452VBDbe an453DTan allotment454NNallotment or455CCor a456DTa cessation457NNcessation ,458,, and459CCand in460INin many461JJmany of462INof them463PPthem ,464,, we465PPwe held466VVDhold it467PPit was468VBDbe an469DTan allotment470NNallotment because471INbecause there472EXthere was473VBDbe n't474RBn't clear475JJclear language476NNlanguage of477INof cessation478NNcessation .479SENT. So480RBso we481PPwe did482VVDdo n't483RBn't tie484VVtie it485PPit to486TOto the487DTthe ownership488NNownership of489INof land490NNland .491SENT. [MS. BLATT]492LOC[MS. BLATT] Exactly493RBexactly ,494,, and495CCand that496DTthat 's497VBZbe my498PP$my point499NNpoint .500SENT. In501INin every502DTevery single503JJsingle Solem504NPSolem case505NNcase ,506,, you507PPyou have508VHPhave a509DTa statute510NNstatute that511WDTthat transfers512VVZtransfer surplus513JJsurplus non-Indian-owned514JJnon-Indian-owned land515NNland .516SENT. But517CCbut Congress518NPCongress is519VBZbe silent520JJsilent as521RBas to522TOto whether523INwhether Congress524NPCongress also525RBalso intended526VVDintend to527TOto sever528VVsever the529DTthe tribe530NNtribe or531CCor divest532VVdivest the533DTthe land534NNland of535INof Indian536JJIndian interest537NNinterest .538SENT. And539CCand so540INso cession541NNcession ,542,, in543INin all544PDTall those545DTthose cases546NNScase ,547,, in548INin Nebraska549NPNebraska versus550CCversus Parker551NPParker ,552,, in553INin Solem554NPSolem ,555,, in556INin Yankton557NPYankton Sioux558NPSioux ,559,, cession560NNcession itself561PPitself in562INin one563CDone step564NNstep both565CCboth terminates566VVZterminate tribal567JJtribal title568NNtitle and569CCand tribal570JJtribal governance571NNgovernance .572SENT. But573CCbut ,574,, here575RBhere ,576,, what577WPwhat happened578VVDhappen with579INwith Oklahoma580NPOklahoma was581VBDbe that582IN/thatthat Congress583NPCongress acted584VVDact in585INin two586CDtwo steps587NNSstep .588SENT. It589PPit first590RBfirst took591VVDtake away592RBaway tribal593JJtribal title594NNtitle with595INwith allotment596NNallotment ,597,, and598CCand then599RBthen years600NNSyear of601INof statutes602NNSstatute expressly603RBexpressly abrogated604VVDabrogate every605DTevery feature606NNfeature of607INof tribal608JJtribal sovereignty609NNsovereignty .610SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]611LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But612CCbut what613WPwhat does614VVZdo that615DTthat mean616NNmean ,617,, Ms618NNMs .619SENT. Blatt620NPBlatt ?621SENT? Because622RBbecause ,623,, as624INas I625PPI read626VVPread the627DTthe history628NNhistory ,629,, it630PPit goes631VVZgo something632NNsomething like633INlike this634DTthis ...635:... and636CCand you637PPyou said638VVDsay terminating639VVGterminate all640DTall sovereignty641NNsovereignty ...642:... what643WDTwhat happened644VVDhappen was645VBDbe that646IN/thatthat ,647,, in648INin 1901649CD@card@ ,650,, Congress651NPCongress said652VVDsay we653PPwe are654VBPbe going655VVGgo to656TOto terminate657VVterminate all658DTall sovereignty659NNsovereignty by660INby 1906661CD@card@ .662SENT. So663RBso there664EXthere was665VBDbe definitely666RBdefinitely an667DTan express668JJexpress intent669NNintent to670TOto do671VVdo that672DTthat .673SENT. And674CCand then675RBthen two676CDtwo things677NNSthing happened678VVDhappen .679SENT. First680RBfirst ,681,, as682INas an683DTan interim684JJinterim measure685NNmeasure ,686,, Congress687NPCongress extended688VVDextend the689DTthe tribal690JJtribal government691NNgovernment and692CCand it693PPit said694VVDsay we695PPwe 're696VBPbe going697VVGgo to698TOto extend699VVextend it700PPit in701INin order702NNorder to703TOto wind704VVwind things705NNSthing up706RPup .707SENT. To708TOTo wind709VVwind things710NNSthing up711RPup but712CCbut to713TOto extend714VVextend it715PPit .716SENT. And717CCand then718RBthen comes719VVZcome the720DTthe Five721CDFive Tribes722NNStribe Act723NPAct .724SENT. Congress725NPCongress actually726RBactually changes727VVZchange its728PP$its mind729NNmind again730RBagain and731CCand said732VVDsay ,733,, forget734VVforget this735DTthis ,736,, we737PPwe thought738VVDthink it739PPit was740VBDbe kind741NNkind of742INof a743DTa bad744JJbad idea745NNidea .746SENT. We747PPwe 're748VBPbe going749VVGgo to750TOto extend751VVextend tribal752JJtribal government753NNgovernment for754INfor all755DTall purposes756NNSpurpose authorized757VVNauthorize by758INby law759NNlaw .760SENT. So761RBso ,762,, you763PPyou know764VVPknow ,765,, whatever766WDTwhatever Congress767NPCongress thought768VVDthink it769PPit might770MDmight want771VVwant to772TOto do773VVdo ,774,, it775PPit decided776VVDdecide it777PPit did778VVDdo n't779RBn't want780VVwant to781TOto do782VVdo it783PPit in784INin the785DTthe end786NNend .787SENT. [MS. BLATT]788LOC[MS. BLATT] No789NPNo ,790,, that791WDTthat 's792VBZbe fundamentally793RBfundamentally wrong794JJwrong in795INin several796JJseveral respects797NNSrespect .798SENT. First799JJfirst of800INof all801DTall ,802,, the803DTthe Act804NPAct called805VVDcall for806INfor ...807:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]808LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Fundamentally809RBfundamentally wrong810JJwrong ?811SENT? [812SYM[ LAUGHTER813NNlaughter ]814SYM] [MS. BLATT]815LOC[MS. BLATT] It816PPit 's817VBZbe fundamentally818RBfundamentally wrong819JJwrong because820INbecause the821DTthe 19822CD@card@ ...823:... well824RBwell ,825,, it826PPit 's827VBZbe ...828:... it829PPit 's830VBZbe factually831RBfactually wrong832JJwrong .833SENT. The834DTthe tribe835NNtribe ...836:... the837DTthe Allotment838NNallotment Act839NNact called840VVNcall for841INfor ...842:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]843LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Factually844RBfactually and845CCand fundamentally846RBfundamentally ?847SENT? [848SYM[ LAUGHTER849NNlaughter ]850SYM] [MS. BLATT]851LOC[MS. BLATT] And852CCand fundamentally853RBfundamentally .854SENT. It855PPit 's856VBZbe factually857RBfactually wrong858JJwrong because859INbecause the860DTthe allotment861NNallotment agreement862NNagreement called863VVNcall for864INfor the865DTthe termination866NNtermination of867INof the868DTthe government869NNgovernment .870SENT. There871EXthere is872VBZbe no873DTno question874NNquestion that875IN/thatthat Congress876NPCongress never877RBnever changed878VVDchange its879PP$its mind880NNmind about881INabout termination882NNtermination of883INof tribal884JJtribal sovereignty885NNsovereignty .886SENT. Now887RBnow Section888NPSection 28889CD@card@ of890INof the891DTthe Five892CDFive Tribes893NNStribe Act894NPAct that895IN/thatthat you896PPyou 're897VBPbe talking898VVGtalk about899RBabout extended900VVNextend tribal901JJtribal governments902NNSgovernment only903RBonly for904INfor the905DTthe purposes906NNSpurpose already907RBalready existing908VVGexist .909SENT. And910CCand ...911:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]912LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] I913PPI 'm914VBPbe sorry915JJsorry .916SENT. You917PPyou 're918VBPbe going919VVGgo to920TOto have921VHhave to922TOto go923VVgo back924RBback a925DTa little926JJlittle bit927NNbit for928INfor me929PPme .930SENT. [MS. BLATT]931LOC[MS. BLATT] Sure932NPSure .933SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]934LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Now935RBnow you936PPyou 're937VBPbe ...938:... are939VBPbe you940PPyou making941VVGmake a942DTa distinction943NNdistinction between944INbetween the945DTthe tribal946JJtribal government947NNgovernment and948CCand tribal949JJtribal sovereignty950NNsovereignty ?951SENT? [MS. BLATT]952LOC[MS. BLATT] Absolutely953RBabsolutely .954SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]955LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] And956CCand what957WPwhat is958VBZbe that959DTthat distinction960NNdistinction ?961SENT? [MS. BLATT]962LOC[MS. BLATT] I963PPI 'm964VBPbe telling965VVGtell you966PPyou ,967,, every968DTevery single969JJsingle cession970NNcession case971NNcase ,972,, the973DTthe ...974:... all975PDTall that976DTthat matters977NNSmatter ,978,, and979CCand what980WPwhat the981DTthe Court982NPCourt 's983POS's words984NNSword were985VBDbe in986INin Solem987NPSolem ,988,, where989WRBwhere there990EXthere 's991VBZbe a992DTa divestiture993NNdivestiture of994INof the995DTthe tribal996JJtribal interest997NNinterest in998INin the999DTthe land1000NNland ,1001,, a1002DTa dissolution1003NNdissolution of1004INof tribal1005JJtribal sovereignty1006NNsovereignty ,1007,, it1008PPit has1009VHZhave never1010RBnever been1011VBNbe required1012VVNrequire that1013IN/thatthat Congress1014NPCongress has1015VHZhave to1016TOto terminate1017VVterminate a1018DTa tribe1019NNtribe .1020SENT. Now1021RBnow let1022VVlet 's1023VBZbe look1024VVlook at1025INat the1026DTthe ...1027:... let1028VVlet 's1029VBZbe talk1030VVtalk about1031INabout the1032DTthe continuing1033JJcontinuing ...1034:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1035LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] I1036PPI 'm1037VBPbe still1038RBstill not1039RBnot getting1040VVGget it1041PPit .1042SENT. [MS. BLATT]1043LOC[MS. BLATT] Okay1044NPOkay .1045SENT. Let1046VVlet me1047PPme ...1048:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1049LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] What1050WPWhat is1051VBZbe ...1052:... just1053RBjust let1054VVlet me1055PPme finish1056VVfinish the1057DTthe question1058NNquestion ,1059,, yes1060UHyes ?1061SENT? What1062WPWhat is1063VBZbe tribal1064JJtribal ...1065:... the1066DTthe tribal1067JJtribal sovereignty1068NNsovereignty that1069IN/thatthat you1070PPyou say1071VVPsay is1072VBZbe critical1073JJcritical to1074TOto determine1075VVdetermine whether1076INwhether dissolution1077NNdissolution has1078VHZhave occurred1079VVNoccur ?1080SENT? [MS. BLATT]1081LOC[MS. BLATT] Some1082DTsome sovereignty1083NNsovereignty over1084INover non-Indian-owned1085JJnon-Indian-owned fee1086NNfee land1087NNland .1088SENT. So1089RBso that1090IN/thatthat can1091MDcan be1092VBbe one1093CDone of1094INof three1095CDthree things1096NNSthing .1097SENT. It1098PPit can1099MDcan be1100VBbe over1101INover the1102DTthe land1103NNland .1104SENT. It1105PPit can1106MDcan be1107VBbe over1108INover non-tribal1109JJnon-tribal members1110NNSmember .1111SENT. Or1112CCor it1113PPit can1114MDcan even1115RBeven be1116VBbe over1117INover tribal1118JJtribal members1119NNSmember .1120SENT. The1121DTthe Five1122CDFive Tribes1123NNStribe had1124VHDhave none1125NNnone of1126INof that1127DTthat .1128SENT. Not1129RBnot one1130CDone single1131JJsingle absolute1132JJabsolute smidgeon1133NNsmidgeon ,1134,, de1135NPde minimis1136NPminimis act1137NNact of1138INof sovereignty1139NNsovereignty over1140INover the1141DTthe land1142NNland .1143SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]1144LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Wait1145NNwait .1146SENT. You1147PPyou just1148RBjust put1149VVDput in1150INin a1151DTa little1152JJlittle word1153NNword there1154RBthere ,1155,, "1156``" absolute1157JJabsolute .1158SENT. "1159''" [MS. BLATT]1160LOC[MS. BLATT] Absolute1161NNabsolute no1162DTno sovereignty1163NNsovereignty .1164SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]1165LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Yeah1166NPYeah ,1167,, yeah1168RByeah .1169SENT. That1170DTthat 's1171VBZbe because1172INbecause the1173DTthe President1174NPPresident could1175MDcould veto1176VVveto what1177WPwhat the1178DTthe tribes1179NNStribe did1180VVDdo .1181SENT. But1182CCbut my1183PP$my guess1184NNguess is1185VBZbe that1186IN/thatthat there1187EXthere was1188VBDbe a1189DTa tribal1190JJtribal legislature1191NNlegislature .1192SENT. This1193DTthis is1194VBZbe ...1195:... I1196PPI do1197VVPdo n't1198RBn't mean1199VVmean to1200TOto interrupt1201VVinterrupt you1202PPyou .1203SENT. I1204PPI 'm1205VBPbe just1206RBjust ...1207:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1208LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] No1209UHNo ,1210,, please1211UHplease .1212SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]1213LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] There1214EXthere was1215VBDbe a1216DTa tribal1217JJtribal legislature1218NNlegislature ,1219,, and1220CCand what1221WPwhat they1222PPthey said1223VVDsay ,1224,, I1225PPI guess1226VVPguess ,1227,, in1228RBin ,1229,, whenever1230WRBwhenever it1231PPit was1232VBDbe ,1233,, the1234DTthe Enabling1235VVGenable Act1236NPAct ,1237,, 19061238CD@card@ ,1239,, that1240IN/thatthat the1241DTthe President1242NPPresident had1243VHDhave to1244TOto approve1245VVapprove it1246PPit .1247SENT. Now1248RBnow I1249PPI 'm1250VBPbe not1251RBnot sure1252JJsure I1253PPI can1254MDcan find1255VVfind any1256DTany instance1257NNinstance which1258WDTwhich says1259VVZsay because1260INbecause the1261DTthe President1262NPPresident has1263VHZhave to1264TOto approve1265VVapprove the1266DTthe laws1267NNSlaw passed1268VVNpass by1269INby a1270DTa tribal1271JJtribal council1272NNcouncil ,1273,, that1274WDTthat that1275RBthat means1276VVZmean the1277DTthe tribe1278NNtribe does1279VVZdo not1280RBnot have1281VHhave sovereignty1282NNsovereignty .1283SENT. [MS. BLATT]1284LOC[MS. BLATT] Right1285RBright .1286SENT. So1287RBso this1288DTthis is1289VBZbe what1290WPwhat ...1291:... sorry1292RBsorry ...1293:... on1294INon this1295DTthis section1296NNsection ...1297:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1298LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] If1299INif there1300EXthere 's1301VBZbe a1302DTa case1303NNcase right1304NNright on1305INon that1306DTthat ,1307,, I1308PPI doubt1309VVPdoubt it1310PPit .1311SENT. [MS. BLATT]1312LOC[MS. BLATT] Yeah1313NPYeah .1314SENT. So1315RBso ...1316:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1317LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] What1318WPWhat ?1319SENT? [MS. BLATT]1320LOC[MS. BLATT] ...1321:... Section1322NPSection 281323CD@card@ only1324RBonly extended1325VVNextend the1326DTthe governments1327NNSgovernment for1328INfor purposes1329NNSpurpose that1330WDTthat were1331VBDbe already1332RBalready existing1333JJexisting .1334SENT. What1335WPWhat you1336PPyou said1337VVDsay was1338VBDbe a1339DTa ...1340:... what1341WPwhat the1342DTthe actual1343JJactual statute1344NNstatute says1345VVZsay is1346VBZbe that1347IN/thatthat all1348DTall tribal1349JJtribal acts1350NNSact will1351MDwill be1352VBbe invalid1353JJinvalid ,1354,, this1355DTthis is1356VBZbe a1357DTa restriction1358NNrestriction on1359INon residual1360JJresidual authority1361NNauthority ,1362,, unless1363INunless the1364DTthe President1365NPPresident approves1366VVZapprove .1367SENT. Now1368RBnow just1369RBjust remember1370VVremember ,1371,, in1372INin Sections1373NNSsection 261374CD@card@ and1375CCand of1376INof the1377DTthe Curtis1378NPCurtis Act1379NPAct ,1380,, all1381DTall tribal1382JJtribal courts1383NNScourt are1384VBPbe abolished1385VVNabolish .1386SENT. All1387DTall tribal1388JJtribal taxes1389NNStaxis are1390VBPbe abolished1391VVNabolish in1392INin Section1393NPSection 161394CD@card@ of1395INof the1396DTthe Five1397CDFive Tribes1398NNStribe Act1399NPAct .1400SENT. A1401DTa tribal1402JJtribal law1403NNlaw was1404VBDbe unenforceable1405JJunenforceable .1406SENT. In1407INin Section1408NPSection 151409CD@card@ ,1410,, tribal1411JJtribal ...1412:... all1413DTall tribal1414JJtribal buildings1415NNSbuilding and1416CCand furnitures1417NNSfurniture ,1418,, the1419DTthe tribal1420JJtribal schools1421NNSschool ,1422,, property1423NNproperty ,1424,, money1425NNmoney ,1426,, books1427NNSbook ,1428,, papers1429NNSpaper ,1430,, and1431CCand records1432NNSrecord were1433VBDbe all1434RBall ordered1435VVNorder to1436TOto be1437VBbe turned1438VVNturn over1439RPover or1440CCor face1441VVface imprisonment1442NNimprisonment of1443INof five1444CDfive years1445NNSyear in1446INin jail1447NNjail .1448SENT. Their1449PP$their ...1450:... I1451PPI mean1452VVPmean ,1453,, I1454PPI could1455MDcould keep1456VVkeep going1457VVGgo on1458INon ,1459,, but1460CCbut let1461VVDlet 51462CD5 me1463PPme ...1464:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1465LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Yeah1466NPYeah ,1467,, Ms1468NNMs .1469SENT. Blatt1470NPBlatt ,1471,, is1472VBZbe n't1473RBn't it1474PPit true1475JJtrue that1476IN/thatthat in1477INin this1478DTthis period1479NNperiod ,1480,, the1481DTthe ...1482:... the1483DTthe U1484NPU .1485SENT. S1486NPS .1487SENT. Government1488NNgovernment was1489VBDbe doing1490VVGdo this1491DTthis with1492INwith respect1493NNrespect to1494TOto many1495JJmany ,1496,, many1497JJmany Indian1498JJIndian tribes1499NNStribe .1500SENT. I1501PPI mean1502VVPmean ,1503,, in1504INin some1505DTsome ways1506NNSway ,1507,, the1508DTthe Creek1509NPCreek was1510VBDbe unusual1511JJunusual because1512INbecause it1513PPit had1514VHDhave had1515VHNhave a1516DTa good1517JJgood deal1518NNdeal more1519RBRmore tribal1520JJtribal sovereignty1521NNsovereignty than1522INthan many1523JJmany tribes1524NNStribe had1525VHDhave had1526VHNhave .1527SENT. But1528CCbut all1529DTall over1530INover the1531DTthe place1532NNplace ,1533,, the1534DTthe ...1535:... the1536DTthe ...1537:... the1538DTthe theory1539NNtheory of1540INof the1541DTthe U1542NPU .1543SENT. S1544NPS .1545SENT. Government1546NNgovernment during1547INduring this1548DTthis period1549NNperiod was1550VBDbe to1551TOto try1552VVtry to1553TOto divest1554VVdivest Indian1555JJIndian tribes1556NNStribe of1557INof as1558INas many1559JJmany sovereign1560JJsovereign powers1561NNSpower as1562INas it1563PPit could1564MDcould in1565RBin order1566VVorder to1567TOto essentially1568RBessentially promote1569VVpromote assimilation1570NNassimilation .1571SENT. So1572RBso ,1573,, if1574INif we1575PPwe did1576VVDdo that1577IN/thatthat ,1578,, we1579PPwe would1580MDwould have1581VHhave been1582VBNbe thinking1583VVGthink about1584INabout this1585DTthis question1586NNquestion in1587INin every1588DTevery single1589JJsingle one1590CDone of1591INof our1592PP$our Solem1593NPSolem cases1594NNScase because1595INbecause ,1596,, in1597INin every1598DTevery single1599JJsingle one1600CDone of1601INof our1602PP$our Solem1603NPSolem cases1604NNScase ,1605,, much1606RBmuch the1607DTthe same1608JJsame history1609NNhistory appears1610VVZappear ,1611,, with1612INwith the1613DTthe U1614NPU .1615SENT. S1616NPS .1617SENT. Government1618NNgovernment progressively1619RBprogressively trying1620VVGtry to1621TOto strip1622VVstrip tribes1623NNStribe of1624INof various1625JJvarious kinds1626NNSkind of1627INof sovereign1628JJsovereign powers1629NNSpower .1630SENT. There1631EXthere 's1632VBZbe nothing1633NNnothing in1634INin particular1635JJparticular about1636INabout the1637DTthe Creek1638NPCreek that1639WDTthat makes1640VVZmake that1641IN/thatthat history1642NNhistory different1643JJdifferent .1644SENT. [MS. BLATT]1645LOC[MS. BLATT] Justice1646NPJustice Kagan1647NPKagan ,1648,, that1649WDTthat 's1650VBZbe just1651RBjust not1652RBnot true1653JJtrue .1654SENT. In1655INin every1656DTevery Solem1657NPSolem case1658NNcase ,1659,, it1660PPit 's1661VBZbe just1662RBjust talking1663VVGtalk about1664INabout the1665DTthe transfer1666NNtransfer of1667INof land1668NNland title1669NNtitle .1670SENT. That1671DTthat 's1672VBZbe the1673DTthe whole1674JJwhole point1675NNpoint of1676INof Solem1677NPSolem ,1678,, is1679VBZbe it1680PPit ...1681:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1682LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] That1683DTthat 's1684VBZbe exactly1685RBexactly what1686WPwhat I1687PPI 'm1688VBPbe saying1689VVGsay .1690SENT. It's1691NNSIt's ...1692:... [MS. BLATT]1693LOC[MS. BLATT] Just1694RBjust title1695NNtitle .1696SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]1697LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] We1698PPwe would1699MDwould have1700VHhave been1701VBNbe talking1702VVGtalk about1703INabout the1704DTthe stripping1705VVGstrip of1706INof sovereignty1707NNsovereignty if1708INif we1709PPwe had1710VHDhave thought1711VVNthink that1712IN/thatthat that1713DTthat was1714VBDbe relevant1715JJrelevant ,1716,, because1717INbecause the1718DTthe stripping1719VVGstrip of1720INof sovereignty1721NNsovereignty is1722VBZbe there1723RBthere in1724INin every1725DTevery single1726JJsingle one1727CDone of1728INof the1729DTthe historic1730JJhistoric background1731NNbackground to1732TOto these1733DTthese cases1734NNScase ,1735,, that1736IN/thatthat the1737DTthe U1738NPU .1739SENT. S1740NPS .1741SENT. Government1742NNgovernment ,1743,, at1744INat the1745DTthe same1746JJsame time1747NNtime that1748IN/thatthat it1749PPit was1750VBDbe acting1751VVGact with1752INwith respect1753NNrespect to1754TOto title1755NNtitle ,1756,, was1757VBDbe also1758RBalso acting1759VVGact with1760INwith respect1761NNrespect to1762TOto tribal1763JJtribal sovereignty1764NNsovereignty and1765CCand was1766VBDbe trying1767VVGtry to1768TOto strip1769VVstrip the1770DTthe tribes1771NNStribe of1772INof sovereignty1773NNsovereignty .1774SENT. And1775CCand we1776PPwe have1777VHPhave never1778RBnever thought1779VVNthink that1780IN/thatthat that1781DTthat was1782VBDbe relevant1783JJrelevant to1784TOto the1785DTthe question1786NNquestion .1787SENT. [MS. BLATT]1788LOC[MS. BLATT] I1789PPI mean1790VVPmean ,1791,, you1792PPyou ...1793:... you1794PPyou can1795MDcan read1796VVread your1797PP$your cases1798NNScase just1799RBjust as1800RBas well1801RBwell as1802INas I1803PPI can1804MDcan ,1805,, and1806CCand I1807PPI do1808VVPdo n't1809RBn't see1810VVsee anything1811NNanything in1812INin there1813RBthere that1814DTthat says1815VVZsay what1816WPwhat you1817PPyou just1818RBjust said1819VVDsay .1820SENT. It1821PPit 's1822VBZbe just1823RBjust ...1824:... just1825RBjust a1826DTa ...1827:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1828LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Well1829UHwell ,1830,, I1831PPI do1832VVPdo in1833INin Parker1834NPParker .1835SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]1836LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] It1837PPit 's1838VBZbe exactly1839RBexactly what1840WPwhat I1841PPI 'm1842VBPbe saying1843VVGsay ,1844,, Ms1845NNMs .1846SENT. Blatt1847NPBlatt .1848SENT. It's1849NPIt's ...1850:... it1851PPit 's1852VBZbe not1853RBnot in1854INin there1855RBthere .1856SENT. Why1857WRBwhy is1858VBZbe n't1859RBn't it1860PPit in1861INin there1862RBthere ?1863SENT? It1864PPit 's1865VBZbe not1866RBnot because1867INbecause it1868PPit did1869VVDdo n't1870RBn't happen1871VVhappen to1872TOto every1873DTevery single1874JJsingle one1875CDone of1876INof these1877DTthese tribes1878NNStribe .1879SENT. It1880PPit 's1881VBZbe not1882RBnot in1883INin there1884RBthere because1885INbecause we1886PPwe have1887VHPhave never1888RBnever thought1889VVNthink that1890IN/thatthat the1891DTthe U1892NPU .1893SENT. S1894NPS .1895SENT. Government1896NNgovernment stripping1897VVGstrip a1898DTa tribe1899NNtribe of1900INof governmental1901JJgovernmental powers1902NNSpower was1903VBDbe relevant1904JJrelevant to1905TOto the1906DTthe question1907NNquestion of1908INof whether1909INwhether a1910DTa reservation1911NNreservation existed1912VVDexist .1913SENT. [MS. BLATT]1914LOC[MS. BLATT] I1915PPI mean1916VVPmean ,1917,, I1918PPI think1919VVPthink this1920DTthis is1921VBZbe semantics1922NNSsemantics .1923SENT. Under1924INunder your1925PP$your view1926NNview ...1927:... I1928PPI just1929RBjust do1930VVPdo n't1931RBn't know1932VVknow what1933WPwhat you1934PPyou mean1935VVPmean by1936INby "1937``" reservation1938NNreservation .1939SENT. "1940''" [JUSTICE ALITO]1941LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Well1942UHWell ,1943,, in1944INin those1945DTthose cases1946NNScase ,1947,, was1948VBDbe there1949RBthere ever1950RBever ...1951:... in1952INin those1953DTthose cases1954NNScase ,1955,, was1956VBDbe there1957RBthere an1958DTan issue1959NNissue about1960INabout the1961DTthe disestablishment1962NNdisestablishment of1963INof the1964DTthe tribe1965NNtribe ?1966SENT? Was1967VBDbe there1968RBthere an1969DTan issue1970NNissue about1971INabout the1972DTthe extinction1973NNextinction of1974INof sovereign1975JJsovereign power1976NNpower of1977INof the1978DTthe tribe1979NNtribe in1980INin toto1981NPToto ?1982SENT? [MS. BLATT]1983LOC[MS. BLATT] No1984NPNo .1985SENT. And1986CCand ...1987:... and1988CCand in1989INin Nebraska1990NPNebraska versus1991CCversus Parker1992NPParker ,1993,, what1994WPwhat the1995DTthe court1996NNcourt said1997VVDsay is1998VBZbe that1999IN/thatthat the2000DTthe problem2001NNproblem ,2002,, if2003INif you2004PPyou 're2005VBPbe going2006VVGgo to2007TOto have2008VHhave cession2009NNcession ,2010,, what2011WPwhat that2012RBthat means2013VVZmean is2014VBZbe to2015TOto dissolve2016VVdissolve tribal2017JJtribal governance2018NNgovernance .2019SENT. In2020INin Solem2021NPSolem ,2022,, it2023PPit said2024VVDsay you2025PPyou have2026VHPhave to2027TOto divest2028VVdivest the2029DTthe tribe2030NNtribe of2031INof its2032PP$its interest2033NNinterest in2034INin the2035DTthe land2036NNland .2037SENT. In2038INin no2039DTno case2040NNcase ,2041,, I2042PPI mean2043VVPmean ,2044,, you2045PPyou go2046VVPgo through2047INthrough pages2048NNSpage and2049CCand pages2050NNSpage of2051INof history2052NNhistory ,2053,, in2054INin no2055DTno case2056NNcase do2057VVPdo they2058PPthey abolish2059VVabolish tribal2060JJtribal taxes2061NNStaxis ,2062,, abolish2063VVabolish tribal2064JJtribal court2065NNcourt ,2066,, render2067VVrender tribal2068JJtribal law2069NNlaw enforceable2070JJenforceable ,2071,, seize2072VVseize every2073DTevery scrap2074NNscrap of2075INof paper2076NNpaper ,2077,, books2078NNSbook ,2079,, record2080NNrecord ,2081,, money2082NNmoney ,2083,, schools2084NNSschool ,2085,, furniture2086NNfurniture and2087CCand property2088NNproperty .2089SENT. I2090PPI mean2091VVPmean ,2092,, I2093PPI 'm2094VBPbe not2095RBnot an2096DTan Indian2097JJIndian law2098NNlaw expert2099NNexpert ,2100,, but2101CCbut I2102PPI 've2103VHPhave never2104RBnever seen2105VVNsee that2106DTthat happen2107VVhappen .2108SENT. Oklahoma2109NPOklahoma is2110VBZbe unique2111JJunique .2112SENT. The2113DTthe whole2114JJwhole point2115NNpoint of2116INof taking2117VVGtake every2118DTevery act2119NNact of2120INof sovereignty2121NNsovereignty ...2122:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2123LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] I2124PPI 'm2125VBPbe sorry2126JJsorry ,2127,, but2128CCbut if2129INif they2130PPthey did2131VVDdo that2132IN/thatthat ,2133,, then2134RBthen allotment2135NNallotment should2136MDshould account2137VVaccount for2138INfor that2139IN/thatthat ,2140,, because2141INbecause the2142DTthe tribe2143NNtribe was2144VBDbe totally2145RBtotally absent2146JJabsent with2147INwith respect2148NNrespect to2149TOto every2150DTevery one2151CDone of2152INof those2153DTthose features2154NNSfeature for2155INfor over2156INover 1002157CD@card@ years2158NNSyear in2159INin the2160DTthe area2161NNarea it2162PPit was2163VBDbe claiming2164VVGclaim .2165SENT. [MS. BLATT]2166LOC[MS. BLATT] So2167RBso in2168INin ...2169:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2170LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] And2171CCand despite2172INdespite that2173DTthat ,2174,, the2175DTthe court2176NNcourt did2177VVDdo n't2178RBn't say2179VVsay that2180IN/thatthat that2181DTthat was2182VBDbe a2183DTa cessation2184NNcessation of2185INof the2186DTthe tribe2187NNtribe with2188INwith respect2189NNrespect to2190TOto that2191DTthat area2192NNarea .2193SENT. They2194PPthey did2195VVDdo n't2196RBn't tie2197VVtie it2198PPit in2199INin the2200DTthe way2201NNway you2202PPyou 're2203VBPbe saying2204VVGsay .2205SENT. They2206PPthey did2207VVDdo n't2208RBn't look2209VVlook at2210INat whether2211INwhether there2212EXthere was2213VBDbe a2214DTa lack2215NNlack of2216INof sovereignty2217NNsovereignty because2218INbecause the2219DTthe tribe2220NNtribe had2221VHDhave ceded2222VVNcede its2223PP$its responsibilities2224NNSresponsibility in2225INin some2226DTsome way2227NNway .2228SENT. [MS. BLATT]2229LOC[MS. BLATT] Sure2230NPSure .2231SENT. You2232PPyou 're2233VBPbe right2234JJright ,2235,, the2236DTthe tribe2237NNtribe was2238VBDbe absent2239JJabsent ,2240,, but2241CCbut what2242WPwhat was2243VBDbe not2244RBnot true2245JJtrue in2246INin Nebraska2247NPNebraska versus2248CCversus Parker2249NPParker is2250VBZbe that2251IN/thatthat there2252EXthere is2253VBZbe express2254JJexpress abrogation2255NNabrogation of2256INof territorial2257JJterritorial sovereignty2258NNsovereignty .2259SENT. It2260PPit 's2261VBZbe just2262RBjust that2263IN/thatthat the2264DTthe tribe2265NNtribe was2266VBDbe n't2267RBn't exercising2268VVGexercise it2269PPit .2270SENT. Here2271RBhere ...2272:... and2273CCand let2274VVlet me2275PPme just2276RBjust talk2277VVPtalk if2278INif I2279PPI could2280MDcould about2281RBabout the2282DTthe express2283JJexpress ...2284:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2285LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] How2286WRBHow could2287MDcould you2288PPyou say2289VVsay that2290DTthat ?2291SENT? That2292DTthat 's2293VBZbe what2294WPwhat they2295PPthey were2296VBDbe claiming2297VVGclaim .2298SENT. They2299PPthey got2300VVDget out2301RPout of2302INof the2303DTthe area2304NNarea .2305SENT. That2306DTthat 's2307VBZbe what2308WPwhat the2309DTthe ...2310:... [MS. BLATT]2311LOC[MS. BLATT] Not2312RBnot ...2313:... Congress2314NPCongress ...2315:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2316LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...2317:... other2318JJother side2319NNside was2320VBDbe claiming2321VVGclaim .2322SENT. They2323PPthey got2324VVDget out2325RPout of2326INof the2327DTthe area2328NNarea for2329INfor 1002330CD@card@ years2331NNSyear .2332SENT. [MS. BLATT]2333LOC[MS. BLATT] For2334INfor the2335DTthe Cheyenne2336NPCheyenne River2337NPRiver Sioux2338NPSioux in2339INin Solem2340NPSolem ,2341,, for2342INfor the2343DTthe Omaha2344NPOmaha tribe2345NNtribe in2346INin Nebraska2347NPNebraska ,2348,, there2349EXthere 's2350VBZbe not2351RBnot a2352DTa statute2353NNstatute that2354WDTthat takes2355VVZtake away2356RPaway the2357DTthe territorial2358JJterritorial sovereignty2359NNsovereignty .2360SENT. There2361EXthere 's2362VBZbe just2363RBjust a2364DTa statute2365NNstatute that2366WDTthat severed2367VVDsever the2368DTthe land2369NNland title2370NNtitle .2371SENT. So2372RBso what2373WPwhat you2374PPyou have2375VHPhave is2376VBZbe non2377JJnon ...2378:... I2379PPI mean2380VVPmean ,2381,, every2382DTevery single2383JJsingle reservation2384NNreservation case2385NNcase you2386PPyou 've2387VHPhave ever2388RBever had2389VHNhave ,2390,, the2391DTthe only2392JJonly point2393NNpoint of2394INof a2395DTa reservation2396NNreservation is2397VBZbe that2398IN/thatthat the2399DTthe tribe2400NNtribe or2401CCor the2402DTthe federal2403JJfederal government2404NNgovernment can2405MDcan have2406VHhave some2407DTsome ousting2408VVGoust of2409INof state2410NNstate jurisdiction2411NNjurisdiction .2412SENT. Here2413RBhere ,2414,, let2415VVlet me2416PPme just2417RBjust talk2418VVPtalk about2419INabout the2420DTthe express2421JJexpress transfers2422NNStransfer .2423SENT. This2424DTthis is2425VBZbe an2426DTan express2427JJexpress provision2428NNprovision of2429INof the2430DTthe Enabling2431VVGenable Act2432NNact that2433WDTthat took2434VVDtake all2435DTall criminal2436JJcriminal cases2437NNScase involving2438VVGinvolve Indians2439NPSIndians and2440CCand ordered2441VVDorder their2442PP$their transfer2443NNtransfer into2444INinto state2445NNstate court2446NNcourt .2447SENT. And2448CCand ...2449:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2450LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] That2451DTthat was2452VBDbe wrong2453JJwrong .2454SENT. I2455PPI give2456VVPgive you2457PPyou that2458DTthat point2459NNpoint ,2460,, and2461CCand it2462PPit was2463VBDbe pending2464VVGpend cases2465NNScase ,2466,, but2467CCbut the2468DTthe ...2469:... the2470DTthe part2471NNpart that2472IN/thatthat you2473PPyou said2474VVDsay before2475RBbefore ,2476,, I2477PPI mean2478VVPmean ,2479,, I2480PPI agree2481VVPagree with2482INwith you2483PPyou that2484RBthat ...2485:... that2486IN/thatthat the2487DTthe ball2488NNball is2489VBZbe in2490INin tribal2491JJtribal courts2492NNScourt .2493SENT. I2494PPI agree2495VVPagree with2496INwith you2497PPyou .2498SENT. They2499PPthey did2500VVDdo .2501SENT. The2502DTthe second2503JJsecond thing2504NNthing ,2505,, though2506RBthough ,2507,, I2508PPI 'm2509VBPbe not2510RBnot sure2511JJsure because2512INbecause ,2513,, in2514INin 19012515CD@card@ ,2516,, the2517DTthe 19012518CD@card@ allotment2519NNallotment agreement2520NNagreement ,2521,, according2522VVGaccord to2523TOto my2524PP$my law2525NNlaw clerk2526NNclerk ,2527,, what2528WPwhat she2529PPshe says2530VVZsay is2531VBZbe it2532PPit ...2533:... for2534INfor ...2535:... it2536PPit ...2537:... it2538PPit restricted2539VVDrestrict but2540CCbut did2541VVDdo not2542RBnot eliminate2543VVeliminate the2544DTthe authority2545NNauthority of2546INof the2547DTthe Creek2548NPCreek National2549NPNational Council2550NPCouncil to2551TOto pass2552VVpass legislation2553NNlegislation "2554''" affecting2555VVGaffect the2556DTthe lands2557NNSland of2558INof the2559DTthe tribe2560NNtribe or2561CCor of2562INof individuals2563NNSindividual after2564INafter allotment2565NNallotment or2566CCor the2567DTthe moneys2568NNSmoney or2569CCor other2570JJother property2571NNproperty of2572INof the2573DTthe tribe2574NNtribe or2575CCor the2576DTthe citizens2577NNScitizen thereof2578RBthereof ,2579,, "2580''" the2581DTthe President2582NPPresident had2583VHDhave to2584TOto approve2585VVapprove that2586DTthat .2587SENT. Well2588UHwell ,2589,, that2590WDTthat does2591VVZdo n't2592RBn't get2593VVget rid2594JJrid of2595INof it2596PPit .2597SENT. The2598DTthe next2599JJnext sentence2600NNsentence seems2601VVZseem to2602TOto because2603INbecause it2604PPit says2605VVZsay the2606DTthe Creek2607NPCreek government2608NNgovernment 's2609VBZbe going2610VVGgo to2611TOto be2612VBbe dissolved2613VVNdissolve in2614INin 19062615CD@card@ .2616SENT. But2617CCbut ,2618,, in2619INin 19062620CD@card@ ,2621,, they2622PPthey changed2623VVDchange it2624PPit ,2625,, and2626CCand they2627PPthey said2628VVDsay the2629DTthe tribal2630JJtribal ...2631:... they2632PPthey still2633RBstill continue2634VVPcontinue in2635INin full2636JJfull force2637NNforce and2638CCand effect2639NNeffect .2640SENT. Okay2641JJokay ?2642SENT? So2643RBso what2644WPwhat we2645PPwe have2646VHPhave in2647INin practice2648NNpractice is2649VBZbe the2650DTthe President2651NPPresident can2652MDcan limit2653VVlimit the2654DTthe ...2655:... why2656WRBwhy say2657VVPsay no2658RBno ...2659:... what2660WPwhat the2661DTthe tribal2662JJtribal council2663NNcouncil does2664VVZdo ,2665,, but2666CCbut it2667PPit does2668VVZdo n't2669RBn't .2670SENT. That2671DTthat does2672VVZdo n't2673RBn't sound2674VVsound like2675INlike to2676TOto me2677PPme abolishing2678VVGabolish the2679DTthe tribal2680JJtribal government2681NNgovernment .2682SENT. [MS. BLATT]2683LOC[MS. BLATT] They2684PPthey ...2685:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2686LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Now2687RBnow you2688PPyou 're2689VBPbe also2690RBalso right2691JJright on2692INon the2693DTthe last2694JJlast part2695NNpart .2696SENT. They2697PPthey should2698MDshould have2699VHhave given2700VVNgive the2701DTthe authority2702NNauthority on2703INon pending2704VVGpend cases2705NNScase to2706TOto a2707DTa federal2708JJfederal court2709NNcourt ,2710,, not2711RBnot to2712TOto state2713NNstate courts2714NNScourt .2715SENT. So2716RBso ...2717:... and2718CCand they2719PPthey should2720MDshould have2721VHhave because2722INbecause of2723INof the2724DTthe Indian2725JJIndian ...2726:... whatever2727WDTwhatever it2728PPit was2729VBDbe .2730SENT. Okay2731JJokay .2732SENT. So2733RBso you2734PPyou are2735VBPbe right2736RBright on2737INon that2738DTthat .2739SENT. [MS. BLATT]2740LOC[MS. BLATT] But2741CCbut they2742PPthey did2743VVDdo n't2744RBn't want2745VVwant to2746TOto .2747SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]2748LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] What2749WPWhat ?2750SENT? [MS. BLATT]2751LOC[MS. BLATT] When2752WRBwhen you2753PPyou say2754VVPsay they2755PPthey should2756MDshould have2757VHhave ,2758,, you2759PPyou 're2760VBPbe just2761RBjust ...2762:... you2763PPyou 're2764VBPbe ...2765:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2766LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] No2767UHNo ,2768,, no2769UHno ,2770,, no2771UHno ,2772,, if2773INif you2774PPyou are2775VBPbe wrong2776JJwrong ,2777,, they2778PPthey should2779MDshould have2780VHhave .2781SENT. [MS. BLATT]2782LOC[MS. BLATT] Right2783NPRight .2784SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]2785LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Yeah2786NPYeah .2787SENT. [MS. BLATT]2788LOC[MS. BLATT] And2789CCand then2790RBthen ,2791,, for2792INfor the2793DTthe last2794JJlast 1112795CD@card@ years2796NNSyear ,2797,, there2798EXthere have2799VHPhave been2800VBNbe tens2801NNSten of2802INof thousands2803NNSthousand of2804INof cases2805NNScase that2806WDTthat have2807VHPhave been2808VBNbe in2809INin state2810NNstate court2811NNcourt .2812SENT. But2813CCbut ...2814:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2815LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] All2816DTall right2817NNright .2818SENT. I2819PPI would2820MDwould say2821VVsay the2822DTthe question2823NNquestion there2824EXthere is2825VBZbe ,2826,, is2827VBZbe that2828IN/thatthat a2829DTa big2830JJbig deal2831NNdeal ?2832SENT? Is2833VBZbe it2834PPit a2835DTa big2836JJbig deal2837NNdeal that2838IN/thatthat they2839PPthey ,2840,, in2841INin fact2842NNfact ,2843,, should2844MDshould have2845VHhave taken2846VVNtake pending2847VVGpend tribal2848JJtribal cases2849NNScase and2850CCand given2851VVNgive them2852PPthem to2853TOto federal2854JJfederal courts2855NNScourt and2856CCand they2857PPthey did2858VVDdo n't2859RBn't ?2860SENT? [MS. BLATT]2861LOC[MS. BLATT] Well2862UHwell ,2863,, it2864PPit was2865VBDbe ...2866:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2867LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] They2868PPthey gave2869VVDgive them2870PPthem to2871TOto state2872NNstate courts2873NNScourt .2874SENT. Now2875RBnow ,2876,, if2877INif that2878WDTthat 's2879VBZbe the2880DTthe only2881JJonly thing2882NNthing ,2883,, it2884PPit 's2885VBZbe pretty2886RBpretty hard2887JJhard for2888INfor me2889PPme to2890TOto say2891VVsay that2892IN/thatthat that2893DTthat 's2894VBZbe any2895DTany kind2896NNkind of2897INof express2898JJexpress ...2899:... [MS. BLATT]2900LOC[MS. BLATT] Well2901UHwell ...2902:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2903LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] ...2904:... abrogation2905NNabrogation of2906INof the2907DTthe power2908NNpower of2909INof the2910DTthe tribe2911NNtribe to2912TOto legislate2913VVlegislate or2914CCor carry2915VVcarry on2916INon other2917JJother governmental-type2918NNgovernmental-type activities2919NNSactivity .2920SENT. [MS. BLATT]2921LOC[MS. BLATT] So2922INso the2923DTthe tribe2924NNtribe could2925MDcould not2926RBnot exercise2927VVexercise a2928DTa single2929JJsingle power2930NNpower .2931SENT. They2932PPthey could2933MDcould certainly2934RBcertainly elect2935VVelect a2936DTa new2937JJnew chief2938NNchief and2939CCand meet2940VVmeet for2941INfor 302942CD@card@ days2943NNSday at2944INat a2945DTa time2946NNtime .2947SENT. But2948CCbut so2949INso what2950WPwhat ?2951SENT? What2952WPWhat they2953PPthey could2954MDcould n't2955RBn't do2956VVdo is2957VBZbe exercise2958VVexercise any2959DTany function2960NNfunction that2961WDTthat signified2962VVDsignify a2963DTa reservation2964NNreservation .2965SENT. In2966INin order2967NNorder to2968TOto have2969VHhave a2970DTa reservation2971NNreservation ...2972:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2973LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] What2974WPWhat about2975RBabout "2976``" affecting2977VVGaffect the2978DTthe lands2979NNSland of2980INof the2981DTthe tribe2982NNtribe or2983CCor of2984INof individuals2985NNSindividual after2986INafter allotment2987NNallotment or2988CCor the2989DTthe moneys2990NNSmoney or2991CCor other2992JJother property2993NNproperty of2994INof the2995DTthe tribe2996NNtribe "2997''" ?2998SENT? What2999WPWhat about3000INabout that3001DTthat ?3002SENT? [MS. BLATT]3003LOC[MS. BLATT] Justice3004NPJustice Breyer3005NPBreyer ...3006:... [JUSTICE BREYER]3007LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] They3008PPthey can3009MDcan do3010VVdo it3011PPit ,3012,, but3013CCbut it3014PPit 's3015VBZbe subject3016JJsubject to3017TOto the3018DTthe President3019NPPresident .3020SENT. [MS. BLATT]3021LOC[MS. BLATT] No3022NPNo ,3023,, in3024INin 19063025CD@card@ ,3026,, you3027PPyou 're3028VBPbe reading3029VVGread from3030INfrom 19013031CD@card@ ...3032:... [JUSTICE BREYER]3033LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Yeah3034NPYeah .3035SENT. [MS. BLATT]3036LOC[MS. BLATT] ...3037:... every3038DTevery piece3039NNpiece of3040INof paper3041NNpaper ,3042,, record3043NNrecord ,3044,, book3045NNbook ,3046,, dollar3047NNdollar bill3048NNbill or3049CCor coin3050NNcoin or3051CCor property3052NNproperty ,3053,, their3054PP$their buildings3055NNSbuilding ,3056,, their3057PP$their furniture3058NNfurniture ,3059,, their3060PP$their desks3061NNSdesk ,3062,, everything3063NNeverything was3064VBDbe taken3065VVNtake away3066RBaway from3067INfrom the3068DTthe tribes3069NNStribe .3070SENT. So3071RBso I3072PPI do3073VVPdo n't3074RBn't know3075VVknow how3076WRBhow they3077PPthey could3078MDcould be3079VBbe doing3080VVGdo anything3081NNanything .3082SENT. Their3083PP$their taxes3084NNStaxis were3085VBDbe abolished3086VVNabolish .3087SENT. Their3088PP$their tribal3089JJtribal law3090NNlaw was3091VBDbe rendered3092VVNrender unenforceable3093JJunenforceable .3094SENT. Every3095DTevery single3096JJsingle federal3097JJfederal court3098NNcourt ,3099,, tribal3100JJtribal chief3101JJchief ,3102,, tribal3103JJtribal lawyer3104NNlawyer ,3105,, members3106NNSmember of3107INof Congress3108NPCongress ,3109,, Oklahoma3110NPOklahoma historians3111NNShistorian ,3112,, and3113CCand the3114DTthe popular3115JJpopular press3116NNpress recognized3117VVDrecognize that3118IN/thatthat the3119DTthe only3120JJonly authority3121NNauthority they3122PPthey had3123VHDhave was3124VBDbe to3125TOto equalize3126VVequalize allotments3127NNSallotment with3128INwith the3129DTthe money3130NNmoney and3131CCand sign3132NNsign deeds3133NNSdeed .3134SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]3135LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] But3136CCbut what3137WPwhat about3138INabout 19063139CD@card@ ,3140,, they3141PPthey say3142VVPsay "3143``" the3144DTthe tribal3145JJtribal existence3146NNexistence and3147CCand present3148JJpresent tribal3149JJtribal governments3150NNSgovernment of3151INof the3152DTthe Five3153CDFive Tribes3154NNStribe are3155VBPbe hereby3156RBhereby continued3157VVNcontinue in3158INin full3159JJfull force3160NNforce and3161CCand effect3162NNeffect for3163INfor all3164DTall purposes3165NNSpurpose authorized3166VVNauthorize by3167INby law3168NNlaw unless3169INunless otherwise3170RBotherwise provided3171VVNprovide by3172INby law3173NNlaw .3174SENT. "3175''" That3176WDTthat does3177VVZdo not3178RBnot sound3179VVsound like3180INlike an3181DTan abrogation3182NNabrogation .3183SENT. [MS. BLATT]3184LOC[MS. BLATT] If3185INif ...3186:... if3187INif ...3188:... the3189DTthe Act3190NPAct is3191VBZbe entitled3192VVNentitle Final3193JJfinal Disposition3194NNdisposition .3195SENT. In3196INin the3197DTthe same3198JJsame act3199NNact I3200PPI just3201RBjust read3202VVPread to3203TOto you3204PPyou ,3205,, there3206EXthere 's3207VBZbe at3208INat least3209JJSleast seven3210CDseven provisions3211NNSprovision stripping3212VVGstrip them3213PPthem of3214INof every3215DTevery authority3216NNauthority they3217PPthey had3218VHDhave left3219VVNleave .3220SENT. In3221INin your3222PP$your view3223NNview ,3224,, I3225PPI do3226VVPdo concede3227VVconcede that3228IN/thatthat they3229PPthey could3230MDcould meet3231VVmeet and3232CCand elect3233VVelect tribal3234JJtribal chiefs3235NNSchief ,3236,, and3237CCand that3238WDTthat is3239VBZbe it3240PPit .3241SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]3242LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But3243NPBut ,3244,, Ms3245NNMs .3246SENT. Blatt3247NPBlatt ,3248,, what3249WPwhat you3250PPyou 're3251VBPbe suggesting3252VVGsuggest is3253VBZbe that3254IN/thatthat the3255DTthe idea3256NNidea of3257INof a3258DTa reservation3259NNreservation is3260VBZbe ...3261:... is3262VBZbe ...3263:... is3264VBZbe ...3265:... is3266VBZbe always3267RBalways and3268CCand necessarily3269RBnecessarily linked3270VVNlink to3271TOto full3272JJfull tribal3273JJtribal authority3274NNauthority over3275INover that3276DTthat land3277NNland .3278SENT. And3279CCand that3280WDTthat has3281VHZhave just3282RBjust never3283RBnever been3284VBNbe the3285DTthe case3286NNcase .3287SENT. In3288INin many3289JJmany instances3290NNSinstance ,3291,, with3292INwith respect3293NNrespect to3294TOto many3295JJmany tribes3296NNStribe ,3297,, the3298DTthe idea3299NNidea of3300INof a3301DTa reservation3302NNreservation was3303VBDbe ...3304:... was3305VBDbe viewed3306VVNview as3307INas perfectly3308RBperfectly consistent3309JJconsistent with3310INwith U3311NPU .3312SENT. S3313NPS .3314SENT. Government3315NNgovernment control3316NNcontrol over3317INover that3318DTthat land3319NNland .3320SENT. And3321CCand so3322RBso ...3323:... and3324CCand that3325DTthat 's3326VBZbe why3327WRBwhy we3328PPwe 've3329VHPhave never3330RBnever thought3331VVNthink that3332IN/thatthat where3333WRBwhere it3334PPit 's3335POS's sort3336NNsort of3337INof measuring3338VVGmeasure tribal3339JJtribal power3340NNpower .3341SENT. What3342WPWhat we3343PPwe 've3344VHPhave always3345RBalways thought3346VVNthink is3347VBZbe that3348IN/thatthat what3349WPwhat we3350PPwe 're3351VBPbe trying3352VVGtry to3353TOto figure3354VVfigure out3355RPout was3356VBDbe whether3357INwhether there3358EXthere was3359VBDbe ever3360RBever any3361RBany a3362DTa time3363NNtime when3364WRBwhen this3365DTthis reservation3366NNreservation ,3367,, whether3368INwhether the3369DTthe Indians3370NPSIndians exercised3371VVDexercise power3372NNpower over3373INover it3374PPit or3375CCor whether3376INwhether the3377DTthe U3378NPU .3379SENT. S3380NPS .3381SENT. Government3382NNgovernment exercised3383VVDexercise power3384NNpower over3385INover it3386PPit or3387CCor whether3388INwhether it3389PPit was3390VBDbe something3391NNsomething in3392INin between3393INbetween ,3394,, whether3395INwhether that3396DTthat reservation3397NNreservation was3398VBDbe ceded3399VVNcede to3400TOto the3401DTthe public3402JJpublic domain3403NNdomain ,3404,, was3405VBDbe given3406VVNgive up3407RPup .3408SENT. And3409CCand that3410DTthat 's3411VBZbe what3412WPwhat Solem3413NPSolem emphasizes3414VVZemphasize .3415SENT. And3416CCand that3417IN/thatthat it3418PPit seems3419VVZseem is3420VBZbe ...3421:... is3422VBZbe missing3423VVGmiss from3424INfrom your3425PP$your analysis3426NNanalysis .3427SENT. [MS. BLATT]3428LOC[MS. BLATT] Justice3429NPJustice Kagan3430NPKagan ,3431,, I3432PPI would3433MDwould concede3434VVconcede that3435IN/thatthat you3436PPyou have3437VHPhave a3438DTa reservation3439NNreservation with3440INwith any3441DTany tribal3442JJtribal power3443NNpower ,3444,, not3445RBnot full3446JJfull tribal3447JJtribal power3448NNpower or3449CCor some3450DTsome federal3451JJfederal power3452NNpower that3453WDTthat displaced3454VVDdisplace state3455NNstate power3456NNpower ,3457,, but3458CCbut here3459RBhere it3460PPit 's3461VBZbe a3462DTa null3463JJnull set3464NNset .3465SENT. It3466PPit 's3467VBZbe fine3468JJfine ,3469,, there3470EXthere is3471VBZbe no3472DTno such3473JJsuch reservation3474NNreservation ,3475,, but3476CCbut you3477PPyou could3478MDcould have3479VHhave a3480DTa reservation3481NNreservation where3482WRBwhere just3483RBjust the3484DTthe federal3485JJfederal government3486NNgovernment can3487MDcan control3488VVcontrol non-Indian-owned3489JJnon-Indian-owned fee3490NNfee land3491NNland .3492SENT. But3493CCbut any3494DTany ...3495:... I3496PPI 'll3497MDwill take3498VVtake any3499DTany act3500NNact of3501INof tribal3502JJtribal sovereignty3503NNsovereignty that3504IN/thatthat the3505DTthe tribe3506NNtribe could3507MDcould exercise3508VVexercise over3509INover the3510DTthe non-Indian-owned3511JJnon-Indian-owned fee3512NNfee land3513NNland and3514CCand non-tribal3515JJnon-tribal member3516NNmember ,3517,, and3518CCand they3519PPthey do3520VVPdo n't3521RBn't even3522RBeven have3523VHPhave it3524PPit over3525INover the3526DTthe tribal3527JJtribal members3528NNSmember because3529INbecause they3530PPthey had3531VHDhave none3532NNnone .3533SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]3534LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Okay3535NPOkay .3536SENT. Could3537MDcould I3538PPI ...3539:... could3540MDcould I3541PPI just3542RBjust go3543VVPgo to3544TOto what3545WPwhat I3546PPI thought3547VVDthink cession3548NNcession was3549VBDbe about3550RBabout ...3551:... Solem3552NPSolem was3553VBDbe about3554RBabout ,3555,, which3556WDTwhich is3557VBZbe about3558RBabout this3559DTthis idea3560NNidea of3561INof ...3562:... of3563INof cession3564NNcession .3565SENT. So3566RBso ,3567,, as3568INas I3569PPI understand3570VVPunderstand the3571DTthe history3572NNhistory ,3573,, you3574PPyou have3575VHPhave this3576DTthis 18933577CD@card@ act3578NNact and3579CCand it3580PPit establishes3581VVZestablish the3582DTthe Dawes3583NPDawes Commission3584NPCommission ,3585,, and3586CCand it3587PPit very3588RBvery clearly3589RBclearly says3590VVZsay ,3591,, look3592VVlook ,3593,, there3594EXthere are3595VBPbe two3596CDtwo alternatives3597NNSalternative here3598RBhere :3599:: You3600PPyou can3601MDcan either3602RBeither get3603VVget cession3604NNcession of3605INof the3606DTthe land3607NNland ,3608,, or3609CCor you3610PPyou can3611MDcan do3612VVdo allotment3613NNallotment of3614INof the3615DTthe land3616NNland and3617CCand go3618VVgo figure3619VVfigure it3620PPit out3621RPout .3622SENT. And3623CCand the3624DTthe Dawes3625NPDawes Commission3626NPCommission goes3627VVZgo and3628CCand it3629PPit actually3630RBactually tries3631VVZtry to3632TOto get3633VVget the3634DTthe Indians3635NPSIndians to3636TOto cede3637VVcede the3638DTthe land3639NNland and3640CCand says3641VVZsay we3642PPwe want3643VVPwant cession3644NNcession ,3645,, cession3646NNcession is3647VBZbe easier3648JJReasy ,3649,, cession3650NNcession is3651VBZbe ...3652:... is3653VBZbe better3654JJRgood ,3655,, from3656INfrom the3657DTthe U3658NPU .3659SENT. S3660NPS .3661SENT. Government3662NNgovernment 's3663POS's point3664NNpoint of3665INof view3666NNview ,3667,, and3668CCand for3669INfor whatever3670WDTwhatever reason3671NNreason ,3672,, they3673PPthey think3674VVPthink that3675IN/thatthat they3676PPthey need3677VVPneed tribal3678JJtribal consent3679NNconsent and3680CCand the3681DTthe tribes3682NNStribe are3683VBPbe n't3684RBn't giving3685VVGgive that3686DTthat consent3687NNconsent ,3688,, and3689CCand so3690RBso the3691DTthe Commission3692NPCommission comes3693VVZcome back3694RBback and3695CCand they3696PPthey say3697VVPsay :3698:: No3699UHNo ,3700,, we3701PPwe 're3702VBPbe not3703RBnot going3704VVGgo to3705TOto get3706VVget cession3707NNcession .3708SENT. We3709PPwe 're3710VBPbe only3711RBonly going3712VVGgo to3713TOto get3714VVget allotment3715NNallotment .3716SENT. And3717CCand ,3718,, indeed3719RBindeed ,3720,, that3721WDTthat was3722VBDbe what3723WPwhat happened3724VVNhappen .3725SENT. They3726PPthey got3727VVDget allotment3728NNallotment ,3729,, not3730RBnot cession3731NNcession ,3732,, which3733WDTwhich is3734VBZbe what3735WPwhat makes3736VVZmake all3737PDTall the3738DTthe difference3739NNdifference under3740INunder Solem3741NPSolem and3742CCand Solem3743NPSolem 's3744POS's progeny3745NNprogeny ,3746,, is3747VBZbe n't3748RBn't it3749PPit ?3750SENT? [MS. BLATT]3751LOC[MS. BLATT] No3752NPNo .3753SENT. Remember3754VVremember ,3755,, Solem3756NPSolem was3757VBDbe not3758RBnot on3759INon the3760DTthe books3761NNSbook until3762INuntil 803763CD@card@ years3764NNSyear after3765INafter Oklahoma3766NPOklahoma became3767VVDbecome a3768DTa state3769NNstate .3770SENT. And3771CCand ...3772:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]3773LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Well3774UHWell ,3775,, Solem3776NPSolem was3777VBDbe n't3778RBn't on3779INon the3780DTthe books3781NNSbook until3782INuntil long3783JJlong after3784INafter all3785DTall of3786INof the3787DTthe cases3788NNScase that3789WDTthat Solem3790NPSolem ...3791:... [MS. BLATT]3792LOC[MS. BLATT] Exactly3793RBexactly .3794SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]3795LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But3796CCbut ...3797:... but3798CCbut what3799WPwhat Solem3800NPSolem makes3801VVZmake relevant3802JJrelevant is3803VBZbe ,3804,, when3805WRBwhen we3806PPwe look3807VVPlook back3808RBback to3809TOto those3810DTthose periods3811NNSperiod ,3812,, we3813PPwe ask3814VVPask about3815RBabout was3816VBDbe it3817PPit cession3818NNcession or3819CCor was3820VBDbe it3821PPit something3822RBsomething short3823JJshort of3824INof cession3825NNcession ,3826,, meaning3827VVGmean allotment3828NNallotment ?3829SENT? [MS. BLATT]3830LOC[MS. BLATT] And3831CCand Congress3832NPCongress did3833VVDdo the3834DTthe same3835JJsame when3836WRBwhen they3837PPthey had3838VHDhave allotment3839NNallotment plus3840CCplus dissolution3841NNdissolution .3842SENT. Can3843MDcan I3844PPI reserve3845VVreserve the3846DTthe remainder3847NNremainder of3848INof my3849PP$my time3850NNtime ?3851SENT? [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]3852LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Certainly3853RBcertainly .3854SENT. Mr3855NPMr .3856SENT. Kneedler3857NPKneedler .3858SENT.