[MR. WAXMAN]24LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Mr25NPMr .26SENT. Chief27NPChief Justice28NPJustice ,29,, and30CCand may31MDmay it32PPit please33VVplease the34DTthe Court35NPCourt :36:: The37DTthe participants38NNSparticipant in39INin the40DTthe ratification41NNratification debates42NNSdebate disagreed43VVDdisagree about44RBabout whether45INwhether the46DTthe new47JJnew constitution48NNconstitution would49MDwould ,50,, or51CCor should52MDshould ,53,, subject54JJsubject states55NNSstate to56TOto suit57VVsuit in58INin the59DTthe new60JJnew courts61NNScourt of62INof the63DTthe soon-to-be64NNsoon-to-be superior65JJsuperior sovereign66NNsovereign ,67,, but68CCbut they69PPthey were70VBDbe unanimous71JJunanimous in72INin their73PP$their understanding74NNunderstanding that75IN/thatthat states76NNSstate could77MDcould not78RBnot be79VBbe sued80VVNsue in81INin the82DTthe courts83NNScourt of84INof other85JJother states86NNSstate .87SENT. Edmund88NPEdmund Pendleton89NPPendleton ,90,, chairing91VVGchair the92DTthe Virginia93NPVirginia Convention94NPConvention ,95,, proclaimed96VVDproclaim "97``" the98DTthe impossibility99NNimpossibility of100INof calling101VVGcall a102DTa sovereign103NNsovereign before104INbefore the105DTthe jurisdiction106NNjurisdiction of107INof another108DTanother sovereign109JJsovereign ,110,, "111''" echoing112VVGecho writings113NNSwriting and114CCand speeches115NNSspeech given116VVNgive by117INby Hamilton118NPHamilton ,119,, Marshall120NPMarshall ,121,, and122CCand Madison123NPMadison ,124,, among125INamong others126NNSother .127SENT. In128INin Chisholm129NPChisholm itself130PPitself ,131,, Edmund132NPEdmund Randolph133NPRandolph ...134:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]135LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Counsel136NPCounsel ,137,, it138PPit 's139VBZbe nice140JJnice that141IN/thatthat they142PPthey felt143VVDfeel that144DTthat way145NNway ,146,, but147CCbut what148WPwhat we149PPwe know150VVPknow is151VBZbe they152PPthey did153VVDdo n't154RBn't put155VVput it156PPit in157INin the158DTthe Constitution159NPConstitution .160SENT. And161CCand so162RBso we163PPwe talk164VVPtalk a165DTa lot166NNlot now167RBnow about168RBabout not169RBnot relying170VVGrely on171INon legislative172JJlegislative history173NNhistory but174CCbut relying175VVGrely on176INon the177DTthe plain178JJplain text179NNtext of180INof the181DTthe Constitution182NPConstitution .183SENT. Could184MDcould you185PPyou tell186VVtell me187PPme what188WPwhat there189RBthere is190VBZbe in191INin our192PP$our original193JJoriginal case194NNcase ,195,, the196DTthe Nevada197NPNevada ...198:... in199INin our200PP$our original201JJoriginal case202NNcase ,203,, that204WDTthat did205VVDdo n't206RBn't address207VVaddress this208DTthis argument209NNargument and210CCand say211VVPsay it212PPit was213VBDbe n't214RBn't compelling215JJcompelling ?216SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]217LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So218RBso ...219:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]220LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] What221WPWhat is222VBZbe new223JJnew from224INfrom ...225:... [MR. WAXMAN]226LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Are227NPAre ...228:... you229PPyou say230VVPsay the231DTthe original232JJoriginal case233NNcase .234SENT. Do235VVdo you236PPyou mean237VVmean Nevada238NPNevada versus239CCversus Hall240NPHall ?241SENT? [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]242LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Yes243NPYes .244SENT. What's245NPWhat's ...246:... what247WPwhat ...248:... what249WPwhat is250VBZbe new251JJnew ...252:... [MR. WAXMAN]253LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Well254UHwell ...255:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]256LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...257:... in258INin any259DTany of260INof the261DTthe arguments262NNSargument that263WDTthat were264VBDbe raised265VVNraise in266INin Nevada267NPNevada versus268CCversus Hall269NPHall that270WDTthat were271VBDbe n't272RBn't addressed273VVNaddress by274INby the275DTthe Court276NPCourt ?277SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]278LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Well279UHWell ,280,, as281INas we282PPwe point283VVPpoint out284RBout ...285:... first286RBfirst of287INof all288DTall ,289,, what290WPwhat was291VBDbe new292JJnew ...293:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]294LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] I295PPI know296VVPknow you297PPyou say298VVPsay it299PPit was300VBDbe wrong301JJwrong .302SENT. Putting303VVGput aside304RPaside the305DTthe wrongness306NNwrongness .307SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]308LOC[MR. WAXMAN] I309PPI ...310:... I311PPI want312VVPwant to313TOto ...314:... I315PPI want316VVPwant to317TOto ...318:... I319PPI ...320:... I321PPI ...322:... I323PPI 'm324VBPbe not325RBnot going326VVGgo to327TOto harp328VVharp on329INon the330DTthe wrongness331NNwrongness .332SENT. I333PPI think334VVPthink that335WDTthat 's336VBZbe relatively337RBrelatively clear338JJclear from339INfrom our340PP$our petition341NNpetition and342CCand our343PP$our merits344NNSmerit brief345NNbrief .346SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]347LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Well348UHwell ,349,, I350PPI know351VVPknow that352DTthat 's353VBZbe your354PP$your position355NNposition ,356,, but357CCbut let358VVPlet 's359VBZbe ...360:... [MR. WAXMAN]361LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Yeah362NPYeah .363SENT. I364PPI think365VVPthink before366INbefore I367PPI address368VVPaddress what369WPwhat the370DTthe Court371NPCourt missed372VVDmiss in373INin Nevada374NPNevada versus375CCversus Hall376NPHall ,377,, I378PPI just379RBjust want380VVPwant to381TOto point382VVpoint out383RPout that384IN/thatthat when385WRBwhen you386PPyou say387VVPsay what388WPwhat changed389VVDchange ,390,, the391DTthe only392JJonly thing393NNthing ...394:... Nevada395NPNevada versus396CCversus Hall397NPHall represents398VVZrepresent the399DTthe only400JJonly case401NNcase in402INin state403NNstate or404CCor federal405JJfederal court406NNcourt in407INin the408DTthe 200409CD@card@ years410NNSyear prior411JJprior that412WDTthat had413VHDhave ever414RBever recognized415VVNrecognize the416DTthe ability417NNability of418INof one419CDone state420NNstate to421TOto compel422VVcompel another423DTanother state424NNstate to425TOto answer426VVanswer .427SENT. It428PPit cited429VVDcite zero430CDzero cases431NNScase .432SENT. And433CCand while434INwhile it435PPit is436VBZbe n't437RBn't new438JJnew ,439,, from440INfrom the441DTthe time442NNtime this443DTthis Court444NPCourt ...445:... at446INat least447JJSleast the448DTthe time449NNtime this450DTthis Court451NPCourt decided452VVDdecide Hans453NPHans versus454CCversus Louisiana455NPLouisiana until456INuntil whatever457WDTwhatever its458PP$its most459RBSmost recent460JJrecent case461NNcase was462VBDbe on463INon sovereign464JJsovereign immunity465NNimmunity ,466,, it467PPit has468VHZhave always469RBalways stated470VVNstate repeatedly471RBrepeatedly ,472,, uniformly473RBuniformly ,474,, that475IN/thatthat ,476,, as477INas the478DTthe Court479NPCourt explained480VVDexplain in481RPin ...482:... in483INin Alden484NPAlden ,485,, state486NNstate sovereign487JJsovereign immunity488NNimmunity is489VBZbe demarcated490VVNdemarcate by491INby fundamental492JJfundamental postulates493NNSpostulate implicit494JJimplicit in495INin the496DTthe constitutional497JJconstitutional design498NNdesign .499SENT. It500PPit ...501:... "502``" sovereign503JJsovereign immunity504NNimmunity derives505VVZderive from506INfrom the507DTthe structure508NNstructure of509INof the510DTthe original511JJoriginal constitution512NNconstitution .513SENT. "514``" Now515RBnow I516PPI can517MDcan ...518:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]519LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] So520INso what521WPwhat do522VVPdo you523PPyou think524VVPthink is525VBZbe the526DTthe structure527NNstructure ,528,, since529INsince most530RBSmost sovereign531JJsovereign immunity532NNimmunity ...533:... there534EXthere 's535VBZbe a536DTa lot537NNlot of538INof customary539JJcustomary law540NNlaw involving541VVGinvolve it542PPit ,543,, but544CCbut ,545,, at546INat the547DTthe essence548NNessence ,549,, and550CCand it551PPit was552VBDbe this553DTthis way554NNway in555INin the556DTthe United557NPUnited States558NPSStates for559INfor a560DTa very561RBvery long562JJlong time563NNtime ,564,, recognizing565VVGrecognize the566DTthe sovereign567JJsovereign immunity568NNimmunity of569INof a570DTa foreign571JJforeign state572NNstate was573VBDbe at574INat the575DTthe discretion576NNdiscretion of577INof the578DTthe host579NNhost state580NNstate .581SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]582LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So583RBso ...584:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]585LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Now586RBnow the587DTthe U588NPU .589SENT. S590NPS .591SENT. followed592VVNfollow the593DTthe pattern594NNpattern ,595,, but596CCbut ,597,, in598INin the599DTthe Tate600NPTate letter601NNletter ,602,, it603PPit changed604VVDchange it605PPit around606RParound .607SENT. What608WPWhat do609VVPdo you610PPyou think611VVPthink in612INin the613DTthe constitutional614JJconstitutional design615NNdesign reflects616VVZreflect the617DTthe willingness618NNwillingness of619INof one620CDone state621NNstate to622TOto give623VVgive up624RPup its625PP$its power626NNpower to627TOto protect628VVprotect its629PP$its own630JJown citizens631NNScitizen from632INfrom the633DTthe actions634NNSaction of635INof another636DTanother state637NNstate who638WPwho might639MDmight intrude640VVintrude directly641RBdirectly ?642SENT? Now643RBnow we644PPwe know645VVPknow ,646,, because647INbecause we648PPwe recently649RBrecently had650VHDhave a651DTa case652NNcase ,653,, that654WDTthat states655NNSstate can656MDcan be657VBbe sued658VVNsue .659SENT. Were660VBDbe you661PPyou on662INon that663DTthat case664NNcase ?665SENT? I666PPI can667MDcan 't668RB't remember669VVremember now670RBnow .671SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]672LOC[MR. WAXMAN] I673PPI do674VVPdo n't675RBn't know676VVknow what677WPwhat you678PPyou 're679VBPbe talking680VVGtalk about681RBabout .682SENT. [683SYM[ LAUGHTER684NNlaughter ]685SYM] [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]686LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] That687IN/thatthat there688RBthere ...689:... yeah690RByeah .691SENT. We692PPwe had693VHDhave a694DTa case695NNcase recently696RBrecently where697WRBwhere there698EXthere 's699VBZbe a700DTa question701NNquestion about702RBabout whether703INwhether a704DTa state705NNstate can706MDcan be707VBbe sued708VVNsue to709TOto quiet710JJquiet title711NNtitle in712INin another713DTanother state714NNstate .715SENT. So716RBso ,717,, if718INif one719CDone state720NNstate owns721VVZown property722NNproperty in723INin another724DTanother state725NNstate ,726,, it727PPit can728MDcan be729VBbe hauled730VVNhaul into731INinto court732NNcourt to733TOto quiet734JJquiet title735NNtitle of736INof that737DTthat property738NNproperty .739SENT. So740RBso we741PPwe know742VVPknow that743IN/thatthat the744DTthe rule745NNrule was746VBDbe n't747RBn't absolute748JJabsolute possibly749RBpossibly ,750,, and751CCand so752RBso the753DTthe question754NNquestion I755PPI have756VHPhave is757VBZbe where758WRBwhere in759INin the760DTthe constitutional761JJconstitutional design762NNdesign do763VVPdo we764PPwe see765VVPsee ,766,, and767CCand in768INin light769NNlight of770INof the771DTthe ...772:... of773INof the774DTthe constitutional775JJconstitutional reservation776NNreservation to777TOto states778NNSstate of779INof all780DTall powers781NNSpower not782RBnot designated783VVNdesignate by784INby the785DTthe Constitution786NPConstitution ,787,, their788PP$their willing789JJwilling ...790:... their791PP$their ability792NNability to793TOto protect794VVprotect their795PP$their own796JJown citizens797NNScitizen in798INin their799PP$their own800JJown states801NNSstate ?802SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]803LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Okay804NPOkay .805SENT. So806RBso I807PPI 'm808VBPbe going809VVGgo to810TOto ...811:... I812PPI 'm813VBPbe going814VVGgo to815TOto give816VVgive you817PPyou what818WPwhat I819PPI believe820VVPbelieve are821VBPbe the822DTthe textual823JJtextual ...824:... the825DTthe textual826JJtextual basis827NNbasis in828INin the829DTthe Constitution830NPConstitution itself831PPitself for832INfor the833DTthe implicit834JJimplicit plan835NNplan ,836,, the837DTthe underlying838VVGunderlie postulate839NNpostulate that840IN/thatthat this841DTthis Court842NPCourt has843VHZhave recognized844VVNrecognize for845INfor well846RBwell over847INover 130848CD@card@ years849NNSyear .850SENT. But851CCbut let852VVlet me853PPme just854RBjust address855VVaddress first856RBfirst your857PP$your point858NNpoint about859RBabout ,860,, you861PPyou know862VVPknow ,863,, international864JJinternational ...865:... national866JJnational comity867NNcomity ...868:... international869JJinternational comity870NNcomity under871INunder the872DTthe law873NNlaw of874INof nations875NNSnation .876SENT. It877PPit is878VBZbe true879JJtrue that880IN/thatthat nations881NNSnation with882INwith no883DTno superior884JJsuperior sovereign885JJsovereign and886CCand no887RBno superior888JJsuperior ...889:... and890CCand no891DTno mechanism892NNmechanism to893TOto enforce894VVenforce their895PP$their rights896NNSright under897INunder the898DTthe law899NNlaw of900INof nations901NNSnation had902VHDhave the903DTthe raw904JJraw power905NNpower to906TOto violate907VVviolate the908DTthe law909NNlaw of910INof nations911NNSnation obligation912NNobligation that913IN/thatthat friendly914JJfriendly states915NNSstate respect916VVrespect each917DTeach other918JJother 's919POS's sovereign920JJsovereign immunity921NNimmunity ,922,, just923RBjust as924INas nations925NNSnation had926VHDhave the927DTthe raw928JJraw power929NNpower to930TOto violate931VVviolate each932DTeach other933JJother 's934POS's borders935NNSborder or936CCor declare937VVdeclare war938NNwar or939CCor to940TOto refuse941VVrefuse to942TOto recognize943VVrecognize each944DTeach other945JJother 's946POS's judgments947NNSjudgment .948SENT. But949CCbut the950DTthe states951NNSstate of952INof the953DTthe union954NNunion ,955,, in956INin ratifying957VVGratify the958DTthe Constitution959NPConstitution to960TOto ...961:... to962TOto form963VVform a964DTa more965RBRmore perfect966JJperfect union967NNunion ,968,, surrendered969VVDsurrender their970PP$their powers971NNSpower to972TOto treat973VVtreat each974DTeach other975JJother as976INas legal977JJlegal strangers978NNSstranger .979SENT. They980PPthey gave981VVDgive up982RPup the983DTthe so984RBso ...985:... the986DTthe perhaps987RBperhaps ...988:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]989LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] But990CCbut just991RBjust so992RBso I993PPI understand994VVPunderstand you995PPyou ...996:... [MR. WAXMAN]997LOC[MR. WAXMAN] ...998:... wild999JJwild west1000NNwest of1001INof international1002JJinternational law1003NNlaw .1004SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]1005LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Mr1006NPMr .1007SENT. Waxman1008NPWaxman ,1009,, just1010RBjust so1011INso I1012PPI understand1013VVPunderstand you1014PPyou ,1015,, are1016VBPbe you1017PPyou saying1018VVGsay that1019IN/thatthat the1020DTthe states1021NNSstate ,1022,, pre1023NNpre the1024DTthe Constitution1025NPConstitution ,1026,, were1027VBDbe in1028INin the1029DTthe same1030JJsame position1031NNposition as1032INas foreign1033JJforeign nations1034NNSnation ?1035SENT? In1036INin other1037JJother words1038NNSword ,1039,, it1040PPit was1041VBDbe ...1042:... their1043PP$their immunity1044NNimmunity then1045RBthen was1046VBDbe a1047DTa matter1048NNmatter of1049INof comity1050NNcomity ,1051,, rather1052RBrather than1053INthan as1054RBas ...1055:... a1056DTa matter1057NNmatter of1058INof legal1059JJlegal requirement1060NNrequirement ?1061SENT? Is1062VBZbe that1063IN/thatthat correct1064JJcorrect ?1065SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]1066LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So1067INso my1068PP$my view1069NNview is1070VBZbe ...1071:... my1072PP$my view1073NNview is1074VBZbe ...1075:... and1076CCand I1077PPI think1078VVPthink this1079DTthis is1080VBZbe ...1081:... this1082DTthis is1083VBZbe well1084RBwell recognized1085VVNrecognize in1086INin the1087DTthe Court1088NPCourt 's1089POS's cases1090NNScase ...1091:... that1092IN/thatthat prior1093RBprior to1094TOto ...1095:... certainly1096RBcertainly ,1097,, prior1098RBprior to1099TOto the1100DTthe Articles1101NPSArticles of1102INof Confederation1103NPConfederation ,1104,, but1105CCbut ,1106,, you1107PPyou know1108VVPknow ,1109,, in1110INin any1111DTany event1112NNevent ,1113,, prior1114RBprior to1115TOto the1116DTthe Constitution1117NPConstitution ,1118,, the1119DTthe states1120NNSstate stood1121VVDstand in1122INin respect1123NNrespect to1124TOto each1125DTeach other1126JJother and1127CCand had1128VHDhave obligations1129NNSobligation under1130INunder the1131DTthe law1132NNlaw of1133INof nations1134NNSnation .1135SENT. And1136CCand the1137DTthe law1138NNlaw of1139INof nations1140NNSnation ,1141,, you1142PPyou know1143VVPknow ,1144,, it1145PPit 's1146VBZbe true1147JJtrue that1148IN/thatthat the1149DTthe ...1150:... in1151INin essence1152NNessence ,1153,, the1154DTthe law1155NNlaw of1156INof nation1157NNnation obligation1158NNobligation to1159TOto not1160RBnot haul1161VVhaul an1162DTan unconsenting1163JJunconsenting sovereign1164NNsovereign into1165INinto your1166PP$your courts1167NNScourt was1168VBDbe unenforceable1169JJunenforceable ,1170,, and1171CCand it1172PPit 's1173VBZbe true1174JJtrue that1175IN/thatthat this1176DTthis Court1177NPCourt has1178VHZhave referred1179VVNrefer to1180TOto it1181PPit as1182INas ,1183,, therefore1184RBtherefore ,1185,, in1186INin effect1187NNeffect ,1188,, a1189DTa matter1190NNmatter of1191INof comity1192NNcomity .1193SENT. And1194CCand states1195NNSstate were1196VBDbe in1197INin that1198DTthat situation1199NNsituation .1200SENT. But1201CCbut this1202DTthis Court1203NPCourt explained1204VVDexplain in1205INin First1206NPFirst National1207NPNational City1208NPCity Bank1209NPBank versus1210CCversus the1211DTthe Bank1212NPBank of1213INof China1214NPChina and1215CCand in1216INin the1217DTthe Sabbatino1218NPSabbatino versus1219CCversus Cuba1220NPCuba case1221NNcase that1222WDTthat ...1223:... and1224CCand it1225PPit 's1226VBZbe reflected1227VVNreflect in1228INin The1229DTthe Schooner1230NPSchooner Exchange1231NPExchange itself1232PPitself ,1233,, that1234IN/thatthat what1235WPwhat comity1236NNcomity meant1237VVNmean was1238VBDbe that1239IN/thatthat there1240EXthere was1241VBDbe no1242DTno obligation1243NNobligation to1244TOto adhere1245VVadhere to1246TOto ...1247:... to1248TOto apply1249VVapply that1250IN/thatthat or1251CCor any1252DTany other1253JJother law1254NNlaw of1255INof nations1256NNSnation except1257INexcept with1258INwith respect1259NNrespect to1260TOto friendly1261JJfriendly nations1262NNSnation that1263IN/thatthat the1264DTthe sovereign1265NNsovereign recognized1266VVDrecognize .1267SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]1268LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] What1269WPWhat do1270VVPdo you1271PPyou ...1272:... [MR. WAXMAN]1273LOC[MR. WAXMAN] And1274CCand those1275DTthose ...1276:... that1277WDTthat certainly1278RBcertainly characterized1279VVDcharacterize the1280DTthe ...1281:... the1282DTthe states1283NNSstate of1284INof the1285DTthe union1286NNunion .1287SENT. And1288CCand that1289DTthat 's1290VBZbe why1291WRBwhy ,1292,, you1293PPyou know1294VVPknow ,1295,, this1296DTthis Court1297NPCourt in1298INin Alden1299NPAlden and1300CCand many1301JJmany other1302JJother cases1303NNScase said1304VVDsay that1305IN/thatthat "1306``" the1307DTthe contours1308NNScontour of1309INof sovereign1310JJsovereign immunity1311NNimmunity are1312VBPbe determined1313VVNdetermine by1314INby the1315DTthe founders1316NNSfounder '1317POS' understanding1318NNunderstanding .1319SENT. "1320''" And1321CCand their1322PP$their understanding1323NNunderstanding ,1324,, expressed1325VVNexpress by1326INby the1327DTthe anti-1328NNanti- federalists1329NNSfederalist ,1330,, the1331DTthe federalists1332NNSfederalist who1333WPwho thought1334VVDthink it1335PPit would1336MDwould be1337VBbe terrific1338JJterrific if1339INif states1340NNSstate could1341MDcould be1342VBbe sued1343VVNsue in1344INin federal1345JJfederal court1346NNcourt ,1347,, and1348CCand the1349DTthe federalists1350NNSfederalist who1351WPwho ...1352:... like1353INlike Madison1354NPMadison and1355CCand Marshall1356NPMarshall ,1357,, who1358WPwho assured1359VVDassure everyone1360NNeveryone that1361IN/thatthat it1362PPit would1363MDwould n't1364RBn't ,1365,, they1366PPthey all1367RBall understood1368VVDunderstand that1369IN/thatthat because1370INbecause the1371DTthe states1372NNSstate were1373VBDbe recognized1374VVNrecognize by1375INby each1376DTeach other1377JJother and1378CCand were1379VBDbe friendly1380JJfriendly ,1381,, there1382EXthere was1383VBDbe an1384DTan absolute1385JJabsolute law1386NNlaw of1387INof nations1388NNSnation immunity1389NNimmunity .1390SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]1391LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] It1392PPit 's1393VBZbe odd1394JJodd then1395RBthen that1396IN/thatthat Marshall1397NPMarshall did1398VVDdo n't1399RBn't say1400VVsay that1401IN/thatthat in1402INin Schooner1403NPSchooner McFaddon1404NPMcFaddon ,1405,, nor1406CCnor did1407VVDdo Joseph1408NPJoseph Story1409NPStory in1410INin Santissima1411NPSantissima Trinidad1412NPTrinidad or1413CCor whatever1414WDTwhatever it1415PPit is1416VBZbe ,1417,, nor1418CCnor did1419VVDdo Vattel1420NPVattel .1421SENT. What1422WPWhat they1423PPthey said1424VVDsay was1425VBDbe it1426PPit 's1427VBZbe a1428DTa question1429NNquestion of1430INof consent1431NNconsent ,1432,, that1433WDTthat ,1434,, of1435INof course1436NNcourse ,1437,, the1438DTthe state1439NNstate ...1440:... I1441PPI mean1442VVPmean ,1443,, I1444PPI can1445MDcan read1446VVread it1447PPit to1448TOto you1449PPyou :1450:: "1451``" All1452DTall exceptions1453NNSexception to1454TOto the1455DTthe full1456JJfull and1457CCand complete1458JJcomplete power1459NNpower of1460INof a1461DTa nation1462NNnation within1463INwithin its1464PP$its own1465JJown territory1466NNterritory must1467MDmust be1468VBbe traced1469VVNtrace up1470RPup to1471TOto the1472DTthe consent1473NNconsent of1474INof the1475DTthe nation1476NNnation itself1477PPitself .1478SENT. "1479''" And1480CCand ...1481:... [MR. WAXMAN]1482LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Yes1483NPYes .1484SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]1485LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] ...1486:... that1487WDTthat 's1488VBZbe what1489WPwhat they1490PPthey said1491VVDsay .1492SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]1493LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Yes1494NPYes .1495SENT. And1496CCand ...1497:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1498LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] I1499PPI did1500VVDdo n't1501RBn't find1502VVfind language1503NNlanguage like1504INlike raw1505JJraw power1506NNpower .1507SENT. But1508CCbut what1509WPwhat I1510PPI found1511VVDfind was1512VBDbe it1513PPit 's1514VBZbe a1515DTa matter1516NNmatter of1517INof comity1518NNcomity .1519SENT. It1520PPit 's1521VBZbe a1522DTa matter1523NNmatter of1524INof consent1525NNconsent .1526SENT. And1527CCand ,1528,, of1529INof course1530NNcourse ,1531,, most1532JJSmost nations1533NNSnation follow1534VVPfollow it1535PPit .1536SENT. But1537CCbut ,1538,, if1539INif somebody1540NNsomebody did1541VVDdo n't1542RBn't ,1543,, you1544PPyou could1545MDcould n't1546RBn't say1547VVsay it1548PPit violated1549VVDviolate international1550JJinternational law1551NNlaw .1552SENT. And1553CCand then1554RBthen the1555DTthe question1556NNquestion that1557IN/thatthat I1558PPI 'd1559MDwould like1560VVlike to1561TOto hear1562VVhear the1563DTthe answer1564VVanswer to1565TOto is1566VBZbe ...1567:... is1568VBZbe what1569WPwhat Justice1570NPJustice Sotomayor1571NPSotomayor asked1572VVDask .1573SENT. And1574CCand ,1575,, of1576INof course1577NNcourse ,1578,, the1579DTthe founders1580NNSfounder were1581VBDbe all1582RBall talking1583VVGtalk about1584INabout a1585DTa situation1586NNsituation where1587WRBwhere they1588PPthey were1589VBDbe worried1590VVNworry about1591INabout federal1592JJfederal power1593NNpower and1594CCand the1595DTthe federal1596JJfederal suit1597NNsuit and1598CCand bringing1599NNbringing who1600WPwho could1601MDcould sue1602VVsue people1603NNSpeople under1604INunder the1605DTthe federal1606JJfederal power1607NNpower .1608SENT. So1609RBso ,1610,, when1611WRBwhen I1612PPI looked1613VVDlook at1614INat this1615DTthis before1616INbefore ,1617,, which1618WDTwhich I1619PPI did1620VVDdo ,1621,, I1622PPI found1623VVDfind international1624JJinternational authority1625NNauthority after1626INafter international1627JJinternational authority1628NNauthority ,1629,, many1630JJmany ,1631,, that1632WDTthat said1633VVDsay just1634RBjust what1635WPwhat Marshall1636NPMarshall said1637VVDsay ,1638,, that1639WDTthat said1640VVDsay just1641RBjust what1642WPwhat Story1643NPStory said1644VVDsay ,1645,, and1646CCand you1647PPyou say1648VVPsay ,1649,, well1650RBwell ,1651,, are1652VBPbe states1653NNSstate different1654JJdifferent ?1655SENT? Well1656UHwell ,1657,, they1658PPthey 're1659VBPbe not1660RBnot different1661JJdifferent in1662INin two1663CDtwo respects1664NNSrespect .1665SENT. Almost1666RBalmost all1667RBall of1668INof them1669PPthem do1670VVPdo give1671VVgive immunity1672NNimmunity to1673TOto the1674DTthe other1675JJother state1676NNstate .1677SENT. But1678CCbut ,1679,, if1680INif you1681PPyou find1682VVPfind an1683DTan outlier1684NNoutlier that1685WDTthat does1686VVZdo n't1687RBn't ,1688,, you1689PPyou can1690MDcan 't1691RB't say1692VVPsay it1693PPit violates1694VVZviolate international1695JJinternational law1696NNlaw .1697SENT. Were1698VBDbe they1699PPthey states1700VVZstate ?1701SENT? There1702RBthere we1703PPwe have1704VHhave Justice1705NPJustice Sotomayor1706NPSotomayor 's1707POS's question1708NNquestion .1709SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]1710LOC[MR. WAXMAN] With1711INwith ...1712:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1713LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] And1714CCand what1715WPwhat in1716INin the1717DTthe Constitution1718NPConstitution ,1719,, it1720PPit would1721MDwould have1722VHhave to1723TOto be1724VBbe something1725NNsomething that1726IN/thatthat in1727INin this1728DTthis respect1729NNrespect makes1730VVZmake them1731PPthem less1732RBRless sovereign1733JJsovereign ,1734,, what1735WPwhat is1736VBZbe it1737PPit that1738DTthat says1739VVZsay you1740PPyou can1741MDcan 't1742RB't have1743VHhave an1744DTan outlier1745NNoutlier ?1746SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]1747LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So1748RBso ,1749,, when1750WRBwhen you1751PPyou say1752VVPsay ,1753,, you1754PPyou know1755VVPknow ,1756,, if1757INif some1758DTsome states1759NNSstate refuse1760VVPrefuse to1761TOto recognize1762VVrecognize that1763DTthat principle1764NNprinciple ,1765,, well1766RBwell ,1767,, that1768WDTthat was1769VBDbe one1770CDone thing1771NNthing .1772SENT. No1773DTno state1774NNstate before1775INbefore ratification1776NNratification ,1777,, until1778INuntil Nevada1779NPNevada versus1780CCversus Hall1781NPHall ,1782,, had1783VHDhave ever1784RBever done1785VVNdo such1786PDTsuch a1787DTa thing1788NNthing .1789SENT. This1790DTthis Court1791NPCourt before1792INbefore Nevada1793NPNevada versus1794CCversus Hall1795NPHall in1796INin a1797DTa half1798NNhalf a1799DTa dozen1800NNdozen cases1801NNScase stretching1802VVGstretch over1803INover 1001804CD@card@ years1805NNSyear ...1806:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1807LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] I1808PPI know1809VVPknow they1810PPthey did1811VVDdo n't1812RBn't .1813SENT. That1814DTthat is1815VBZbe n't1816RBn't quite1817RBquite my1818PP$my question1819NNquestion .1820SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]1821LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Well1822UHWell ,1823,, but1824CCbut ...1825:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1826LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Of1827INof course1828NNcourse ,1829,, they1830PPthey did1831VVDdo n't1832RBn't .1833SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]1834LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So1835RBso ...1836:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1837LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Almost1838RBalmost all1839DTall countries1840NNScountry recognize1841VVPrecognize sovereign1842JJsovereign immunity1843NNimmunity .1844SENT. But1845CCbut you1846PPyou might1847MDmight have1848VHhave one1849CDone ,1850,, I1851PPI mean1852VVPmean ,1853,, I1854PPI do1855VVPdo n't1856RBn't know1857VVknow ,1858,, maybe1859RBmaybe Tasmania1860NPTasmania if1861INif it1862PPit was1863VBDbe a1864DTa country1865NNcountry then1866RBthen did1867VVDdo n't1868RBn't recognize1869VVrecognize it1870PPit and1871CCand the1872DTthe question1873NNquestion is1874VBZbe ,1875,, do1876VVPdo you1877PPyou have1878VHPhave to1879TOto ?1880SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]1881LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So1882RBso ...1883:... [JUSTICE BREYER]1884LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] And1885CCand the1886DTthe answer1887NNanswer of1888INof Marshall1889NPMarshall ,1890,, Story1891NPStory ,1892,, Vattel1893NPVattel ,1894,, no1895RBno ,1896,, you1897PPyou do1898VVPdo n't1899RBn't have1900VHhave to1901TOto .1902SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]1903LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So1904INso I1905PPI think1906VVPthink Vattel1907NPVattel ,1908,, who1909WPwho was1910VBDbe quoted1911VVNquote and1912CCand referenced1913VVNreference in1914INin ...1915:... I1916PPI 'm1917VBPbe going1918VVGgo to1919TOto talk1920VVtalk about1921INabout Vattel1922NPVattel ,1923,, The1924DTthe Schooner1925NPSchooner Exchange1926NPExchange ,1927,, and1928CCand then1929RBthen the1930DTthe point1931NNpoint of1932INof what1933WPwhat changed1934VVDchange when1935WRBwhen the1936DTthe Constitution1937NPConstitution was1938VBDbe adopted1939VVNadopt ,1940,, and1941CCand then1942RBthen where1943WRBwhere in1944INin the1945DTthe text1946NNtext of1947INof the1948DTthe Constitution1949NPConstitution I1950PPI 'm1951VBPbe citing1952VVGcite my1953PP$my authority1954NNauthority ,1955,, which1956WDTwhich I1957PPI ...1958:... I1959PPI forgot1960VVDforget to1961TOto address1962VVaddress .1963SENT. Vattel1964NPVattel and1965CCand other1966JJother commentators1967NNScommentator at1968INat the1969DTthe time1970NNtime whose1971WP$whose jurisprudence1972NNjurisprudence was1973VBDbe also1974RBalso referenced1975VVNreference in1976INin the1977DTthe ratification1978NNratification debate1979NNdebate held1980VVNhold ...1981:... stated1982VVDstate that1983IN/thatthat sovereign1984JJsovereign immunity1985NNimmunity was1986VBDbe a1987DTa mandatory1988JJmandatory limit1989NNlimit on1990INon the1991DTthe power1992NNpower of1993INof one1994CDone sovereign1995NNsovereign to1996TOto adjudicate1997VVadjudicate another1998DTanother 's1999VBZbe claim2000NNclaim ,2001,, another2002DTanother ...2003:... to2004TOto adjudicate2005VVadjudicate claims2006NNSclaim against2007INagainst another2008DTanother sovereign2009NNsovereign .2010SENT. And2011CCand he2012PPhe held2013VVDhold that2014IN/thatthat the2015DTthe response2016NNresponse to2017TOto a2018DTa violation2019NNviolation of2020INof that2021DTthat law2022NNlaw of2023INof nations2024NNSnation was2025VBDbe war2026NNwar .2027SENT. Now2028RBnow ,2029,, in2030INin The2031DTthe Schooner2032NPSchooner Exchange2033NPExchange ,2034,, Chief2035NPChief Justice2036NPJustice Marshall2037NPMarshall says2038VVZsay :2039:: Of2040INof course2041NNcourse ,2042,, you2043PPyou ...2044:... a2045DTa sovereign2046NNsovereign has2047VHZhave absolute2048JJabsolute territory2049NNterritory ...2050:... absolute2051JJabsolute discretion2052NNdiscretion over2053INover its2054PP$its own2055JJown territory2056NNterritory .2057SENT. There2058EXthere is2059VBZbe a2060DTa law2061NNlaw of2062INof nations2063NNSnation principle2064NNprinciple that2065IN/thatthat friendly2066JJfriendly nations2067NNSnation whose2068WP$whose ...2069:... in2070INin that2071DTthat case2072NNcase whose2073WP$whose ships2074NNSship appear2075VVPappear in2076INin our2077PP$our ports2078NNSport ,2079,, whose2080WP$whose sovereign2081JJsovereign ships2082NNSship that2083WDTthat appear2084VVPappear in2085INin our2086PP$our ports2087NNSport ,2088,, under2089INunder the2090DTthe law2091NNlaw ,2092,, there2093EXthere are2094VBPbe certain2095JJcertain principles2096NNSprinciple under2097INunder the2098DTthe law2099NNlaw of2100INof nations2101NNSnation in2102INin which2103WDTwhich the2104DTthe host2105NNhost state2106NNstate is2107VBZbe deemed2108VVNdeem as2109INas a2110DTa matter2111NNmatter of2112INof the2113DTthe law2114NNlaw of2115INof nations2116NNSnation to2117TOto have2118VHhave waived2119VVNwaive its2120PP$its sovereign2121JJsovereign authority2122NNauthority to2123TOto have2124VHhave its2125PP$its courts2126NNScourt exercise2127VVPexercise jurisdiction2128NNjurisdiction .2129SENT. And2130CCand he2131PPhe explained2132VVDexplain why2133WRBwhy that2134DTthat was2135VBDbe the2136DTthe case2137NNcase .2138SENT. That2139DTthat is2140VBZbe ,2141,, there2142EXthere was2143VBDbe an2144DTan implicit2145JJimplicit consent2146NNconsent .2147SENT. Now2148RBnow ,2149,, in2150INin the2151DTthe plan2152NNplan of2153INof convention2154NNconvention ,2155,, the2156DTthe states2157NNSstate ...2158:... you2159PPyou know2160VVPknow ,2161,, at2162INat international2163JJinternational law2164NNlaw ,2165,, if2166INif there2167EXthere was2168VBDbe a2169DTa violation2170NNviolation of2171INof it2172PPit ,2173,, the2174DTthe nations2175NNSnation had2176VHDhave all2177DTall sorts2178NNSsort of2179INof retaliatory2180JJretaliatory measures2181NNSmeasure .2182SENT. They2183PPthey could2184MDcould blockade2185VVblockade each2186DTeach other2187JJother ,2188,, embargo2189VVembargo each2190DTeach other2191JJother ,2192,, make2193VVmake war2194NNwar on2195INon each2196DTeach other2197JJother ,2198,, all2199DTall sorts2200NNSsort of2201INof things2202NNSthing .2203SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]2204LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Well2205UHWell ,2206,, Marshall2207NPMarshall ...2208:... Marshall2209NPMarshall ,2210,, who2211WPwho is2212VBZbe a2213DTa pretty2214RBpretty good2215JJgood authority2216NNauthority ...2217:... I2218PPI happen2219VVPhappen to2220TOto know2221VVknow this2222DTthis because2223INbecause we2224PPwe had2225VHDhave this2226DTthis case2227NNcase before2228RBbefore .2229SENT. But2230CCbut if2231INif you2232PPyou ...2233:... [MR. WAXMAN]2234LOC[MR. WAXMAN] You2235PPyou did2236VVDdo ?2237SENT? [JUSTICE BREYER]2238LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] ...2239:... look2240VVlook at2241INat quotes2242NNSquote 42243CD4 ,2244,, Vattel2245NPVattel ,2246,, 4722247CD@card@ ,2248,, okay2249RBokay ,2250,, and2251CCand what2252WPwhat he2253PPhe says2254VVZsay Vattel2255NPVattel says2256VVZsay ...2257:... I2258PPI never2259RBnever read2260VVread all2261PDTall those2262DTthose pages2263NNSpage ,2264,, I2265PPI read2266VVPread some2267DTsome of2268INof them2269PPthem ...2270:... he2271PPhe says2272VVZsay Vattel2273NPVattel says2274VVZsay that2275IN/thatthat the2276DTthe consent2277NNconsent of2278INof a2279DTa foreign2280JJforeign sovereign2281NNsovereign may2282MDmay be2283VBbe implied2284VVNimply through2285INthrough a2286DTa tacit2287JJtacit convention2288NNconvention ,2289,, but2290CCbut it2291PPit suggests2292VVZsuggest that2293IN/thatthat it2294PPit rested2295VVDrest upon2296INupon consent2297NNconsent .2298SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]2299LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So2300RBso ...2301:... and2302CCand ...2303:... [JUSTICE BREYER]2304LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] It2305PPit says2306VVZsay that2307IN/thatthat consent2308NNconsent may2309MDmay be2310VBbe applied2311VVNapply .2312SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]2313LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Yes2314NPYes ,2315,, and2316CCand with2317INwith respect2318NNrespect ,2319,, Justice2320NPJustice Breyer2321NPBreyer ,2322,, what2323WPwhat The2324DTthe Schooner2325NPSchooner Exchange2326NPExchange says2327VVZsay several2328JJseveral times2329NNStime in2330INin Justice2331NPJustice Mar2332NPMar ...2333:... Chief2334NPChief Justice2335NPJustice Marshall2336NPMarshall 's2337POS's opinion2338NNopinion ,2339,, is2340VBZbe that2341IN/thatthat the2342DTthe state2343NNstate ...2344:... sovereign2345JJsovereign states2346NNSstate are2347VBPbe deemed2348VVNdeem to2349TOto have2350VHhave consented2351VVNconsent to2352TOto recognize2353VVrecognize the2354DTthe sovereign2355JJsovereign immunity2356NNimmunity of2357INof other2358JJother sovereigns2359NNSsovereign in2360INin those2361DTthose instances2362NNSinstance in2363INin which2364WDTwhich ,2365,, and2366CCand that2367WDTthat are2368VBPbe enumerated2369VVNenumerate ,2370,, and2371CCand he2372PPhe explains2373VVZexplain why2374WRBwhy a2375DTa visiting2376VVGvisit warship2377NNwarship of2378INof a2379DTa friendly2380JJfriendly nation2381NNnation is2382VBZbe one2383CDone of2384INof those2385DTthose things2386NNSthing .2387SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]2388LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Well2389UHwell ,2390,, I2391PPI do2392VVPdo n't2393RBn't want2394VVwant to2395TOto waste2396VVwaste time2397NNtime .2398SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]2399LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Mister2400NPMister ...2401:... [MR. WAXMAN]2402LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Now2403RBnow ,2404,, even2405RBeven if2406INif ...2407:... even2408RBeven if2409INif I'm2410NPI'm ...2411:... oh2412UHoh ,2413,, I2414PPI 'm2415VBPbe sorry2416JJsorry .2417SENT. Can2418MDcan I2419PPI ?2420SENT? [JUSTICE ALITO]2421LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Yeah2422NPYeah ,2423,, sure2424JJsure .2425SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]2426LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Even2427RBeven if2428INif I2429PPI 'm2430VBPbe wrong2431JJwrong about2432RBabout that2433IN/thatthat ,2434,, the2435DTthe fact2436NNfact of2437INof the2438DTthe matter2439NNmatter is2440VBZbe that2441IN/thatthat in2442INin the2443DTthe plan2444NNplan of2445INof convention2446NNconvention and2447CCand in2448INin the2449DTthe text2450NNtext itself2451PPitself ,2452,, the2453DTthe states2454NNSstate ,2455,, in2456INin order2457NNorder to2458TOto form2459VVform a2460DTa more2461RBRmore perfect2462JJperfect union2463NNunion ,2464,, surrendered2465VVDsurrender all2466DTall of2467INof the2468DTthe retaliatory2469JJretaliatory means2470NNmeans that2471IN/thatthat nations2472NNSnation would2473MDwould have2474VHhave had2475VHNhave in2476INin order2477NNorder to2478TOto deter2479VVdeter or2480CCor enforce2481VVenforce ...2482:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]2483LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Well2484UHWell ,2485,, that2486WDTthat 's2487VBZbe what2488WPwhat I2489PPI understood2490VVDunderstand ...2491:... [MR. WAXMAN]2492LOC[MR. WAXMAN] ...2493:... or2494CCor punish2495VVpunish violations2496NNSviolation ,2497,, and2498CCand ...2499:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]2500LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Mr2501NPMr .2502SENT. Waxman2503NPWaxman ,2504,, that2505WDTthat 's2506VBZbe what2507WPwhat I2508PPI understood2509VVDunderstand your2510PP$your basic2511JJbasic argument2512NNargument to2513TOto be2514VBbe ,2515,, right2516RBright ,2517,, that2518IN/thatthat there2519EXthere was2520VBDbe this2521DTthis system2522NNsystem of2523INof comity2524NNcomity ,2525,, it2526PPit all2527RBall worked2528VVDwork very2529RBvery well2530RBwell ,2531,, essentially2532RBessentially at2533INat least2534JJSleast in2535INin part2536NNpart because2537INbecause states2538NNSstate knew2539VVDknow that2540IN/thatthat they2541PPthey had2542VHDhave all2543PDTall these2544DTthese powers2545NNSpower that2546IN/thatthat they2547PPthey could2548MDcould use2549VVuse against2550INagainst each2551DTeach other2552JJother ,2553,, and2554CCand then2555RBthen they2556PPthey gave2557VVDgive up2558RPup those2559DTthose powers2560NNSpower at2561INat the2562DTthe convention2563NNconvention .2564SENT. So2565RBso what2566WPwhat replaced2567VVDreplace it2568PPit ?2569SENT? What2570WPWhat replaced2571VVDreplace it2572PPit was2573VBDbe a2574DTa constitutional2575JJconstitutional rule2576NNrule .2577SENT. That2578DTthat 's2579VBZbe your2580PP$your basic2581JJbasic story2582NNstory .2583SENT. Is2584VBZbe that2585IN/thatthat correct2586JJcorrect ?2587SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]2588LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Yes2589NPYes ,2590,, a2591DTa constitutional2592JJconstitutional ...2593:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]2594LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] And2595CCand I2596PPI guess2597VVPguess I2598PPI just2599RBjust find2600VVPfind myself2601PPmyself thinking2602VVGthink that2603IN/thatthat ,2604,, I2605PPI mean2606VVPmean ,2607,, sort2608NNsort of2609INof ,2610,, you2611PPyou know2612VVPknow ,2613,, going2614VVGgo back2615RBback to2616TOto Justice2617NPJustice Sotomayor2618NPSotomayor 's2619POS's question2620NNquestion ,2621,, what2622WPwhat 's2623VBZbe the2624DTthe evidence2625NNevidence of2626INof that2627WDTthat ,2628,, because2629INbecause this2630DTthis is2631VBZbe a2632DTa gigantic2633JJgigantic constitute2634VVPconstitute ...2635:... you2636PPyou know2637VVPknow ,2638,, constitutional2639JJconstitutional debate2640NNdebate .2641SENT. There2642EXthere are2643VBPbe a2644DTa thousand2645CDthousand issues2646NNSissue on2647INon the2648DTthe table2649NNtable .2650SENT. Everybody2651NNEverybody has2652VHZhave things2653NNSthing that2654WDTthat they2655PPthey want2656VVPwant .2657SENT. And2658CCand this2659DTthis idea2660NNidea that2661IN/thatthat there2662EXthere 's2663VBZbe this2664DTthis one-for-one2665JJone-for-one exchange2666NNexchange that2667IN/thatthat you2668PPyou have2669VHPhave ,2670,, we2671PPwe give2672VVPgive up2673RPup our2674PP$our power2675NNpower to2676TOto blockade2677VVblockade ,2678,, we2679PPwe get2680VVPget a2681DTa rule2682NNrule of2683INof sovereign2684JJsovereign immunity2685NNimmunity ,2686,, I2687PPI mean2688VVPmean ,2689,, that2690WDTthat 's2691VBZbe just2692RBjust not2693RBnot how2694WRBhow big2695JJbig negotiations2696NNSnegotiation work2697VVPwork .2698SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]2699LOC[MR. WAXMAN] What2700WPWhat was2701VBDbe ...2702:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]2703LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] And2704CCand unless2705INunless you2706PPyou can2707MDcan show2708VVshow me2709PPme evidence2710NNevidence that2711IN/thatthat that2712DTthat was2713VBDbe the2714DTthe trade2715NNtrade ,2716,, I2717PPI mean2718VVPmean ,2719,, if2720INif I2721PPI could2722MDcould just2723RBjust ...2724:... if2725INif you2726PPyou would2727MDwould bear2728VVbear with2729INwith me2730PPme for2731INfor one2732CDone more2733JJRmore moment2734NNmoment ...2735:... Professors2736NNSprofessor Baude2737NPBaude and2738CCand Sachs2739NPSachs tell2740VVPtell about2741INabout another2742DTanother trade2743NNtrade .2744SENT. Their2745PP$their trade2746NNtrade is2747VBZbe that2748IN/thatthat there2749EXthere was2750VBDbe n't2751RBn't a2752DTa rule2753NNrule of2754INof sovereign2755JJsovereign immunity2756NNimmunity ,2757,, but2758CCbut the2759DTthe states2760NNSstate retained2761VVDretain their2762PP$their ability2763NNability not2764RBnot to2765TOto enforce2766VVenforce judgments2767NNSjudgment against2768INagainst them2769PPthem if2770INif they2771PPthey violated2772VVDviolate their2773PP$their own2774JJown immunity2775NNimmunity .2776SENT. So2777RBso I2778PPI guess2779VVPguess what2780WPwhat I2781PPI 'm2782VBPbe saying2783VVGsay is2784VBZbe all2785RBall of2786INof these2787DTthese trades2788NNStrade ,2789,, you2790PPyou can2791MDcan hypothesize2792VVhypothesize them2793PPthem ,2794,, but2795CCbut they2796PPthey are2797VBPbe just2798RBjust hypotheses2799NNShypothesis .2800SENT. And2801CCand what2802WPwhat 's2803VBZbe the2804DTthe evidence2805NNevidence for2806INfor any2807DTany of2808INof them2809PPthem ?2810SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]2811LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So2812INso I2813PPI would2814MDwould say2815VVsay the2816DTthe evidence2817NNevidence ...2818:... I2819PPI mean2820VVPmean ,2821,, there2822RBthere ...2823:... there2824EXthere is2825VBZbe a2826DTa lot2827NNlot of2828INof evidence2829NNevidence ...2830:... I2831PPI do2832VVPdo n't2833RBn't think2834VVthink there2835EXthere 's2836VBZbe any2837DTany disagreement2838NNdisagreement that2839IN/thatthat the2840DTthe framers2841NNSframer intended2842VVNintend to2843TOto constitutionalize2844VVconstitutionalize fundamental2845JJfundamental aspects2846NNSaspect of2847INof sovereignty2848NNsovereignty .2849SENT. The2850DTthe reference2851NNreference to2852TOto the2853DTthe former2854JJformer colonies2855NNScolony as2856INas states2857NNSstate ,2858,, the2859DTthe reference2860NNreference to2861TOto in2862INin the2863DTthe privileges2864NNSprivilege and2865CCand immunities2866NNSimmunity clause2867NNclause of2868INof citizens2869NNScitizen of2870INof states2871NNSstate ,2872,, the2873DTthe limitation2874NNlimitation ,2875,, the2876DTthe express2877JJexpress limitations2878NNSlimitation in2879INin the2880DTthe Constitution2881NPConstitution ,2882,, including2883VVGinclude Section2884NPSection 102885CD@card@ of2886INof Article2887NPArticle I2888PPI ,2889,, and2890CCand ,2891,, of2892INof course2893NNcourse ,2894,, the2895DTthe Eleventh2896JJeleventh Amendment2897NPAmendment itself2898PPitself ,2899,, make2900VVmake sense2901NNsense only2902RBonly if2903INif the2904DTthe states2905NNSstate are2906VBPbe sovereign2907JJsovereign .2908SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]2909LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Well2910UHWell ,2911,, maybe2912RBmaybe that2913RBthat 's2914VBZbe ...2915:... [MR. WAXMAN]2916LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Now2917RBnow ...2918:... [JUSTICE ALITO]2919LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] ...2920:... your2921PP$your answer2922NNanswer to2923TOto this2924DTthis question2925NNquestion ,2926,, but2927CCbut I2928PPI 'm2929VBPbe still2930RBstill ,2931,, you2932PPyou know2933VVPknow ...2934:... because2935INbecause we2936PPwe are2937VBPbe all2938RBall always2939RBalways very2940RBvery vigilant2941JJvigilant not2942RBnot to2943TOto read2944VVread things2945NNSthing into2946INinto the2947DTthe Constitution2948NPConstitution that2949WDTthat can2950MDcan 't2951RB't be2952VBbe found2953VVNfind in2954INin the2955DTthe text2956NNtext ,2957,, I2958PPI 'm2959VBPbe waiting2960VVGwait for2961INfor the2962DTthe answer2963NNanswer to2964TOto Justice2965NPJustice Sotomayor2966NPSotomayor 's2967POS's question2968NNquestion about2969INabout what2970WPwhat provisions2971NNSprovision of2972INof the2973DTthe Constitution2974NPConstitution you2975PPyou would2976MDwould point2977VVpoint to2978TOto .2979SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]2980LOC[MR. WAXMAN] So2981INso I2982PPI ...2983:... I've2984NNI've ...2985:... I2986PPI would2987MDwould point2988VVpoint to2989TOto the2990DTthe provisions2991NNSprovision of2992INof the2993DTthe Constitution2994NPConstitution that2995WDTthat are2996VBPbe enumerated2997VVNenumerate by2998INby Justice2999NPJustice Scalia3000NPScalia in3001INin his3002PP$his opinion3003NNopinion for3004INfor the3005DTthe Court3006NPCourt in3007INin Printz3008NPPrintz ,3009,, which3010WDTwhich were3011VBDbe reiterated3012VVNreiterate again3013RBagain by3014INby Justice3015NPJustice Kennedy3016NPKennedy for3017INfor the3018DTthe Court3019NPCourt in3020INin Alden3021NPAlden ,3022,, some3023DTsome of3024INof which3025WDTwhich I3026PPI have3027VHPhave ...3028:... I3029PPI have3030VHPhave recognized3031VVNrecognize ,3032,, I3033PPI ...3034:... I3035PPI have3036VHPhave ...3037:... I3038PPI have3039VHPhave already3040RBalready recited3041VVNrecite .3042SENT. 23043CD2 The3044DTthe ...3045:... the3046DTthe ...3047:... preserving3048VVGpreserve fundamental3049JJfundamental aspects3050NNSaspect of3051INof sovereignty3052NNsovereignty yet3053RByet withdrawing3054VVGwithdraw the3055DTthe ability3056NNability to3057TOto protect3058VVprotect sovereignty3059NNsovereignty vis-a-vis3060INvis-a-vis either3061DTeither nations3062NNSnation or3063CCor other3064JJother states3065NNSstate was3066VBDbe in3067INin ...3068:... in3069INin exchange3070NNexchange for3071INfor a3072DTa guarantee3073NNguarantee that3074IN/thatthat the3075DTthe then3076JJthen law3077NNlaw of3078INof nations3079NNSnation ...3080:... the3081DTthe then3082JJthen principle3083NNprinciple of3084INof sovereignty3085NNsovereignty under3086INunder the3087DTthe law3088NNlaw of3089INof nations3090NNSnation would3091MDwould be3092VBbe protected3093VVNprotect by3094INby the3095DTthe Constitution3096NPConstitution and3097CCand enforced3098VVNenforce by3099INby this3100DTthis Court3101NPCourt .3102SENT. Justice3103NPJustice Kagan3104NPKagan has3105VHZhave referred3106VVNrefer to3107TOto it3108PPit as3109INas a3110DTa one-for-one3111JJone-for-one bargain3112NNbargain .3113SENT. But3114CCbut what3115WPwhat there3116RBthere really3117RBreally was3118VBDbe ,3119,, was3120VBDbe the3121DTthe plan3122NNplan ...3123:... the3124DTthe genius3125NNgenius of3126INof the3127DTthe Constitution3128NPConstitution ,3129,, the3130DTthe structural3131JJstructural provisions3132NNSprovision of3133INof the3134DTthe Constitution3135NPConstitution was3136VBDbe that3137IN/thatthat the3138DTthe states3139NNSstate ,3140,, having3141VHGhave had3142VHDhave an3143DTan unsatisfactory3144JJunsatisfactory experience3145NNexperience with3146INwith confederation3147NNconfederation ,3148,, by3149INby ratifying3150VVGratify ,3151,, they3152PPthey surrendered3153VVDsurrender their3154PP$their powers3155NNSpower to3156TOto treat3157VVtreat each3158DTeach other3159JJother as3160INas legal3161JJlegal strangers3162NNSstranger .3163SENT. In3164INin other3165JJother words3166NNSword ,3167,, in3168INin Chief3169NPChief Justice3170NPJustice Marshall3171NPMarshall 's3172POS's words3173NNSword ,3174,, they3175PPthey were3176VBDbe deemed3177VVNdeem to3178TOto waive3179VVwaive whatever3180WDTwhatever sovereign3181JJsovereign prerogative3182NNprerogative they3183PPthey had3184VHDhave to3185TOto violate3186VVviolate the3187DTthe law3188NNlaw of3189INof nations3190NNSnation principle3191NNprinciple and3192CCand haul3193VVhaul one3194PPone another3195DTanother into3196INinto each3197DTeach other3198JJother 's3199POS's courts3200NNScourt .3201SENT. And3202CCand ...3203:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]3204LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Given3205VVNgive how3206WRBhow ...3207:... [MR. WAXMAN]3208LOC[MR. WAXMAN] ...3209:... that3210WDTthat I3211PPI ...3212:... I3213PPI ...3214:... I3215PPI mean3216VVPmean ...3217:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]3218LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] Given3219VVNgive ...3220:... given3221VVNgive how3222WRBhow important3223JJimportant this3224DTthis is3225VBZbe ,3226,, as3227INas you3228PPyou describe3229VVPdescribe ,3230,, why3231WRBwhy is3232VBZbe it3233PPit not3234RBnot in3235INin the3236DTthe text3237NNtext of3238INof the3239DTthe Constitution3240NPConstitution in3241INin your3242PP$your view3243NNview ,3244,, given3245VVNgive that3246IN/thatthat the3247DTthe Constitution3248NPConstitution is3249VBZbe a3250DTa document3251NNdocument ,3252,, in3253INin my3254PP$my view3255NNview ,3256,, of3257INof majestic3258JJmajestic specificity3259NNspecificity .3260SENT. It3261PPit 's3262VHZhave got3263VVNget a3264DTa lot3265NNlot of3266INof specific3267JJspecific details3268NNSdetail on3269INon very3270JJvery minute3271NNminute things3272NNSthing ,3273,, and3274CCand this3275DTthis issue3276NNissue which3277WDTwhich you3278PPyou say3279VVPsay rightly3280RBrightly is3281VBZbe so3282RBso important3283JJimportant ,3284,, but3285CCbut then3286RBthen somehow3287RBsomehow was3288VBDbe not3289RBnot mentioned3290VVNmention in3291INin the3292DTthe text3293NNtext of3294INof the3295DTthe Constitution3296NPConstitution .3297SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]3298LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Well3299UHwell ,3300,, I3301PPI mean3302VVPmean ,3303,, this3304RBthis ...3305:... this3306DTthis Court3307NPCourt has3308VHZhave been3309VBNbe explaining3310VVGexplain at3311INat least3312JJSleast since3313INsince Hans3314NPHans that3315IN/thatthat the3316DTthe principle3317NNprinciple of3318INof sovereign3319JJsovereign immunity3320NNimmunity ...3321:... of3322INof state3323NNstate sovereign3324JJsovereign immunity3325NNimmunity was3326VBDbe so3327RBso fundamental3328JJfundamental that3329IN/thatthat it3330PPit is3331VBZbe a3332DTa postulate3333NNpostulate that3334WDTthat underlies3335VVZunderlie and3336CCand gives3337VVZgive meaning3338VVGmean to3339TOto other3340JJother provisions3341NNSprovision of3342INof the3343DTthe Constitution3344NPConstitution ,3345,, including3346VVGinclude ,3347,, as3348RBas ...3349:... as3350RBas then3351RBthen Justice3352NPJustice Rehnquist3353NPRehnquist explained3354VVDexplain in3355INin his3356PP$his dissent3357NNdissent in3358INin Nevada3359NPNevada versus3360CCversus Hall3361NPHall ,3362,, the3363DTthe Eleventh3364JJeleventh Amendment3365NPAmendment itself3366PPitself .3367SENT. But3368CCbut ,3369,, in3370INin this3371DTthis regard3372NNregard ,3373,, Justice3374NPJustice Kavanaugh3375NPKavanaugh ,3376,, this3377DTthis principle3378NNprinciple of3379INof state3380NNstate sovereign3381JJsovereign immunity3382NNimmunity is3383VBZbe no3384RBno different3385JJdifferent than3386INthan Chief3387NPChief Justice3388NPJustice Marshall3389NPMarshall 's3390POS's recognition3391NNrecognition in3392INin McCulloch3393NPMcCulloch versus3394CCversus Maryland3395NPMaryland of3396INof the3397DTthe constitutional3398JJconstitutional principle3399NNprinciple of3400INof intergovernmental3401JJintergovernmental immunity3402NNimmunity ,3403,, of3404INof the3405DTthe principle3406NNprinciple against3407INagainst commandeering3408VVGcommandeer that3409WDTthat 's3410VBZbe recognized3411VVNrecognize by3412INby the3413DTthe Court3414NPCourt in3415INin Printz3416NPPrintz and3417CCand New3418NPNew York3419NPYork versus3420CCversus United3421NPUnited States3422NPSStates ,3423,, in3424INin the3425DTthe principle3426NNprinciple ...3427:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3428LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Mr3429NPMr .3430SENT. Waxman3431NPWaxman ...3432:... [MR. WAXMAN]3433LOC[MR. WAXMAN] ...3434:... the3435DTthe equal3436JJequal footing3437NNfooting doctrine3438NNdoctrine and3439CCand the3440DTthe Dormant3441JJdormant Commerce3442NPCommerce Clause3443NNclause .3444SENT. The3445DTthe Constitution3446NPConstitution was3447VBDbe not3448RBnot ,3449,, as3450RBas ...3451:... as3452INas commentators3453NNScommentator and3454CCand I3455PPI believe3456VVPbelieve some3457DTsome of3458INof the3459DTthe founders3460NNSfounder explained3461VVDexplain ,3462,, was3463VBDbe not3464RBnot meant3465VVNmean to3466TOto replicate3467VVreplicate a3468DTa European3469JJEuropean code3470NNcode of3471INof laws3472NNSlaw and3473CCand regulations3474NNSregulation .3475SENT. There3476EXthere were3477VBDbe some3478DTsome things3479NNSthing that3480WDTthat were3481VBDbe understood3482VVNunderstand and3483CCand were3484VBDbe fundamental3485JJfundamental to3486TOto the3487DTthe union3488NNunion that3489WDTthat are3490VBPbe not3491RBnot expressed3492VVNexpress in3493INin texts3494NNStext like3495INlike those3496DTthose doctrines3497NNSdoctrine .3498SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3499LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Mr3500NPMr .3501SENT. Waxman3502NPWaxman ,3503,, when3504WRBwhen the3505DTthe states3506NNSstate disagreed3507VVDdisagree with3508INwith us3509PPus in3510INin Chisholm3511NPChisholm about3512INabout the3513DTthe ability3514NNability to3515TOto haul3516VVhaul states3517NNSstate into3518INinto federal3519JJfederal court3520NNcourt ,3521,, the3522DTthe states3523NNSstate amended3524VVDamend the3525DTthe Constitution3526NPConstitution .3527SENT. We3528PPwe got3529VVDget the3530DTthe Eleventh3531JJeleventh Amendment3532NPAmendment .3533SENT. We3534PPwe have3535VHPhave 443536CD@card@ states3537NNSstate suggesting3538VVGsuggest we3539PPwe overrule3540VVoverrule Hall3541NPHall .3542SENT. That3543DTthat 's3544VBZbe two-thirds3545NNStwo-third of3546INof the3547DTthe states3548NNSstate .3549SENT. Why3550WRBwhy do3551VVPdo n't3552RBn't they3553PPthey move3554VVPmove to3555TOto get3556VVget the3557DTthe Constitution3558NPConstitution amended3559VVDamend if3560INif we3561PPwe 're3562VBPbe getting3563VVGget it3564PPit wrong3565JJwrong ?3566SENT? You3567PPyou 're3568VBPbe asking3569VVGask us3570PPus to3571TOto do3572VVdo their3573PP$their work3574NNwork .3575SENT. If3576INif this3577DTthis is3578VBZbe such3579PDTsuch a3580DTa important3581JJimportant principle3582NNprinciple to3583TOto them3584PPthem ,3585,, they3586PPthey could3587MDcould express3588VVexpress it3589PPit very3590RBvery directly3591RBdirectly the3592DTthe way3593NNway they3594PPthey did3595VVDdo in3596RPin ...3597:... in3598INin the3599DTthe Eleventh3600JJeleventh Amendment3601NPAmendment .3602SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]3603LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Well3604UHWell ,3605,, that3606WDTthat ...3607:... that3608DTthat statement3609NNstatement ,3610,, that3611DTthat observation3612NNobservation ,3613,, Justice3614NPJustice Sotomayor3615NPSotomayor ...3616:... and3617CCand ,3618,, by3619INby the3620DTthe way3621NNway ,3622,, I3623PPI mean3624VVPmean ,3625,, including3626VVGinclude California3627NPCalifornia ,3628,, there3629EXthere are3630VBPbe 473631CD@card@ states3632NNSstate .3633SENT. So3634RBso we3635PPwe have3636VHPhave three3637CDthree states3638NNSstate that3639WDTthat have3640VHPhave n't3641RBn't spoken3642VVNspeak .3643SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3644LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] They3645PPthey 've3646VHPhave got3647VVNget a3648DTa lot3649NNlot 93650CD9 of3651INof ...3652:... [MR. WAXMAN]3653LOC[MR. WAXMAN] But3654CCbut a3655DTa lot3656NNlot of3657INof states3658NNSstate ...3659:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3660LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...3661:... representatives3662NNSrepresentative in3663INin the3664DTthe House3665NPHouse and3666CCand in3667INin the3668DTthe Senate3669NPSenate .3670SENT. If3671INif they3672PPthey 're3673VBPbe really3674RBreally excised3675VVNexcise ,3676,, they3677PPthey can3678MDcan do3679VVdo something3680NNsomething about3681INabout it3682PPit .3683SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]3684LOC[MR. WAXMAN] You3685PPyou know3686VVPknow ,3687,, Justice3688NPJustice ...3689:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3690LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Except3691INexcept ...3692:... but3693CCbut ,3694,, instead3695RBinstead ,3696,, they3697PPthey 're3698VBPbe choosing3699VVGchoose to3700TOto let3701VVlet us3702PPus decide3703VVdecide ...3704:... [MR. WAXMAN]3705LOC[MR. WAXMAN] You3706PPyou ...3707:... you3708PPyou could3709MDcould have3710VHhave said3711VVNsay ...3712:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3713LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...3714:... that3715IN/thatthat an3716DTan individual3717JJindividual state3718NNstate does3719VVZdo n't3720RBn't have3721VHhave the3722DTthe right3723NNright to3724TOto protect3725VVprotect its3726PP$its citizens3727NNScitizen .3728SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]3729LOC[MR. WAXMAN] You3730PPyou could3731MDcould have3732VHhave said3733VVNsay exactly3734RBexactly the3735DTthe same3736JJsame thing3737NNthing about3738INabout why3739WRBwhy Parden3740NPParden should3741MDshould n't3742RBn't be3743VBbe overruled3744VVNoverrule .3745SENT. You3746PPyou could3747MDcould say3748VVsay exactly3749RBexactly the3750DTthe same3751JJsame thing3752NNthing about3753INabout any3754DTany number3755NNnumber of3756INof outlier3757NNoutlier ,3758,, anomalous3759JJanomalous constitutional3760JJconstitutional decisions3761NNSdecision of3762INof this3763DTthis Court3764NPCourt that3765WDTthat were3766VBDbe then3767RBthen overruled3768VVNoverrule .3769SENT. There3770EXthere is3771VBZbe always3772RBalways ,3773,, of3774INof course3775NNcourse ,3776,, the3777DTthe option3778NNoption of3779INof amending3780VVGamend the3781DTthe Constitution3782NPConstitution .3783SENT. The3784DTthe ...3785:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3786LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] But3787CCbut this3788DTthis is3789VBZbe a3790DTa very3791RBvery serious3792JJserious step3793NNstep .3794SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]3795LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Yes3796NPYes .3797SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3798LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] We3799PPwe are3800VBPbe entrenching3801VVGentrench very3802RBvery directly3803RBdirectly on3804INon the3805DTthe state3806NNstate 's3807POS's right3808NNright to3809TOto protect3810VVprotect its3811PP$its citizens3812NNScitizen .3813SENT. And3814CCand there3815EXthere are3816VBPbe amici3817NNSamici who3818WPwho suggest3819VVPsuggest that3820IN/thatthat there3821EXthere are3822VBPbe principles3823NNSprinciple that3824WDTthat can3825MDcan cabin3826NNcabin that3827RBthat .3828SENT. We3829PPwe 've3830VHPhave already3831RBalready recognized3832VVNrecognize them3833PPthem .3834SENT. This3835DTthis turned3836VVDturn ...3837:... this3838DTthis turned3839VVNturn from3840INfrom a3841DTa multimillion-dollar3842JJmultimillion-dollar case3843NNcase into3844INinto ,3845,, what3846WPwhat ,3847,, a3848DTa $3849$$ 100,0003850CD@card@ case3851NNcase now3852RBnow ?3853SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]3854LOC[MR. WAXMAN] And3855CCand counting3856NNcounting .3857SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3858LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Well3859UHWell ,3860,, that3861WDTthat 's3862VBZbe because3863INbecause of3864INof the3865DTthe attorneys3866NNSattorney ,3867,, but3868CCbut ...3869:... [3870SYM[ LAUGHTER3871NNlaughter ]3872SYM] [MR. WAXMAN]3873LOC[MR. WAXMAN] It3874PPit 's3875VBZbe always3876RBalways the3877DTthe attorneys3878NNSattorney .3879SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]3880LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Always3881RBalways the3882DTthe attorneys3883NNSattorney .3884SENT. [MR. WAXMAN]3885LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Well3886UHWell ,3887,, and3888CCand the3889DTthe millions3890NNSmillion of3891INof dollars3892NNSdollar in3893INin costs3894NNScost that3895IN/thatthat the3896DTthe sovereign3897JJsovereign State3898NNstate of3899INof California3900NPCalifornia has3901VHZhave expended3902VVNexpend defending3903VVGdefend itself3904PPitself .3905SENT. And3906CCand this3907DTthis is3908VBZbe not3909RBnot some3910DTsome one-off3911NNone-off problem3912NNproblem .3913SENT. This3914DTthis is3915VBZbe ,3916,, in3917INin fact3918NNfact ,3919,, a3920DTa significant3921JJsignificant problem3922NNproblem .3923SENT. We3924PPwe cited3925VVDcite a3926DTa half3927NNhalf a3928DTa dozen3929NNdozen recent3930JJrecent cases3931NNScase .3932SENT. The3933DTthe ...3934:... the3935DTthe states3936NNSstate themselves3937PPthemselves have3938VHPhave added3939VVNadd another3940DTanother 103941CD@card@ .3942SENT. And3943CCand just3944RBjust this3945DTthis weekend3946NNweekend ,3947,, the3948DTthe newspapers3949NNSnewspaper reported3950VVDreport ...3951:... I3952PPI mean3953VVPmean ,3954,, this3955DTthis is3956VBZbe ...3957:... this3958DTthis is3959VBZbe astonishing3960JJastonishing ...3961:... in3962INin talking3963VVGtalk ...3964:... talking3965VVGtalk about3966INabout disrespecting3967VVGdisrespect the3968DTthe dignity3969NNdignity and3970CCand sovereignty3971NNsovereignty of3972INof states3973NNSstate ,3974,, a3975DTa Nevada3976NPNevada citizen3977NNcitizen sued3978VVDsue the3979DTthe Commonwealth3980NPCommonwealth of3981INof Massachusetts3982NPMassachusetts in3983INin Nevada3984NPNevada state3985NNstate court3986NNcourt ,3987,, Steve3988NPSteve Wynn3989NPWynn ,3990,, the3991DTthe casino3992NNcasino operator3993NNoperator ,3994,, and3995CCand he3996PPhe sought3997VVDseek and3998CCand on3999INon Friday4000NPFriday evening4001NNevening obtained4002VVDobtain an4003DTan injunction4004NNinjunction from4005INfrom a4006DTa Nevada4007NPNevada state4008NNstate judge4009NNjudge enjoining4010VVGenjoin the4011DTthe Massachusetts4012NPMassachusetts Department4013NPDepartment of4014INof Gaming4015VVGgame Regulation4016NNregulation from4017INfrom issuing4018VVGissue a4019DTa report4020NNreport it4021PPit had4022VHDhave prepared4023VVNprepare evaluating4024VVGevaluate the4025DTthe suitability4026NNsuitability of4027INof Mr4028NPMr .4029SENT. Wynn4030NPWynn to4031TOto operate4032VVoperate a4033DTa casino4034NNcasino in4035INin the4036DTthe Boston4037NPBoston area4038NNarea .4039SENT. That4040DTthat 's4041VBZbe the4042DTthe nature4043NNnature of4044INof the4045DTthe problem4046NNproblem .4047SENT. Now4048RBnow ,4049,, yes4050UHyes ,4051,, the4052DTthe states4053NNSstate could4054MDcould propose4055VVpropose an4056DTan amendment4057NNamendment to4058TOto a4059DTa constitution4060NNconstitution .4061SENT. Our4062NPOur Constitution4063NPConstitution is4064VBZbe not4065RBnot amended4066VVNamend lightly4067RBlightly .4068SENT. And4069CCand the4070DTthe fact4071NNfact of4072INof the4073DTthe matter4074NNmatter is4075VBZbe ...4076:... and4077CCand we4078PPwe 've4079VHPhave cited4080VVNcite a4081DTa number4082NNnumber of4083INof state4084NNstate court4085NNcourt ,4086,, state4087NNstate supreme4088NNsupreme court4089NNcourt ,4090,, decisions4091NNSdecision that4092WDTthat followed4093VVDfollow Nevada4094NPNevada versus4095CCversus Hall4096NPHall .4097SENT. They4098PPthey all4099RBall express4100VVPexpress shock4101NNshock ,4102,, the4103DTthe same4104JJsame kind4105NNkind of4106INof shock4107NNshock and4108CCand surprise4109NNsurprise that4110WDTthat met4111VVDmeet Chisholm4112NPChisholm .4113SENT. It4114PPit 's4115VBZbe true4116JJtrue Chisholm4117NPChisholm produced4118VVDproduce a4119DTa ...4120:... a4121DTa very4122RBvery under-inclusive4123JJunder-inclusive constitutional4124JJconstitutional amendment4125NNamendment ,4126,, but4127CCbut they4128PPthey were4129VBDbe ...4130:... all4131PDTall these4132DTthese state4133NNstate supreme4134NNsupreme courts4135NNScourt are4136VBPbe basically4137RBbasically saying4138VVGsay ,4139,, okay4140RBokay ,4141,, well4142RBwell ,4143,, you4144PPyou know4145VVPknow ,4146,, we4147PPwe all4148RBall thought4149VVDthink for4150INfor 2004151CD@card@ years4152NNSyear before4153INbefore Nevada4154NPNevada versus4155CCversus Hall4156NPHall that4157IN/thatthat we4158PPwe could4159MDcould n't4160RBn't exercise4161VVexercise sovereignty4162NNsovereignty ,4163,, we4164PPwe could4165MDcould n't4166RBn't exercise4167VVexercise judicial4168JJjudicial power4169NNpower over4170INover another4171DTanother state4172NNstate 's4173POS's sovereign4174NNsovereign .4175SENT. And4176CCand ,4177,, in4178INin fact4179NNfact ,4180,, in4181INin 194182CD@card@ ...4183:... I4184PPI think4185VVPthink it4186PPit was4187VBDbe 19614188CD@card@ ,4189,, in4190INin the4191DTthe Western4192NPWestern Union4193NPUnion case4194NNcase ,4195,, this4196DTthis Court4197NPCourt dismissed4198VVDdismiss a4199DTa suit4200NNsuit in4201INin the4202DTthe Pennsylvania4203NPPennsylvania state4204NNstate courts4205NNScourt on4206INon the4207DTthe grounds4208NNSground that4209IN/thatthat New4210NPNew York4211NPYork was4212VBDbe a4213DTa necessary4214JJnecessary power4215NNpower ...4216:... was4217VBDbe a4218DTa necessary4219JJnecessary ...4220:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]4221LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Mr4222NPMr .4223SENT. Waxman4224NPWaxman ,4225,, if4226INif I4227PPI could4228MDcould take4229VVtake you4230PPyou back4231RBback to4232TOto some4233DTsome of4234INof the4235DTthe questions4236NNSquestion you4237PPyou were4238VBDbe previously4239RBpreviously asking4240VVGask ,4241,, because4242INbecause I4243PPI want4244VVPwant to4245TOto give4246VVgive you4247PPyou a4248DTa chance4249NNchance to4250TOto sort4251VVsort of4252INof give4253VVgive your4254PP$your best4255JJSgood argument4256NNargument ,4257,, which4258WDTwhich is4259VBZbe ,4260,, you4261PPyou know4262VVPknow ,4263,, given4264VVNgive that4265IN/thatthat you4266PPyou 're4267VBPbe claiming4268VVGclaim that4269IN/thatthat the4270DTthe system4271NNsystem of4272INof comity4273NNcomity ,4274,, which4275WDTwhich was4276VBDbe working4277VVGwork well4278RBwell for4279INfor all4280PDTall the4281DTthe states4282NNSstate ,4283,, that4284IN/thatthat this4285DTthis system4286NNsystem was4287VBDbe converted4288VVNconvert into4289INinto a4290DTa particular4291JJparticular constitutional4292JJconstitutional rule4293NNrule at4294INat the4295DTthe framing4296NNframing ,4297,, and4298CCand a4299DTa very4300RBvery particular4301JJparticular one4302CDone ,4303,, because4304INbecause there4305EXthere could4306MDcould have4307VHhave been4308VBNbe other4309JJother ways4310NNSway ,4311,, as4312INas Professors4313NNSprofessor Baude4314NPBaude and4315CCand Sachs4316NPSachs suggest4317VVPsuggest ,4318,, for4319INfor the4320DTthe states4321NNSstate to4322TOto protect4323VVprotect themselves4324PPthemselves .4325SENT. Given4326VVNgive that4327IN/thatthat that4328DTthat 's4329VBZbe what4330WPwhat you4331PPyou 're4332VBPbe claiming4333VVGclaim ,4334,, what4335WPwhat is4336VBZbe the4337DTthe best4338JJSgood ...4339:... and4340CCand I'll4341NPI'll ...4342:... I4343PPI 'll4344MDwill expand4345VVexpand what4346WPwhat some4347DTsome of4348INof my4349PP$my colleagues4350NNScolleague had4351VHDhave said4352VVNsay .4353SENT. You4354PPyou do4355VVPdo n't4356RBn't have4357VHhave to4358TOto give4359VVgive me4360PPme even4361RBeven textual4362JJtextual evidence4363NNevidence .4364SENT. What4365WPWhat 's4366VBZbe the4367DTthe best4368RBSwell textual4369JJtextual or4370CCor historical4371JJhistorical evidence4372NNevidence that4373IN/thatthat the4374DTthe states4375NNSstate made4376VVDmake exactly4377RBexactly this4378DTthis bargain4379NNbargain at4380INat the4381DTthe framing4382NNframing ?4383SENT? [MR. WAXMAN]4384LOC[MR. WAXMAN] Okay4385NPOkay .4386SENT. Let4387VVlet me4388PPme take4389VVtake a4390DTa try4391NNtry with4392INwith something4393NNsomething I4394PPI have4395VHPhave n't4396RBn't hauled4397VVNhaul out4398RPout yet4399RByet .4400SENT. Inherent4401JJinherent in4402INin our4403PP$our federal4404JJfederal union4405NNunion is4406VBZbe the4407DTthe principle4408NNprinciple that4409IN/thatthat no4410DTno state4411NNstate may4412MDmay regulate4413VVregulate the4414DTthe government4415NNgovernment of4416INof another4417DTanother state4418NNstate .4419SENT. And4420CCand just4421RBjust as4422INas one4423CDone state4424NNstate 's4425POS's governor4426NNgovernor can4427MDcan 't4428RB't direct4429VVdirect the4430DTthe bureaucracy4431NNbureaucracy of4432INof another4433DTanother and4434CCand one4435CDone state4436NNstate 's4437POS's legislature4438NNlegislature can4439MDcan 't4440RB't regulate4441VVregulate the4442DTthe government4443NNgovernment actions4444NNSaction of4445INof another4446DTanother ,4447,, one4448CDone state4449NNstate 's4450POS's judiciary4451NNjudiciary can4452MDcan 't4453RB't call4454VVcall another4455DTanother state4456NNstate 's4457POS's government4458NNgovernment to4459TOto the4460DTthe bar4461NNbar of4462INof the4463DTthe court4464NNcourt and4465CCand sanction4466VVsanction it4467PPit for4468INfor carrying4469VVGcarry out4470RPout its4471PP$its own4472JJown laws4473NNSlaw .4474SENT. That4475DTthat is4476VBZbe unconstitutional4477JJunconstitutional interference4478NNinterference with4479INwith the4480DTthe independence4481NNindependence of4482INof the4483DTthe states4484NNSstate ,4485,, just4486RBjust as4487RBas reflected4488VVNreflect in4489INin these4490DTthese other4491JJother non-textual4492JJnon-textual constitutional4493JJconstitutional principles4494NNSprinciple that4495IN/thatthat I4496PPI previously4497RBpreviously identified4498VVDidentify .4499SENT. Now4500RBnow you4501PPyou 've4502VHPhave referred4503VVNrefer a4504DTa couple4505NNcouple times4506NNStime to4507TOto this4508DTthis amicus4509NNamicus brief4510NNbrief by4511INby Professor4512NPProfessor ...4513:... Professors4514NNSprofessor Baude4515NPBaude and4516CCand Sachs4517NPSachs .4518SENT. Professors4519NNSprofessor Baude4520NPBaude and4521CCand Sachs4522NPSachs acknowledge4523VVPacknowledge that4524IN/thatthat there4525EXthere was4526VBDbe a4527DTa universal4528JJuniversal rule4529NNrule in4530INin the4531DTthe law4532NNlaw of4533INof nations4534NNSnation .4535SENT. Their4536PP$their argument4537NNargument is4538VBZbe it4539PPit was4540VBDbe n't4541RBn't constitutionalized4542VVNconstitutionalize ;4543:; it4544PPit just4545RBjust stayed4546VVDstay some4547DTsome sort4548NNsort of4549INof common4550JJcommon law4551NNlaw rule4552NNrule .4553SENT. It4554PPit was4555VBDbe n't4556RBn't abrogated4557VVNabrogate ,4558,, but4559CCbut it4560PPit was4561VBDbe n't4562RBn't constitutionalized4563VVNconstitutionalize .4564SENT. The4565DTthe world4566NNworld in4567INin which4568WDTwhich ...4569:... the4570DTthe regime4571NNregime they4572PPthey envision4573VVPenvision in4574INin which4575WDTwhich states4576NNSstate can4577MDcan ignore4578VVignore what4579WPwhat they4580PPthey acknowledge4581VVPacknowledge to4582TOto be4583VBbe a4584DTa universal4585JJuniversal rule4586NNrule but4587CCbut do4588VVPdo n't4589RBn't worry4590VVworry about4591INabout it4592PPit ,4593,, because4594INbecause by4595INby invoking4596VVGinvoke common4597JJcommon law4598NNlaw precedents4599NNSprecedent superseded4600VVDsupersede 1504601CD@card@ years4602NNSyear ago4603RBago by4604INby Pennoyer4605NPPennoyer versus4606CCversus Neff4607NPNeff ,4608,, states4609NNSstate can4610MDcan just4611RBjust refuse4612VVrefuse to4613TOto honor4614VVhonor any4615DTany resulting4616VVGresult judgment4617NNjudgment .4618SENT. That4619DTthat is4620VBZbe not4621RBnot the4622DTthe constitutional4623JJconstitutional union4624NNunion that4625IN/thatthat the4626DTthe framers4627NNSframer envisioned4628VVNenvision or4629CCor produced4630VVNproduce .4631SENT. That4632DTthat 's4633VBZbe my4634PP$my ...4635:... that4636WDTthat 's4637VBZbe my4638PP$my best4639JJSgood shot4640NNshot .4641SENT. If4642INif I4643PPI could4644MDcould reserve4645VVreserve the4646DTthe balance4647NNbalance of4648INof my4649PP$my time4650NNtime .4651SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]4652LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Thank4653VVthank you4654PPyou ,4655,, counsel4656NNcounsel .4657SENT. Mr4658NPMr .4659SENT. Chemerinsky4660NPChemerinsky .4661SENT.