[MR. JOHNSON]25LOC[MR. JOHNSON] Mr26NPMr .27SENT. Chief28NPChief Justice29NPJustice ,30,, and31CCand may32MDmay it33PPit please34VVplease the35DTthe Court36NPCourt :37:: The38DTthe Eleventh39JJeleventh Circuit40NNcircuit held41VVDhold that42IN/thatthat annotations43NNSannotation to44TOto Georgia45NPGeorgia 's46POS's official47JJofficial code48NNcode are49VBPbe categorically50RBcategorically ineligible51JJineligible for52INfor copyright53NNcopyright protection54NNprotection .55SENT. That56DTthat holding57NNholding conflicts58NNSconflict with59INwith a60DTa straightforward61JJstraightforward application62NNapplication of63INof the64DTthe Copyright65NPCopyright Act66NPAct 's67POS's text68NNtext and69CCand this70DTthis Court71NPCourt 's72POS's precedents73NNSprecedent .74SENT. Starting75VVGstart with76INwith the77DTthe statute78NNstatute ,79,, Sections80NNSsection and81CCand 10382CD@card@ of83INof the84DTthe Act85NPAct expressly86RBexpressly provide87VVPprovide that88IN/thatthat annotations89NNSannotation are90VBPbe copyrightable91JJcopyrightable derivative92JJderivative works93NNSwork .94SENT. Nothing95NNnothing in96INin the97DTthe Act98NPAct supports99VVZsupport stripping100VVGstrip Georgia101NPGeorgia 's102POS's annotations103NNSannotation of104INof copyright105NNcopyright protection106NNprotection merely107RBmerely because108INbecause they109PPthey were110VBDbe prepared111VVNprepare by112INby a113DTa contractor114NNcontractor on115INon behalf116NNbehalf of117INof a118DTa state119NNstate agency120NNagency .121SENT. Therefore122RBtherefore ,123,, the124DTthe crux125NNcrux of126INof the127DTthe parties128NNSparty '129POS' dispute130NNdispute is131VBZbe whether132INwhether this133DTthis Court134NPCourt 's135POS's 19th-century136JJ19th-century precedents137NNSprecedent support138VVPsupport a139DTa decision140NNdecision different141JJdifferent from142INfrom the143DTthe one144CDone that145WDTthat would146MDwould be147VBbe reached148VVNreach by149INby applying150VVGapply standard151JJstandard interpretive152JJinterpretive principles153NNSprinciple to154TOto the155DTthe Copyright156NPCopyright Act157NPAct 's158POS's plain159JJplain text160NNtext .161SENT. They162PPthey do163VVPdo not164RBnot .165SENT. In166INin fact167NNfact ,168,, those169DTthose decisions170NNSdecision strongly171RBstrongly favor172VVPfavor Georgia173NPGeorgia .174SENT. Together175RBtogether ,176,, they177PPthey hold178VVPhold that179IN/thatthat while180INwhile judicial181JJjudicial opinions182NNSopinion are183VBPbe not184RBnot copyrightable185JJcopyrightable ,186,, annotations187NNSannotation added188VVDadd to189TOto opinions190NNSopinion by191INby a192DTa court193NNcourt 's194POS's official195JJofficial reporter196NNreporter are197VBPbe copyrightable198JJcopyrightable works199NNSwork of200INof authorship201NNauthorship .202SENT. Similarly203RBsimilarly ,204,, while205INwhile statutory206JJstatutory text207NNtext is208VBZbe not209RBnot copyrightable210JJcopyrightable ,211,, annotated212VVDannotate research213NNresearch references214NNSreference are215VBPbe eligible216JJeligible for217INfor copyright218NNcopyright protection219NNprotection ,220,, even221RBeven if222INif they223PPthey appear224VVPappear in225INin an226DTan official227JJofficial code228NNcode book229NNbook like230INlike the231DTthe OCGA232NPOCGA .233SENT. As234INas a235DTa diverse236JJdiverse coalition237NNcoalition of238INof states239NNSstate has240VHZhave explained241VVNexplain ,242,, affirming243VVGaffirm the244DTthe decision245NNdecision below246RBbelow would247MDwould scuttle248VVscuttle numerous249JJnumerous states250NNSstate '251POS' regimes252NNSregime for253INfor publishing254VVGpublish annotated255VVNannotate official256NNofficial codes257NNScode .258SENT. Absent259JJabsent direction260NNdirection from261INfrom Congress262NPCongress ,263,, this264DTthis Court265NPCourt should266MDshould not267RBnot extend268VVextend a269DTa judge-made270JJjudge-made doctrine271NNdoctrine to272TOto override273VVoverride the274DTthe systems275NNSsystem established276VVNestablish by277INby numerous278JJnumerous states279NNSstate '280POS' democratically281RBdemocratically elected282VVNelect governments283NNSgovernment .284SENT. I285PPI invite286VVinvite questions287NNSquestion .288SENT. But289CCbut as290INas a291DTa diverse292JJdiverse ...293:... so294INso PRO295NNpro 's296POS's case297NNcase rests298VVZrest heavily299RBheavily on300INon an301DTan expansive302JJexpansive interpretation303NNinterpretation of304INof just305RBjust a306DTa few307JJfew sentences308NNSsentence of309INof this310DTthis Court311NPCourt 's312POS's 1888313CD@card@ Banks314NNSbank decision315NNdecision .316SENT. But317CCbut the318DTthe Banks319NPSBanks case320NNcase really321RBreally just322RBjust explained323VVDexplain its324PP$its rationale325NNrationale in326INin a327DTa single328JJsingle sentence329NNsentence ,330,, and331CCand that332DTthat sentence333NNsentence says334VVZsay that335IN/thatthat the336DTthe whole337JJwhole work338NNwork done339VVNdo by340INby the341DTthe judges342NNSjudge constitutes343VVZconstitute the344DTthe authentic345JJauthentic exposition346NNexposition and347CCand interpretation348NNinterpretation of349INof the350DTthe law351NNlaw ,352,, which353WDTwhich is354VBZbe binding355VVGbind on356INon every357DTevery citizen358NNcitizen and359CCand is360VBZbe thus361RBthus free362JJfree for363INfor publication364NNpublication to365TOto all366DTall .367SENT. So368RBso we369PPwe read370VVPread that371DTthat sentence372NNsentence as373INas establishing374VVGestablish the375DTthe principle376NNprinciple that377IN/thatthat a378DTa work379NNwork is380VBZbe not381RBnot copyrightable382JJcopyrightable if383INif it384PPit is385VBZbe of386INof a387DTa type388NNtype that389WDTthat can390MDcan serve391VVserve as392INas a393DTa vehicle394NNvehicle for395INfor establishing396VVGestablish binding397JJbinding law398NNlaw .399SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]400LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] What401WPWhat do402VVPdo you403PPyou understand404VVPunderstand the405DTthe significance406NNsignificance to407TOto be408VBbe of409INof the410DTthe fact411NNfact that412IN/thatthat these413DTthese annotations414NNSannotation ,415,, the416DTthe references417NNSreference are418VBPbe official419JJofficial ?420SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]421LOC[MR. JOHNSON] I422PPI ...423:... [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]424LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Does425VVZdo that426DTthat ...427:... does428VVZdo that429RBthat give430VVgive them431PPthem more432JJRmore weight433NNweight when434WRBwhen they435PPthey 're436VBPbe cited437VVNcite to438TOto the439DTthe court440NNcourt ?441SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]442LOC[MR. JOHNSON] No443NPNo .444SENT. And445CCand I446PPI think447VVPthink that448IN/thatthat the449DTthe thing450NNthing that451WDTthat 's452VBZbe official453JJofficial is454VBZbe the455DTthe code456NNcode .457SENT. So458RBso it459PPit 's460VBZbe the461DTthe Official462NPOfficial Code463NPCode of464INof Georgia465NPGeorgia .466SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]467LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Whether468INwhether the469DTthe ...470:... the471DTthe ...472:... whatever473WDTwhatever the474DTthe additional475JJadditional material476NNmaterial is477VBZbe included478VVNinclude in479INin ...480:... [MR. JOHNSON]481LOC[MR. JOHNSON] It482PPit does483VVZdo appear484VVappear in485INin the486DTthe same487JJsame publication488NNpublication .489SENT. That490DTthat 's491VBZbe correct492JJcorrect .493SENT. And494CCand I495PPI do496VVPdo n't497RBn't think498VVthink that499IN/thatthat that500WDTthat makes501VVZmake a502DTa difference503NNdifference for504INfor purposes505NNSpurpose of506INof copyright507NNcopyright under508INunder this509DTthis Court510NPCourt 's511POS's precedent512NNprecedent .513SENT. And514CCand I515PPI think516VVPthink that517IN/thatthat that518DTthat 's519VBZbe clear520JJclear from521INfrom Wheaton522NPWheaton and523CCand Callaghan524NPCallaghan .525SENT. So526RBso ,527,, in528INin both529DTboth of530INof those531DTthose cases532NNScase ,533,, the534DTthe Court535NPCourt said536VVDsay that537IN/thatthat a538DTa court-appointed539JJcourt-appointed official540NNofficial reporter541NNreporter could542MDcould hold543VVhold copyright544NNcopyright in545INin annotations546NNSannotation that547WDTthat appeared548VVDappear in549INin the550DTthe reporter551NNreporter volumes552NNSvolume .553SENT. So554INso this555DTthis case556NNcase is557VBZbe really558RBreally just559RBjust the560DTthe legislative561JJlegislative analogue562NNanalogue of563INof Callaghan564NPCallaghan .565SENT. In566INin Callaghan567NPCallaghan ,568,, the569DTthe Court570NPCourt held571VVDhold that572IN/thatthat the573DTthe official574JJofficial reporter575NNreporter could576MDcould hold577VVhold copyright578NNcopyright in579INin things580NNSthing like581INlike headnotes582NNSheadnote at583INat the584DTthe top585NNtop of586INof a587DTa decision588NNdecision .589SENT. And590CCand if591INif you592PPyou look593VVPlook at594INat the595DTthe judicial596JJjudicial decision597NNdecision summaries598NNSsummary in599INin the600DTthe OCGA601NPOCGA ,602,, they603PPthey are604VBPbe materially605RBmaterially indistinguishable606JJindistinguishable from607INfrom those608DTthose headnotes609NNSheadnote ...610:... [JUSTICE KAVANAUGH]611LOC[JUSTICE KAVANAUGH] This612DTthis case613NNcase ...614:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]615LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] Except616INexcept ...617:... go618VVgo ahead619RBahead .620SENT. [JUSTICE GINSBURG]621LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] But622CCbut why623WRBwhy is624VBZbe n't625RBn't ...626:... why627WRBwhy is628VBZbe n't629RBn't the630DTthe legislature631NNlegislature like632INlike the633DTthe judge634NNjudge ?635SENT? The636DTthe ...637:... the638DTthe judge639NNjudge puts640VVZput his641PP$his imprimatur642NNimprimatur on643INon the644DTthe annotations645NNSannotation not646RBnot copyrightable647JJcopyrightable of648INof the649DTthe syllabus650NNsyllabus .651SENT. And652CCand ,653,, here654RBhere ,655,, it656PPit 's657VBZbe the658DTthe state659NNstate legislature660NNlegislature .661SENT. Why662WRBwhy do663VVPdo you664PPyou treat665VVtreat the666DTthe judge667NNjudge and668CCand the669DTthe state670NNstate legislature671NNlegislature differently672RBdifferently ?673SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]674LOC[MR. JOHNSON] Well675UHwell ,676,, I677PPI think678VVPthink it679PPit 's680VBZbe different681JJdifferent because682INbecause the683DTthe general684JJgeneral assembly685NNassembly is686VBZbe not687RBnot enacting688VVGenact individual689JJindividual annotations690NNSannotation through691INthrough bicameralism692NNbicameralism and693CCand presentment694NNpresentment .695SENT. So696INso the697DTthe annotations698NNSannotation are699VBPbe first700RBfirst prepared701VVNprepare by702INby a703DTa commercial704JJcommercial publisher705NNpublisher ,706,, so707RBso by708INby a709DTa contractor710NNcontractor ,711,, and712CCand they713PPthey do714VVPdo that715IN/thatthat subject716JJsubject to717TOto the718DTthe supervision719NNsupervision of720INof the721DTthe Code722NPCode Revision723NPRevision Commission724NPCommission .725SENT. [JUSTICE GINSBURG]726LOC[JUSTICE GINSBURG] But727CCbut they728PPthey do729VVPdo it730PPit as731RBas ...732:... as733INas a734DTa ...735:... what736WPwhat do737VVPdo they738PPthey call739VVPcall it740PPit ,741,, authors742NNSauthor for743INfor hire744NNhire .745SENT. So746INso the747DTthe one748CDone that749WDTthat would750MDwould hold751VVhold the752DTthe copyright753NNcopyright would754MDwould be755VBbe the756DTthe state757NNstate .758SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]759LOC[MR. JOHNSON] The760DTthe state761NNstate does762VVZdo hold763VVhold the764DTthe copyright765NNcopyright ,766,, that767WDTthat is768VBZbe correct769JJcorrect ,770,, very771RBvery much772RBmuch like773VVlike how774WRBhow an775DTan official776JJofficial reporter777NNreporter held778VVDhold the779DTthe copyright780NNcopyright in781INin Wheaton782NPWheaton and783CCand Callaghan784NPCallaghan .785SENT. So786RBso ,787,, here788RBhere ,789,, the790DTthe Code791NPCode Revision792NPRevision Commission793NPCommission ,794,, acting795VVGact on796INon behalf797NNbehalf of798INof the799DTthe state800NNstate ,801,, obtains802VVZobtain a803DTa copyright804NNcopyright for805INfor the806DTthe state807NNstate .808SENT. But809CCbut I810PPI think811VVPthink the812DTthe crucial813JJcrucial point814NNpoint under815INunder Banks816NNSbank is817VBZbe that818IN/thatthat the819DTthe annotations820NNSannotation are821VBPbe not822RBnot individually823RBindividually reviewed824VVNreview by825INby legislators826NNSlegislator .827SENT. They828PPthey do829VVPdo not830RBnot go831VVgo through832INthrough the833DTthe process834NNprocess of835INof bicameralism836NNbicameralism and837CCand presentment838NNpresentment .839SENT. So840RBso ...841:... [JUSTICE GORSUCH]842LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Well843UHWell ,844,, but845RBbut ,846,, counsel847NNcounsel ,848,, are849VBPbe n't850RBn't they851PPthey approved852VVDapprove ?853SENT? I854PPI thought855VVDthink they856PPthey were857VBDbe at858INat least859JJSleast approved860VVNapprove as861INas a862DTa whole863NNwhole by864INby the865DTthe legislature866NNlegislature .867SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]868LOC[MR. JOHNSON] So869INso I870PPI think871VVPthink the872DTthe Eleventh873JJeleventh Circu874NPCircu it875PPit 's876POS's decision877NNdecision is878VBZbe perhaps879RBperhaps a880DTa little881RBlittle confusing882JJconfusing on883INon this884DTthis issue885NNissue ,886,, but887CCbut I888PPI do889VVPdo n't890RBn't think891VVthink that892IN/thatthat there893EXthere 's894VBZbe any895DTany disagreement896NNdisagreement about897INabout the898DTthe underlying899VVGunderlie facts900NNSfact .901SENT. The902DTthe answer903NNanswer is904VBZbe ,905,, as906INas the907DTthe Eleventh908JJeleventh Circuit909NNcircuit said910VVDsay in911INin its912PP$its opinion913NNopinion ,914,, the915DTthe annotations916NNSannotation are917VBPbe not918RBnot individually919RBindividually enacted920VVNenact .921SENT. [JUSTICE GORSUCH]922LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] I923PPI ...924:... I925PPI understand926VVPunderstand that927RBthat .928SENT. I929PPI ...930:... I931PPI posited932VVDposit that933IN/thatthat in934INin my935PP$my question936NNquestion to937TOto you938PPyou .939SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]940LOC[MR. JOHNSON] Right941NPRight ,942,, right943RBright .944SENT. [JUSTICE GORSUCH]945LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Are946VBPbe n't947RBn't they948PPthey approved949VVDapprove as950INas a951DTa whole952NNwhole by953INby the954DTthe legislature955NNlegislature ?956SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]957LOC[MR. JOHNSON] So958INso what959WPwhat the960DTthe legislature961NNlegislature does962VVZdo every963DTevery year964NNyear is965VBZbe passes966NNSpass a967DTa reviser968NNreviser act969NNact ,970,, and971CCand the972DTthe reviser973NNreviser act974NNact reenacts975VVZreenact the976DTthe code977NNcode ,978,, including979VVGinclude OCGA980NPOCGA 1-1-1981CD@card@ ,982,, which983WDTwhich calls984VVZcall for985INfor the986DTthe statutory987JJstatutory text988NNtext to989TOto be990VBbe merged991VVNmerge with992INwith the993DTthe annotations994NNSannotation .995SENT. [JUSTICE GORSUCH]996LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] Okay997NPOkay .998SENT. All999DTall right1000NNright .1001SENT. So1002RBso ,1003,, if1004INif that1005WDTthat 's1006VBZbe the1007DTthe case1008NNcase ,1009,, and1010CCand you1011PPyou include1012VVPinclude the1013DTthe word1014NNword "1015``" official1016NNofficial "1017''" on1018INon it1019PPit ,1020,, presumably1021RBpresumably ,1022,, you1023PPyou 're1024VBPbe doing1025VVGdo that1026IN/thatthat to1027TOto create1028VVcreate some1029DTsome value1030NNvalue for1031INfor the1032DTthe reporter1033NNreporter .1034SENT. Why1035WRBwhy would1036MDwould we1037PPwe allow1038VVallow the1039DTthe official1040JJofficial law1041NNlaw enacted1042VVNenact by1043INby a1044DTa legislature1045NNlegislature ,1046,, approved1047VVDapprove ...1048:... equivalent1049NNequivalent of1050INof being1051VBGbe approved1052VVNapprove by1053INby a1054DTa judge1055NNjudge in1056INin annotations1057NNSannotation ,1058,, as1059INas Justice1060NPJustice Ginsburg1061NPGinsburg indicated1062VVDindicate ,1063,, why1064WRBwhy would1065MDwould we1066PPwe allow1067VVallow the1068DTthe official1069JJofficial law1070NNlaw to1071TOto be1072VBbe hidden1073VVNhide behind1074INbehind a1075DTa pay1076NNpay wall1077NNwall ?1078SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1079LOC[MR. JOHNSON] So1080INso I1081PPI do1082VVPdo n't1083RBn't think1084VVthink that1085IN/thatthat adopting1086VVGadopt our1087PP$our position1088NNposition would1089MDwould cause1090VVcause the1091DTthe law1092NNlaw to1093TOto be1094VBbe hidden1095VVNhide behind1096INbehind a1097DTa pay1098NNpay wall1099NNwall .1100SENT. First1101RBfirst ,1102,, the1103DTthe law1104NNlaw is1105VBZbe available1106JJavailable on1107INon Lexis1108NPLexis 's1109POS's website1110NNwebsite .1111SENT. And1112CCand also1113RBalso ,1114,, PRO1115FWpro is1116VBZbe free1117JJfree to1118TOto cut1119VVcut ...1120:... [JUSTICE GORSUCH]1121LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] But1122CCbut not1123RBnot the1124DTthe annotations1125NNSannotation that1126IN/thatthat the1127DTthe legislature1128NNlegislature has1129VHZhave ,1130,, in1131INin some1132DTsome fashion1133NNfashion or1134CCor another1135DTanother ,1136,, given1137VVNgive its1138PP$its official1139JJofficial approval1140NNapproval to1141TOto .1142SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]1143LOC[MR. JOHNSON] The1144DTthe annotations1145NNSannotation are1146VBPbe not1147RBnot the1148DTthe law1149NNlaw .1150SENT. So1151INso the1152DTthe law1153NNlaw is1154VBZbe not1155RBnot behind1156INbehind a1157DTa pay1158NNpay wall1159NNwall .1160SENT. Also1161RBalso ,1162,, the1163DTthe annotations1164NNSannotation are1165VBPbe available1166JJavailable ...1167:... [JUSTICE GORSUCH]1168LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] You1169PPyou 're1170VBPbe not1171RBnot arguing1172VVGargue that1173IN/thatthat it1174PPit 's1175VBZbe purely1176RBpurely ...1177:... I1178PPI thought1179VVDthink you1180PPyou had1181VHDhave disavowed1182VVNdisavow the1183DTthe argument1184NNargument that1185IN/thatthat it1186PPit 's1187VBZbe only1188RBonly things1189NNSthing that1190WDTthat bind1191VVPbind for1192INfor which1193WDTwhich copyright1194NNcopyright 's1195VBZbe unavailable1196JJunavailable .1197SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]1198LOC[MR. JOHNSON] So1199INso our1200PP$our position1201NNposition is1202VBZbe that1203IN/thatthat if1204INif a1205DTa work1206NNwork is1207VBZbe of1208INof a1209DTa type1210NNtype that1211IN/thatthat ,1212,, as1213INas a1214DTa class1215NNclass ,1216,, can1217MDcan serve1218VVserve as1219INas a1220DTa vehicle1221NNvehicle for1222INfor establishing1223VVGestablish binding1224JJbinding law1225NNlaw like1226INlike judicial1227JJjudicial opinions1228NNSopinion ...1229:... [JUSTICE GORSUCH]1230LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] And1231CCand ...1232:... and1233CCand are1234VBPbe n't1235RBn't annotations1236NNSannotation in1237INin that1238DTthat category1239NNcategory ?1240SENT? Are1241VBPbe n't1242RBn't they1243PPthey frequently1244RBfrequently used1245VVDuse by1246INby state1247NNstate courts1248NNScourt as1249INas indications1250NNSindication of1251INof the1252DTthe legislature1253NNlegislature 's1254POS's intentions1255NNSintention ?1256SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1257LOC[MR. JOHNSON] No1258NPNo ,1259,, not1260RBnot the1261DTthe type1262NNtype of1263INof annotations1264NNSannotation that1265IN/thatthat we1266PPwe 're1267VBPbe talking1268VVGtalk about1269RBabout here1270RBhere .1271SENT. We1272PPwe 're1273VBPbe talking1274VVGtalk about1275INabout traditional1276JJtraditional annotations1277NNSannotation that1278WDTthat are1279VBPbe research1280NNresearch references1281NNSreference or1282CCor finding1283VVGfind aids1284NNSaid .1285SENT. They1286PPthey 're1287VBPbe things1288NNSthing like1289VVPlike ,1290,, to1291TOto give1292VVgive an1293DTan example1294NNexample from1295INfrom JA1296NPJa 6991297CD@card@ ,1298,, one1299CDone of1300INof the1301DTthe annotations1302NNSannotation that1303IN/thatthat we1304PPwe 're1305VBPbe claiming1306VVGclaim copyright1307NNcopyright in1308INin ,1309,, says1310VVZsay for1311INfor a1312DTa survey1313NNsurvey article1314NNarticle on1315INon trial1316NNtrial practice1317NNpractice and1318CCand procedure1319NNprocedure ,1320,, see1321VVPsee a1322DTa particular1323JJparticular law1324NNlaw review1325NNreview .1326SENT. [JUSTICE GORSUCH]1327LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] So1328INso you1329PPyou 're1330VBPbe disavowing1331VVGdisavow that1332IN/thatthat they1333PPthey 're1334VBPbe ever1335RBever used1336VVNuse by1337INby state1338NNstate courts1339NNScourt as1340INas indications1341NNSindication of1342INof legislative1343JJlegislative intent1344NNintent ?1345SENT? That1346WDTthat never1347RBnever happens1348VVZhappen ?1349SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1350LOC[MR. JOHNSON] They1351PPthey are1352VBPbe ...1353:... [JUSTICE GORSUCH]1354LOC[JUSTICE GORSUCH] That1355DTthat 's1356VBZbe the1357DTthe representation1358NNrepresentation you1359PPyou 're1360VBPbe making1361VVGmake to1362TOto this1363DTthis Court1364NPCourt ?1365SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1366LOC[MR. JOHNSON] The1367DTthe annotations1368NNSannotation would1369MDwould never1370RBnever be1371VBbe used1372VVNuse as1373INas an1374DTan indication1375NNindication of1376INof legislative1377JJlegislative intent1378NNintent like1379INlike you1380PPyou would1381MDwould cite1382VVcite legislative1383JJlegislative history1384NNhistory material1385NNmaterial .1386SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]1387LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] There1388EXthere are1389VBPbe ...1390:... [JUSTICE KAGAN]1391LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Why1392WRBwhy does1393VVZdo Georgia1394NPGeorgia ...1395:... [JUSTICE ALITO]1396LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] No1397NPNo ,1398,, go1399VVPgo ahead1400RBahead .1401SENT. Does1402VVZdo that1403RBthat apply1404VVapply to1405TOto all1406DTall of1407INof the1408DTthe annotations1409NNSannotation in1410INin the1411DTthe official1412JJofficial code1413NNcode ?1414SENT? Does1415VVZdo it1416PPit apply1417VVapply to1418TOto annotations1419NNSannotation made1420VVNmake by1421INby the1422DTthe Georgia1423NPGeorgia Bar1424NPBar ?1425SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1426LOC[MR. JOHNSON] So1427INso the1428DTthe ...1429:... it1430PPit applies1431VVZapply to1432TOto all1433PDTall the1434DTthe annotations1435NNSannotation we1436PPwe 're1437VBPbe claiming1438VVGclaim copyright1439NNcopyright in1440INin .1441SENT. The1442DTthe Georgia1443NPGeorgia Bar1444NPBar ,1445,, I1446PPI think1447VVPthink of1448INof those1449DTthose as1450INas comments1451NNScomment ,1452,, not1453RBnot necessarily1454RBnecessarily annotations1455NNSannotation .1456SENT. They1457PPthey 're1458VBPbe provided1459VVNprovide by1460INby the1461DTthe Georgia1462NPGeorgia Bar1463NPBar Committee1464NPCommittee to1465TOto the1466DTthe Code1467NPCode Revision1468NPRevision Commission1469NPCommission .1470SENT. The1471DTthe bar1472NNbar committees1473NNScommittee ask1474VVPask that1475IN/thatthat they1476PPthey be1477VBbe included1478VVNinclude in1479INin the1480DTthe code1481NNcode .1482SENT. And1483CCand ,1484,, often1485RBoften ,1486,, the1487DTthe people1488NNSpeople who1489WPwho write1490VVPwrite them1491PPthem are1492VBPbe involved1493VVNinvolve in1494INin actually1495RBactually drafting1496VVGdraft the1497DTthe statutes1498NNSstatute .1499SENT. Georgia1500NPGeorgia courts1501NNScourt do1502VVPdo cite1503VVcite those1504DTthose comments1505NNScomment ,1506,, but1507CCbut we1508PPwe are1509VBPbe not1510RBnot claiming1511VVGclaim copyright1512NNcopyright in1513INin those1514DTthose annotations1515NNSannotation .1516SENT. PRO1517FWpro is1518VBZbe free1519JJfree to1520TOto copy1521VVcopy them1522PPthem .1523SENT. And1524CCand ,1525,, in1526INin fact1527NNfact ,1528,, they1529PPthey appear1530VVPappear in1531INin West1532NPWest 's1533POS's unannotated1534JJunannotated ...1535:... [JUSTICE ALITO]1536LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] What1537WPWhat is1538VBZbe the1539DTthe ...1540:... [MR. JOHNSON]1541LOC[MR. JOHNSON] ...1542:... or1543CCor unannotated1544JJunannotated code1545NNcode .1546SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]1547LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] ...1548:... what1549WPwhat is1550VBZbe the1551DTthe ...1552:... what1553WPwhat is1554VBZbe the1555DTthe theory1556NNtheory that1557WDTthat distinguishes1558VVZdistinguish those1559DTthose annotations1560NNSannotation from1561INfrom the1562DTthe other1563JJother annotations1564NNSannotation ?1565SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1566LOC[MR. JOHNSON] I1567PPI ...1568:... well1569UHwell ,1570,, I1571PPI think1572VVPthink that1573IN/thatthat ,1574,, first1575JJfirst of1576INof all1577DTall ,1578,, the1579DTthe author1580NNauthor is1581VBZbe different1582JJdifferent .1583SENT. So1584RBso it1585PPit 's1586VBZbe the1587DTthe state1588NNstate bar1589NNbar .1590SENT. The1591DTthe state1592NNstate bar1593NNbar ,1594,, if1595INif it1596PPit wanted1597VVDwant to1598TOto make1599VVmake a1600DTa copyright1601NNcopyright claim1602NNclaim ,1603,, would1604MDwould have1605VHhave to1606TOto be1607VBbe the1608DTthe one1609CDone that1610WDTthat 's1611VBZbe making1612VVGmake the1613DTthe copyright1614NNcopyright claim1615NNclaim .1616SENT. I1617PPI do1618VVPdo n't1619RBn't think1620VVthink that1621DTthat ...1622:... I1623PPI think1624VVPthink probably1625RBprobably those1626DTthose would1627MDwould not1628RBnot be1629VBbe copyrightable1630JJcopyrightable if1631INif the1632DTthe state1633NNstate bar1634NNbar was1635VBDbe trying1636VVGtry to1637TOto make1638VVmake a1639DTa copyright1640NNcopyright claim1641NNclaim .1642SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]1643LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Why1644NPWhy ?1645SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1646LOC[MR. JOHNSON] I1647PPI ...1648:... I1649PPI ...1650:... now1651RBnow I1652PPI think1653VVPthink there1654EXthere could1655MDcould be1656VBbe maybe1657RBmaybe a1658DTa debate1659NNdebate or1660CCor dispute1661NNdispute about1662INabout this1663DTthis ,1664,, but1665CCbut I1666PPI think1667VVPthink that1668IN/thatthat they1669PPthey probably1670RBprobably would1671MDwould not1672RBnot be1673VBbe copyrightable1674JJcopyrightable because1675INbecause they1676PPthey are1677VBPbe offered1678VVNoffer for1679INfor the1680DTthe purpose1681NNpurpose of1682INof providing1683VVGprovide a1684DTa gloss1685NNgloss on1686INon the1687DTthe text1688NNtext ,1689,, the1690DTthe drafter1691NNdrafter 's1692POS's intent1693NNintent for1694INfor the1695DTthe statutory1696JJstatutory text1697NNtext in1698INin some1699DTsome cases1700NNScase .1701SENT. And1702CCand courts1703NNScourt in1704INin Georgia1705NPGeorgia have1706VHPhave treated1707VVNtreat them1708PPthem as1709RBas such1710JJsuch .1711SENT. [JUSTICE ALITO]1712LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] Why1713WRBwhy would1714MDwould the1715DTthe Georgia1716NPGeorgia Bar1717NPBar have1718VHPhave particular1719JJparticular insight1720NNinsight into1721INinto the1722DTthe intent1723NNintent of1724INof the1725DTthe legislature1726NNlegislature in1727INin enacting1728VVGenact a1729DTa provision1730NNprovision of1731INof law1732NNlaw ?1733SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1734LOC[MR. JOHNSON] Well1735UHWell ,1736,, often1737RBoften ...1738:... my1739PP$my understanding1740NNunderstanding from1741INfrom reading1742VVGread the1743DTthe introductory1744JJintroductory text1745NNtext to1746TOto these1747DTthese comments1748NNScomment is1749VBZbe that1750IN/thatthat they1751PPthey 're1752VBPbe often1753RBoften drafted1754VVNdraft by1755INby people1756NNSpeople who1757WPwho were1758VBDbe involved1759VVNinvolve in1760INin drafting1761VVGdraft the1762DTthe legislation1763NNlegislation .1764SENT. So1765RBso ,1766,, even1767RBeven though1768INthough a1769DTa bar1770NNbar committee1771NNcommittee member1772NNmember is1773VBZbe n't1774RBn't in1775INin the1776DTthe legislature1777NNlegislature ,1778,, they1779PPthey 're1780VBPbe often1781RBoften involved1782VVNinvolve in1783INin assisting1784VVGassist with1785INwith the1786DTthe drafting1787VVGdraft of1788INof the1789DTthe legislation1790NNlegislation .1791SENT. Now1792RBnow perhaps1793RBperhaps ...1794:... [JUSTICE ALITO]1795LOC[JUSTICE ALITO] But1796CCbut a1797DTa lot1798NNlot of1799INof people1800NNSpeople could1801MDcould be1802VBbe involved1803VVNinvolve in1804INin ...1805:... in1806INin ...1807:... in1808INin the1809DTthe drafting1810VVGdraft of1811INof legislation1812NNlegislation .1813SENT. It1814PPit could1815MDcould have1816VHhave been1817VBNbe proposed1818VVNpropose by1819INby some1820DTsome interest1821NNinterest group1822NNgroup ,1823,, it1824PPit could1825MDcould have1826VHhave been1827VBNbe something1828NNsomething that1829WDTthat was1830VBDbe worked1831VVNwork on1832INon by1833INby a1834DTa law1835NNlaw professor1836NNprofessor .1837SENT. So1838RBso what1839WPwhat distinguishes1840VVZdistinguish ...1841:... those1842DTthose could1843MDcould ...1844:... those1845DTthose would1846MDwould be1847VBbe copyrightable1848JJcopyrightable ,1849,, should1850MDshould n't1851RBn't ...1852:... would1853MDwould n't1854RBn't they1855PPthey be1856VBbe if1857INif they1858PPthey ...1859:... somebody1860NNsomebody like1861INlike that1862WDTthat wrote1863VVDwrite an1864DTan article1865NNarticle ?1866SENT? So1867RBso what1868WPwhat distinguishes1869VVZdistinguish them1870PPthem from1871INfrom the1872DTthe comments1873NNScomment of1874INof the1875DTthe Georgia1876NPGeorgia Bar1877NPBar ?1878SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]1879LOC[MR. JOHNSON] So1880INso I1881PPI think1882VVPthink it1883PPit 's1884VBZbe perhaps1885RBperhaps different1886JJdifferent because1887INbecause the1888DTthe Georgia1889NPGeorgia Bar1890NPBar has1891VHZhave specifically1892RBspecifically asked1893VVNask for1894INfor these1895DTthese comments1896NNScomment to1897TOto be1898VBbe included1899VVNinclude in1900INin the1901DTthe OCGA1902NPOCGA and1903CCand Georgia1904NPGeorgia courts1905NNScourt have1906VHPhave treated1907VVNtreat them1908PPthem as1909INas having1910VHGhave some1911DTsome authoritative1912JJauthoritative weight1913NNweight .1914SENT. So1915RBso I1916PPI think1917VVPthink that1918IN/thatthat that1919DTthat 's1920VBZbe what1921WPwhat makes1922VVZmake it1923PPit different1924JJdifferent .1925SENT. But1926CCbut I1927PPI want1928VVPwant to1929TOto stress1930VVstress that1931IN/thatthat the1932DTthe comments1933NNScomment are1934VBPbe not1935RBnot at1936INat issue1937NNissue in1938INin this1939DTthis case1940NNcase .1941SENT. So1942RBso I1943PPI 'm1944VBPbe just1945RBjust trying1946VVGtry to1947TOto give1948VVgive my1949PP$my best1950JJSgood views1951NNSview about1952RBabout whether1953INwhether those1954DTthose are1955VBPbe ...1956:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1957LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] I1958PPI ...1959:... I1960PPI 'm1961VBPbe sorry1962JJsorry ...1963:... [MR. JOHNSON]1964LOC[MR. JOHNSON] ...1965:... copyrightable1966JJcopyrightable or1967CCor not1968RBnot .1969SENT. [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]1970LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] ...1971:... I1972PPI did1973VVDdo n't1974RBn't actually1975RBactually in1976INin reading1977VVGread this1978DTthis brief1979NNbrief understand1980VVunderstand that1981DTthat .1982SENT. And1983CCand I1984PPI 'm1985VBPbe not1986RBnot sure1987JJsure the1988DTthe court1989NNcourt below1990RBbelow did1991VVDdo because1992INbecause they1993PPthey relied1994VVDrely on1995INon the1996DTthe comments1997NNScomment as1998INas one1999CDone of2000INof the2001DTthe reasons2002NNSreason for2003INfor why2004WRBwhy this2005DTthis was2006VBDbe attributable2007JJattributable to2008TOto the2009DTthe state2010NNstate ,2011,, for2012INfor the2013DTthe very2014JJvery reasons2015NNSreason you2016PPyou 're2017VBPbe giving2018VVGgive ,2019,, that2020IN/thatthat the2021DTthe state2022NNstate asked2023VVDask for2024INfor them2025PPthem ,2026,, that2027IN/thatthat the2028DTthe state2029NNstate commission2030NNcommission who2031WPwho prepares2032VVZprepare them2033PPthem is2034VBZbe involved2035VVNinvolve generally2036RBgenerally in2037INin the2038DTthe drafting2039VVGdraft of2040INof the2041DTthe law2042NNlaw .2043SENT. And2044CCand so2045RBso I2046PPI do2047VVPdo n't2048RBn't think2049VVthink they2050PPthey separated2051VVDseparate out2052RPout that2053IN/thatthat the2054DTthe only2055JJonly thing2056NNthing you2057PPyou were2058VBDbe seeking2059VVGseek copyright2060NNcopyright protection2061NNprotection for2062INfor is2063VBZbe the2064DTthe research2065NNresearch comments2066NNScomment and2067CCand the2068DTthe ...2069:... what2070WPwhat ...2071:... tell2072VVtell me2073PPme exactly2074RBexactly which2075WDTwhich part2076NNpart of2077INof the2078DTthe annotations2079NNSannotation you2080PPyou 're2081VBPbe seeking2082VVGseek .2083SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]2084LOC[MR. JOHNSON] It2085PPit 's2086VBZbe the2087DTthe materials2088NNSmaterial listed2089VVNlist at2090INat JA2091NPJa 4962092CD@card@ to2093TOto 4972094CD@card@ .2095SENT. And2096CCand I2097PPI ...2098:... I2099PPI can2100MDcan march2101VVmarch through2102INthrough those2103DTthose ...2104:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2105LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] No2106UHNo ,2107,, no2108UHno .2109SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]2110LOC[MR. JOHNSON] ...2111:... if2112INif it2113PPit would2114MDwould be2115VBbe helpful2116JJhelpful .2117SENT. But2118CCbut ...2119:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2120LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] That2121DTthat 's2122VBZbe all2123DTall right2124NNright .2125SENT. But2126CCbut I2127PPI do2128VVPdo have2129VHhave a2130DTa question2131NNquestion .2132SENT. If2133INif I2134PPI read2135VVPread Wheaton2136NPWheaton ,2137,, Wheaton2138NPWheaton says2139VVZsay anything2140NNanything prepared2141VVNprepare by2142INby the2143DTthe judge2144NNjudge can2145MDcan 't2146RB't be2147VBbe copyrighted2148VVNcopyright .2149SENT. That2150DTthat includes2151VVZinclude headnotes2152NNSheadnote ,2153,, which2154WDTwhich are2155VBPbe comparable2156JJcomparable ,2157,, I2158PPI think2159VVPthink ,2160,, to2161TOto summaries2162NNSsummary that2163WDTthat might2164MDmight be2165VBbe included2166VVNinclude in2167INin these2168DTthese annotations2169NNSannotation because2170INbecause it2171PPit 's2172VBZbe prepared2173VVNprepare by2174INby the2175DTthe judge2176NNjudge .2177SENT. It2178PPit remands2179VVZremand to2180TOto see2181VVsee if2182INif Wheaton2183NPWheaton was2184VBDbe not2185RBnot an2186DTan independent2187JJindependent contractor2188NNcontractor and2189CCand ...2190:... was2191VBDbe an2192DTan independent2193JJindependent contractor2194NNcontractor and2195CCand actually2196RBactually sought2197VVDseek the2198DTthe copyright2199NNcopyright .2200SENT. Banks2201NNSbank says2202VVZsay ,2203,, if2204INif ...2205:... if2206INif you2207PPyou are2208VBPbe a2209DTa separate2210JJseparate entity2211NNentity ,2212,, you2213PPyou can2214MDcan do2215VVdo this2216DTthis ,2217,, but2218CCbut this2219DTthis is2220VBZbe a2221DTa work-for-hire2222NNwork-for-hire .2223SENT. And2224CCand I2225PPI go2226VVPgo back2227RBback to2228TOto what2229WPwhat Justice2230NPJustice Gorsuch2231NPGorsuch was2232VBDbe asking2233VVGask you2234PPyou .2235SENT. The2236DTthe state2237NNstate is2238VBZbe the2239DTthe one2240CDone who2241WPwho 's2242VBZbe requiring2243VVGrequire this2244DTthis to2245TOto be2246VBbe done2247VVNdo .2248SENT. It2249PPit reviews2250VVZreview it2251PPit .2252SENT. It2253PPit approves2254VVZapprove it2255PPit .2256SENT. It2257PPit is2258VBZbe setting2259VVGset it2260PPit out2261RPout there2262RBthere as2263INas a2264DTa merged2265JJmerged document2266NNdocument with2267INwith the2268DTthe actual2269JJactual laws2270NNSlaw .2271SENT. It2272PPit may2273MDmay have2274VHhave ...2275:... merger2276NNmerger does2277VVZdo n't2278RBn't mean2279VVmean it2280PPit 's2281POS's actual2282JJactual law2283NNlaw ,2284,, but2285CCbut neither2286RBneither are2287VBPbe headnotes2288NNSheadnote actual2289JJactual law2290NNlaw .2291SENT. Dicta2292NPDicta is2293VBZbe not2294RBnot actual2295JJactual law2296NNlaw .2297SENT. And2298CCand no2299DTno one2300CDone 's2301VBZbe arguing2302VVGargue ...2303:... you2304PPyou 're2305VBPbe not2306RBnot arguing2307VVGargue under2308INunder Banks2309NNSbank or2310CCor any2311DTany of2312INof the2313DTthe other2314JJother cases2315NNScase that2316IN/thatthat the2317DTthe state2318NNstate could2319MDcould n't2320RBn't put2321VVput a2322DTa copyright2323NNcopyright in2324INin headnotes2325NNSheadnote it2326PPit prepares2327VVZprepare or2328CCor in2329INin the2330DTthe dicta2331NNdicta in2332INin its2333PP$its judicial2334JJjudicial opinions2335NNSopinion .2336SENT. So2337RBso why2338WRBwhy is2339VBZbe n't2340RBn't authorship2341NNauthorship really2342RBreally the2343DTthe most2344RBSmost important2345JJimportant factor2346NNfactor ?2347SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]2348LOC[MR. JOHNSON] I2349PPI think2350VVPthink we2351PPwe ...2352:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2353LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] And2354CCand if2355INif it2356PPit 's2357VBZbe going2358VVGgo to2359TOto explain2360VVexplain the2361DTthe law2362NNlaw ,2363,, either2364CCeither by2365INby reference2366NNreference to2367TOto comments2368NNScomment or2369CCor by2370INby reference2371NNreference to2372TOto cases2373NNScase that2374WDTthat reflect2375VVPreflect its2376PP$its intent2377NNintent ,2378,, is2379VBZbe n't2380RBn't that2381IN/thatthat an2382DTan explanation2383NNexplanation ,2384,, an2385DTan official2386JJofficial explanation2387NNexplanation of2388INof the2389DTthe law2390NNlaw ?2391SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]2392LOC[MR. JOHNSON] So2393INso I2394PPI think2395VVPthink we2396PPwe win2397VVwin if2398INif authorship2399NNauthorship is2400VBZbe the2401DTthe standard2402NNstandard .2403SENT. And2404CCand I2405PPI think2406VVPthink that2407IN/thatthat that2408DTthat 's2409VBZbe basically2410RBbasically the2411DTthe United2412NPUnited States2413NPSStates '2414POS' test2415NNtest .2416SENT. And2417CCand the2418DTthe United2419NPUnited States2420NPStates agrees2421VVZagree that2422IN/thatthat we2423PPwe win2424VVPwin under2425INunder that2426DTthat standard2427NNstandard .2428SENT. And2429CCand on2430INon the2431DTthe question2432NNquestion of2433INof what2434WPwhat are2435VBPbe the2436DTthe ...2437:... [JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR]2438LOC[JUSTICE SOTOMAYOR] No2439RBno ,2440,, it2441PPit does2442VVZdo n't2443RBn't ,2444,, because2445INbecause it2446PPit sort2447NNsort of2448INof limits2449NNSlimit it2450PPit .2451SENT. It2452PPit thinks2453VVZthink that2454IN/thatthat it2455PPit 's2456VBZbe not2457RBnot official2458JJofficial in2459INin some2460DTsome sort2461NNsort of2462INof unway2463NNunway .2464SENT. Even2465RBeven though2466INthough it2467PPit 's2468VBZbe approved2469VVNapprove by2470INby the2471DTthe legislature2472NNlegislature ,2473,, it2474PPit 's2475VBZbe ...2476:... it2477PPit 's2478VBZbe merged2479VVNmerge by2480INby its2481PP$its very2482JJvery terms2483NNSterm .2484SENT. It2485PPit 's2486VBZbe a2487DTa contract-for-hire2488NNcontract-for-hire ,2489,, which2490WDTwhich means2491VVZmean you2492PPyou treat2493VVtreat it2494PPit like2495INlike an2496DTan employee2497NNemployee .2498SENT. If2499INif a2500DTa law2501NNlaw clerk2502NNclerk prepares2503VVZprepare my2504PP$my headnotes2505NNSheadnote or2506CCor my2507PP$my summaries2508NNSsummary ,2509,, I2510PPI do2511VVPdo n't2512RBn't think2513VVthink I2514PPI can2515MDcan get2516VVget a2517DTa copy2518NNcopy ...2519:... he2520PPhe or2521CCor she2522PPshe can2523MDcan get2524VVget a2525DTa copyright2526NNcopyright in2527INin it2528PPit .2529SENT. I2530PPI do2531VVPdo n't2532RBn't think2533VVthink I2534PPI can2535MDcan get2536VVget a2537DTa copyright2538NNcopyright in2539INin it2540PPit even2541RBeven as2542INas a2543DTa work-for-hire2544NNwork-for-hire .2545SENT. [MR. JOHNSON]2546LOC[MR. JOHNSON] Well2547UHWell ,2548,, I2549PPI ...2550:... I2551PPI think2552VVPthink that2553IN/thatthat the2554DTthe answer2555NNanswer can2556MDcan 't2557RB't be2558VBbe that2559IN/thatthat the2560DTthe fact2561NNfact that2562IN/thatthat this2563DTthis is2564VBZbe an2565DTan official2566JJofficial document2567NNdocument makes2568VVZmake a2569DTa difference2570NNdifference for2571INfor copyright2572NNcopyright purposes2573NNSpurpose under2574INunder Wheaton2575NPWheaton and2576CCand Callaghan2577NPCallaghan .2578SENT. Again2579RBagain ,2580,, those2581DTthose were2582VBDbe official2583JJofficial reporters2584NNSreporter .2585SENT. And2586CCand if2587INif the2588DTthe officialness2589NNofficialness of2590INof the2591DTthe document2592NNdocument renders2593VVZrender it2594PPit uncopyrightable2595JJuncopyrightable ,2596,, then2597RBthen almost2598RBalmost ...2599:... I2600PPI mean2601VVPmean ,2602,, all2603DTall state2604NNstate government2605NNgovernment documents2606NNSdocument in2607INin some2608DTsome way2609NNway are2610VBPbe official2611JJofficial .2612SENT. They2613PPthey come2614VVPcome from2615INfrom the2616DTthe state2617NNstate government2618NNgovernment .2619SENT. But2620CCbut the2621DTthe one2622CDone thing2623NNthing that2624IN/thatthat we2625PPwe know2626VVPknow is2627VBZbe that2628IN/thatthat Congress2629NPCongress made2630VVDmake the2631DTthe policy2632NNpolicy determination2633NNdetermination to2634TOto allow2635VVallow state2636NNstate governments2637NNSgovernment to2638TOto have2639VHhave copyright2640NNcopyright .2641SENT. And2642CCand it2643PPit 's2644VBZbe important2645JJimportant to2646TOto emphasize2647VVemphasize that2648IN/thatthat Congress2649NPCongress did2650VVDdo this2651DTthis with2652INwith a2653DTa 19592654CD@card@ study2655NNstudy and2656CCand 19612657CD@card@ report2658NNreport in2659INin front2660NNfront of2661INof it2662PPit saying2663VVGsay that2664IN/thatthat annotations2665NNSannotation by2666INby state2667NNstate government2668NNgovernment employees2669NNSemployee are2670VBPbe copyrightable2671JJcopyrightable under2672INunder current2673JJcurrent law2674NNlaw .2675SENT. [JUSTICE KAGAN]2676LOC[JUSTICE KAGAN] Mr2677NPMr .2678SENT. Johnson2679NPJohnson ,2680,, why2681WRBwhy does2682VVZdo Georgia2683NPGeorgia have2684VHPhave an2685DTan official2686NNofficial annotated2687VVDannotate code2688NNcode ?2689SENT? Why2690WRBwhy not2691RBnot just2692RBjust an2693DTan official2694JJofficial code2695NNcode ?2696SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]2697LOC[MR. JOHNSON] I2698PPI think2699VVPthink it2700PPit 's2701VBZbe for2702INfor the2703DTthe benefit2704NNbenefit of2705INof readers2706NNSreader so2707RBso that2708IN/thatthat those2709DTthose finding2710VVGfind aids2711NNSaid are2712VBPbe present2713JJpresent .2714SENT. And2715CCand I2716PPI think2717VVPthink the2718DTthe reason2719NNreason why2720WRBwhy they2721PPthey made2722VVDmake it2723PPit official2724NNofficial is2725VBZbe because2726INbecause they2727PPthey wanted2728VVDwant to2729TOto have2730VHhave an2731DTan annotated2732VVNannotate version2733NNversion subject2734JJsubject to2735TOto a2736DTa price2737NNprice cap2738NNcap so2739RBso that2740IN/thatthat it2741PPit would2742MDwould be2743VBbe available2744JJavailable to2745TOto people2746NNSpeople at2747INat a2748DTa relatively2749RBrelatively low2750JJlow price2751NNprice .2752SENT. [JUSTICE BREYER]2753LOC[JUSTICE BREYER] Probably2754RBprobably governmental2755JJgovernmental ...2756:... look2757VVlook ,2758,, I2759PPI mean2760VVPmean ,2761,, I2762PPI thought2763VVDthink this2764DTthis is2765VBZbe n't2766RBn't that2767DTthat difficult2768JJdifficult .2769SENT. If2770INif a2771DTa judge2772NNjudge does2773VVZdo something2774NNsomething in2775INin his2776PP$his judicial2777JJjudicial capacity2778NNcapacity ,2779,, it2780PPit is2781VBZbe not2782RBnot copyrightable2783JJcopyrightable .2784SENT. If2785INif a2786DTa legislator2787NNlegislator does2788VVZdo something2789NNsomething or2790CCor a2791DTa group2792NNgroup of2793INof legislators2794NNSlegislator in2795INin their2796PP$their legislative2797JJlegislative capacity2798NNcapacity ,2799,, it2800PPit is2801VBZbe not2802RBnot copyrightable2803JJcopyrightable .2804SENT. I2805PPI mean2806VVPmean ,2807,, who2808WPwho cares2809VVZcare who2810WPwho the2811DTthe author2812NNauthor is2813VBZbe ?2814SENT? There2815EXthere are2816VBPbe public2817JJpublic policy2818NNpolicy reasons2819NNSreason that2820WDTthat have2821VHPhave existed2822VVNexist forever2823RBforever in2824INin the2825DTthe law2826NNlaw that2827IN/thatthat you2828PPyou make2829VVPmake those2830DTthose two2831CDtwo things2832NNSthing not2833RBnot copyrightable2834JJcopyrightable .2835SENT. The2836DTthe executive2837NNexecutive is2838VBZbe harder2839JJRhard to2840TOto separate2841VVseparate out2842RPout ,2843,, but2844CCbut you2845PPyou could2846MDcould do2847VVdo it2848PPit .2849SENT. Now2850RBnow that2851RBthat ,2852,, I2853PPI think2854VVPthink ,2855,, is2856VBZbe basically2857RBbasically the2858DTthe SG2859NPSG 's2860POS's position2861NNposition .2862SENT. If2863INif it2864PPit 's2865VBZbe not2866RBnot in2867INin their2868PP$their official2869JJofficial capacity2870NNcapacity ,2871,, if2872INif it2873PPit 's2874VBZbe simply2875RBsimply a2876DTa summary2877NNsummary or2878CCor it2879PPit 's2880VBZbe a2881DTa comment2882NNcomment upon2883INupon something2884NNsomething done2885VVNdo in2886INin an2887DTan official2888JJofficial capacity2889NNcapacity ,2890,, it2891PPit is2892VBZbe copyrightable2893JJcopyrightable ,2894,, even2895RBeven though2896RBthough it2897PPit be2898VBbe done2899VVNdo by2900INby a2901DTa sworn2902JJsworn public2903JJpublic servant2904NNservant ,2905,, all2906DTall right2907NNright ?2908SENT? There2909RBthere we2910PPwe are2911VBPbe .2912SENT. I2913PPI think2914VVPthink that2915WDTthat 's2916VBZbe roughly2917RBroughly the2918DTthe SG2919NPSG 's2920POS's position2921NNposition .2922SENT. When2923WRBwhen I2924PPI read2925VVPread that2926IN/thatthat ,2927,, seemed2928VVDseem pretty2929RBpretty sensible2930JJsensible to2931TOto me2932PPme and2933CCand consistent2934JJconsistent with2935INwith the2936DTthe precedents2937NNSprecedent .2938SENT. You2939PPyou have2940VHPhave a2941DTa somewhat2942RBsomewhat different2943JJdifferent position2944NNposition .2945SENT. 22946CD2 So2947RBso I2948PPI guess2949VVPguess my2950PP$my question2951NNquestion is2952VBZbe ,2953,, is2954VBZbe their2955PP$their position2956NNposition ,2957,, at2958INat least2959JJSleast as2960INas I2961PPI understand2962VVPunderstand it2963PPit ,2964,, acceptable2965JJacceptable to2966TOto you2967PPyou ?2968SENT? [MR. JOHNSON]2969LOC[MR. JOHNSON] The2970NPThe SG2971NPSG 's2972POS's position2973NNposition is2974VBZbe acceptable2975JJacceptable to2976TOto us2977PPus and2978CCand we2979PPwe win2980VVPwin under2981INunder that2982DTthat standard2983NNstandard .2984SENT. Perhaps2985RBperhaps it2986PPit would2987MDwould be2988VBbe helpful2989JJhelpful for2990INfor me2991PPme to2992TOto explain2993VVexplain quickly2994RBquickly why2995WRBwhy we2996PPwe do2997VVPdo win2998VVwin under2999INunder that3000DTthat standard3001NNstandard .3002SENT. So3003INso the3004DTthe Lexis3005NPLexis and3006CCand the3007DTthe Code3008NPCode Revision3009NPRevision Commission3010NPCommission are3011VBPbe not3012RBnot acting3013VVGact in3014INin a3015DTa law-making3016NNlaw-making capacity3017NNcapacity when3018WRBwhen making3019VVGmake these3020DTthese annotations3021NNSannotation .3022SENT. [CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS]3023LOC[CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERTS] Thank3024VVthank you3025PPyou ,3026,, counsel3027NNcounsel .3028SENT. Mr3029NPMr .3030SENT. Yang3031NPYang .3032SENT.