[MR. VERRILLI]33LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Mr34NPMr .35SENT. Chief36NPChief Justice37NPJustice ,38,, and39CCand may40MDmay it41PPit please42VVplease the43DTthe Court44NPCourt :45:: The46DTthe question47NNquestion in48INin this49DTthis case50NNcase is51VBZbe whether52INwhether members53NNSmember of54INof the55DTthe Financial56NPFinancial Oversight57NPOversight Board58NPBoard are59VBPbe officers60NNSofficer of61INof the62DTthe United63NPUnited States64NPSStates who65WPwho must66MDmust be67VBbe selected68VVNselect in69INin the70DTthe manner71NNmanner that72IN/thatthat the73DTthe Appointments74NNSappointment Clause75NNclause prescribes76VVZprescribe or77CCor whether78INwhether they79PPthey are80VBPbe instead81RBinstead territorial82JJterritorial officers83NNSofficer who84WPwho do85VVPdo not86RBnot have87VHhave to88TOto be89VBbe selected90VVNselect in91INin that92DTthat manner93NNmanner .94SENT. The95DTthe Constitution96NPConstitution 's97POS's text98NNtext ,99,, structure100NNstructure ,101,, and102CCand history103NNhistory ,104,, and105CCand this106DTthis Court107NPCourt 's108POS's precedents109NNSprecedent all110RBall make111VVPmake clear112JJclear that113IN/thatthat the114DTthe proper115JJproper focus116NNfocus in117INin answering118VVGanswer that119DTthat question120NNquestion is121VBZbe the122DTthe nature123NNnature of124INof the125DTthe authority126NNauthority the127DTthe Board128NPBoard exercises129VVZexercise .130SENT. It131PPit comes132VVZcome down133RPdown to134TOto whether135INwhether Congress136NPCongress has137VHZhave vested138VVNvest the139DTthe Board140NPBoard with141INwith the142DTthe executive143JJexecutive power144NNpower of145INof the146DTthe national147JJnational government148NNgovernment or149CCor ,150,, instead151RBinstead ,152,, vested153VVDvest the154DTthe Board155NPBoard with156INwith the157DTthe territorial158JJterritorial executive159JJexecutive power160NNpower .161SENT. The162DTthe statute163NNstatute that164WDTthat created165VVDcreate the166DTthe Board167NPBoard ,168,, PROMESA169NPPROMESA ,170,, answers171VVZanswer that172IN/thatthat question173NNquestion in174INin a175DTa straightforward176JJstraightforward way177NNway .178SENT. It179PPit ...180:... it181PPit sets182VVZset up183RPup an184DTan entity185NNentity within186INwithin the187DTthe territorial188JJterritorial government189NNgovernment .190SENT. It191PPit gives192VVZgive the193DTthe Board194NPBoard only195JJonly territory-specific196JJterritory-specific authority197NNauthority and198CCand instructs199VVZinstruct the200DTthe Board201NPBoard to202TOto pursue203VVpursue only204RBonly territory-specific205JJterritory-specific objectives206NNSobjective .207SENT. The208DTthe Board209NPBoard acts210NNSact on211INon behalf212NNbehalf of213INof Puerto214NPPuerto Rico215NPRico as216INas its217PP$its representative218NNrepresentative in219INin judicial220JJjudicial proceedings221NNSproceeding to222TOto restructure223VVrestructure the224DTthe territory225NNterritory 's226POS's debts227NNSdebt .228SENT. It229PPit pursues230VVZpursue only231RBonly Puerto232NPPuerto Rico233NPRico 's234POS's interests235NNSinterest in236INin those237DTthose proceedings238NNSproceeding .239SENT. It240PPit 's241VBZbe up242RBup to243TOto the244DTthe Article245NPArticle III246NPIII court247NNcourt that248WDTthat adjudicates249VVZadjudicate those250DTthose proceedings251NNSproceeding to252TOto balance253VVbalance all254PDTall the255DTthe competing256VVGcompete interests257NNSinterest .258SENT. Congress259NPCongress also260RBalso instructed261VVDinstruct the262DTthe Board263NPBoard to264TOto implement265VVimplement a266DTa method267NNmethod for268INfor restoring269VVGrestore fiscal270JJfiscal stability271NNstability .272SENT. That273IN/thatthat ,274,, too275RBtoo ,276,, is277VBZbe territorial278JJterritorial authority279NNauthority .280SENT. It281PPit reaches282VVZreach only283RBonly Puerto284NPPuerto Rico285NPRico 's286POS's budgeting287NNbudgeting and288CCand fiscal289JJfiscal planning290NNplanning ,291,, and292CCand the293DTthe Board294NPBoard must295MDmust exercise296VVexercise that297DTthat authority298NNauthority in299INin a300DTa manner301NNmanner that302WDTthat protects303VVZprotect Puerto304NPPuerto Rico305NPRico 's306POS's vital307JJvital ...308:... vital309JJvital interests310NNSinterest .311SENT. Now312RBnow Congress313NPCongress did314VVDdo build315VVbuild in316INin protections317NNSprotection to318TOto guarantee319VVguarantee the320DTthe Board321NPBoard 's322POS's independence323NNindependence .324SENT. Congress325NPCongress did326VVDdo that327IN/thatthat because328INbecause it329PPit concluded330VVDconclude that331IN/thatthat Puerto332NPPuerto Rico333NPRico 's334POS's staggering335JJstaggering financial336JJfinancial and337CCand humanitarian338JJhumanitarian crisis339NNcrisis could340MDcould not341RBnot be342VBbe solved343VVNsolve unless344INunless the345DTthe Board346NPBoard was347VBDbe insulated348VVNinsulate from349INfrom the350DTthe political351JJpolitical pressures352NNSpressure that353WDTthat caused354VVDcause that355DTthat crisis356NNcrisis in357INin the358DTthe first359JJfirst place360NNplace .361SENT. But362CCbut Congress363NPCongress also364RBalso insulated365VVDinsulate the366DTthe Board367NPBoard from368INfrom federal369JJfederal control370NNcontrol .371SENT. Board372NNboard members373NNSmember can374MDcan be375VBbe removed376VVNremove only377RBonly for378INfor cause379NNcause ,380,, which381WDTwhich means382VVZmean that383IN/thatthat the384DTthe President385NPPresident cannot386MDcan remove387VVremove them388PPthem based389VVNbase on390INon disagreement391NNdisagreement with392INwith the393DTthe Board394NPBoard 's395POS's policies396NNSpolicy or397CCor priorities398NNSpriority in399INin implementing400VVGimplement PROMESA401NPPROMESA .402SENT. When403WRBwhen you404PPyou put405VVDput all406RBall that407IN/thatthat together408RBtogether ,409,, it410PPit 's411VBZbe ...412:... the413DTthe Board414NPBoard is415VBZbe in416INin the417DTthe territorial418JJterritorial government419NNgovernment ,420,, it421PPit 's422VHZhave been423VBNbe given424VVNgive statutory425JJstatutory directives426NNSdirective to427TOto advance428VVadvance the429DTthe interests430NNSinterest of431INof Puerto432NPPuerto Rico433NPRico ,434,, and435CCand it436PPit 's437VBZbe insulated438VVNinsulate from439INfrom federal440JJfederal control441NNcontrol ,442,, it443PPit 's444VBZbe clear445JJclear that446IN/thatthat Board447NPBoard members448NNSmember are449VBPbe territorial450JJterritorial officials451NNSofficial ...452:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]453LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] So454RBso how455WRBhow ...456:... [MR. VERRILLI]457LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...458:... not459RBnot officers460NNSofficer of461INof the462DTthe United463NPUnited States464NPSStates .465SENT. [JUSTICE GINSBURG]466LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] Mister467NPMister ...468:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]469LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...470:... how471WRBhow can472MDcan that473RBthat be474VBbe ,475,, Mr476NPMr .477SENT. Verrilli478NPVerrilli ?479SENT? It480PPit seems481VVZseem to482TOto me483PPme that484IN/thatthat your485PP$your very486JJvery argument487NNargument that488IN/thatthat it489PPit 's490VBZbe independent491JJindependent is492VBZbe suggesting493VVGsuggest it494PPit can495MDcan 't496RB't belong497VVbelong to498TOto the499DTthe territory500NNterritory and501CCand that502IN/thatthat there503EXthere 's504VBZbe a505DTa serious506JJserious problem507NNproblem that508IN/thatthat the509DTthe federal510JJfederal government511NNgovernment is512VBZbe creating513VVGcreate an514DTan entity515NNentity that516IN/thatthat no517DTno one518CDone can519MDcan control520VVcontrol .521SENT. Neither522CCneither Congress523NPCongress nor524CCnor the525DTthe President526NPPresident can527MDcan remove528VVremove this529DTthis entity530NNentity for531INfor anything532NNanything but533CCbut cause534NNcause .535SENT. Tell536VVtell me537PPme how538WRBhow this539DTthis differs540VVZdiffer from541INfrom a542DTa U543NPU .544SENT. S545NPS .546SENT. attorney547NNattorney .548SENT. A549DTa U550NPU .551SENT. S552NPS .553SENT. attorney554NNattorney is555VBZbe an556DTan officer557NNofficer of558INof the559DTthe United560NPUnited States561NPSStates .562SENT. I563PPI think564VVPthink you565PPyou accept566VVaccept that567DTthat .568SENT. A569DTa U570NPU .571SENT. S572NPS .573SENT. attorney574NNattorney is575VBZbe enforcing576VVGenforce federal577JJfederal law578NNlaw in579INin Puerto580NPPuerto Rico581NPRico ,582,, the583DTthe U584NPU .585SENT. S586NPS .587SENT. attorney588NNattorney of589INof Puerto590NPPuerto Rico591NPRico ,592,, just593RBjust the594DTthe way595NNway PROMESA596NPPROMESA is597VBZbe .598SENT. And599CCand a600DTa U601NPU .602SENT. S603NPS .604SENT. attorney605NNattorney does606VVZdo n't607RBn't have608VHhave jurisdiction609NNjurisdiction outside610NNoutside of611INof Puerto612NPPuerto Rico613NPRico .614SENT. So615RBso how616WRBhow is617VBZbe the618DTthe U619NPU .620SENT. S621NPS .622SENT. attorney623NNattorney different624JJdifferent ?625SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]626LOC[MR. VERRILLI] So627RBso let628VVlet me629PPme make630VVmake a631DTa general632JJgeneral point633NNpoint ,634,, and635CCand then636RBthen I637PPI 'll638MDwill specifically639RBspecifically answer640VVanswer the641DTthe U642NPU .643SENT. S644NPS .645SENT. attorney646NNattorney question647NNquestion .648SENT. The649DTthe general650JJgeneral point651NNpoint ,652,, I653PPI think654VVPthink it655PPit 's656VBZbe important657JJimportant to658TOto make659VVmake clear660JJclear ,661,, we662PPwe do663VVPdo n't664RBn't say665VVsay ,666,, contrary667JJcontrary to668TOto our669PP$our friends670NNSfriend on671INon the672DTthe other673JJother side674NNside ,675,, that676IN/thatthat the677DTthe Appointments678NNSappointment Clause679NNclause does680VVZdo n't681RBn't apply682VVapply in683INin Puerto684NPPuerto Rico685NPRico .686SENT. It687PPit applies688VVZapply in689INin Puerto690NPPuerto Rico691NPRico just692RBjust like693INlike it694PPit applies695VVZapply in696INin a697DTa state698NNstate ,699,, in700INin that701WDTthat federal702JJfederal officials703NNSofficial ,704,, officials705NNSofficial who706WPwho are707VBPbe part708NNpart of709INof the710DTthe federal711JJfederal government712NNgovernment ,713,, have714VHPhave to715TOto be716VBbe appointed717VVNappoint in718INin conformity719NNconformity with720INwith the721DTthe Appointments722NNSappointment Clause723NNclause ...724:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]725LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Could726MDcould you727PPyou do728VVdo this729DTthis ...730:... could731MDcould you732PPyou pass733VVpass ...734:... [MR. VERRILLI]735LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...736:... including737VVGinclude the738DTthe U739NPU .740SENT. S741NPS .742SENT. attorney743NNattorney .744SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]745LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...746:... could747MDcould you748PPyou pass749VVpass ...750:... could751MDcould Congress752NPCongress pass753VVpass a754DTa law755NNlaw that756WDTthat ...757:... like758INlike PROMESA759NPPROMESA for760INfor a761DTa state762NNstate ?763SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]764LOC[MR. VERRILLI] No765NPNo ,766,, I767PPI do768VVPdo n't769RBn't think770VVthink so771RBso ,772,, because773INbecause the774DTthe difference775NNdifference between776INbetween that777DTthat situation778NNsituation and779CCand this780DTthis situation781NNsituation is782VBZbe Article783NPArticle IV784NPIV .785SENT. And786CCand I787PPI really788RBreally think789VVPthink that790WDTthat gets791VVZget to792TOto the793DTthe heart794NNheart of795INof the796DTthe matter797NNmatter ,798,, Justice799NPJustice Sotomayor800NPSotomayor ,801,, that802WDTthat I803PPI think804VVPthink the805DTthe beef806NNbeef that807IN/thatthat my808PP$my friends809NNSfriend on810INon the811DTthe other812JJother side813NNside have814VHPhave is815VBZbe not816RBnot with817INwith the818DTthe Appointments819NNSappointment Clause820NNclause ;821:; it822PPit 's823VBZbe with824INwith Article825NPArticle IV826NPIV .827SENT. And828CCand the829DTthe difference830NNdifference between831INbetween this832DTthis situation833NNsituation and834CCand a835DTa state836NNstate is837VBZbe that838IN/thatthat Congress839NPCongress has840VHZhave reserved841VVNreserve authority842NNauthority under843INunder Article844NPArticle IV845NPIV to846TOto alter847VValter the848DTthe structure849NNstructure of850INof a851DTa territorial852JJterritorial government853NNgovernment and854CCand to855TOto prescribe856VVprescribe territorial857JJterritorial law858NNlaw ...859:... [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]860LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Could861MDcould you862PPyou ...863:... [MR. VERRILLI]864LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...865:... its866PP$its substantive867JJsubstantive territorial868JJterritorial law869NNlaw .870SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]871LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] ...872:... could873MDcould you874PPyou give875VVgive at876INat least877JJSleast a878DTa quick879JJquick answer880NNanswer ...881:... [MR. VERRILLI]882LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Sure883NPSure .884SENT. I885PPI 'd886MDwould be887VBbe ...888:... [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]889LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] ...890:... to891TOto the892DTthe first893JJfirst part894NNpart of895INof Justice896NPJustice Sotomayor897NPSotomayor 's898POS's question899NNquestion ?900SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]901LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Yes902NPYes .903SENT. Of904INof course905NNcourse .906SENT. The907DTthe difference908NNdifference ,909,, I910PPI think911VVPthink ,912,, the913DTthe key914JJkey difference915NNdifference between916INbetween a917DTa U918NPU .919SENT. S920NPS .921SENT. attorney922NNattorney and923CCand the924DTthe Board925NPBoard is926VBZbe that927IN/thatthat the928DTthe U929NPU .930SENT. S931NPS .932SENT. attorney933NNattorney is934VBZbe executing935VVGexecute laws936NNSlaw of937INof nationwide938JJnationwide application939NNapplication ,940,, the941DTthe ...942:... the943DTthe U944NPU .945SENT. S946NPS .947SENT. Criminal948NPCriminal Code949NPCode ,950,, Title951NPTitle 18952CD@card@ .953SENT. And954CCand the955DTthe U956NPU .957SENT. S958NPS .959SENT. attorney960NNattorney in961INin Puerto962NPPuerto Rico963NPRico in964INin that965DTthat respect966NNrespect is967VBZbe no968RBno different969JJdifferent than970INthan the971DTthe U972NPU .973SENT. S974NPS .975SENT. attorney976NNattorney in977INin New978NPNew York979NPYork .980SENT. The981DTthe Board982NPBoard does983VVZdo not984RBnot implement985VVimplement laws986NNSlaw of987INof nationwide988JJnationwide application989NNapplication .990SENT. It991PPit implements992VVZimplement as993INas law994NNlaw ...995:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]996LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] But997CCbut all998DTall laws999NNSlaw do1000VVPdo n't1001RBn't have1002VHhave nationwide1003JJnationwide application1004NNapplication ,1005,, even1006RBeven federal1007JJfederal laws1008NNSlaw .1009SENT. Some1010DTsome federal1011JJfederal laws1012NNSlaw have1013VHPhave local1014JJlocal application1015NNapplication as1016INas opposed1017VVNoppose to1018TOto national1019JJnational .1020SENT. They1021PPthey 're1022VBPbe still1023RBstill federal1024JJfederal law1025NNlaw because1026INbecause they1027PPthey were1028VBDbe passed1029VVNpass by1030INby Congress1031NPCongress and1032CCand there1033RBthere federal1034JJfederal dictates1035NNSdictate .1036SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]1037LOC[MR. VERRILLI] But1038CCbut ...1039:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1040LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] This1041DTthis is1042VBZbe no1043RBno different1044JJdifferent for1045INfor the1046DTthe U1047NPU .1048SENT. S1049NPS .1050SENT. attorney1051NNattorney .1052SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]1053LOC[MR. VERRILLI] I1054PPI do1055VVPdo think1056VVthink it1057PPit 's1058VBZbe different1059JJdifferent in1060INin a1061DTa fundamental1062JJfundamental way1063NNway ,1064,, Your1065PP$your Honor1066NPHonor .1067SENT. It1068PPit is1069VBZbe territory-specific1070JJterritory-specific .1071SENT. It1072PPit applies1073VVZapply only1074RBonly to1075TOto the1076DTthe territory1077NNterritory of1078INof Puerto1079NPPuerto Rico1080NPRico .1081SENT. And1082CCand the1083DTthe Board1084NPBoard 's1085POS's authority1086NNauthority is1087VBZbe to1088TOto ...1089:... is1090VBZbe to1091TOto act1092VVact in1093INin the1094DTthe interests1095NNSinterest of1096INof the1097DTthe territory1098NNterritory of1099INof Puerto1100NPPuerto Rico1101NPRico in1102INin the1103DTthe ...1104:... in1105INin their1106PP$their ...1107:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1108LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Well1109UHWell ,1110,, Mr1111NPMr .1112SENT. Verrilli1113NPVerrilli ,1114,, I1115PPI mean1116VVPmean ,1117,, suppose1118VVPsuppose that1119IN/thatthat Congress1120NPCongress looks1121VVZlook at1122INat Florida1123NPFlorida and1124CCand it1125PPit says1126VVZsay that1127IN/thatthat there1128EXthere are1129VBPbe a1130DTa lot1131NNlot of1132INof hurricanes1133NNShurricane there1134RBthere and1135CCand the1136DTthe waters1137NNSwater are1138VBPbe rising1139VVGrise ,1140,, and1141CCand we1142PPwe have1143VHPhave a1144DTa terrible1145JJterrible Florida1146NPFlorida problem1147NNproblem .1148SENT. And1149CCand Congress1150NPCongress passes1151VVZpass the1152DTthe Florida1153NPFlorida Reclamation1154NNreclamation Act1155NPAct ,1156,, and1157CCand it1158PPit 's1159VBZbe supposed1160VVNsuppose to1161TOto deal1162VVdeal with1163INwith ,1164,, you1165PPyou know1166VVPknow ,1167,, the1168DTthe Florida1169NPFlorida problem1170NNproblem that1171IN/thatthat it1172PPit perceives1173VVZperceive but1174CCbut uses1175VVZuse federal1176JJfederal law1177NNlaw to1178TOto do1179VVdo so1180RBso .1181SENT. Would1182MDwould you1183PPyou say1184VVsay that1185DTthat ...1186:... I1187PPI think1188VVPthink the1189DTthe ...1190:... your1191PP$your ...1192:... your1193PP$your phrase1194NNphrase was1195VBDbe the1196DTthe executive1197JJexecutive power1198NNpower of1199INof the1200DTthe national1201JJnational government1202NNgovernment .1203SENT. Would1204MDwould the1205DTthe head1206NNhead of1207INof the1208DTthe agency1209NNagency that1210IN/thatthat the1211DTthe Florida1212NPFlorida Reclamation1213NNreclamation Act1214NPAct sets1215VVZset up1216RBup be1217VBbe exercising1218VVGexercise the1219DTthe executive1220JJexecutive power1221NNpower of1222INof the1223DTthe national1224JJnational government1225NNgovernment ?1226SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]1227LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Yes1228NPYes .1229SENT. And1230CCand the1231DTthe difference1232NNdifference is1233VBZbe ...1234:... I1235PPI 'm1236VBPbe sorry1237JJsorry ,1238,, Your1239PP$your Honor1240NPHonor .1241SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]1242LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] No1243NPNo ,1244,, I1245PPI was1246VBDbe just1247RBjust going1248VVGgo to1249TOto say1250VVsay ,1251,, what1252WPwhat is1253VBZbe the1254DTthe difference1255NNdifference ,1256,, Mr1257NPMr .1258SENT. Verrilli1259NPVerrilli ?1260SENT? [1261SYM[ LAUGHTER1262NNlaughter ]1263SYM] [MR. VERRILLI]1264LOC[MR. VERRILLI] And1265CCand the1266DTthe difference1267NNdifference ...1268:... and1269CCand the1270DTthe difference1271NNdifference is1272VBZbe ...1273:... and1274CCand the1275DTthe difference1276NNdifference is1277VBZbe that1278DTthat ...1279:... that1280IN/thatthat Congress1281NPCongress has1282VHZhave dual1283JJdual authority1284NNauthority with1285INwith respect1286NNrespect to1287TOto the1288DTthe territories1289NNSterritory to1290TOto act1291VVact under1292INunder Article1293NPArticle I1294NPI with1295INwith nation1296NNnation ...1297:... laws1298NNSlaw of1299INof nationwide1300JJnationwide application1301NNapplication ,1302,, which1303WDTwhich are1304VBPbe enforced1305VVNenforce by1306INby federal1307JJfederal officials1308NNSofficial .1309SENT. For1310INfor example1311NNexample ,1312,, there1313EXthere 's1314VBZbe a1315DTa FEMA1316NPFEMA regional1317JJregional administrator1318NNadministrator .1319SENT. There1320EXthere 's1321VBZbe an1322DTan EPA1323NPEPA regional1324JJregional administrator1325NNadministrator .1326SENT. They1327PPthey 're1328VBPbe all1329RBall appointed1330VVNappoint in1331INin conformity1332NNconformity with1333INwith the1334DTthe requirements1335NNSrequirement of1336INof the1337DTthe Appointments1338NNSappointment Clause1339NNclause .1340SENT. But1341CCbut it1342PPit has1343VHZhave dual1344JJdual authority1345NNauthority .1346SENT. It1347PPit can1348MDcan also1349RBalso act1350VVact as1351INas a1352DTa territorial1353JJterritorial legislature1354NNlegislature ,1355,, and1356CCand ...1357:... and1358CCand under1359INunder Article1360NPArticle IV1361NPIV ,1362,, it1363PPit has1364VHZhave plenary1365JJplenary authority1366NNauthority to1367TOto do1368VVdo so1369RBso .1370SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]1371LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Well1372UHWell ,1373,, how1374WRBhow do1375VVPdo we1376PPwe know1377VVPknow which1378WDTwhich ...1379:... which1380WDTwhich authority1381NNauthority it1382PPit 's1383VBZbe using1384VVGuse ?1385SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]1386LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Well1387UHwell ,1388,, you1389PPyou look1390VVPlook ...1391:... I1392PPI ...1393:... I1394PPI think1395VVPthink as1396RBas ...1397:... we1398PPwe think1399VVPthink Palmore1400NPPalmore is1401VBZbe the1402DTthe relevant1403JJrelevant precedent1404NNprecedent there1405RBthere .1406SENT. And1407CCand I1408PPI think1409VVPthink what1410WPwhat you1411PPyou do1412VVPdo is1413VBZbe you1414PPyou look1415VVPlook to1416TOto two1417CDtwo things1418NNSthing .1419SENT. First1420NPFirst ,1421,, what1422WPwhat does1423VVZdo it1424PPit ...1425:... what1426WPwhat does1427VVZdo Congress1428NPCongress say1429VVsay it1430PPit 's1431VBZbe doing1432VVGdo .1433SENT. Here1434RBhere ,1435,, Congress1436NPCongress said1437VVDsay expressly1438RBexpressly we1439PPwe 're1440VBPbe invoking1441VVGinvoke Article1442NPArticle IV1443NPIV and1444CCand we1445PPwe 're1446VBPbe creating1447VVGcreate an1448DTan entity1449NNentity in1450INin the1451DTthe territorial1452JJterritorial government1453NNgovernment .1454SENT. That1455DTthat 's1456VBZbe the1457DTthe ...1458:... [JUSTICE GINSBURG]1459LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] What1460WPWhat ...1461:... what's1462NNSwhat's ...1463:... [MR. VERRILLI]1464LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...1465:... language1466NNlanguage of1467INof the1468DTthe statute1469NNstatute ,1470,, entity1471NNentity ...1472:... [JUSTICE GINSBURG]1473LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] ...1474:... what1475WPwhat 's1476VBZbe the1477DTthe argument1478NNargument ,1479,, Mr1480NPMr .1481SENT. Verrilli1482NPVerrilli ...1483:... you1484PPyou started1485VVDstart with1486INwith this1487DTthis is1488VBZbe an1489DTan ...1490:... this1491DTthis is1492VBZbe an1493DTan entity1494NNentity within1495INwithin the1496DTthe Puerto1497NPPuerto Rico1498NPRico government1499NNgovernment .1500SENT. The1501DTthe argument1502NNargument on1503INon the1504DTthe other1505JJother side1506NNside is1507VBZbe no1508UHno ,1509,, it1510PPit 's1511VBZbe not1512RBnot within1513INwithin ;1514:; it1515PPit 's1516VBZbe above1517JJabove .1518SENT. It1519PPit 's1520VBZbe above1521INabove the1522DTthe Puerto1523NPPuerto Rican1524JJRican government1525NNgovernment ,1526,, and1527CCand it1528PPit 's1529VBZbe ...1530:... it1531PPit 's1532VBZbe above1533INabove the1534DTthe legislature1535NNlegislature and1536CCand the1537DTthe governor1538NNgovernor .1539SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]1540LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Yes1541NPYes ,1542,, and1543CCand that1544WDTthat 's1545VBZbe ...1546:... and1547CCand that1548DTthat 's1549VBZbe simply1550RBsimply an1551DTan incorrect1552JJincorrect characterization1553NNcharacterization .1554SENT. I1555PPI think1556VVPthink it1557PPit misinterprets1558VVZmisinterpret independence1559NNindependence for1560INfor superintendence1561NNsuperintendence .1562SENT. And1563CCand I1564PPI think1565VVPthink ,1566,, if1567INif you1568PPyou think1569VVPthink about1570INabout it1571PPit ,1572,, it1573PPit 's1574VBZbe just1575RBjust not1576RBnot right1577JJright to1578TOto say1579VVsay that1580IN/thatthat what1581WPwhat you1582PPyou 've1583VHPhave got1584VVNget here1585RBhere is1586VBZbe a1587DTa federal1588JJfederal overlord1589NNoverlord or1590CCor a1591DTa federal1592JJfederal master1593NNmaster in1594INin the1595DTthe language1596NNlanguage of1597INof ...1598:... of1599INof the1600DTthe First1601NPFirst Circuit1602NPCircuit ,1603,, because1604INbecause think1605VVPthink about1606RBabout what1607WPwhat Congress1608NPCongress did1609VVDdo here1610RBhere .1611SENT. First1612RBfirst ,1613,, it1614PPit said1615VVDsay that1616IN/thatthat the1617DTthe ...1618:... that1619IN/thatthat the1620DTthe Board1621NPBoard 's1622POS's authority1623NNauthority is1624VBZbe territory-specific1625JJterritory-specific ,1626,, and1627CCand then1628RBthen it1629PPit said1630VVDsay that1631IN/thatthat the1632DTthe Board1633NPBoard is1634VBZbe supposed1635VVNsuppose to1636TOto act1637VVact on1638INon behalf1639NNbehalf of1640INof Puerto1641NPPuerto Rico1642NPRico and1643CCand represent1644VVrepresent Puerto1645NPPuerto Rico1646NPRico in1647INin the1648DTthe restructuring1649NNrestructuring proceedings1650NNSproceeding .1651SENT. It1652PPit 's1653VBZbe not1654RBnot supposed1655VVNsuppose to1656TOto advance1657VVadvance the1658DTthe broad1659JJbroad interests1660NNSinterest of1661INof the1662DTthe United1663NPUnited States1664NPSStates .1665SENT. It1666PPit advances1667VVZadvance Puerto1668NPPuerto Rico1669NPRico 's1670POS's interests1671NNSinterest .1672SENT. And1673CCand ,1674,, similarly1675RBsimilarly ,1676,, with1677INwith respect1678NNrespect to1679TOto its1680PP$its budget1681NNbudget ...1682:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1683LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Well1684UHWell ,1685,, was1686VBDbe n't1687RBn't Congress1688NPCongress thinking1689NNthinking about1690INabout the1691DTthe broad1692JJbroad interests1693NNSinterest of1694INof the1695DTthe United1696NPUnited States1697NPSStates ?1698SENT? I1699PPI mean1700VVPmean ,1701,, here1702RBhere it1703PPit was1704VBDbe .1705SENT. It1706PPit was1707VBDbe looking1708VVGlook at1709INat this1710DTthis terrible1711JJterrible financial1712JJfinancial crisis1713NNcrisis in1714INin Puerto1715NPPuerto Rico1716NPRico and1717CCand considering1718VVGconsider a1719DTa wide1720JJwide variety1721NNvariety of1722INof options1723NNSoption to1724TOto address1725VVaddress that1726DTthat crisis1727NNcrisis .1728SENT. Now1729RBnow one1730CDone option1731NNoption could1732MDcould have1733VHhave been1734VBNbe some1735DTsome kind1736NNkind of1737INof financial1738JJfinancial bailout1739NNbailout .1740SENT. Congress1741NPCongress did1742VVDdo n't1743RBn't want1744VVwant to1745TOto do1746VVdo that1747DTthat .1748SENT. It1749PPit instead1750RBinstead chose1751VVDchoose an1752DTan option1753NNoption that1754WDTthat had1755VHDhave less1756RBRless financial1757JJfinancial cost1758NNcost for1759INfor the1760DTthe American1761JJAmerican people1762NNSpeople as1763INas a1764DTa whole1765NNwhole .1766SENT. So1767RBso ,1768,, you1769PPyou know1770VVPknow ,1771,, why1772WRBwhy should1773MDshould n't1774RBn't we1775PPwe think1776VVPthink that1777IN/thatthat Congress1778NPCongress ,1779,, in1780INin enacting1781VVGenact this1782DTthis piece1783NNpiece of1784INof legislation1785NNlegislation ,1786,, was1787VBDbe not1788RBnot thinking1789VVGthink about1790INabout it1791PPit through1792INthrough a1793DTa broad1794JJbroad national1795JJnational lens1796NNlens ?1797SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]1798LOC[MR. VERRILLI] First1799NPFirst ,1800,, I1801PPI think1802VVPthink what1803WPwhat matters1804VVZmatter is1805VBZbe what1806WPwhat Congress1807NPCongress did1808VVDdo ,1809,, not1810RBnot what1811WPwhat the1812DTthe motivations1813NNSmotivation of1814INof individual1815JJindividual legislatures1816NNSlegislature were1817VBDbe in1818INin moving1819VVGmove forward1820RBforward with1821INwith what1822WPwhat Congress1823NPCongress did1824VVDdo .1825SENT. Second1826RBsecond ,1827,, the1828DTthe best1829JJSgood evidence1830NNevidence of1831INof what1832WPwhat Congress1833NPCongress did1834VVDdo is1835VBZbe the1836DTthe statute1837NNstatute itself1838PPitself ,1839,, where1840WRBwhere it1841PPit made1842VVDmake a1843DTa choice1844NNchoice to1845TOto create1846VVcreate an1847DTan entity1848NNentity in1849INin Puerto1850NPPuerto Rico1851NPRico and1852CCand it1853PPit instructed1854VVDinstruct it1855PPit to1856TOto act1857VVact on1858INon behalf1859NNbehalf of1860INof Puerto1861NPPuerto Rico1862NPRico .1863SENT. And1864CCand even1865RBeven with1866INwith respect1867NNrespect to1868TOto its1869PP$its budgeting1870NNbudgeting authority1871NNauthority ,1872,, it1873PPit said1874VVDsay when1875WRBwhen you1876PPyou do1877VVPdo your1878PP$your budgeting1879NNbudgeting and1880CCand fiscal1881JJfiscal planning1882NNplanning ,1883,, you1884PPyou 've1885VHPhave got1886VVNget to1887TOto ensure1888VVensure that1889IN/thatthat there1890EXthere 's1891VBZbe adequate1892JJadequate funding1893NNfunding for1894INfor essential1895JJessential services1896NNSservice in1897INin Puerto1898NPPuerto Rico1899NPRico ,1900,, adequate1901JJadequate funding1902NNfunding for1903INfor the1904DTthe Puerto1905NPPuerto Rico1906NPRico pension1907NNpension plan1908NNplan ,1909,, adequate1910JJadequate funding1911NNfunding for1912INfor economic1913JJeconomic development1914NNdevelopment in1915INin Puerto1916NPPuerto Rico1917NPRico .1918SENT. It1919PPit told1920VVDtell this1921DTthis Board1922NPBoard to1923TOto act1924VVact for1925INfor Puerto1926NPPuerto Rico1927NPRico .1928SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]1929LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Counsel1930NPCounsel ,1931,, what1932WPwhat if1933INif we1934PPwe do1935VVPdo n't1936RBn't think1937VVthink it1938PPit 's1939VBZbe an1940DTan all1941RBall or1942CCor nothing1943NNnothing division1944NNdivision when1945WRBwhen you1946PPyou look1947VVPlook at1948INat the1949DTthe responsibilities1950NNSresponsibility of1951INof the1952DTthe Board1953NPBoard ?1954SENT? I1955PPI mean1956VVPmean ,1957,, certainly1958RBcertainly much1959RBmuch of1960INof it1961PPit has1962VHZhave to1963TOto do1964VVdo with1965INwith territorial1966JJterritorial issues1967NNSissue ,1968,, but1969CCbut you1970PPyou can1971MDcan certainly1972RBcertainly appreciate1973VVappreciate congressmen1974NNScongressman viewing1975VVGview this1976DTthis obviously1977RBobviously as1978INas something1979NNsomething with1980INwith nationwide1981JJnationwide significance1982NNsignificance .1983SENT. So1984RBso ,1985,, to1986TOto some1987DTsome extent1988NNextent ,1989,, it1990PPit 's1991VBZbe dealing1992VVGdeal with1993INwith territorial1994JJterritorial issues1995NNSissue .1996SENT. To1997TOTo some1998DTsome extent1999NNextent ,2000,, it2001PPit 's2002VBZbe dealing2003VVGdeal with2004INwith issues2005NNSissue of2006INof broader2007JJRbroad national2008JJnational significance2009NNsignificance .2010SENT. What2011WPWhat happens2012VVZhappen to2013TOto your2014PP$your case2015NNcase in2016INin that2017DTthat instance2018NNinstance ?2019SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]2020LOC[MR. VERRILLI] I2021PPI think2022VVPthink it2023PPit 's2024VBZbe ...2025:... I2026PPI think2027VVPthink the2028DTthe answer2029NNanswer is2030VBZbe the2031DTthe same2032JJsame ,2033,, because2034INbecause what2035WPwhat matters2036VVZmatter is2037VBZbe the2038DTthe power2039NNpower that2040IN/thatthat Congress2041NPCongress chose2042VVDchoose to2043TOto invoke2044VVinvoke and2045CCand the2046DTthe way2047NNway in2048INin which2049WDTwhich Congress2050NPCongress chose2051VVDchoose to2052TOto act2053VVact .2054SENT. And2055CCand what2056WPwhat Congress2057NPCongress did2058VVDdo here2059RBhere was2060VBDbe tell2061VVtell the2062DTthe Board2063NPBoard the2064DTthe way2065NNway to2066TOto address2067VVaddress this2068DTthis problem2069NNproblem is2070VBZbe by2071INby acting2072VVGact in2073INin the2074DTthe interests2075NNSinterest of2076INof Puerto2077NPPuerto Rico2078NPRico .2079SENT. And2080CCand then2081RBthen it2082PPit also2083RBalso insulated2084VVDinsulate the2085DTthe Board2086NPBoard from2087INfrom federal2088JJfederal control2089NNcontrol through2090INthrough the2091DTthe for2092INfor cause2093NNcause standard2094NNstandard .2095SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2096LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] May2097MDmay I2098PPI ask2099VVask you2100PPyou ,2101,, if2102INif we2103PPwe had2104VHDhave the2105DTthe original2106JJoriginal act2107NNact setting2108VVGset up2109RPup the2110DTthe U2111NPU .2112SENT. S2113NPS .2114SENT. Attorney2115NNattorney for2116INfor Puerto2117NPPuerto Rico2118NPRico and2119CCand Congress2120NPCongress changed2121VVDchange only2122RBonly one2123CDone label2124NNlabel of2125INof the2126DTthe three2127CDthree Palmore2128NPPalmore factors2129NNSfactor ,2130,, same2131JJsame factual2132JJfactual situation2133NNsituation as2134RBas exists2135VVZexist now2136RBnow ,2137,, except2138INexcept that2139WDTthat it2140PPit says2141VVZsay we2142PPwe 're2143VBPbe doing2144VVGdo it2145PPit under2146INunder the2147DTthe territorial2148JJterritorial clause2149NNclause .2150SENT. You2151PPyou 're2152VBPbe suggesting2153VVGsuggest that2154IN/thatthat that2155DTthat 's2156VBZbe enough2157RBenough reason2158NNreason for2159INfor why2160NNwhy ...2161:... [MR. VERRILLI]2162LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Absolutely2163RBabsolutely ...2164:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2165LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...2166:... our2167PP$our ...2168:... [MR. VERRILLI]2169LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...2170:... absolutely2171RBabsolutely not2172RBnot ,2173,, Your2174PP$your Honor2175NPHonor .2176SENT. And2177CCand that2178DTthat 's2179VBZbe why2180WRBwhy the2181DTthe third2182JJthird factor2183NNfactor in2184INin Palmore2185NPPalmore is2186VBZbe the2187DTthe critical2188JJcritical one2189CDone .2190SENT. You2191PPyou have2192VHPhave to2193TOto look2194VVlook at2195INat the2196DTthe nature2197NNnature of2198INof the2199DTthe authority2200NNauthority that2201IN/thatthat the2202DTthe office2203NNoffice is2204VBZbe executing2205VVGexecute .2206SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2207LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] All2208DTall right2209NNright .2210SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]2211LOC[MR. VERRILLI] And2212CCand they2213PPthey ...2214:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2215LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Now2216RBnow let2217VVlet me2218PPme ask2219VVask you2220PPyou how2221WRBhow you2222PPyou can2223MDcan label2224VVlabel this2225DTthis a2226DTa territorial2227JJterritorial officer2228NNofficer as2229INas opposed2230VVNoppose to2231TOto a2232DTa federal2233JJfederal officer2234NNofficer handling2235VVGhandle federal2236JJfederal issues2237NNSissue ...2238:... a2239DTa federal2240JJfederal mandate2241NNmandate when2242WRBwhen none2243NNnone of2244INof the2245DTthe people2246NNSpeople of2247INof Puerto2248NPPuerto Rico2249NPRico have2250VHPhave voted2251VVNvote in2252INin any2253DTany way2254NNway to2255TOto ...2256:... on2257INon any2258DTany of2259INof the2260DTthe directives2261NNSdirective that2262IN/thatthat this2263DTthis agent2264NNagent has2265VHZhave received2266VVNreceive ?2267SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]2268LOC[MR. VERRILLI] I2269PPI ...2270:... I2271PPI understand2272VVPunderstand that2273DTthat point2274NNpoint ,2275,, Your2276PP$your Honor2277NPHonor .2278SENT. But2279CCbut ,2280,, again2281RBagain ,2282,, I2283PPI do2284VVPdo n't2285RBn't think2286VVthink that2287WDTthat has2288VHZhave anything2289NNanything to2290TOto do2291VVdo with2292INwith the2293DTthe Appointments2294NNSappointment Clause2295NNclause .2296SENT. There2297EXthere is2298VBZbe no2299DTno doubt2300NNdoubt under2301INunder this2302DTthis Court2303NPCourt 's2304POS's precedence2305NNprecedence ,2306,, starting2307VVGstart two2308CDtwo centuries2309NNScentury ago2310RBago ,2311,, and2312CCand as2313RBas recently2314RBrecently as2315INas Sanchez2316NPSanchez Valle2317NPValle ,2318,, that2319IN/thatthat the2320DTthe Congress2321NPCongress has2322VHZhave reserved2323VVNreserve authority2324NNauthority to2325TOto act2326VVact at2327INat the2328DTthe territorial2329JJterritorial level2330NNlevel and2331CCand to2332TOto change2333VVchange the2334DTthe structure2335NNstructure of2336INof ...2337:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2338LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Certainly2339RBcertainly .2340SENT. There2341EXthere 's2342VBZbe no2343DTno question2344NNquestion .2345SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]2346LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...2347:... territorial2348JJterritorial government2349NNgovernment and2350CCand to2351TOto change2352VVchange the2353DTthe substance2354NNsubstance .2355SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2356LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] There2357EXthere 's2358VBZbe no2359DTno fight2360NNfight ...2361:... there2362EXthere 's2363VBZbe no2364DTno fight2365NNfight there2366RBthere .2367SENT. The2368DTthe issue2369NNissue is2370VBZbe where2371WRBwhere do2372VVPdo you2373PPyou draw2374VVdraw a2375DTa line2376NNline between2377INbetween what2378WPwhat 's2379VBZbe a2380DTa federal2381JJfederal officer2382NNofficer and2383CCand what2384WPwhat 's2385VBZbe a2386DTa territorial2387JJterritorial officer2388NNofficer .2389SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]2390LOC[MR. VERRILLI] And2391CCand I2392PPI think2393VVPthink ...2394:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2395LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] And2396CCand the2397DTthe issue2398NNissue has2399VHZhave to2400TOto be2401VBbe that2402IN/thatthat when2403WRBwhen Congress2404NPCongress chooses2405VVZchoose ,2406,, it2407PPit 's2408VBZbe Congress2409NPCongress 's2410POS's choice2411NNchoice .2412SENT. If2413INif the2414DTthe territory2415NNterritory chooses2416VVZchoose ,2417,, if2418INif it2419PPit elects2420VVZelect a2421DTa governor2422NNgovernor ,2423,, if2424INif it2425PPit elects2426VVZelect legislature2427NNlegislature ,2428,, if2429INif it2430PPit elects2431VVZelect its2432PP$its own2433JJown Attorney2434NPAttorney General2435NPGeneral ,2436,, that2437IN/thatthat those2438DTthose are2439VBPbe officers2440NNSofficer that2441IN/thatthat Puerto2442NPPuerto Rico2443NPRico have2444VHPhave selected2445VVNselect .2446SENT. But2447CCbut ,2448,, if2449INif the2450DTthe federal2451JJfederal government2452NNgovernment is2453VBZbe making2454VVGmake the2455DTthe selection2456NNselection and2457CCand imposing2458VVGimpose it2459PPit on2460INon a2461DTa territory2462NNterritory ,2463,, it2464PPit has2465VHZhave to2466TOto be2467VBbe a2468DTa federal2469JJfederal officer2470NNofficer .2471SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]2472LOC[MR. VERRILLI] I2473PPI ...2474:... that2475WDTthat 's2476VBZbe ...2477:... I2478PPI ...2479:... I2480PPI ...2481:... I2482PPI think2483VVPthink that2484WDTthat 's2485VBZbe just2486RBjust not2487RBnot right2488JJright on2489INon numerous2490JJnumerous levels2491NNSlevel ,2492,, Your2493PP$your Honor2494NPHonor ,2495,, and2496CCand ...2497:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2498LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] No2499RBno ,2500,, it2501PPit 's2502VBZbe too2503RBtoo simplistic2504JJsimplistic for2505INfor you2506PPyou .2507SENT. [2508SYM[ LAUGHTER2509NNlaughter ]2510SYM] [MR. VERRILLI]2511LOC[MR. VERRILLI] No2512UHNo ,2513,, no2514UHno ,2515,, no2516UHno ,2517,, no2518UHno .2519SENT. The2520DTthe main2521JJmain ...2522:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2523LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] That's2524NPThat's ...2525:... that2526WDTthat 's2527VBZbe the2528DTthe problem2529NNproblem that2530IN/thatthat everybody2531NNeverybody ...2532:... [MR. VERRILLI]2533LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...2534:... one2535CDone of2536INof the2537DTthe main2538JJmain reasons2539NNSreason which2540WDTwhich it2541PPit 's2542VBZbe not2543RBnot right2544RBright ,2545,, I2546PPI think2547VVPthink ,2548,, is2549VBZbe that2550IN/thatthat it2551PPit 's2552VBZbe not2553RBnot consistent2554JJconsistent with2555INwith the2556DTthe history2557NNhistory of2558INof this2559DTthis country2560NNcountry .2561SENT. And2562CCand if2563INif you2564PPyou start2565VVPstart with2566INwith the2567DTthe mayor2568NNmayor of2569INof Washington2570NPWashington in2571INin 18022572CD@card@ ...2573:... now2574RBnow ,2575,, admittedly2576RBadmittedly ,2577,, it2578PPit 's2579VBZbe the2580DTthe Enclave2581NNenclave Clause2582NNclause ,2583,, not2584RBnot the2585DTthe Territories2586NPTerritories Clause2587NNclause ,2588,, but2589CCbut the2590DTthe Court2591NPCourt has2592VHZhave said2593VVNsay that2594IN/thatthat there2595EXthere are2596VBPbe provisions2597NNSprovision that2598WDTthat should2599MDshould be2600VBbe read2601VVNread in2602INin the2603DTthe same2604JJsame way2605NNway ...2606:... if2607INif ...2608:... if2609INif you2610PPyou start2611VVPstart with2612INwith that2613DTthat ,2614,, the2615DTthe mayor2616NNmayor of2617INof Washington2618NPWashington was2619VBDbe appointed2620VVNappoint ...2621:... was2622VBDbe ...2623:... Congress2624NPCongress created2625VVDcreate the2626DTthe position2627NNposition of2628INof mayor2629NNmayor of2630INof Washington2631NPWashington under2632INunder a2633DTa statute2634NNstatute .2635SENT. [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]2636LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] That2637DTthat ...2638:... that2639WDTthat 's2640VBZbe one2641CDone ...2642:... I2643PPI mean2644VVPmean ,2645,, that2646WDTthat 's2647VBZbe one2648CDone example2649NNexample .2650SENT. But2651CCbut the2652DTthe other2653JJother side2654NNside says2655VVZsay the2656DTthe historical2657JJhistorical practice2658NNpractice is2659VBZbe otherwise2660RBotherwise overwhelming2661JJoverwhelming in2662INin ...2663:... up2664RBup until2665INuntil about2666INabout the2667DTthe 1950s2668NNS1950s ,2669,, of2670INof saying2671VVGsay that2672IN/thatthat territorial2673JJterritorial officers2674NNSofficer had2675VHDhave to2676TOto be2677VBbe appointed2678VVNappoint by2679INby the2680DTthe President2681NPPresident with2682INwith the2683DTthe advice2684NNadvice and2685CCand consent2686NNconsent of2687INof the2688DTthe Senate2689NPSenate .2690SENT. So2691RBso how2692WRBhow do2693VVPdo we2694PPwe deal2695VVdeal with2696INwith that2697DTthat historical2698JJhistorical practice2699NNpractice ?2700SENT? You2701PPyou do2702VVPdo have2703VHhave the2704DTthe mayor2705NNmayor example2706NNexample ,2707,, so2708RBso it2709PPit 's2710VBZbe not2711RBnot uniform2712JJuniform .2713SENT. But2714CCbut how2715WRBhow do2716VVPdo we2717PPwe deal2718VVdeal with2719INwith that2720DTthat historical2721JJhistorical practice2722NNpractice ?2723SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]2724LOC[MR. VERRILLI] Two2725CDTwo points2726NNSpoint .2727SENT. First2728JJfirst on2729INon the2730DTthe mayor2731NNmayor .2732SENT. I2733PPI think2734VVPthink the2735DTthe mayor2736NNmayor of2737INof Washington2738NPWashington is2739VBZbe an2740DTan extremely2741RBextremely significant2742JJsignificant historical2743JJhistorical marker2744NNmarker because2745INbecause ,2746,, after2747INafter all2748DTall ,2749,, the2750DTthe Presidents2751NPSPresidents who2752WPwho made2753VVDmake those2754DTthose appointments2755NNSappointment every2756DTevery year2757NNyear during2758INduring that2759DTthat period2760NNperiod were2761VBDbe Jefferson2762NPJefferson and2763CCand Madison2764NPMadison ,2765,, and2766CCand if2767INif they2768PPthey had2769VHDhave thought2770VVNthink that2771IN/thatthat their2772PP$their ...2773:... that2774IN/thatthat the2775DTthe Appointments2776NNSappointment Clause2777NNclause applied2778VVNapply in2779INin a2780DTa situation2781NNsituation like2782INlike that2783DTthat ...2784:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]2785LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] I2786PPI ...2787:... I2788PPI ...2789:... [MR. VERRILLI]2790LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...2791:... certainly2792RBcertainly ,2793,, we2794PPwe would2795MDwould have2796VHhave heard2797VVNhear about2798INabout that2799DTthat .2800SENT. [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]2801LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] ...2802:... I2803PPI agree2804VVPagree with2805INwith you2806PPyou ...2807:... I2808PPI agree2809VVPagree with2810INwith you2811PPyou ...2812:... [MR. VERRILLI]2813LOC[MR. VERRILLI] And2814CCand now2815RBnow we're2816JJwe're ...2817:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]2818LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] ...2819:... it2820PPit 's2821VBZbe important2822JJimportant ,2823,, but2824CCbut assume2825VVassume the2826DTthe history2827NNhistory is2828VBZbe still2829RBstill ...2830:... [MR. VERRILLI]2831LOC[MR. VERRILLI] But2832CCbut ...2833:... but2834CCbut with2835INwith respect2836NNrespect ...2837:... the2838DTthe history2839NNhistory they2840PPthey have2841VHPhave essentially2842RBessentially is2843VBZbe that2844IN/thatthat territorial2845JJterritorial governors2846NNSgovernor up2847RBup until2848INuntil the2849DTthe 1950s2850NNS1950s were2851VBDbe appointed2852VVNappoint with2853INwith advice2854NNadvice and2855CCand consent2856NNconsent .2857SENT. But2858CCbut ...2859:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]2860LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] And2861CCand judges2862NNSjudge .2863SENT. [MR. VERRILLI]2864LOC[MR. VERRILLI] And2865CCand territorial2866JJterritorial judges2867NNSjudge .2868SENT. But2869CCbut I2870PPI actually2871RBactually think2872VVPthink that2873DTthat ...2874:... let2875VVlet 's2876VBZbe go2877VVgo right2878RBright to2879TOto the2880DTthe judges2881NNSjudge point2882VVPpoint because2883INbecause I2884PPI think2885VVPthink that2886IN/thatthat actually2887RBactually proves2888VVZprove our2889PP$our position2890NNposition and2891CCand not2892RBnot theirs2893PPtheirs ,2894,, because2895INbecause even2896RBeven though2897INthough territorial2898JJterritorial judges2899NNSjudge were2900VBDbe always2901RBalways nominated2902VVNnominate by2903INby the2904DTthe President2905NPPresident ,2906,, confirmed2907VVNconfirm by2908INby the2909DTthe Senate2910NPSenate ,2911,, this2912DTthis Court2913NPCourt held2914VVDhold starting2915VVGstart in2916INin Cantor2917NPCantor and2918CCand then2919RBthen also2920RBalso in2921INin Englebrecht2922NPEnglebrecht and2923CCand McAllister2924NPMcAllister that2925IN/thatthat they2926PPthey were2927VBDbe n't2928RBn't judicial2929JJjudicial officers2930NNSofficer of2931INof the2932DTthe United2933NPUnited States2934NPSStates ,2935,, despite2936INdespite the2937DTthe fact2938NNfact that2939IN/thatthat the2940DTthe President2941NPPresident nominated2942VVDnominate them2943PPthem and2944CCand the2945DTthe Senate2946NPSenate confirmed2947VVDconfirm them2948PPthem .2949SENT. And2950CCand then2951RBthen ,2952,, to2953TOto reinforce2954VVreinforce that2955IN/thatthat ,2956,, there2957EXthere have2958VHPhave been2959VBNbe three2960CDthree times2961NNStime in2962INin the2963DTthe country2964NNcountry 's2965POS's history2966NNhistory where2967WRBwhere a2968DTa question2969NNquestion arose2970VVDarise about2971RBabout whether2972INwhether a2973DTa territorial2974JJterritorial judge2975NNjudge could2976MDcould be2977VBbe impeached2978VVNimpeach by2979INby Congress2980NPCongress .2981SENT. And2982CCand in2983INin each2984DTeach of2985INof those2986DTthose three2987CDthree instances2988NNSinstance ,2989,, the2990DTthe political2991JJpolitical branches2992NNSbranch concluded2993VVDconclude that2994IN/thatthat a2995DTa territorial2996JJterritorial judge2997NNjudge could2998MDcould not2999RBnot be3000VBbe impeached3001VVNimpeach because3002INbecause a3003DTa territorial3004JJterritorial judge3005NNjudge was3006VBDbe not3007RBnot a3008DTa civil3009JJcivil officer3010NNofficer of3011INof the3012DTthe United3013NPUnited States3014NPSStates but3015CCbut only3016RBonly an3017DTan officer3018NNofficer of3019INof the3020DTthe territory3021NNterritory exercising3022VVGexercise territorial3023JJterritorial power3024NNpower .3025SENT. Now3026RBnow ,3027,, with3028INwith respect3029NNrespect to3030TOto the3031DTthe governors3032NNSgovernor ,3033,, of3034INof course3035NNcourse ,3036,, you3037PPyou know3038VVPknow ,3039,, the3040DTthe ...3041:... the3042DTthe Appointments3043NNSappointment Clause3044NNclause is3045VBZbe not3046RBnot an3047DTan either3048RBeither /3049SYM/ or3050CCor proposition3051NNproposition .3052SENT. If3053INif it3054PPit applies3055VVZapply to3056TOto the3057DTthe governors3058NNSgovernor as3059INas principal3060JJprincipal officers3061NNSofficer ,3062,, it3063PPit applies3064VVZapply to3065TOto the3066DTthe people3067NNSpeople the3068DTthe governor3069NNgovernor appoints3070VVZappoint as3071INas inferior3072JJinferior officers3073NNSofficer .3074SENT. But3075CCbut starting3076VVGstart with3077INwith the3078DTthe Northwest3079NPNorthwest Ordinance3080NPOrdinance and3081CCand continuing3082VVGcontinue throughout3083INthroughout the3084DTthe country3085NNcountry 's3086POS's history3087NNhistory ,3088,, inferior3089JJinferior officers3090NNSofficer have3091VHPhave been3092VBNbe appointed3093VVNappoint in3094INin manners3095NNSmanner that3096WDTthat do3097VVPdo n't3098RBn't comply3099VVcomply with3100INwith the3101DTthe Appointments3102NNSappointment Clause3103NNclause .3104SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]3105LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Does3106VVZdo it3107PPit just3108RBjust ...3109:... does3110VVZdo it3111PPit strike3112VVstrike you3113PPyou as3114INas a3115DTa little3116RBlittle strange3117JJstrange ,3118,, Mr3119NPMr .3120SENT. Verrilli3121NPVerrilli ,3122,, to3123TOto use3124VVuse the3125DTthe history3126NNhistory in3127INin this3128DTthis kind3129NNkind of3130INof case3131NNcase so3132RBso extensively3133RBextensively ?3134SENT? I3135PPI mean3136VVPmean ,3137,, first3138RBfirst ,3139,, it3140PPit 's3141VBZbe a3142DTa little3143JJlittle bit3144NNbit all3145RBall over3146INover the3147DTthe map3148NNmap and3149CCand you3150PPyou each3151DTeach have3152VHPhave your3153PP$your historical3154JJhistorical examples3155NNSexample to3156TOto point3157VVpoint to3158TOto .3159SENT. But3160CCbut ,3161,, second3162RBsecond ,3163,, the3164DTthe position3165NNposition of3166INof territories3167NNSterritory currently3168RBcurrently is3169VBZbe so3170RBso different3171JJdifferent from3172INfrom the3173DTthe position3174NNposition of3175INof territories3176NNSterritory throughout3177INthroughout much3178JJmuch or3179CCor most3180JJSmost of3181INof our3182PP$our history3183NNhistory .3184SENT. So3185INso I3186PPI ...3187:... I3188PPI guess3189VVPguess it3190PPit seems3191VVZseem to3192TOto me3193PPme more3194RBRmore natural3195JJnatural ,3196,, rather3197RBrather than3198INthan to3199TOto look3200VVlook to3201TOto ,3202,, you3203PPyou know3204VVPknow ,3205,, what3206WPwhat the3207DTthe Northwest3208NPNorthwest Ordinance3209NPOrdinance did3210VVDdo ,3211,, is3212VBZbe ...3213:... is3214VBZbe simply3215RBsimply to3216TOto use3217VVuse a3218DTa kind3219NNkind of3220INof functional3221JJfunctional test3222NNtest and3223CCand say3224VVPsay are3225VBPbe these3226DTthese people3227NNSpeople doing3228VVGdo the3229DTthe sorts3230NNSsort of3231INof things3232NNSthing that3233WDTthat would3234MDwould be3235VBbe done3236VVNdo by3237INby state3238NNstate officials3239NNSofficial in3240INin states3241NNSstate ,3242,, or3243CCor are3244VBPbe they3245PPthey doing3246VVGdo the3247DTthe sorts3248NNSsort of3249INof things3250NNSthing that3251WDTthat would3252MDwould be3253VBbe done3254VVNdo by3255INby federal3256JJfederal officials3257NNSofficial ?3258SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]3259LOC[MR. VERRILLI] So3260INso two3261CDtwo things3262NNSthing .3263SENT. First3264RBfirst ,3265,, respectfully3266RBrespectfully ,3267,, we3268PPwe think3269VVPthink ,3270,, in3271INin interpreting3272VVGinterpret the3273DTthe meaning3274NNmeaning of3275INof the3276DTthe phrase3277NNphrase "3278''" officer3279NNofficer of3280INof the3281DTthe United3282NPUnited States3283NPSStates ,3284,, "3285''" which3286WDTwhich is3287VBZbe the3288DTthe job3289NNjob that3290WDTthat has3291VHZhave to3292TOto be3293VBbe done3294VVNdo in3295INin this3296DTthis case3297NNcase ,3298,, the3299DTthe history3300NNhistory is3301VBZbe very3302RBvery ,3303,, very3304RBvery relevant3305JJrelevant .3306SENT. But3307CCbut ,3308,, second3309RBsecond ,3310,, even3311RBeven if3312INif one3313PPone takes3314VVZtake a3315DTa functional3316JJfunctional analysis3317NNanalysis ,3318,, I3319PPI think3320VVPthink the3321DTthe right3322JJright way3323NNway to3324TOto look3325VVlook at3326INat the3327DTthe functional3328JJfunctional analysis3329NNanalysis is3330VBZbe to3331TOto look3332VVlook at3333INat the3334DTthe ...3335:... what3336WPwhat the3337DTthe Board3338NPBoard is3339VBZbe actually3340RBactually charged3341VVNcharge with3342INwith doing3343VVGdo .3344SENT. And3345CCand what3346WPwhat the3347DTthe Board3348NPBoard is3349VBZbe actually3350RBactually charged3351VVNcharge with3352INwith doing3353VVGdo is3354VBZbe acting3355VVGact in3356INin the3357DTthe shoes3358NNSshoe of3359INof the3360DTthe government3361NNgovernment of3362INof Puerto3363NPPuerto Rico3364NPRico in3365INin the3366DTthe restructuring3367NNrestructuring proceedings3368NNSproceeding and3369CCand acting3370VVGact as3371INas an3372DTan independent3373JJindependent entity3374NNentity insulated3375VVNinsulate from3376INfrom political3377JJpolitical pressure3378NNpressure within3379INwithin the3380DTthe budgeting3381NNbudgeting proceedings3382NNSproceeding ,3383,, but3384CCbut ...3385:... but3386CCbut constrained3387VVNconstrain by3388INby statute3389NNstatute to3390TOto act3391VVact on3392INon behalf3393NNbehalf of3394INof ,3395,, in3396INin the3397DTthe interests3398NNSinterest of3399INof ,3400,, for3401INfor the3402DTthe territory3403NNterritory .3404SENT. So3405RBso ...3406:... [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]3407LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Well3408UHWell ...3409:... [MR. VERRILLI]3410LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...3411:... if3412INif you3413PPyou 're3414VBPbe going3415VVGgo to3416TOto use3417VVuse a3418DTa functional3419JJfunctional approach3420NNapproach ,3421,, they3422PPthey 're3423VBPbe very3424RBvery much3425JJmuch like3426INlike a3427DTa state3428NNstate government3429NNgovernment ,3430,, not3431RBnot a3432DTa federal3433JJfederal overlord3434NNoverlord .3435SENT. And3436CCand I3437PPI think3438VVPthink this3439DTthis would3440MDwould actually3441RBactually be3442VBbe kind3443NNkind of3444INof a3445DTa crazy3446JJcrazy system3447NNsystem if3448INif what3449WPwhat you3450PPyou wanted3451VVDwant to3452TOto do3453VVdo was3454VBDbe create3455VVcreate a3456DTa federal3457JJfederal overlord3458NNoverlord to3459TOto say3460VVsay :3461:: You3462PPyou 're3463VBPbe a3464DTa federal3465JJfederal overlord3466NNoverlord .3467SENT. Take3468VVtake the3469DTthe national3470JJnational interests3471NNSinterest into3472INinto account3473NNaccount ,3474,, but3475CCbut ,3476,, when3477WRBwhen you3478PPyou actually3479RBactually administer3480VVadminister the3481DTthe ...3482:... the3483DTthe authority3484NNauthority you3485PPyou have3486VHPhave ,3487,, you3488PPyou have3489VHPhave to3490TOto only3491RBonly focus3492VVfocus ...3493:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3494LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] What3495WPWhat do3496VVPdo we3497PPwe do3498VVPdo about3499INabout the3500DTthe brief3501NNbrief ...3502:... [MR. VERRILLI]3503LOC[MR. VERRILLI] ...3504:... on3505INon territorial3506JJterritorial interests3507NNSinterest .3508SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3509LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...3510:... what3511WPwhat do3512VVPdo we3513PPwe do3514VVPdo about3515INabout the3516DTthe brief3517NNbrief of3518INof at3519INat least3520JJSleast there3521EXthere 's3522VBZbe one3523CDone amicus3524NNamicus that3525WDTthat suggests3526VVZsuggest that3527IN/thatthat in3528INin one3529CDone of3530INof the3531DTthe litigations3532NNSlitigation that3533WDTthat 's3534VBZbe ongoing3535JJongoing ,3536,, with3537INwith respect3538NNrespect to3539TOto PROMESA3540NPPROMESA ,3541,, that3542IN/thatthat there3543EXthere 's3544VBZbe all3545DTall sorts3546NNSsort of3547INof evidence3548NNevidence that3549IN/thatthat the3550DTthe Board3551NPBoard is3552VBZbe taking3553VVGtake directives3554NNSdirective from3555INfrom federal3556JJfederal officials3557NNSofficial ?3558SENT? [MR. VERRILLI]3559LOC[MR. VERRILLI] So3560INso I3561PPI ...3562:... you3563PPyou know3564VVPknow ,3565,, that3566DTthat brief3567NNbrief ,3568,, you3569PPyou know3570VVPknow ,3571,, respectfully3572RBrespectfully ,3573,, Your3574PP$your Honor3575NPHonor ,3576,, I3577PPI ...3578:... I3579PPI think3580VVPthink that3581WDTthat shows3582VVZshow the3583DTthe perils3584NNSperil of3585INof relying3586VVGrely on3587INon an3588DTan amicus3589NNamicus brief3590NNbrief that3591WDTthat relies3592VVZrely on3593INon extra-record3594NNextra-record information3595NNinformation .3596SENT. The3597DTthe vast3598JJvast majority3599NNmajority of3600INof those3601DTthose ...3602:... of3603INof the3604DTthe ...3605:... the3606DTthe documents3607NNSdocument there3608RBthere have3609VHPhave not3610RBnot been3611VBNbe disclosed3612VVNdisclose .3613SENT. But3614CCbut ,3615,, if3616INif I3617PPI may3618MDmay talk3619VVtalk about3620INabout them3621PPthem ,3622,, because3623INbecause I3624PPI 've3625VHPhave been3626VBNbe asked3627VVNask about3628INabout them3629PPthem ,3630,, the3631DTthe ...3632:... the3633DTthe ...3634:... the3635DTthe vast3636JJvast majority3637NNmajority of3638INof those3639DTthose are3640VBPbe communications3641NNScommunication from3642INfrom federal3643JJfederal government3644NNgovernment officials3645NNSofficial to3646TOto the3647DTthe Board3648NPBoard in3649INin the3650DTthe wake3651NNwake of3652INof the3653DTthe disasters3654NNSdisaster and3655CCand the3656DTthe hurricanes3657NNShurricane saying3658VVGsay we3659PPwe need3660VVPneed information3661NNinformation about3662INabout what3663WPwhat 's3664VBZbe going3665VVGgo on3666INon on3667INon the3668DTthe ground3669NNground here3670RBhere .3671SENT. And3672CCand so3673RBso it3674PPit was3675VBDbe ...3676:... it3677PPit was3678VBDbe informational3679JJinformational ,3680,, the3681DTthe overwhelming3682JJoverwhelming majority3683NNmajority of3684INof them3685PPthem .3686SENT. Now3687RBnow they3688PPthey did3689VVDdo find3690VVfind one3691CDone communication3692NNcommunication from3693INfrom a3694DTa Senate3695NPSenate staffer3696NNstaffer ,3697,, I3698PPI think3699VVPthink ,3700,, or3701CCor a3702DTa House3703NPHouse staffer3704NNstaffer ,3705,, I3706PPI think3707VVPthink a3708DTa Senate3709NPSenate staffer3710NNstaffer ,3711,, saying3712VVGsay we3713PPwe want3714VVPwant you3715PPyou to3716TOto resolve3717VVresolve Issue3718NPIssue X3719NPX this3720DTthis way3721NNway .3722SENT. Again3723RBagain ,3724,, I3725PPI 've3726VHPhave got3727VVNget to3728TOto be3729VBbe outside3730INoutside the3731DTthe record3732NNrecord to3733TOto ...3734:... to3735TOto answer3736VVanswer that3737DTthat .3738SENT. But3739CCbut ,3740,, basically3741RBbasically ,3742,, the3743DTthe Board3744NPBoard told3745VVDtell them3746PPthem to3747TOto pound3748NNpound sand3749NNsand .3750SENT. And3751CCand so3752RBso I3753PPI do3754VVPdo n't3755RBn't think3756VVthink there3757EXthere 's3758VBZbe any3759DTany merit3760NNmerit to3761TOto it3762PPit whatsoever3763RBwhatsoever .3764SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]3765LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Thank3766VVthank you3767PPyou ,3768,, counsel3769NNcounsel .3770SENT. General3771NPGeneral Wall3772NPWall .3773SENT.